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6,046,959,836,072,236,000 | britney spears - dance till the world ends | Till the World Ends - wikipedia Till the World Ends Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Britney Spears song . For the Three Dog Night song , see Til the World Ends ( Three Dog Night song ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Till the World Ends '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Britney Spears <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Femme Fatale Released March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded 2011 Studio Conway Recording , Los Angeles Genre Dance - pop electropop Length 3 : 57 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Lukasz Gottwald Alexander Kronlund Max Martin Kesha Sebert Onika Maraj ( remix ) Producer ( s ) Dr. Luke Max Martin Billboard Emily Wright <Th_colspan="2"> Britney Spears singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hold It Against Me '' ( 2011 ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( 2011 ) `` S&M ( remix ) '' ( 2011 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music videos <Td_colspan="2"> `` Till the World Ends '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Till the World Ends '' ( dance version ) on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The Femme Fatale Remix <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Till the World Ends '' is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her seventh studio album , Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) . It was written by Kesha Sebert , Lukasz `` Dr. Luke '' Gottwald , Alexander Kronlund , and Max Martin . Gottwald , Martin and Billboard produced the song , while vocal production was handled by Emily Wright . `` Till the World Ends '' is an uptempo dance - pop and electropop song with an electro beat . It opens with sirens , and has elements of trance and Eurodance . The song features a chant - like chorus , and lyrics in which Spears sings about dancing until the end of the world . `` Till the World Ends '' received comparisons to past hits by artists like Kesha and Enrique Iglesias . Some music critics deemed it a catchy dance track and complimenting its anthemic nature . `` Till the World Ends '' was treated with different remixes , most notably the Femme Fatale Remix , featuring rapper Nicki Minaj and Kesha , which was released on April 25 , 2011 . The remix adds a rap by Minaj at the beginning , new vocals by Kesha , and a dubstep breakdown . The Femme Fatale Remix received positive reviews from critics , with most complimenting the diversity of the group and Minaj 's rap . `` Till the World Ends '' attained international success , charted on the top - ten in several major music markets , including Australia , France , Ireland , New Zealand , Sweden and Switzerland . The Femme Fatale Remix propelled the single to the top five on the Canadian Hot 100 and the US Billboard Hot 100 . An accompanying music video for the `` Till the World Ends '' was released on April 6 , 2011 . It portrays Spears in an underground dance party set on a December 21 , 2012 . Critics noted the similarities with the music video for `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( 2001 ) , and predominantly gave positive reviews for it . A choreography cut was released on April 15 , 2011 . The video was also nominated for two categories at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , and went on to win Best Pop Video . Spears has performed `` Till the World Ends '' on television shows Good Morning America and Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , and performed it with Minaj at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards . She has also performed the song as the encore of the Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) and Britney : Piece of Me ( 2013 - 17 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Recognition 4 Remixes 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Development 6.2 Director 's cut 6.3 Choreography cut 6.4 Twister Remix 7 Live performances and cover versions 8 Track listings 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) `` I 've never been more proud of anything in my career ... It really solidifies me as a songwriter in the pop music world , which is what I consider myself first and foremost . So it actually is really , really exciting for me when I hear ( Britney ) sing it . Like , when I hear my own songs on the radio I have to kind of turn it down or change the radio or whatever . When I hear that , I fucking blow the speakers out and I order everybody to dance . '' -- Kesha talking about `` Till the World Ends '' . `` Till the World Ends '' was written and produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin , with additional writing by American recording artist Kesha and Alexander Kronlund , and additional production by Billboard . In an interview for Spin on February 11 , 2011 , Kesha announced she had co-written the song with Luke and Martin for Femme Fatale . She explained it was inspired by `` me imagining ( Spears ) and any female musician touring the world . When you go out , and you 're having an amazing , magical night and you do n't want to go to sleep and you want it to last until the world ends . '' On March 2 , 2011 , the single 's cover art , in which Spears appears sitting on a couch in a sweater and heels , was posted at Deezer.com . This was followed by a 30 - second snippet of the song , which appeared at Amazon.de . `` Till the World Ends '' leaked online on March 3 , 2011 , which prompted Spears to post hours later on her Twitter account , `` Looks like the cat 's out of the bag ... '' She formally premiered the single at On Air with Ryan Seacrest , on March 4 , 2011 , at 10 : 00 EST ( 15 : 00 UTC ) . `` Till the World Ends '' was made available on iTunes the same day , several days earlier than originally planned . Following the announcement , Kesha spoke to MTV News stating that `` I consider myself a songwriter before and above everything else , so it 's an honor to write for one of pop music 's biggest icons . '' During an interview with Seacrest , Spears described `` Till the World Ends '' as `` fun . I like it . It 's good energy . ( ... ) I 'm a vibe person , and I think I love good - mood songs , and if it puts me in a good mood , it clicks for me . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( 2011 ) A 23 - second sample of the song 's chorus , which features Spears singing over an electro beat influenced by trance and Eurodance . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Till the World Ends '' is an uptempo dance - pop and electropop song , with an electro beat and elements of trance and Eurodance . The song opens with sirens and a `` sizzling '' bassline . Spears delivers confident and breathy vocals , in lyrics such as `` If you want this good shit / Sicker than the remix / Baby let me blow your mind tonight . '' In the chorus , the song slows down while Spears sings `` I ca n't take it take it take no more / Never felt like felt like this before / Come on get me get me on the floor / DJ what you what you waiting for ? '' . The melody 's 4 : 3 cross-rhythm continues into a chant - like segment , in which `` whoa - oh - oh - oh '' is repeated . The bit was compared by Scott Shettler of AOL to the `` rapid word repetition '' of Kesha . Keith Caulfield of Billboard said the chorus `` comes on hard like it 's the sexy spawn '' of American recording artist Usher 's `` OMG '' ( 2010 ) and Italian band Baltimora 's `` Tarzan Boy '' ( 1985 ) . Gerrick Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times stated that like her previous single `` Hold It Against Me '' , `` Spears 's main intention with her new single seems to be keeping the dance floor pulsating with sweaty bodies '' . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard said the song recalls past hits by English recording artist Taio Cruz , Swedish recording artist Robyn and Spanish recording artist Enrique Iglesias . Allison Stewart of The Washington Post felt the song was comparable to Iglesias ' `` Tonight ( I 'm Lovin ' You ) '' ( 2010 ) . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine and a reviewer from Popjustice compared it to Kesha 's `` Blow '' ( 2011 ) . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing Inc. , `` Till the World Ends '' is set in the compound meter time signature , with a moderate dance beat infused metronome of 132 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C minor ; Spears ' vocals range from the low - key of Bb to the high - note of C. Lyrically , the song talks about dancing until the end of the world . Critical reception ( edit ) Spears flying over the audience during the performance of `` Till the World Ends '' at the Femme Fatale Tour . The song received critical acclaim from critics . Ryan Brockington of the New York Post called it `` amazing '' . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone gave the song three and a half out of five stars , stating , `` You want a party song , call a partier '' and describing it as `` sky - sucking synth streaks , a beat that sounds like blimps fucking and a thousand shirtless drunken sailors chanting along on the chorus . '' Gerrick Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times called the song `` catchy ( ... ) ( it ) makes you want to grab some glow sticks and hit the clubs '' and added that the Femme Fatale era `` already shows an undeniably more confident Spears . '' Mike Collett - White of Reuters deemed it as a dance anthem . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy said that the song is unquestionably a Dr. Luke production , but `` somehow it 's Brit that manages to come out on top . '' Copsey went on to call it her most uplifting number since `` Stronger '' ( 2000 ) , and added that `` for longtime Britney fans , is the comeback we 've all been waiting for . Bill Lamb of About.com commented that the song would `` sound solid on the radio and bring crowds to the dance floor , '' but when compared to `` Hold It Against Me '' , it was much safer and not as innovative . Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald gave the song a B+ , saying that `` pop fans always need a huge hook , catchy chorus and break - it - down - build - it - up bridge . This song 's got all three '' . Edna Gundersen of USA Today called it `` a sleek and impossibly catchy slab '' , and said that although the song is unmistakable Luke , Spears `` holds her own with confident , kittenish vocals . '' Allison Stewart of The Washington Post stated that the track `` is Spears 's most joyously danceable track in a long time . '' Caryn Ganz of Spin named it `` her first truly synapse - sizzling single since ' Toxic . ' '' Andy Gill of The Independent selected the song along with `` Criminal '' as the download picks of the album . Kevin Ritchie of Now stated that `` Wannabe World Cup anthem Till The World Ends kicks things off with an aura of pounding , Euro dance euphoria . '' David Buchanan of Consequence of Sound commented that `` Till the World Ends '' , `` Hold It Against Me '' and `` Inside Out '' `` simultaneously send Spears back to basics vocally , and into 2011 sonically . '' Rudy Klapper of Sputnikmusic said that the song `` throbs with trance - y synths , a thumping electro beat that is pure sex and a chorus that goes and goes as only the best club hits can do , sensible lyrics be damned . '' Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that `` Till the World Ends '' sets the pace of Femme Fatale , while calling it `` a stadium - rocking pop anthem . '' Keith Caulfield from Billboard said that the song has a `` roof - shaking chant - chorus '' , but criticized the lyrics , saying that they have `` been echoed incessantly over the past year in countless Hot 100 top ten hits : dance until you drop from exhaustion . '' Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine compared it to Kesha 's `` Blow '' , saying that the tracks `` ( are ) so similar ( ... ) that I ca n't decide which one I like more -- or if I even like them at all . '' A reviewer from Popjustice also compared it to `` Blow '' , but said `` Till the World Ends '' was not as good . Recognition ( edit ) Rolling Stone named `` Till the World Ends '' as the third best song of 2011 . The writer concluded , `` Brit ( ney ) delivers the Apocalypse Now of Eurotrash electrotrance disco songs , as that throbbing pulse builds to a pure drop - the - bomb chorus . And that ' whoa - ho - ho ' choir sounds like Cher leading an aircraft carrier full of gay sailors . '' The song was also named as the third best single of 2011 by Billboard , and commented that it is `` Britney 's most immediate single since ' Toxic ' . '' Sam Lansky of PopCrush considered `` Till the World Ends '' the best pop song of 2011 , writing , `` 2011 was already Year of the Spears by January , when Britney Spears ' ' Hold It Against Me ' topped the charts -- but ( Britney ) had something even better up her sleeve , the crackling dancefloor barnstormer ' Till the World Ends , ' penned by rowdy popstrel Kesha and produced by monster hitmaker Dr. Luke . It 's a gargantuan party song with provocative lyrics ( `` This kitten got your tongue tied in knots , '' anyone ? ) , throbbing synths , and a thrillingly euphoric hands - in - the - air chant - along chorus -- and there was n't a more exuberant pop song this year . '' Digital Spy also considered the track as the best song of 2011 , naming it `` Britney 's best track since ' Toxic ' '' and commenting , `` judging from its chart position , it 's also her most underrated hit . '' The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll ranked `` Till the World Ends '' as the seventh best song of 2011 , tied with Lana Del Rey 's `` Video Games '' . `` Till the World Ends '' was voted by readers as the Best Song of the 2010s on Billboard . Remixes ( edit ) A Bollywood version of the song was done by Indian music producer duo Salim and Sulaiman Merchant , and released on DesiHits.com , a website for South Asian music and entertainment news . The remix features a Punjabi breakdown with South Asian sounding vocals and includes some added Desi flavors courtesy of dholki , dhol and tumbi beats , which are common instruments in South Asian music . Baba Kahn of the production team Culture Shock stated , `` Our goal was to take Britney 's smash hit single and give fans a total Desi adrenaline rush . The result is a Culture Shock musical Desi roller coaster that hopefully everyone around the world will want to join . '' Mark Flaherty , senior vice president of Jive Label Group , said about the remix : `` We wanted to build an even greater connection between the world 's biggest pop star and one of the world 's largest audiences . Britney has been engaged with South Asian culture for many years . From the groundbreaking Bollywood - inspired remix of ' Me Against the Music ' to her recent collaboration with Indian fashion designers Falguni and Shane Peacock on the ' Hold It Against Me ' video , she has embraced the incredible sights and sounds of this vibrant community throughout her career . '' Michigan band Salem released a slowed - down version of the song , and made a music video featuring seemingly underage strippers and military footage . A remix featuring R. Kelly was leaked online on July 4 , 2011 . It features him singing the second verse , `` Slide up in this club / This beat 's got me in love / Till I just do n't care / It 's like I 'm walking on air / It 's a party right here '' , and a new hook , where he repeats the line `` Party till the world ends '' . His vocals join those of Spears during the breakdown , and the song ends with Kelly doing runs over the chorus . A reporter from Idolator said , `` We 'd much rather listen to Britney 's original than this uninspired remix when doomsday comes . '' The Femme Fatale Remix features vocals by Kesha ( left ) and a rap verse by Nicki Minaj ( right ) . A remixed version of `` Till the World Ends '' , featuring Kesha and rapper Nicki Minaj , was leaked online on April 22 , 2011 . The same day , three countdowns with lines of the song appeared on the official websites of Spears , Kesha and Minaj . The Femme Fatale Remix was released on iTunes on April 25 , 2011 . The same day , Spears uploaded a picture of the cover art to her Twitter account . Kesha told MTV News , `` I 'm a massive fan of both the ladies I share the track with . I wrote ' TTWE ' for Britney ( ... ) and she killed it and I loved it , but I just thought a supergroup of three hot , strong women could just take over the airwaves . '' The remix adds heavier bass during the beginning , and starts with Minaj rapping with intensity about a female hater , in lines such as `` Told you they 'd revive your career , but somebody lied / I ai n't talkin ' poultry when I say this chicken 's fried . '' This continues by Spears singing the first verse , after which Minaj says `` It 's Britney , bitch . I 'm Nicki Minaj and that 's Kesha ! '' , and the first chorus is sung by the latter . Spears continues with the song and is accompanied by Kesha towards the end of the second verse and the bridge . The remix also features a dubstep breakdown , reminiscent of `` Hold It Against Me '' . Tina Hart of MSN UK stated that `` ( Minaj ) maintain ( s ) her ' badass ' demeanour . Britney 's familiar tones greet you on the verse and Kesha sounds perfectly at home on the chorus . '' Wesley Case of The Baltimore Sun stated that while Spears sounds processed , `` Minaj 's larger - than - life performance matches the in - the - red party production '' and Kesha `` adds an extra layer of dirt - under - the - nails sheen . '' He summarized his review by saying that the remix `` is the perfect example of pop 's current love affair with Euro dance and add - it - all - to - the - pot rules . '' Jordan Zakarin of The Huffington Post commented the track `` has enough star power to dwarf our own sun '' and added that it `` puts enough of a spin on the original version to make it worth a spin on its own . '' Samesame.com.au stated that Minaj 's rap was `` fantastic '' , and that although Kesha 's verse was `` a little strange '' , it also `` works , but ( ... ) further emphasises what a poor choice for single Till The World Ends was in the first place , as the song sounds even more like a B - side to Ke $ ha 's Cannibal EP . '' Maura Johnston of The Village Voice highlighted the breakdown and Minaj `` who seems particularly energized here , stretching and bending her voice like it 's a Plasticman doll . '' Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly said that `` like most remixes , we 'll stick with the original '' . Anderson also stated that Kesha 's contribution is `` generally ignorable '' and that Minaj 's rap does not flow well with the rest of the song . Pitchfork Media included the Femme Fatale Remix in their Top 100 Tracks of 2011 list , writing : `` ' Till the World Ends ' was already the best Britney single since ' Toxic ' , an ecstatic Euroclub floor - filler about wanting to dance until the world ends and other important matters . Then they added the Nicki Minaj verse . In her 45 - second evisceration , Nicki manages to squeeze in chicken noises and the words ' poultry ' , ' Epsom salt ' , and ' Ricki Lake ' -- not to mention the immortal diss ' Sniff , sniff , criiiies / I done slayed your entire fucking liiiiife . ' ( Fact : In 2011 , pretty much any song in the world could be made infinitely better by the addition of a Nicki Minaj verse . ) Sprinkle a little bit of Ke $ ha , the song 's co-writer , on the chorus , and you 've got a three - headed diva Hydra that sums up the recent changing of the femme pop guard from airbrushed and perfect to ( relatively ) weird and chaotic . It 's the year 's greatest quickie cash - in remix created to boost the chart position of a floundering single . Considering the ubiquity of the practice , that 's saying something . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Till the World Ends '' sold 117,000 copies after its first three days of sales in the United States , debuting at number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of March 19 , 2011 . It became the fifth highest debut of her twenty - five entries on the chart . It also debuted at number ten on the Hot Digital Songs chart , and at number sixty - eight on the Radio Songs chart ; on the latter chart , the song debuted at number sixty - eight with 16.8 million impressions on 145 stations . On the issue dated March 17 , 2011 , `` Till the World Ends '' sold 158,000 downloads ( up 36 % ) , peaking at number five on the Hot Digital Songs chart . On the Hot 100 , it climbed to number nine , becoming her tenth top ten hit . The song also jumped to number forty - seven on the Radio Songs chart with 26 million impressions ( up 56 % ) , and debuted at number twenty - six on the Pop Songs chart . It later peaked at number four . The following week , `` Till the World Ends '' dropped out of the top ten of the Hot 100 ; it returned three weeks later at number eight , on April 13 , 2011 . Following the release of the remix featuring Nicki Minaj and Kesha , the song peaked at number three on the Hot Digital Songs chart , with combined sales of 246,000 downloads ( up 102 % ) . The remix accounted for 167,000 copies ( 68 % ) of the total sales . `` Till the World Ends '' also peaked at number three on the Hot 100 , becoming Spears 's eleventh top - ten hit and her third of 2011 after `` Hold It Against Me '' and the `` S&M '' remix with Rihanna . In May 2011 , the song peaked at number 4 on the airplay chart , her highest - charting song on the radio in her entire career . `` Till the World Ends '' became Spears 's seventh number - one dance song when it topped the chart in May 2011 . On the week of July 10 , 2011 , the song surpassed two million downloads in the United States . As of March 2015 , `` Till the World Ends '' has sold over 2.9 million copies in the United States . The single debuted at number sixteen on the Canadian Hot 100 , and climbed to number seven the next week . Following the release of the remix , `` Till the World Ends '' peaked at number four . On March 14 , 2011 , the song debuted at number nineteen on the ARIA Charts of Australia . It climbed to number eight on the week of April 25 , 2011 , where it stayed for two consecutive weeks . `` Till the World Ends '' stayed for sixteen weeks on the chart . It has since been certified 2x Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140,000 units . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number ten on March 14 , 2011 . It stayed for seventeen weeks on the chart . On March 10 , 2011 , `` Till the World Ends '' debuted at number seven on the Irish Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Till the World Ends '' debuted at number fifty - five on March 7 , 2011 , and moved to number twenty - one the following week . It became her second lowest peaking single behind `` Radar '' ( 2009 ) and her lowest peaking second single from a studio release . Across Europe , the song has peaked at number two in Norway ; number four in Sweden ; number six in Belgium ( Wallonia ) and Finland ; number seven in Denmark and Switzerland ; number eight in France and Slovakia ; and the top twenty in Brazil , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Czech Republic , Greece and Spain . Music video ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The music video for `` Till the World Ends '' was directed by Ray Kay and filmed inside a basement in Los Angeles , California . On March 17 , 2011 , Spears posted on her Twitter account , `` Day 1 of the # TTWE Videoshoot . Just wrapped my first big dance number . Taking a well deserved break people ! '' She also tweeted a picture of her on set , wearing ripped tights , a Burberry Prorsum studded leather jacket and matching fingerless leather gloves . The making - of was chronicled on the special Britney Spears : I Am the Femme Fatale , which aired on MTV on April 3 , 2011 , at 21 : 00 EST ( 02 : 00 UTC ) . In the special , Spears is seen watching the playback , as she later explained , `` ( It is ) just to make sure it 's right and that the costume looks right and the dancers are together and we all look in unison . It 's an energy and it looks fresh . It has a certain vibe with it and it makes sense . '' She also went on to describe the set as `` grimy and gross ( ... ) It was sweat and it was disgusting sometimes '' . At a point in the shoot , Spears changed her heels to Ugg boots during the shots that did not show her feet , stating that `` ( Dancing in heels ) hurts ... but it looks good . It was n't a full - length shot , so a girl 's about comfort when it 's not showing . '' Spears said that she did not feel the need to top herself , saying that `` I 've made so many videos that I 'm at the point that I genuinely want to enjoy myself , and I have such a good team of people with me . ( ... ) I had never worked with Ray Kay before . I was really happy with the work we did . '' The video was choreographed by Brian Friedman . On April 4 , 2011 , it was announced that two different versions of the music video would be released , a director 's cut and a choreography cut . The same day , Spears tweeted a 30 - second preview of the video , announcing , `` # TillTheWorldEnds video premieres THIS Wednesday on VEVO . Cant wait to share it with you guys ! '' `` Till the World Ends '' became at the Spears second VEVOcertified music video on YouTube . Director 's cut ( edit ) Spears in a scene reminiscent of the music video for `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( 2001 ) . The video begins with the words `` December 21st , 2012 '' flashing on screen , the day that refers to the fulfillment of the Great Cycle , Baktun in the Mayan calendar . While Spears appears strutting in an underground party wearing a studded leather jacket and stockings . Several people are seen running to a manhole and enter the sewer system to arrive to the party . This is followed by a dance routine in which Spears is wearing a sequined bodysuit and a small jacket with shoulder pads accompanied by female dancers . During the video , there are scenes of buildings burning and debris falling , as well as intercut scenes of Spears in front of an illuminated background . As the second verse begins , she dances provocatively with her male dancers . In the last chorus , the sun rises while water is sprayed through the dance floor and the earthquake and meteor shower subside . The video ends with Spears coming out of a manhole wearing the red bodysuit and smiling . The director 's cut premiered on April 6 , 2011 at 03 : 00 EST ( 08 : 00 UTC ) . Kevin O'Donnell of Spin compared the `` Till the World Ends '' video to `` I 'm Slave 4 U '' and added that it takes elements of classic Spears videos , such as `` scantily - clad dancers , tightly executed choreography , ridonkulously sequined outfits , and pouty , overly sincere close - ups of Spears '' and `` places them in an apocalyptic , end - of - days scenario . '' Jocelyn Vena of MTV also highlighted the comparisons to `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' , explaining that `` the director 's cut of the video is a sexy mash - up of Spears doing what she does best : groping half - naked guys , giving the camera bedroom eyes and being sassy in a number of leather jackets and skintight bodysuits . '' Chris Gayomali of Time stated that the video `` ( i ) s sweaty , at times blinding , yet undeniably enjoyable , adopting many of its key elements from Britney 's coming - of - age ' I 'm a Slave 4 U . ' '' Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone called it `` a good , memorable video . '' Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly said it `` is exactly what you 'd expect for this song , and from Britney at this point in her career '' , and also complimented Spears for getting rid of the product placement in the `` Hold It Against Me '' video . Wesley Case of The Baltimore Sun stated that video `` is typical 2011 party - starter -- sweaty bodies , futuristic DJ - gear , well - timed faulty sprinkler system -- but it captures the track 's raging mood perfectly . '' Gina Serpe of E ! Online also compared the video to `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' , saying , `` ( There 's ) nothing wrong with a little nod to vintage Britney . Plus , sweaty dancers in underground tunnels pulsing and writhing in sync to the music ? Seems like as good a way as any to survive the apocalypse . '' Willa Paskin of New York commented that Spears `` tries hard not to make the same mistakes as the inadvertently depressing ' Hold It Against Me . ' There 's more dancing -- though it 's still largely arm - related -- and much , much more smiling . '' The music video was nominated at the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards in the category of International Video of the Year -- Artist , but lost to Lady Gaga 's `` Judas '' . It also received two nominations at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Pop Video and Best Choreography . Spears told MTV News she was `` completely flattered '' by the nominations . She lost Best Choreography to Beyoncé 's `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' , but won Best Pop Video . Choreography cut ( edit ) The video is similar to the director 's cut , but has a few differences . The choreography cut offers lengthier shots of Spears and her dancers , and much of the apocalypse storyline is edited out . The clip 's ending is also different from the original : instead of emerging from the manhole Spears just looks into the camera , apparently still hiding in the underground party and hinting at a darker ending in which the world does end . On April 9 , 2011 , Spears tweeted that she had seen the final cut of the dance version , and was not sure which one she liked best . Ray Kay tweeted on April 14 , 2011 , that the original version of the video was better , `` but it 's fun to watch the choreography too . '' The video , titled `` DANCE Till the World Ends '' premiered on April 15 , 2011 . Leah Collins of Dose commented , `` sorry , Team Britney , but if any of you were hoping to pass off Spears ' anemic performance in the original as the result of unfortunate editing , this clip is n't exactly going to bring anyone back on side . '' Twister Remix ( edit ) An accompanying music video for the Twister Remix of `` Till the World Ends '' was also directed by Ray Kay , and released on September 8 , 2012 . For the music video , Spears sported a $20,000 sports bra and black leggins from Body Rock . It begins with four girls talking and resting in a dance studio . Once Spears enters the room and starts playing Twister with the girls , the scenario changes to a stage with a colorful background , and they all start performing a dance routine to a remix of the song . After the song stops and the four girls are seen laying down tired , Spears turns around to them and say , `` Way to rock the spots , ladies . '' Live performances and cover versions ( edit ) Spears and Minaj performing The Femme Fatale Remix of `` Till the World Ends '' at the Femme Fatale Tour . Spears first performed `` Till the World Ends '' at Rain Nightclub in the Palms Casino Resort on March 25 , 2011 . After performances of `` Hold It Against Me '' and `` Big Fat Bass '' , Spears appeared wearing a black latex bodysuit covered in red lights and surrounded by her dancers , while the stage was filled with ladders and LED lighting . At the end , she ascended the ladders and ended up on a platform , gyrating from above the room . As fireworks lit the stage , Spears danced and tossed her hair as the song closed . She also taped performances of `` Hold It Against Me '' , `` Big Fat Bass '' and `` Till the World Ends '' at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium on March 27 , 2011 , that aired on Good Morning America on March 29 , 2011 . The same day , Spears performed the set on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . On May 22 , 2011 , she briefly performed the song at the Billboard Music Awards in the MGM Grand Garden Arena . After Minaj performed `` Super Bass '' , she started to sing the rap verse of The Femme Fatale Remix . Spears emerged onstage for the chorus and performed alongside Minaj and her back up dancers while walking to a minor stage . Spears also performed `` Till the World Ends '' at the Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) . At the end of `` Toxic '' , she goes below the stage and returns wearing a black sparkly bodysuit for `` Till the World Ends '' . Halfway through the performance , Minaj appears on the backdrops rapping her verse of The Femme Fatale Remix of the song . She also joined Spears to perform the verse in select cities . After the song changes back to the original version , Spears starts flying in a platform with giant angel wings . The show ends with Spears and her dancers thanking the audience , as confetti falls and the `` Femme Fatale '' sign is lowered onstage . Jason L. Nelson of The Beaver County Times said that `` encore hits ' Toxic ' and ' Till the World Ends ' kept the crowd beaming . '' Spears also performed the song as part of the encore section from her Las Vegas residency Britney : Piece of Me . At the end of the performance , Spears ascended into the back of the stage in a globe - cage . Mirroring the setlist of her Las Vegas residency , `` Till The World Ends '' is also the encore of Britney : Live In Concert , with Spears leaving the stage after performing `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' for a few minutes , and then returning to perform the song as the encore . During the Pink Friday Tour , Nicki Minaj included `` Till the World Ends '' as an interlude . Electronicore band I See Stars covered the song as a track for the Punk Goes Pop Volume 4 compilation . Track listings ( edit ) French CD single `` Till the World Ends '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 57 `` Till the World Ends '' ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) ( featuring Nicki Minaj and Kesha ) -- 4 : 44 German CD single `` Till the World Ends '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 57 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Instrumental Version ) -- 3 : 57 Digital download `` Till the World Ends '' -- 3 : 58 Digital download ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) ( featuring Nicki Minaj and Kesha ) -- 4 : 44 Digital download ( Culture Shock Remix ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( Culture Shock Remix ) -- 4 : 02 Digital download ( Twister Remix ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( Twister Remix ) -- 4 : 19 Digital download ( EP ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 58 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Instrumental Version ) -- 3 : 58 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Billionaire Extended Remix ) -- 5 : 20 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 55 Digital download ( The Femme Fatale Four Pack ) `` Till the World Ends '' ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) ( featuring Nicki Minaj and Kesha ) -- 4 : 44 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Culture Shock Remix ) -- 4 : 02 `` Dance Till the World Ends '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 52 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Culture Shock Remix ) ( Video ) -- 3 : 59 Digital download ( The Remixes ) `` Till the World Ends '' -- 3 : 58 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Bloody Beetroots Extended Remix ) -- 4 : 06 `` Till the World Ends '' ( White Sea Extended Club Remix ) -- 4 : 50 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Kik Klap Radio Remix ) -- 3 : 41 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Alex Suarez Radio Remix ) -- 3 : 56 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Friscia and Lamboy Club Remix ) -- 9 : 57 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Varsity Team Radio Remix ) -- 4 : 15 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Karmatronic Extended Club Remix ) -- 6 : 47 Digital download ( The UK Remixes ) `` Till the World Ends '' -- 3 : 58 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Gareth Wyn Remix ) -- 6 : 25 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Olli Collins + Fred Portelli Remix ) -- 6 : 01 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Billionaire Extended Remix ) -- 5 : 20 `` Till the World Ends '' ( Billionaire Radio Remix ) -- 2 : 58 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Britney Spears -- lead vocals Dr. Luke -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming and background vocals Alexander Kronlund -- songwriter , instruments and programming R. Kelly - backing vocals and guest vocals Max Martin -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming and background vocals Kesha Sebert -- songwriter / background vocals and guest vocals Billboard -- producer , instruments and programming Serban Ghenea -- audio mixing Emily Wright -- engineering and vocal production Sam Holland -- engineering and background vocals Nicki Minaj -- songwriter , background vocals and guest vocals Aniela Gottwald -- assistant engineer John Hanes -- mix engineer Tim Roberts -- assistant mix engineer Stacey Barnett -- background vocals Bonnie McKee -- background vocals and guest vocals Patrizia Rogosch -- background vocals Tom Coyne -- mastering Credits adapted from Till the World Ends liner notes . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 19 Brazil ( Billboard Hot Pop Songs ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 52 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 14 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Russia ( Russia Top 20 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Slovakia ( IFPI ) South Korea ( GAON ) ( International Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 71 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 45 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 21 Canadian Hot 100 26 Danish Singles Chart 50 France Singles Chart 26 Israeli Airplay Chart 41 Lebanese Airplay Chart 13 Spanish Singles Chart 37 Spanish Singles Chart ( Airplay ) 20 Sweden Singles Chart 51 Swiss Singles Chart 49 South Korea Gaon International Chart 58 UK Singles Chart 143 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Billboard Digital Songs 26 US Billboard Pop Songs 16 US Billboard Radio Songs 25 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 17 Preceded by `` Beautiful People '' by Chris Brown featuring Benny Benassi US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number - one single 28 May 2011 -- 4 June 2011 Succeeded by `` Original Sin '' by INXS featuring Rob Thomas Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 <Th_colspan="3"> Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 50,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany March 4 , 2011 Digital download Sony Music Entertainment United Kingdom RCA Records United States Jive Records United States March 7 , 2011 Mainstream radio Germany April 15 , 2011 CD single Sony Music Entertainment United Kingdom April 25 , 2011 Digital download ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) RCA Records United States Jive Records See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2011 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marcus , Bennett ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Ke $ ha Tells Vulture Why She Gave a Hit Song Away to Britney Spears '' . 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Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Classements Annuels 2011 '' . Disqueenfrance . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` מצעד ההשמעות השנתי הרשמי של ישראל '' ( select 2011 ) . Media Forest . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Music Only ! ! ! '' . NRJ Lebanon . 2008 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TOP 20 2011. xls '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Annual 2011 '' . Hitlistan . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2011 : Radio Songs '' . Billboard. 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual South Korea International Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Chart 2011 '' ( PDF ) . OfficialChartsCompany . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard. 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2011 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Britney Spears - Till the World Ends '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Till The World Ends '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Britney Spears '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Till The World Ends '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears - Till the World Ends '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Britney Spears ; ' Till The World Ends ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Till The World Ends '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Enter Till The World Ends in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Britney Spears - Till the World Ends '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Till The World Ends : Britney Spears : Amazon.de : MP3 - Downloads '' . Amazon.com. 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Till the World Ends : Britney Spears : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Till the World Ends : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.com. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Till The World Ends ( the Femme Fatale Remix ) : Britney Spears feat . Nicki Minaj & Ke $ ha : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Till the World Ends '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Britney Spears songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? '' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> Nicki Minaj songs Beam Me Up Scotty `` I Get Crazy '' Pink Friday `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Did It On'em '' `` Right Thru Me '' `` Fly '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Check It Out '' `` Your Love '' `` Super Bass '' `` Girls Fall Like Dominoes '' Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded `` Roman Holiday '' `` Come on a Cone '' `` I Am Your Leader '' `` Beez in the Trap '' `` Roman Reloaded '' `` Champion '' `` Right by My Side '' `` Starships '' `` Pound the Alarm '' `` Whip It '' `` Automatic '' `` Marilyn Monroe '' `` Stupid Hoe '' `` Va Va Voom '' Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded -- The Re-Up `` Freedom '' `` High School '' `` The Boys '' The Pinkprint `` All Things Go '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Only '' `` Anaconda '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Pills n Potions '' `` Bed of Lies '' `` Truffle Butter '' Other songs `` BedRock '' `` Roger That '' `` Massive Attack '' `` Roman in Moscow '' `` Yasss Bish '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Black Barbies '' `` Make Love '' `` Regret in Your Tears '' `` No Frauds '' `` Changed It '' As featured artist `` 5 Star ( Remix ) '' `` Shakin It 4 Daddy '' `` Knockout '' `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Up Out My Face '' `` My Chick Bad '' `` Lil Freak '' `` Up All Night '' `` Get It All '' `` Woohoo '' `` Hello Good Morning ( Remix ) '' `` Bottoms Up '' `` Dark Fantasy '' `` 2012 ( It Ai n't the End ) '' `` Letting Go ( Dutty Love ) '' `` Monster '' `` I Ai n't Thru '' `` Raining Men '' `` The Creep '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` Till the World Ends ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) '' `` Y.U. Mad '' `` You the Boss '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' `` Turn Me On '' `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' `` I Do n't Give A '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` Get Low '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` Girl on Fire ( Inferno Version ) '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Freaks '' `` Tapout '' `` Tonight I 'm Getting Over You '' `` Somebody Else '' `` I 'm Out '' `` Twerk It '' `` Get Like Me '' `` Love More '' `` I Wanna Be with You '' `` Clappers '' `` Lookin Ass '' `` Animales '' `` Flawless ( Remix ) '' `` She Came to Give It to You '' `` Low '' `` Touchin , Lovin '' `` Throw Sum Mo '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Bitch I 'm Madonna '' `` All Eyes on You '' `` Back Together '' `` Down in the DM '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Side to Side '' `` Run Up '' `` Swalla '' `` Light My Body Up '' `` Kissing Strangers '' `` Swish Swish '' `` Rake It Up '' `` You da Baddest '' `` You Already Know '' <Th_colspan="2"> Kesha songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Animal `` Your Love Is My Drug '' `` Tik Tok '' `` Take It Off '' `` Stephen '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Dinosaur '' Cannibal `` We R Who We R '' `` Sleazy '' `` Blow '' Warrior `` Die Young '' `` C'Mon '' `` Crazy Kids '' Rainbow `` Woman '' `` Hymn '' `` Praying '' `` Learn to Let Go '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' Other singles `` Right Round '' `` Dirty Picture '' `` My First Kiss '' `` Till the World Ends ( The Femme Fatale Remix ) '' `` Timber '' `` True Colors '' <Th_colspan="2"> R. Kelly songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Production Discography Videography Awards and nominations Born into the 90 's `` She 's Got That Vibe '' `` Honey Love '' `` Slow Dance ( Hey Mr. DJ ) '' `` Dedicated '' `` Hey Love ( Can I Have a Word ) '' 12 Play `` Sex Me ( Parts I and II ) '' `` Bump N ' Grind '' `` Your Body 's Callin ' '' `` Summer Bunnies '' `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' R. Kelly `` You Remind Me of Something '' `` Down Low ( Nobody Has to Know ) '' `` Thank God It 's Friday '' `` I Ca n't Sleep Baby ( If I ) '' R . `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Half on a Baby '' `` Home Alone '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` When a Woman 's Fed Up '' `` Did You Ever Think '' `` If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time '' `` Only the Loot Can Make Me Happy '' TP-2.com `` I Wish '' `` The Storm Is Over Now '' `` Fiesta ( Remix ) '' `` Feelin ' on Yo Booty '' `` A Woman 's Threat '' Chocolate Factory `` The World 's Greatest '' `` Ignition ( Remix ) '' `` Snake '' `` Step in the Name of Love ( Remix ) '' The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 `` Thoia Thoing '' Happy People / U Saved Me `` Happy People '' `` U Saved Me '' TP. 3 Reloaded `` In the Kitchen '' `` Trapped in the Closet ( Chapter 1 ) '' `` Playa 's Only '' `` Slow Wind '' `` Burn It Up '' Double Up `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Same Girl '' `` Double Up '' `` Rock Star '' Untitled `` Supaman High '' `` Number One '' `` Religious '' `` Echo '' `` Be My # 2 '' Love Letter `` When a Woman Loves '' `` Love Letter '' `` Radio Message '' `` Number One Hit '' Write Me Back `` Share My Love '' `` Feelin ' Single '' `` When a Man Lies '' Black Panties `` My Story '' `` Genius '' `` Cookie '' `` Legs Shakin ' '' The Buffet `` Backyard Party '' `` Switch Up '' Other singles `` Soldier 's Heart '' `` Take You Home With Me ( A.K.A. Body ) '' `` Honey '' `` Big Chips '' `` Hair Braider '' `` Skin '' `` I Believe '' `` Sign of a Victory '' `` Platinum '' `` To the World '' `` I Look to You '' `` Bump & Grind 2014 '' `` Ignition ( Viceroy Remix ) '' Featured singles `` Down with the Clique '' `` Street Dreams ( Remix ) '' `` Be Careful '' `` Friend of Mine ( Remix ) '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Contagious '' `` We Thuggin ' '' `` Gigolo '' `` Hotel '' `` Gangsta Girl '' `` Till the World Ends '' `` So Sexy '' `` So Sexy : Chapter II ( Like This ) '' `` Wonderful '' `` That 's That Shit '' `` Go Getta '' `` Speedin ' '' `` All the Above '' `` Ms. Chocolate '' `` Throwin ' My Money '' `` We Been On '' `` Do What U Want '' `` PYD '' `` Make The World Go Round '' `` It 's Your World '' Soundtrack singles `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Gotham City '' `` Bad Man '' `` World 's Greatest `` I Believe '' `` Christmas , I 'll Be Steppin ' '' Other songs `` It Seems Like You 're Ready '' `` Sadie '' `` TP - 2 '' `` R&B Thug '' `` Heaven I Need a Hug '' `` I Need an Angel '' `` Real Talk '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Shut Up `` Betcha Gon ' Know '' `` Marching Band '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' Singles written and / or produced by R. Kelly `` Back & Forth '' `` At Your Best '' `` Stroke You Up '' `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' `` Down with the Clique '' `` The Thing I Like '' `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' `` Foolin ' Around '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` I Do n't Want To '' `` Fortunate '' `` 808 '' `` Cry '' `` Contagious '' `` One More Chance '' `` Any Time , Any Place '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` Hell Yeah '' `` Outrageous '' `` Out of this Club '' `` I Look To You '' `` Celebrate '' `` Sleeping with the One I Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> Category : R. Kelly songs Category : Songs written by R. Kelly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Till_the_World_Ends&oldid=800973510 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2011 songs Britney Spears songs Dance - pop songs Eurodance songs Jive Records singles Song recordings produced by Max Martin Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Song recordings produced by Billboard ( record producer ) Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Dr. Luke Songs written by Alexander Kronlund Songs written by Kesha Kesha songs Songs written by Billboard ( record producer ) Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Ray Kay Songs written by Nicki Minaj Nicki Minaj songs Songs written by R. Kelly Song recordings produced by R. Kelly Songs about dancing Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2014 Good articles Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Britney Spears song
2. Till the World Ends
3. Dance-pop
4. Remixes
5. Critical reception |
8,778,683,193,251,488,000 | list of every museum in new york city | List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City - wikipedia List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . This list contains the most famous or well - regarded organizations , based on their mission . Contents ( hide ) 1 Museums 1.1 Encyclopedic 1.2 Region and tradition 1.2. 1 African and African American 1.2. 2 Asian and Asian American 1.2. 3 Indigenous and African Caribbean in Latin America 1.2. 4 European Jewish and Jewish American 1.2. 5 Western by era 1.2. 5.1 Traditional European art 1.2. 5.2 Modern art 1.2. 6 Other Western and Native American 1.3 Artistic medium 1.3. 1 Books , drawings , illustrations , prints 1.3. 2 Photography , film , new media 1.3. 3 Sculpture 1.3. 4 Design , decorative arts , architecture 1.4 Entertainment 1.4. 1 Performing arts 1.4. 2 Amusements 1.5 Science 1.6 History 1.6. 1 American history , local history , historic monuments 1.6. 2 Military , police , fire 1.6. 3 Transportation and maritime 1.6. 4 Financial 1.6. 5 Historic houses 1.7 Children 's 1.8 Contemporary spaces 1.8. 1 Contemporary museums 1.8. 2 Contemporary galleries 1.8. 3 Neighborhood art centers 1.9 Miscellaneous 1.10 Defunct museums 1.11 Proposed museums 2 Zoos and gardens 3 Performing arts 3.1 Lincoln Center 3.2 Music 3.3 Theaters 4 Historically significant sites 4.1 Historic House Trust 4.2 National Parks of New York Harbor 4.3 Other historic sites 4.4 World Trade Center site 5 Libraries 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Museums ( edit ) Also included are non-profit art galleries , arts centers and cultural centers with galleries . See List of museums in New York City for a complete sortable list in alphabetical order . See List of museums in New York for museums in the rest of New York state . Encyclopedic ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Metropolitan Museum of Art Museum Mile Manhattan Art One of the world 's largest art museums ; includes American art and decorative arts , European , African , Asian , Ancient Egyptian , Roman and Greek art , Byzantine and Islamic art , modern art Brooklyn Museum Crown Heights Brooklyn Art Collections include American art , Egyptian , Classical , and Ancient Near Eastern art , feminist , European and art of the Pacific Islands . Staten Island Museum West New Brighton Staten Island Multiple Natural history , art , history , science ; part of Snug Harbor Cultural Center Bronx Museum of the Arts Concourse Village Bronx Art Focuses on contemporary and 20th - century art Queens Museum Corona Queens Art Formerly Queens Museum of Art ; includes a collection of Tiffany glass Region and tradition ( edit ) African and African American ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Weeksville Heritage Center Bedford -- Stuyvesant Brooklyn Living Historic homes of 19th - century free African Americans in the urban North Museum of Contemporary African Diasporan Arts Fort Greene Brooklyn Art Art focusing on social and political issues facing the African Diaspora Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Harlem Manhattan African American Branch of the New York Public Library ; exhibits of African American history and culture Studio Museum in Harlem Harlem Manhattan Art Art of African - Americans , specializing in 19th - and 20th - century work as well as exhibits of Caribbean and African art The Africa Center Museum Mile Manhattan Art African art and culture , building new facility on Museum Mile African Burial Ground National Monument TriBeCa Monument Visitors ' center and memorial to an 18th - century African - American slave burial ground Lewis H. Latimer House Flushing Queens Historic house Home of African American inventor Lewis H. Latimer Sandy Ground Historical Museum South Shore Staten Island Local history website Asian and Asian American ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Asia Society Upper East Side Manhattan Art Features historic and contemporary Asian art and decorative items Asian American Arts Centre Lower Manhattan Manhattan Art Cultural center with exhibition galleries China Institute Upper East Side Manhattan Art Galleries with exhibits about traditional Chinese paintings , calligraphy , Chinese folk arts , textiles and architecture Museum of Chinese in America Chinatown Manhattan Ethnic -- Chinese American History of North America 's Chinatowns and the cultural contributions of Chinese immigrants Japan Society ( New York ) Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Cultural Features exhibit gallery for Japanese art Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art Egbertville Staten Island Art Art and artifacts of the Himalayas Tibet House Chelsea Manhattan Art Classical and contemporary Tibetan art Rubin Museum of Art Chelsea Manhattan Art Art of the Himalayas and surrounding regions Nicholas Roerich Museum Upper West Side Manhattan Art Works by Nicholas Roerich Gallery Korea Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art Part of the Korean Center Cultural Service ; contemporary Korean art Korea Society Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art Cultural society with gallery of Korean art and culture Indigenous and african Caribbean in latin america ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Americas Society Upper East Side Manhattan Art Exhibits of historic and contemporary art from Latin America , the Caribbean and Canada El Museo del Barrio Museum Mile Manhattan Art Latin American and Caribbean art , with an emphasis on works from Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican community in New York City . The Clemente Soto Velez Cultural and Educational Center Lower East Side Manhattan Art Performance , visual arts , and community events that reflect the cultural diversity of the Lower East Side European Jewish and Jewish American ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary American Sephardi Federation Lower Manhattan Manhattan Ethnic -- Jewish Exhibits about the heritage of all Sephardim from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans , to the Jews of North Africa and Muslim lands including Iraq , Iran , Syria , Turkey , Yemen , Ethiopia and Bukharian Jews Anne Frank Center USA Lower Manhattan Manhattan History website , uses the diary and spirit of Anne Frank to promote tolerance and human rights Bernard Museum of Judaica Upper East Side Manhattan Jewish website , located in Temple Emanu - El , Jewish art , religious ornaments and temple memorabilia Center for Jewish History Lower Manhattan Manhattan Jewish Jewish history and culture around the world Derfner Judaica Museum Riverdale Bronx Jewish Includes the art collection at the Hebrew Home at Riverdale Eldridge Street Synagogue Lower East Side Manhattan Jewish American Jewish history and culture in a restored historic synagogue Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion Greenwich Village Manhattan Jewish website , part of Hebrew Union College ; art exploring Jewish identity , history , culture , and experience Jewish Children 's Museum Crown Heights Brooklyn Children 's / ethnic Jewish Jewish heritage , fostering tolerance and understanding Jewish Museum ( New York ) Museum Mile Manhattan Jewish Modern and contemporary Jewish art and history Jewish Theological Seminary Upper West Side Manhattan Jewish website , free exhibitions from the library 's collections of Jewish heritage Living Torah Museum Borough Park Brooklyn Jewish Ancient artifacts mentioned in the Torah , items from the Biblical period Museum of Jewish Heritage Battery Park City Manhattan Jewish Modern Jewish history and the Holocaust Yeshiva University Museum Chelsea Manhattan Jewish Also an archaeology , history and art museum focused on Jewish subjects Western by era ( edit ) Traditional European art ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary The Cloisters Washington Heights Manhattan Art Art and architecture of the European Middle Ages ; branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Frick Collection Upper East Side Manhattan Art Old Master paintings and Renaissance art displayed in Gilded Age mansion Dahesh Museum of Art Hudson Square Manhattan Art Currently constructing new permanent home in Manhattan , European academic art of the 19th and 20th century Hispanic Society of America Washington Heights Manhattan Art Art of Spain , Portugal and , to a lesser extent , Latin America from the Middle Ages through the 1920s Modern art ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Guggenheim Museum Museum Mile Manhattan Art Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright , Impressionist , Post-Impressionist , early Modern and contemporary art Met Breuer Upper East Side Manhattan Art Modern and contemporary art ; branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art Modern art including architecture and design , drawings , painting , sculpture , photography , prints , illustrated books and artist 's books , film and electronic media Neue Galerie Museum Mile Manhattan Art Gallery of early - 20th - century German and Austrian art and design Whitney Museum of American Art Meatpacking District Manhattan Art 20th - century American art Other Western and Native American ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Austrian Cultural Forum New York Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Culture website , culture center with exhibition gallery Instituto Cervantes New York Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Culture website , culture center , conferences , largest Spanish library in New York , exhibition gallery Czech Centre New York Upper East Side Manhattan Art website , exhibits of Czech artists , located in Bohemian National Hall Swiss Institute Lower Manhattan Manhattan Art website , contemporary art Scandinavia House -- The Nordic Center in America Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Cultural Art , design , and historical exhibitions of the Nordic countries Ukrainian Museum East Village Manhattan Ethnic -- Ukrainian - American Ukrainian heritage in America Garibaldi - Meucci Museum Rosebank Staten Island Ethnic Home of Italian politician Giuseppe Garibaldi and inventor Antonio Meucci , celebrates Italian American culture and heritage American Folk Art Museum Upper West Side Manhattan Art American folk art George Gustav Heye Center Financial District Manhattan Native American Part of the Smithsonian ; Native American history , culture and art Goethe - Institut , New York Lower East Side Manhattan German culture Part of the Goethe - Institut worldwide association Artistic medium ( edit ) Books , drawings , illustrations , prints ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library Upper West Side Manhattan Library website , two galleries with free exhibitions from the collections Grolier Club Upper East Side Manhattan Literary Public exhibitions from its book and literary collections Drawing Center SoHo Manhattan Art Contemporary and historical drawings Museum of American Illustration Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art website , part of the Society of Illustrators ; American illustration International Print Center New York Chelsea Manhattan Art Exhibition and understanding of fine art prints The Morgan Library & Museum Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art Includes books and printed materials , prints , and drawings of European artists , material from ancient Egypt and medieval liturgical objects , ancient Near Eastern cylinder seals , music manuscripts New York Public Library Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Multiple Exhibitions at the main branch about art , history , culture , photography from its collections Photography , film , new media ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Alice Austen House Rosebank Staten Island Historic house Home of photographer Alice Austen , also features photography exhibitions BRIC Fort Greene Brooklyn Art website , contemporary art Eyebeam Art and Technology Center Chelsea Manhattan Art Art and technology exhibitions , resident artistries Aperture Foundation Chelsea Manhattan Photography Photography book and magazine publisher , photography exhibitions , workshops , artist talks , education programs International Center of Photography Chelsea Manhattan Photography Photography exhibits Paley Center for Media Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Media Cultural , creative and social significance of television , radio , the Internet and emerging media platforms Museum of the Moving Image Astoria Queens Media Art , history , technique and technology of film , television , digital media , video games Sculpture ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Noguchi Museum Long Island City Queens Art Works by sculptor Isamu Noguchi SculptureCenter Long Island City Queens Art Dedicated to experimental and innovative developments in contemporary sculpture Socrates Sculpture Park Astoria Queens Art Sculpture park Chaim Gross Studio Museum Greenwich Village Manhattan Art website , operated by the Renee and Chaim Gross Foundation , home and studio of Chaim Gross Design , decorative arts , architecture ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Bard Graduate Center Upper West Side Manhattan Art Annually organizes two to three exhibitions related to decorative arts , architecture and design AIGA National Design Center Flatiron District Manhattan Art website , public gallery of the AIGA dedicated to presenting examples of outstanding contemporary design Center for Architecture Greenwich Village Manhattan Art Exhibits of architecture , urban planning , urban design and environmental planning Cooper -- Hewitt , National Design Museum Museum Mile Manhattan Design Part of the Smithsonian , decorative arts and design Museum of Arts and Design Upper West Side Manhattan Art Features contemporary hand - made objects in a variety of media , including clay , glass , metal , fiber and wood ; located at Columbus Circle Museum at FIT Chelsea Manhattan Textile Fashion museum , part of Fashion Institute of Technology National Academy of Design Museum Mile Manhattan Art Exhibits of art and architecture from its collections New York School of Interior Design Gallery Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art website , free gallery with exhibits about interior design Parsons The New School for Design Sheila C. Johnson Design Center Greenwich Village Manhattan Art Contains two galleries : The Anna - Maria and Stephen Kellen Gallery and the smaller Arnold and Sheila Aronson Galleries Skyscraper Museum Battery Park City Manhattan Architecture Currently the only museum in the world dedicated to skyscrapers Entertainment ( edit ) Performing arts ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Brooklyn Jazz Hall of Fame and Museum Central Brooklyn Brooklyn Jazz Individuals who have made significant contributions to the music genre of jazz National Jazz Museum in Harlem Harlem Manhattan Music Harlem 's jazz history Louis Armstrong House Corona Queens Historic house Home of musician Louis Armstrong Rose Museum Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Music Chronicles the history Carnegie Hall from the collections of its archives Enrico Caruso Museum of America Homecrest Brooklyn Biographical website , open on Sundays ; the life of opera tenor Enrico Caruso New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Upper West Side Manhattan Art Exhibitions about the performing arts , located at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Amusements ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Coney Island Museum Coney Island Brooklyn Amusement History of Coney Island 's amusement park Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Amusement Oddities and curiosities Madame Tussauds Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Wax museum Famous figures in entertainment Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Multiple Changing exhibitions of culture , science , art , history Toy Museum of NY Boerum Hill Brooklyn Toy Traveling displays , includes children 's theatre performance , classic dolls , toy soldiers , trains and trolleys , board games , electronic toys National Track and Field Hall of Fame Washington Heights Manhattan Sports Operated by the Armory Foundation in conjunction with USA Track & Field Mets Hall of Fame & Museum Flushing Queens Sports Located at Citi Field ; the New York Mets ' baseball history Science ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary American Museum of Natural History Upper West Side Manhattan Natural history Includes Rose Center for Earth and Space New York Botanical Garden Fordham Bronx Botanical garden Includes Mertz Library with exhibitions relating to botanical themes and the Enid B. Haupt Conservatory New York Hall of Science Flushing Queens Science Topics include biology , chemistry and physics Museum of Mathematics Rose Hill Manhattan Science Interactive exhibits about mathematics Wave Hill Riverdale Bronx Botanical garden Botanical garden with art gallery and interpretive visitors ' center Brooklyn Botanic Garden Prospect Heights Brooklyn Botanical Garden Specialty plant collections with labels and interpretation , library , art gallery , visitors ' center History ( edit ) American history , local history , historic monuments ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Ellis Island Museum Ellis Island Manhattan History Tours by boat from Battery Park in Manhattan or Liberty State Park in Jersey City , New Jersey ; immigration experience and history of the immigrants Federal Hall Lower Manhattan Manhattan History First capitol of the United States of America and the site of George Washington 's first inauguration in 1789 Fraunces Tavern Lower Manhattan Manhattan History Reconstruction of a tavern with a prominent role in pre-Revolution and American Revolution history General Grant National Memorial Upper West Side Manhattan Biographical Mausoleum of General Ulysses Grant and his wife ; displays about his life and Presidency Ground Zero Museum Workshop Lower Manhattan Manhattan History website , history of the September 11 attacks and the workers at the World Trade Center site Lower East Side Tenement Museum Lower East Side Manhattan History Immigrants ' experience Museum of Public Relations Midtown Manhattan Media website , a public relations museum and reference library , part of Baruch College 's Newman Library Archives and Special Collections , open to the public by appointment for tours , guest lectures and research Museum of the City of New York Museum Mile Manhattan Multiple Art and local history National September 11 Memorial & Museum Financial District Manhattan Memorial Memorial and museum dedicated to victims of 9 / 11 attacks New - York Historical Society Upper West Side Manhattan History History of New York and the United States Statue of Liberty Liberty Island Manhattan History Accessible by boat from Battery Park in Manhattan and Liberty State Park in Jersey City , New Jersey Tribute WTC Visitors ' Center Lower Manhattan Manhattan History History of the September 11 attacks and tours of the World Trade Center site Trinity Church Lower Manhattan Manhattan History History of the church , changing art , religious and cultural exhibits Brooklyn Historical Society Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn Local history History and culture of Brooklyn City Reliquary Williamsburg Brooklyn Local history website , memorabilia and artifacts about New York City Hall of Fame for Great Americans University Heights Bronx Hall of fame Part of Bronx Community College , National Landmark founded as a Pantheon honoring historically significant American men and women Bayside Historical Society Bayside Queens Local history website , located in the Officer 's Club in Fort Totten Greater Astoria Historical Society Astoria Queens Local history Military , police , fire ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Castle Clinton Lower Manhattan Manhattan History Fort that contains a museum which is administered by the National Park Service , and is a departure point for visitors to the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Castle Williams Governors Island Manhattan Military Tours of the 1807 fort and prison FDNY Fire Zone Midtown Manhattan Firefighting website , fire safety learning center , located in Rockefeller Center Intrepid Sea - Air - Space Museum Hell 's Kitchen Manhattan Military Showcases the World War II aircraft carrier USS Intrepid , Space Shuttle Enterprise , submarine USS Growler , a Concorde supersonic airplane , helicopters and military aircraft New York City Fire Museum SoHo Manhattan Firefighting Historical and modern firefighting vehicles , equipment , uniforms New York City Police Museum Financial District Manhattan Law enforcement Closed in 2014 , plans unclear Harbor Defense Museum Bay Ridge Brooklyn Military Located in Fort Hamilton , 19th - century fort with exhibits of NY military history Hall of Fame for Great Americans University Heights Bronx Hall of fame Part of Bronx Community College , National Landmark founded as a Pantheon honoring historically significant American men and women Fort Totten Bayside Queens Military Tours of the Civil War - era fort Fort Wadsworth Fort Wadsworth Staten Island Military Exhibits and tours of the mid-19th - century fort Transportation and maritime ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary New York Transit Museum Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn Transportation Subways , trolleys and buses Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Transportation Subways , trolleys and buses ; 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part of the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York Historic houses ( edit ) Name Neighborhood Borough Type Summary Bartow - Pell Mansion Pelham Bay Bronx Historic house Mid-19th - century period mansion and gardens Billiou - Stillwell - Perine House Old Town Staten Island Historic house 17th - century Dutch colonial house , operated by Historic Richmond Town Bowne House Flushing Queens Historic house Oldest house in Queens , dates back to the mid-1600s Conference House Tottenville Staten Island Historic house Only pre-Revolutionary manor house still surviving in New York City Dyckman Farmhouse Museum Inwood Manhattan Historic house Late 18th - century farmhouse , the oldest remaining farmhouse on Manhattan island Edgar Allan Poe Cottage Fordham Bronx Historic house 1840s house where author Edgar Allan Poe lived Gracie Mansion Upper East Side Manhattan Historic house Official residence of the Mayor of New York City Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Heights Manhattan Historic house Relocated early 19th - century home of Alexander Hamilton King Manor Jamaica Queens Historic house Early 19th - century period home of Rufus King , a signer of the United States Constitution Kingsland Homestead Flushing Queens Historic house Member of the Historic House Trust , operated by the Queens Historical Society ; 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Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space East Village Manhattan History History of grassroots urban space activism Onassis Cultural Center Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art website , cultural and artistic activities concerning ancient , Byzantine and modern Hellenic civilization Poppenhusen Institute College Point Queens History Community cultural center with historic and cultural exhibits Queens College Art Center Flushing Queens Art website , part of Queens College Tibor de Nagy Gallery Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Art Contemporary painting , sculpture and photography ; presents works from the gallery 's rich history United Nations Headquarters Midtown Manhattan Manhattan Historic building Includes exhibits on such topics as peacekeeping operations , decolonization and disarmament , and the United Nations Art Collection Leslie - Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art SoHo Manhattan Art Contemporary and historical gay - related art Museum of Sex Rose Hill Manhattan Sex History , evolution and cultural significance of human sexuality Defunct museums ( edit ) American Museum of Immigration , Liberty Island Barnum 's American Museum , Manhattan Chelsea Art Museum , Manhattan , closed in 2011 Con Edison Energy Museum , Manhattan Discovery Times Square Exposition - closed in 2016 Forbes Galleries , closed in 2014 Guggenheim Soho , Manhattan Kurdish Library and Museum , Brooklyn Micro Museum , Brooklyn , closed exhibit space Morbid Anatomy Museum , Brooklyn , closed in 2016 Museum of the American Piano , Manhattan , website Museum of Biblical Art , closed in 2015 Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art , closed in 2012 , collections now part of the Society of Illustrators Museum of Primitive Art , closed in 1976 , collections now part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art National Museum of Catholic Art and History , closed in 2010 New York Jazz Museum , Manhattan New York Tattoo Museum Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex , opened in Soho in 2008 , closed in 2010 Sony Wonder Technology Lab , closed in 2016 Sports Museum of America , Manhattan , opened in 2008 , closed in 2009 UBS Art Gallery , Manhattan Proposed museums ( edit ) Climate Museum Poster House Zoos and gardens ( edit ) See also : List of New York City parks Bronx Zoo Brooklyn Botanic Garden Central Park Zoo Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge New York Aquarium New York Botanical Garden Prospect Park Zoo Queens Botanical Garden Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden ( formerly the British Garden ) Queens Zoo Queens County Farm Museum Staten Island Botanical Garden The New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Staten Island Zoo Wave Hill Performing arts ( edit ) The Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center Lincoln Center ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Alice Tully Hall David Geffen Hall , formerly known as Avery Fisher Hall , home of the New York Philharmonic David H. 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Alice Austen House Museum Bartow - Pell Mansion Museum The Conference House Dyckman Farmhouse Museum Edgar Allan Poe Cottage Gracie Mansion Hendrick I. Lott House Historic Richmond Town King Manor Museum Kingsland Homestead , with `` weeping beech tree '' Lefferts Historic House Lewis H. Latimer House The Little Red Lighthouse Merchant 's House Museum Morris - Jumel Mansion The Old Stone House Queens County Farm Museum Seguine Mansion Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre Valentine - Varian House Van Cortlandt House Museum The Wyckoff Farmhouse Museum National parks of New York Harbor ( edit ) Grant 's tomb , 2004 Despite its name , National Parks of New York Harbor does not oversee any national parks proper . African Burial Ground National Monument Castle Clinton National Monument Federal Hall National Memorial Fort Wadsworth General Grant National Memorial Governors Island Hamilton Grange National Memorial Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Other Historic sites ( edit ) Brooklyn - New York Naval Shipyard - Bldg92 Ellis Island Irish Hunger Memorial Statue of Liberty Weeksville Heritage Center The following are already - listed Registered Historic Places . Fort Schuyler Lower East Side Tenement Museum Snug Harbor Cultural Center Trinity Churchyard World Trade Center site ( edit ) Main article : World Trade Center site 9 / 11 Tribute Museum International Freedom Center National September 11 Memorial & Museum Tribute in Light Libraries ( edit ) New York Public Library , central block , built 1897 -- 1911 , Carrère and Hastings , architects ( May , 2011 ) . Located at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library Biblioteca Instituto Cervantes Brooklyn Public Library Butler Library at Columbia University Cloisters Library and Archives Cooper - Hewitt , National Design Museum Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University Frick Art Reference Library List of Brooklyn Public Library Branches List of New York Public Library Branches List of Queens Library Branches The Morgan Library & Museum New York Public Library New York Academy of Medicine Library New York Society Library Queens Borough Public Library Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Shevchenko Scientific Society United Nations Dag Hammarskjold Library See also ( edit ) Cultural Institutions Group List of museums in New York List of university art museums and galleries in New York State Museum Mile , New York City Tourist attractions in New York City References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Field Trip.com report Jump up ^ NYC.com closed notice Jump up ^ New York Times Magazine , June 30 , 2002 , `` Is the Go - Go Guggenheim Going , Going ... '' Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/11/ubs-to-shut-its-new-york_n_283533.html UBS To Shut Its New York Art Gallery , Huffington Post , 9 / 11 / 2009 Jump up ^ Richard Weir ( 1999 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Old Tree May be Benched '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Richard Weir ( 1999 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Weeping Beech Will Live On in Memory , and in Art '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . 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-727,679,820,424,234,800 | who sang the first line in band aid 1984 | Do They Know It 's Christmas ? - Wikipedia Do They Know It 's Christmas ? Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Band Aid B - side `` Feed the World '' ( 1984 ) `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' ( 1985 ) Released 3 December 1984 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 25 November 1984 Studio Sarm West Studios , London Genre Christmas new wave synth - pop Length 3 : 50 6 : 16 ( 12 '' version ) Label Phonogram ( UK ) Columbia ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Midge Ure Trevor Horn ( 12 '' and 1985 reissue ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia . It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid , a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time . The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984 and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks , becoming the Christmas number one of 1984 . The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history , selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984 , on the way to displacing Wings 's `` Mull of Kintyre '' as the biggest - selling single of all time in the UK . It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' , released in tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales following her death . The original version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date . The song was also a major success around the world , reaching number one in thirteen other countries outside the UK . In the US , the single fell short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay , but it had sold an estimated 2.5 million copies in the US by January 1985 . Worldwide the single had sold 11.7 million copies by 1989 . Geldof 's cautious hope was that the single would raise £ 70,000 for Ethiopia , but `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' raised £ 8 million within twelve months of release . The single 's worldwide success in raising awareness and financial relief for the victims of the Ethiopian famine led the recording of several other charity singles in the UK and in other countries , such as `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa . The song also led to various spin - off charity events , such as Comic Relief , and the Live Aid concert which would take place seven months later in July 1985 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was re-recorded three times : in 1989 , 2004 , and 2014 . All the re-recordings were also charity records ; the 1989 and 2004 versions also provide money for famine relief , while the 2014 version was used to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa . All three of these versions also reached number one in the UK , and the 2004 version of the song was also a UK million seller , with 1.8 million copies sold . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Style and content 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception and criticism 7 1985 reissue 8 Personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Band Aid II 10.1 Personnel 10.2 Charts and certifications 10.2. 1 Weekly charts 10.2. 2 Year - end charts 10.2. 3 Certifications 11 Band Aid 20 11.1 Personnel 11.2 Charts and certifications 11.2. 1 Weekly charts 11.2. 2 Year - end charts 11.2. 3 Certifications 12 Band Aid 30 12.1 Background 12.2 Personnel 12.3 German version 12.4 Track listing 12.5 Charts and certifications 12.5. 1 Weekly charts 12.5. 2 Year - end charts 12.5. 3 Certifications 12.6 Release history 13 Other versions 14 See also 15 References Background ( edit ) The song was inspired by a series of reports that Michael Buerk made for BBC television news programmes , which highlighted the famine in Ethiopia that was taking place at the time . The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine , with Buerk 's report on 23 October describing it as `` a biblical famine in the 20th century '' and `` the closest thing to hell on Earth '' . The reports shocked the UK , motivating the British people to inundate relief agencies , such as Save the Children , with donations , and also to bring world attention to the crisis in Ethiopia . The Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his partner , television presenter Paula Yates , watched the 23 October report and were also deeply affected by it . On 2 November Yates travelled from the couple 's home in London to the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube . Among the acts performing on that week 's programme were Ultravox , promoting their greatest hits album The Collection . Ultravox 's front man Midge Ure happened to be chatting to Yates in the dressing room after the show when Geldof called her . On discovering that she was with Ure , an old friend of Geldof 's , he asked to speak to Ure and told him that he wanted to do something to alleviate the suffering in Ethiopia . Ure immediately agreed to help and the pair arranged to meet and discuss ideas over lunch the following Monday , 5 November , quickly coming to the conclusion that the best option would be to make a charity record . Following their meeting , Geldof immediately set about recruiting other well known musicians to participate on the record . Geldof said , `` I then rang Sting and he said , yeah , count me in , and then ( Simon ) Le Bon , he just immediately said tell me the date and we 'll clear the diary . The same day I was passing by this antique shop and who is standing in there but Gary Kemp , just about to go off on tour to Japan . He said he was mad for it as well and to wait 10 days till they ( Spandau Ballet ) got back in the country ... suddenly it hit me . I thought , ' Christ , we have got the real top boys here ' , all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this ... I knew then that we were off , and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up , asking them to do it . '' Further phone calls from Geldof also secured promises of everybody involved in the record 's making to provide their services free of charge , including most of the UK music magazines which donated advertising space in their publications to promote the single , Geldof 's record label Phonogram who released the single , their parent company Polygram who distributed it , and the artist Peter Blake who created the single 's sleeve . Composition ( edit ) Geldof and Ure 's biggest problem was to be able to come up with a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas . They both realised that they would have to write one themselves and not record a cover version , otherwise they would have to pay royalties which would have to be subtracted from the amount raised for charity . On the Monday afternoon Ure came up with the outline of what he felt sounded a Christmas - like melody on a portable keyboard , which he recorded onto a tape and sent to Geldof , who sarcastically told him that the tune sounded like the theme to Z - Cars . Geldof came to Ure 's house the next day and together they worked on the tune with Geldof on his acoustic guitar . Geldof added lyrics based on a song he had originally written for the Boomtown Rats , as he later recalled : It was lucky in a way , because I had already written this song , which I had provisionally called ' It 's My World ' , and I knew it would be suitable if I just changed the words a bit and called it ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' Midge , reliable as ever , sent down this tune which is the sort of Christmassy bit at the end and we married the two together . Ure recorded Geldof and his guitar and used the recording to develop Geldof 's ideas later back in his home studio , adding his own melody onto the end as a chorus . He later stated that he had been unable to improve on Geldof 's lyrics and left most of them as they were , with the exception of the line `` And there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' -- the original lyric substituted `` Africa '' with `` Ethiopia '' but Ure decided that this did not scan . Geldof 's original idea had been to ask Trevor Horn to produce the song . At the time Horn was an in - demand producer , having produced the three number one singles in 1984 for Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Although Horn was receptive to the idea , he told Geldof that he would need at least six weeks to be able to produce the song , which made it impossible for it to be ready by Christmas . He did , however , offer the use of Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill in west London ( owned by Horn and his wife Jill Sinclair ) free of charge for twenty - four hours on Sunday 25 November . Horn would later remix and co-produce the 12 '' version of the single , as well as remixing the single for its 1985 re-release . In Horn 's absence Ure was assigned the job of producer and he spent several days in his home studio with his engineer Rik Walton to create the song 's backing track , programming the keyboards and drum machines and using a sample of the drums from the title track of Tears for Fears album The Hurting for the song 's intro . John Taylor of Duran Duran and Paul Weller visited Ure 's studio the day before the recording at Sarm West in order to add bass guitar and lead guitar respectively , although Ure and Weller later agreed that the lead guitar did not fit the predominantly synthesizer - based song and subsequently decided not to use Weller 's contribution . Ure sang the original guide vocal , although Simon Le Bon and Sting both came to Ure 's studio to add the vocals for their lines . Recording ( edit ) While Ure was occupied creating the song 's backing track in the studio , Geldof was busy contacting various British artists to ask them to appear for the recording session . His plan was to have the biggest names in British music at the time appear on the record , and few declined : Geldof later revealed that only three people had turned him down , although he refused to disclose who they were . Those he asked but who were unable to appear instead sent recorded messages of support that appeared on the single 's B - side , including David Bowie and Paul McCartney . Another UK act who had been successful in 1984 , The Thompson Twins , were unable to appear on the Band Aid record as they were out of the country and were made aware of the recording too late to return and be involved in it , but they donated part of the proceeds of their then current single `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' to the Action for Ethiopia charity . Geldof kept a November appointment with BBC Radio 1 DJ Richard Skinner to appear on his show , but instead of discussing his new album ( the original reason for his booking ) , he used the airtime to publicise the idea for the charity single , so by the time the musicians were recruited there was intense media interest in the subject . Geldof and Ure arrived at Sarm West at around 8 am on Sunday 25 November with the media in attendance outside . With recording scheduled to begin at 10 : 30 am the artists began arriving . Geldof had arranged for the UK newspaper The Daily Mirror to have exclusive access inside the studio , and ensured that a ' team photo ' was taken by the newspaper 's photographer Brian Aris before any recording got under way , knowing that it would be ready in time to appear in the following day 's edition of the newspaper and help publicise the record . The photograph also appeared on the back cover of the single . Ure played the backing track and guide vocals to the artists and then decided , as a way of getting all involved straightaway , to record the climax first . The artists were put in a huge group and sang the ' Feed the world , let them know it 's Christmas time ' refrain over and over again until it was complete . Having recorded the group , Ure chose Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet to be the first singer into the studio to record his solo part . Hadley admitted that this had been nerve - wracking , knowing that all his contemporaries were watching him . One by one the other assigned singers then did likewise , with Ure taping their efforts and then making notes on which segments would be cut into the final recording . Le Bon , despite having already recorded his part at Ure 's house , re-recorded it so he could be part of the moment . Sting also recorded his words again , this time to provide harmony vocals . Despite being lead singers themselves , both Geldof and Ure had already decided that they would not sing any solo lines , although both took part in the ' feed the world ' finale . Ure later stated in his autobiography that he was constantly battling with Geldof , and telling him to leave when he would come into the production booth and wrongly tell the artist behind the microphone what to sing . Phil Collins arrived with his entire drum kit to record a live drum track on top of the already programmed drum machine . He set up the kit and then waited patiently until early evening until after all the vocals had been recorded . Ure was content with the first take that Collins performed , but the perfectionist Collins was unhappy with it and asked for a second take to be recorded , which he was satisfied with . Although the majority of the artists who took part were the UK 's biggest musical stars at the time , there were a few unusual participants . Members of the US group Kool & the Gang appeared on the record because they were signed to the same record label as the Boomtown Rats , and just happened to be visiting Phonogram 's London offices on the day that Geldof walked in to pitch his idea for the charity single to the label . Singer Marilyn , who had scored a couple of chart hits a year earlier but whose star had faded throughout 1984 , saw the opportunity to reclaim the spotlight and turned up to the recording despite not being invited to take part , a fact overlooked by Geldof and Ure who felt any publicity was good publicity and the more stars they could get to appear on the record , the better . Actor Nigel Planer , who had reached number two earlier in the year with a cover version of `` Hole in My Shoe '' in the guise of his character Neil from the television comedy series The Young Ones , also showed up uninvited and in character as Neil to play up to the cameras , and after being tolerated for a while was sent away by Ure . Geldof also asked Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt , the two frontmen of rock band Status Quo , to take part , knowing that although the group were from an entirely different musical era and background , their consistent chart success and fame would bring a certain amount of credibility to the project from the rock fraternity and ensure that the group 's loyal following of fans ( the `` Quo Army '' ) would buy the record in large numbers . Ure 's original idea was for Rossi and Parfitt to sing the `` here 's to you '' harmonies in the song 's bridge , but he had to shelve the idea because Parfitt could not hit the high notes . This section was eventually taken on by Weller , Sting and Glenn Gregory . Rossi privately told Ure afterwards that in the studio he sang most of Status Quo 's vocal parts and that Parfitt only usually sang onstage , and that Ure should have kept Parfitt away from the microphone . Parfitt admitted in a 2004 documentary that he and Rossi had been extremely hungover from partying the night before , and were in no fit state to attempt to record their vocals . However , according to the journalist Robin Eggar , who at the time was music correspondent for The Daily Mirror and who was the only journalist present throughout the recording of the song , the pair were able to contribute in other ways : Once Status Quo produced their bag of cocaine and the booze started to flow -- I brought six bottles of wine from my flat , which disappeared in a minute -- it became a party . Geldof had been keen to include Culture Club 's Boy George on the single , at the time one of the biggest music stars in the world , and had called him in New York the day before the recording to insist that George turn up . By midday , with George still absent , an irate Geldof telephoned him again demanding to know where he was . Having only gone to bed a few hours before , a sleepy George was woken up by Geldof insisting that he get onto a Concorde transatlantic flight later that morning . However , George went back to sleep following the phone call , and only made it onto the last Concorde flight of the day later that afternoon . George eventually arrived at Sarm West at 6 pm and went immediately into the recording booth to deliver his lines , the last solo artist of the day . Once George 's contribution had been recorded , Ure began working on the mix as the participants began to party in the studio . A B - side was also produced by Trevor Horn in his own studio , using the same instrumental track and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording , and also from those who had been unable to attend , including David Bowie , Paul McCartney , the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Style and content ( edit ) The song comprises two parts : a verse and bridge which allow individual singers to perform different lines ; and a chorus in the form of two repeated phrases by ensemble . The first line of the recording is sung by Paul Young on the 1984 version , Kylie Minogue on the 1989 version , Chris Martin of Coldplay on the 2004 version , and One Direction on the 2014 version . The line was originally written for David Bowie who finally sang it at the Live Aid concert in 1985 . Release and promotion ( edit ) The following morning Geldof appeared on Mike Read 's BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show to promote the record and promised that every penny would go to the cause . Most record retailers agreed to sell the record at its cost price of £ 1.35 including VAT : however , some refused , citing cost pressures . Geldof was also incensed that the British Government refused to waive the VAT on the sales of the single . Geldof made the headlines by publicly standing up to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In the end the UK government relented and donated an amount to the charity equal to the amount of tax they had collected on the single . Radio 1 began to play the song every hour -- normally an A-list single got seven or eight plays per day . The number one single at the time of its release was `` I Should Have Known Better '' by Jim Diamond , and Diamond was quoted as saying , `` I 'm delighted to be at number one , but next week I do n't want people to buy my record ; I want them to buy Band Aid instead '' . The song had advance orders of 250,000 within a week of its recording , and orders from record dealers had topped one million by 8 December . In order to meet demand , Phonogram had all five of their European factories put to work pressing the single . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on Monday 3 December 1984 . It received further publicity from a launch party on 7 December at the Royal Albert Hall during the charity event `` Dinner at Albert 's '' , an evening of music to raise money for Save the Children and the Ethiopia Famine Relief Fund . The single entered the UK Singles Chart the following week at number one , outselling all the other records in the chart put together , with the 7 '' single alone selling 200,000 copies in the first two days of release . In the United States , the video was played on MTV frequently throughout the Christmas season . Released in the US on 10 December 1984 on Columbia Records , `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' sold 1.9 million copies in its first eleven days on release but did not reach number 1 there , due to the more complex nature of the chart system , which counted airplay as well as sales . Despite outselling the official number 1 by four to one , it did not make the top ten due to a lack of airplay , ultimately peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Due to the time constraints of releasing the single as quickly as possible , the promotional video for the song simply featured footage from the recording session . David Bowie , who had been Geldof 's original choice to sing the song 's opening line but who had been unable to attend the recording , flew into England from Switzerland to record a short introduction for the video to be played on the BBC 's flagship television music show Top of the Pops . However , Geldof was unhappy when he discovered that the show 's regulations meant that the song and its video could not be played until it had actually charted . Undeterred , he contacted BBC1 controller Michael Grade directly and successfully persuaded Grade to order that every programme preceding that week 's episode of Top of the Pops should start five minutes early to make space to broadcast the song 's video ( complete with Bowie 's introduction ) just before the show . Each week of its stay at number one , the video was shown on Top of the Pops . However , for the Christmas Day special edition of the programme , most of the artists on the record appeared in the studio to mime to the song as it was relayed through the speaker system . The two most notable absentees were George Michael and Bono : during Michael 's line the cameras focussed on the studio audience , while Paul Weller mimed Bono 's line to the camera . The charity received a further boost during Band Aid 's five week tenure at the top of the UK charts with Wham ! at number 2 with their double A-side `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' . Wham ! singer George Michael had appeared on the Band Aid single and he and fellow band member Andrew Ridgeley donated all the royalties from their single to the Band Aid Trust . `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' also ended up selling over a million copies and became the biggest - selling single never to reach number 1 in the UK . A 30 - minute video titled ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' -- The Story of the Official Band Aid Video was released in the UK on 15 December 1984 and in the US on 18 December 1984 on VHS and Betamax formats . The video featured documentary footage shot at the recording session and interviews with Geldof and Ure , as well as the completed promotional video . At the 1986 Grammy Awards the song 's video was nominated for the Best Music Video , Short Form award , eventually losing out to its US counterpart song `` We Are the World '' . Reception and criticism ( edit ) The reception in December 1984 to the original single from the UK music press was mixed . Under a caption of `` TURKEY '' ( a double meaning referring both to the traditional British Christmas meal and an artistic failure ) , the biggest selling music paper NME dismissed the song with the single line , `` Millions of Dead Stars write and perform rotten record for the right reasons '' . The other two major music papers looked upon the record more favourably , recognising that while musically the song was flawed , its intentions were admirable . Sounds said , `` It 's far from brilliant ( if not quite the Bland Aid some have predicted ) but you can have fun playing Spot the Star on the vocals , and it deserves to sell by the truckload '' . Melody Maker stated , `` Inevitably , after such massive publicity , the record itself is something of an anti-climax , even though Geldof 's sense of universal melodrama is perfectly suited to this kind of epic musical manifesto . Midge Ure 's large - screen production and the emotional vocal deliveries of the various celebrities matches the demonstrative sweep of Geldof 's lyric , which veers occasionally toward an uncomfortably generalised sentimentality which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation . On the other hand , I 'm sure it 's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine . '' The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western - centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa . Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak , stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is . He cited lyrics such as `` There is no peace and joy in west Africa this Christmas '' ; saying he goes to Ghana yearly for the sole purpose of peace and joy , so singing such lyrics would be a blatant lie . A parody version entitled `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' was created to poke fun at the lyrics in the original version . In the 2014 version , several lyrics that were previously criticised were rewritten , and the song was changed to focus on Ebola rather than the original version 's famine . The new lyrics have also been criticised for stereotypes and condescension . Geldof and Ure themselves later recognised the musical limitations of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' : in his typically blunt manner , Geldof told Australia 's Daily Telegraph in 2010 , `` I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history . The other one is ' We Are the World ' . '' Ure 's assessment in his autobiography was that `` it is a song that has nothing to do with music . It was all about generating money ... The song did n't matter : the song was secondary , almost irrelevant . '' 1985 reissue ( edit ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was reissued the following year on 29 November 1985 , reaching number 3 in the UK Singles Chart the week following Christmas . The 1985 single was remixed by Trevor Horn , the intended producer of the original version , and it included an updated B - side entitled `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' , beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months . Personnel ( edit ) ( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve ) Vocalists : Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton ( U2 ) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist ) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats ) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama ) Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats ) Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet ) Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham ! ) Jon Moss ( Culture Club ) Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet ) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo ) Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran ) Francis Rossi ( Status Quo ) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran ) James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang ) John Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang ) Midge Ure ( Ultravox ) Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 ) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) Paul Young Additional spoken messages on B - side : Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney Musicians : Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming Notes : Jump up ^ Annie Lennox 's name also appears on the sleeve credits as a recorded message from her was due to be included on the B - side , but the message did not arrive in time before the record was pressed . Jump up ^ Midge Ure stated in his autobiography that most of the bass line was created and played on a synthesizer ( later revealed to be the OSCar ) , but that John Taylor had added some bass guitar to the song in Ure 's home studio on 24 November 1984 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19 New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid II ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Band Aid II B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Instrumental ) Released 11 December 1989 Format 7 '' cassette CD Recorded 2 -- 3 December 1989 at The Hit Factory , London Genre Pop Length 4 : 25 Label PWL Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman A second version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989 , overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s , Stock Aitken Waterman . Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman to ask him to produce a new version of the song to aid the ongoing situation in Ethiopia , and within 24 hours the recording session had been arranged at Stock Aitken Waterman 's studios on London 's South Bank . The recording took place over the weekend of 2 and 3 December , and featured several artists who had already been produced by SAW , including Kylie Minogue , Jason Donovan , Bananarama , Sonia , and Cliff Richard , as well as other artists who had big hits in 1989 , such as Lisa Stansfield , Jimmy Somerville , Wet Wet Wet and Bros. Bananarama 's Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward became the only artists to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 versions of the record . Siobhan Fahey , who had been part of Bananarama 's line - up at the time the first recording of the song was released , had left the group in 1988 . The lyrics were rearranged for a more traditional ' verse and chorus ' structure , with the opening verse being split in two with a short repeat of the ending chorus being played at the end of both , followed by the `` here 's to you '' section and a final lengthened version of the closing chorus ( with commentary by Michael Buerk played over the outro in the music video ) . Released on 11 December 1989 , the Band Aid II version spent three weeks at number one in the UK , becoming the Christmas number one single and the last number one single of the 1980s , and ended the year as the ninth biggest selling single of 1989 . Personnel ( edit ) ( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve ) Bananarama Big Fun Bros Cathy Dennis D Mob Jason Donovan Kevin Godley Glen Goldsmith Kylie Minogue The Pasadenas Chris Rea Cliff Richard Jimmy Somerville Sonia Lisa Stansfield Technotronic ( incorrectly listed as `` Technotronics '' on the record sleeve ) Wet Wet Wet Musicians : Matt Aitken -- keyboards , guitar Luke Goss -- drums Chris Rea -- guitar Mike Stock -- keyboards The sleeve also credits `` A Linn '' with playing drums on the record , a joking reference to the programmed Linn drum machine . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 20 ( edit ) Main article : Band Aid 20 <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Band Aid 20 B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 ) Released 29 November 2004 Format CD digital download Recorded 12 -- 14 November 2004 at Mayfair Studios , Primrose Hill and AIR Studios , Hampstead , London Genre Pop alternative rock Length 5 : 07 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at MTV UK <Td_colspan="2"> Band Aid 20 recorded a third version of the song in November 2004 for the twentieth anniversary of the original recording , and again got to number one . The recording and release of the single tied in with the release of the Live Aid concert on DVD for the first time . The idea was prompted by Coldplay 's Chris Martin , although Geldof and Ure both got quickly involved . Geldof did the publicity and educated the younger artists on the issues ( some of them were n't born , or were very young , when the original was recorded ) while Ure assisted producer Nigel Godrich and filmed the event for the corresponding documentary . The gathering of the artists to record the song 's chorus took place at AIR Studios in Hampstead in north London on Sunday 14 November 2004 , although the backing track and many of the solo lines had been recorded over the previous two days . Damon Albarn did not take part in the recording but turned up to serve tea to the participants . This version of the song featured an extra segment -- a rap by Dizzee Rascal in the midst of the `` here 's to you '' section . Bono flew in especially from Ireland late on Sunday evening to sing the same line as he had done two decades earlier , making him the sixth artist to appear on two versions , in addition to Geldof , Ure , Paul McCartney , Sarah Dallin and Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane ) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko ) Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis ) Musicians : Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano Additional personnel : Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,184,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 30 ( edit ) Main article : Band Aid 30 <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Band Aid 30 Released 17 November 2014 Format CD digital download Recorded 15 November 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 48 Label Virgin EMI Island Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Paul Epworth At a press conference on 10 November 2014 , Geldof and Ure announced that another group of artists would come together to re-record the song , this time under the banner of Band Aid 30 and in aid of the Ebola crisis . It was released on the following Monday , 17 November , 11 days short of the 30th anniversary of the release of the original version of the track . Background ( edit ) Tracey Emin provided the artwork and Paul Epworth produced the track . Vocal contributions came from artists including Ed Sheeran , One Direction , Paloma Faith , Ellie Goulding , Seal , Sam Smith , Sinéad O'Connor , Rita Ora , Emeli Sandé , Bastille and Olly Murs . Returning guest musicians from previous versions of the song included Chris Martin ( who recorded the opening lines of the 2004 version ) and Bono ( who sang the tenth line in both the 1984 and 2004 versions ) . The line `` Well , there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' was changed to `` Bring peace and joy this Christmas to West Africa '' . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware Musicians : Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards Additional personnel : Paul Epworth -- producer German version ( edit ) A German - language version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on 21 November 2014 . It was produced by Vincent Sorg and Tobias Kuhn and features vocals from artists including 2raumwohnung , Andreas Bourani , Die Toten Hosen , Jan Delay , Joy Denalane , Max Raabe , Milky Chance , Peter Maffay , Silbermond , Thees Uhlmann , and Wolfgang Niedecken . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 48 <Th_colspan="3"> German digital download -- German version No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 55 <Th_colspan="3"> German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 <Th_colspan="3"> German CD maxi - single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 3 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2004 version ) '' ( Band Aid 20 ) 5 : 06 4 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1989 version ) '' ( Band Aid II ) 4 : 22 5 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1984 version ) '' ( Band Aid ) 3 : 52 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) British and Irish version ( original ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 63 German version Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 501,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 17 November 2014 Digital download Virgin EMI Germany 21 November 2014 28 November 2014 CD single CD maxi - single Other versions ( edit ) ITV television show Spitting Image produced a song entitled `` We 're Scared of Bob '' with the various artists suggesting they are only making the record because they were too afraid to say no when Bob Geldof asked them . Slade released a version of the song on their 1985 Christmas album Crackers : The Christmas Party Album , with vocals by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea and proceeds from the track , along with a further Slade release `` Do You Believe in Miracles '' ( which told the story of Geldof 's rise and demise in the pop scene and then his determination to raise money for the famine victims ) , were donated to the Band Aid Trust . See also ( edit ) Christmas portal `` Tears Are Not Enough '' , 1985 charity single recorded by a supergroup of Canadian artists , under the name Northern Lights `` We Are the World '' , 1985 charity single recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa `` What More Can I Give '' , song written by Michael Jackson and recorded by a supergroup of singers following the 11 September attacks in 2001 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Looking Back At Live Aid , 25 Years Later '' . MTV . Retrieved 22 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Band - Aid Rocks the Shops '' . The Sun . London , England : News International . 4 December 1984 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Band Aid sales top 3m -- proceeds set to reach Ethiopia by summer '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 3 . 12 January 1985 . Jump up ^ Allison , David ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Mull of Kintyre -- Looking back on a Scottish mega-hit '' . BBC Scotland News . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ). `` he UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . The Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Green , Paul ( 5 January 1985 ) . `` Ethiopia - Aid Single , Video Take Off '' . Billboard . New York City , USA : Billboard Publications : 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( 27 February 1985 ) . `` The Pop Life ; Artists Join in Effort for Famine Relief '' . The New York Times . New York City , USA : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarlen , Donald . Guinness Book of World Records , 1989 , page 155 - 156 . Jim Pattison Group . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Presenter : Midge Ure ( 21 October 2004 ) . Band Aid : The Song That Rocked the World ( Documentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( TV Production ) . Jump up ^ `` 1984 : Extent of Ethiopia famine revealed '' . BBC . 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Higgins marvels at change in Ethiopia 's Tigray province '' . The Irish Times . 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid : Against All Odds : Episode 1 '' . BBC . 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Aid : The show that rocked the world '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : Ure , Midge ( 2013 ) . If I Was ... An Enhanced Updated Autobiography . Acorn Digital Press . ^ Jump up to : McIlhenney , Barry ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Feed the World '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stars rally round '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 1 . 1 December 1984 . Jump up ^ `` More Action for Ethiopia '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 4 . 8 December 1984 . Jump up ^ Eggar , Robin ( 18 November 2004 ) . `` From fears to tears '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Band Aid bonanza '' . Music Week . Morgan - Grampian Publications : 1 & 4 . 15 December 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Maconie , Stuart ( 2014 ) . The People 's Songs : The Story of Modern Britain in 50 Songs . London , England : Ebury Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09193 - 380 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia -- dealers ' superb ' '' . Music Week . Morgan - Grampian Publications : 4 . 8 December 1984 . Jump up ^ Davis , Sharon ( 1999 ) . ' 80s Chart Toppers : Every Chart - Topper Tells a Story . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85158 - 838 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Peter ; Dupler , Simon ( 15 December 1984 ) . `` Ethiopia Aid Single Due Out in U.S. '' . Billboard . New York City , USA : Billboard Publications , Inc. 96 ( 50 ) : 6 & 78 . Jump up ^ Kopf , Biba ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media : 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Garry ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . Sounds . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 16 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allan ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 27 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid , Band Aid , USA for Africa : Did pop stars and hit songs help Ethiopia famine victims ? '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bono had the good sense to change that awful lyric for the new `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` . Jump up ^ `` uprisingradio.org '' Do They Know How Racist They Sound ? `` . Jump up ^ `` In Africa , do they know it 's Christmas time at all ? - Crikey '' . crikey.com . Jump up ^ `` The 15 Worst Christmas Songs , Ranked '' . pastemagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Why I had to turn down Band Aid '' . The Guardian . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ollerenshaw , Tracy ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Bob Geldof : Fuse ODG felt awkward about Band Aid track '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Nesta ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid is ' detrimental ' to African continent says Fuse ODG '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 : Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof single over ' negative ' image of Africa '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - World premiere of Band Aid song '' . Jump up ^ `` In a Send - Up of Charity Songs , the Elite Of Indie Rock Take On Halloween Revelry '' . The New York Times . 5 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas 2014 remake is about Ebola , featuring Bono , Sam Smith , and other Brits . It 's terrible ( VIDEO ) '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 lyrics : Reworked lyrics for Ebola - themed ' Do they know it 's Christmas ? ' revealed '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Outrage over ' ignorant ' Band Aid 30 Ebola lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Adele was right to ignore Bob Geldof and Band Aid '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 : Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof 's song over ' negative ' image of Africa '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Bim Adewunmi . `` Band Aid 30 : clumsy , patronising and wrong in so many ways '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Fucked Up '' . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ McCabe , Kathy ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` Sir Bob Geldof 's tacky curse of Christmas '' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney , Australia : Nationwide News . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid reissue -- onus on dealers '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 4 . 23 November 1985 . Jump up ^ Band Aid ( 1984 ) . Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Record sleeve ) . Phonogram . FEED 1 . Jump up ^ Wiffen , Paul ( September 1999 ) . `` Oxford Synthesizer Company OSCar '' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles , January 5 , 1985 '' . RPM , Vol. 41 No. 17 . Canada : Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Europarade Hot 100 '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications . 12 January 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Irish Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 62 . 9 February 1985 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Band Aid '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 3 -- December 29 , 1984 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 37 . 26 January 1985 . Jump up ^ Kent ( 1993 ) . p. 437 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 1997 ) . `` Top Songs 1985 '' . New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 1996 : Singles . Wellington , New Zealand : IPL Books . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 90887 - 600 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 5 -- December 28 , 1985 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 10 . 18 January 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Scapolo ( 1997 ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` News Extra : Band Aid II '' . Record Mirror . London , England : United Newspapers : 54 . 9 December 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year - End Chart ' 89 : Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 16 . 3 March 1990 . Jump up ^ Band Aid II ( 1989 ) . Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Record sleeve ) . PWL / Polydor . FEED 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid II Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Shane ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` How Band Aid 20 came together '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs , Ian ( 14 November 2004 ) . `` Blogging the Band Aid recording '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World premiere of Band Aid song '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . New York City . 18 December 2004 . p. 42 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 : Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004 '' . IRMA . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` . IFPI Denmark . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Do they know it 's 2014 ? Geldof puts Band Aid back together 30 years after it first topped the chart '' . Daily Mail . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elbow and Ed Sheeran among Band Aid 30 artists '' . BBC News . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 details revealed : line - up to feature Adele , One Direction , more '' . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 - line - up : A clickable guide of who 's who '' . BBC . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAND AID 30 - Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Dt . Version , 2014 ) - Diskografie '' . www.universal-music.de . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 47 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid 30 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Enter Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Christmas Number 1 Flashback : Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( German + UK Version ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( German + UK Versionen ) '' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Band Aid version Preceded by `` Mull of Kintyre '' by Wings UK best - selling single in history ( UK Top 10 Best Selling Singles ) 11 December 1984 -- 14 September 1997 Succeeded by `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight / Candle in the Wind 1997 '' by Elton John Preceded by `` The Power of Love '' by Frankie Goes to Hollywood UK number one single 11 December 1984 - 15 January 1985 Succeeded by `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' by Foreigner Preceded by `` Only You '' by The Flying Pickets UK Singles Chart Christmas number one 1984 Succeeded by `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' by Shakin ' Stevens Preceded by `` Like a Virgin '' by Madonna Australian Kent Music Report number one single 14 January 1985 - 4 February 1985 Succeeded by `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' by Foreigner Band Aid II version Preceded by `` Let 's Party '' by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers UK number one single 17 December 1989 - 7 January 1990 Succeeded by `` Hangin ' Tough '' by New Kids on the Block Preceded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard UK Singles Chart Christmas number one 1989 Succeeded by `` Saviour 's Day '' by Cliff Richard Band Aid 20 version Preceded by `` I 'll Stand by You '' by Girls Aloud UK number one single 11 December 2004 - 8 January 2005 Succeeded by `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' by Steve Brookstein Preceded by `` Just Lose It '' by Eminem RIANZ ( New Zealand ) number - one single 20 December 2004 -- 27 December 2004 Succeeded by `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' by Snoop Dogg Preceded by `` Mad World '' by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules UK Singles Chart Christmas number one Succeeded by `` That 's My Goal '' by Shayne Ward Band Aid 30 version Preceded by `` Wake Me Up '' by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir UK number one single 23 November 2014 - 30 November 2014 Succeeded by `` These Days '' by Take That <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s <Td_colspan="2"> `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) <Th_colspan="2"> UK best - selling singles ( by decade ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1950s : `` Rock Around the Clock '' - Bill Haley & His Comets 1960s : `` She Loves You '' - The Beatles 1970s : `` Mull of Kintyre '' - Wings 1980s : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' - Band Aid 1990s : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' - Elton John 2000s : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' - Will Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F&oldid=823310687 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1984 singles 1985 singles 1989 singles 2004 singles All - star recordings European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Christmas songs Charity singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Midge Ure Slade songs Albums with cover art by Peter Blake ( artist ) 1984 songs Phonogram Records singles Columbia Records singles Pete Waterman Entertainment singles Polydor Records singles Mercury Records singles Virgin EMI Records singles Island Records singles 2014 singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Songs about poverty Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 14 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Band Aid and "Do They Know It's Christmas?"
2. Charity single for Ethiopian famine relief
3. Recording and production of the song
4. Success and impact of the single
5. Re-recordings and subsequent charity events |
1,646,525,909,624,916,700 | what was i need a hero the soundtrack to | Holding Out for a Hero - wikipedia Holding Out for a Hero Jump to : navigation , search For the British television programme , see Holding Out for a Hero ( game show ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Holding Out for a Hero '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bonnie Tyler <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Footloose and Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire Released 13 April 1984 Format CD single , 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1984 Genre Dance - rock Length 5 : 50 ( album version ) 4 : 21 ( single edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman , Dean Pitchford Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman <Th_colspan="2"> Bonnie Tyler singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( 1984 ) `` Here She Comes '' ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( 1984 ) `` Here She Comes '' ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Holding Out for a Hero '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Holding Out for a Hero '' is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for the soundtrack to the 1984 film Footloose , and later included on her 1986 album Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire . It was written by Jim Steinman and Dean Pitchford . Initially , the song only just reached the Top 100 in the UK Singles Chart , but made it to number 2 the following year , and re-entered the charts again at number 69 in 1991 . The song reached No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart on 28 September 1985 . It reached the top 40 in the United States and Canada . The song 's instrumental break was reused from an earlier song by Jim Steinman called `` Stark Raving Love '' , which featured on Steinman 's 1981 album Bad for Good . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Impact 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Track listings and formats 6 Credits and personnel 7 Other versions 7.1 Cover versions 7.2 Soundtrack appearances 7.2. 1 Television 7.2. 2 Film 7.2. 3 Video games 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Certifications 9 References Background ( edit ) Jim Steinman had been recruited to work on the Footloose soundtrack , for which he wrote `` Holding Out for a Hero '' with Dean Pitchford . Steinman suggested Tyler 's name when he was approached about finding a singer to record the song . Tyler recorded the song at the Paramount Studios , and was shown the scene of the film where the song would feature . Impact ( edit ) Around the world , Holding Out for a Hero has become considered a torch song . In the LGBT community , The Star Observer of Australia deemed the song a dearly - loved gay anthem . Perhaps its most iconic entry into LGBT culture is the lip sync performance given by Tandi Iman Dupree to the song . It was featured in the 1988 film Short Circuit 2 during the final action sequence . In 2015 Christina Grimmie performed the song in a commercial for the Humane Society of the United States . Tyler 's version is heard in a 2017 TV commercial for the Kia Niro that aired during Super Bowl LI on February 5 , 2017 , but was posted online before the game . The ad stars Melissa McCarthy , who travels around the world stopping environmental disasters . It won the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter , becoming the second consecutive car commercial to win the Ad Meter . The song is heard in another 2017 TV commercial for Arby 's , but with Ving Rhames dubbing the word `` gyro '' over the word `` hero '' in the lyrics . Tyler 's version is heard in a third 2017 TV commercial for Walmart as part of a back - to - school promotion . Music video ( edit ) The video was produced by Jeffrey Abelson , and directed by Doug Dowdle , with the concept by Keith Williams . It was the second music video ( following Deniece Williams ' `` Let 's Hear It For The Boy '' ) that successfully promoted Footloose while having no movie footage in the video . The video starts off with Bonnie Tyler escaping from a burning house ; the video is set primarily in the vicinity of the burning house and on the edge of the Grand Canyon -- interspersed with shots of angelic background singers dressed all in white . Evil cowboys dressed in black , carrying neon whips appear before Tyler , threatening her ; a cowboy hero dressed in white , brandishing a revolver , appears on horseback and the evil cowboys flee on horseback , with the hero in pursuit . As the song fades out , the hero cowboy appears in front of Tyler . It was used as the opening theme for the Channel 4 American Football show in the 1980s . Live performances ( edit ) Two recorded live performances of `` Holding Out for a Hero '' have been released on her live albums Bonnie Tyler Live ( 2007 ) and Live in Germany 1993 ( 2011 ) . Video performances have also been released on Tyler 's DVDs , Bonnie on Tour ( 2007 ) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993 . Track listings and formats ( edit ) 1984 7 '' single `` Holding Out for a Hero '' -- 4 : 22 `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' -- 4 : 40 1984 12 '' single `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( Extended Remix ) -- 6 : 19 `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ( Instrumental ) -- 5 : 15 `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' -- 4 : 40 1991 12 `` / CD single `` Holding Out for a Hero '' -- 4 : 41 `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' -- 4 : 40 `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 6 : 49 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Bonnie Tyler -- vocal Rory Dodd -- background vocal , vocal arrangement Holly Sherwood -- background vocal Eric Troyer -- background vocal , vocal arrangement Ellen Foley -- vocal arrangement Michael Brecker -- tenor saxophone Hiram Bullock -- guitar Tom `` Bones '' Malone -- trombone , horn arrangement Jim Pugh -- trombone Alan Rubin -- trumpet Sterling Smith -- drums , piano , synthesizer Lew Soloff -- trumpet David Taylor -- bass trombone Art Wood -- drums Jim Steinman -- producer Other versions ( edit ) Since the original release in 1984 , Tyler has re-recorded the song three times . Two versions were released under Stick Music , on her album Simply Believe ( 2004 ) and EP Bonnie Tyler ( 2005 ) . She recorded the song again in 2011 on an EP entitled Total Eclipse of the Heart , released by Cleopatra Records . Cover versions ( edit ) Japanese singer Miki Asakura recorded the song in Japanese as ヒーロー HOLDING OUT FOR A HERO in 1984 . Elizabeth Daily recorded the song as the series theme song to the TV series Cover Up . Jennifer Saunders recorded the song for the 2004 film Shrek 2 . It was also featured on the associated soundtrack . Frou Frou also recorded an alternatively tuned version of the song for Shrek 2 which appears during the film credits and in the soundtrack . American Post-Hardcore band Emery also did a cover for the 2005 Fearless Records compilation Punk Goes 80 's . Ella Mae Bowen recorded a country version of the song which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2011 remake of Footloose . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Cover Up ( 1984 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1984 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks - Episodes `` Three Alarm Alvin '' ( 1985 ) and `` Alvin 's Not So Super Hero '' ( 1989 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman - Episode `` Pilot '' ( 1993 ) Cold Case - Episode 22 , Season 3 `` The River '' ( 2006 ) Drawn Together - Episode `` Spelling Applebees '' ( 2006 ) Smallville - Episode 8 , Season 9 `` Idol '' ( 2009 ) `` Glee - Episode 7 , Season 4 `` Dynamic Duets '' ( 2012 ) Regular Show - Episode `` Eggscellent '' ( 2012 ) Scream Queens - Episode 2 , Season 2 `` Warts and All '' ( 2016 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race - Episode 3 , Season 9 `` Draggily Ever After '' ( 2017 ) Future Man - Episode 12 , Season 1 `` Prelude to an Apocalypse '' ( 2017 ) Film ( edit ) Footloose ( 1984 ) Short Circuit 2 ( 1988 ) Who 's Harry Crumb ? ( 1989 ) Bandits ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Video games ( edit ) Saints Row : The Third ( 2011 ) Just Dance 2015 ( 2014 ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 33 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 23 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 96 US Billboard Hot 100 34 Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 69 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 144 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 49 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bond , Nick ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Holding Out for Bonnie '' . The Star Observer . Jump up ^ `` Walmart TV Commercial `` Shop Fast , Check Out Faster '' Song By Bonnie Tyler `` . Ispot.tv . August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Music video in Dailymotion.com Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Heart by Bonnie Tyler '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) by Various Artists '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bonnie Tyler -- Holding Out for a Hero '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6742 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bonnie Tyler -- Holding Out for a Hero '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bonnie Tyler -- Holding Out for a Hero '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts T '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Holding Out for a Hero '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Holding Out for a Hero '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Holding Out for a Hero '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Holding Out for a Hero in the search field and then press Enter . Preceded by `` Dancing in the Street '' by David Bowie and Mick Jagger IRMA number - one single 28 September 1985 Succeeded by `` Part - Time Lover '' by Stevie Wonder <Th_colspan="2"> Bonnie Tyler songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography The World Starts Tonight `` Lost in France '' `` More Than a Lover '' Natural Force `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Living for the City '' `` Heaven '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Here Am I '' Diamond Cut `` Too Good to Last '' `` My Guns Are Loaded '' Goodbye to the Island `` I 'm Just a Woman '' `` Sometimes When We Touch '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean '' `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love '' Faster Than the Speed of Night `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` Straight from the Heart '' Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Lovers Again '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Hide Your Heart `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` The Best '' Bitterblue `` Against the Wind '' `` Bitterblue '' `` Where Were You '' Angel Heart `` Fools Lullaby '' `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night '' Silhouette in Red `` You Are So Beautiful '' Free Spirit `` You 're the One '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' All in One Voice `` Angel of the Morning '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` The Rose '' `` He 's the King '' `` Silent Night '' Heart Strings `` Human Touch '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Amazed '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Lean on Me '' `` In My Life '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Right Here Waiting '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` It 's Over '' Simply Believe `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' `` Si tout s'arrête ( It 's a Heartache ) `` Darlin ' '' Wings `` Louise '' Rocks and Honey `` This Is Gonna Hurt '' `` Believe in Me '' `` What You Need from Me '' `` Love Is the Knife '' `` Mom '' Collaborations `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` Islands '' `` Vergiß Es ( Forget It ) '' `` Amour Éternel ( Eternal Flame ) '' `` Love 's Holding On '' Other songs `` Sayonara Tokyo '' `` Here She Comes '' `` The Desert Is in Your Heart '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' <Th_colspan="2"> Footloose Adaptations 1998 musical 2011 film Music Soundtracks `` Footloose '' `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' `` Dancing in the Sheets '' `` I 'm Free ( Heaven Helps the Man ) '' `` Somebody 's Eyes '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holding_Out_for_a_Hero&oldid=832705744 '' Categories : 1984 singles Songs written by Jim Steinman Bonnie Tyler songs Songs from Footloose Songs written by Dean Pitchford Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 1984 songs Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman CBS Records singles Songs about sexuality Rock ballads Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bonnie Tyler
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3. Footloose soundtrack
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-281,684,331,466,385,200 | when did sourav ganguly made his odi debut | Sourav Ganguly - Wikipedia Sourav Ganguly Sourav Ganguly <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Full name Sourav Chandidas Ganguly ( 1972 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1972 ( age 46 ) Behala , Calcutta ( presently Kolkata ) , West Bengal , India Nickname Dada , Prince of Calcutta , God of the Off Side Height 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Batting Left - handed Bowling Right arm medium Role Batsman Part - time all - rounder Relations Snehasish Ganguly ( brother ) Dona Roy ( wife ) Website souravganguly.co.in <Th_colspan="2"> International information National side India ( 1992 -- 2008 ) Test debut ( cap 206 ) 20 June 1996 v England Last Test 6 November 2008 v Australia ODI debut ( cap 84 ) 11 January 1992 v West Indies Last ODI 15 November 2007 v Pakistan ODI shirt no . 99 , 1 , 24 , 21 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Domestic team information Years Team 1990 -- 2010 Bengal 2000 Lancashire 2005 Glamorgan 2006 Northamptonshire 2008 -- 10 Kolkata Knight Riders 2011 -- 2012 Pune Warriors India <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career statistics <Td_colspan="2"> Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 113 311 254 437 Runs scored 7,212 11,363 15,687 15,622 Batting average 42.17 41.02 44.18 43.32 100s / 50s 16 / 35 22 / 72 33 / 89 31 / 97 Top score 239 183 239 183 Balls bowled 3,117 4,561 11,108 8,199 Wickets 32 100 167 171 Bowling average 52.53 38.49 36.52 38.86 5 wickets in innings 0 10 wickets in match 0 n / a 0 n / a Best bowling 3 / 28 5 / 16 6 / 46 5 / 16 Catches / stumpings 71 / -- 100 / -- 168 / -- 131 / -- <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Cricinfo , 2 January 2013 Sourav Chandidas Ganguly ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; born 8 July 1972 ) , affectionately known as Dada ( meaning `` elder brother '' in Bengali ) , is a former Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian national team , Currently , he is appointed as the President of the Cricket Association of Bengal and President of the Editorial Board with Wisden India . During his playing career , Ganguly established himself as one of the world 's leading batsmen and also one of the greatest captains of the national cricket team . While batting , he was especially prolific through the off side , earning himself the nickname God of the Off Side for his elegant strokeplay square of the wicket and through the covers . Sourav Ganguly is one of the four members of the Indian Premier League 's Governing Council , responsible for all the functions of the tournament . He was appointed by Supreme Court in January 2016 . He is also a member of Technical Committee , Indian Premier League . Ganguly was introduced into the world of cricket by his elder brother , Snehasish . He is regarded as one of India 's most successful captains in modern times , and one of the greatest ODI batsmen of all time . He started his career by playing in state and school teams . Currently , he is the 8th highest run scorer in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and was the 3rd batsman in history to cross the 10,000 run landmark , after Sachin Tendulkar and Inzamam Ul Haq . In 2002 , the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ranked him the sixth greatest ODI batsman of all time , next to Viv Richards , Sachin Tendulkar , Brian Lara , Dean Jones and Michael Bevan . After playing in different Indian domestic tournaments , such as the Ranji and Duleep trophies , Ganguly got his big - break while playing for India on their tour of England . He scored 131 runs and cemented his place in the Indian team . Ganguly 's place in the team was assured after successful performances in series against Sri Lanka , Pakistan and Australia , winning the Man of the Match awards . In the 1999 Cricket World Cup , he was involved in a partnership of 318 runs with Rahul Dravid , which remains the highest overall partnership score in the World Cup tournament history . Due to the match - fixing scandals in 2000 by other players of the team , and for his poor health , Indian captain Sachin Tendulkar resigned his position , and Ganguly was made the captain of the Indian cricket team . He was soon the subject of media criticism after an unsuccessful stint for county side Durham and for taking off his shirt in the final of the 2002 NatWest Series . He led India into the 2003 World Cup final , where they were defeated by Australia . Due to a decrease in individual performance , he was dropped from the team in the following year . Ganguly was awarded the Padma Shri in 2004 , one of India 's highest civilian awards . He returned to the National team in 2006 , and made successful batting displays . Around this time , he became involved in a dispute with Indian team coach Greg Chappell over several misunderstandings . Ganguly was again dropped from the team , however he was selected to play in the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Ganguly joined the Kolkata Knight Riders team as captain for the Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket tournament in 2008 . The same year , after a home Test series against Australia , he announced his retirement from international cricket . He continued to play for the Bengal team and was appointed the chairman of the Cricket Association of Bengal 's Cricket Development Committee . The left - handed Ganguly was a prolific One Day International ( ODI ) batsman , with over 11,000 ODI runs to his credit . He is one of the most successful Indian Test captains to date , winning 21 out of 49 test matches. Sourav Gangly is the most successful Indian test captain overseas with 11 wins . The Indian team was ranked eighth in the ICC rankings before he became the captain , and under his tenure the team rank went up to second . An aggressive captain , Ganguly is credited with having nurtured the careers of many young players who played under him , and transforming the Indian team into an aggressive fighting unit . Along with Harshavardhan Neotia , Sanjiv Goenka , and Utsav Parekh , Ganguly is also the co-owner of Atlético de Kolkata , a franchise of the Indian Super League , which won the inaugural season in 2014 . Ganguly was awarded with the Banga Bibhushan Award from the Government of West Bengal on 20 May 2013 . Ganguly is currently a part of the Supreme Court of India appointed Justice Mudgal Committee probe panel for the IPL Spot fixing and betting scandal 's investigations . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 1972 -- 1989 : Early life and introduction to cricket 1.2 1990 -- 96 : Career beginning and debut success 1.3 1997 -- 99 : Marriage , Opening in ODIs and World Cup ' 99 1.4 2000 -- 05 : Ascension to captaincy and accolades 1.5 2006 -- 07 : Comeback and rift with Greg Chappell 1.6 2008 -- present : International retirement and IPL 2 Playing style and influences 3 Legacy 4 Overall career performance 5 Records and achievements 6 Captaincy record 7 International record 7.1 ODI 5 Wicket hauls 8 International awards 8.1 One Day International Cricket 8.1. 1 Man of the Match awards 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Biography 1972 -- 1989 : early life and introduction to cricket Sourav Ganguly was born on 8 July 1972 in Calcutta , and is the youngest son of Chandidas and Nirupa Ganguly . Chandidas ran a flourishing print business and was one of the richest men in the city . Ganguly had a luxurious childhood and was nicknamed the ' Maharaja ' , meaning the ' Great King ' . Ganguly 's father Chandidas Ganguly died at the age of 73 on 21 February 2013 after a long illness . Since the favourite sport for the people of Calcutta was football , Ganguly was initially attracted to the game . However , academics came in - between his love for sports and Nirupa was not very supportive of Ganguly taking up cricket or any other sport as a career . By then , his elder brother Snehasish was already an established cricketer for the Bengal cricket team . He supported Ganguly 's dream to be a cricketer and asked their father to get Ganguly enrolled in a cricket coaching camp during his summer holidays . Ganguly was studying in tenth grade at that time . Despite being right - handed , Ganguly learnt to bat left - handed so he could use his brother 's sporting equipment . After he showed some promise as a batsman , he was enrolled in a cricket academy . An indoor multi-gym and concrete wicket was built at their home , so he and Snehasish could practice the game . They used to watch a number of old cricket match videos , especially the games played by David Gower , whom Ganguly admired . After he scored a century against the Orissa Under -- 15 side , he was made captain of St Xavier 's School 's cricket team , where several of his teammates complained against what they perceived to be his arrogance . While touring with a junior team , Ganguly refused his turn as the twelfth man , as he reportedly felt that the duties involved , which included organising equipment and drinks for the players , and delivering messages , were beneath his social status . Ganguly purportedly refused to do such tasks as he considered it beneath his social status to assist his teammates in such a way . However , his playmanship gave him a chance to make his first - class cricket debut for Bengal in 1989 , the same year that his brother was dropped from the team . 1990 -- 96 : career beginning and debut success See also : List of centuries scored on Test cricket debut The Lord 's Pavilion Following a prolific Ranji season in 1990 -- 91 , Ganguly scored three runs in his One Day International ( ODI ) debut for India against the West Indies in 1992 . He was dropped immediately since he was perceived to be `` arrogant '' and his attitude towards the game was openly questioned . It was rumoured that Ganguly refused to carry drinks for his teammates , commenting that it was not his job to do so , later denied by him . Consequently , he was removed from the team . He toiled away in domestic cricket , scoring heavily in the 1993 -- 94 and 1994 -- 95 Ranji seasons . Following an innings of 171 in the 1995 -- 96 Duleep Trophy , he was recalled to the National team for a tour of England in 1996 , in the middle of intense media scrutiny . He played in a single ODI , but was omitted from the team for the first Test . However , after teammate Navjot Singh Sidhu left the touring , citing ill - treatment by then captain Mohammad Azharuddin , Ganguly made his Test debut against England in the Second Test of a three - match series at Lord 's Cricket Ground alongside Rahul Dravid . England had won the First Test of the three - match series ; however , Ganguly scored a century , becoming only the third cricketer to achieve such a feat on debut at Lord 's , after Harry Graham and John Hampshire . Andrew Strauss and Matt Prior have since accomplished this feat , but Ganguly 's 131 still remains the highest by any batsman on his debut at the ground . India was not required to bat in the second innings due to the match ending in a draw . In the next Test match at Trent Bridge he made 136 , thus becoming only the third batsman to make a century in each of his first two innings ( after Lawrence Rowe and Alvin Kallicharran ) . He shared a 255 run stand with Sachin Tendulkar , which became at that time the highest partnership for India against any country for any wicket outside India . The Test again ended in a draw , handing England a 1 -- 0 series victory ; Ganguly scored 48 in the second innings . 1997 -- 99 : marriage , opening in ODIs and World Cup ' 99 See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs Ganguly in Sri Lanka in 2008 . Weeks after his successful tour of England , Ganguly eloped with childhood sweetheart Dona Roy . The bride and groom 's family were sworn enemies at that point and this news caused an uproar between them . However , both families reconciled and a formal wedding was held in February 1997 . Same year , Ganguly scored his maiden ODI century by hitting 113 , opposed to Sri Lanka 's team total of 238 . Later that year , he won four consecutive man of the match awards , in the Sahara Cup with Pakistan ; the second of these was won after he took five wickets for 16 runs off 10 overs , his best bowling in an ODI . After a barren run in Test cricket his form returned at the end of the year with three centuries in four Tests , all against Sri Lanka , and two of these involved stands with Sachin Tendulkar of over 250 . During the third final of the Independence Cup at Dhaka in January 1998 , India successfully chased down 315 off 48 overs , and Ganguly won the Man of the Match award . In March 1998 he was part of the Indian team that defeated Australia ; in Kolkata , he took three wickets having opened the bowling with his medium pace . Ganguly was part of the Indian team that competed in the 1999 World Cup in England . During the match against Sri Lanka at Taunton , India chose to bat . After Sadagoppan Ramesh was bowled , Ganguly scored 183 from 158 balls , and hit 17 fours and seven sixes . It became the second highest score in World Cup history and the highest by an Indian in the tournament . His partnership of 318 with Rahul Dravid is the highest overall score in a World Cup and is the second highest in all ODI cricket . In 1999 -- 00 , India lost Test series to both Australia and South Africa that involved a combined total of five Tests . Ganguly struggled scoring 224 runs at 22.40 ; however his ODI form was impressive , with five centuries over the season taking him to the top of the PwC One Day Ratings for batsmen . Around the same time , allegations came that Ganguly was romantically involved with South Indian actress Nagma , something he denied . 2000 -- 05 : ascension to captaincy and accolades See also : List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket `` People will support you , people will criticize you . When you cross that rope everything is about you . '' Sourav Ganguly to the media The shirt that Ganguly took off at the final of the NatWest Series , on display at a store in London . In 2000 , after the match fixing scandal by some of the players of the team , Ganguly was named the captain of the Indian cricket team . The decision was spurred due to Tendulkar stepping down from the position for his health , and Ganguly being the vice-captain at that time . He began well as a captain , leading India to a series win over South Africa in the five - match one day series and led the Indian team to the finals of the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy . He scored two centuries , including one in the final ; however , New Zealand still won by four wickets . The same year , Ganguly tried his hand at county cricket career in England but was not successful . In `` The Wisden Cricketer '' , reviewers Steve Pittard and John Stern called him as `` The imperious Indian -- dubbed ' Lord Snooty ' . They commented : `` At the crease it was sometimes uncertain whether his partner was a batsman or a batman being dispatched to take his discarded sweater to the pavilion or carry his kit bag . But mutiny was afoot among the lower orders . In one match Ganguly , after reaching his fifty , raised his bat to the home balcony , only to find it deserted . He did not inspire at Glamorgan or Northamptonshire either . At the latter in 2006 he averaged 4.80 from his four first - class appearances . '' His Lancashire teammate Andrew Flintoff thought him to be aloof and compared his attitude to that of Prince Charles . In Australia 's three Test and five - match ODI tour of India in early 2001 , Ganguly caused controversy by arriving late for the toss on four occasions , something that agitated opposing captain Steve Waugh . In the Fourth ODI , he caused further controversy by failing to wear his playing attire to the toss , something considered unusual in cricket circles . However , India won the Test series 2 -- 1 , ending Australia 's run of 16 consecutive Test match victories in the Second Test . The match saw India looking set for defeat after conceding a first innings lead of 274 . Waugh chose to enforce the follow - on and V.V.S. Laxman ( 281 ) and Rahul Dravid ( 180 ) batted for the entire fourth day 's play to set Australia a target of 384 on a dusty , spinning wicket . The Australians were unable to survive and became only the third team to lose a Test after enforcing the follow - on . In November 2001 , Ganguly 's wife Dona gave birth to their daughter Sana . During the final match of the 2002 NatWest Series held in Lords after a stunning performance by team mates Yuvraj Singh and Mohammad Kaif , Ganguly took off his shirt in public and brandished it in the air to celebrate India 's winning of the match . He was later strongly condemned for tarnishing the `` gentleman 's game '' image of cricket and disrespecting Lord 's protocol . Ganguly said that he was only mimicking an act performed by the British all - rounder Andrew Flintoff during a tour of India . In 2003 , India reached the World Cup Final for the first time since 1983 , where they lost to the Australians . Ganguly had a successful tournament personally , scoring 465 runs at an average of 58.12 , including three centuries . Shirt swayed by Sourav Ganguly `` Sourav is the sole reason I am a cricket lover '' Baichung Bhutia on Sourav Ganguly By 2004 , he had achieved significant success as captain and was deemed as India 's most successful cricket captains by sections of the media . However , his individual performance deteriorated during his captaincy reign , especially after the World Cup , the tour of Australia in 2003 and the Pakistan series in 2004 . In 2004 , Australia won a Test series in India for the first time since 1969 . It was speculated that Ganguly was in disagreement with the head of cricket in Nagpur over the type of pitch to be used for the Third Test . The groundsmen went against Ganguly , leaving a large amount of grass on the pitch . Some experts indicated that the reason for this was for `` spite or revenge '' against the Indian captain . When Australia 's stand - in - captain , Adam Gilchrist , went to the toss , he noticed Rahul Dravid was waiting instead of Ganguly , leaving him to ask Dravid where Ganguly was . Dravid could not give a definitive answer , saying : `` Oh , who knows ? '' Following indifferent form in 2004 and poor form in 2005 , he was dropped from the team in October 2005 . Having been nominated and rejected in 2000 , when the game suffered a tarnished reputation due to match fixing scandals , the captaincy was passed to Dravid , his former deputy . Ganguly decided against retiring and attempted to make a comeback to the team . Ganguly was awarded the Padma Shri in 2004 , India 's fourth highest civilian award , in recognition of his distinguished contribution in the field of sports . He was presented with the award on 30 June 2004 , by then President of India , Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . 2006 -- 07 : comeback and rift with Greg Chappell Main article : Chappell Ganguly controversy Ganguly signing autographs outside his residence . In September 2005 , Greg Chappell became the coach of India for the tour of Zimbabwe . Ganguly 's dispute with him resulted in many headlines . Chappell had emailed the Board of Control for Cricket in India , stating that Ganguly was `` physically and mentally '' unfit to lead India and that his `` divide and rule '' behaviour was damaging the team . This email was leaked to the media and resulted in huge backlash from Ganguly 's fans . Ganguly had enlisted the support from the Indian media and eventually the board had to intervene and order a truce between the pair . BCCI president Ranbir Singh Mahendra issued a statement that , `` In view of the decision that cricket is to go forward , both the coach and the captain have been asked to work out a mutual and professional working relationship . For this , performance will be the criteria , applicable to captain , coach and players . ( ... ) Of course the captain controls the game , the coach does his own job . Mutual trust is important . Henceforth no player / captain / coach will write or have any interaction with the media . Going to the media will lead to disciplinary action . '' <Th_colspan="7"> Ganguly 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 113 37 35 41 0 -- ODI 311 149 145 - 16 Ganguly , Chappell and the Indian team manager for the Zimbabwe tour , Amitabh Choudhary , were asked to appear before the BCCI committee , where it was reported that assurance of working together was given by them . Consequently , due to his poor form and differences with the coach , Ganguly was dropped as the captain of the team , with Dravid taking his place . Chandresh Narayan , chief correspondent for The Times of India , commented that `` The row with Greg Chappell just added to the mystery , but he was going through a really bad patch then , his only score ( of note ) was a hundred against Zimbabwe and that did n't count for much . '' Ten months later , during India 's tour to South Africa , Ganguly was recalled after his middle order replacements Suresh Raina and Mohammad Kaif suffered poor form . Wikinews has related news : Ganguly makes comeback in Indian Test squad Following India 's poor batting display in the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy and the ODI series in South Africa , in which they were whitewashed 4 -- 0 , Ganguly made his comeback to the Test team . Wasim Jaffer , Zaheer Khan and Anil Kumble had earlier been selected for the one - day squad , despite their recent poor performances . Many saw this as an indictment of coach Greg Chappell 's youth - first policy . Coming in at 37 / 4 , Ganguly scored 83 in a tour match against the rest of South Africa , modifying his original batting style and taking a middle - stump guard , resulting in India winning the match . During his first Test innings since his comeback , against South Africa in Johannesburg his score of 51 helped India to victory , marking the first Test match win for the team in South Africa . Though India lost the series , Ganguly accumulated the most runs on the scoring chart . After his successful Test comeback he was recalled for the ODI team , as India played host to West Indies and Sri Lanka in back to back ODI tournaments . In his first ODI innings in almost two years , he scored a matchwinning 98 . He performed well in both series , averaging almost 70 and won the Man of the Series Award against Sri Lanka . Ganguly was allotted a place in the official team for the 2007 Cricket World Cup . He was the leading scorer for India in their first round defeat against Bangladesh . After India were knocked out of the tournament in the group stage , there were reports of a rift between certain members of the Indian team and Chappell . Ganguly was alleged to have ignored instructions from the team management to score quickly . After Tendulkar issued a statement saying that what hurt the team most was that `` the coach has questioned our attitude '' , Chappell decided not to renew his contract with the Indian team and left his post as coach , citing `` family and personal reasons '' . On 12 December 2007 , Ganguly scored his maiden double century of his career while playing against Pakistan . He scored 239 runs in the first innings of the third and final Test match of the series . He was involved in a 300 run partnership for the fifth wicket with Yuvraj Singh . Ganguly remained prolific in both Test and ODI cricket in the year 2007 . He scored 1106 Test runs at an average of 61.44 ( with three centuries and four fifties ) in 2007 to become the second highest run - scorer in Test matches of that year after Jacques Kallis . He was also the fifth highest run - scorer in 2007 in ODIs , where he scored 1240 runs at an average of 44.28 . 2008 -- present : international retirement and IPL Ganguly with the symbol of the Kolkata Knight Riders , flanked by Shahrukh Khan on the right and Gauri Khan on the left . In February 2008 , Ganguly joined as the captain of Kolkata Knight Riders ( KKR ) team , owned by Bollywood actor Shahrukh Khan , as part of the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . On 18 April 2008 , Ganguly led the KKR , in the IPL Twenty20 cricket match . They had a 140 run victory over Bangalore Royal Challengers ( captained by Rahul Dravid and owned by Vijay Mallya ) . Ganguly opened the innings with Brendan McCullum and scored 10 runs while McCullum remained unbeaten , scoring 158 runs in 73 balls . On 1 May , in a game between the Knight Riders and the Rajasthan Royals , Ganguly made his second T20 half century , scoring 51 runs off of 39 balls at a strike rate of 130.76 . In his innings , Ganguly hit four 4s and two sixes , topping the scorers list for the Knight Riders . Wikinews has related news : India wins Gavaskar Border trophy defeating Australia 2 -- 0 On 7 July 2008 , media reported that Ganguly was being projected as a candidate for the post of President of the Cricket Association of Bengal ( CAB ) against his former mentor Jagmohan Dalmiya . Reports also suggested that he could run for the post of BCCI President in 2014 as East Zone 's representative . Ganguly himself did not deny the reports and did not rule out any such move . The same year in October , Ganguly announced that the Test series against Australia starting in October 2008 would be his last and stated `` ( t ) o be honest , I did n't expect to be picked for this series . Before coming here , ( at the conference ) I spoke to my team - mates and hopefully I will go out with a winning knock . '' Ganguly played in every game of the four - Test series and amassed 324 runs at an average of 54.00 . While playing the second Test match of the series in Mohali , Ganguly scored his final test century . In the final test match he played at Nagpur against Australia he scored 85 and 0 in his first and second innings respectively . In the Fourth and final Test , with India needing one wicket to secure a victory , the Indian captain , Mahendra Singh Dhoni , invited Ganguly to lead the side in the field for the final time . India regained the Border - Gavaskar Trophy , winning the series 2 -- 0 . In May 2009 , Ganguly was removed from the captaincy of the KKR for the 2009 season of the IPL , and was replaced by McCullum . The decision was questioned by media and other players of the team , when KKR finished at the bottom of the ranking table with three wins and ten losses . After that , Bengali television channel Zee Bangla roped him as the host of the reality quiz show titled Dadagiri Unlimited . It presented participants from the 19 districts of West Bengal , who had to answer questions posed by Ganguly . By August , he was appointed the chairman of CAB 's Cricket Development Committee . The job of the committee is to receive a report from the selectors at the end of every cricket season , assess the accountability of the selectors and make necessary recommendations . He played for the Ranji cup in the Bengal team in October 2009 . Ganguly scored 110 in the match against Delhi and was involved in a partnership of 222 runs with Wriddhiman Saha . In the third season of the IPL , Ganguly was once again given the captaincy of KKR , after the team ended at the bottom in the second season . The coach John Buchanan was replaced by Dav Whatmore . In 40 matches and 38 innings for KKR Ganguly scored 1,031 runs and took eight wickets . In the fourth season of the IPL he was signed by the Pune Warriors India , after being unsold in initial bidding process and he made 50 runs of four matches and three innings . In the 2012 season he has been appointed as the Captain cum mentor for Pune Warriors India . On 29 October 2012 , he announced that he has decided not to play in next year 's IPL and to retire from the game . In 2018 his autobiographical book A Century is Not Enough was published . Playing style and influences Ganguly in action on the field . Ganguly commented that David Gower was the first cricketer to attract him to the game . He loved Gower 's style and used to watch old videos of him playing . Other cricketers who had an influence on him are : David Boon , Mohinder Amarnath , Kapil Dev and Allan Border . Ganguly is a left - handed batsman whose runs came primarily from the off - side . Debashish Dutta , author of Sourav Ganguly , the maharaja of cricket , commented that throughout his career , `` Ganguly played off - side shots such as the square cut , square drive and cover drive with complete command . '' Rahul Dravid has called Ganguly `` ... next to God on the off - side . '' He used to hit powerful shots to the off - side on front and back foot with equal ease . However , early in his career he was not comfortable with the hook and pull , often giving his wicket away with mistiming such shots . He was also criticised for having difficulty in handling short bouncers , notoriously exploited by the Australians and South Africans . However , after his comeback in 2007 , he worked upon these weaknesses to a large extent . Amrita Daityari , author of Sourav Ganguly : the fire within , noted that in ODIs , where Ganguly usually opened the innings , he used to try to take the advantage of fielding restrictions by advancing down the pitch and hitting pace bowlers over extra cover and mid-off . She commented : `` Ganguly was notorious for attacking left - arm spin bowlers . Due to excellent eye -- hand coordination , he was noted for picking the length of the ball early , coming down the pitch and hitting the ball aerially over mid-on or midwicket , often for a six . However , he did have a weakness in running between the wickets and judging quick singles . '' There were many instances where Ganguly 's batting partner was run out due to Ganguly 's calling for a run , and then sending him back while halfway down the pitch . A situation like this happened in an ODI against Australia where he took a single when on 99 , but he coasted and did not ground his bat . Although the bat was past the crease , it was in the air and he was consequently run out . Ganguly said , `` I love to watch myself hit a cover drive , to watch myself hit a hundred . '' Ganguly 's relationship with former Indian coach John Wright has been well documented in contemporary media , with them denoting the relationship as a `` symbiotic process '' . They credited Wright and Ganguly with bringing out international class performers , through academic , coaching and scientific fitness regimens . According to Dubey , Ganguly and Wright , along with other members of the team like Tendulkar and Dravid , were the first to understand the importance of a foreign coach for the Indian cricket team and was convinced that the domestic coach has outlived its utility . Ganguly 's aggressive style and Wright 's importance on fitness ushered in the development of a better cricket team for India . Ganguly is a right - arm medium pace bowler . He can swing and seam the ball both ways and often chips in with useful wickets to break partnerships . Vinod Tiwari , author of the biography Sourav Ganguly praised him saying `` ( d ) espite not being very athletic as a fielder , Ganguly has taken 100 catches in one - day Internationals . That 's something to be proud of ! '' However he criticised Ganguly 's ground fielding , especially his slowness in intercepting the ball to prevent runs and his tendency to get injured during catching the ball . Legacy Centuries against different nations Opposition Test ODI Sri Lanka New Zealand Zimbabwe England Pakistan Australia South Africa -- Bangladesh Kenya NA Namibia NA Total 16 22 Author Pradeep Mandhani commented that in his tenure between 2000 and 2005 , Ganguly became India 's most successful Test captain . He led his team to victory on 21 occasions -- seven times more than Mohammad Azharuddin with the second most wins -- and led them for a record 49 matches -- twice more than both Azharuddin and Sunil Gavaskar . Compared to his batting average of 45.47 when not captain , Ganguly 's Test batting average as captain was a lower 37.66 . Statistics about Ganguly show that he was the seventh Indian cricketer to have played 100 Test matches , the 4th highest overall run scorer for India in Tests , and the fourth Indian to have played in more than 300 ODIs . In terms of overall runs scored in ODIs , Ganguly is the second among Indians after Sachin Tendulkar ( who has the most ODI runs ) and the eighth overall . He has scored 16 centuries in Test matches and 22 in ODIs . He is also one of only ten batsmen to score more than 10,000 runs in ODIs . Along with Tendulkar , Ganguly has formed the most successful opening pair in One Day Cricket , having amassed the highest number of century partnerships ( 26 ) for the first wicket . Together , they have scored more than 7000 runs at an average of 48.98 , and hold the world record for creating most number of 50 - run partnership in the first wicket ( 44 fifties ) . Ganguly became the fourth player to cross 11,000 ODI runs , and was the fastest player to do so in ODI cricket , after Tendulkar . As of 2006 , he is the only Indian captain to win a Test series in Pakistan ( although two of the three Tests of that series was led by Rahul Dravid ) . He is also one of the five players in the world to achieve amazing treble of 10,000 runs , 100 wickets and 100 catches in ODI cricket history , the others being Tendulkar , Kallis , Sanath Jayasuriya and Tillakaratne Dilshan . Ganguly with the young cricketers of the Kolkata Knight Riders team during IPL 2009 . Author Mihir Bose , in his book , The magic of Indian cricket : cricket and society in India . commented that `` The cricket world had gotten too used to the stereotype of the meek Indian cricketer . All that has changed under Ganguly , perhaps for the better . '' He credits Ganguly for not being shy of taking on responsibility . `` He showed that he can be a leader of a team , which has greats like Sachin and Dravid in the side , without any problems . Under Ganguly 's leadership , India started winning matches and tournaments , previously lacking from the team considerably . '' Within a few years of his captaincy , Ganguly rewrote the rules of being a captain of a cricket team . Unlike some of his predecessors , Ganguly was considered impartial , non-parochial , and forever pushed his players to perform better . Off the field , his interactions with the media , his fans , and detractors were uncompromisingly honest and earned him the respect of cricket followers everywhere . However , along with this respect came the criticisms . Ganguly was condemned as a hot - tempered man who refused to listen to other 's opinions and abided by his own rules and regulations . Matthew Engel , ICC sport critic , noted that this `` turning deaf '' to other 's opinions would one day harm Ganguly and that it was sheer luck that he existed on the sporting world . Ganguly believed that his legacy as a captain was that he was able to build a proper Indian team . He added , `` ( We ) were able to change the face of Indian cricket . That 's what I 'm proud of , because I think we made a huge difference . People used to think that we would simply roll over when playing out of India , but we changed the image . ( ... ) ( The team would n't take any crap from any opposition ) Absolutely , and that came from self - belief that , that we had the ability to do well outside India . '' Bose commented that Ganguly 's greatest legacy lay in his influence on the younger and budding generation of cricketers . Ganguly felt that every young player should play two years of domestic cricket before being selected for international assignments . He also said that every newcomer should be given at least five games to prove himself . Later he explained that being at the receiving end of an unfair decision against him , that threatened to ruin his international cricket career , it enabled him to understand the insecurities of other newcomers in the team better than his predecessors . Ganguly had always backed the influence and contribution of younger players of the team . Despite his contributions , his captaincy and coaching methods came under immense scrutiny from the press as well as other scholars . Engel commented that `` He seems like aloof to the problems that his mal - decisions are creating . I do n't particularly believe that Ganguly has an ' effing knowledge how to lead his team and tries to counter-pose it with instigating limitless , confrontational behaviours within the younger members of it . ( One day ) the time will come when such shock tactics will cease to work . '' An article on Cricinfo Magazine pointed out his reckless behaviour . The reporter Rahul Bhattacharya said , `` Generally Ganguly fostered angry or reckless young men . To him ' good behaviour ' , a broad term espoused by the present team management , belonged in school and probably not even there . He himself had been summoned to the match referee no less than 12 times in the last decade . His approach was bound to precipitate what could possibly be termed a cultural conflict in the world of modern sport . For Ganguly , like for Arjuna Ranatunga , competitiveness involved brinksmanship rather than training . As far as they were concerned Australia were not to be aspired to . They were simply to be toppled . England were not to be appeased . Victory lay precisely in their disapproval . In other words , Ganguly and Ranatunga wanted to do things their way . '' Overall career performance An innings - by - innings breakdown of Ganguly 's Test match batting career , showing runs scored ( red bars ) and the average of last ten innings ( blue line ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Test Match Career Performance By Opposition <Th_colspan="4"> Batting Statistics Opposition Matches Runs Average High Score 100 / 50 Australia 24 1403 35.07 144 2 / 7 Bangladesh 5 371 61.83 100 1 / 3 England 12 983 57.82 136 3 / 5 New Zealand 8 563 46.91 125 3 / 2 Pakistan 12 902 47.47 239 2 / 4 South Africa 17 947 33.82 87 0 / 7 Sri Lanka 14 1064 46.26 173 3 / 4 West Indies 12 449 32.07 75 * 0 / 2 Zimbabwe 9 530 44.16 136 2 / 1 Overall figures 113 7212 42.17 239 16 / 35 <Th_colspan="2"> ODI Career Performance By Opposition <Th_colspan="4"> Batting Statistics Opposition Matches Runs Average High Score 100 / 50 Australia 35 774 23.45 100 1 / 5 Bangladesh 10 459 57.37 135 * 1 / 4 England 26 975 39.00 117 * 1 / 7 New Zealand 32 1079 35.96 153 * 3 / 6 Pakistan 53 1652 35.14 141 2 / 9 South Africa 29 1313 50.50 141 * 3 / 8 Sri Lanka 44 1534 40.36 183 4 / 9 West Indies 27 1142 47.58 98 0 / 11 Zimbabwe 36 1367 42.71 144 3 / 7 ICC World XI 22 22.00 22 0 / 0 Africa XI 120 60.00 88 0 / 1 Bermuda 89 89.00 89 0 / 1 Ireland 73 -- 73 * 0 / 1 Kenya 11 588 73.50 111 * 3 / 2 Namibia 112 -- 112 * 1 / 0 Netherlands 8 8.00 8 0 / 0 U.A.E. 56 56.00 56 0 / 1 Overall figures 311 11363 41.02 183 22 / 72 Records and achievements The only cricketer to win four consecutive man of the match awards in One Day Internationals . The eighth highest run - scorer in ODI history and second among the Indians , with 11,363 runs . He holds the record for registering the highest individual score by any batsman in an ICC Champions Trophy final ( 117 ) He was also the first player to score 3 centuries in the history of ICC Champions Trophy The second fastest batsman to reach 9,000 ODI runs after AB De Villiers of South Africa who broke Ganguly 's record in 2017 One of the only five cricketers to have achieved the unique treble of 10,000 runs , 100 wickets & 100 catches in ODI cricket . His Test batting average never went below 40 . Has the highest individual score by an Indian batsman ( 183 ) in the Cricket World Cup . One of the 14 cricketers in the world to have played 100 or more Tests and 300 or more ODIs . India 's most successful Test captain overseas , winning 11 out of 28 matches that he led . Sourav Ganguly is the only batsman to score a century on debut and to be dismissed first ball in his final Test innings . Captaincy record <Td_colspan="7"> Captaincy Record in Test Matches Venue Span Matches Won Lost Tied Draw At Home Venues 2000 -- 2005 21 10 0 8 At Away Venues 2000 -- 2005 28 11 10 0 7 TOTAL 2000 -- 2005 49 21 13 0 15 <Td_colspan="13"> Career summary as Captain in Test Matches Venue Span Matches Runs HS Bat Avg 100 Wkts BBI Bowl Avg 5 Ct St At Home Venues 2000 -- 2005 21 868 136 29.93 1 / 14 78.00 0 24 0 At Away Venues 2000 -- 2005 28 1693 144 43.41 2 / 69 193.00 0 13 0 TOTAL 2000 -- 2005 49 2561 144 37.66 5 5 2 / 69 124.00 0 37 0 <Td_colspan="7"> Captaincy Record in One Day Internationals Venue Span Matches Won Lost Tied N / R In India ( At Home Venues ) 2000 -- 2005 36 18 18 0 0 At Away Venues 2000 -- 2005 51 24 24 0 At Neutral Venues 1999 -- 2005 59 34 23 0 TOTAL 1999 -- 2005 146 76 65 0 5 <Td_colspan="13"> Career summary as Captain in One Day Internationals Venue Span Matches Runs HS Bat Avg 100 Wkts BBI Bowl Avg 5 Ct St At Home Venues 2000 -- 2005 36 1463 144 43.02 16 5 / 34 30.87 14 0 At Away Venues 2000 -- 2005 51 1545 135 32.18 15 3 / 22 39.26 0 23 0 At Neutral Venues 2000 -- 2005 60 2096 141 41.92 7 15 3 / 32 43.20 0 24 0 TOTAL 2000 -- 2005 147 5104 144 38.66 11 46 5 / 34 37.63 61 0 International record ODI 5 Wicket hauls # Figures Match Opponent Venue City Country Year 5 / 16 38 Pakistan Cricket , Skating & Curling Club Toronto Canada 5 / 34 158 Zimbabwe Green Park Stadium Kanpur India 2000 International awards One Day international cricket Man of the Match awards No . Opponent Venue Date Match Performance Result South Africa Buffalo Park , East London 4 February 1997 83 ( 136 balls : 6x4 , 1x6 ) ; DNB South Africa won by 6 wickets . Bangladesh Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 24 July 1997 6 -- 1 -- 24 -- 0 , 1 Ct. ; 73 * ( 52 balls : 8x4 , 2x6 ) India won by 9 wickets . Pakistan Cricket , Skating & Curling Club , Toronto 14 September 1997 9 -- 2 -- 16 -- 2 , 1 Ct. ; 32 ( 86 balls : 4x4 ) India won by 7 wickets . Pakistan Cricket , Skating & Curling Club , Toronto 18 September 1997 2 ( 20 balls ) ; 10 -- 3 -- 16 -- 5 , 1 Ct . India won by 34 runs . 5 Pakistan Cricket , Skating & Curling Club , Toronto 20 September 1997 6 -- 2 -- 29 -- 2 ; 75 * ( 75 balls : 6x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 7 wickets . 6 Pakistan Cricket , Skating & Curling Club , Toronto 21 September 1997 96 ( 136 balls : 5x4 , 2x6 ) ; 9 -- 1 -- 33 -- 2 India won by 5 wickets . 7 Pakistan National Stadium , Karachi 30 September 1997 10 -- 0 -- 39 -- 0 ; 89 ( 96 balls : 11x4 ) India won by 4 wickets . 8 Pakistan Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 18 January 1998 2 -- 0 -- 5 -- 0 ; 124 ( 138 balls : 11x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 3 wickets . 9 Sri Lanka R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 19 June 1998 DNB ; 80 ( 114 balls : 7x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 8 wickets . 10 Pakistan Cricket , Skating & Curling Club , Toronto 12 September 1998 10 -- 0 -- 33 -- 3 ; 54 ( 72 balls : 8x4 ) India won by 6 wickets . 11 Zimbabwe Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 27 September 1998 DNB , 1 Ct. ; 107 * ( 129 balls : 11x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 8 wickets . 12 Sri Lanka Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur 22 March 1999 130 * ( 160 balls : 5x4 , 2x6 ) India won by 80 runs . 13 Sri Lanka County Ground , Taunton 26 May 1999 183 ( 158 balls : 17x4 , 7x6 ) ; 5 -- 0 -- 37 -- 0 India won by 157 runs . 14 England Edgbaston Cricket Ground , Birmingham 29 May 1999 40 ( 59 balls : 6x4 ) ; 8 -- 0 -- 27 -- 3 India won by 63 runs . 15 West Indies Cricket , Skating & Curling Club , Toronto 11 September 1999 DNB ; 54 * ( 69 balls : 7x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 8 wickets . 16 Zimbabwe Gymkhana Club Ground , Nairobi 1 October 1999 139 ( 147 balls : 11x4 , 5x6 ) ; DNB India won by 107 runs . 17 New Zealand Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior 11 November 1999 153 * ( 150 balls : 18x4 , 3x6 ) ; 8 - 1 - 33 - 1 India won by 14 runs . 18 New Zealand Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi 17 November 1999 6 - 1 - 29 - 1 ; 86 ( 110 balls : 12x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 7 wickets . 19 Pakistan Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 25 January 2000 141 ( 144 balls : 12x4 , 1x6 ) ; DNB India won by 48 runs . 20 South Africa Keenan Stadium , Jamshedpur 12 March 2000 DNB , 1 ct. ; 105 * ( 139 balls : 10x4 , 4x6 ) India won by 6 wickets . 21 Bangladesh Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 30 May 2000 4 -- 0 -- 35 -- 0 ; 135 * ( 124 balls : 6x4 , 7x6 ) India won by 8 wickets . 22 South Africa Gymkhana Club Ground , Nairobi 13 October 2000 141 * ( 142 balls : 11x4 , 6x6 ) ; 1 - 0 - 5 - 1 , 1 Ct . India won by 95 runs . 23 Zimbabwe Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad 5 December 2000 144 ( 152 balls : 8x4 , 6x6 ) ; DNB India won by 61 runs . 24 Zimbabwe Green Park Stadium , Kanpur 11 December 2000 10 - 1 - 34 - 5 ; 71 * ( 68 balls : 12x4 , 1x6 ) India won by 9 wickets . 25 South Africa Buffalo Park , East London 19 October 2001 DNB , 1 Ct. ; 85 ( 95 balls : 6x4 , 4x6 ) South Africa won by 46 runs . 26 Zimbabwe PCA IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali 10 March 2002 86 * ( 83 balls : 8x4 , 3x6 ) ; DNB India won by 64 runs . 27 Kenya Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 7 March 2003 DNB ; 107 * ( 120 balls : 11x4 , 2x6 ) India won by 6 wickets . 28 Kenya Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban 20 March 2003 111 * ( 114 balls : 5x4 , 5x6 ) India won by 91 runs . 29 England Lord 's , London 5 September 2004 90 ( 119 balls : 5x4 , 3x6 ) ; DNB India won by 23 runs . 30 Kenya The Rose Bowl , Southampton 11 September 2004 90 ( 124 balls : 8x4 ) ; 5 - 0 - 21 - 0 , 2 ct . India won by 98 runs . See also List of international cricket centuries by Sourav Ganguly List of highest individual scores in ODIs Dadagiri Unlimited List of Cricket Association of Bengal Presidents No Dada No KKR Cricket All - Stars Notes Jump up ^ `` Sourav Ganguly appointed Cricket Association of Bengal chief '' . TOI. 24 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wisden India Editorial Board '' . Wisden India . 27 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India . Sourav Ganguly : God Of The Off - Side . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Governing Council '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Committees '' . IPLT20 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sourav Ganguly Sourav Ganguly Photos Sourav Ganguly Profile -- Yahoo ! Cricket '' . Cricket.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tendulkar second - best ever : Wisden '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lara , Ganguly , Sobers & Johnson in TMS left - handers XI '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Player of the Match Award Winners in ODIs '' . WONDERSLIST . Archived from the original on 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 November 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin Williamson . `` Successful Indian test captain in overseas '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tendulkar , Sourav Ganguly to own teams in Indian Super League football -- Football News '' . Sports.ndtv.com. 2014 - 04 - 13 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Sourav Ganguly Gets The Banga - Bibhushan Award , Leander Paes Deprived ! '' . YouTube . 2013 - 05 - 21 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ ET Bureau Jun 9 , 2014 , 04.00 AM IST ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Sourav Ganguly inducted into Mudgal Panel to probe IPL spot - fixing and betting scandal -- Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cricinfo -- Players and Officials -- Sourav Ganguly '' . Cricinfo Magazine . ESPN . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Datta 2007 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Tiwari 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ PTI 2 ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` Sourav Ganguly 's father Chandidas passes away '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Sourav Ganguly '' . Official website of Sourav Ganguly . Souravganguly.net . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Datta 2007 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Daityari 2003 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Coupar , Paul ( 27 November 2005 ) . `` The Awkward XI '' . Cricinfo Magazine . ESPN . Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Daityari 2003 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lilywhite , Jamie ( 16 July 2007 ) . `` Ganguly back in the limelight '' . BBC . BBC Online . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Dubey 2006 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Ranji Trophy Statistics : 1990 -- 91 '' . Cricinfo Magazine . ESPN . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Match : India v West Indies at Brisbane , January 11 , 1992 '' . Cricinfo Magazine . ESPN . 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Mandhani , Pradeep ( 2008 ) . `` Cricket World Cup ' 99 frozen '' . University of Michigan . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 197 - 6 . Tiwari , Vinod ( 2005 ) . `` Sourav Ganguly '' . Manoj Publications . ISBN 81 - 8133 - 985 - 1 . Waugh , Steve ( 2001 ) . `` Ashes Diary 2001 '' . HarperCollinsPublishers . ISBN 0 - 7322 - 6444 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sourav Ganguly . Sourav Ganguly at ESPNcricinfo Sourav Ganguly at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) Sourav Ganguly Official on Facebook <Th_colspan="3"> hide Sporting positions Preceded by Sachin Tendulkar Indian Test captain 2000 -- 2005 Succeeded by Rahul Dravid Preceded by Sachin Tendulkar Indian One - Day captain 2000 -- 2005 Succeeded by Rahul Dravid Preceded by Position started Kolkata Knight Riders captain 2008 Succeeded by Brendon McCullum Preceded by Brendon McCullum Kolkata Knight Riders captain 2010 -- 2011 Succeeded by Gautam Gambhir Preceded by Yuvraj Singh Pune Warriors India captain 2012 Succeeded by Angelo Mathews Preceded by Jagmohan Dalmiya President of the CAB 2015 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent <Th_colspan="2"> India Test cricket captains <Td_colspan="2"> 1932 -- 1933 / 34 : Nayudu 1936 : Vizianagaram 1946 : Pataudi , Sr . 1947 / 48 -- 1952 / 53 : Amarnath 1951 / 52 -- 1952 / 53 : Hazare 1954 / 55 ; 1958 / 59 : Mankad 1955 / 56 ; 1958 / 59 : Ahmed 1955 / 56 -- 1956 / 57 ; 1958 / 59 : Umrigar 1958 / 59 : Adhikari 1959 : Gaekwad 1959 : Roy 1959 / 60 : Ramchand 1960 / 61 -- 1961 / 62 ; 1961 / 62 : Contractor 1961 / 62 -- 1974 / 75 : Pataudi , Jr . 1967 / 68 : Borde 1970 / 71 -- 1974 : Wadekar 1974 / 75 ; 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 ; 1978 / 79 -- 1984 / 85 : Gavaskar 1975 / 75 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1979 / 80 ; 1979 / 80 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1986 / 87 : Kapil Dev 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1987 / 88 : Shastri 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1998 / 99 : Azhar 1996 / 97 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 2000 / 01 -- 2005 / 06 : Ganguly 2003 / 04 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2005 / 06 -- 2007 : Dravid 2005 / 06 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2012 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2008 : Kumble 2008 -- 2014 : Dhoni 2014 / 15 ; 2015 -- : Kohli 2016 / 17 : Rahane <Td_colspan="2"> Italics denote deputised captaincy <Th_colspan="2"> India ODI cricket captains <Td_colspan="2"> 1974 : Wadekar 1975 -- 1979 : Venkataraghavan 1975 / 76 -- 1978 / 79 : Bedi 1980 / 81 -- 1985 / 86 : Gavaskar 1980 / 81 : Viswanath 1982 / 83 -- 1992 / 93 : Kapil Dev 1983 / 84 : Kirmani 1984 / 85 : Amarnath 1986 / 87 -- 1991 / 92 : Shastri 1987 / 88 -- 1988 / 89 : Vengsarkar 1989 / 90 : Srikkanth 1989 / 90 -- 1999 : Azharuddin 1996 -- 1999 / 00 : Tendulkar 1997 / 98 -- 1999 / 00 : Jadeja 1999 -- 2005 : Ganguly 2000 / 01 -- 2007 : Dravid 2001 / 02 : Kumble 2003 -- 2011 : Sehwag 2007 -- 2016 : Dhoni 2010 -- 2014 : Raina 2011 : Gambhir 2013 -- present : Kohli 2015 : Rahane <Th_colspan="2"> Indian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches <Td_colspan="2"> Sachin Tendulkar ( 200 ) Rahul Dravid ( 163 ) VVS Laxman ( 134 ) Anil Kumble ( 132 ) Kapil Dev ( 131 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 125 ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( 119 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 113 ) Virender Sehwag ( 103 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 103 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Note . Dravid & Sehwag played 1 Test match for ICC World Test XI , which is not included above . <Th_colspan="2"> Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in ODI cricket Australia Ricky Ponting ( 13,704 ) India Sachin Tendulkar ( 18,426 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 11,363 ) Rahul Dravid ( 10,889 ) MS Dhoni ( 10,004 ) Pakistan Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 11,739 ) South Africa Jacques Kallis ( 11,579 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 14,234 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 13,430 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 12,650 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 10,290 ) West Indies Brian Lara ( 10,405 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current players are listed in italics . <Th_colspan="2"> India squads <Td_colspan="2"> `` The template below ( India Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' <Th_colspan="3"> India squad -- 1999 Cricket World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Azharuddin ( c ) 2 Ganguly 3 Jadeja 4 Ramesh 5 Dravid 6 Robin Singh 7 Agarkar 8 Kumble 9 Mongia ( wk ) 10 Tendulkar 11 Prasad 12 Chopra 13 Mohanty 14 Srinath 15 Khurasiya Coach : Gaekwad <Th_colspan="3"> India squad -- 2002 ICC Champions Trophy ( shared title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid ( wk ) 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 19 Laxman 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 69 JP Yadav 99 Ganguly ( c ) Coach : Wright <Th_colspan="3"> India squad -- 2003 Cricket World Cup runners - up <Td_colspan="2"> 3 Harbhajan 5 Dravid 7 Srinath 9 Agarkar 10 Tendulkar 11 Kaif 12 Yuvraj 18 Kumble 20 Patel 24 Ganguly ( c ) 28 Mongia 34 Zaheer 44 Sehwag 64 Nehra 66 Bangar Coach : Wright <Th_colspan="3"> India squad -- 2007 Cricket World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 3 Harbhajan 7 Dhoni 10 Tendulkar 12 Yuvraj 13 Munaf 19 Dravid ( c ) 21 Ganguly 27 Uthappa 34 Zaheer 36 Sreesanth 37 Kumble 44 Sehwag 56 Pathan 68 Agarkar 99 Karthik Coach : Chappell <Th_colspan="2"> ATK <Td_colspan="2"> Kolkata , West Bengal The Club Club history Players Staff Current season All articles Home stadium Salt Lake Stadium Rabindra Sarobar Stadium Affiliated clubs Atlético Madrid Key personnel Owner Kolkata Games and Sports Head Coach José Francisco Molina <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Titles & Honours ISL Winners : 2014 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons <Td_colspan="2"> 2014 2015 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Presidents of CAB 1928 - 1949 H.G. Pearson ( 1928 - 1930 ) F.M. Garnett ( 1931 - 1932 ) R.B. Lagden ( 1932 - 1934 ) J.H. Farquharson ( 1935 ) R.B. Lagden ( 1936 - 1939 ) M. Robertson ( 1940 - 1941 ) A.L. Hosie ( 1941 ) M. Robertson ( 1942 ) J.C. Mukherjee ( 1943 - 1949 ) 1950 - 1991 Bhupati Majumder ( 1950 - 1954 ) Tushar Kanti Ghosh ( 1955 - 1963 ) A.N. Ghosh ( 1963 - 1978 ) S.K. Acharyya ( 1978 - 1981 ) Siddhartha Shankar Ray ( 1982 - 1986 ) B.N. Dutt ( 1986 - 1991 ) 1992 - present Jagmohan Dalmiya ( 1992 - 2006 ) Prasun Mukherjee ( 2007 - 2008 ) Jagmohan Dalmiya ( 2008 - 2015 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 2015 - present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Note . Associated link GND : 133859479 ISNI : 0000 0000 7879 7559 LCCN : no2003024062 VIAF : 21826960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sourav_Ganguly&oldid=853823505 '' Categories : 1972 births ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers Bengali cricketers Bengali people Bengali Hindus Indian sports executives and administrators Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Cricketers who made a century on Test debut Bengal cricketers East Zone cricketers Glamorgan cricketers Indian cricketers Indian cricket commentators Indian cricket administrators Presidents of the Cricket Association of Bengal India Test cricket captains India Green cricketers India One Day International cricketers India Test cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers Lancashire cricketers Living people Northamptonshire cricketers Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Cricketers from Kolkata Pune Warriors India cricketers Recipients of the Arjuna Award Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Banga Bibhushan St. Xavier 's College , Calcutta alumni University of Calcutta alumni World Cup cricketers of India ATK ( football club ) owners Members of Governing Council Of Indian Premier League Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Indian English from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو डोटेली 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 05 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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-2,836,985,586,090,252,300 | who's opening for bruno mars 24k tour | 24K Magic World Tour - wikipedia 24K Magic World Tour 24k Magic World Tour <Td_colspan="2"> Tour by Bruno Mars <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Associated album 24K Magic Start date March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) End date December 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 31 ) Legs 11 No. of shows 56 in Europe 106 in North America 14 in Latin America 18 in Oceania 19 in Asia 1 in Africa 214 in total Box office $303.5 million ( 164 shows ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bruno Mars concert chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) The 24K Magic World Tour is the third concert tour by American singer Bruno Mars , to support his album 24K Magic ( 2016 ) . It began March 28 , 2017 , at the Sportpaleis in Antwerp , and will conclude at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu on November 11 , 2018 . Mars announced more North American dates for late 2018 . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Set list 5 Shows 6 Cancelled shows 7 Personnel 8 Notes 9 References Background ( edit ) On November 15 , 2016 , Bruno Mars announced an 86 - date world tour across Europe and North America . Mars previously gave fans a sampling of his energetic live show when he served as musical guest on Saturday Night Live , where he performed his single `` 24K Magic '' alongside the new album 's `` Chunky '' . Mars ' October was also packed with promotional performances and concerts , including an October 7 , 2016 gig at the Mohegan Sun Arena and a stop at the 2016 MTV Europe Music Awards . More than one million tickets for the tour were sold in a single day . The European leg kicked off in Antwerp , the North American leg kicked off in Las Vegas , and the Latin American leg kicked off in Rio de Janeiro . The singer has been working with Phil Tayag of the hip - hop dance crew Jabbawockeez . The concert tour is produced by Live Nation . Cardi B was originally scheduled to be the opening act for the North American dates in September 2018 , however , she decided to withdrew before it began due to personal reasons . On 14 August 2018 , Bruno mars added Ciara , Charlie Wilson , Ella Mai and Boyz II Men to his tour after Cardi B dropped out of the tour . Critical reception ( edit ) Matilda Egere - Cooper rated the London concert five stars out of five . Commercial performance ( edit ) The tour 's first European leg had a profit of $52.7 million . In 2017 , StubHub ranked Bruno Mars as the site 's biggest touring act of the year , due to demand for his 24K Magic World Tour . In May 2017 , Mars became the first artist since Beyoncé in 2013 to sell out four concerts at Spark Arena in Auckland in one day . Set list ( edit ) This setlist is representative of the show in Madrid , in Spain . It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` Finesse '' `` 24K Magic '' `` Treasure '' `` Perm '' `` Calling All My Lovelies '' `` Chunky '' `` That 's What I Like '' `` Straight Up & Down '' `` Versace on the Floor '' `` Marry You '' `` Runaway Baby '' `` When I Was Your Man '' `` Gorilla '' `` Grenade '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Locked Out of Heaven '' `` Uptown Funk '' Shows ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening act , tickets sold , amount of available tickets and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 1 -- Europe March 28 , 2017 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis Anderson Paak 42,710 / 43,512 $3,156,750 March 29 , 2017 March 31 , 2017 Lille France Stade Pierre - Mauroy 28,262 / 28,262 $1,690,680 April 3 , 2017 Madrid Spain WiZink Center 15,565 / 15,565 $1,229,943 April 4 , 2017 Lisbon Portugal MEO Arena 19,524 / 19,524 $1,113,187 April 7 , 2017 Barcelona Spain Palau Sant Jordi 17,909 / 17,909 $1,448,830 April 8 , 2017 Montpellier France Park&Suites Arena 13,192 / 13,192 $875,999 April 10 , 2017 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 15,916 / 15,916 $1,016,492 April 12 , 2017 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 24,640 / 24,920 $1,978,040 April 13 , 2017 April 15 , 2017 Liverpool England Echo Arena 10,921 / 10,921 $915,179 April 18 , 2017 London The O Arena 71,135 / 71,135 $6,376,770 April 19 , 2017 April 21 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 April 24 , 2017 Birmingham Barclaycard Arena 29,598 / 29,598 $2,479,958 April 25 , 2017 April 27 , 2017 Nottingham Motorpoint Arena 9,979 / 9,979 $868,980 April 29 , 2017 Dublin Ireland 3Arena 25,464 / 25,464 $1,824,465 April 30 , 2017 May 2 , 2017 Manchester England Manchester Arena 33,110 / 33,604 $2,561,210 May 3 , 2017 May 5 , 2017 Leeds First Direct Arena 11,636 / 11,636 $957,285 May 6 , 2017 Sheffield Sheffield Arena 13,541 / 13,541 $1,166,841 May 9 , 2017 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 34,320 / 34,320 $2,568,374 May 10 , 2017 May 12 , 2017 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 13,888 / 13,888 $1,356,400 May 14 , 2017 Munich Germany Olympiahalle 13,005 / 13,005 $1,065,795 May 17 , 2017 Hamburg Barclaycard Arena 13,570 / 13,930 $914,401 May 18 , 2017 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 15,771 / 15,771 $1,361,962 May 20 , 2017 Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Globe 14,688 / 14,688 $939,321 May 22 , 2017 Helsinki Finland Hartwall Arena 12,980 / 12,980 $1,005,869 May 24 , 2017 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 22,356 / 22,356 $1,693,662 May 26 , 2017 Berlin Germany Mercedes - Benz Arena 14,066 / 14,066 $1,041,406 May 27 , 2017 Kraków Poland Tauron Arena 18,528 / 18,528 $1,137,510 May 30 , 2017 Budapest Hungary Budapest Sports Arena 13,871 / 13,871 $791,265 June 1 , 2017 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 11,841 / 11,841 $1,012,542 June 3 , 2017 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,827 / 13,827 $1,022,548 June 5 , 2017 Paris France AccorHotels Arena 33,608 / 33,608 $2,900,545 June 6 , 2017 June 8 , 2017 Lyon Halle Tony Garnier 16,235 / 16,235 $1,015,647 June 12 , 2017 Bologna Italy Unipol Arena 14,246 / 14,246 $850,732 June 14 , 2017 Geneva Switzerland SEG Geneva Arena 7,343 / 7,343 $1,291,296 June 15 , 2017 Milan Italy Mediolanum Forum 11,172 / 11,172 $792,759 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 2 -- North America July 15 , 2017 Las Vegas United States T - Mobile Arena Jabbawockeez 16,556 / 16,556 $1,947,649 July 18 , 2017 Sacramento Golden 1 Center 15,170 / 15,170 $1,586,433 July 20 , 2017 San Jose SAP Center Camila Cabello 28,444 / 28,444 $3,673,031 July 21 , 2017 July 23 , 2017 Portland Moda Center 15,417 / 15,417 $1,655,665 July 24 , 2017 Tacoma Tacoma Dome 19,454 / 19,454 $1,746,589 July 26 , 2017 Vancouver Canada Rogers Arena 31,005 / 31,005 $3,430,130 July 27 , 2017 July 30 , 2017 Edmonton Rogers Place 29,301 / 29,301 $2,957,232 July 31 , 2017 August 2 , 2017 Winnipeg Bell MTS Place 12,712 / 12,712 $1,395,447 August 4 , 2017 Fargo United States Fargodome 18,489 / 18,489 $1,850,542 August 5 , 2017 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center 16,350 / 16,350 $1,905,256 August 7 , 2017 Lincoln Pinnacle Bank Arena 14,105 / 14,105 $1,517,410 August 9 , 2017 Kansas City Sprint Center 15,154 / 15,154 $1,660,106 August 12 , 2017 Auburn Hills The Palace of Auburn Hills 16,013 / 16,013 $1,936,194 August 13 , 2017 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse 15,112 / 15,112 $1,635,885 August 15 , 2017 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 17,103 / 17,103 $1,827,568 August 16 , 2017 Chicago United Center 47,942 / 47,942 $6,347,950 August 18 , 2017 August 19 , 2017 August 22 , 2017 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 15,776 / 15,766 $1,761,947 August 24 , 2017 Quebec City Canada Videotron Centre N / A 15,099 / 15,099 $1,177,600 August 26 , 2017 Toronto Air Canada Centre 33,488 / 33,488 $3,896,146 August 27 , 2017 August 29 , 2017 Montreal Bell Centre 34,000 / 34,000 $3,480,770 August 30 , 2017 September 2 , 2017 Las Vegas United States The Park Theater 10,505 / 10,505 $2,153,264 September 3 , 2017 September 14 , 2017 Charlotte Spectrum Center Dua Lipa 15,931 / 15,931 $1,766,253 September 16 , 2017 Atlanta Piedmont Park N / A N / A N / A September 17 , 2017 Memphis FedExForum Dua Lipa 14,815 / 14,815 $1,597,428 September 19 , 2017 Louisville KFC Yum ! Center 18,176 / 18,176 $1,911,793 September 20 , 2017 Columbus Schottenstein Center 15,288 / 15,288 $1,718,528 September 22 , 2017 New York City Madison Square Garden 31,318 / 31,318 $4,120,197 September 23 , 2017 September 26 , 2017 Newark Prudential Center 14,625 / 14,625 $1,820,526 September 27 , 2017 Buffalo KeyBank Center 15,984 / 15,984 $1,684,265 September 29 , 2017 Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena 31,847 / 31,847 $4,180,239 September 30 , 2017 October 4 , 2017 Brooklyn Barclays Center Jorja Smith 15,370 / 15,370 $1,898,099 October 5 , 2017 Uniondale Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum 13,052 / 13,052 $1,626,154 October 7 , 2017 Boston TD Garden 28,839 / 28,839 $3,695,807 October 8 , 2017 October 10 , 2017 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 16,555 / 16,555 $2,086,312 October 12 , 2017 Raleigh PNC Arena 15,541 / 15,541 $1,819,506 October 14 , 2017 Orlando Amway Center 14,067 / 14,067 $1,532,415 October 15 , 2017 Sunrise BB&T Center 15,012 / 15,012 $1,941,593 October 18 , 2017 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,190 / 15,190 $2,036,300 October 19 , 2017 Tampa Amalie Arena 15,494 / 15,494 $1,737,059 October 21 , 2017 New Orleans Smoothie King Center 15,056 / 15,056 $1,656,475 October 22 , 2017 North Little Rock Verizon Arena 15,806 / 15,806 $1,573,424 October 24 , 2017 Houston Toyota Center 13,529 / 13,529 $1,805,759 October 25 , 2017 San Antonio AT&T Center 15,710 / 15,710 $1,751,972 October 27 , 2017 Dallas American Airlines Center 14,879 / 14,879 $1,744,937 November 2 , 2017 Fresno Save Mart Center 12,730 / 12,730 $1,427,143 November 3 , 2017 Oakland Oracle Arena 15,884 / 15,884 $1,981,559 November 5 , 2017 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 14,764 / 14,764 $1,651,992 November 7 , 2017 Inglewood The Forum 61,893 / 61,893 $8,420,015 November 8 , 2017 November 10 , 2017 November 11 , 2017 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 3 -- Latin America November 18 , 2017 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Praça da Apoteose DNCE 56,846 / 56,846 $4,473,215 November 19 , 2017 November 22 , 2017 São Paulo Estádio do Morumbi 83,437 / 83,437 $6,763,624 November 23 , 2017 November 25 , 2017 La Plata Argentina Estadio Ciudad de La Plata 49,204 / 49,204 $5,060,415 November 28 , 2017 Santiago Chile Estadio Nacional de Chile 67,648 / 67,648 $6,026,346 November 30 , 2017 Lima Peru Estadio Nacional del Perú 41,493 / 41,493 $4,592,487 December 2 , 2017 Quito Ecuador Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa 31,295 / 31,295 $3,563,518 December 5 , 2017 Bogotá Colombia Estadio El Campín 40,468 / 40,468 $4,170,179 December 7 , 2017 San José Costa Rica Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica 38,052 / 38,052 $2,831,903 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 4 -- North America December 20 , 2017 National Harbor United States The Theater at MGM National Harbor N / A 5,498 / 5,498 $1,354,000 December 21 , 2017 December 30 , 2017 Las Vegas The Park Theater 10,292 / 10,292 $2,737,700 December 31 , 2017 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 5 -- Latin America January 31 , 2018 Monterrey Mexico Estadio Universitario Bebe Rexha 27,553 / 35,612 $2,974,523 February 2 , 2018 Mexico City Foro Sol Bebe Rexha Nick Jonas 115,147 / 116,260 $8,784,453 February 3 , 2018 February 5 , 2018 Guadalajara Estadio Akron 36,289 / 39,846 $4,037,371 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 6 -- North America February 14 , 2018 Las Vegas United States The Park Theater N / A 20,509 / 20,592 $4,354,719 February 16 , 2018 February 17 , 2018 February 19 , 2018 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 7 -- Oceania February 27 , 2018 Auckland New Zealand Spark Arena Dua Lipa 48,785 / 48,785 $5,261,050 February 28 , 2018 March 2 , 2018 March 3 , 2018 March 7 , 2018 Melbourne Australia Rod Laver Arena 57,842 / 57,842 $6,560,280 March 8 , 2018 March 10 , 2018 March 11 , 2018 March 14 , 2018 Brisbane Brisbane Entertainment Centre DJ Leggo My Fueggo 27,094 / 27,094 $3,058,400 March 15 , 2018 March 17 , 2018 Sydney Qudos Bank Arena N / A 88,592 / 88,592 $9,217,950 March 18 , 2018 March 20 , 2018 Dua Lipa March 23 , 2018 March 24 , 2018 March 26 , 2018 Adelaide Adelaide Entertainment Centre 9,930 / 9,930 $1,020,470 March 28 , 2018 Perth Perth Arena 29,434 / 29,434 $3,436,710 March 29 , 2018 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 8 -- Asia April 11 , 2018 Saitama Japan Saitama Super Arena N / A 90,672 / 90,672 $15,531,450 April 12 , 2018 April 14 , 2018 April 15 , 2018 April 17 , 2018 Taipei Taiwan Nangang Exhibition Center 20,020 / 20,020 $3,273,545 April 20 , 2018 Shanghai China Mercedes - Benz Arena 35,564 / 35,564 $5,932,991 April 21 , 2018 April 23 , 2018 April 27 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Macau Cotai Arena 23,861 / 23,861 $4,131,652 April 28 , 2018 April 30 , 2018 Bangkok Thailand IMPACT Arena 21,607 / 21,607 $4,311,275 May 1 , 2018 May 3 , 2018 Manila Philippines Mall of Asia Arena 23,890 / 23,890 $4,411,425 May 4 , 2018 May 6 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Singapore Singapore Indoor Stadium 22,992 / 22,992 $4,516,851 May 7 , 2018 May 9 , 2018 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Axiata Arena 11,065 / 11,065 $1,819,083 May 12 , 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Hong Kong AsiaWorld -- Arena 27,847 / 27,847 $4,814,281 May 13 , 2018 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 9 -- North America May 27 , 2018 Napa United States BottleRock Napa Valley N / A N / A N / A <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 10 -- Europe and Africa June 16 , 2018 Werchter Belgium Festivalpark Werchter DJ Rashida N / A N / A June 17 , 2018 Langraaf Netherlands Megaland Landgraaf June 20 , 2018 Barcelona Spain Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys DJ Rashida DNCE -- -- June 22 , 2018 Madrid Wanda Metropolitano -- -- June 24 , 2018 Lisbon Portugal Parque da Bela Vista DJ Rashida N / A N / A June 27 , 2018 Rabat Morocco OLM Souissi N / A N / A June 30 , 2018 Paris France Stade de France DJ Rashida DNCE -- -- July 3 , 2018 Bergen Norway Bergenhus Fortress DJ Rashida -- -- July 5 , 2018 Roskilde Denmark Roskilde Festival N / A N / A July 7 , 2018 Gdynia Poland Gdynia - Kosakowo Airport July 10 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland Glasgow Green Average White Band DJ Rashida DNCE -- -- July 12 , 2018 Dublin Ireland Marlay Park Sister Sledge DJ Rashida DNCE -- -- July 14 , 2018 London England Hyde Park Khalid DJ Rashida DNCE N / A N / A <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 11 -- North America July 25 , 2018 Las Vegas United States The Park Theater N / A 15,154 / 15,450 $3,413,843 July 27 , 2018 July 28 , 2018 August 3 , 2018 Chicago Grant Park N / A N / A September 7 , 2018 Denver Pepsi Center Boyz II Men -- -- September 8 , 2018 September 11 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center Charlie Wilson -- -- September 12 , 2018 September 15 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena -- -- September 16 , 2018 September 19 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center Boyz II Men -- -- September 20 , 2018 September 22 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena Ciara -- -- September 23 , 2018 September 27 , 2018 Boston United States TD Garden -- -- September 28 , 2018 October 1 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center -- -- October 2 , 2018 October 4 , 2018 Brooklyn Barclays Center Ella Mai -- -- October 5 , 2018 October 7 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena -- -- October 8 , 2018 October 11 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center -- -- October 12 , 2018 October 14 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center Charlie Wilson -- -- October 15 , 2018 October 20 , 2018 Austin Circuit of the Americas N / A N / A N / A October 23 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center Boyz II Men -- -- October 24 , 2018 Ciara October 26 , 2018 Ella Mai October 27 , 2018 Charlie Wilson November 8 , 2018 Honolulu Aloha Stadium -- -- November 10 , 2018 The Green Common Kings November 11 , 2018 December 30 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena Boyz II Men -- -- December 31 , 2018 <Th_colspan="5"> Total -- $303,586,916 Cancelled shows ( edit ) List of cancelled concerts , showing date , city , country , venue and reason for cancellation Date City Country Venue Reason July 2 , 2018 Düsseldorf Germany Esprit Arena Logistical problems Personnel ( edit ) Management Michael Coppel -- Chairman , Live Nation Australia Phil Rodriguez -- CEO , Move Concerts John Marx -- personal management , for William Morris Endeavor ( WME ) Brian Cohen -- Tony Goldring 51 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on September 16 , 2017 , in Atlanta at Piedmont Park is part of Music Midtown . Jump up ^ The concert on May 27 , 2018 in Nap is part of the BittleRock Napa Valley Festival Jump up ^ The concert on June 16 , 2018 at Werchter Boutique in Werchter is part of the Park Werchter festival . Jump up ^ The concert on June 17 , 2018 at Megaland in Landgraaf is part of the Pinkpop festival . Jump up ^ The concert on June 24 , 2018 at Parque da Bela Vista in Lisbon is part of the Rock in Rio festival . Jump up ^ The concert on June 27 , 2018 at OLM Souissi in Rabat is part of the Mawazine festival . Jump up ^ The concert on July 5 , 2018 at Animal Showgrounds in Roskilde is part of the Roskilde Festival . Jump up ^ The concert on July 7 , 2018 at Gdynia - Kosakowo Airport in Gdynia is part of the Open'er Festival . Jump up ^ The concert on July 14 , 2018 at Hyde Park in London is part of the British Summer Time festival . Jump up ^ The concert of August 3 , 2018 at Grant Park in Chicago is a part of Lollapalooza festival . Jump up ^ The show on September 7 , 2018 , in Denver at the Pepsi Center was originally scheduled on October 30 , 2017 , but was postponed due to a sinus infection . Jump up ^ The concert on October 20 , 2018 at Circuit of the Americas in Austin is part of the 2018 USGP Weekend . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The 24 Magic World Tour '' . brunomars.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars ' 24K Magic Tour Sells 1 Million Tickets in 24 Hours '' . Jump up ^ Krep , Daniel ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars Announces 2017 ' 24K Magic ' World Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars confirma mais duas datas de shows no Brasil '' ( Bruno Mars confirms two more show dates in Brazil ) . G1 ( in Portuguese ) . May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , AP . `` AP News -- Why Bruno Mars believes clothes make the album '' . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Plots ' 24K Magic ' Tour of Australasia '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` O astro Bruno Mars anuncia vinda à América do Sul '' . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8467317/cardi-b-will-not-tour-with-bruno-mars-this-fall Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Replaces Cardi B with Ciara , Boyz II Men and More on 24K Magic Tour '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Replaces Cardi B with Ciara , Boyz II Men and More on 24K Magic Tour '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars , tour review : Stellar showman on sensational form '' . April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showmanship of the highest order - Bruno Mars , O2 , review '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirwin , Ellen ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : Bruno Mars calls out to Liverpool girls at Echo Arena '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Binns , Simon ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Bruno Mars at Manchester Arena '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Bruno Mars review -- a full - stack entertainment storm '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars at the O2 Arena , review : Uptown Funk star brings the party but fans do n't feel like dancing '' . April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shamsian , Jacob . `` Biggest music tours of 2017 , according to Stubhub : Full list '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars sells out all four shows in one day '' . Stuff . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paniagua , Arturo ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bruno Mars paseó por Madrid su candidatura al trono del pop '' . PRISA ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Luís ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Ele é funk , ele é rock , ele é um romântico . Bruno Mars fê - la bonita em Lisboa '' . Blitz ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estado abre período de atribuição de aulas para professores - A Tribuna '' . www.atribuna.com.br . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars muda a setlist no segundo show da `` 24k Magic World Tour '' no Rio de Janeiro - Midiorama `` . www.midiorama.com . Jump up ^ Box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Confirmed As Supporting Act For Bruno Mars ' `` 24K Magic Tour '' `` . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Reveals 2018 Australian Tour Support Act - Music Feeds '' . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa Cancels More Australian Shows Following Urgent Dental Surgery '' . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars announces final 24K Magic tour dates featuring Cardi B '' . February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DJ Rashida on Instagram Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Reveals Dates For Final 24K Magic North American Tour With Cardi B '' . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2018 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars sagt Konzert in Esprit - Arena in Düsseldorf ab '' . ^ Jump up to : https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8456440/international-power-players-2018-list <Th_colspan="2"> Bruno Mars <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs recorded Songs written Studio albums Doo - Wops & Hooligans Unorthodox Jukebox 24K Magic Extended plays It 's Better If You Do n't Understand Concert tours The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour Moonshine Jungle Tour 24K Magic World Tour Related articles The Smeezingtons Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show Super Bowl 50 halftime show <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Bruno Mars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24K_Magic_World_Tour&oldid=864374686 '' Categories : 2017 concert tours 2018 concert tours Bruno Mars concert tours Concert tours of Europe Concert tours of the United Kingdom Concert tours of Canada Concert tours of the United States Concert tours of North America Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 20 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. 24K Magic World Tour
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4,845,126,907,124,276,000 | state triangular slave trade carried on during 18th and 19th century | Triangular trade - wikipedia Triangular trade Depiction of the classical model of the Triangular trade Depiction of the Triangular Trade of slaves , sugar , and rum with New England instead of Europe as the third corner Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions . Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come . Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions . Historically the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents during the age of sail . For example , from the main trading nations of Western Europe , it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30 N latitude and reaching the so - called `` trade winds '' ; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American mainland . Returning from North America , it is easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies . A similar triangle to this , called the volta do mar was already being used by the Portuguese , before Christopher Columbus ' voyage , to sail to the Canary Islands and the Azores . Columbus simply expanded this triangle outwards , and his route became the main way for Europeans to reach , and return from , the Americas . Contents 1 Atlantic triangular slave trade 1.1 New England 2 Other triangular trades 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Atlantic triangular slave trade ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Child soldiers Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Child soldiers Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day See also : Atlantic slave trade and Slave Coast of West Africa The best - known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade , that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries , carrying slaves , cash crops , and manufactured goods between West Africa , Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers , with the northern colonies of British North America , especially New England , sometimes taking over the role of Europe . The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops , which were exported to Europe . European goods , in turn , were used to purchase African slaves , who were then brought on the sea lane west from Africa to the Americas , the so - called Middle Passage . Despite being driven primarily by economic needs , Europeans sometimes had a religious justification for their actions . In 1452 , for instance , Pope Nicholas V , in the Dum Diversas , granted to the kings of Spain and Portugal `` full and free permission to invade , search out , capture , and subjugate the Saracens ( Muslims ) and pagans and any other unbelievers ... and to reduce their persons into perpetual slavery . '' Diagram illustrating the stowage of African slaves on a British slave ship . A classic example is the colonial molasses trade . Sugar ( often in its liquid form , molasses ) from the Caribbean was traded to Europe or New England , where it was distilled into rum . The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods , which were then shipped to West Africa , where they were bartered for slaves . The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters . The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar , which was shipped to Europe , restarting the cycle . The trip itself took five to twelve weeks . The loss of the slaver Luxborough Galley in 1727 ( `` I.C. 1760 '' ) , lost in the last leg of the triangular trade , between the Caribbean and Britain . North Atlantic Gyre The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa , in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade , such as copper , cloth , trinkets , slave beads , guns and ammunition . When the ship arrived , its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves . On the second leg , ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World . Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships . Once the ship reached the New World , enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies . The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned , drained , and loaded with export goods for a return voyage , the third leg , to their home port , from the West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar , rum , and molasses ; from Virginia , tobacco and hemp . The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle . Graph depicting the number of slaves imported from Africa from 1501 to 1866 However , because of several disadvantages that slave ships faced compared to other trade ships , they often returned to their home port carrying whatever goods were readily available in the Americas and filled up a large part or all of their capacity with ballast . Other disadvantages include the different form of the ships ( to carry as many humans as possible , but not ideal to carry a maximum amount of produce ) and the variations in the duration of a slave voyage , making it practically impossible to pre-schedule appointments in the Americas , which meant that slave ships often arrived in the Americas out - of - season . When the ships did reach their intended ports , only about 90 % of the passengers survived the journey across the middle passage . Due to the slaves being transported in tight , confined spaces , a small percentage of the group that started perished at the hands of disease and lack of nourishment . Cash crops were transported mainly by a separate fleet which only sailed from Europe to the Americas and back mitigating the impact the slaves involvement brought forth . The Triangular trade is a trade model , not an exact description of the ship 's route . A 2017 study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the export of gunpowder technology to Africa increased the transatlantic slave trade by making it easier for Africans to enslave each other : `` A one percent increase in gunpowder set in motion a 5 - year gun - slave cycle that increased slave exports by an average of 50 % , and the impact continued to grow over time . '' New England ( edit ) New England also benefited from the trade , as many merchants from New England , especially the state of Rhode Island , replaced the role of Europe in the triangle . New England also made rum from Caribbean sugar and molasses , which it shipped to Africa as well as within the New World . Yet , the `` triangle trade '' as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation . No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle , which took a calendar year on average , according to historian Clifford Shipton . The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested , inconclusively , in an 1866 book by George H. Moore , was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason , and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden . The song `` Molasses to Rum '' from the musical 1776 vividly describes this form of the triangular trade . Other triangular trades ( edit ) The term `` triangular trade '' also refers to a variety of other trades . A trade pattern which evolved before the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain , the Colonies of British North America , and British colonies in the Caribbean . This typically involved exporting raw resources , such as fish ( especially salt cod ) , agricultural produce or lumber , from British North American colonies to slaves and planters in the West Indies ; sugar and molasses from the Caribbean ; and various manufactured commodities from Great Britain . The shipment of Newfoundland salt cod and corn from Boston in British vessels to southern Europe . This also included the shipment of wine and olive oil to Britain . A new `` sugar triangle '' developed in the 1820s and 1830s whereby American ships took local produce to Cuba , then brought sugar or coffee from Cuba to the Baltic coast ( Russian Empire and Sweden ) , then bar iron and hemp back to New England . See also ( edit ) North Atlantic triangle Transatlantic relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ About.com : The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade . Accessed 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Trade '' . National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Curran , Charles E. ( 2003 ) . Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching . Mahwah , New Jersey : Paulist Press . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade Archived 2012 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ A.P. Middleton , Tobacco Coast . Jump up ^ `` Death Toll From The Slave Trade '' . World Future Fund . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmer , P.C. : The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy , 1580 -- 1880 . Trade , Slavery and Emancipation . Variorum Collected Studies Series CS614 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Whatley , Warren C. ( 2017 ) . `` The Gun - Slave Hypothesis and the 18th Century British Slave Trade '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.07. 001 . Jump up ^ Slavery in Rhode Island Slavery in the North Accessed 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Wayne . And a Bottle of Rum . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2006 -- 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33862 - 4 . page 117 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Wayne . And a Bottle of Rum . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2006 -- 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33862 - 4 . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark . Cod : A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World . New York : Walker , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1326 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth . Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33017 - 3 . pp. 64 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Chris Evans and Göran Rydén , Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century : Brill , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16153 - 5 , 273 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triangular trade . The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database , a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages . Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice <Th_colspan="3"> Sugar ( as food commodity ) <Td_colspan="3"> List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Monosaccharide Fructose Galactose Glucose Xylose Disaccharide Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup <Td_colspan="3"> Production <Th_colspan="2"> Part of a series on trade routes <Td_colspan="2"> Amber Road Dvaravati -- Kamboja route Grand Trunk Road Hærvejen Hanseatic League Incense Route King 's Highway Maritime republics Maritime Silk Road Old Salt Route Rome - India routes Royal Road Salt road Siberian Route Silk Road Spice Route Tea Horse Road Trans - Saharan trade Triangular trade Via Maris Volga trade route Varangians to the Greeks Way of the Patriarchs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&oldid=846492642 '' Categories : History of the Atlantic Ocean Sea lanes Slavery in North America History of sugar Slave trade Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Triangular trade: A historical trade pattern involving three ports or regions.
2. Transatlantic slave trade: The most well-known example of triangular trade, involving the transportation of slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between Africa, the Americas, and Europe.
3. Middle Passage: The journey of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas, characterized by harsh conditions and high mortality rates.
4. New England's role in triangular trade: New England merchants, particularly from Rhode Island, played a significant role in the trade, often replacing Europe in the triangle.
5. Impact of triangular trade: Triangular trade helped rectify trade imbalances between regions and facilitated the growth of colonial cash crops, such as sugar, in the Americas. |
6,949,318,410,182,310,000 | aspirin is a widely used drug. what kind of medicine is it | Aspirin - wikipedia Aspirin Jump to : navigation , search Aspirin INN : acetylsalicylic acid <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Clinical data Pronunciation acetylsalicylic acid / əˌsiːtəlˌsælɪˈsɪlɪk / Synonyms 2 - acetoxybenzoic acid acetylsalicylate acetylsalicylic acid O - acetylsalicylic acid , Aspirin ( BAN UK ) , Aspirin ( USAN US ) AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a682878 License data US FDA : Aspirin Pregnancy category AU : C US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) D in the 3rd trimester Routes of administration by mouth , rectal , lysine acetylsalicylate may be given intravenously or intramuscularly ATC code A01AD05 ( WHO ) B01AC06 ( WHO ) , N02BA01 ( WHO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Legal status Legal status AU : S2 ( Pharmacy only ) except when given intravenously ( in which case it is schedule 4 ) , used in animal medicine ( schedule 5 / 6 ) or when the dose is higher than usual . UK : General sales list ( GSL , OTC ) US : OTC <Th_colspan="2"> Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 80 -- 100 % Protein binding 80 -- 90 % Metabolism Liver , ( CYP2C19 and possibly CYP3A ) , some is also hydrolysed to salicylate in the gut wall . Biological half - life Dose - dependent ; 2 h to 3 h for low doses , 15 h to 30 h for large doses . Excretion Urine ( 80 -- 100 % ) , sweat , saliva , feces <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name ( show ) 2 - ( ethyloxy ) benzenecarboxylic acid CAS Number 50 - 78 - 2 PubChem CID 2244 IUPHAR / BPS 4139 DrugBank DB00945 ChemSpider 2157 UNII R16CO5Y76E KEGG D00109 ChEBI CHEBI : 15365 ChEMBL CHEMBL25 PDB ligand AIN ( PDBe , RCSB PDB ) ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 059 <Th_colspan="2"> Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 180.157 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Density 1.40 g / cm Melting point 135 ° C ( 275 ° F ) Boiling point 140 ° C ( 284 ° F ) ( decomposes ) Solubility in water 3 mg / mL ( 20 ° C ) <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) O = C ( C ) Oc1ccccc1C ( = O ) O <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C9H8O4 / c1 - 6 ( 10 ) 13 - 8 - 5 - 3 - 2 - 4 - 7 ( 8 ) 9 ( 11 ) 12 / h2 - 5H , 1H3 , ( H , 11 , 12 ) Key : BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ - UHFFFAOYSA - N <Th_colspan="2"> ( verify ) Aspirin , also known as acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA ) , is a medication used to treat pain , fever , or inflammation . Specific inflammatory conditions in which aspirin is used include Kawasaki disease , pericarditis , and rheumatic fever . Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death . Aspirin is also used long - term to help prevent heart attacks , ischaemic strokes , and blood clots , in people at high risk . Aspirin may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer , particularly colorectal cancer . For pain or fever , effects typically begin within 30 minutes . Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) and works similar to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets . Common side effects include an upset stomach . More significant side effects include stomach ulcers , stomach bleeding , and worsening asthma . Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older , drink alcohol , take other NSAIDs , or are on blood thinners . Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy . It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye 's syndrome . High doses may result in ringing in the ears . Aspirin , in the form of leaves from the willow tree , has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years . In 1853 , chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time . In the second half of the nineteenth century , other chemists established the chemical structure and came up with more efficient methods to make it . In 1897 , scientists at Bayer began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less - irritating replacement for common salicylate medicines . By 1899 , Bayer had named the drug Aspirin and was selling it around the world . The word Aspirin was Bayer 's brand name ; however , their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries . Aspirin 's popularity grew over the first half of the twentieth century leading to competition between many brands and formulations . Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications globally with an estimated 40,000 tonnes ( 50 to 120 billion pills ) being consumed each year . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . Aspirin is available as a generic medication . The wholesale cost in the developing world as of 2014 is 0.002 to 0.025 USD per dose . As of 2015 the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than US $ 25 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical use 1.1 Pain 1.1. 1 Headache 1.2 Fever 1.3 Inflammation 1.4 Heart attacks and strokes 1.4. 1 High risk 1.4. 2 Lower risk 1.4. 3 After surgery 1.5 Cancer prevention 1.6 Other uses 1.7 Resistance 1.8 Dosage 2 Adverse effects 2.1 Contraindications 2.2 Gastrointestinal 2.3 Central effects 2.4 Reye 's syndrome 2.5 Skin 2.6 Other adverse effects 2.7 Overdose 2.8 Interactions 3 Chemical properties 3.1 Synthesis 4 Physical properties 4.1 Polymorphism 5 Mechanism of action 5.1 Discovery of the mechanism 5.2 Prostaglandins and thromboxanes 5.3 COX - 1 and COX - 2 inhibition 5.4 Additional mechanisms 6 Pharmacokinetics 7 History 7.1 Trademark 7.2 Compendial status 8 Veterinary medicine 9 References 10 External links Medical use ( edit ) Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions , including fever , pain , rheumatic fever , and inflammatory diseases , such as rheumatoid arthritis , pericarditis , and Kawasaki disease . Lower doses of aspirin have also been shown to reduce the risk of death from a heart attack , or the risk of stroke in some circumstances . There is some evidence that aspirin is effective at preventing colorectal cancer , though the mechanisms of this effect are unclear . In the United States low dose aspirin is deemed reasonable in those between 50 and 70 years old who have a more than 10 % risk of cardiovascular disease and are not at an increased risk of bleeding who are otherwise healthy . Pain ( edit ) Aspirin 325 mg / 5 grains for pain Uncoated aspirin tablets , consisting of about 90 % acetylsalicylic acid , along with a minor amount of inert fillers and binders Aspirin is an effective analgesic for acute pain , but is generally considered inferior to ibuprofen for the alleviation of pain because aspirin is more likely to cause gastrointestinal bleeding . Aspirin is generally ineffective for those pains caused by muscle cramps , bloating , gastric distension , or acute skin irritation . As with other NSAIDs , combinations of aspirin and caffeine provide slightly greater pain relief than aspirin alone . Effervescent formulations of aspirin , such as Alka - Seltzer or Blowfish , relieve pain faster than aspirin in tablets , which makes them useful for the treatment of migraines . Topical aspirin may be effective for treating some types of neuropathic pain . Headache ( edit ) Aspirin , either by itself or in a combined formulation , effectively treats certain types of a headache , but its efficacy may be questionable for others . Secondary headaches , meaning those caused by another disorder or trauma , should be promptly treated by a medical provider . Among primary headaches , the International Classification of Headache Disorders distinguishes between tension headache ( the most common ) , migraine , and cluster headache . Aspirin or other over-the - counter analgesics are widely recognized as effective for the treatment of tension headache . Aspirin , especially as a component of an aspirin / paracetamol / caffeine combination , is considered a first - line therapy in the treatment of migraine , and comparable to lower doses of sumatriptan . It is most effective at stopping migraines when they are first beginning . Fever ( edit ) Like its ability to control pain , aspirin 's ability to control fever is due to its action on the prostaglandin system through its irreversible inhibition of COX . Although aspirin 's use as an antipyretic in adults is well - established , many medical societies and regulatory agencies ( including the American Academy of Family Physicians , the American Academy of Pediatrics , and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) ) strongly advise against using aspirin for treatment of fever in children because of the risk of Reye 's syndrome , a rare but often fatal illness associated with the use of aspirin or other salicylates in children during episodes of viral or bacterial infection . Because of the risk of Reye 's syndrome in children , in 1986 , the FDA required labeling on all aspirin - containing medications advising against its use in children and teenagers . Inflammation ( edit ) Aspirin is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for both acute and long - term inflammation , as well as for treatment of inflammatory diseases , such as rheumatoid arthritis . Heart attacks and strokes ( edit ) Aspirin is an important part of the treatment of those who have had a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . One trial found that among those likely having an ST - segment elevation MI , aspirin saves the life of 1 in 42 by reducing the 30 - day death rate from 11.8 % to 9.4 % . There was no difference in major bleeding , but there was a small increase in minor bleeding amounting to roughly 1 in every 167 people given aspirin . High risk ( edit ) For people who have already had a heart attack or stroke , taking aspirin daily for two years prevented 1 in 50 from having a cardiovascular problem ( heart attack , stroke , or death ) , but also caused non-fatal bleeding problems to occur in 1 of 400 people . Lower risk ( edit ) Studies have not found an overall benefit in the general population of healthy people , although it is possible that there are small benefits for those at especially high risk , despite never having had a heart attack or stroke in the past . One study found that among those who have never had a heart attack or stroke , taking aspirin daily for 1 year prevents 1 in 1,667 from having a non-fatal heart attack or stroke , but caused 1 in 3,333 to have a non-fatal bleeding event . However , the study population were at relatively higher risk than those who had never had a heart attack or stroke . Aspirin appears to offer little benefit to those at lower risk of heart attack or stroke -- for instance , those without a history of these events or with pre-existing disease . Some studies recommend aspirin on a case - by - case basis , while others have suggested the risks of other events , such as gastrointestinal bleeding , were enough to outweigh any potential benefit , and recommended against using aspirin for primary prevention entirely . Aspirin has also been suggested as a component of a polypill for prevention of cardiovascular disease . Complicating the use of aspirin for prevention is the phenomenon of aspirin resistance . For people who are resistant , aspirin 's efficacy is reduced . Some authors have suggested testing regimens to identify people who are resistant to aspirin . After surgery ( edit ) After percutaneous coronary interventions ( PCIs ) , such as the placement of a coronary artery stent , a U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guideline recommends that aspirin be taken indefinitely . Frequently , aspirin is combined with an ADP receptor inhibitor , such as clopidogrel , prasugrel , or ticagrelor to prevent blood clots . This is called dual antiplatelet therapy ( DAPT ) . United States and European Union guidelines disagree somewhat about how long , and for what indications this combined therapy should be continued after surgery . U.S. guidelines recommend DAPT for at least 12 months , while EU guidelines recommend DAPT for 6 -- 12 months after a drug - eluting stent placement . However , they agree that aspirin be continued indefinitely after DAPT is complete . Cancer prevention ( edit ) Aspirin is thought to reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer . This effect is particularly beneficial for colorectal cancer ( CRC ) . It may also slightly reduce the risk of endometrial cancer , breast cancer , and prostate cancer . Some conclude the benefits are greater than the risks due to bleeding in those at average risk . Others are unclear if the benefits are greater than the risk . Given this uncertainty , the 2007 United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines on this topic recommended against the use of aspirin for prevention of CRC in people with average risk . Other uses ( edit ) Aspirin is a first - line treatment for the fever and joint - pain symptoms of acute rheumatic fever . The therapy often lasts for one to two weeks , and is rarely indicated for longer periods . After fever and pain have subsided , the aspirin is no longer necessary , since it does not decrease the incidence of heart complications and residual rheumatic heart disease . Naproxen has been shown to be as effective as aspirin and less toxic , but due to the limited clinical experience , naproxen is recommended only as a second - line treatment . Along with rheumatic fever , Kawasaki disease remains one of the few indications for aspirin use in children in spite of a lack of high quality evidence for its effectiveness . Low - dose aspirin supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of pre-eclampsia . This benefit is greater when started in early pregnancy . Resistance ( edit ) For some people , aspirin does not have as strong an effect on platelets as for others , an effect known as aspirin - resistance or insensitivity . One study has suggested women are more likely to be resistant than men , and a different , aggregate study of 2,930 people found 28 % were resistant . A study in 100 Italian people , though , found , of the apparent 31 % aspirin - resistant subjects , only 5 % were truly resistant , and the others were noncompliant . Another study of 400 healthy volunteers found no subjects who were truly resistant , but some had `` pseudoresistance , reflecting delayed and reduced drug absorption '' . Dosage ( edit ) Coated 325 mg ( 5 - grain ) aspirin tablets The 5 - grain aspirin . The usage guidance label on a bottle of aspirin indicates that the dosage is `` 325 mg ( 5 gr ) '' . Adult aspirin tablets are produced in standardised sizes , which vary slightly from country to country , for example 300 mg in Britain and 325 mg ( or 5 grains ) in the United States . Smaller doses are based on these standards , e.g. , 75 mg and 81 mg tablets . The 81 mg ( 1 ⁄ - grain ) tablets are commonly called `` baby aspirin '' or `` baby - strength '' , because they were originally -- but no longer -- intended to be administered to infants and children . No medical significance occurs due to the slight difference in dosage between the 75 mg and the 81 mg tablets . In general , for adults , doses are taken four times a day for fever or arthritis , with doses near the maximal daily dose used historically for the treatment of rheumatic fever . For the prevention of myocardial infarction ( MI ) in someone with documented or suspected coronary artery disease , much lower doses are taken once daily . March 2009 recommendations from the USPSTF on the use of aspirin for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease encourage men aged 45 -- 79 and women aged 55 -- 79 to use aspirin when the potential benefit of a reduction in MI for men or stroke for women outweighs the potential harm of an increase in gastrointestinal hemorrhage . The WHI study said regular low dose ( 75 or 81 mg ) aspirin female users had a 25 % lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and a 14 % lower risk of death from any cause . Low - dose aspirin use was also associated with a trend toward lower risk of cardiovascular events , and lower aspirin doses ( 75 or 81 mg / day ) may optimize efficacy and safety for people requiring aspirin for long - term prevention . In children with Kawasaki disease , aspirin is taken at dosages based on body weight , initially four times a day for up to two weeks and then at a lower dose once daily for a further six to eight weeks . Adverse effects ( edit ) Contraindications ( edit ) Aspirin should not be taken by people who are allergic to ibuprofen or naproxen , or who have salicylate intolerance or a more generalized drug intolerance to NSAIDs , and caution should be exercised in those with asthma or NSAID - precipitated bronchospasm . Owing to its effect on the stomach lining , manufacturers recommend people with peptic ulcers , mild diabetes , or gastritis seek medical advice before using aspirin . Even if none of these conditions is present , the risk of stomach bleeding is still increased when aspirin is taken with alcohol or warfarin . People with hemophilia or other bleeding tendencies should not take aspirin or other salicylates . Aspirin is known to cause hemolytic anemia in people who have the genetic disease glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , particularly in large doses and depending on the severity of the disease . Use of aspirin during dengue fever is not recommended owing to increased bleeding tendency . People with kidney disease , hyperuricemia , or gout should not take aspirin because it inhibits the kidneys ' ability to excrete uric acid , thus may exacerbate these conditions . Aspirin should not be given to children or adolescents to control cold or influenza symptoms , as this has been linked with Reye 's syndrome . Gastrointestinal ( edit ) Aspirin use has been shown to increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding . Although some enteric - coated formulations of aspirin are advertised as being `` gentle to the stomach '' , in one study , enteric coating did not seem to reduce this risk . Combining aspirin with other NSAIDs has also been shown to further increase this risk . Using aspirin in combination with clopidogrel or warfarin also increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding . Blockade of COX - 1 by aspirin apparently results in the upregulation of COX - 2 as part of a gastric defense and that taking COX - 2 inhibitors concurrently with aspirin increases the gastric mucosal erosion . Therefore , caution should be exercised if combining aspirin with any `` natural '' supplements with COX - 2 - inhibiting properties , such as garlic extracts , curcumin , bilberry , pine bark , ginkgo , fish oil , resveratrol , genistein , quercetin , resorcinol , and others . In addition to enteric coating , `` buffering '' is the other main method companies have used to try to mitigate the problem of gastrointestinal bleeding . Buffering agents are intended to work by preventing the aspirin from concentrating in the walls of the stomach , although the benefits of buffered aspirin are disputed . Almost any buffering agent used in antacids can be used ; Bufferin , for example , uses magnesium oxide . Other preparations use calcium carbonate . Taking it with vitamin C is a more recently investigated method of protecting the stomach lining . Taking equal doses of vitamin C and aspirin may decrease the amount of stomach damage that occurs compared to taking aspirin alone . Central effects ( edit ) Large doses of salicylate , a metabolite of aspirin , cause temporary tinnitus ( ringing in the ears ) based on experiments in rats , via the action on arachidonic acid and NMDA receptors cascade . Reye 's syndrome ( edit ) Main article : Reye 's syndrome Reye 's syndrome , a rare but severe illness characterized by acute encephalopathy and fatty liver , can occur when children or adolescents are given aspirin for a fever or other illness or infection . From 1981 through 1997 , 1207 cases of Reye 's syndrome in people younger than 18 were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Of these , 93 % reported being ill in the three weeks preceding the onset of Reye 's syndrome , most commonly with a respiratory infection , chickenpox , or diarrhea . Salicylates were detectable in 81.9 % of children for whom test results were reported . After the association between Reye 's syndrome and aspirin was reported , and safety measures to prevent it ( including a Surgeon General 's warning , and changes to the labeling of aspirin - containing drugs ) were implemented , aspirin taken by children declined considerably in the United States , as did the number of reported cases of Reye 's syndrome ; a similar decline was found in the United Kingdom after warnings against pediatric aspirin use were issued . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration now recommends aspirin ( or aspirin - containing products ) should not be given to anyone under the age of 12 who has a fever , and the British Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency recommends children who are under 16 years of age should not take aspirin , unless it is on the advice of a doctor . Skin ( edit ) For a small number of people , taking aspirin can result in symptoms resembling an allergic reaction , including hives , swelling , and headache . The reaction is caused by salicylate intolerance and is not a true allergy , but rather an inability to metabolize even small amounts of aspirin , resulting in an overdose . Aspirin and other NSAIDs , such as ibuprofen , may delay the healing of skin wounds . Aspirin may however help heal venous leg ulcers that have not healed following usual treatment . Other adverse effects ( edit ) Aspirin can induce swelling of skin tissues in some people . In one study , angioedema appeared one to six hours after ingesting aspirin in some of the people . However , when the aspirin was taken alone , it did not cause angioedema in these people ; the aspirin had been taken in combination with another NSAID - induced drug when angioedema appeared . Aspirin causes an increased risk of cerebral microbleeds having the appearance on MRI scans of 5 to 10 mm or smaller , hypointense ( dark holes ) patches . Such cerebral microbleeds are important , since they often occur prior to ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage , Binswanger disease , and Alzheimer 's disease . A study of a group with a mean dosage of aspirin of 270 mg per day estimated an average absolute risk increase in intracerebral hemorrhage ( ICH ) of 12 events per 10,000 persons . In comparison , the estimated absolute risk reduction in myocardial infarction was 137 events per 10,000 persons , and a reduction of 39 events per 10,000 persons in ischemic stroke . In cases where ICH already has occurred , aspirin use results in higher mortality , with a dose of about 250 mg per day resulting in a relative risk of death within three months after the ICH around 2.5 ( 95 % confidence interval 1.3 to 4.6 ) . Aspirin and other NSAIDs can cause abnormally high blood levels of potassium by inducing a hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronic state via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis ; however , these agents do not typically cause hyperkalemia by themselves in the setting of normal renal function and euvolemic state . Aspirin can cause prolonged bleeding after operations for up to 10 days . In one study , 30 of 6499 people having elective surgery required reoperations to control bleeding . Twenty had diffuse bleeding and 10 had bleeding from a site . Diffuse , but not discrete , bleeding was associated with the preoperative use of aspirin alone or in combination with other NSAIDS in 19 of the 20 diffuse bleeding people . On 9 July 2015 , the FDA toughened warnings of increased heart attack and stroke risk associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAID ) . Aspirin is an NSAID but is not affected by the new warnings . Overdose ( edit ) Main article : Aspirin poisoning Aspirin overdose can be acute or chronic . In acute poisoning , a single large dose is taken ; in chronic poisoning , higher than normal doses are taken over a period of time . Acute overdose has a mortality rate of 2 % . Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal , with a mortality rate of 25 % ; chronic overdose may be especially severe in children . Toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments , including activated charcoal , intravenous dextrose and normal saline , sodium bicarbonate , and dialysis . The diagnosis of poisoning usually involves measurement of plasma salicylate , the active metabolite of aspirin , by automated spectrophotometric methods . Plasma salicylate levels in general range from 30 -- 100 mg / l after usual therapeutic doses , 50 -- 300 mg / l in people taking high doses and 700 -- 1400 mg / l following acute overdose . Salicylate is also produced as a result of exposure to bismuth subsalicylate , methyl salicylate , and sodium salicylate . Interactions ( edit ) Aspirin is known to interact with other drugs . For example , acetazolamide and ammonium chloride are known to enhance the intoxicating effect of salicylates , and alcohol also increases the gastrointestinal bleeding associated with these types of drugs . Aspirin is known to displace a number of drugs from protein - binding sites in the blood , including the antidiabetic drugs tolbutamide and chlorpropamide , warfarin , methotrexate , phenytoin , probenecid , valproic acid ( as well as interfering with beta oxidation , an important part of valproate metabolism ) , and other NSAIDs . Corticosteroids may also reduce the concentration of aspirin . Ibuprofen can negate the antiplatelet effect of aspirin used for cardioprotection and stroke prevention . The pharmacological activity of spironolactone may be reduced by taking aspirin , and it is known to compete with penicillin G for renal tubular secretion . Aspirin may also inhibit the absorption of vitamin C . Chemical properties ( edit ) Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates , carbonates , citrates , or hydroxides of the alkali metals . It is stable in dry air , but gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids . In solution with alkalis , the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate . Like flour mills , factories that make aspirin tablets must pay attention to how much of the powder gets into the air inside the building , because the powder - air mixture can be explosive . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit in the United States of 5 mg / m ( time - weighted average ) . In 1989 , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) set a legal permissible exposure limit for aspirin of 5 mg / m , but this was vacated by the AFL - CIO v. OSHA decision in 1993 . Synthesis ( edit ) The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction . Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride , an acid derivative , causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid 's hydroxyl group into an ester group ( R - OH → R - OCOCH ) . This process yields aspirin and acetic acid , which is considered a byproduct of this reaction . Small amounts of sulfuric acid ( and occasionally phosphoric acid ) are almost always used as a catalyst . This method is commonly employed in undergraduate teaching labs . Reaction mechanism Formulations containing high concentrations of aspirin often smell like vinegar because aspirin can decompose through hydrolysis in moist conditions , yielding salicylic and acetic acids . Physical properties ( edit ) Aspirin , an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid , is a white , crystalline , weakly acidic substance , with a melting point of 136 ° C ( 277 ° F ) , and a boiling point of 140 ° C ( 284 ° F ) . Its acid dissociation constant ( pK ) is 3.5 at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) . Polymorphism ( edit ) Polymorphism , or the ability of a substance to form more than one crystal structure , is important in the development of pharmaceutical ingredients . Many drugs are receiving regulatory approval for only a single crystal form or polymorph . For a long time , only one crystal structure for aspirin was known . That aspirin might have a second crystalline form was suspected since the 1960s . The elusive second polymorph was first discovered by Vishweshwar and coworkers in 2005 , and fine structural details were given by Bond et al . A new crystal type was found after attempted cocrystallization of aspirin and levetiracetam from hot acetonitrile . The form II is only stable at 100 K and reverts to form I at ambient temperature . In the ( unambiguous ) form I , two salicylic molecules form centrosymmetric dimers through the acetyl groups with the ( acidic ) methyl proton to carbonyl hydrogen bonds , and in the newly claimed form II , each salicylic molecule forms the same hydrogen bonds with two neighboring molecules instead of one . With respect to the hydrogen bonds formed by the carboxylic acid groups , both polymorphs form identical dimer structures . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Main article : Mechanism of action of aspirin Discovery of the mechanism ( edit ) In 1971 , British pharmacologist John Robert Vane , then employed by the Royal College of Surgeons in London , showed aspirin suppressed the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes . For this discovery he was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , jointly with Sune Bergström and Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson . Prostaglandins and thromboxanes ( edit ) Aspirin 's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase ( COX ; officially known as prostaglandin - endoperoxide synthase , PTGS ) enzyme required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis . Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a serine residue in the active site of the PTGS enzyme ( Suicide inhibition ) . This makes aspirin different from other NSAIDs ( such as diclofenac and ibuprofen ) , which are reversible inhibitors . Low - dose aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A in platelets , producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation during the lifetime of the affected platelet ( 8 -- 9 days ) . This antithrombotic property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks in people who have had a heart attack , unstable angina , ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack . 40 mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A release provoked acutely , with the prostaglandin I2 synthesis being little affected ; however , higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition . Prostaglandins , local hormones produced in the body , have diverse effects , including the transmission of pain information to the brain , modulation of the hypothalamic thermostat , and inflammation . Thromboxanes are responsible for the aggregation of platelets that form blood clots . Heart attacks are caused primarily by blood clots , and low doses of aspirin are seen as an effective medical intervention for acute myocardial infarction . COX - 1 and COX - 2 inhibition ( edit ) At least two different types of cyclooxygenases , COX - 1 and COX - 2 , are acted on by aspirin . Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX - 1 and modifies the enzymatic activity of COX - 2 . COX - 2 normally produces prostanoids , most of which are proinflammatory . Aspirin - modified PTGS2 produces lipoxins , most of which are anti-inflammatory . Newer NSAID drugs , COX - 2 inhibitors ( coxibs ) , have been developed to inhibit only PTGS2 , with the intent to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects . However , several of the new COX - 2 inhibitors , such as rofecoxib ( Vioxx ) , have been withdrawn in the last decade , after evidence emerged that PTGS2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack and stroke . Endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body are proposed to express PTGS2 , and , by selectively inhibiting PTGS2 , prostaglandin production ( specifically , PGI2 ; prostacyclin ) is downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels , as PTGS1 in platelets is unaffected . Thus , the protective anticoagulative effect of PGI2 is removed , increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems . Since platelets have no DNA , they are unable to synthesize new PTGS once aspirin has irreversibly inhibited the enzyme , an important difference with reversible inhibitors . Furthermore , aspirin , while inhibiting the ability of COX - 2 to form pro-inflammatory products such as the prostaglandins , converts this enzyme 's activity from a prostaglandin - forming cyclooxygenase to a lipoxygenase - like enzyme : aspirin - treated COX - 2 metabolizes a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxy products which are then further metabolized to specialized proresolving mediators such as the aspirin - triggered lipoxins , aspirin - triggered resolvins , and aspirin - triggered maresins . These mediators possess potent anti-inflammatory activity . It is proposed that this aspirin - triggered transition of COX - 2 from cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase activity and the consequential formation of specialized proresolving mediators contributes to the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin . Additional mechanisms ( edit ) Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action . It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous ( and hepatic ) mitochondria , by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix , where it ionizes once again to release protons . Aspirin buffers and transports the protons . When high doses are given , it may actually cause fever , owing to the heat released from the electron transport chain , as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses . In addition , aspirin induces the formation of NO - radicals in the body , which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation . This reduced leukocyte adhesion is an important step in the immune response to infection ; however , evidence is insufficient to show aspirin helps to fight infection . More recent data also suggest salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signaling through NF - κB . NF - κB , a transcription factor complex , plays a central role in many biological processes , including inflammation . Aspirin is readily broken down in the body to salicylic acid , which itself has anti-inflammatory , antipyretic , and analgesic effects . In 2012 , salicylic acid was found to activate AMP - activated protein kinase , which has been suggested as a possible explanation for some of the effects of both salicylic acid and aspirin . The acetyl portion of the aspirin molecule has its own targets . Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well - established phenomenon in the regulation of protein function at the post-translational level . Aspirin is able to acetylate several other targets in addition to COX isoenzymes . These acetylation reactions may explain many hitherto unexplained effects of aspirin . Pharmacokinetics ( edit ) Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid , and very little of it is ionized in the stomach after oral administration . Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the acidic conditions of the stomach . The increased pH and larger surface area of the small intestine causes aspirin to be absorbed more slowly there , as more of it is ionised . Owing to the formation of concretions , aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose , and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion . About 50 -- 80 % of salicylate in the blood is bound to albumin protein , while the rest remains in the active , ionized state ; protein binding is concentration - dependent . Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity . The volume of distribution is 0.1 -- 0.2 L / kg . Acidosis increases the volume of distribution because of enhancement of tissue penetration of salicylates . As much as 80 % of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver . Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid , and with glucuronic acid to form two different glucuronide esters . The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the acyl glucuronide ; the deacetylated conjugate is the phenolic glucuronide . These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity . Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentisic acid . With large salicylate doses , the kinetics switch from first - order to zero - order , as metabolic pathways become saturated and renal excretion becomes increasingly important . Salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid ( 75 % ) , free salicylic acid ( 10 % ) , salicylic phenol ( 10 % ) , and acyl glucuronides ( 5 % ) , gentisic acid ( < 1 % ) , and 2 , 3 - dihydroxybenzoic acid . When small doses ( less than 250 mg in an adult ) are ingested , all pathways proceed by first - order kinetics , with an elimination half - life of about 2.0 h to 4.5 h . When higher doses of salicylate are ingested ( more than 4 g ) , the half - life becomes much longer ( 15 h to 30 h ) , because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated . Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated , because it is extremely sensitive to changes in urinary pH . A 10 - to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8 . The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination . History ( edit ) Main article : History of aspirin 1923 advertisement Medicines made from willow and other salicylate - rich plants appear in clay tablets from ancient Sumer as well as the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt . Hippocrates referred to their use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers around 400 BC , and were part of the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine in classical antiquity and the Middle Ages . Willow bark extract became recognized for its specific effects on fever , pain and inflammation in the mid-eighteenth century . By the nineteenth century pharmacists were experimenting with and prescribing a variety of chemicals related to salicylic acid , the active component of willow extract . In 1853 , chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated acetyl chloride with sodium salicylate to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time ; in the second half of the nineteenth century , other academic chemists established the compound 's chemical structure and devised more efficient methods of synthesis . In 1897 , scientists at the drug and dye firm Bayer began investigating acetylsalicylic acid as a less - irritating replacement for standard common salicylate medicines , and identified a new way to synthesize it . By 1899 , Bayer had dubbed this drug Aspirin and was selling it around the world . The word Aspirin was Bayer 's brand name , rather than the generic name of the drug ; however , Bayer 's rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries . Aspirin 's popularity grew over the first half of the twentieth century leading to fierce competition with the proliferation of aspirin brands and products . Aspirin 's popularity declined after the development of acetaminophen / paracetamol in 1956 and ibuprofen in 1962 . In the 1960s and 1970s , John Vane and others discovered the basic mechanism of aspirin 's effects , while clinical trials and other studies from the 1960s to the 1980s established aspirin 's efficacy as an anti-clotting agent that reduces the risk of clotting diseases . The initial large studies on the use of low - dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks that were published in the 1970s and 1980s helped spur reform in clinical research ethics and guidelines for human subject research and US federal law , and are often cited as examples of clinical trials that included only men , but from which people drew general conclusions that did not hold true for women . Aspirin sales revived considerably in the last decades of the twentieth century , and remain strong in the twenty - first with widespread use as a preventive treatment for heart attacks and strokes . Trademark ( edit ) Due to allowing the use of `` Aspirin '' for years by other manufacturing chemists , despite the trademark - infringing nature of the use , and its own failure to use the name for its own product when it began selling direct , Bayer lost its trademark in the United States in 1918 , affirmed by court appeal in 1921 . Today , aspirin is a generic word in Australia , France , India , Ireland , New Zealand , Pakistan , Jamaica , Colombia , the Philippines , South Africa , Ghana , the United Kingdom and the United States . Aspirin , with a capital `` A '' , remains a registered trademark of Bayer in Germany , Canada , Mexico , and in over 80 other countries , where the trademark is owned by Bayer , using acetylsalicylic acid in all markets , but using different packaging and physical aspects for each . Compendial status ( edit ) United States Pharmacopeia British Pharmacopoeia Veterinary Medicine ( edit ) Aspirin is sometimes used for pain relief or as an anticoagulant in veterinary medicine , primarily in dogs and sometimes horses , although newer medications with fewer side effects are generally used instead . Both dogs and horses are susceptible to the gastrointestinal side effects associated with salicylates , but it is a convenient treatment for arthritis in older dogs , and has shown some promise in cases of laminitis in horses . It is no longer commonly used for cases of laminitis , as it could be counterproductive for treatment . Aspirin should be used in animals only under the direct supervision of a veterinarian ; in particular , cats lack the glucuronide conjugates that aid in the excretion of aspirin , making it potentially toxic . No clinical signs of toxicosis occurred when cats were given 25 mg / kg of aspirin every 48 hours for 4 weeks . 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Jump up ^ Bond , Andrew D ; Boese , Roland ; Desiraju , Gautam R ( 2007 ) . `` On the polymorphism of aspirin : crystalline aspirin as intergrowths of two `` polymorphic '' domains `` . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 46 ( 4 ) : 618 -- 622 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200603373 . PMID 17139692 . Jump up ^ Vane , John Robert ( 1971 ) . `` Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin - like drugs '' . Nature New Biology . 231 ( 25 ) : 232 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / newbio231232a0 . PMID 5284360 . Jump up ^ Vane JR ; Botting RM ( 2003 ) . `` The mechanism of action of aspirin '' ( PDF ) . Thrombosis Research . 110 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 255 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0049 - 3848 ( 03 ) 00379 - 7 . PMID 14592543 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 '' . Nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aspirin in heart attack and stroke prevention '' . American Heart Association . Archived from the original on 31 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Tohgi , H ; S Konno ; K Tamura ; B Kimura ; K Kawano ( 1992 ) . `` Effects of low - to - high doses of aspirin on platelet aggregability and metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin '' . Stroke. 23 ( 10 ) : 1400 -- 1403 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 23.10. 1400 . PMID 1412574 . Jump up ^ Achhrish goel ; Ruchi gupta ; Anubhav goswami ; Madhu soodan ; sharma Yogesh sharma ( 2011 ) . `` Pharmacokinetic solubility and dissolution profile of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs '' . 2 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Martínez - González J ; Badimon L ( 2007 ) . `` Mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of COX - inhibition : benefits and risks '' . Current Pharmaceutical Design . 13 ( 22 ) : 2215 -- 27 . doi : 10.2174 / 138161207781368774 . PMID 17691994 . Jump up ^ Funk CD ; FitzGerald GA ( November 2007 ) . `` COX - 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk '' . Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology . 50 ( 5 ) : 470 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / FJC. 0b013e318157f72d . PMID 18030055 . Jump up ^ Romano M , Cianci E , Simiele F , Recchiuti A ( 2015 ) . `` Lipoxins and aspirin - triggered lipoxins in resolution of inflammation '' . European Journal of Pharmacology . 760 : 49 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejphar. 2015.03. 083 . PMID 25895638 . Jump up ^ Serhan CN , Chiang N ( 2013 ) . `` Resolution phase lipid mediators of inflammation : agonists of resolution '' . Current Opinion in Pharmacology . 13 ( 4 ) : 632 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coph. 2013.05. 012 . PMC 3732499 . PMID 23747022 . Jump up ^ Weylandt KH ( 2015 ) . `` Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators - The new world of lipid mediator medicine in a nutshell '' . European Journal of Pharmacology . 785 : 108 -- 115 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejphar. 2015.11. 002 . PMID 26546723 . Jump up ^ Somasundaram ; Sigthorsson , G ; Simpson , RJ ; Watts , J ; Jacob , M ; Tavares , IA ; Rafi , S ; Roseth , A ; Foster , R ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Uncoupling of intestinal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of cyclooxygenase are required for the development of NSAID - enteropathy in the rat '' . Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 14 ( 5 ) : 639 -- 650 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2036.2000. 00723. x . PMID 10792129 . Jump up ^ Paul - Clark , Mark J ; Cao , Thong van ; Moradi - Bidhendi , Niloufar ; Cooper , Dianne & Gilroy , Derek W ( 2004 ) . `` 15 - epi - lipoxin A4 -- mediated induction of nitric oxide explains how aspirin inhibits acute inflammation '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 200 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 78 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 20040566 . PMC 2213311 . PMID 15238606 . Jump up ^ McCarty , M.F. ; Block , K.I. ( 2006 ) . `` Preadministration of high - dose salicylates , suppressors of NF - kappaB activation , may increase the chemosensitivity of many cancers : an example of proapoptotic signal modulation therapy '' . Integrative Cancer Therapies. 5 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 268 . doi : 10.1177 / 1534735406291499 . PMID 16880431 . Jump up ^ Hawley , SA ; Fullerton , MD ; Ross , FA ; Schertzer , JD ; Chevtzoff , C ; Walker , KJ ; Peggie , MW ; Zibrova , D ; Green , KA ; Mustard , KJ ; Kemp , BE ; Sakamoto , K ; Steinberg , GR ; Hardie , DG ( 2012 ) . `` The ancient drug salicylate directly activates AMP - activated protein kinase '' . Science . 336 ( 6083 ) : 918 -- 922 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 336 ... 918H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1215327 . PMC 3399766 . PMID 22517326 . Jump up ^ Raffensperger , Lisa ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Clues to aspirin 's anti-cancer effects revealed '' . New Scientist. 214 ( 2862 ) : 16 . doi : 10.1016 / S0262 - 4079 ( 12 ) 61073 - 2 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Alfonso LF , Srivenugopal KS , Arumugam TV , Abbruscato TJ , Weidanz JA , Bhat GJ ( 2009 ) . `` Aspirin inhibits camptothecin - induced p21CIP1 levels and potentiates apoptosis in human breast cancer cells '' . International Journal of Oncology. 34 ( 3 ) : 597 -- 608 . doi : 10.3892 / ijo_00000185 . PMID 19212664 . Jump up ^ Alfonso LF , Srivenugopal KS , Bhat GJ ( 2009 ) . `` Does aspirin acetylate multiple cellular proteins ? '' . Molecular Medicine Reports ( review ) . 2 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 7 . doi : 10.3892 / mmr_00000132 . PMID 21475861 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , RK ; Boutros , AR ( 17 August 1970 ) . `` Death following self - poisoning with aspirin '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 213 ( 7 ) : 1186 -- 8 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 213.7. 1186 . PMID 5468267 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , FL ; Dubansky , AS ( April 1970 ) . `` Darvon poisoning with delayed salicylism : a case report '' . Pediatrics. 49 ( 4 ) : 610 -- 1 . PMID 5013423 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , G ; Tsuchiya , T ( 31 August 1972 ) . `` Salicylate accumulation kinetics in man '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 287 ( 9 ) : 430 -- 2 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197208312870903 . PMID 5044917 . Jump up ^ Martin Grootveld , Barry Halliwell ( 15 January 1988 ) . `` 2 , 3 - dihydroxybenzoic acid is a product of human aspirin metabolism '' . Biochemical Pharmacology . 37 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 280 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 2952 ( 88 ) 90729 - 0 . PMID 3342084 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartwig , Otto H ( 14 November 1983 ) . `` Pharmacokinetic considerations of common analgesics and antipyretics '' . American Journal of Medicine . 75 ( 5A ) : 30 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9343 ( 83 ) 90230 - 9 . PMID 6606362 . Jump up ^ Done , AK ( November 1960 ) . `` Salicylate intoxication . Significance of measurements of salicylate in blood in cases of acute ingestion '' . Pediatrics. 26 : 800 -- 7 . PMID 13723722 . Jump up ^ Chyka PA , Erdman AR , Christianson G , Wax PM , Booze LL , Manoguerra AS , Caravati EM , Nelson LS , Olson KR , Cobaugh DJ , Scharman EJ , Woolf AD , Troutman WG ( 2007 ) . `` Salicylate poisoning : an evidence - based consensus guideline for out - of - hospital management '' . Clinical Toxicology . American Association of Poison Control Centers ; Healthcare Systems Bureau , Health Resources and Services Administration , Department of Health and Human Services . 45 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 131 . doi : 10.1080 / 15563650600907140 . PMID 17364628 . Jump up ^ Prescott LF , Balali - Mood M , Critchley JA , Johnstone AF , Proudfoot AT ( 1982 ) . `` Diuresis or urinary alkalinisation for salicylate poisoning ? '' . British Medical Journal ( Clinical Research Edition ) . 285 ( 6352 ) : 1383 -- 6 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 285.6352. 1383 . PMC 1500395 . PMID 6291695 . Jump up ^ Dargan PI , Wallace CI , Jones AL ( 2002 ) . `` An evidenced based flowchart to guide the management of acute salicylate ( aspirin ) overdose '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 19 ( 3 ) : 206 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 19.3. 206 . PMC 1725844 . PMID 11971828 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Daniel R. ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Aspirin : Turn of the Century Miracle Drug '' . Chemical Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiebinger , L ( October 2003 ) . `` Women 's health and clinical trials '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 112 ( 7 ) : 973 -- 7 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI19993 . PMC 198535 . PMID 14523031 . Jump up ^ `` Regular aspirin intake and acute myocardial infarction '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5905 ) : 440 -- 3 . 9 March 1974 . PMC 1633212 . PMID 4816857 . Jump up ^ Elwood , PC ; Cochrane , AL ; Burr , ML ; Sweetnam , PM ; Williams , G ; Welsby , E ; Hughes , SJ ; Renton , R ( 9 March 1974 ) . `` A randomized controlled trial of acetyl salicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5905 ) : 436 -- 40 . PMC 1633246 . PMID 4593555 . Jump up ^ Bayer Co. v. United Drug Co. , 272 F. 505 , p. 512 ( S.D.N.Y 1921 ) ( `` Disregarding this , however , it was too late in the autumn of 1915 to reclaim the word which had already passed into the public domain . If the consuming public had once learned to know ' Aspirin ' as the accepted name for the drug , perhaps it is true that an extended course of education might have added to it some proprietary meaning , but it would be very difficult to prove that it had been done in 17 months , and in any case the plaintiff does not try to prove it . ( ... ) Yet , had it not been indifferent to the results of selling to the consumer , it could have protected itself just as well at the time when consumers began to buy directly as in 1915 . Nothing would have been easier than to insist that the tablet makers should market the drug in small tin boxes bearing the plaintiff 's name , or to take over the sale just as it did later . Instead of this , they allowed the manufacturing chemists to build up this part of the demand without regard to the trademark . Having made that bed , they must be content to lie in it . Hence it appears to me that nothing happening between October 1915 , and March 1917 , will serve to turn the word into a trademark . '' ) . Jump up ^ CBE Style Manual Committee ; Huth , Edward J. ( 1994 ) . Scientific style and format : the CBE manual for authors , editors , and publishers . Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47154 - 1 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aspirin : the versatile drug '' . CBC News . 28 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Tsung O. ( 2007 ) . `` The history of aspirin '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 34 ( 3 ) : 392 -- 393 . PMC 1995051 . PMID 17948100 . Jump up ^ Sigma Aldrich . `` Aspirin '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ British Pharmacopoeia . `` Index BP 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Cambridge H , Lees P , Hooke RE , Russell CS ( 1991 ) . `` Antithrombotic actions of aspirin in the horse '' . Equine Veterinary Journal . 23 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2042 - 3306.1991. tb02736. x . PMID 1904347 . Jump up ^ Lappin , Michael R , ed. ( 2001 ) . Feline internal medicine secrets . Philadelphia : Hanley & Belfus . p. 160 . ISBN 1 - 56053 - 461 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Analgesics ( toxicity ) '' . Merck . Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plants poisonous to livestock '' . Cornell University Department of Animal Science . Archived from the original on 16 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Notes Jeffreys , Diarmuid ( 11 August 2005 ) . Aspirin : the remarkable story of a wonder drug . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 600 - 3 . Sheldon Peter ( 2007 ) . The fall and rise of aspirin the wonder drug . Brewin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85858 - 403 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aspirin . Aspirin at DMOZ U.S. National Library of Medicine : Drug Information Portal -- Aspirin CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -- Acetyl salicylic Acid Take two : Aspirin , New uses and new dangers are still being discovered as aspirin enters its 2nd century . Shauna Roberts , American Chemical Society Ling , Greg ( 2005 ) . `` Aspirin '' . How Products are Made . 1 . Thomson Gale . <Th_colspan="2"> Antithrombotics ( thrombolytics , anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs ) ( B01 ) Antiplatelet drugs Glycoprotein IIb / IIIa inhibitors Abciximab Eptifibatide Orbofiban Roxifiban Sibrafiban Tirofiban ADP receptor / P2Y inhibitors Thienopyridines Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticlopidine Nucleotide / nucleoside analogs Cangrelor Elinogrel Ticagrelor Prostaglandin analogue ( PGI2 ) Beraprost Iloprost Prostacyclin Treprostinil COX inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid / Aspirin Aloxiprin Carbasalate calcium Indobufen Triflusal Thromboxane inhibitors Thromboxane synthase inhibitors Dipyridamole ( + aspirin ) Picotamide Terbogrel Receptor antagonists Terbogrel Terutroban Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Cilostazol Dipyridamole Triflusal Other Cloricromen Ditazole Vorapaxar Anticoagulants Vitamin K antagonists ( inhibit II , VII , IX , X ) Coumarins : Acenocoumarol Coumatetralyl Dicoumarol Ethyl biscoumacetate Phenprocoumon Warfarin 1 , 3 - Indandiones : Clorindione Diphenadione Phenindione Other : Tioclomarol Factor Xa inhibitors ( with some II inhibition ) Heparin group / glycosaminoglycans / ( bind antithrombin ) Low molecular weight heparin Bemiparin Certoparin Dalteparin Enoxaparin Nadroparin Parnaparin Reviparin Tinzaparin Oligosaccharides Fondaparinux Idraparinux Heparinoids Danaparoid Dermatan sulfate Sulodexide Direct Xa inhibitors ( `` xabans '' ) Apixaban Betrixaban Darexaban Edoxaban Otamixaban Rivaroxaban Direct thrombin ( IIa ) inhibitors Bivalent : Hirudin Bivalirudin Desirudin Lepirudin Univalent : Argatroban Dabigatran Efegatran Inogatran Melagatran Ximelagatran Other Antithrombin III Defibrotide Protein C Drotrecogin alfa Ramatroban REG1 Thrombolytic drugs / fibrinolytics Plasminogen activators : r - tPA Alteplase Reteplase Tenecteplase UPA Saruplase Urokinase Anistreplase Monteplase Streptokinase Other serine endopeptidases : Ancrod Brinase Fibrinolysin Non-medicinal Citrate EDTA Oxalate <Td_colspan="2"> WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III <Th_colspan="2"> Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) ( primarily M01A and M02A , also N02BA ) Pyrazolones / Pyrazolidines Aminophenazone Ampyrone Azapropazone Clofezone Difenamizole Famprofazone Feprazone Kebuzone Metamizole Mofebutazone Morazone Nifenazone Oxyphenbutazone Phenazone Phenylbutazone Propyphenazone Sulfinpyrazone Suxibuzone Salicylates Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) Aloxiprin Benorylate Carbasalate calcium Diflunisal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Methyl salicylate Salsalate Salicin Salicylamide Salicylic acid ( salicylate ) Sodium salicylate Acetic acid derivatives and related substances Aceclofenac Acemetacin Alclofenac Amfenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bumadizone Bufexamac Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclozic acid Fentiazac Indomethacin Indomethacin farnesil Isoxepac Ketorolac Lonazolac Oxametacin Prodolic acid Proglumetacin Sulindac Tiopinac Tolmetin Zomepirac Oxicams Ampiroxicam Droxicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam Propionic acid derivatives ( profens ) Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Pirprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin Tiaprofenic acid Vedaprofen COX - inhibiting nitric oxide donator : Naproxcinod N - Arylanthranilic acids ( fenamates ) Azapropazone Clonixin Etofenamate Flufenamic acid Flunixin Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Morniflumate Niflumic acid Tolfenamic acid Flutiazin Coxibs Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib Deracoxib Etoricoxib Firocoxib Lumiracoxib Mavacoxib Parecoxib Robenacoxib Rofecoxib Valdecoxib Other Aminopropionitrile Benzydamine Chondroitin sulfate Diacerein Fluproquazone Glucosamine Glycosaminoglycan Hyperforin Nabumetone Nimesulide Oxaceprol Proquazone Superoxide dismutase / Orgotein Tenidap <Td_colspan="2"> Items listed in bold indicate initially developed compounds of specific groups . WHO - EM Withdrawn drugs . Veterinary use medications . <Th_colspan="2"> Analgesics ( N02A , N02B ) Opioids Opiates / opium Codeine ( + paracetamol , + aspirin ) Morphine ( + naltrexone ) Opium Laudanum Paregoric Semisynthetic Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine Buprenorphine ( + naloxone ) Desomorphine Diamorphine ( heroin ) Dihydrocodeine ( + paracetamol ) Dihydromorphine Ethylmorphine Hydrocodone ( + paracetamol , + ibuprofen , + aspirin ) Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine Oxycodone ( + paracetamol , + aspirin , + ibuprofen , + naloxone , + naltrexone ) Oxymorphone Thebacon Synthetic Alfentanil Alphaprodine Anileridine Butorphanol Carfentanil Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene Dezocine Fentanyl ( + fluanisone ) Ketobemidone Levorphanol Lofentanil Meptazinol Methadone Nalbuphine NFEPP Pentazocine Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phenadoxone Phenazocine Piminodine Piritramide Propiram Remifentanil Sufentanil Tapentadol Tilidine Tramadol Paracetamol - type Acetanilide Bucetin Butacetin Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Parapropamol Phenacetin Propacetamol NSAIDs Propionates Fenoprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ketoprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Oxicams Meloxicam Piroxicam Acetates Diclofenac Indometacin Ketorolac Nabumetone Sulindac Tolmetin COX - 2 inhibitors Celecoxib Etoricoxib Lumiracoxib Parecoxib Rofecoxib Valdecoxib Fenamates Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Salicylates Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) ( + paracetamol / caffeine ) Benorylate Diflunisal Ethenzamide Magnesium salicylate Salicin Salicylamide Salsalate Wintergreen ( methyl salicylate ) Pyrazolones Aminophenazone Ampyrone Metamizole ( dipyrone ) Nifenazone Phenazone Propyphenazone ( + paracetamol / caffeine ) Others Glafenine Cannabinoids Cannabidiol Cannabis Nabilone Nabiximols Tetrahydrocannabinol ( dronabinol ) Ion channel modulators Calcium blockers Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Pregabalin Ziconotide Sodium blockers Carbamazepine Lacosamide Local anesthetics ( e.g. , cocaine , lidocaine ) Mexiletine Nefopam Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline ) Na 1.7 / 1.8 - selective : DSP - 2230 Funapide PF - 05089771 Raxatrigine Potassium openers Flupirtine Myorelaxants Carisoprodol Chlorzoxazone Cyclobenzaprine Mephenoxalone Methocarbamol Orphenadrine Others Analgesic adjuvant Analgecine Camphor Capsaicin Clonidine Ketamine Menthol Methoxyflurane Nefopam Proglumide Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline ) <Td_colspan="2"> WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III <Th_colspan="2"> Acne - treating agents ( D10 ) Antibacterial Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide 8 - Hydroxyquinoline Blue light therapy Tea tree oil Keratolytic Glycolic acid Salicylic acid Sulfur Benzoyl peroxide Anti-inflammatory Nicotinamide Ibuprofen Aspirin Red light therapy Antibiotics Clindamycin Dapsone Erythromycin Sulfacetamide Tetracyclines ( Lymecycline Minocycline Doxycycline ) Hormonal Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Drospirenone Flutamide Spironolactone ) Estrogens Estradiol Ethinylestradiol Retinoids Adapalene Isotretinoin Motretinide Tazarotene Tretinoin Other Benzamycin Epristeride Mesulfen Pelretin Stridex Tioxolone Combinations Adapalene / benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl peroxide / clindamycin Clindamycin / tretinoin Erythromycin / isotretinoin Sulfacetamide / sulfur <Td_colspan="2"> WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III <Th_colspan="2"> Salicylates <Td_colspan="2"> Salicylic acid Aspirin Aloxiprin Methyl salicylate Magnesium salicylate Ethyl salicylate Bismuth subsalicylate Sodium salicylate Salicylamide Salicin Benorilate Salsalate Ethenzamide Diflunisal Trolamine salicylate Homosalate Salicylmethylecgonine Octyl salicylate Aluminon Benzyl salicylate Copper aspirinate Potassium salicylate <Th_colspan="2"> Prostanoid signaling modulators Receptor ( ligands ) DP ( D ) DP Agonists : Prostaglandin D Treprostinil Antagonists : Asapiprant Laropiprant Vidupiprant DP Agonists : Indometacin Prostaglandin D Antagonists : ADC - 3680 AZD - 1981 Bay U3405 Fevipiprant MK - 1029 MK - 7246 QAV - 680 Ramatroban Setipiprant Timapiprant TM30089 Vidupiprant EP ( E ) EP Agonists : Beraprost Enprostil Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Latanoprost Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Sulprostone Antagonists : AH - 6809 ONO - 8130 SC - 19220 SC - 51089 SC - 51322 EP Agonists : Butaprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Treprostinil Antagonists : AH - 6809 PF - 04418948 TG 4 - 155 EP Agonists : Beraprost Carbacyclin Cicaprost Enprostil Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Isocarbacyclin Latanoprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin D Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) Remiprostol Sulprostone Antagonists : L - 798106 EP Agonists : Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Prostaglandin E ( dinoprostone ) TCS - 2510 Antagonists : Grapiprant GW - 627368 L - 161982 ONO - AE3 - 208 Unsorted Agonists : 16 , 16 - Dimethyl Prostaglandin E Aganepag Carboprost Evatanepag Gemeprost Nocloprost Omidenepag Prostaglandin F ( dinoprost ) Simenepag Taprenepag FP ( F ) Agonists : Alfaprostol Bimatoprost Carboprost Cloprostenol Enprostil Fluprostenol Latanoprost Prostaglandin D Prostaglandin F ( dinoprost ) Sulotroban Tafluprost Travoprost Unoprostone IP ( I ) Agonists : ACT - 333679 AFP - 07 Beraprost BMY - 45778 Carbacyclin Cicaprost Iloprost ( ciloprost ) Isocarbacyclin MRE - 269 NS - 304 Prostacyclin ( prostaglandin I , epoprostenol ) Prostaglandin E ( alprostadil ) Ralinepag Selexipag Taprostene TRA - 418 Treprostinil Antagonists : RO1138452 TP ( TX ) Agonists : Carbocyclic thromboxane A I - BOP Thromboxane A U-46619 Vapiprost Antagonists : 12 - HETE 13 - APA AA - 2414 Argatroban Bay U3405 BMS - 180,291 Daltroban Domitroban EP - 045 GR - 32191 ICI - 185282 ICI - 192605 Ifetroban Imitrodast L - 655240 L - 670596 Linotroban Mipitroban ONO - 3708 ONO - 11120 Picotamide Pinane thromboxane A Ramatroban Ridogrel S - 145 Samixogrel Seratrodast SQ - 28,668 SQ - 29,548 Sulotroban Terbogrel Terutroban TRA - 418 Unsorted Arbaprostil Ataprost Ciprostene Clinprost Cobiprostone Delprostenate Deprostil Dimoxaprost Doxaprost Ecraprost Eganoprost Enisoprost Eptaloprost Esuberaprost Etiproston Fenprostalene Flunoprost Froxiprost Lanproston Limaprost Luprostiol Meteneprost Mexiprostil Naxaprostene Nileprost Nocloprost Ornoprostil Oxoprostol Penprostene Pimilprost Piriprost Posaraprost Prostalene Rioprostil Rivenprost Rosaprostol Spiriprostil Tiaprost Tilsuprost Tiprostanide Trimoprostil Viprostol Enzyme ( inhibitors ) COX ( PTGS ) Salicylic acids : Aloxiprin Aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) Benorilate ( benorylate ) Carbasalate calcium Diflusinal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Mesalazine ( 5 - aminosalicylic acid ) Methyl salicylate Salacetamide Salicin Salicylamide Salicylate ( salicylic acid ) Salsalate Sodium salicylate Triflusal ; Acetic acids : Aceclofenac Acemetacin Aclofenac Amfenac Alclofenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bufexamac Bumadizone Cinmetacin Clometacin Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclofenac Fentiazac Glucametacin Indometacin ( indomethacin ) Indometacin farnesil Ketorolac Lonazolac Mofezolac Nabumetone Oxametacin Oxindanac Proglumetacin Sulindac Sulindac sulfide Tolmetin Zidometacin Zomepirac ; Propionic acids : Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen Bucloxic acid ( blucloxate ) Butibufen Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexindoprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Naproxcinod Oxaprozin Pirprofen Pranoprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin Tiaprofenic acid ( tiaprofenate ) Vedaprofen ; Anthranilic acids ( fenamic acids ) : Etofenamic acid ( etofenamate ) Floctafenic acid ( floctafenate ) Flufenamic acid ( flufenamate ) Meclofenamic acid ( meclofenamate ) Mefenamic acid ( mefenamate ) Morniflumic acid ( morniflumate ) Niflumic acid ( niflumate ) Talinflumic acid ( talinflumate ) Tolfenamic acid ( tolfenamate ) ; Pyrazolones : Azapropazone Dipyrone Isopyrin Oxyphenbutazone Phenylbutazone ; Enolic acids ( oxicams ) : Ampiroxicam Droxicam Enolicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam ; 4 - Aminoquinolines : Antrafenine Floctafenine Glafenine ; Quinazolines : Fluproquazone Proquazone ; Aminonicotinic acids : Clonixeril Clonixin Flunixin ; Sulfonanilides : Flosulide Nimesulide ; Aminophenols ( anilines ) : Acetanilide AM - 404 ( N - arachidonoylaminophenol ) Bucetin Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) Parapropamol Phenacetin Propacetamol ; Selective COX - 2 inhibitors ( coxibs ) : Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib Deracoxib Etoricoxib Firocoxib Lumiracoxib Mavacoxib Parecoxib Polmacoxib Robenacoxib Rofecoxib Tilmacoxib Valdecoxib ; Others / unsorted : Anitrazafen Clobuzarit Curcumin DuP - 697 FK - 3311 Flumizole FR - 122047 Glimepiride Hyperforin Itazigrel L - 655240 L - 670596 Licofelone Menatetrenone ( vitamin K ) NCX - 466 NCX - 4040 NS - 398 Pamicogrel Resveratrol Romazarit Rosmarinic acid Rutecarpine Satigrel SC - 236 SC - 560 SC - 58125 Tenidap Tiflamizole Timegadine Trifenagrel Tropesin PGD S Retinoids Selenium ( selenium tetrachloride , sodium selenite , selenium disulfide ) PGES HQL - 79 PGFS Bimatoprost PGI S Tranylcypromine TXAS Camonagrel Dazmegrel Dazoxiben Furegrelate Isbogrel Midazogrel Nafagrel Nicogrelate Ozagrel Picotamide Pirmagrel Ridogrel Rolafagrel Samixogrel Terbogrel U63557A Others Precursors : Linoleic acid γ - Linolenic acid ( gamolenic acid ) Dihomo - γ - linolenic acid Diacylglycerol Arachidonic acid Prostaglandin G Prostaglandin H <Td_colspan="2"> See also Receptor / signaling modulators Leukotriene signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators GND : 4000351 - 6 NDL : 00577498 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspirin&oldid=808791293 '' Categories : Aspirin Acetate esters Antiplatelet drugs Bayer AG Brands that became generic Equine medications German inventions Hepatotoxins Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Salicylates World Health Organization essential medicines Covalent inhibitors Chemical substances for emergency medicine Phenol esters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from January 2013 Good articles Infobox drug with local INN variant Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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7,758,350,048,264,369,000 | where is bangkok located on the world map | Bangkok - Wikipedia Bangkok Special administrative area in Thailand <Th_colspan="2"> Bangkok กรุงเทพมหานคร Krung Thep Maha Nakhon <Td_colspan="2"> Special administrative area <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Si Lom -- Sathon business district , the Giant Swing , Victory Monument , Rama VIII Bridge , Wat Arun , and the Grand Palace <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Location within Thailand <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 13 ° 45 ′ 09 '' N 100 ° 29 ′ 39 '' E / 13.75250 ° N 100.49417 ° E / 13.75250 ; 100.49417 Coordinates : 13 ° 45 ′ 09 '' N 100 ° 29 ′ 39 '' E / 13.75250 ° N 100.49417 ° E / 13.75250 ; 100.49417 Country Thailand Region Central Thailand Settled c. 15th century Founded as capital 21 April 1782 Re-incorporated 13 December 1972 Founded by King Rama I Governing body Bangkok Metropolitan Administration <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Special administrative area Governor Aswin Kwanmuang <Th_colspan="2"> Area City 1,568.737 km ( 605.693 sq mi ) Metro 7,761.6 km ( 2,996.8 sq mi ) Elevation 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 census ) City 8,280,925 Density 5,300 / km ( 14,000 / sq mi ) Metro 14,626,225 Metro density 1,900 / km ( 4,900 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Bangkokian ( Exonym ) Khon Krung Thep ( Native ) Time zone ICT ( UTC + 07 : 00 ) Postal code 10 # # # Area code ( s ) 02 ISO 3166 code TH - 10 Website www.bangkok.go.th Bangkok ( UK : / bæŋˈkɒk / , US : / ˈbæŋkɒk / ) is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon ( กรุงเทพมหานคร , pronounced ( krūŋ thêːp mahǎː nákhɔ̄ːn ) ( listen ) ) or simply Krung Thep ( listen ( help info ) ) . The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand , and has a population of over 8 million , or 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over 14 million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok an extreme primate city , significantly dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in terms of importance . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late 19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a major regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts , fashion and entertainment . The city is well known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its notorious red - light districts . The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong . Bangkok is among the world 's top tourist destinations . It is named the world 's most visited city in MasterCard 's Global Destination Cities Index , and was named `` World 's Best City '' for four consecutive years by Travel + Leisure magazine . Bangkok 's rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems . Limited roads , despite an extensive expressway network , together with substantial private car usage , have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion , which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s . The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem . Five rapid transit lines are now in operation , with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Contents 1 History 2 Name 3 Government 4 Geography 4.1 Topography 4.2 Climate 4.3 Districts 4.4 Cityscape 4.5 Parks and green zones 5 Demography 6 Economy 7 Tourism 8 Culture 8.1 Festivals and events 8.2 Media 8.3 Art 9 Sport 10 Transport 10.1 Roads 10.2 Buses and taxis 10.3 Rail systems 10.4 Water transport 10.5 Airports 11 Health and education 11.1 Education 11.2 Healthcare 12 Crime and safety 13 International relations 13.1 International participation 13.2 Sister cities 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Bangkok Map of 17th - century Bangkok , from Simon de la Loubère 's Du Royaume de Siam The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century , when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River , under the rule of Ayutthaya . Because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river , the town gradually increased in importance . Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river , and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam . After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767 , the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town , which became the base of the Thonburi Kingdom . In 1782 , King Phutthayotfa Chulalok ( Rama I ) succeeded Taksin , moved the capital to the eastern bank 's Rattanakosin Island , thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom . The City Pillar was erected on 21 April , which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city . Bangkok 's economy gradually expanded through busy international trade , first with China , then with Western merchants returning in the early - to - mid 19th century . As the capital , Bangkok was the centre of Siam 's modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century . The reigns of Kings Mongkut ( Rama IV , 1851 -- 68 ) and Chulalongkorn ( Rama V , 1868 -- 1910 ) saw the introduction of the steam engine , printing press , rail transport and utilities infrastructure in the city , as well as formal education and healthcare . Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932 . It was subject to Japanese occupation and Allied bombing during World War II , but rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of United States developmental aid and government - sponsored investment . Bangkok 's role as an American military R&R destination boosted its tourism industry as well as firmly establishing it as a sex tourism destination . Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and unprecedented migration from rural areas into Bangkok ; its population surged from 1.8 million to 3 million in the 1960s . Following the United States ' withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973 , Japanese businesses took over as leaders in investment , and the expansion of export - oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok . Rapid growth of the city continued through the 1980s and early 1990s , until it was stalled by the 1997 Asian financial crisis . By then , many public and social issues had emerged , among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city 's notorious traffic jams . Bangkok 's role as the nation 's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests , from the student uprisings in 1973 and 1976 , anti-military demonstrations in 1992 , and successive anti-government demonstrations by opposing groups from 2008 onwards . Administration of the city was first formalized by King Chulalongkorn in 1906 , with the establishment of Monthon Krung Thep Phra Maha Nakhon ( มณฑล กรุงเทพ พระ มหานคร ) as a national subdivision . In 1915 the monthon was split into several provinces , the administrative boundaries of which have since further changed . The city in its current form was created in 1972 with the formation of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( BMA ) , following the merger of Phra Nakhon Province on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya and Thonburi Province on the west during the previous year . Name ( edit ) The etymology of the name Bangkok ( บางกอก , pronounced in Thai as ( bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk ) ( listen ) ) is not absolutely clear . Bang is a Thai word meaning `` a village situated on a stream '' , and the name might have been derived from Bang Ko ( บาง เกาะ ) , ko meaning `` island '' , a reference to the area 's landscape which was carved by rivers and canals . Another theory suggests that it is shortened from Bang Makok ( บาง มะกอก ) , makok being the name of Elaeocarpus hygrophilus , a plant bearing olive - like fruit . This is supported by the fact that Wat Arun , a historic temple in the area , used to be named Wat Makok . Officially , however , the town was known as Thonburi Si Mahasamut ( ธนบุรี ศรี มหาสมุทร , from Pali and Sanskrit , literally `` city of treasures gracing the ocean '' ) or Thonburi , according to Ayutthaya chronicles . Bangkok was likely a colloquial name , albeit one widely adopted by foreign visitors , who continued to use it to refer to the city even after the new capital 's establishment . When King Rama I established his new capital on the river 's eastern bank , the city inherited Ayutthaya 's ceremonial name , of which there were many variants , including Krung Thep Thawarawadi Si Ayutthaya ( กรุงเทพ ทวาร วดี ศรีอยุธยา ) and Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Si Ayutthaya ( กรุงเทพมหานคร ศรีอยุธยา ) . Edmund Roberts , visiting the city as envoy of the United States in 1833 , noted that the city , since becoming capital , was known as Sia - Yut'hia , and this is the name used in international treaties of the period . Today , the city is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon ( กรุงเทพมหานคร ) or simply as Krung Thep ( กรุงเทพฯ ) . Its full ceremonial name , which came into use during the reign of King Mongkut , reads as follows : Full ceremonial name <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit กรุงเทพมหานคร อมร รัตนโกสินทร์ ม หิน ท รา ยุ ธ ยา มหา ดิลก ภพ นพ รัตน ราชธานี บูรี รมย์ อุดม ราช นิเวศน์ มหา สถาน อมร พิมาน อวตาร สถิต สักกะ ทัต ติ ย วิษณุกรรม ประสิทธิ์ The name , composed of Pali and Sanskrit root words , translates as : City of angels , great city of immortals , magnificent city of the nine gems , seat of the king , city of royal palaces , home of gods incarnate , erected by Vishvakarman at Indra 's behest . `` Krung Thep Maha Nakhon '' ( 1989 ) by Asanee -- Wasan <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The name is listed in Guinness World Records as the world 's longest place name , at 168 letters . Thai school children are taught the full name , although few can explain its meaning as many of the words are archaic , and known to few . Most Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in a popular song , `` Krung Thep Maha Nakhon '' ( 1989 ) by Asanee -- Wasan and will often recount it by singing it , much as an English speaker might sing the alphabet song to recite the alphabet . The entirety of the lyrics is just the name of the city repeated over and over . The city is now officially known in Thai by a shortened form of the full ceremonial name , Krung Thep Maha Nakhon , which is colloquially further shortened to Krung Thep . Bangkok is the city 's official English name , as reflected in the name of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Government ( edit ) Main article : Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The city 's ceremonial name ( partially visible ) is displayed in front of the Bangkok City Hall . On the building is the BMA seal bearing an image of Indra riding Erawan . The city of Bangkok is locally governed by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( BMA ) . Although its boundaries are at the provincial ( changwat ) level , unlike the other 76 provinces Bangkok is a special administrative area whose governor is directly elected to serve a four - year term . The governor , together with four appointed deputies , form the executive body , who implement policies through the BMA civil service headed by the Permanent Secretary for the BMA . In separate elections , each district elects one or more city councillors , who form the Bangkok Metropolitan Council . The council is the BMA 's legislative body , and has power over municipal ordinances and the city 's budget . However , after the coup of 2014 all local elections have been cancelled and the council was appointed by the government on 15 September 2014 . The current Bangkok Governor is Police General Aswin Kwanmuang , who was appointed by the military government on 26 October 2016 following the suspension of the last elected governor M.R. Sukhumbhand Paribatra . Bangkok is subdivided into fifty districts ( khet , equivalent to amphoe in the other provinces ) , which are further subdivided into 180 subdistricts ( khwaeng , equivalent to tambon ) . Each district is managed by a district director appointed by the governor . District councils , elected to four - year terms , serve as advisory bodies to their respective district directors . The BMA is divided into sixteen departments , each overseeing different aspects of the administration 's responsibilities . Most of these responsibilities concern the city 's infrastructure , and include city planning , building control , transportation , drainage , waste management and city beautification , as well as education , medical and rescue services . Many of these services are provided jointly with other agencies . The BMA has the authority to implement local ordinances , although civil law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Bureau . The seal of the city shows Hindu god Indra riding in the clouds on Airavata , a divine white elephant known in Thai as Erawan . In his hand Indra holds his weapon , the vajra . The seal is based on a painting done by Prince Naris . The tree symbol of Bangkok is Ficus benjamina . The official city slogan , adopted in 2012 , reads : As built by deities , the administrative center , dazzling palaces and temples , the capital of Thailand กรุงเทพฯ ดุจ เทพ สร้าง เมือง ศูนย์กลาง การ ปกครอง วัด วัง งาม เรืองรอง เมืองหลวง ของ ประเทศไทย As the capital of Thailand , Bangkok is the seat of all branches of the national government . The Government House , Parliament House and Supreme , Administrative and Constitutional Courts are all located within the city . Bangkok is the site of the Grand Palace and Chitralada Villa , respectively the official and de facto residence of the king . Most government ministries also have headquarters and offices in the capital . Geography ( edit ) The Bangkok city proper is highlighted in this satellite image of the lower Chao Phraya delta . Notice the built - up urban area along the Chao Phraya River , which extends northward and southward into Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan Provinces . The Bangkok city proper covers an area of 1,568.737 square kilometres ( 605.693 sq mi ) , ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand . Of this , about 700 square kilometres ( 270 sq mi ) form the built - up urban area . It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area by City Mayors . The city 's urban sprawl reaches into parts of the six other provinces it borders , namely , in clockwise order from northwest : Nonthaburi , Pathum Thani , Chachoengsao , Samut Prakan , Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom . With the exception of Chachoengsao , these provinces , together with Bangkok , form the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region . Topography ( edit ) Bangkok is in the Chao Phraya River delta in Thailand 's central plains . The river meanders through the city in a southward direction , emptying into the Gulf of Thailand approximately 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) south of the city centre . The area is flat and low - lying , with an average elevation of 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) above sea level . Most of the area was originally swampland , which was gradually drained and irrigated for agriculture via the construction of canals ( khlong ) which took place throughout the 16th to 19th centuries . The course of the river as it flows through Bangkok has been modified by the construction of several shortcut canals . Bangkok 's major canals are shown in this map detailing the original course of the river and its shortcut canals . This intricate waterway network served as the primary mode of transport up until the late 19th century , when modern roads began to be built . Up until then , most people lived near or on the water , leading the city to be known during the 19th century as the `` Venice of the East '' . Many of these canals have since been filled in or paved over , but others still criss - cross the city , serving as major drainage channels and transport routes . Most canals are now badly polluted , although the BMA has committed to the treatment and cleaning up of several canals . The geology of the Bangkok area is characterized by a top layer of soft marine clay known as Bangkok clay , averaging 15 metres ( 49 ft ) in thickness , which overlies an aquifer system consisting of eight known units . This feature has contributed to the effects of subsidence caused by extensive ground water pumping . First recognized in the 1970s , subsidence soon became a critical issue , reaching a rate of 120 millimetres ( 4.7 in ) per year in 1981 . Ground water management and mitigation measures have since lessened the severity of the situation , although subsidence is still occurring at a rate of 10 to 30 millimetres ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) per year , and parts of the city are now 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) below sea level . There are fears that the city may be submerged by 2030 . Subsidence has resulted in increased flood risk , as Bangkok is already prone to flooding due to its low elevation and inadequate drainage infrastructure resulting from rapid urbanization . The city now relies on flood barriers and augmenting drainage from canals by pumping and building drain tunnels , but parts of Bangkok and its suburbs are still regularly affected by flooding . Heavy downpours resulting in urban runoff overwhelming drainage systems , and runoff discharge from upstream areas , are major triggering factors . Severe flooding affecting much of the city occurred recently in 1995 and 2011 . In the latter , most of Bangkok 's northern , eastern and western districts became inundated , in some places for over two months . Coastal erosion is also an issue in the gulf coastal area , a small length of which lies within Bangkok 's Bang Khun Thian District . Global warming poses further serious risks , and a study by the OECD has estimated that 5.138 million people in Bangkok may be exposed to coastal flooding by 2070 , the seventh highest among the world 's port cities . There are no mountains in Bangkok , the closest mountain range being the Khao Khiao Massif , located about 40 km ( 25 mi ) southeast of the city . Phu Khao Thong , the only hill in the metropolitan area , originated in a very large chedi that King Rama III ( 1787 -- 1851 ) decided to build at Wat Saket . The chedi collapsed during construction because the soft soil of Bangkok could not support the weight . Over the next few decades , the abandoned mud - and - brick structure acquired the shape of a natural hill and became overgrown with weeds . The locals called it `` phu khao '' ( ภูเขา ) , as if it were a natural feature . In the 1940s surrounding concrete walls were added to stop the hill from eroding . Climate ( edit ) Like most of Thailand , Bangkok has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification and is under the influence of the South Asian monsoon system . It experiences three seasons : hot , rainy , and cool , although temperatures are fairly hot year - round , ranging from an average low of 22.0 ° C ( 71.6 ° F ) in December to an average high of 35.4 ° C ( 95.7 ° F ) in April . The rainy season begins with the arrival of the southwest monsoon around mid-May . September is the wettest month , with an average rainfall of 334.3 millimetres ( 13.16 in ) . The rainy season lasts until October , when the dry and cool northeast monsoon takes over until February . The hot season is generally dry , but also sees occasional summer storms . The surface magnitude of Bangkok 's urban heat island has been measured at 2.5 ° C ( 4.5 ° F ) during the day and 8.0 ° C ( 14 ° F ) at night . The highest recorded temperature of Bangkok metropolis was 40.1 ° C ( 104.2 ° F ) in March 2013 , and the lowest recorded temperature was 9.9 ° C ( 49.8 ° F ) in January 1955 . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 37.6 ( 99.7 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 40.1 ( 104.2 ) 40.2 ( 104.4 ) 39.7 ( 103.5 ) 38.3 ( 100.9 ) 37.9 ( 100.2 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 37.9 ( 100.2 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 37.1 ( 98.8 ) 40.2 ( 104.4 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 33.6 ( 92.5 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 10 ( 50 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 13.3 ( 0.524 ) 20.0 ( 0.787 ) 42.1 ( 1.657 ) 91.4 ( 3.598 ) 247.7 ( 9.752 ) 157.1 ( 6.185 ) 175.1 ( 6.894 ) 219.3 ( 8.634 ) 334.3 ( 13.161 ) 292.1 ( 11.5 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 6.3 ( 0.248 ) 1,648.2 ( 64.89 ) Average rainy days 1.8 2.4 3.6 6.6 16.4 16.3 17.4 19.6 21.2 17.7 5.8 129.9 Average relative humidity ( % ) 68 72 72 72 75 74 75 76 79 78 70 66 73 Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.8 251.4 269.7 258.0 217.0 177.0 170.5 161.2 156.0 198.4 234.0 263.5 2,629.5 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Thai Meteorological Department , humidity ( 1981 -- 2010 ) : RID ; Rainfall ( 1981 -- 2010 ) : RID <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Pogodaiklimat.ru ( High / Low Record ) NOAA ( sun , 1961 -- 1990 ) Districts ( edit ) Bangkok 's fifty districts serve as administrative subdivisions under the authority of the BMA . Thirty - five of these districts lie to the east of the Chao Phraya , while fifteen are on the western bank , known as the Thonburi side of the city . The fifty districts , arranged by district code , are : Map showing the 50 districts of Bangkok Phra Nakhon District Dusit District Nong Chok District Bang Rak District Bang Khen District Bang Kapi District Pathum Wan District Pom Prap Sattru Phai District Phra Khanong District Min Buri District Lat Krabang District Yan Nawa District Samphanthawong District Phaya Thai District Thon Buri District Bangkok Yai District Huai Khwang District Khlong San District Taling Chan District Bangkok Noi District Bang Khun Thian District Phasi Charoen District Nong Khaem District Rat Burana District Bang Phlat District Din Daeng District Bueng Kum District Sathon District Bang Sue District Chatuchak District Bang Kho Laem District Prawet District Khlong Toei District Suan Luang District Chom Thong District Don Mueang District Ratchathewi District Lat Phrao District Watthana District Bang Khae District Lak Si District Sai Mai District Khan Na Yao District Saphan Sung District Wang Thonglang District Khlong Sam Wa District Bang Na District Thawi Watthana District Thung Khru District Bang Bon District The BMA uses several schemes to organize the districts into groups for administrative and general planning purposes . The scheme adopted in 2004 used twelve characteristic groups . Cityscape ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bangkok 's district areas often do not accurately represent the functional divisions of its neighbourhoods or actual land uses . Although urban planning policies date back to the commission of the `` Litchfield plan '' in 1960 , which set out strategies for land use , transportation and general infrastructure improvements , actual zoning regulations were not fully implemented until 1992 . As a result , the city grew organically throughout the period of its rapid expansion , both horizontally as ribbon developments extended along newly built roads , and vertically , with increasing numbers of high rises and skyscrapers being built in several commercial areas . The city has grown from its original centre along the river into a sprawling metropolis surrounded by swaths of suburban residential development extending north and south into neighbouring provinces . The highly populated and growing cities of Nonthaburi , Pak Kret , Rangsit and Samut Prakan are effectively now suburbs of Bangkok . Nevertheless , large agricultural areas remain within the city proper , in its eastern and western fringes . Land use in the city consists of 23 percent residential use , 24 percent agriculture , and 30 percent used for commerce , industry and by the government . The BMA 's City Planning Department is responsible for planning and shaping further development . It has published master plan updates in 1999 and 2006 , and a third revision is undergoing public hearings in 2012 . The Royal Plaza in Dusit District was inspired by King Chulalongkorn 's visits to Europe . Bangkok 's historic centre remains the Rattanakosin Island in Phra Nakhon District . It is the site of the Grand Palace and the City Pillar Shrine , primary landmarks of the city 's foundation , as well as many important Buddhist temples . Phra Nakhon , along with the neighbouring Pom Prap Sattru Phai and Samphanthawong Districts , formed what was the city proper in the later 19th century . Many traditional neighbourhoods and markets are located here , including the Chinese settlement of Sampheng . The city was expanded toward Dusit District in the early 19th century , following King Chulalongkorn 's relocation of the royal household to the new Dusit Palace . The buildings of the palace , including the neoclassical Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall , as well as the Royal Plaza and Ratchadamnoen Avenue which leads to it from the Grand Palace , reflect the heavy influence of European architecture at the time . Major government offices line the avenue , as does the Democracy Monument . The area is the site of the country 's seats of power as well as the city 's most popular tourist landmarks . The Sukhumvit area appears as a sea of high - rise buildings in this photograph taken from Baiyoke Tower II , the second tallest building in Bangkok . In contrast with the low - rise historic areas , the business district on Si Lom and Sathon Roads in Bang Rak and Sathon Districts teems with skyscrapers . It is the site of many of the country 's major corporate headquarters , but also of some of the city 's infamous red - light districts . The Siam and Ratchaprasong areas in Pathum Wan are home to some of the largest shopping malls in Southeast Asia . Numerous retail outlets and hotels also stretch along Sukhumvit Road leading southeast through Watthana and Khlong Toei Districts . More office towers line the streets branching off Sukhumvit , especially Asok Montri , while upmarket housing span many of its sois . Bangkok lacks a single distinct central business district . Instead , the areas of Siam and Ratchaprasong serve as a `` central shopping district '' containing many of the bigger malls and commercial areas in the city , as well as Siam Station , the only transfer point between the city 's two elevated train lines . The Victory Monument in Ratchathewi District is among its most important road junctions , serving over 100 bus lines as well as an elevated train station . From the monument , Phahonyothin and Ratchawithi / Din Daeng Roads respectively run northward and eastward linking to major residential areas . Most high - density development is located within the 113 - square - kilometre ( 44 sq mi ) area encircled by the Ratchadaphisek inner ring road . Ratchadaphisek is lined with businesses and retail outlets , and office buildings also concentrate around Ratchayothin Intersection in Chatuchak District to the north . Farther from the city centre , most areas are primarily mid - or low - density residential . The Thonburi side of the city is less developed , with fewer high rises . With the exception of a few secondary urban centres , Thonburi , as well as the outlying eastern districts , consist mostly of residential and rural areas . While most of Bangkok 's streets are fronted by vernacular shophouses , the largely unrestricted building frenzy of the 1980s has transformed the city into an urban jungle of skyscrapers and high rises exhibiting contrasting and clashing styles . There are 581 skyscrapers over 90 metres ( 300 feet ) tall in the city . Bangkok was ranked as the world 's 8th tallest city in 2016 . On the other hand , as a result of economic disparity , many slums have emerged in the city . In 2000 there were over 1 million people living in about 800 slum settlements . A large number of slums are concentrated near the Bangkok Port in Khlong Toei District . Skyscrapers of Ratchadamri and Sukhumvit at night , viewed across Lumphini Park from the Si Lom -- Sathon business district Parks and green zones ( edit ) Lumphini Park appears as an oasis of greenery among the skyscrapers of Ratchadamri and Sukhumvit . Bangkok has several parks , although these amount to a per - capita total park area of only 1.82 square metres ( 19.6 sq ft ) in the city proper . Total green space for the entire city is moderate , at 11.8 square metres ( 127 sq ft ) per person ; however , in the more densely built - up areas of the city these numbers are as low as 1.73 and 0.72 square metres ( 18.6 and 7.8 sq ft ) per person . More recent numbers claim that there is only 3.3 m of green space per person , compared to an average of 39 m in other cities across Asia . In Europe , London has 33.4 m of green space per head . Bangkokians thus have 10 times less green space than is standard in the region 's urban areas . Green belt areas include about 700 square kilometres ( 270 sq mi ) of rice paddies and orchards in the eastern and western edges of the city proper , although their primary purpose is to serve as flood detention basins rather than to limit urban expansion . Bang Kachao , a 20 - square - kilometre ( 7.7 sq mi ) conservation area in an oxbow of the Chao Phraya , lies just across the southern riverbank districts , in Samut Prakan Province . A master development plan has been proposed to increase total park area to 4 square metres ( 43 sq ft ) per person . Bangkok 's largest parks include the centrally located Lumphini Park near the Si Lom -- Sathon business district with an area of 57.6 hectares ( 142 acres ) , the 80 - hectare ( 200 - acre ) Suanluang Rama IX in the east of the city , and the Chatuchak -- Queen Sirikit -- Wachirabenchathat park complex in northern Bangkok , which has a combined area of 92 hectares ( 230 acres ) . Demography ( edit ) Historical census populations Year Population 1919 437,294 1929 713,384 1937 890,453 1947 1,178,881 1960 2,136,435 1970 3,077,361 1980 4,697,071 1990 5,882,411 2000 6,355,144 8,280,925 The city of Bangkok has a population of 8,280,925 according to the 2010 census , or 12.6 percent of the national population . In 2018 , the population has been estimated to be about 10 million . Roughly half are internal Thai immigrants from other provinces . Only 5,692,284 residents , belonging to 2,672,423 households , registered Bangkok as their legal domicile . A large number of Bangkok 's daytime population commutes from surrounding provinces in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region , the total population of which is 14,565,547 . Bangkok is a cosmopolitan city ; the census showed that it is home to 81,570 Japanese and 55,893 Chinese nationals , as well as 117,071 expatriates from other Asian countries , 48,341 from Europe , 23,418 from the Americas , 5,289 from Australia and 3,022 from Africa . Immigrants from neighbouring countries include 303,595 Burmese , 63,438 Cambodians and 18,126 Lao . In 2018 , numbers show that there are 370,000 international migrants registered with the Department of Employment , more than half of them migrants from Cambodia , Laos , and Myanmar . Although it has been Thailand 's largest population centre since its establishment as capital city in 1782 , Bangkok grew only slightly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries . British diplomat John Crawfurd , visiting in 1822 , estimated its population at no more than 50,000 . As a result of Western medicine brought by missionaries as well as increased immigration from both within Siam and overseas , Bangkok 's population gradually increased as the city modernized in the late 19th century . This growth became even more pronounced in the 1930s , following the discovery of antibiotics . Although family planning and birth control was introduced in the 1960s , the lowered birth rate was more than offset by increased migration from the provinces as economic expansion accelerated . Only in the 1990s have Bangkok 's population growth rates decreased , following the national rate . Thailand had long since become highly centralized around the capital . In 1980 , Bangkok 's population was fifty - one times that of Hat Yai and Songkhla , the second - largest urban centre , making it the world 's most prominent primate city . Yaowarat Road is the centre of Bangkok 's Chinatown . Chinese immigrants and their descendants form the largest ethnic group in the city . The majority of Bangkok 's population are of Thai ethnicity , although details on the city 's ethnic make - up are unavailable , as the national census does not document race . Bangkok 's cultural pluralism dates back to the early days of its foundation ; several ethnic communities were formed by immigrants and forced settlers including the Khmer , Northern Thai , Lao , Vietnamese , Tavoyan , Mon and Malay . Most prominent were the Chinese , who played major roles in the city 's trade and became the majority of Bangkok 's population -- estimates include up to three - fourths in 1828 and almost half in the 1950s . However , Chinese immigration was restricted from the 1930s and effectively ceased after the Chinese Revolution in 1949 . Their prominence subsequently declined as most of younger generations of Thai Chinese have integrated and adopted a Thai identity . Bangkok is still nevertheless home to a large Chinese community , with the greatest concentration in Yaowarat , Bangkok 's Chinatown . The majority ( 91 percent ) of the city 's population is Buddhist . Other religions include Islam ( 4.7 % ) , Christianity ( 2.0 % ) , Hinduism ( 0.5 % ) , Sikhism ( 0.1 % ) and Confucianism ( 0.1 % ) . Apart from Yaowarat , Bangkok also has several other distinct ethnic neighbourhoods . The Indian community is centred in Phahurat , where the Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha , founded in 1933 , is located . Ban Khrua on Saen Saep Canal is home to descendants of the Cham who settled in the late 18th century . Although the Portuguese who settled during the Thonburi period have ceased to exist as a distinct community , their past is reflected in Santa Cruz Church , on the west bank of the river . Likewise , the Assumption Cathedral on Charoen Krung Road is among many European - style buildings in the Old Farang Quarter , where European diplomats and merchants lived during the late 19th to early 20th centuries . Nearby , the Haroon Mosque is the centre of a Muslim community . Newer expatriate communities exist along Sukhumvit Road , including the Japanese community near Soi Phrom Phong and Soi Thong Lo , and the Arab and North African neighbourhood along Soi Nana . Sukhumvit Plaza , a mall on Soi Sukhumvit 12 , is popularly known as Korea Town . Economy ( edit ) The BTS Skytrain passes through the business district of Sathon . The Robot Building ( centre - right ) was completed in 1986 and is a symbol of Bangkok 's rapid growth in the mid-1980s . Bangkok is the economic centre of Thailand , and the heart of the country 's investment and development . In 2010 , the city had an economic output of 3.142 trillion baht ( 98.34 billion US dollars ) , contributing 29.1 percent of the gross domestic product ( GDP ) . This amounted to a per - capita GDP value of ฿ 456,911 ( $14,301 ) , almost three times the national average of ฿ 160,556 ( $5,025 ) . The Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined output of ฿ 4.773 tn ( $149.39 bn ) , or 44.2 percent of GDP . Bangkok 's economy ranks as the sixth among Asian cities in terms of per - capita GDP , after Singapore , Hong Kong , Tokyo , Osaka -- Kobe and Seoul . Wholesale and retail trade is the largest sector in the city 's economy , contributing 24.0 percent of Bangkok 's gross provincial product . It is followed by manufacturing ( 14.3 % ) ; real estate , renting and business activities ( 12.4 % ) ; transport and communications ( 11.6 % ) ; and financial intermediation ( 11.1 % ) . Bangkok alone accounts for 48.4 percent of Thailand 's service sector , which in turn constitutes 49.0 percent of GDP . When the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is considered , manufacturing is the most significant contributor at 28.2 percent of the gross regional product , reflecting the density of industry in the Bangkok 's neighbouring provinces . The automotive industry based around Greater Bangkok is the largest production hub in Southeast Asia . Tourism is also a significant contributor to Bangkok 's economy , generating ฿ 427.5 bn ( $13.38 bn ) in revenue in 2010 . Outside view of MBK Center The Stock Exchange of Thailand ( SET ) is located on Ratchadaphisek Road in inner Bangkok . The SET , together with the Market for Alternative Investment ( MAI ) has 648 listed companies as of the end of 2011 , with a combined market capitalization of 8.485 trillion baht ( $267.64 bn ) . Due to the large amount of foreign representation , Thailand has for several years been a mainstay of the Southeast Asian economy and a centre of Asian business . The Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranks Bangkok as an `` Alpha − '' world city , and it is ranked 59th in Z / Yen 's Global Financial Centres Index 11 . Bangkok is home to the headquarters of all of Thailand 's major commercial banks and financial institutions , as well as the country 's largest companies . A large number of multinational corporations base their regional headquarters in Bangkok due to the lower cost of the workforce and firm operations relative to other major Asian business centres . Seventeen Thai companies are listed on the Forbes 2000 , all of which are based in the capital , including PTT , the only Fortune Global 500 company in Thailand . Income inequality is a major issue in Bangkok , especially between relatively unskilled lower - income immigrants from rural provinces and neighbouring countries , and middle - class professionals and business elites . Although absolute poverty rates are low -- only 0.64 percent of Bangkok 's registered residents were living under the poverty line in 2010 , compared to a national average of 7.75 -- economic disparity is still substantial . The city has a Gini coefficient of 0.48 , indicating a high level of inequality . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Bangkok Wat Phra Kaeo in the Grand Palace is among Bangkok 's major tourist attractions . Bangkok is one of the world 's top tourist destination cities . MasterCard ranked Bangkok as the top destination city by international visitor arrivals in its Global Destination Cities Index 2016 , ahead of London with more than 21 million overnight visitors . Euromonitor International ranked Bangkok fourth in its Top City Destinations Ranking for 2016 . Bangkok was also named `` World 's Best City '' by Travel + Leisure magazine 's survey of its readers for four consecutive years , from 2010 to 2013 . As the main gateway through which visitors arrive in Thailand , Bangkok is visited by the majority of international tourists to the country . Domestic tourism is also prominent . The Department of Tourism recorded 26,861,095 Thai and 11,361,808 foreign visitors to Bangkok in 2010 . Lodgings were made by 15,031,244 guests , who occupied 49.9 percent of the city 's 86,687 hotel rooms . Bangkok also topped the list as the world 's most popular tourist destinations in 2017 rankings . Bangkok 's multi-faceted sights , attractions and city life appeal to diverse groups of tourists . Royal palaces and temples as well as several museums constitute its major historical and cultural tourist attractions . Shopping and dining experiences offer a wide range of choices and prices . The city is also famous for its dynamic nightlife . Although Bangkok 's sex tourism scene is well known to foreigners , it is usually not openly acknowledged by locals or the government . Khao San Road is lined by budget accommodation , shops and bars catering to tourists . Among Bangkok 's well - known sights are the Grand Palace and major Buddhist temples , including Wat Phra Kaew , Wat Pho , and Wat Arun . The Giant Swing and Erawan Shrine demonstrate Hinduism 's deep - rooted influence in Thai culture . Vimanmek Mansion in Dusit Palace is famous as the world 's largest teak building , while the Jim Thompson House provides an example of traditional Thai architecture . Other major museums include the Bangkok National Museum and the Royal Barge National Museum . Cruises and boat trips on the Chao Phraya and Thonburi 's canals offer views of some of the city 's traditional architecture and ways of life on the waterfront . Shopping venues , many of which are popular with both tourists and locals , range from the shopping centres and department stores concentrated in Siam and Ratchaprasong to the sprawling Chatuchak Weekend Market . Taling Chan Floating Market is among the few such markets in Bangkok . Yaowarat is known for its shops as well as street - side food stalls and restaurants , which are also found throughout the city . Khao San Road has long been famous as a backpackers ' destination , with its budget accommodation , shops and bars attracting visitors from all over the world . Bangkok has a reputation overseas as a major destination in the sex industry . Although prostitution is technically illegal and is rarely openly discussed in Thailand , it commonly takes place among massage parlours , saunas and hourly hotels , serving foreign tourists as well as locals . Bangkok has acquired the nickname `` Sin City of Asia '' for its level of sex tourism . Issues often encountered by foreign tourists include scams , overcharging and dual pricing . In a survey of 616 tourists visiting Thailand , 7.79 percent reported encountering a scam , the most common of which was the gem scam , in which tourists are tricked into buying overpriced jewellery . Culture ( edit ) The culture of Bangkok reflects its position as Thailand 's centre of wealth and modernisation . The city has long been the portal of entry of Western concepts and material goods , which have been adopted and blended with Thai values to various degrees by its residents . This is most evident in the lifestyles of the expanding middle class . Conspicuous consumption serves as a display of economic and social status , and shopping centres are popular weekend hangouts . Ownership of electronics and consumer products such as mobile phones is ubiquitous . This has been accompanied by a degree of secularism , as religion 's role in everyday life has rather diminished . Although such trends have spread to other urban centres , and , to a degree , the countryside , Bangkok remains at the forefront of social change . A distinct feature of Bangkok is the ubiquity of street vendors selling goods ranging from food items to clothing and accessories . It has been estimated that the city may have over 100,000 hawkers . While the BMA has authorised the practice in 287 sites , the majority of activity in another 407 sites takes place illegally . Although they take up pavement space and block pedestrian traffic , many of the city 's residents depend on these vendors for their meals , and the BMA 's efforts to curb their numbers have largely been unsuccessful . In 2015 , however , the BMA , with support from the National Council for Peace and Order ( Thailand 's ruling military junta ) , began cracking down on street vendors in a bid to reclaim public space . Many famous market neighbourhoods were affected , including Khlong Thom , Saphan Lek , and the flower market at Pak Khlong Talat . Nearly 15,000 vendors were evicted from 39 public areas in 2016 . While some applauded the efforts to focus on pedestrian rights , others have expressed concern that gentrification would lead to the loss of the city 's character and adverse changes to people 's way of life . Festivals and events ( edit ) Ratchadamnoen Avenue is annually decorated with lights and displays in celebration of the king 's birthday . The residents of Bangkok celebrate many of Thailand 's annual festivals . During Songkran on 13 -- 15 April , traditional rituals as well as water fights take place throughout the city . Loi Krathong , usually in November , is accompanied by the Golden Mount Fair . New Year celebrations take place at many venues , the most prominent being the plaza in front of CentralWorld . Observances related to the royal family are held primarily in Bangkok . Wreaths are laid at King Chulalongkorn 's equestrian statue in the Royal Plaza on 23 October , which is King Chulalongkorn Memorial Day . The present king 's and queen 's birthdays , respectively on 5 December and 12 August , are marked as Thailand 's national Father 's Day and national Mother 's Day . These national holidays are celebrated by royal audiences on the day 's eve , in which the king or queen gives a speech , and public gatherings on the day of the observance . The king 's birthday is also marked by the Royal Guards ' parade . Sanam Luang is the site of the Thai Kite , Sport and Music Festival , usually held in March , and the Royal Ploughing Ceremony which takes place in May . The Red Cross Fair at the beginning of April is held at Suan Amporn and the Royal Plaza , and features numerous booths offering goods , games and exhibits . The Chinese New Year ( January -- February ) and Vegetarian Festival ( September -- October ) are celebrated widely by the Chinese community , especially in Yaowarat . Media ( edit ) Bangkok is the centre of Thailand 's media industry . All national newspapers , broadcast media and major publishers are based in the capital . Its 21 national newspapers had a combined daily circulation of about two million in 2002 . These include the mass - oriented Thai Rath , Khao Sod and Daily News , the first of which currently prints a million copies per day , as well as the less sensational Matichon and Krungthep Thurakij . The Bangkok Post and The Nation are the two national English language dailies . Foreign publications including The Asian Wall Street Journal , Financial Times , The Straits Times and the Yomiuri Shimbun also have operations in Bangkok . The large majority of Thailand 's more than 200 magazines are published in the capital , and include news magazines as well as lifestyle , entertainment , gossip and fashion - related publications . Bangkok is also the hub of Thailand 's broadcast television . All six national terrestrial channels , Channels 3 , 5 and 7 , Modernine , NBT and Thai PBS , have headquarters and main studios in the capital . With the exception of local news segments broadcast by the NBT , all programming is done in Bangkok and repeated throughout the provinces . However , this centralised model is weakening with the rise of cable television , which has many local providers . There are numerous cable and satellite channels based in Bangkok . TrueVisions is the major subscription television provider in Bangkok and Thailand , and it also carries international programming . Bangkok was home to 40 of Thailand 's 311 FM radio stations and 38 of its 212 AM stations in 2002 . Broadcast media reform stipulated by the 1997 Constitution has been progressing slowly , although many community radio stations have emerged in the city . Likewise , Bangkok has dominated the Thai film industry since its inception . Although film settings normally feature locations throughout the country , the city is home to all major film studios . Bangkok has dozens of cinemas and multiplexes , and the city hosts two major film festivals annually , the Bangkok International Film Festival and the World Film Festival of Bangkok . Art ( edit ) Bangkok Art and Culture Centre , the city 's major public contemporary art venue , was opened in 2008 after many delays . Traditional Thai art , long developed within religious and royal contexts , continues to be sponsored by various government agencies in Bangkok , including the Department of Fine Arts ' Office of Traditional Arts . The SUPPORT Foundation in Chitralada Palace sponsors traditional and folk handicrafts . Various communities throughout the city still practice their traditional crafts , including the production of khon masks , alms bowls , and classical musical instruments . The National Gallery hosts permanent collection of traditional and modern art , with temporary contemporary exhibits . Bangkok 's contemporary art scene has slowly grown from relative obscurity into the public sphere over the past two decades . Private galleries gradually emerged to provide exposure for new artists , including the Patravadi Theatre and H Gallery . The centrally located Bangkok Art and Culture Centre , opened in 2008 following a fifteen - year lobbying campaign , is now the largest public exhibition space in the city . There are also many other art galleries and museums , including the privately owned Museum of Contemporary Art . The city 's performing arts scene features traditional theatre and dance as well as Western - style plays . Khon and other traditional dances are regularly performed at the National Theatre and Salachalermkrung Royal Theatre , while the Thailand Cultural Centre is a newer multi-purpose venue which also hosts musicals , orchestras and other events . Numerous venues regularly feature a variety of performances throughout the city . Sport ( edit ) Games of sepak takraw can be spotted throughout Bangkok 's parks and streets . Modern Bangkok has developed a strong spectator sport culture . While muay Thai kickboxing matches at Rajadamnern and Lumpini Stadiums are regularly broadcast on television , the sport has mostly been overtaken in popularity by association football . Several foreign leagues and competitions , especially England 's Premier League , have large followings in Bangkok as well as other Thai urban centres . In recent years , the Thai League has been gaining popularity . Police Tero based in Bangkok and Muangthong United based in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region are leading clubs . ( See also Football in Bangkok . ) While sepak takraw can be seen played in open spaces throughout the city , especially by the working class , football and other modern sports are now more of the norm . Western sports were introduced during the reign of King Chulalongkorn , and were originally only available to the privileged . Such status is still associated with certain sports . Golf is popular among the upwardly mobile , and while Thailand 's more famous clubs are in the countryside , there are several courses in Bangkok itself . Horse riding takes place in a couple of exclusive clubs in the city . Horse racing is very popular in Bangkok and betting on horses is legal . There are two racecourses in Bangkok : `` Royal Bangkok Sports Club '' and `` Royal Turf Club of Thailand '' . There are many public sporting facilities located throughout Bangkok . The two main centres are the National Stadium complex , which dates to 1938 , and the newer Hua Mak Sports Complex , which was built for the 1998 Asian Games . Bangkok had also hosted the games in 1966 , 1970 and 1978 . The city was the host of the inaugural 1959 Southeast Asian Games , the 2007 Summer Universiade and the 2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Bangkok Streetlamps and headlights illuminate the Makkasan Interchange of the expressway . The system sees a traffic of over 1.5 million vehicles per day . Although Bangkok 's canals historically served as a major mode of transport , they have long since been surpassed in importance by land traffic . Charoen Krung Road , the first to be built by Western techniques , was completed in 1864 . Since then , the road network has vastly expanded to accommodate the sprawling city . A complex elevated expressway network helps bring traffic into and out of the city centre , but Bangkok 's rapid growth has put a large strain on infrastructure , and traffic jams have plagued the city since the 1990s . Although rail transport was introduced in 1893 and electric trams served the city from 1894 to 1968 , it was only in 1999 that Bangkok 's first rapid transit system began operation . Older public transport systems include an extensive bus network and boat services which still operate on the Chao Phraya and two canals . Taxis appear in the form of cars , motorcycles , and `` tuk - tuk '' auto rickshaws . Bangkok is connected to the rest of the country through the national highway and rail networks , as well as by domestic flights to and from the city 's two international airports . Its centuries - old maritime transport of goods is still conducted through Khlong Toei Port . The BMA is largely responsible for overseeing the construction and maintenance of the road network and transport systems through its Public Works Department and Traffic and Transportation Department . However , many separate government agencies are also in charge of the individual systems , and much of transport - related policy planning and funding is contributed to by the national government . Roads ( edit ) Road - based transport is the primary mode of travel in Bangkok . Due to the city 's organic development , its streets do not follow an organized grid structure . Forty - eight major roads link the different areas of the city , branching into smaller streets and lanes ( soi ) which serve local neighbourhoods . Eleven bridges over the Chao Phraya link the two sides of the city , while several expressway and motorway routes bring traffic into and out of the city centre and link with nearby provinces . Traffic jams , seen here on Ratchadamri Road , are common in Bangkok . Bangkok 's rapid growth in the 1980s resulted in sharp increases in vehicle ownership and traffic demand , which have since continued -- in 2006 there were 3,943,211 in - use vehicles in Bangkok , of which 37.6 percent were private cars and 32.9 percent were motorcycles . These increases , in the face of limited carrying capacity , caused severe traffic congestion evident by the early 1990s . The extent of the problem is such that the Thai Traffic Police has a unit of officers trained in basic midwifery in order to assist deliveries which do not reach hospital in time . While Bangkok 's limited road surface area ( 8 percent , compared to 20 -- 30 percent in most Western cities ) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams , other factors , including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level , inadequate public transport systems , and lack of transportation demand management , also play a role . Efforts to alleviate the problem have included the construction of intersection bypasses and an extensive system of elevated highways , as well as the creation of several new rapid transit systems . The city 's overall traffic conditions , however , remain poor . Traffic has been the main source of air pollution in Bangkok , which reached serious levels in the 1990s . But efforts to improve air quality by improving fuel quality and enforcing emission standards , among others , had visibly ameliorated the problem by the 2000s . Atmospheric particulate matter levels dropped from 81 micrograms per cubic metre in 1997 to 43 in 2007 . However , increasing vehicle numbers and a lack of continued pollution - control efforts threatens a reversal of the past success . In January -- February 2018 , weather conditions caused bouts of haze to cover the city , with particulate matter under 2.5 micrometres ( PM ) rising to unhealthy levels for several days on end . Although the BMA has created thirty signed bicycle routes along several roads totalling 230 kilometres ( 140 mi ) , cycling is still largely impractical , especially in the city centre . Most of these bicycle lanes share the pavement with pedestrians . Poor surface maintenance , encroachment by hawkers and street vendors , and a hostile environment for cyclists and pedestrians , make cycling and walking unpopular methods of getting around in Bangkok . Buses and taxis ( edit ) A large number of buses , minibuses and taxis share the streets with private vehicles at Victory Monument , a major public transport hub . Bangkok has an extensive bus network providing local transit services within the Greater Bangkok area . The Bangkok Mass Transit Authority ( BMTA ) operates a monopoly on bus services , with substantial concessions granted to private operators . Buses , minibus vans , and song thaeo operate on a total of 470 routes throughout the region . A separate bus rapid transit system owned by the BMA has been in operation since 2010 . Known simply as the BRT , the system currently consists of a single line running from the business district at Sathon to Ratchaphruek on the western side of the city . The Transport Co. , Ltd. is the BMTA 's long - distance counterpart , with services to all provinces operating out of Bangkok . Taxis are ubiquitous in Bangkok , and are a popular form of transport . As of August 2012 , there are 106,050 cars , 58,276 motorcycles and 8,996 tuk - tuk motorized tricycles cumulatively registered for use as taxis . Meters have been required for car taxis since 1992 , while tuk - tuk fares are usually negotiated . Motorcycle taxis operate from regulated ranks , with either fixed or negotiable fares , and are usually employed for relatively short journeys . Despite their popularity , taxis have gained a bad reputation for often refusing passengers when the requested route is not to the driver 's convenience . Motorcycle taxis were previously unregulated , and subject to extortion by organized crime gangs . Since 2003 , registration has been required for motorcycle taxi ranks , and drivers now wear distinctive numbered vests designating their district of registration and where they are allowed to accept passengers . Rail systems ( edit ) Main article : Rail transport in Bangkok A BTS train passes over the busy Sala Daeng Intersection . The MRT also crosses below the street at this location . Bangkok is the location of Hua Lamphong Railway Station , the main terminus of the national rail network operated by the State Railway of Thailand ( SRT ) . In addition to long - distance services , the SRT also operates a few daily commuter trains running from and to the outskirts of the city during the rush hour . Bangkok is currently served by three rapid transit systems : the BTS Skytrain , the underground MRT and the elevated Airport Rail Link . Although proposals for the development of rapid transit in Bangkok had been made since 1975 , it was only in 1999 that the BTS finally began operation . The BTS consists of two lines , Sukhumvit and Silom , with thirty - four stations along 30.95 kilometres ( 19.23 mi ) . The MRT opened for use in July 2004 , and currently consists of two lines , the Blue Line and Purple Line . The Airport Rail Link , opened in August 2010 , connects the city centre to Suvarnabhumi Airport to the east . Its eight stations span a distance of 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) . Although initial passenger numbers were low and their service area remains limited to the inner city , these systems have become indispensable to many commuters . The BTS reported an average of 600,000 daily trips in 2012 , while the MRT had 240,000 passenger trips per day . As of 2016 , construction work is ongoing to extend BTS and MRT , as well as several additional transit lines , including the Light Red grade - separated commuter rail line . The entire Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region consists of eight main lines and four feeder lines totalling 508 kilometres ( 316 mi ) to be completed by 2029 . In addition to rapid transit and heavy rail lines , there have been proposals for several monorail systems . Water transport ( edit ) The Khlong Saen Saep water bus serves over 50,000 passengers daily . Although much diminished from its past prominence , water - based transport still plays an important role in Bangkok and the immediate upstream and downstream provinces . Several water buses serve commuters daily . The Chao Phraya Express Boat serves thirty - four stops along the river , carrying an average of 35,586 passengers per day in 2010 , while the smaller Khlong Saen Saep boat service serves twenty - seven stops on Saen Saep Canal with 57,557 daily passengers . Long - tail boats operate on fifteen regular routes on the Chao Phraya , and passenger ferries at thirty - two river crossings served an average of 136,927 daily passengers in 2010 . Bangkok Port , popularly known by its location as Khlong Toei Port , was Thailand 's main international port from its opening in 1947 until it was superseded by the deep - sea Laem Chabang Port in 1991 . It is primarily a cargo port , though its inland location limits access to ships of 12,000 deadweight tonnes or less . The port handled 11,936,855 tonnes ( 13,158,130 tons ) of cargo in the first eight months of the 2010 fiscal year , about 22 percent the total of the country 's international ports . Airports ( edit ) Bangkok is one of Asia 's busiest air transport hubs . Two commercial airports serve the city , the older Don Mueang International Airport and the new Bangkok International Airport , commonly known as Suvarnabhumi . Suvarnabhumi , which replaced Don Mueang as Bangkok 's main airport after its opening in 2006 , served 52,808,013 passengers in 2015 , making it the world 's 20th busiest airport by passenger volume . This volume exceeded its designed capacity of 45 million passengers . Don Mueang reopened for domestic flights in 2007 , and resumed international service focusing on low - cost carriers in October 2012 . Suvarnabhumi is undergoing expansion to increase its capacity to 60 million passengers by 2019 and 90 million by 2021 . Health and education ( edit ) Education ( edit ) The campus of Chulalongkorn University was surrounded by rural fields when it was established in 1917 . Pathum Wan District has since become part of the Bangkok city centre . Bangkok has long been the centre of modern education in Thailand . The first schools in the country were established here in the later 19th century , and there are now 1,351 schools in the city . The city is home to the country 's five oldest universities , Chulalongkorn , Thammasat , Kasetsart , Mahidol and Silpakorn , founded between 1917 and 1943 . The city has since continued its dominance , especially in higher education ; the majority of the country 's universities , both public and private , are located in Bangkok or the Metropolitan Region . Chulalongkorn and Mahidol are the only Thai universities to appear in the top 500 of the QS World University Rankings . King Mongkut 's University of Technology Thonburi , also located in Bangkok , is the only Thai university in the top 400 of the 2012 -- 13 Times Higher Education World University Rankings . Over the past few decades the general trend of pursuing a university degree has prompted the founding of new universities to meet the needs of Thai students . Bangkok became not only a place where immigrants and provincial Thais go for job opportunities , but also for a chance to receive a university degree . Ramkhamhaeng University emerged in 1971 as Thailand 's first open university ; it now has the highest enrolment in the country . The demand for higher education has led to the founding of many other universities and colleges , both public and private . While many universities have been established in major provinces , the Greater Bangkok region remains home to the greater majority of institutions , and the city 's tertiary education scene remains over-populated with non-Bangkokians . The situation is not limited to higher education , either . In the 1960s , 60 to 70 percent of 10 - to 19 - year - olds who were in school had migrated to Bangkok for secondary education . This was due to both a lack of secondary schools in the provinces and perceived higher standards of education in the capital . Although this discrepancy has since largely abated , tens of thousands of students still compete for places in Bangkok 's leading schools . Education has long been a prime factor in the centralization of Bangkok and will play a vital role in the government 's efforts to decentralize the country . Healthcare ( edit ) Siriraj Hospital , established in 1888 , is the oldest hospital in Thailand . Much of Thailand 's medical resources are disproportionately concentrated in the capital . In 2000 , Bangkok had 39.6 percent of the country 's doctors and a physician - to - population ratio of 1 : 794 , compared to a median of 1 : 5,667 among all provinces . The city is home to 42 public hospitals , five of which are university hospitals , as well as 98 private hospitals and 4,063 registered clinics . The BMA operates nine public hospitals through its Medical Service Department , and its Health Department provides primary care through sixty - eight community health centres . Thailand 's universal healthcare system is implemented through public hospitals and health centres as well as participating private providers . Research - oriented medical school affiliates such as Siriraj , King Chulalongkorn Memorial and Ramathibodi Hospitals are among the largest in the country , and act as tertiary care centres , receiving referrals from distant parts of the country . Lately , especially in the private sector , there has been much growth in medical tourism , with hospitals such as Bumrungrad and Bangkok Hospital , among others , providing services specifically catering to foreigners . An estimated 200,000 medical tourists visited Thailand in 2011 , making Bangkok the most popular global destination for medical tourism . Crime and Safety ( edit ) Bangkok has a relatively moderate crime rate when compared to urban counterparts around the world . Traffic accidents are a major hazard , while natural disasters are rare . Intermittent episodes of political unrest and occasional terrorist attacks have resulted in losses of life . Although the crime threat in Bangkok is relatively low , non-confrontational crimes of opportunity such as pick - pocketing , purse - snatching , and credit card fraud occur with frequency . Bangkok 's growth since the 1960s has been followed by increasing crime rates partly driven by urbanisation , migration , unemployment and poverty . By the late 1980s , Bangkok 's crime rates were about four times that of the rest of the country . The police have long been preoccupied with street crimes ranging from housebreaking to assault and murder . The 1990s saw the emergence of vehicle theft and organized crime , particularly by foreign gangs . Drug trafficking , especially that of ya ba methamphetamine pills , is also chronic . According to police statistics , the most common complaint received by the Metropolitan Police Bureau in 2010 was housebreaking , with 12,347 cases . This was followed by 5,504 cases of motorcycle thefts , 3,694 cases of assault and 2,836 cases of embezzlement . Serious offences included 183 murders , 81 gang robberies , 265 robberies , 1 kidnapping and 9 arson cases . Offences against the state were by far more common , and included 54,068 drug - related cases , 17,239 cases involving prostitution and 8,634 related to gambling . The Thailand Crime Victim Survey conducted by the Office of Justice Affairs of the Ministry of Justice found that 2.7 percent of surveyed households reported a member being victim of a crime in 2007 . Of these , 96.1 percent were crimes against property , 2.6 percent were crimes against life and body , and 1.4 percent were information - related crimes . Political demonstrations and protests are common in Bangkok . While most events since 1992 had been peaceful , the series of protests since 2006 have often turned violent . Demonstrations during March -- May 2010 ended in a crackdown in which 92 were killed , including armed and unarmed protesters , security forces , civilians and journalists . Terrorist incidents have also occurred in Bangkok , most notably the 2015 Bangkok bombing at the Erawan shrine , and also a series of bombings on the 2006 -- 07 New Year 's Eve . Traffic accidents are a major hazard in Bangkok . There were 37,985 accidents in the city in 2010 , resulting in 16,602 injuries and 456 deaths as well as 426.42 million baht in damages . However , the rate of fatal accidents is much lower than in the rest of Thailand . While accidents in Bangkok amounted to 50.9 percent of the entire country , only 6.2 percent of fatalities occurred in the city . Another serious public health hazard comes from Bangkok 's stray dogs . Up to 300,000 strays are estimated to roam the city 's streets , and dog bites are among the most common injuries treated in the emergency departments of the city 's hospitals . Rabies is prevalent among the dog population , and treatment for bites pose a heavy public burden . International relations ( edit ) Protesters in front of the United Nations Building during the 2009 Bangkok Climate Change Conference -- Bangkok is home to several UN offices . The city 's formal international relations are managed by the International Affairs Division of the BMA . Its missions include facilitating cooperation with other major cities through sister city agreements , participation and membership in international organizations , and pursuing cooperative activities with the many foreign diplomatic missions based in the city . International participation ( edit ) Bangkok is a member of several international organizations and regional city government networks , including the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 , the Japan - led Asian - Pacific City Summit , the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group , the ESCAP - sponsored Regional Network of Local Authorities for Management of Human Settlements in Asia and Pacific ( CITYNET ) , Japan 's Council of Local Authorities for International Relations , the World Association of the Major Metropolises and Local Governments for Sustainability , among others . With its location at the heart of mainland Southeast Asia and as one of Asia 's hubs of transportation , Bangkok is home to many international and regional organizations . Among others , Bangkok is the seat of the Secretariat of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( ESCAP ) , as well as the Asia - Pacific regional offices of the Food and Agricultural Organization ( FAO ) , the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) , the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) , the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) , the UN High Commission for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , and the UN Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) . Sister Cities ( edit ) Bangkok 's sister cities as of 2018 are : Washington , D.C. , USA , since 1962 Beijing , China , since 1993 Budapest , Hungary , since 1997 Brisbane , Australia , since 1997 Moscow , Russia , since 1997 Saint Petersburg , Russia , since 1997 Manila , Philippines , since 1997 Jakarta , Indonesia , since 2002 Hanoi , Vietnam , since 2004 Vientiane , Laos , since 2004 Astana , Kazakhstan , since 2004 Chaozhou , China , since 2005 Fukuoka , Japan , since 2006 Seoul , South Korea , since 2006 Guangzhou , China , since 2009 Lausanne , Switzerland , since 2009 Busan , South Korea , since 2011 Chonqing , China , since 2011 Tianjin , China , since 2012 Ankara , Turkey , since 2012 George Town , Malaysia , since 2012 Aichi , Japan , since 2012 Phnom Penh , Cambodia , since 2013 Shandong , China Shanghai , China , since 2012 Tehran , Iran Wuhan , China , since 2013 Lisbon , Portugal , since 2016 Chengdu , China , 2017 See also ( edit ) Thailand portal Outline of Bangkok World 's largest cities Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Two plants are known in Thai by the name makok : E. hygrophilus ( makok nam , `` water makok '' ) and Spondias pinnata ( makok pa , `` jungle makok '' ) . The species that grew in the area was likely makok nam . Jump up ^ While this ceremonial name is generally believed , based on writings by the Somdet Phra Wannarat ( Kaeo ) , to have originally been given by King Rama I and later modified by King Mongkut , it did not come into use until the latter reign . Jump up ^ This ceremonial name uses two ancient Indian languages , Pāli and Sanskrit , initiated with the only original Thai word Krung which means `` capital '' . According to the romanisation of these languages , it can actually be written as Krung - dēvamahānagara amararatanakosindra mahindrāyudhyā mahātilakabhava navaratanarājadhānī purīramya uttamarājanivēsana mahāsthāna amaravimāna avatārasthitya shakrasdattiya vishnukarmaprasiddhi ( listen ) ( help info ) . Jump up ^ The BMA gives an elevation figure of 2.31 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) . Jump up ^ Thai ethnicity is rather a question of cultural identity than of genetic origin . Many people in Bangkok who self - identify as Thai have at least some Chinese ancestry . Jump up ^ An introductory publication by the BMA gives a figure of 80 % Thai , 10 % Chinese and 10 % others , although this is likely a rough estimate . Jump up ^ By one recent estimate , at least 60 percent of the city 's residents are of Chinese descent . Jump up ^ A 1993 study found dog bites to constitute 5.3 percent of injuries seen at Siriraj Hospital 's emergency department . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , p. 24 . Reproduced in `` Geography of Bangkok '' . BMA website . Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tangchonlatip , Kanchana ( 2007 ) . `` กรุงเทพมหานคร : เมือง โต เดี่ยว ตลอด กาล ของ ประเทศไทย '' ( Bangkok : Thailand 's forever primate city ) . In Thongthai , Varachai ; Punpuing , Sureeporn . ประชากร และ สังคม 2550 ( Population and society 2007 ) . Nakhon Pathom , Thailand : Institute for Population and Social Research . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sinsakul , Sin ( August 2000 ) . `` Late Quaternary geology of the Lower Central Plain , Thailand '' . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences . 18 ( 4 ) : 415 -- 426 . doi : 10.1016 / S1367 - 9120 ( 99 ) 00075 - 9 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 Population by sex , household type and household by type , average size of private household by region and area : 2010 '' . Statistic tables , NSO website . National Statistics Office . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thailand : Division ( Planning Regions and Provinces ) - Population Statistics , Charts and Map '' . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok '' . British and World English Dictionary . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of `` Bangkok '' `` . Collins English Dictionary ( online ) . HarperCollins . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok '' . US English Dictionary . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chandrashtitya , Tipawan ; Matungka , Chiraporn . ประวัติ เมือง ธนบุรี ( History of Thonburi City ) . Arts & Cultural Office website ( in Thai ) . Dhonburi Rajabhat University . Archived from the original on 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Committee for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration ( 1982 ) . จดหมายเหตุ การ อนุรักษ์ กรุง รัตนโกสินทร์ ( Rattanakosin City conservation archives ) . Department of Fine Arts . Reproduced in `` กว่า จะ มา เป็น กรุงเทพฯ '' ( The path to become Bangkok ) . BMA Data Center . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Baker & Pongpaichit 2005 , pp. 37 -- 41 , 45 , 52 -- 71 , 149 -- 150 , 162 , 199 -- 204 . Jump up ^ พจนานุกรม ฉบับ ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ. ศ . ๒๕๔๒ ( Royal Institute Dictionary , B.E. 1999 ( online edition ) ) ( in Thai ) . Royal Institute . Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wongthes 2012 , p. 37 Jump up ^ สาระ น่า รู้ กรุงธนบุรี ( Interesting facts about the city of Thonburi ) . Phra Racha Wang Derm website ( in Thai ) . Phra Racha Wang Derm Restoration Foundation . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Phakathikhom , Chanchai ( 2005 ) . นาม พระนคร `` ศรีอยุธยา '' มา แต่ ไหน ( What were the origins of the capital name `` Si Ayutthaya '' ? ) ( PDF ) . Senathipat ( in Thai ) . 54 ( 3 ) : 114 -- 123 . ISSN 0857 - 3891 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( 1837 ) ( First published in 1837 ) . `` Chapter XVIII -- City of Bang - kok '' . Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : in the U.S. sloop - of - war Peacock during the years 1832 -- 3 -- 4 . Harper & brothers . p. image 288 . OCLC 12212199 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . The spot on which the present capital stands , and the country in its vicinity , on both banks of the river for a considerable distance , were formerly , before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang - kok ; but since that time , and for nearly sixty years past , it has been named Sia yuthia , ( pronounced See - ah you - tè - ah , and by the natives , Krung , that is , the capital ;) it is called by both names here , but never Bang - kok ; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake . The villages which occupy the right hand of the river , opposite to the capital , pass under the general name of Bang - kok . Jump up ^ `` กรุงเทพมหานคร '' . Royal Institute Newsletter . Royal Institute . 3 ( 31 ) . December 1993 . Reproduced in กรุงเทพมหานคร ( Krung Thep Mahanakhon ) ( in Thai ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record Application Search '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` คํา สั่ง หัวหน้า คณะ รักษา ความ สงบ แห่ง ชาติ ที่ ๖๔ / ๒๕๕๙ เรื่อง การ ให้ ผู้ ว่า ราชการ กรุงเทพมหานคร พ้น จาก ตําแหน่ง และ การ แต่งตั้ง ผู้ ว่า ราชการ กรุงเทพมหานคร '' ( PDF ) . Royal Gazette ( in Thai ) . 133 ( พิเศษ 238 ง ) : 9 -- 10 . 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Department of National Parks , Wildlife and Plant Conservation . ไทร ย้อย ใบ แหลม ( Golden fig ) . DNP website ( in Thai ) . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok Finally Gets Its Own Provincial Slogan '' ( PDF ) . Bangkok Inter News . International Affairs Division , Office of the Permanent Secretary for the BMA. 5 ( 2 ) : 10 . April -- June 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The largest cities in the world by land area , population and density '' . City Mayors. 6 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Smyth , H. Warrington ( 1898 ) . Five years in Siam : from 1891 to 1896 . II . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 9 . Quoted in Baker & Phongpaichit 2005 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Phien - wej , N. ; Giao , P.H. ; Nutalaya , P ( 2 February 2006 ) . `` Land subsidence in Bangkok , Thailand '' . Engineering Geology. 82 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enggeo. 2005.10. 004 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rising seas , sinking land threaten Thai capital '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Philip , Bruno ( 21 Jul 2011 ) . `` Thailand , Sinking : Parts of Bangkok Could Be Underwater in 2030 '' . Time . Jump up ^ Sattaburuth , Aekarach ( 2015 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Bangkok ' could be submerged in 15 years ' '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Engkagul , Surapee ( 1993 ) . `` Flooding features in Bangkok and vicinity : Geographical approach '' . GeoJournal. 31 ( 4 ) : 335 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00812783 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , R.J. ; Hanson , S. ; Herweijer , C. ; Patmore , N. ; Hallegatte , S. ; CorfeeMorlot , J. ; Chateau , Jean ; Muir - Wood , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes : Exposure Estimates '' ( PDF ) . OECD Environment Working Papers . OECD Publishing ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1787 / 011766488208 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Old photo ( around 1900 ) of dilapidated prang from the collection of Cornell University Library ( last access 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . Jump up ^ `` Phu Khao Thong ( Golden Mount ) '' . wikimapia.org . Jump up ^ Climatological Group , Meteorological Development Bureau ( January 2012 ) . `` The Climate of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Thai Meteorological Department . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tran , Hung ; Uchihama , Daisuke ; Ochi , Shiro ; Yasuoka , Yoshifumi ( January 2006 ) . `` Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities '' . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 8 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 48 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jag. 2005.05. 003 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wangkiat , Paritta ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Strong Cities Needed '' ( in Spectrum ) . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Thai Meteorological Department . `` Extreme minimum temperature during winter season in Thailand 60 - year period ( 1951 -- 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . TMD website . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Data for the Period 1981 -- 2010 '' . Thai Meteorological Department . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ปริมาณ การ ใช้ น้ํา ของ พืช อ้างอิง โดย วิธี ของ Penman Monteith ( Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of Water Management and Hydrology , Royal Irrigation Department . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` แผนการ บริหาร จัดการ น้ํา และ การ เพาะ ปลูก พืช ฤดู แล้ง ใน เขต ชลประทาน ปี 2556 / 2557 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Bangkok '' ( in Russian ) . Weather and Climate ( Погода и климат ) . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Normals for Bangkok '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Department of Provincial Administration , Ministry of Interior , Royal Thai Government . As of December 2009 ( in Thai ) Archived 2011 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Krongkaew 1996 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ City Planning Department . `` History '' . CPD website . City Planning Department . Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Bangkok 's CSD '' . In Benites , Cecilia ; Lyster , Clare . Regarding Public Space . New York , NY : Princeton Architectural Press . pp. 46 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 156898544 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2000 , pp. 465 -- 466 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Skylines '' . Jump up ^ Pornchokchai , Sopon ( 2003 ) . `` Global report on human settlements 2003 -- City report : Bangkok '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Thaiutsa , Bunvong ; Puangchit , Ladawan ; Kjelgren , Roger ; Arunpraparut , Wanchai ( 1 August 2008 ) . `` Urban green space , street tree and heritage large tree assessment in Bangkok , Thailand '' . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 7 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 229 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ufug. 2008.03. 002 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tower project ' suspicious ' '' ( Editorial ) . Bangkok Post . 2017 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A shopping complex , or a ' green lung ' '' . The Nation. 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yokohari , Makoto ; Takeuchi , Kazuhiko ; Watanabe , Takashi ; Yokota , Shigehiro ( 10 April 2000 ) . `` Beyond greenbelts and zoning : A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities '' . Landscape and Urban Planning . 47 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 159 -- 171 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 2046 ( 99 ) 00084 - 5 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Public Park Office , Environment Department . `` Public Park Office website '' . Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Statistical Forecasting Bureau ( 2010 ) . 2010 Thailand Statistical Yearbook ( Special edition ) ( PDF ) . National Statistical Office . Jump up ^ `` รายงาน สถิติ จํานวน ประชากร และ บ้าน ประจํา ปี พ. ศ. 2557 ( Population and household statistics , 2014 ) '' . Department of Provincial Administration . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . 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Canberra : Australian National University Press . pp. 29 -- 33 . and Skinner , G. William ( 1957 ) . Chinese Society in Thailand : An Analytical History . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . cited in Goldstein , Sidney ( August 1972 ) . The Demography of Bangkok : A case study of differentials between big city and rural populations ( PDF ) . Research reports . Bangkok : Institute of Population Studies , Chulalongkorn University . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Chen , Jennifer ( 20 March 2007 ) . `` Shophouses : Reviving the distinctive face of Bangkok '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Table 4 Population by religion , region and area : 2010 '' . Statistic tables , NSO website . National Statistics Office . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ NESDB 2012 , pp. 26 , 39 -- 40 , 48 -- 49 , 62 -- 63 , 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Naudin ( ed . ) 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ NESDB 2012 , pp. 48 -- 49 , 62 -- 63 , 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Naudin ( ed . ) 2010 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internal tourism in Bangkok '' ( PDF ) . Department of Tourism . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Stock Exchange of Thailand 2012 , pp. 22 , 25 . Jump up ^ Globalization and World Cities Research Network . `` The World According to GaWC 2010 '' . GaWC website . Loughborough University . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Yeandle 2012 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Public Companies '' . Forbes.com . Forbes.com LLC. April 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 's annual ranking of the world 's largest corporations '' . cnn.com . CNN . July 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ตาราง ที่ 1.2 สัดส่วน คนจน ด้าน รายจ่าย จําแนก ตาม ภาค และ พื้นที่ ปี พ. ศ. 2531 -- 2553 ( Poverty rates by expenses , sorted by region and area , 1988 -- 2010 ) '' . Social and Quality of Life Database System ( in Thai ) . Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board . 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Moreno et al. 2008 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Bangkok Claims Title as World 's Most Visited City : 2016 Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index - Asia Hub '' . newsroom.mastercard.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Cities Destination Ranking '' . Euromonitor International . 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 World 's Best Cities '' . Travel + Leisure . American Express Publishing Corporation . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Talty ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` Bangkok Named Most Popular City For International Tourists In 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Hao ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` The overwhelming majority of popular tourist destinations are in Asia '' . Quartz . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Marnie Hunter ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` 10 most popular cities for international travelers in 2017 '' . CNN Travel ( Cable News Network ) . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` The ten most visited cites of 2017 '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , pp. 63 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Emmons , Ron ; Eveland , Jennifer ; White , Daniel ( 28 June 2011 ) . Frommer 's Southeast Asia . John Wiley & Sons . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 00979 - 6 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert W. ( June 2009 ) . `` Risky business ? Asking tourists what hazards they actually encountered in Thailand '' . Tourism Management . 30 ( 3 ) : 359 -- 365 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tourman. 2008.08. 007 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2000 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Bhowmik , Sharit K ( 28 May -- 4 June 2005 ) . `` Street Vendors in Asia : A Review '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 2256 -- 2264 . Jump up ^ Nualkhair , Chawadee ( 12 February 2017 ) . `` Bangkok 's street food under threat from gentrification '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mokkhasen , Sasiwan ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` Vanishing Bangkok : What is the Capital Being Remade Into , And For Whom ? '' . Khaosod English . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sauers , Craig ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` Bangkok 's disappearing street food '' . BBC Travel . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Thavisin et al. ( eds ) 2006 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` ข้อมูล ทั่วไป ( General information ) '' . Thai Rath Online . Wacharapol . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chongkittavorn , Kavi . `` The Media and Access to Information in Thailand '' . In Islam , Roumeen . The Right to Tell : The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development . WBI Development Studies . Washington , D.C. : The World Bank . pp. 255 -- 266 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5203 - 2 . Jump up ^ Krich , John ( 6 March 2009 ) . `` Center Stage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Post reporters ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Blemishes in the beautiful game '' . Bangkok Post . Jump up ^ `` สรุป ราย ได้ และ ปริมาณ รถ : สิงหาคม 2555 ( Revenue and traffic , August 2012 ) '' . EXAT website ( in Thai ) . Expressway Authority of Thailand . 4 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land - transport '' ( PDF ) . Clean Air Initiative . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Bangkok gridlock , Thai traffic police double as midwives '' . AFP . 17 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tanaboriboon , Yordphol ( 1993 ) . `` Bangkok traffic '' ( PDF ) . IATSS Research . 7 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 23 February 2007 ) . `` Bangkok 's template for an air - quality turnaround '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Thin Lei Win ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Choked by traffic , Bangkok revs up to beat air pollution '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Chuwiruch , Natnicha ; Suwannakij , Supunnabul ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` There 's a New Contender for Title of Asia 's Most Polluted City '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` City smog worsens to danger level '' . Bangkok Post . 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Traffic and Transportation Department , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Traffic and Transportation Department , pp. 112 . Jump up ^ Transport Statistics Sub-division , Planning Division . `` Number of Vehicles Registered in Thailand as of 31 August 2012 '' . Department of Land Transport website . Department of Land Transport . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sereemongkonpol , Pornchai ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Bangkok 's best taxi drivers '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Rujopakarn , Wiroj ( October 2003 ) . `` Bangkok transport system development : what went wrong ? '' . Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies . 5 : 3302 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Group Holdings - The Nation '' . Jump up ^ `` New BMCL boss eyes boosting commercial revenue - The Nation '' . Jump up ^ Traffic and Transportation Department , pp. 113 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Sukdanont , Sumalee ( July 2011 ) . `` ท่าเรือ กรุงเทพ '' . Transportation Institute , Chulalongkorn University . Archived from the original on 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` สรุป ผล การ ดําเนิน งาน ของ ก ทท. 8 เดือน ปีงบประมาณ 2553 ( ต. ค. 52 - พ. ค. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . PAT website . Port Authority of Thailand . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Year to date Passenger Traffic '' . www.aci.aero . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` In With the Old '' , Aviation Week & Space Technology , 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Mahitthirook , Amornrat ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Don Mueang airport reopens '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thai airport operator to spend $5.5 bln on expansion '' . Reuters Asia . Reuters . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Information and Communication Technology , OPS , MOE . Educational Statistics in Brief 2011 . Ministry of Education . pp. 28 -- 29 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` King Mongkut 's University of Technology , Thonburi '' . Times Higher Education World University Rankings . TSL Education . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Nitungkorn , Sukanya ( June 1988 ) . `` The problems of secondary education expansion in Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Southeast Asian Studies . 26 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Nishiura , Hiroshi ; Barua , Sujan ; Lawpoolsri , Saranath ; Kittitrakul , Chatporn ; Leman , Martinus Martin ; Maha , Masri Sembiring ; Muangnoicharoen , Sant ( 3 September 2004 ) . `` Health inequalities in Thailand : geographic distribution of medical supplies in the provinces '' ( PDF ) . Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health . 35 ( 3 ) : 735 -- 40 . PMID 15689097 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` สถิติ สถาน พยาบาล เอกชน ปี 2554 ( Private healthcare provider statistics , 2011 ) '' . Medical Registration Division , Department of Health Service Support , Ministry of Public Health . Archived from the original ( Microsoft Excel spreadsheet ) on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eden , Caroline ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` The rise of medical tourism in Bangkok '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the Overseas Security Advisory Council document : `` Thailand 2012 Crime and Safety Report : Bangkok '' . Overseas Security Advisory Council website . Bureau of Diplomatic Security , U.S. Department of State . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Watanavanich , Prathan ( 1995 ) . `` Urban Crime in the Changing Thai Society : The Case of Bangkok Metropolis '' . In Miyazawa , Koichi ; Miyazawa , Setsuo . Crime Prevention in the Urban Community . Deventer , The Netherlands : Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers . pp. 193 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Davis , Antony ( 13 October 2000 ) . `` Bangkok as Crime Central '' . Asiaweek. 26 ( 40 ) . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ สถิติ คดีอาญา 5 กลุ่ม ปี 2553 ( 5 - group criminal case statistics , 2010 ) . สถิติ คดีอาญา ( Criminal case statistics ) ( in Thai ) . Office of Information and Communication Technology , Royal Thai Police . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ข้อมูล สถิติ อาชญากรรม ภาค ประชาชน ใน กรุงเทพมหานคร ( Crime victim statistics , Bangkok ) '' ( PDF ) . Thailand Crime Victim Survey , 2007 . Office of Justice Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Traffic and Transportation Department , pp. 138 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Stray Dogs Overwhelming Bangkok '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . AP . 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhanganada , Kasian ; Wilde , Henry ; Sakolsataydorn , Piyasakol ; Oonsombat , Pairoj ( December 1993 ) . `` Dog - bite injuries at a Bangkok teaching hospital '' . Acta Tropica. 55 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 255 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 706X ( 93 ) 90082 - M . ^ Jump up to : International Affairs Division . `` Project Plan '' . International Affairs Division website . International Affairs Division , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UN Offices in Thailand '' . United Nations Thailand website . United Nations Thailand . Archived from the original on 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Relationship with Sister Cities '' . International Affairs Office , BMA . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 19 February 1962 ) . `` Resolution : Sister City Affiliation of Washington , D.C. and Bangkok , Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ District of Columbia ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 15 July 2002 ) . `` Reaffirmation agreement between Washington , D.C. and Bangkok , Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 26 May 1993 ) . `` Agreement on the Establishment of Sister City Relations between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Beijing Municipality of the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; Local Government of Budapest ( 20 February 1997 ) . `` Letter of Intent of Cooperation between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( BMA ) and Local Government of Budapest '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; City of Brisbane ( 7 May 1997 ) . `` Memorandum of Understanding between the City of Bangkok , The Kingdom of Thailand and the City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; City of Moscow ( 19 June 1997 ) . `` Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg in figures -- International and Interregional Ties '' . Eng.gov.spb.ru . Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; City of St. Petersburg ( 20 June 1997 ) . `` Protocol on Cooperation between the City of Bangkok ( the Kingdom of Thailand ) and the City of St. Petersburg ( the Russian Federation ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Existing Sister Cities '' . City of Manila . Archived from the original on 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; City of Manila ( 24 June 1997 ) . `` Sister city friendship affiliation '' . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; Jakarta Capital City Administration ( 21 January 2002 ) . `` Memorandum of understanding between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration , Kingdom of Thailand and the Jakarta Capital City Administration , Republic of Indonesia concerning sister city cooperation '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hanoi Capital City ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 25 February 2004 ) . `` Agreement on cooperative and friendship relations between Hanoi Capital City and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ City of Vientiane ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 24 May 2004 ) . `` บันทึก ว่า ด้วย ความ ร่วมมือ ระหว่าง นครหลวง เวียงจันทน์ และ กรุงเทพมหานคร '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Akimat of Astana City ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 11 June 2004 ) . `` Agreement on establishment of bilateral relations between the Akimat of Astana City of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the City of Bangkok of Kingdom Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Agreement of Sister City Relations '' . Office.bangkok.go.th . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Chaozhou City ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 23 November 2005 ) . `` Agreement between Chaozhou City , the People 's Republic of China and Bangkok , Kingdom of Thailand on the Establishment of Sister City Relations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ International Affairs Division . `` Relationship with Sister Cities : Fukuoka '' . International Affairs Division website . International Affairs Division , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Seoul Metropolitan Government ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 16 June 2006 ) . `` Sister City Agreement between the Seoul Metropolitan Government , Republic of Korea and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration , the Kingdom of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Guangzhou Sister Cities ( via WaybackMachine.com ) '' . Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; City of Guanzhou ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Agreement on the establishment of sister city relations between Bangkok , Kingdom of Thailand and City of Guangzhou , the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ City of Lausanne ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` Accord de fraternité entre La Ville de Lausanne Capitale du Canton de Vaud Confédération Helvétique et La Ville de Bangkok Royaume de Thaïlande '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Busan Metropolitan City ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Busan Metropolitan City -- Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Agreement on the Establishment of a Friendship City Relationship '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Chonqing Municipality ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` Agreement between Chonqing Municipality of the People 's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of sister - city relationship '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tianjin Municipal Government ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Agreement between Tianjin Municipal Government of the People 's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendship exchanges and cooperative relationship '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ; Greater Ankara Municipality ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Friendship and cooperation agreement between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Greater Ankara Municipality of the Republic of Turkey '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ( via WaybackMachine.com ) '' ( in Turkish ) . Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi -- Tüm Hakları Saklıdır . Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Municipal Council of Penang Island ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Memorandum of understanding between Municipal Council of Penang Island of Malaysia and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendly cities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ International Affairs Division . `` Relationship with Sister Cities : Aichi '' . International Affairs Division website . International Affairs Division , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Xinhua . `` Cambodia 's Phnom Penh , Thailand 's Bangkok become `` sister cities '' `` . Global Times . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` wuhan 's sister city increased to 24 '' . english.wh.gov.cn. 21 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The City of Lisbon ; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Friendship And Co-Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon , Portuguese Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=115 Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , Chris ; Phongpaichit , Pasuk ( 2005 ) . A History of Thailand . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01647 - 6 . Crawfurd , John ( 1830 ) . Journal of an embassy from the governor - general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China ; exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms . 2 . London : H. Colburn and R. Bentley . Hamilton , Annette ( 2000 ) . `` Wonderful , Terrible : Everyday Life in Bangkok '' . In Bridge , Gary ; Vatson , Sophie . A Companion to the City . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 460 -- 471 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23578 - 7 . Krongkaew , Medhi ( 1996 ) . `` The changing urban system in a fast - growing city and economy : The case of Bangkok and Thailand '' . In Lo , Fu - chen ; Yeung , Yue - man . Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia . United Nations University Press . pp. 286 -- 334 . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0907 - 5 . Moreno , Eduardo López ; Oyeyinka , Oyebanji ; Mboup , Gora ( 2008 ) . State of the World 's Cities 2010 / 2011 -- Cities for All : Bridging the Urban Divide . State of the World 's Cities . London , Sterling , VA : Earthscan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84971 - 176 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Naudin , Thierry , ed. ( 2010 ) . The State of Asian Cities 2010 / 11 ( PDF ) . United Nations Human Settlements Programme . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 132274 - 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board ( NESDB ) ( August 2012 ) . Gross Regional and Provincial Product chain volume measures 1995 -- 2010 edition . Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board . Archived from the original ( ZIP / PDF ) on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Thavisin , Nathanon ; Semson , Pongsak ; Padhanarath , Kriengpol , eds. ( 2006 ) . Your Key to Bangkok . Bangkok : International Affairs Division , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . ISBN 974 - 9565 - 72 - X . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Traffic and Transportation Department ( 2011 ) . สถิติ จราจร ปี 2553 ( Traffic statistics , 2010 ) ( PDF ) . Traffic and Transportation Department , Bangkok Metropolitan Administration . Wongthes , Sujit ( 2012 ) . ( title ) กรุงเทพฯ มา จาก ไหน ? ( Bangkok : A Historical Background ) ( in Thai ) . Bangkok : Dream Catcher . ISBN 9786167686004 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Yeandle , Mark ( March 2012 ) . The Global Financial Centres Index 11 ( PDF ) . Long Finance . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9546207 - 7 - 6 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . 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2,992,339,908,761,052,700 | who was the first person to be killed by the death penalty | William Kemmler - wikipedia William Kemmler Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> William Kemmler <Td_colspan="2"> William Francis Kemmler ( 1860 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1860 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania August 6 , 1890 ( 1890 - 08 - 06 ) ( aged 30 ) Auburn Prison in Auburn , New York Occupation Produce merchant Criminal penalty Death by electrocution Criminal status Executed Spouse ( s ) Tillie Ziegler ( common law wife ) <Td_colspan="2"> Conviction ( s ) Murder <Td_colspan="2"> William Francis Kemmler ( May 9 , 1860 -- August 6 , 1890 ) of Buffalo , New York , was a convicted murderer and the first person in the world to be legally executed using an electric chair . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Murder , trial , and appeals 1.3 Execution 2 See also 3 References 3.1 General references 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) William Kemmler was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Both of his parents were immigrants from Germany and both of them were alcoholics . After dropping out of school at age 10 , having learned neither how to read nor write , Kemmler worked in his father 's butcher shop . His father died from an infection that he received after a drunken brawl and his mother died from complications of alcoholism . After his parents died , he went into the peddling business and earned enough money to buy a horse and cart , although at this point he was becoming a heavy drinker . In one episode involving him and his friends after a series of drunken binges , he said he could jump his horse and cart over an eight - foot fence with the cart attached to the horse . The attempt was a failure , and his cart and goods destroyed in the incident . He was known to friends as `` Philadelphia Billy '' due to his drinking binges that were very well known around the saloons in his Buffalo neighborhood . Kemmler was reportedly slender , with dark brown hair . He spoke both English and German . Murder , trial , and appeals ( edit ) Further information : War of Currents Kemmler was accused of the March 29 , 1889 murder of Matilda `` Tillie '' Ziegler , his common - law wife , who had been killed with a hatchet . He was tried and convicted of murder on May 10 , 1889 . On May 13 he was sentenced to death . As of January 1 of that year New York had instituted death by electrocution , the first such law ever . Kemmler 's sentence was to be carried out at New York 's Auburn Prison via the new electric chair , a device invented in 1881 by Buffalo , New York dentist Alfred Southwick which , after nine years of development and legislation , was ready for use . Kemmler 's lawyers appealed , arguing that electrocution was cruel and unusual punishment . The attempt to carry out Kemmler 's execution was pulled into the AC / DC war of currents between George Westinghouse , the largest supplier of alternating current equipment , and Thomas Edison , whose company ran their equipment on direct current . The alternating current that powered the electric chair ( a current standard adopted by a committee after a demonstration performed at Edison 's laboratory by anti-AC activist Harold P. Brown showing AC 's lethality ) was supplied by a Westinghouse generator surreptitiously acquired by Brown . This led to Westinghouse trying to stop what seemed to be Brown and Edison 's attempt to try to portray the AC used in Westinghouse electrical system as the deadly `` executioners current '' , actively supporting Kemmler 's appeal by hiring lawyer W. Bourke Cockran to represent him . However , the appeal failed on October 9 , 1889 and the U.S. Supreme Court turned down the case on the grounds that there was no cruel and unusual punishment in death by electrocution . Execution ( edit ) On the morning of his execution , August 6 , 1890 , Kemmler was awakened at 5 : 00 a.m. He dressed quickly and put on a suit , necktie , and white shirt . After breakfast and some prayer , the top of his head was shaved . At 6 : 38 a.m. , Kemmler entered the execution room and Warden Charles Durston presented Kemmler to the 17 witnesses in attendance . Kemmler looked at the chair and said : `` Gentlemen , I wish you all good luck . I believe I am going to a good place , and I am ready to go . '' Witnesses remarked that Kemmler was composed at his execution ; he did not scream , cry , or resist in any way . He sat down on the chair , but was ordered to get up by the warden so a hole could be cut in his suit through which a second electrical lead could be attached . This was done and Kemmler sat down again . He was strapped to the chair , his face was covered and the metal restraint put on his bare head . He said , `` Take it easy and do it properly , I 'm in no hurry . '' Durston replied , `` Goodbye , William '' and ordered the switch thrown . Sketch of the execution of William Kemmler , August 6 , 1890 The generator was charged with the 1,000 volts , which was assumed to be adequate to induce quick unconsciousness and cardiac arrest . The chair had already been thoroughly tested ; a horse had been successfully electrocuted the day before . Current was passed through Kemmler for 17 seconds . The power was turned off and Kemmler was declared dead by Edward Charles Spitzka . However , witnesses noticed Kemmler was still breathing . The attending physicians , Spitzka and Carlos Frederick MacDonald , came forward to examine Kemmler . After confirming Kemmler was still alive , Spitzka reportedly called out , `` Have the current turned on again , quick -- no delay . '' In the second attempt , Kemmler was shocked with 2,000 volts . Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled and some witnesses erroneously claimed his body caught fire . The New York Times reported instead that `` an awful odor began to permeate the death chamber , and then , as though to cap the climax of this fearful sight , it was seen that the hair under and around the electrode on the head and the flesh under and around the electrode at the base of the spine was singeing . The stench was unbearable . '' Witnesses reported the smell of burning flesh and several nauseated spectators unsuccessfully tried to leave the room . In all , the entire execution took approximately eight minutes . The competitive newspaper reporters covering the Kemmler execution jumped on the abnormalities as each newspaper source tried to outdo each other with sensational headlines and reports . A reporter who witnessed it also said it was `` an awful spectacle , far worse than hanging . '' Westinghouse later commented : `` They would have done better using an axe . '' See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in the United States List of people executed in New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` William Kemmler '' . NNDB : Tracking the Entire World . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ruddick , N. ( 1998 ) . Life and death by electricity in 1890 : the transfiguration of William Kemmler . Journal of American Culture ( 01911813 ) , 21 ( 4 ) , 79 . Jump up ^ Essig , Mark ( 2004 ) . Edison & the Electric Chair : A Story of Light and Death . New York : Walker Books . pp. 150 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0802714060 . Jump up ^ Tom McNichol , AC / DC : The Savage Tale of the First Standards War , John Wiley & Sons - 2011 , page 120 ^ Jump up to : `` Far Worse Than Hanging '' . The New York Times . August 7 , 1890 . Jump up ^ Gill , A.A. ( 2012 ) . The Golden Door : Letters to America . United Kingdom : Hachette Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0297854500 . General references ( edit ) La première exécution d'un condamné à mort par l'éléctricité in La Nature , No 901 , 6 septembre 1890 , pp. 209 -- 211 ( in French ) John L. Caroll , Death Row . Hope for the future , Challenging Capital Punishment , London , 1988 , pp. 269 -- 288 Jean - Claude Beaune , Les spectres mécaniques . essai sur les relations entre la mort et les techniques , Seyssel , Champ Vallon , 1988 ( in French ) Marc Vanden Berghe , De l'utopie de la `` mort propre '' à la chaise électrique : l'affaire Kemmler in La Revue Générale , Brussels , août / septembre 1996 , pp. 31 -- 42 ( in French ) Craig Brandon , The Electric Chair . An American Unnatural History , McFarland & Company , 1999 Moran , Richard ( 2002 ) . Executioner 's current : Thomas Edison , George Westinghouse and the Invention of the Electric Chair . New York : Random House . Babyak , Richard . `` Current '' . p. 5 . External links ( edit ) Newspaper coverage of Kemmler 's execution John N. Miskell 's Executions in Auburn Prison , Auburn , New York LCCN : no2009195170 VIAF : 103544373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Kemmler&oldid=826366233 '' Categories : 1860 births 1890 deaths American people of German descent American people convicted of murder People executed for murder People from Philadelphia 19th - century executions by the United States People executed by New York ( state ) by electric chair Executed people from Pennsylvania People convicted of murder by New York ( state ) 19th - century executions of American people Prisoners who died in New York ( state ) detention Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with hCards Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 40 . About Wikipedia | 1. William Kemmler - convicted murderer
2. Death by electrocution - first person executed using electric chair
3. Early life and background of William Kemmler
4. Murder, trial, and appeals of William Kemmler
5. Controversy surrounding Kemmler's execution |
-1,217,532,968,817,847,600 | where are the 2026 olympic games being held | 2026 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2026 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search XXV Olympic Winter Games <Td_colspan="2"> Host city TBA , TBA <Th_colspan="2"> Winter <Td_colspan="2"> < Beijing 2022 TBD 2030 > <Th_colspan="2"> Summer <Td_colspan="2"> < Paris 2024 Los Angeles 2028 > The 2026 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXV Olympic Winter Games , is an international multi-sport event to be organised in a city designated by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . The host city will be selected at the 134th IOC Session in September 2019 in Milan , Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding calendar 1.1 Dialogue stage 1.2 Candidature stage 2 Criteria 3 Potential bids 3.1 Cities taking part in dialogue stage 3.2 Comprehensive list of potential bids 4 Previously interested in bidding 4.1 United States 5 Broadcasting 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Websites 7.2 Documents Bidding calendar The IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne to discuss the 2026 bid process on 9 June 2017 . For the 2026 candidature process , the IOC will take a more proactive role in assisting and supporting cities considering a candidature . The IOC will customize its approach to the needs of the cities in order for them to develop the best value proposition . These measures will lead to a simplified process for the cities , with reduced costs . The Invitation Phase has been extended to one year , starting 13 September 2017 , and the Candidature Phase has been shortened to one year , starting from 2018 to 2019 . The new approach was approved at the Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 -- 12 July 2017 . These measures were enacted after no city had bid on the Games well into 2017 . Dialogue stage Launch of dialogue stage ( 29 September 2017 ) Joint briefing through video conference ( 13 October 2017 ) Signing of candidature cooperation agreement ( Before scheduling first IOC expert support visits or interactive working session ) Customised on - site expert support visits ( November 2017 -- April 2018 ) On - site interactive working session 1 : Presentation and discussion of initial Games concept ( 25 November -- 15 December 2017 ) Olympic winter Games PyeongChang. 2018 Observer programme ( 9 -- 23 February 2018 ) Deadline for cities to enter the candidature process by joining dialogue stage ( 31 March 2018 ) On - site interactive working session 2 : Presentation of consolidated Games concept after consultation with IOC technical experts ( May 2018 ) Official debriefing Olympic winter Games PyeongChang 2018 in Beijing ( June 2018 ) Provision of Host city contract ( July 2018 ) ( TBC ) IOC Working Group Report submitted to IOC Executive Board ( September 2018 ) IOC Executive Board to recommend to the IOC Session cities to invite to the candidature stage ( October 2018 ) IOC Session to invite a number of interested cities to take part in the candidature stage ( October 2018 ) Candidature stage Deadline for the submission of the Candidature File including core guarantees by the Candidate Cities ( 11 January 2019 ) IOC expert pre-visits ( February 2019 ) IOC Evaluation Commission analysis including a visit to each candidate city and requests for submission of any additional information or guarantees ( March / April 2019 ) Deadline for the submission of the complete Guarantee File ( 12 April 2019 ) Final Q&A session with the Evaluation Commission via individual video conference ( May 2019 ) Publication of the Evaluation Commission Report on www.olympic.org ( June / July 2019 ) Candidate Cities ' right of response following publication of the Evaluation Commission Report ( July 2019 ) Candidate City Briefing 2026 for IOC Members and International Olympic Winter Sports Federations ( July 2019 ) Candidate Cities present to IOC Session in Milan , followed by election of the Host City 2026 ( September 2019 ) Individual debriefing with each NOC / Candidate City ( 6 -- 9 months after the election ) Source : Criteria A firm criterion for the Winter Olympics is the availability of alpine ski slopes of certain sizes , which narrows down potential locations significantly , and often necessitates locations in less populated areas . The men 's downhill requires at least 800 meters altitude difference along a course of around three kilometers in length . A certain spectator capacity is required , which is most often 10,000 but varies according to the particular sport . Furthermore , certain VIP areas are required at every venue . National Hockey League ( NHL ) players are only likely to take part in the men 's ice hockey tournament if the Olympics is held in a `` traditional '' ice hockey country , in which case the only options would be Calgary , Sion or Stockholm . However , NHL commissioner Gary Bettman has stated that NHL players are unlikely to be included in Team USA if the Winter Games are held anywhere outside the continent of North America . This would rule out all potential bidders apart from Calgary . Potential bids Cities taking part in dialogue stage The following four cities have been participating in the dialogue stage since its launch in September 2017 and therefore joined the PyeongChang 2018 Observer Programme . Calgary , Canada Sapporo , Japan Sion , Switzerland Stockholm , Sweden The following cities have since joined the dialogue stage but did not take part in the PyeongChang 2018 Observer Programme . Erzurum , Turkey Graz , Austria Cortina d'Ampezzo , Milan and Turin , Italy A subset of these nine cities will be invited by the IOC in October 2018 to join the candidature stage . Comprehensive list of potential bids The following cities are actively exploring a potential bid for the 2026 Winter Olympic Games and have entered the dialogue stage : Calgary , Canada Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi confirmed on 16 September 2015 , that a group of community leaders are working on a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics . Calgary was host of the 1988 Winter Olympics . In June 2016 , Calgary City Council approved spending up to $5 million on a 15 - month bid exploration phase . It has also been proposed that Calgary would either build new centres and arenas , for example the controversial CalgaryNEXT arena which is a field house , multi-purpose arena , hockey arena and football stadium all in one planned for the Downtown / Sunalta neighbourhood or repurpose the arenas / event stages used for the 1988 Winter Olympics . John Furlong , CEO of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver is running a group for the Canadian Olympic Committee to help Calgary . On 20 November 2017 , Calgary 's city council officially voted to approve the additional funding of $2 million to support the bid , only if the federal and provincial governments also support the bid before January 2018 . In order to help reduce costs , it has been proposed that some alpine / ski - jump events be held in Whistler , B.C , and other events be held in venues located in Edmonton to reduce the number of new buildings and infrastructure that would need to be built in Calgary . In February 2018 , Nenshi said a decision whether or not to bid would be made by summer 2018 . Erzurum , Turkey Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced the country was considering a bid to host the 2026 Winter Olympics in the eastern provinces of Erzurum , Erzincan and Kars . Although Istanbul had made several attempts to host the Summer Olympics and lost to Sydney for 2000 , Beijing for 2008 and Tokyo for 2020 , it would be Turkey 's first bid for the Winter Games . Erzurum previously hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade and the 2017 European Youth Winter Olympic Festival . On 30 March , just hours ahead of the deadline , it was officially announced that Erzurum was confirmed as a candidate to host the 2026 Games , having received backing from Turkey 's president . Graz , Austria After the failed public vote in Innsbruck and Tyrol for hosting the 2026 Olympic Games , the Styrian cities of Graz and Schladming , which previously hosted the 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games , are planning on bidding to host the games as an initiative called `` Austria 2026 '' . Predominantly , existing venues would be used . While Graz would host indoor ice events ( figure skating , short track , curling ) , Schladming would be the venue for alpine skiing . Other venues might include Kreischberg ( freestyle skiing and snowboard ) , Bischofshofen and Ramsau am Dachstein ( ski jumping , cross country skiing , nordic combined ) , and Hochfilzen ( biathlon ) . Austrian cities like Vienna , Linz , Klagenfurt or Kapfenberg could host the ice hockey tournament . The possibility of some events taking place in Germany ( speed skating in Inzell and luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton in Schönau am Königssee ) is also under consideration . The potential bid is very controversial in Austria , as the mayors of Graz and Schladming started to plan the bid without informing the national government or the state government . Anton Lang , state treasurer of Styria , has already announced that the state has no financial leeway for olympic games . Heinz Christian Strache , Austrias federal minister for sports , also has doubts : After the public vote against a bid in Innsbruck , he says , before Graz and Schladming bid for the olympic games , they need to find out if the population even wants the event to take place in Austria . On 19 March 2018 , the Communist Party of Austria called for a referendum over Graz 's 2026 bid . Cortina d'Ampezzo , Milan and Turin , Italy In June 2017 , the president of the Italian National Olympic Committee ( CONI ) , Giovanni Malagò , proposed a bid for Milan to host the 2026 Winter Olympics . Malagò considered Milan together with Valtellina as suitable candidates . The plan was for Milan to host the ice sports , while the snow sports would take place in Bormio , Santa Caterina di Valfurva and Livigno , which are already well - known destinations for Alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , snowboarding , biathlon , etc . On March 10 , 2018 , the mayor of Turin , Chiara Appendino , confirmed on her Facebook page that a bid to host the games on the 20th anniversary of the 2006 Winter Olympics was being explored . She suggested that the bid would introduce a new , revolutionary model for hosting the games , with sustainability at the forefront . On March 17 , Appendino sent a letter to CONI officially expressing her support , after having resolved an initial split in support amongst fellow council members . The following week , municipal council gave the green light to start the procedure for the establishment of a `` Torino 2026 '' association . The not - for - profit entity will have the task of overseeing the analysis and research necessary to evaluate the feasibility of an eventual candidature of Turin to host the Winter Olympic Games . On 29 March 2018 , two days before the deadline for cities to join the dialogue stage , it was confirmed that CONI would bid to host the 2026 Games in Milan and Turin and a letter of intent had been sent to the IOC . The bid is complicated by the fact that the 134th IOC Session is scheduled to be held in Milan in 2019 . If an Italian city procedes to the candidature stage , the venue for the IOC session will need to be changed to a different country . Sapporo , Japan Representatives from Sapporo in Japan , host of the 1972 Winter Games , stated that the city is considering a bid for the 2026 or 2030 Winter Olympics . The city predicts it may cost as much as 456.5 billion yen ( $4.3 billion ) to host the games and is planning to have 90 percent of the facilities within half an hour of the Olympic village , according to a report published 12 May 2016 . The Alpen course would be in Niseko , the world 's second - snowiest resort , while the village would be next to Sapporo Dome . The plans were presented to the Japanese Olympic Committee on 8 November 2016 . On 15 November 2017 , Sapporo got approval from the JOC . ( If Sapporo is awarded the 2026 Games , it will mark the first time East Asia will hold three straight Winter Olympics , after South Korea in 2018 and China in 2022 ; Tokyo is also scheduled to host the 2020 Summer Olympics . ) It is reported that Sapporo could either use for the sliding events the Nagano Bobsleigh - Luge Park as part of IOC innitiative to use pre-existing venues to keep costs down , or build a dedicated venue in Sapporo . Sapporo Teine , which hosted the bobsleigh events at the 1972 Winter Olympics , was demolished in 1991 , while the separate one , used for luge , was closed shortly after the conclusion of the games . Sion , Switzerland The Swiss Olympic Association made a general decision about launching a bid during the Sportparlament on 11 March 2016 . Five candidates handed their letters of intent to the Association before the deadline of 31 May 2016 . The candidates were given until 15 December 2016 to forward their bid files to the Swiss Olympic Association . The chosen candidate city then had to be confirmed by the Association by 7 March 2017 . Of the original five candidates : Central Switzerland withdrew , at least temporarily , because Lucerne was awarded the 2021 Winter Universiade ; two of the other proposals that included venues throughout Switzerland joined forces with the Western Switzerland bid ; and finally the bid Graubünden and Partners was rejected during a public referendum on 12 February 2017 . Sion was eventually chosen against Montreux to be host city of the Western Switzerland bid after Lausanne and Crans - Montana withdrew . The bid includes venues within a square area defined at its corners by the cities of Lausanne , Martigny , Visp and Bern . Sion previously bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1976 , 2002 and 2006 , but lost out to Denver ( Innsbruck ) , Salt Lake City and Turin respectively . The Canton of Valais is set to hold a referendum on 10 June 2018 to decide the fate of the 2026 Winter Games bid , but in February 2018 , four months before the vote , the polls indicated that 64 percent of voters were against the bid . There are also calls for nationwide referendum . If the referendum fails and Sion is out of the race for the 2026 Winter Games , the venue for the 134th IOC Session that will decide the 2026 host city will be changed from Milan to the IOC headquarters in Lausanne . This would allow the Italian city of Turin to step in and become an official candidate for the 2026 Winter Olympics as there would no longer be the potential for breaking the IOC conflict of interest bidding rules , which state that no country is allowed to bid for the Games if the IOC Session deciding the host city is in the same country as a potential host city . Stockholm , Sweden Sweden withdrew from the 2022 bid , but the Swedish NOC president claimed in December 2014 that Sweden could apply again , given that the IOC wants to reduce the cost of the Games for organisers , which was the problem with the 2022 bid . The Swedish Olympic Committee agreed to conduct a feasibility study on a potential bid for the 2026 Olympic Games. . During the Semi Finals Allocation Drawn for the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest on 31 January , it was announced by Eva - Louise Erlandsson Slorach , President of the City Council in Stockholm , that the host city of the 1912 Summer Olympics would seek to host the 2026 Winter Olympic Games . On 26 April 2017 , the Swedish Social Democratic party announced that Stockholm will not bid for the 2026 games . Despite this the Swedish Olympic Committee has continued working on the application . While there has been no official commitment from the political parties the SOC keeps hoping to convince the city of Stockholm and other involved municipalities . Thus the `` revival '' of the bid to host the winter games . The alpine events are planned to be held in Åre , 520 km ( 320 mi ) away , at least 3 hours travel time by air and car . On 21 February Richard Brisius announced that they have entered talks with the Latvian Olympic Committee for potential hosting of the bobsleigh , skeleton and luge events at the Sigulda bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton track , 465 km ( 289 mi ) from Stockholm . Previously interested in bidding The following cities explored the possibility of bidding at some point , but decided not to bid or have some uncertainties according to media : Lillehammer , Norway On 6 April 2017 , it was announced that Lillehammer was considering a bid for the Winter Olympics in 2026 or 2030 . Lillehammer was host of the 1994 Winter Olympics and the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . A feasibility report was published in March . It could share an Olympic bid with Norwegian cities like Oslo , Bergen , Stavanger and Trondheim , according to Norwegian media . However , no further information was released about the bid as the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports selected the southern Norwegian county of Telemark . On 8 March 2018 , Lillehammer renewed its bid to host the games . It was confirmed on 30 March 2018 that Lillehammer had ruled out a bid for the 2026 Games but were likely to target the 2030 Games instead . Telemark , Norway On 31 October 2017 , it was announced at a press conference at the top of Mount Gausta , that the southern Norwegian county of Telemark , known as the cradle of modern skiing , wanted to host the 2026 Olympics , with a base in the twin UNESCO World Heritage towns Rjukan and Notodden in the North of Telemark , and further fairly spread venues . They also wished Telemark skiing to be added to the games . The Norwegian national sports federation turned this location down on 25 January 2018 , without suggesting any other Norwegian site . Almaty , Kazakhstan Almaty was reportedly considering a bid to host the 2026 Winter Games after narrowly losing to Beijing in its bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . However , Bauyrzhan Baibek , Mayor of Almaty , denied the rumors of Almaty bidding to host the 2026 Winter Olympic Games . Innsbruck , Austria On 17 February 2016 , the `` Tiroler Tageszeitung '' wrote in an article that IOC president Thomas Bach asked the alpine city for an application for the 2026 Winter Olympics . He said that an event such as this would not only be celebrated , but lived . If applying , the host of the 1964 Winter Olympics , the 1976 Winter Olympics and the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics would reuse many of the sites used in the past games . In October 2016 , the Austrian Olympic Committee ( ÖOC ) agreed to carry out a feasibility study into whether they should launch a bid . On 6 December 2016 , the ÖOC commissioned a working group including renowned companies to conduct a feasibility study with results published on 22 June 2017 . The study proposes to use facilities at venues across all of Tyrol : Innsbruck , Igls , Kühtai , St. Anton am Arlberg , Hochfilzen , and Seefeld . The two ice hockey venues were to be determined , as was the possibility of using the existing speed skating rink in Inzell in Germany . 2026 marks the 50th anniversary of Innsbruck 's 1976 Winter Olympics . Innsbruck could be the first city to host the Winter Olympics three times . A referendum vote in Innsbruck was set for 15 October 2017 to decide whether to proceed with the bid . In the referendum , the bid was defeated as 53 percent voted against it . This was the third successive defeat of an Olympic bid by a vote after Krakow and Munich 2022 and Hamburg 2024 , while Budapest and Rome 2024 withdrew to avoid a referendum . Aosta , Italy A public debate is promoted by a citizens ' committee in the Italian region of Mont Blanc , in order to promote Aosta as the host of the Winter Olympics in 2026 or later . The idea was to build support among the citizens and promote the Games from the bottom up , to build a consensus supporting the effort . The Aosta Valley region 's economy is mainly based on winter sports . Starting from 1970s the main winter resorts hosted world events : Courmayeur hosted a round of the 1977 Alpine Skiing World Cup , Cervinia a round of the 1978 Alpine Skiing World Cup , La Thuile a round of the 2016 Alpine Skiing World Cup and bobsleigh 's FIBT World Championships 1971 , Cogne a round of the 1984 -- 85 FIS Cross-Country World Cup and a round of 2006 -- 07 FIS Cross-Country World Cup and Fénis hosted in the 1986 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships . In 1991 , the city made a bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics but lost to Nagano , so a 2026 bid would be the city 's second attempt . In 1993 Aosta hosted the first edition of the winter European Youth Olympic Festival and in 2010 it hosted the first edition of the Winet Military World Games . The Aosta bid was cancelled when was announced that the city of Milan will be the host city of the 134th IOC Session to decide the host city , and IOC regulations state that no bid from a country is allowed when the IOC session is in the same country . Graubünden , Switzerland The canton of Graubünden released a concept named Graubünden and Partners including potential venues without referring to a dedicated host city . The map of the project presented on 16 December 2016 announced St. Moritz to be host city . Zurich refused even before to be host city of the bid . Voters in the area rejected the bid by more than 60 percent during a public referendum on 12 February 2017 . Graubünden failed public referendums to host the 1980 Winter Olympics and the 2022 Winter Olympics as well . Barcelona , Spain Barcelona ( the host city of the 1992 Summer Olympics ) had waged a bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics , but , according to mayor Xavier Trias , was not considered ready yet . Instead , one `` must concentrate its efforts and commitment to work to reach the Olympic target by 2026 '' . On 17 June 2015 Barcelona announced it will not be bidding to host the 2026 Olympic Winter Games . Mayor Ada Colau who won the municipal elections on 24 May decided that this is not a priority project for the city . On 24 July , the city council acorded to create a specific commission about the social and economic impact of the bid . On 16 March 2017 Barcelona 's City Hall government has taken itself out of the running to host the 2026 Winter Olympics Games . According to Barcelona 's deputy mayor , Jordi Collboni , the decision responded `` to the current social and economic circumstances not only in Barcelona but in the whole country '' . Of note , it would have been the second city to host both the Summer and the Winter Olympics after Beijing . Further information : Plans for Winter Olympics held in Barcelona Dresden , Germany The mayor of Altenberg , Thomas Kirsten , brought Dresden up for discussion in November 2013 , after the Bavarians rejected a Munich bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics . But the German Olympic Sports Confederation decided not to consider a bid since the lack of alpine skiing resorts would have made it necessary to use Czech venues . Auckland and Queenstown , New Zealand A `` pre-feasibility '' report was published in May 2015 stating that a joint Winter Olympics Games with Australia would be feasible for 2026 . Bruce McGechan , in a news release on 26 June 2015 , said that the New Zealand Olympic Committee had considered the report but had decided not to ask the New Zealand Government to do a full feasibility study of hosting the 2026 Olympic Winter Games . Therefore the Olympic Winter Games NZ 2026 project was shelved . Quebec City , Canada Quebec City initially expressed interest in bidding . In September 2011 , Quebec City mayor Régis Labeaume ruled out bidding for 2022 . However , the city may bid for another Winter Games in the future . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge stated that he believes that the 2026 Winter Olympics would be a realistic option for the city to organize the games . Quebec has a problem finding a mountain for the downhill event , as the planned location of Le Massif was not approved . In September 2015 , during an interview on Radio - Canada , Labeaume ruled out any possibility of Quebec making a bid for 2026 . Labeaume also attempted , but failed , to create a joint bid with Calgary , Canada , Vancouver , Canada , or Lake Placid , United States . Calgary 's Mayor Naheed Nenshi had confirmed his city , the 1988 host , were pondering a bid , but the talks on a joint effort appear to have collapsed . United States On 9 February 2018 , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) ruled out a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics and will instead consider bids for the 2030 Winter Olympics . Boston , Massachusetts , United States Boston was actively considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Games . This campaign was dropped when Boston was named by the USOC as the United States ' candidate city for the 2024 Summer Olympics . However , Boston 's campaign for the 2024 Summer Games was later dropped when Los Angeles was chosen as the USOC bid city . ( Los Angeles was later awarded the 2028 Games as part of a deal to grant Paris the 2024 event . ) Bozeman , Montana , United States The Big Sky Committee for the Winter Games was seeking to bring the Olympics to the Bozeman and Big Sky areas of southwest Montana , immediately north of Yellowstone National Park . The committee , however , has not sought the bid since 2014 . Lake Placid , New York , United States Lake Placid , the host of the 1932 Winter Olympics and the 1980 Winter Olympics considered a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics with Albany , but had to drop out when the USOC decided not to launch a bid for the 2026 Games . This opens up the possibility of another bid for Lake Placid in the future , after their failed bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics , and the rumored bid for the 2026 Olympics that was never put into action . Salt Lake City , Utah , United States Salt Lake City , the host of the 2002 Winter Olympics , has been considering launching a bid to host the Winter Games for a second time . It was not clear whether Salt Lake City was planning to submit a bid for the 2026 or 2030 Olympics , but it would be dependent on which other cities submitted bids . One obstacle for a bid from Salt Lake City is the fact that Los Angeles will be hosting the 2028 Summer Olympics . The US last hosted back - to - back editions of the Olympics in 1980 ( Lake Placid Winter Games ) and 1984 ( Los Angeles Summer Games ) . LA 2028 President , Casey Wasserman , stated that an attempt for the United States to host the 2026 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games would `` require a lot of conversation '' with the Californian city before a bid was formally launched . The USOC was expected to discuss possible bids for the 2026 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games at its board meeting in late October . On 16 October 2017 , leaders of Salt Lake City and Utah announced the formation of an official Olympic Exploratory Committee . According to sources , Salt Lake City appeared to be more focused on the 2030 Games and the USOC is monitoring the process to see if the IOC will award both the 2026 and 2030 Winter Games at the 134th IOC Session in Milan , Italy in September 2019 , repeating the dual allocation of the 2024 and 2028 Summer Games to Paris and Los Angeles . 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External links Websites Candidature Process 2026 ( IOC ) Sion 2026 ( available in French and German ) Calgary 2026 Stockholm 2026 ( available in Swedish ) Graz / Austria 2026 ( available in German ) Documents Project Outline `` Austria 2026 '' ( available in German ) Preceded by Beijing Winter Olympics Host City XXV Olympic Winter Games ( 2026 ) Succeeded by TBD <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games <Td_colspan="3"> Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD <Td_colspan="3"> Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games <Th_colspan="2"> Bids for the Olympic Games Summer Olympics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 and 2028 2032 Winter Olympics 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 Summer Youth Olympics 2014 2018 2022 Winter Youth Olympics 2012 2016 2020 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- Games handed without bids submitted ; 2 -- Only one bid submitted ; 3 -- Bids submitted but no Games celebration ; 4 -- No bids submitted and no Games celebration Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2026_Winter_Olympics&oldid=834298061 '' Categories : Winter Olympics by year Scheduled multi-sport events 2026 Winter Olympics 2026 in multi-sport events 2026 in winter sports Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2018 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. 2026 Winter Olympics bidding process
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1,304,108,557,547,108,900 | where is the minnesota united stadium going to be | Allianz Field - Wikipedia Allianz Field Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Allianz Stadium . Allianz Field <Td_colspan="2"> `` Cloud City '' <Td_colspan="2"> Concept Art of the Stadium Location Saint Paul , Minnesota Coordinates 44 ° 57 ′ 10 '' N 93 ° 9 ′ 54 '' W / 44.95278 ° N 93.16500 ° W / 44.95278 ; - 93.16500 Coordinates : 44 ° 57 ′ 10 '' N 93 ° 9 ′ 54 '' W / 44.95278 ° N 93.16500 ° W / 44.95278 ; - 93.16500 Public transit Metro Green Line at Snelling Avenue Owner Minnesota United FC Operator Minnesota United FC Capacity 19,400 Surface Grass <Th_colspan="2"> Construction Broke ground December 12 , 2016 Opened 2019 ( est . ) Construction cost $150 million Architect Populous General contractor Mortensen Construction <Th_colspan="2"> Tenants <Td_colspan="2"> Minnesota United FC ( MLS ) ( 2019 -- future ) Allianz Field is a pending soccer - specific stadium for Minnesota United FC of Major League Soccer . On October 23 , 2015 , team owners announced that Minnesota United would build a stadium on the 35 - acre Saint Paul bus barn site . The proposed stadium will seat approximately 19,400 , is to be completed in 2019 , and will be privately financed for $150 million . On November 25 , 2015 , Minnesota United FC hired Kansas City - based Populous to design the stadium . On December 9 , 2015 , the team hired Mortensen Construction as part of the stadium construction along with Populous . Mortensen built U.S. Bank Stadium for the Minnesota Vikings in 2014 - 2016 , and worked with Populous on three other Twin Cities sports facilities : Target Field , TCF Bank Stadium , and Xcel Energy Center . Contents ( hide ) 1 Site 2 Design 2.1 Stadium 2.2 Green space 3 Construction 4 Names 5 References 6 External links Site ( edit ) The stadium is being built on a 35 - acre ( 14 ha ) site on the southeast corner of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue . The location is in Saint Paul 's Midway neighborhood , halfway between Minneapolis and Saint Paul downtowns . The site is accessible by transit , through the immediately - adjacent Snelling Avenue Station served by both the METRO Green Line and the A Line . A city environmental assessment predicted in June 2016 that nearly a third of the attendees will arrive on the Green Line . A masterplan has been drawn up for the redevelopment of the broad area , including the stadium site and adjacent properties owned by RK Midway . This may include building new hotel and office space and the redevelopment of the existing shopping center . The buildings occupied by Rainbow supermarket , Walgreens , Midway Pro Bowl and some adjoining spaces will be torn down . The masterplan calls for the redevelopment to be more pedestrian friendly , to accommodate large numbers of fans walking to and from the transit stations . The southern half of the site was formerly a bus barn used by Metro Transit until it was demolished in 2002 . It was later acquired by the Metropolitan Council , with help from the Federal Transit Administration , after a planned big - box store was not pursued . The stadium itself will primarily sit on this property . Design ( edit ) Stadium ( edit ) The plans for the stadium include a ring - shaped stadium , with seating for approximately 19,400 in the first phase and 24,474 in a future expansion . A glass - like polymer mesh oval exterior will provide the stadium with a sleek facade . With an overhang partially covering the field , the facade is expected to soften the noise towards the neighborhood . Green space ( edit ) The masterplan is pedestrian - oriented and designates 2.6 acres ( 1.1 ha ) of outdoor gathering spaces . The stadium will be ringed by three grassy plazas and a fourth green space will be placed along University Avenue , near Snelling Avenue Station . Pascal Green will be on the east of the stadium ; United Champion Plaza will be on the southwest corner ; Victory Plaza will be on the north ; and Midway Square will be north of Victory Plaza , along Snelling Avenue . Midway Square and Victory Plaza will express the north - south axis of the stadium . These green spaces are planned to be progressively introduced in phases as property owner RK Midway waits for existing leases on its current tenants to end . However , the timeline of these phases has not been released to the city or the public , as of July 2016 . The project drew criticism as the full realization of the masterplan could take many years . Construction ( edit ) The stadium was planned to break ground in June 2016 , but was delayed while the team awaited a tax - exemption from the state , similar to ones granted to other recent stadium projects . Despite the stadium construction being privately funded , the franchise owners stated that the tax - exemption is needed for the project 's viability . In addition , because stadium construction would eliminate Rainbow Foods -- an anchor tenant in the Midway Shopping Center -- strip mall owner RK Midway of New York has faced lease complications with its smaller tenants . Industry analysts say intense competition between the grocery company SuperValu ( which operates Rainbow within the strip mall ) and rivals , primarily Hy - Vee , makes it unlikely that Rainbow will agree to terminate its lease early without a signed guarantee against a competitor moving into the shopping center . A ceremonial groundbreaking was held on December 12 , 2016 , and was attended by MLS commissioner Don Garber . Major construction on the site began in June 2017 and be completed in time for the 2019 season . Names ( edit ) On July 25 , 2017 , Allianz Life was announced as the sponsor for the new stadium . Allianz Life , a subsidiary of German company Allianz , is headquarted in nearby Golden Valley , Minnesota . It is one of eight sports facilities that it sponsor around the world by Allianz or its subsidiaries . Due to the stadium 's resemblance to the floating city on Bespin in the fictional Star Wars universe , the future Minnesota United FC Stadium has gained the nickname `` Cloud City . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minnesota : MNUFC stadium no sooner than 2019 -- StadiumDB.com '' . stadiumdb.com . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Minnesota United FC Announce Plan for New St. Paul Stadium Resolution '' . Major League Soccer . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greder , Andy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` MLS expansion : Atlanta is lock for 2017 , Minnesota expected to join them '' . TwinCities.com . Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Melo , Frederick ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` St. Paul 's soccer stadium was supposed to break ground in June . What happens now ? '' . TwinCities.com . Pioneer Press . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borzi , Pat ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Duel of Suitors Yields an M.L.S. Franchise for Minnesota '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` First of Signature Glass Doors Opens on Minnesota Vikings ' New Stadium '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , James ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Minnesota United Picks Mortenson to Build Stadium '' . Star Tribune . Minneapolis . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Melo , Frederick ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Newest soccer stadium site plan has less green space '' . TwinCities.com . Pioneer Press . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Midway - Snelling Site Plan Outlines Movie Theater , Hotel , Stadium , Park Plaza '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` St. Paul Fed - Financed Land Might Hinder Pro-Soccer Stadium Deal '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Van Berkel , Jessie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Minnesota United officials say ' big dig ' at stadium site will begin in spring '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Groundbreaking set for St. Paul soccer stadium , as construction snags / '' . TwinCities.com . Pioneer Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klauda , Paul ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota United 's new soccer stadium will be Allianz Field '' . Star Tribune . Jump up ^ `` MNUFC & Allianz Field '' . Minnesota United FC. 25 July 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud City Looks Dreamy : MN United Ceremoniously Break Ground on New St. Paul Stadium -- FiftyFive. One '' . December 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Site <Th_colspan="2"> Minnesota United FC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Founded 2010 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Club History 2010 -- 16 2017 -- Sports facilities National Sports Center Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium ( 2017 ) Allianz Field ( future ) Players Current roster All - time roster Culture Colors and badge The Black Phoenix Rivalries The Flyover Cup : FC Edmonton Key personnel Owner Bill McGuire President Nick Rogers Sporting Director Manny Lagos Head Coach Adrian Heath Other topics Related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Major honors NASL Soccer Bowl Champions 2011 NASL Spring Season Winners 2014 North American Supporters ' Trophy 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons USSF Division 2 Professional League ( 2010 ) North American Soccer League 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Major League Soccer 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Current stadiums of Major League Soccer Current Primary Avaya Stadium BBVA Compass Stadium BC Place BMO Field CenturyLink Field Children 's Mercy Park Dick 's Sporting Goods Park Gillette Stadium Mapfre Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Orlando City Stadium Providence Park Red Bull Arena Rio Tinto Stadium RFK Memorial Stadium Saputo Stadium StubHub Center Talen Energy Stadium TCF Bank Stadium Toyota Park Toyota Stadium Yankee Stadium Secondary Levi 's Stadium Olympic Stadium Stanford Stadium Future Allianz Field Audi Field Banc of California Stadium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allianz_Field&oldid=798361732 '' Categories : Minnesota United FC Major League Soccer stadiums Stadiums under construction in the United States Soccer venues in Minnesota Sports venues in Saint Paul , Minnesota Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 13 : 15 . About Wikipedia | 1. Allianz Field - soccer-specific stadium for Minnesota United FC
2. Location and design of Allianz Field
3. Construction and completion timeline of Allianz Field
4. Green spaces and pedestrian-friendly features of Allianz Field
5. Allianz Life announced as sponsor for Allianz Field |
-4,797,757,130,476,261,000 | who is the girl in the more you know commercial | The More You Know - wikipedia The More You Know Jump to : navigation , search For the morning block , see The More You Know ( block ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The More You Know <Td_colspan="2"> Production company ( s ) General Electric , NBC Universal , Comcast <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Networks of NBC Original release September 9 , 1989 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by One to Grow On ( 1983 -- 1989 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.themoreyouknow.com The More You Know is a series of public service announcements ( PSAs ) broadcast on the NBC family of channels in the United States and other locations , featuring educational messages . These PSAs are broadcast regularly during NBC 's programming in primetime , late night , and Saturday morning . The spots feature personalities from various NBC shows . Tom Brokaw was the first person to do a The More You Know spot ; it aired on NBC in September 1989 ( these replaced the One to Grow On PSAs that were used from 1983 to 1989 ) . A senior executive at NBC , Dr. Rosalyn Weinman , developed the campaign and wrote most of the on - air PSAs after putting an advisory council together . She ran the campaign for 10 years . The first ' comet trail ' star logo was designed by Steve Bernstein and later produced by Paul Johnson on an animation stand using a slit scan technique at R / Greenberg Associates ( now R / GA Digital Studios ) in Manhattan . They were later updated using three - dimensional computer graphics . The More You Know program won a Peabody Award in 1993 for serving as `` a model national public service campaign to provide a range of useful information to its vast television audience . '' The campaign has featured a range of guests over the years including Amy Poehler , Joan Rivers , Jack McBrayer , Steve Harvey , Anjelica Huston , Questlove , and Jimmy Fallon . Several past US Presidents have also participated in the campaign including President Bill Clinton , President George H.W. Bush , and Barack Obama , who encouraged parents to be more involved in their children 's education , while First Lady Michelle Obama worked to promote the prevention of childhood obesity . `` El Poder de Saber '' ( The Power of Knowledge ) is The More You Know 's sister campaign on Telemundo . While the other U.S. broadcast networks have similar campaigns , namely CBS Cares and Disney - ABC 's Be Inspired , The More You Know is likely the most well known . On February 24 , 2016 , NBC announced that it would launch a new Saturday morning E / I block named after the campaign , programmed by Litton Entertainment and replacing its in - house NBC Kids block . Contents ( hide ) 1 Parodies 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Parodies ( edit ) The campaign has been widely parodied , with references in The Penguins of Madagascar , Surviving the World ( a webcomic ) , Will & Grace , 30 Rock , Family Guy , Drawn Together , Scrubs , an America - themed episode of X-Play , recurring parodies on Late Night with Conan O'Brien , a running segment on The Daily Show called `` The Less You Know , '' parodies on The Showbiz Show with David Spade , and an April 2006 series of NBC - produced mock PSAs starring the cast of The Office . A sketch on Saturday Night Live portrayed the sometimes - fatal effects of CPR . A parody was also on MADtv mentioning the `` ( nonexistent ) danger of conga lines '' , and another one which spouted random obvious facts . Spliced has a parody of public - service announcements in general ( and The More You Know in particular ) , in brief segments called `` Knowing is Growing '' . The campaign is also featured on many podcasts including The Florida Project . During the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show ( which itself was broadcast by NBC ) , performer Katy Perry closed the performance with a rendition of `` Firework '' while riding on a shooting star ; following the show , comparisons were drawn to the former logo of The More You Know , as captured by user - created edits of photos from the scene . See also ( edit ) CBS Cares , a currently running CBS PSA campaign Read More About It , a PSA campaign created by a joint venture between CBS and the Library of Congress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rodney King Coverage Wins a Peabody Award '' . The New York Times . April 3 , 1993 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Megan Garber ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' The More You Know ' : There 's More to Know '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Family Of Stars '' . The More You Know . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Ariens ( April 16 , 2011 ) . `` New Look , New Faces for ' The More You Know ' '' . AdWeek . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ El Poder De Saber Telemundo Jump up ^ CBS.com Jump up ^ Home - ABC.com Jump up ^ `` NBC , Litton Partner on ' The More You Know ' Block '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ poopertin11 ( June 26 , 2014 ) , Family Guy - The More You Know , retrieved September 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Watch Saturday Night Live Episodes , Clips , and Interviews Fancast Jump up ^ Michelle Steiner , Amanda ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Exploring Katy Perry 's Super Bowl Half - Time Show in Memes '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The More You Know on IMDb NBC.com - The Office PSAs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_More_You_Know&oldid=775558531 '' Categories : Public service announcements of the United States NBC network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs 1989 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series Internet memes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2017 , at 17 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The More You Know - a series of public service announcements (PSAs) broadcast on NBC
2. Educational messages - featured in The More You Know PSAs
3. Personalities from NBC shows - appear in The More You Know PSAs
4. Parodies - The More You Know campaign has been widely parodied
5. Sister campaign - "El Poder de Saber" (The Power of Knowledge) on Telemundo |
-5,547,564,720,233,381,000 | what is the name of the cathedral in florence | Florence cathedral - Wikipedia Florence cathedral Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Florence Cathedral <Td_colspan="2"> Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower <Td_colspan="2"> Il Duomo di Firenze <Td_colspan="2"> Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian ) Cathedral Sanctae Mariae Floris ( Latin ) <Td_colspan="2"> Brunelleschi 's Dome , the nave , and Giotto 's Campanile of the Florence Cathedral as seen from Michelangelo Hill at night and day . <Td_colspan="2"> Florence Cathedral Location in Florence , Italy <Td_colspan="2"> 43 ° 46 ′ 23.1 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 22.4 '' E / 43.773083 ° N 11.256222 ° E / 43.773083 ; 11.256222 Coordinates : 43 ° 46 ′ 23.1 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 22.4 '' E / 43.773083 ° N 11.256222 ° E / 43.773083 ; 11.256222 Location Florence , Tuscany Country Italy Denomination Roman Catholic Tradition Latin Rite Website Duomo Firenze <Th_colspan="2"> History Consecrated 1436 <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture Status Cathedral , minor basilica Architect ( s ) Arnolfo di Cambio Filippo Brunelleschi Emilio De Fabris Architectural type Church Style Italian Gothic , Renaissance , Gothic Revival Groundbreaking 9 September 1296 Completed 1436 <Th_colspan="2"> Specifications Length 153 metres ( 502 ft ) Width 90 metres ( 300 ft ) Nave width 38 metres ( 125 ft ) Height 114.5 metres ( 376 ft ) Floor area 8,300 square metres ( 89,000 sq ft ) Materials Marble , brick <Th_colspan="2"> Administration Archdiocese Archdiocese of Florence <Th_colspan="2"> Clergy Archbishop Giuseppe Betori <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Historic Centre of Florence Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 1982 ( 6th session ) Reference no . 174 State Party Italy Region Europe and North America <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian pronunciation : ( katteˈdraːle di ˈsanta maˈriːa del ˈfjoːre ) ; in English `` Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower '' ) is the main church of Florence , Italy . Il Duomo di Firenze , as it is ordinarily called , was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi . The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th - century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris . The cathedral complex , located in Piazza del Duomo , includes the Baptistery and Giotto 's Campanile . These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to tourists visiting Tuscany . The basilica is one of Italy 's largest churches , and until development of new structural materials in the modern era , the dome was the largest in the world . It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed . The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence , whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Exterior 2.1 Plan and structure 2.2 Dome 2.3 Façade 3 Main Portal 4 Interior 5 Crypt 6 Other burials 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Florence Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of Florence 's second cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata ; the first was the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze whose first building was consecrated as a church in 393 by St. Ambrose of Milan . The ancient structure , founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs , was crumbling with age , according to the 14th - century Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani , and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city . Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period , such as Pisa and particularly Siena where the enormous proposed extensions were never completed . Giotto 's bell tower ( campanile ) The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and approved by city council in 1294 . Di Cambio was also architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio . He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome , with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata . The first stone was laid on September 9 , 1296 , by Cardinal Valeriana , the first papal legate ever sent to Florence . The building of this vast project was to last 140 years ; Arnolfo 's plan for the eastern end , although maintained in concept , was greatly expanded in size . The Duomo , as if completed , in a fresco by Andrea di Bonaiuto , painted in the 1360s , before the commencement of the dome After Arnolfo died in 1310 , work on the cathedral slowed for thirty years . When the relics of Saint Zenobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata , the project gained a new impetus . In 1331 , the Arte della Lana , the guild of wool merchants , took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed Giotto to oversee the work . Assisted by Andrea Pisano , Giotto continued di Cambio 's design . His major accomplishment was the building of the campanile . When Giotto died the January 8th of 1337 , Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was halted due to the Black Death in 1348 . In 1349 , work resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects , starting with Francesco Talenti , who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the apse and the side chapels . In 1359 , Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini ( 1360 -- 1369 ) who divided the center nave in four square bays . Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi , Giovanni d'Ambrogio , Neri di Fioravante and Andrea Orcagna . By 1375 , the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down . The nave was finished by 1380 , and by 1418 , only the dome remained incomplete . Procession outside the cathedral during the 18th century On 18 August 1418 , the Arte della Lana announced an architectural design competition for erecting Neri 's dome . The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths , Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi , the latter of whom was supported by Cosimo de Medici . Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistery in 1401 and lifelong competition between the two remained sharp . Brunelleschi won and received the commission . Ghiberti , appointed coadjutator , drew a salary equal to Brunelleschi 's and , though neither was awarded the announced prize of 200 florins , was promised equal credit , although he spent most of his time on other projects . When Brunelleschi became ill , or feigned illness , the project was briefly in the hands of Ghiberti . But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him . In 1423 , Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility . Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436 . The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25 , 1436 , ( the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar ) . It was the first ' octagonal ' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame . It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance . During the consecration in 1436 , Guillaume Dufay 's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed . The structure of this motet was strongly influenced by the structure of the dome . The Duomo and Baptistery of St. John from Piazza del Duomo The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral , begun in the 14th century , was not completed until 1887 , when the polychrome marble façade was completed with the design of Emilio De Fabris . The floor of the church was relaid in marble tiles in the 16th century . The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from Carrara ( white ) , Prato ( green ) , Siena ( red ) , Lavenza and a few other places . These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent baptistery the Battistero di San Giovanni and Giotto 's Bell Tower . There are two side doors : the Doors of the Canonici ( south side ) and the Door of the Mandorla ( north side ) with sculptures by Nanni di Banco , Donatello , and Jacopo della Quercia . The six side windows , notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments , are separated by pilasters . Only the four windows closest to the transept admit light ; the other two are merely ornamental . The clerestory windows are round , a common feature in Italian Gothic . During its long history , this cathedral has been the seat of the Council of Florence ( 1439 ) , heard the preachings of Girolamo Savonarola and witnessed the murder of Giuliano di Piero de ' Medici on Sunday , 26 April 1478 ( with Lorenzo Il Magnifico barely escaping death ) , in the Pazzi conspiracy . Exterior ( edit ) Plan and structure ( edit ) Plan of the church with various extension phases The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica , having a wide central nave of four square bays , with an aisle on either side . The chancel and transepts are of identical polygonal plan , separated by two smaller polygonal chapels . The whole plan forms a Latin cross . The nave and aisles are separated by wide pointed Gothic arches resting on composite piers . The dimensions of the building are enormous : building area 8,300 square metres ( 89,340 square feet ) , length 153 metres ( 502 feet ) , width 38 metres ( 125 feet ) , width at the crossing 90 metres ( 300 feet ) . The height of the arches in the aisles is 23 metres ( 75 feet ) . The height of the dome is 114.5 metres ( 375.7 feet ) . Dome ( edit ) By the beginning of the 15th century , after a hundred years of construction , the structure was still missing its dome . The basic features of the dome had been designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296 . His brick model , 4.6 metres ( 15.1 ft ) high , 9.2 metres ( 30.2 feet ) long , was standing in a side aisle of the unfinished building , and had long been sacrosanct . It called for an octagonal dome higher and wider than any that had ever been built , with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight . External video <Td_colspan="2"> Smarthistory - Brunelleschi 's Dome The commitment to reject traditional Gothic buttresses had been made when Neri di Fioravanti 's model was chosen over a competing one by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini . That architectural choice , in 1367 , was one of the first events of the Italian Renaissance , marking a break with the Medieval Gothic style and a return to the classic Mediterranean dome . Italian architects regarded Gothic flying buttresses as ugly makeshifts . Furthermore , the use of buttresses was forbidden in Florence , as the style was favored by central Italy 's traditional enemies to the north . Neri 's model depicted a massive inner dome , open at the top to admit light , like Rome 's Pantheon , but enclosed in a thinner outer shell , partly supported by the inner dome , to keep out the weather . It was to stand on an unbuttressed octagonal drum . Neri 's dome would need an internal defense against spreading ( hoop stress ) , but none had yet been designed . Dome seen from the Giotto 's Campanile The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems . Brunelleschi looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions . The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete , the formula for which had long since been forgotten . Soil filled with silver coins had held the Pantheon dome aloft while its concrete set . This could not be the solution in the case of a dome this size and would put the church out of use . For the height and breadth of the dome designed by Neri , starting 52 metres ( 171 ft ) above the floor and spanning 44 meters ( 144 ft ) , there was not enough timber in Tuscany to build the scaffolding and forms . Brunelleschi chose to follow such design and employed a double shell , made of sandstone and marble . Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick , due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form , and with nothing under it during construction . To illustrate his proposed structural plan , he constructed a wooden and brick model with the help of Donatello and Nanni di Banco , a model which is still displayed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo . The model served as a guide for the craftsmen , but was intentionally incomplete , so as to ensure Brunelleschi 's control over the construction . Interior of the dome Brunelleschi 's solutions were ingenious , such as his use of the catenary arch for support . The spreading problem was solved by a set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains , serving as barrel hoops , embedded within the inner dome : one at the top , one at the bottom , with the remaining two evenly spaced between them . A fifth chain , made of wood , was placed between the first and second of the stone chains . Since the dome was octagonal rather than round , a simple chain , squeezing the dome like a barrel hoop , would have put all its pressure on the eight corners of the dome . The chains needed to be rigid octagons , stiff enough to hold their shape , so as not to deform the dome as they held it together . The Duomo viewed from the heights of Piazzale Michelangelo Each of Brunelleschi 's stone chains was built like an octagonal railroad track with parallel rails and cross ties , all made of sandstone beams 43 centimetres ( 17 in ) in diameter and no more than 2.3 metres ( 7.5 ft ) long . The rails were connected end - to - end with lead - glazed iron splices . The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome . The cross ties of the bottom chain can be seen protruding from the drum at the base of the dome . The others are hidden . Each stone chain was supposed to be reinforced with a standard iron chain made of interlocking links , but a magnetic survey conducted in the 1970s failed to detect any evidence of iron chains , which if they exist are deeply embedded in the thick masonry walls . Brunelleschi also included vertical `` ribs '' set on the corners of the octagon , curving towards the center point . The Ribs , 13 feet ( 4 meters ) deep , are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center . The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms , thus allowing the work to progress upward without the need for scaffolding . A circular masonry dome can be built without supports , called centering , because each course of bricks is a horizontal arch that resists compression . In Florence , the octagonal inner dome was thick enough for an imaginary circle to be embedded in it at each level , a feature that would hold the dome up eventually , but could not hold the bricks in place while the mortar was still wet . Brunelleschi used a herringbone brick pattern to transfer the weight of the freshly laid bricks to the nearest vertical ribs of the non-circular dome . Baptistery of St. John next to the cathedral The outer dome was not thick enough to contain embedded horizontal circles , being only 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) thick at the base and 30 centimetres ( 1 ft ) thick at the top . To create such circles , Brunelleschi thickened the outer dome at the inside of its corners at nine different elevations , creating nine masonry rings , which can be observed today from the space between the two domes . To counteract hoop stress , the outer dome relies entirely on its attachment to the inner dome and has no embedded chains . A modern understanding of physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries in the future . Brunelleschi , like all cathedral builders , had to rely on intuition and whatever he could learn from the large scale models he built . To lift 37,000 tons of material , including over 4 million bricks , he invented hoisting machines and lewissons for hoisting large stones . These specially designed machines and his structural innovations were Brunelleschi 's chief contribution to architecture . Although he was executing an aesthetic plan made half a century earlier , it is his name , rather than Neri 's , that is commonly associated with the dome . Brunelleschi 's ability to crown the dome with a lantern was questioned and he had to undergo another competition , even though there had been evidence that Brunelleschi had been working on a design for a lantern for the upper part of the dome . The evidence is shown in the curvature , which was made steeper than the original model . He was declared the winner over his competitors Lorenzo Ghiberti and Antonio Ciaccheri . His design ( now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo ) was for an octagonal lantern with eight radiating buttresses and eight high arched windows . Construction of the lantern was begun a few months before his death in 1446 . Then , for 15 years , little progress was possible , due to alterations by several architects . The lantern was finally completed by Brunelleschi 's friend Michelozzo in 1461 . The conical roof was crowned with a gilt copper ball and cross , containing holy relics , by Verrocchio in 1469 . This brings the total height of the dome and lantern to 114.5 meters ( 375 ft ) . This copper ball was struck by lightning on 17 July 1600 and fell down . It was replaced by an even larger one two years later . Cupola of the Dome The commission for this bronze ball ( atop the lantern ) went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio , in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named Leonardo da Vinci . Fascinated by Filippo 's ( Brunelleschi 's ) machines , which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball , Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and , as a result , is often given credit for their invention . Leonardo might have also participated in the design of the bronze ball , as stated in the G manuscript of Paris `` Remember the way we soldered the ball of Santa Maria del Fiore '' . The decorations of the drum gallery by Baccio d'Agnolo were never finished after being disapproved by no one less than Michelangelo . A huge statue of Brunelleschi now sits outside the Palazzo dei Canonici in the Piazza del Duomo , looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement , the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence . It is still the largest masonry dome in the world . The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio 's copper ball atop the lantern . But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the 19th century . Façade ( edit ) Façade Façade of the cathedral The original façade , designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto , was actually begun twenty years after Giotto 's death . A mid-15th - century pen - and - ink drawing of this so - called Giotto 's façade is visible in the Codex Rustici , and in the drawing of Bernardino Poccetti in 1587 , both on display in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo . This façade was the collective work of several artists , among them Andrea Orcagna and Taddeo Gaddi . This original façade was completed in only its lower portion and then left unfinished . It was dismantled in 1587 - 1588 by the Medici court architect Bernardo Buontalenti , ordered by Grand Duke Francesco I de ' Medici , as it appeared totally outmoded in Renaissance times . Some of the original sculptures are on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo , behind the cathedral . Others are now in the Berlin Museum and in the Louvre . The competition for a new façade turned into a huge corruption scandal . The wooden model for the façade of Buontalenti is on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo . A few new designs had been proposed in later years , but the models ( of Giovanni Antonio Dosio , Giovanni de ' Medici with Alessandro Pieroni and Giambologna ) were not accepted . The façade was then left bare until the 19th century . Main portal by Augusto Passaglia Statue of Saint Reparata , to whom the previous cathedral was dedicated , in the main portal In 1864 , a competition held to design a new façade was won by Emilio De Fabris ( 1808 -- 1883 ) in 1871 . Work began in 1876 and was completed in 1887 . This neo-gothic façade in white , green and red marble forms a harmonious entity with the cathedral , Giotto 's bell tower and the Baptistery , but some think it is excessively decorated . The whole façade is dedicated to the Mother of Christ . Main portal ( edit ) The three huge bronze doors date from 1899 to 1903 . They are adorned with scenes from the life of the Madonna . The mosaics in the lunettes above the doors were designed by Niccolò Barabino . They represent ( from left to right ) : Charity among the founders of Florentine philanthropic institutions ; Christ enthroned with Mary and John the Baptist ; and Florentine artisans , merchants and humanists . The pediment above the central portal contains a half - relief by Tito Sarrocchi of Mary enthroned holding a flowered scepter . Giuseppe Cassioli sculpted the right - hand door . On top of the façade is a series of niches with the twelve Apostles with , in the middle , the Madonna with Child . Between the rose window and the tympanum , there is a gallery with busts of great Florentine artists . Interior ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Interior of the cathedral Huge clock decorated by Paolo Uccello . Dante and the Divine Comedy . Trompe l'oeil of Niccolò da Tolentino . Vasari 's fresco begun in 1568 , and completed by Federico Zuccari in 1579 . Detail under the dome . The Last Judgement ( detail ) under the dome . Tomb of Antonio d'Orso by Tino da Camaino . The Gothic interior is vast and gives an empty impression . The relative bareness of the church corresponds with the austerity of religious life , as preached by Girolamo Savonarola . Many decorations in the church have been lost in the course of time , or have been transferred to the Museum Opera del Duomo , such as the magnificent cantorial pulpits ( the singing galleries for the choristers ) of Luca della Robbia and Donatello . As this cathedral was built with funds from the public , some important works of art in this church honour illustrious men and military leaders of Florence : Lorenzo Ghiberti had a large artistic impact on the cathedral . Ghiberti worked with Filippo Brunelleschi on the cathedral for eighteen years and had a large number of projects on almost the whole east end . Some of his works were the stained glass designs , the bronze shrine of Saint Zenobius and marble revetments on the outside of the cathedral . Dante Before the City of Florence by Domenico di Michelino ( 1465 ) . This painting is especially interesting because it shows us , apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy , a view on Florence in 1465 , a Florence such as Dante himself could not have seen in his time . Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood by Paolo Uccello ( 1436 ) . This almost monochrome fresco , transferred to canvas in the 19th century , is painted in terra verde , a color closest to the patina of bronze . Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno ( 1456 ) . This fresco , transferred on canvas in the 19th century , in the same style as the previous one , is painted in a color resembling marble . However , it is more richly decorated and gives more the impression of movement . Both frescoes portray the condottieri as heroic figures riding triumphantly . Both painters had problems when applying in painting the new rules of perspective to foreshortening : they used two unifying points , one for the horse and one for the pedestal , instead a single unifying point . Busts of Giotto ( by Benedetto da Maiano ) , Brunelleschi ( by Buggiano - 1447 ) , Marsilio Ficino , and Antonio Squarcialupi ( a most famous organist ) . These busts all date from the 15th and the 16th centuries . Above the main door is the colossal clock face with fresco portraits of four Prophets or Evangelists by Paolo Uccello ( 1443 ) . This one - handed liturgical clock shows the 24 hours of the hora italica ( Italian time ) , a period of time ending with sunset at 24 hours . This timetable was used until the 18th century . This is one of the few clocks from that time that still exist and are in working order . The church is particularly notable for its 44 stained glass windows , the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century . The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament , while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary . They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times , such as Donatello , Lorenzo Ghiberti , Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno . Christ crowning Mary as Queen , the stained - glass circular window above the clock , with a rich range of coloring , was designed by Gaddo Gaddi in the early 14th century . Donatello designed the stained - glass window ( Coronation of the Virgin ) in the drum of the dome ( the only one that can be seen from the nave ) . The beautiful funeral monument of Antonio d'Orso ( 1323 ) , bishop of Florence , was made by Tino da Camaino , the most important funeral sculptor of his time . The monumental crucifix , behind the Bishop 's Chair at the high altar , is by Benedetto da Maiano ( 1495 -- 1497 ) . The choir enclosure is the work of the famous Bartolommeo Bandinelli . The ten - paneled bronze doors of the sacristy were made by Luca della Robbia , who has also two glazed terracotta works inside the sacristy : Angel with Candlestick and Resurrection of Christ . In the back of the middle of the three apses is the altar of Saint Zanobius , first bishop of Florence . Its silver shrine , a masterpiece of Ghiberti , contains the urn with his relics . The central compartment shows us one of his miracles , the reviving of a dead child . Above this shrine is the painting Last Supper by the lesser - known Giovanni Balducci . There was also a glass - paste mosaic panel The Bust of Saint Zanobius by the 16th - century miniaturist Monte di Giovanni , but it is now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo . Many decorations date from the 16th - century patronage of the Grand Dukes , such as the pavement in colored marble , attributed to Baccio d'Agnolo and Francesco da Sangallo ( 1520 -- 26 ) . Some pieces of marble from the façade were used , topside down , in the flooring ( as was shown by the restoration of the floor after the 1966 flooding ) . It was suggested that the interior of the 45 metre ( 147 ft ) wide dome should be covered with a mosaic decoration to make the most of the available light coming through the circular windows of the drum and through the lantern . Brunelleschi had proposed the vault to glimmer with resplendent gold , but his death in 1446 put an end to this project , and the walls of the dome were whitewashed . Grand Duke Cosimo I de ' Medici decided to have the dome painted with a representation of The Last Judgment . This enormous work , 3,600 metres2 ( 38 750 ft2 ) of painted surface , was started in 1568 by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari and would last till 1579 . The upper portion , near the lantern , representing The 24 Elders of Apoc. 4 was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574 . Federico Zuccari and a number of collaborators , such as Domenico Cresti , finished the other portions : ( from top to bottom ) Choirs of Angels ; Christ , Mary and Saints ; Virtues , Gifts of the Holy Spirit and Beatitudes ; and at the bottom of the cupola : Capital Sins and Hell . These frescoes are considered Zuccari 's greatest work . But the quality of the work is uneven because of the input of different artists and the different techniques . Vasari had used true fresco , while Zuccari had painted in secco . During the restoration work , which ended in 1995 , the entire pictorial cycle of The Last Judgment was photographed with specially designed equipment and all the information collected in a catalogue . All the restoration information along with reconstructed images of the frescos were stored and managed in the Thesaurus Florentinus computer system . Crypt ( edit ) Tomb of Filippo Brunelleschi . The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974 . The archaeological history of this huge area was reconstructed through the work of Dr. Franklin Toker : remains of Roman houses , an early Christian pavement , ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church . Close to the entrance , in the part of the crypt open to the public , is the tomb of Brunelleschi . While its location is prominent , the actual tomb is simple and humble . That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was given by the Florentines . Other burials ( edit ) Zenobius of Florence Conrad II of Italy Giovanni Benelli Filippo Brunelleschi Giotto di Bondone Pope Nicholas II Pope Stephen IX John Hawkwood See also ( edit ) Italy portal Catholicism portal Roman Catholic Marian churches List of largest domes in the world Santa Reparata , Florence Inferno ( Dan Brown novel ) History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ermengem , Kristiaan Van . `` Duomo di Firenze , Florence '' . A View On Cities . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , pp. 36 -- 37 ; according to Bartlett , the people of Florence continued to call the cathedral by its former name for some time after reconstruction . ^ Jump up to : Barlett , 36 . Jump up ^ Zucconi , Guido ( 1995 ) . Florence : An Architectural Guide . San Giovanni Lupatoto , Vr , Italy : Arsenale Editrice srl . ISBN 88 - 7743 - 147 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria Del Fiore Church ( Dome ) Firenze Italy '' . En.firenze-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ King , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : `` Brunelleschi 's Dome '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , p. 9 . Jump up ^ King , p. 7 . Jump up ^ PBS ' The Medici : Godfathers of the Renaissance , Birth of a Dynasty ( see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FFDJK8jmms at the 20 : 15 mark ) Jump up ^ The Secrets of the Florentine Dome : The Secrets of the Florentine Dome , accessdate : January 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Niel ( 2007 ) Architecture Explained . ISBN 0756628687 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ King , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Tom ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Mystery of Florence 's Cathedral Dome May Be Solved '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Tom Mueller Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Doumo Design Video Jump up ^ King , pp. 105 - 107 . Jump up ^ Gartner , Peter , Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1446 , p 95 . Jump up ^ King , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Paolo Galluzzi , `` Leonard de Vinci , engineer and architect '' , p. 50 Jump up ^ Figures vary . archINFORM gives a 45 m wide tambour , while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola , others as little as 42 m . Jump up ^ As referenced in `` Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore : il cantiere di restauro 1980 - 1995 '' by Cristina Acidini Luchinat and Riccardo Dalla Negra published by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Roma ) in 1995 ( ISBN 8824039561 ) Jump up ^ Thesaurus Florentinus project page ( in Italian ) , Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici e Paesaggisitici di Firenze , Ministero dei Beni Culturali References ( edit ) Bartlett , Kenneth R. ( 1992 ) . The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance . Toronto : D.C. Heath and Company . ISBN 0 - 669 - 20900 - 7 ( Paperback ) . King , Ross ( 2000 ) . Brunelleschi 's Dome : How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture . London : Chatto & Windus . Jepson , Tim ( 2001 ) . The National Geographic Traveler , Florence & Tuscany . National Geographic Society . ISBN 90 - 215 - 9720 - 9 . Henry A. Millon ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) . Italian Renaissance Architecture : from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27921 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Montrésor , Carlo ( 2000 ) . The Opera del Duomo , Museum in Florence . Mandragora . Suro , Roberto ( July 28 , 1987 ) . `` Cracks in a Great Dome in Florence May Point to Impending Disaster '' . New York Times : C3 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Tacconi , Marica S. Cathedral and Civic Ritual in Late Medieval and Renaissance Florence : The Service Books of Santa Maria del Fiore . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81704 - 2 Wirtz , Rolf C. Kunst & Architektur , Florenz . Könemann , 2005 . ISBN 3 - 8331 - 1576 - 9 . Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore : il cantiere di restauro 1980 - 1995 , a cura di Cristina Acidini Luchinat e Riccardo Dalla Negra . Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Roma ) . 1995 . ISBN 88 - 240 - 3956 - 1 . Library of Congress permalink Devémy , Jean - François ( 2013 ) . Sur les traces de Filippo Brunelleschi , l'invention de la coupole de Santa Maria del Fiore à Florence . Suresnes : Les Editions du Net . ISBN 978 - 2 - 312 - 01329 - 9 . ( in line presentation ) Gärtner , Peter J. ( 1998 ) . Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1446 . Köln : Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0241 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Great Cathedral Mystery '' , PBS Nova TV documentary , February 12 , 2014 Hunt , Don , `` Secrets of the Duomo '' , Journal , Issue 2 , 2014 , International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Mueller , Tom , `` Brunelleschi 's Dome : How did a hot - tempered goldsmith with no formal architectural training create the most miraculous edifice of the Renaissance ? '' , National Geographic magazine , February 2014 Ricci , Massimo , Il genio di Brunelleschi e la costruzione della Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore , Livorno : Casa Editrice Sillabe S.r.l. , April 2014 . ( The genius of Filippo Brunelleschi and the construction of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore ) . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8347 - 691 - 4 . The book is the result of forty years of research on the secret technique with which Brunelleschi built the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence . Ricci makes the case for the dome being an inverted arch and uses a herringbone pattern ( spina a pesce ) for the dome 's bricks . Vereycken , Karel , `` The Secrets of the Florentine Dome '' , Schiller Institute , 2013 . ( Translation from the French , `` Les secrets du dôme de Florence '' , la revue Fusion , n ° 96 , Mai , Juin 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Maria del Fiore ( Florence ) . Official website L'Opera del Duomo , Firenze Brunelleschi 's Dome - en `` The Cathedral '' . The Florence Art Guide . 2004 . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Museums in Florence - Cathedral and Giotto Belltower Horner , Susan ; Horner , Joanna ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` Chapter III : The Cathedral - Exterior '' . Walks in Florence . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo 360 Panorama View Interactive NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Cutaway Interactive ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014 - 02 ll Duomo Piazza 360 degree panorama interactive ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Compared to other Domes Interactive <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Tourism in Florence Religious sites Basilicas Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore S Lorenzo Medici Chapel S Croce Baroncelli and Pazzi Chapels S Maria Novella Tornabuoni Chapel SS Annunziata S Marco S Miniato al Monte S Maria del Carmine Brancacci Chapel S Trinita Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel Sassetti Chapel S Spirito Churches Badia Fiorentina Battistero di San Giovanni S Mary of the Angels Certosa Orsanmichele Ognissanti Oratorio dei Vanchetoni Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas San Frediano in Cestello S Gaetano S Giovannino degli Scolopi S Giovannino dei Cavalieri S Jacopo sopr'Arno S Salvatore al Vescovo S Ambrogio S Felicita Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi S Maria Maggiore S Martino del Vescovo Ss Apostoli S Pancrazio S Salvi Ss Simone e Giuda S Stefano al Ponte Other Great Synagogue Museums , galleries and palaces Bargello Casa Buonarroti Casa Guidi Galleria dell'Accademia David Garden of Archimedes Loggia del Bigallo Loggia del Mercato Nuovo Loggia del Pesce Loggia Rucellai Museo dell'Opera del Duomo Museo Galileo Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia Museo Nazionale di San Marco Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze La Specola National Archaeological Museum Orsanmichele Ospedale degli Innocenti Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai Palazzo Davanzati Palazzo Gondi Palazzo Medici Riccardi Magi Chapel Palazzo Pitti Museo delle Porcellane Palazzo Vecchio Studiolo of Francesco I Palazzo Spini Feroni Stibbert Museum Uffizi Loggia dei Lanzi Vasari Corridor Towers ( Torri ) degli Amidei degli Alberti dei Della Bella dei Gianfigliazzi dei Mannelli dei Pulci Giotto 's Campanile Library Biblioteca Riccardiana at Palazzo Medici Riccardi British Institute of Florence Gabinetto Vieusseux ( Palazzo Strozzi ) Kunsthistorisches Institut Laurentian Library National Central Library Landmarks Fountain of Neptune Giotto 's Campanile Ponte Vecchio Monument to Dante Theatres Teatro Comunale Florence Teatro della Pergola Teatro Verdi Squares Squares of Florence Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Repubblica Piazza della Signoria Piazza Santa Croce Piazzale Michelangelo Streets Via Cavour Via de ' Tornabuoni Fort Belvedere Fortezza da Basso Gardens and parks Boboli Gardens Giardino Bardini Giardino dell'Iris Giardino delle rose Orto Botanico di Firenze Parco delle Cascine Villas Medici villas di Castello La Petraia di Careggi Medicea L'Ambrogiana del Poggio Imperiale Gamberaia I Tatti Il Gioiello La Pietra Rusciano Events and traditions Calcio Fiorentino Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Scoppio del carro <Td_colspan="3"> Districts of Florence Trams in Florence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&oldid=812048822 '' Categories : Florence Cathedral Basilica churches in Florence Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1436 15th - century Roman Catholic church buildings 15th - century establishments in the Republic of Florence Domes Fresco paintings Tourist attractions in Florence Gothic architecture in Florence Renaissance architecture in Florence Buildings containing meridian lines Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 17 : 48 . 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-7,726,857,754,284,145,000 | who is considered as prophet of indian nationalism | Indian nationalism - Wikipedia Indian nationalism Jump to : navigation , search Flag of India Part of a series on Nationalism Development ( show ) Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure Core values ( show ) Identity Self - determination Solidarity Types ( show ) African Alt - right Banal Blind Business Civic Conservative Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber - Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Homonationalist Integral Left - wing Communist Liberal Mystic National - anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo - New Pan - Plurinationalist Post - Queer Racial Black White Religious Christian Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism Zionism Organizations ( show ) List of nationalist organizations Related concepts ( show ) Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Revanchism Politics portal Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj . Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in `` India '' , or more broadly the Indian subcontinent , even if it was not articulated in modern terms . Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism , inclusive of all its people , despite their diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds . It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 National consciousness in India 1.1 Conception of Pan-South Asianism 1.2 Ages of war and invasion 2 Colonial - era nationalism 2.1 Swadeshi 2.2 The Gandhian era 3 More than just `` Indian '' 3.1 Hindu Rashtra 3.2 The Qaum 4 Nationalism and politics 5 Nationalism and military conflicts 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography National consciousness in India Main article : History of India The largest extent of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka . The largest extent of the Gupta Empire India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history . Ancient texts mention India under emperor Bharata and Akhand Bharat , these regions roughly form the entities of modern - day greater India . The Mauryan Empire was the first to unite all of India , and South Asia ( including much of Afghanistan ) . In addition , much of India has also been unified under a central government by empires , such as the Gupta Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , Pala Empire , Mughal Empire , Indian Empire etc . Conception of pan-south asianism India 's concept of nationhood is based not merely on territorial extent of its sovereignty . Nationalistic sentiments and expression encompass that India 's ancient history , as the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization , as well as four major world religions -- Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism . Indian nationalists see India stretching along these lines across the Indian Subcontinent . Ages of War and invasion Expansion of the Mughal Empire from 1526 to 1700 The extent of Maratha Empire ( yellow ) , without its vassals . India today celebrates many kings and queens for combating foreign invasion and domination , such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire , Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi , Kittur Chennamma , Maharana Pratap of Rajputana , Prithviraj Chauhan and Tipu Sultan who fought the British . The kings of Ancient India , such as Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka of the Magadha Empire , are also remembered for their military genius , notable conquests and remarkable religious tolerance . Akbar was a Mughal emperor , was known to have a good relationship with the Roman Catholic Church as well as with his subjects -- Hindus , Buddhists , Sikhs and Jains . He forged familial and political bonds with Hindu Rajput kings . Although previous Sultans had been more or less tolerant , Akbar took religious intermingling to new level of exploration . He developed for the first time in Islamic India an environment of complete religious freedom . Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination , and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings , and even religious scholars to debate in his court . Colonial - era nationalism Main articles : Indian Independence Movement , Indian rebellion of 1857 , and Indian National Congress - Freedom Era See also : Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Aurobindo Ghosh , and 1905 Partition of Bengal The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the Provisional Government of Free India during the Second World War . The consolidation of the British East India Company 's rule in the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century brought about socio - economic changes which led to the rise of an Indian middle class and steadily eroded pre-colonial socio - religious institutions and barriers . The emerging economic and financial power of Indian business - owners and merchants and the professional class brought them increasingly into conflict with the British Raj . A rising political consciousness among the native Indian social elite ( including lawyers , doctors , university graduates , government officials and similar groups ) spawned an Indian identity and fed a growing nationalist sentiment in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century . The creation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress in India by the political reformer A.O. Hume intensified the process by providing an important platform from which demands could be made for political liberalisation , increased autonomy , and social reform . The leaders of the Congress advocated dialogue and debate with the Raj administration to achieve their political goals . Distinct from these moderate voices ( or loyalists ) who did not preach or support violence was the nationalist movement , which grew particularly strong , radical and violent in Bengal and in Punjab . Notable but smaller movements also appeared in Maharashtra , Madras and other areas across the south . Swadeshi The controversial 1905 partition of Bengal escalated the growing unrest , stimulating radical nationalist sentiments and becoming a driving force for Indian revolutionaries . The Gandhian era Mohandas Gandhi pioneered the art of Satyagraha , typified with a strict adherence to ahimsa ( non-violence ) , and civil disobedience . This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution , without employing violence or other distasteful means . Gandhi 's equally strict adherence to democracy , religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood , as well as activist rejection of caste - based discrimination and untouchability united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India 's history . The masses participated in India 's independence struggle for the first time , and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s . In addition , Gandhi 's victories in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha in 1918 -- 19 , gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indian nationalists that the British Raj could be defeated . National leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Jawaharlal Nehru , Maulana Azad , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , Mohandas Gandhi , Rajendra Prasad and Badshah Khan brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics , and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction . More than just `` Indian '' See also : Demographics of India Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse . Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just Indian in nature . The most controversial and emotionally charged fibre in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion . Religion forms a major , and in many cases , the central element of Indian life . Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics , social traditions and history across India . Hindu Rashtra Main article : Hindu nationalism Hindu Flag of the Maratha Empire with two pennants . An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of Islamic empires in India . Entering the 20th century , Hindus formed over 75 % of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement . Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of caste , linguistic groups and ethnicity . In 1925 , K.B. Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur , Maharashtra , which grew into the largest civil organisation in the country , and more potent , mainstream base of Hindu nationalism . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar coined the term Hindutva for his ideology that described India as a Hindu Rashtra , a Hindu nation . This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad . Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 370 of the Constitution that grants a special semi-autonomous status to the Muslim - majority state of Kashmir , adopting a uniform civil code , thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims . These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims . The qaum Main articles : Indian Muslim nationalism and Two - Nation Theory In 1906 -- 1907 , the All India Muslim League was founded , created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the Indian National Congress , which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions . However , Mahatma Gandhi 's leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the independence struggle and the Congress Party . The Aligarh Muslim University and the Jamia Millia Islamia stand apart -- the former helped form the Muslim league , while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought . While prominent Muslims like Allama Iqbal , Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations , other major leaders like Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Maulana Azad and most of Deobandi clerics strongly backed the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian independence struggle , opposing any notion of Muslim nationalism and separatism . The Muslim school of Indian nationalism failed to attract Muslim masses and the Islamic nationalist Muslim League enjoyed extensive popular political support . State of Pakistan was ultimately formed following Partition of India Nationalism and politics Prime Minister Indira Gandhi led India to victory in 1971 against Pakistan , imposed the Indian Emergency , led it to become a nuclear power state in 1974 and is blamed for the Khalistan insurgency and Operation Blue Star -- a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics . The political identity of the Indian National Congress , India 's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years , is reliant on the connection to Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru , and the Nehru - Gandhi family which has controlled the Congress since independence . The Congress Party 's fortunes up till the 1970s were single - handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India 's Independence Movement , and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly , considering itself to be the guardian of India 's independence , democracy and unity . Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party , seen as defender of Nehruvian secularism . In contrast , the Bharatiya Janata Party employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression . The BJP seeks to preserve and spread the culture of the Hindus , the majority population . It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India 's borders and interests against archrivals China and Pakistan , with the defence of the majority 's right to be a majority . Religious nationalist parties include the Shiromani Akali Dal , which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh - majority state in Punjab and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organisation . In Maharashtra , the Shiv Sena uses the legacy of the independent Maratha kingdom under famous figures like Shivaji to stir up support , and has adopted Hindutva as well . In Assam , the Asom Gana Parishad is a more state - focused party , arising after the frustration of the United Liberation Front of Asom ( ULFA ) as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism . In Tamil Nadu came the first of such parties , the Dravidar Kazhagam ( DK ) . Today the DK stands for a collection of parties , with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) , the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) , the Pattali Makkal Katchi ( PMK ) and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( MDMK ) . Caste - based politics invite the participation of the Bahujan Samaj Party and the party of Laloo Prasad Yadav , who build upon the support of poor low - caste and dalit Hindus in the northern , and most populated states of India like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar . Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people of that state . Nationalism and military conflicts Main article : Military History of India Further information : Indo - Pakistani Wars , Sino - Indian War , and Chola incident The Indian Armed Forces , over a million troops strong , is the 3rd largest army in the world Military history , both past and present , serves as a source of nationalist sentiment in India . The first reference to armies is found in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha . There were many powerful dynasties in India such as the Maha Janapadas , Shishunaga Empire , Gangaridai Empire , Nanda Empire , Maurya Empire , Shunga Empire , Kharavela Empire , Kuninda Kingdom , Chola Empire , Chera Empire , Pandyan Empire , Satavahana Empire , Western Satrap Empire , Kushan Empire , Vakataka Empire , Kalabhras Kingdom , Gupta Empire , Pallava Empire , Kadamba Empire , Western Ganga Kingdom , Vishnukundina Empire , Chalukya Empire , Harsha Empire , Shahi Kingdom , Eastern Chalukya Kingdom , Pratihara Empire , Pala Empire , Rashtrakuta Empire , Paramara Kingdom , Yadava Empire , Chaulukya kingdom , Western Chalukya Empire , Hoysala Empire , Sena Empire , Eastern Ganga Empire , Kakatiya Kingdom , Kalachuri Empire , Delhi Sultanate , Deccan Sultanates , Ahom Kingdom , Vijayanagar Empire , Mysore Kingdom , Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire , Sikh Empire etc . The modern Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century . Today the Republic of India maintains the world 's third largest armed forces with over a million troops strong . The official defence budget stands at ₹ 1,644,151.9 million ( US $26 billion ) but the actual spending on the armed forces is estimated to be much higher . The army is undergoing rapid expansion and modernisation with plans to have an active military space program , missile defence shield , and nuclear triad capability . See also History of India Swadeshi movement Indian century References Jump up ^ Lerner , Hanna ( 12 May 2011 ) , Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies , Cambridge University Press , pp. 120 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 50292 - 4 Jump up ^ Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 1999 ) , The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity - building , Implantation and Mobilisation ( with Special Reference to Central India ) , Penguin Books India , pp. 13 -- 15 , 83 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024602 - 5 Jump up ^ Pachuau , Lalsangkima ; Stackhouse , Max L. ( 2007 ) , News of Boundless Riches , ISPCK , pp. 149 -- 150 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8458 - 013 - 6 Jump up ^ Leifer , Michael ( 2000 ) , Asian Nationalism , Psychology Press , pp. 112 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23284 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments geredigeerd door Inb , Inc '' . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Acharya , Shiva . `` Nation , Nationalism and Social Structure in Ancient India By Shiva Acharya '' . Sundeepbooks.com . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mahrattas , Sikhs and Southern Sultans of India : Their Fight Against Foreign Power / edited by H.S. Bhatia '' . Vedamsbooks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mitra 2006 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Croitt & Mjøset 2001 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Desai 2005 , p. xxxiii Jump up ^ Desai 2005 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Yadav 1992 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 1998 , p. 117 Jump up ^ `` Character of Nehruvian Secularism '' . Bharatvani.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu / Madurai News : Vijaykanth slams Dravidian parties '' . The Hindu . 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Thomson Reuters Foundation Service '' . AlertNet . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Defence Budget 2011 -- 12 -- Misplaced Euphoria -- India Defence -- Security Trends South Asia -- Security-Risks.com Caring for your Safety , Life & Security '' . Security-risks.com. 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Business Standard ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` Ajai Shukla : How much is the defence budget ? '' . Business-standard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Greenlees , Donald ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` China and India leading Asian missile buildup -- The New York Times '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gavin Rabinowitz , Associated Press ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` India 's army seeks military space program '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ India successfully tests missile interceptor Jump up ^ TNN , 27 February 2008 , 12 : 34 am IST ( 27 February 2008 ) . `` India test fires submarine - launched ballistic missile -- India -- The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bibliography Bose , Sugata ; Jalal , Ayesha ( 1998 ) , Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy , New York : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 16952 - 6 Croitt , Raymond D ; Mjøset , Lars ( 2001 ) , When Histories Collide , Oxford , UK : AltaMira , ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0158 - 2 Desai , A.R. ( 2005 ) , Social Background Of Indian Nationalism ( 6Th - Edn ) , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 667 - 1 Mitra , Subrata K. ( 2006 ) , The Puzzle of India 's Governance : Culture , Context and Comparative Theory , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 27493 - 2 Yadav , B.D ( 1992 ) , M.P.T. 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-6,709,231,170,617,328,000 | the revolution in france at the end of the 18th century was responsible for | French Revolution of 1848 - wikipedia French Revolution of 1848 Jump to : navigation , search For previous revolutions in France , see French Revolution and July Revolution . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) French Revolution of 1848 <Td_colspan="2"> Lamartine in front of the Town Hall of Paris rejects the red flag on 25 February 1848 by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux Date 22 February -- 2 December 1848 Location France Also known as February Revolution Participants French citizens Outcome Abdication of Louis Philippe I Establishment of the Second Republic Louis Philippe I , the last King of the French Louis Blanc , one of the two workers ' representatives in the Assembly of the Second Republic Part of a series on the History of France Prehistory ( show ) Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Copper Age Bronze Age Iron Age Ancient ( show ) Greek colonies Celtic Gaul until 50 BC Roman Gaul 50 BC -- 486 AD Early Middle Ages ( show ) Franks Merovingians 481 -- 751 Carolingians 751 -- 987 Middle Ages ( show ) Direct Capetians 987 -- 1328 Valois 1328 -- 1498 Early modern ( show ) Ancien Régime Valois - Orléans 1498 -- 1515 Valois - Angoulême 1515 -- 89 Bourbon 1589 -- 1792 Long 19th century ( show ) French Revolution 1789 -- 1799 Kingdom of France 1791 -- 92 First Republic 1792 -- 1804 First Empire 1804 -- 14 Restoration 1814 -- 30 July Monarchy 1830 -- 1848 Second Republic 1848 -- 52 Second Empire 1852 -- 70 Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 20th century ( show ) Third Republic 1870 -- 1940 Free France Vichy France 1940 -- 44 Provisional Republic 1944 -- 46 Fourth Republic 1946 -- 58 Fifth Republic 1958 -- present Timeline France portal The 1848 Revolution in France , sometimes known as the February Revolution ( révolution de Février ) , was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe . In France the revolutionary events ended the Orléans monarchy ( 1830 -- 1848 ) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic . Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848 , the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France . In the months that followed , this government steered a course that became more conservative . On 23 June 1848 , the people of Paris rose in insurrection , which became known as June Days uprising -- a bloody but unsuccessful rebellion by the Paris workers against a conservative turn in the Republic 's course . On 2 December 1848 , Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected President of the Second Republic , largely on peasant support . Exactly three years later he suspended the elected assembly , establishing the Second French Empire , which lasted until 1870 . Louis Napoléon went on to become the de facto last French monarch . The February revolution established the principle of the `` right to work '' ( droit au travail ) , and its newly established government created `` National Workshops '' for the unemployed . At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace , under the presidency of Louis Blanc , with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labour . These tensions between liberal Orléanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists led to the June Days Uprising . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Economic and international influences 2 Events of February 3 Second Republic 3.1 Rise of conservatism within the Second Republic 3.2 Class struggles within the revolution 3.3 End of the Revolution in France 4 In literature 5 See also 6 Sources 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Under the Charter of 1814 , Louis XVIII ruled France as the head of a constitutional monarchy . Upon Louis XVIII 's death , his brother , the Count of Artois , ascended to the throne in 1824 , as Charles X . Supported by the ultra-royalists , Charles X was an extremely unpopular reactionary monarch whose aspirations were far more grand than those of his deceased brother . He had no desire to rule as a constitutional monarch , taking various steps to strengthen his own authority as monarch and weaken that of the lower house . In 1830 , Charles X of France , presumably instigated by one of his chief advisors Jules , Prince de Polignac , issued the Four Ordinances of St. Cloud . These ordinances abolished freedom of the press , reduced the electorate by 75 % , and dissolved the lower house . This action provoked an immediate reaction from the citizenry , who revolted against the monarchy during the Three Glorious Days of 26 -- 29 July 1830 . Charles was forced to abdicate the throne and to flee Paris for the United Kingdom . As a result , Louis Philippe , of the Orléanist branch , rose to power , replacing the old Charter by the Charter of 1830 , and his rule became known as the July Monarchy . Nicknamed the `` Bourgeois Monarch '' , Louis Philippe sat at the head of a moderately liberal state controlled mainly by educated elites . Supported by the Orléanists , he was opposed on his right by the Legitimists ( former ultra-royalists ) and on his left by the Republicans and Socialists . Louis Philippe was an expert businessman and , by means of his businesses , he had become one of the richest men in France . Still Louis Philippe saw himself as the successful embodiment of a `` small businessman '' ( petite bourgeoisie ) . Consequently , he and his government did not look with favour on the big business ( bourgeoisie ) , especially , the industrial section of the French bourgeoisie . Louis Philippe did , however , support the bankers , large and small . Indeed , at the beginning of his reign in 1830 , Jaques Laffitte , a banker and liberal politician who supported Louis Philippe 's rise to the throne , said `` From now on , the bankers will rule . '' Accordingly , during the reign of Louis Philippe , the privileged `` financial aristocracy '' , i.e. bankers , stock exchange magnates , railroad barons , owners of coal mines , iron ore mines , and forests and all landowners associated with them , tended to support Louis Philippe , while the industrial section of the bourgeoisie , which may have owned the land their factories sat on but not much more , were disfavoured by Louis Philippe and actually tended to side with the middle class and laboring class in opposition to Louis Philippe in the Chamber of Deputies . Naturally , land - ownership was favoured , and this elitism resulted in the disenfranchisement of much of the middle and working classes . By 1848 only about one percent of the population held the franchise . Even though France had a free press and trial by jury , only landholders were permitted to vote , which alienated the petty bourgeoisie and even the industrial bourgeoisie from the government . Louis Philippe was viewed as generally indifferent to the needs of society , especially to those members of the middle class who were excluded from the political arena . Early in 1848 , some Orléanist liberals , such as Adolphe Thiers , had turned against him , disappointed by Louis Philippe 's opposition to parliamentarism . A Reform Movement developed in France which urged the government to expand the electoral franchise , just as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had done in 1832 . The more radical democrats of the Reform Movement coalesced around the newspaper , La Réforme . However , the more moderate republicans and the liberal opposition rallied around the Le National newspaper . Starting in July 1847 the Reformists of all shades began to hold `` banquets '' at which toasts were drunk to `` République française '' ( the French Republic ) , `` Liberté '' ( Liberty ) , `` Egalité '' ( Equality ) and `` Fraternité '' ( Brotherhood ) , etc . However , Louis Philippe turned a deaf ear to the Reform Movement and discontent among wide sections of the French people continued to grow . Social and political discontent sparked revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848 which in turn inspired revolts in other parts of Europe . Workers lost their jobs , bread prices rose , and people accused the government of corruption . The French revolted and set up a republic . French successes led to other revolts including those who wanted relief from the suffering caused by the Industrial Revolution and nationalism sprang up hoping for independence from foreign rulers . Alexis de Tocqueville observed , `` We are sleeping together in a volcano ... A wind of revolution blows , the storm is on the horizon . '' Lacking the property qualifications to vote , the lower classes were about to erupt in revolt . Economic and international influences ( edit ) The French middle class watched changes in Britain with interest . When Britain 's Reform Act 1832 extended enfranchisement to any man paying taxes of £ 10 or more per year ( previously the vote was restricted to landholders ) , France 's free press took interest . Meanwhile , economically , the working class may perhaps have been slightly better off than Britain 's working class . Still , unemployment in France threw skilled workers down to the level of the proletariat . The only nominally social law of the July Monarchy was passed in 1841 . This law prohibited the use of labor of those children under eight years of age , and the employment of children less than 13 years old for night - time work . This law , however , was routinely flouted . The year 1846 saw a financial crisis and bad harvests , and the following year saw an economic depression . A poor railroad system hindered aid efforts , and the peasant rebellions that resulted were forcefully crushed . According to Frédéric Bastiat , the poor condition of the railroad system can largely be attributed to French efforts to promote other systems of transportation , such as carriages . Perhaps a third of Paris was on the dole . `` Dangerous '' writers proliferated such as Louis Blanc ( `` The right to work '' ) and Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( `` Property is theft ! '' ) . Frédéric Bastiat , one of the most popular political writers of the time , who took part in the Revolution French economist Frédéric Bastiat , who was one of the most famous political writers of the 1840s , had written countless works concerning the economic situation before 1848 , and provided a different explanation of why the French people were forced to rise in the revolt . He believed that the main reasons were primarily the political corruption , along with its very complex system of monopolies , permits , and bureaucracy , which made those who were able to obtain political favors unjustly privileged and able to dictate the market conditions and caused a myriad of businesses to collapse , as well as protectionism which was the basis for the French foreign trade at the time , and which caused businesses along the Atlantic Coast to file for bankruptcy , along with the one owned by Bastiat 's family . Indeed , most of Bastiat 's early works concern the situation in Bayonne and Bordeaux , two large merchant harbors before the Napoleonic Wars , gradually devastated first by Bonaparte 's continental blockade , and later by the protectionist legislation of the nineteenth century . According to Bastiat 's biographer , G.C. Roche , just prior to the revolution , 100,000 citizens of Lyon were described as `` indigent '' and by 1840 there were at least 130,000 abandoned children in France . International markets were not similarly troubled at the time , which Bastiat attributed to the freedom of trade . Indeed , a large part of French economic problems in the 1830s and 1840s were caused by the shortage and unnaturally high prices of different products which could have easily been imported from other countries , such as textiles , machines , tools , and ores , but doing so was either outright illegal at the time or unprofitable due to the system of punitive tariffs . Bastiat has also noted that the French legislators were entirely unaware of the reality and the effects of their radical policies . One of the members of the French Chamber of Deputies reportedly received a standing applause when he proposed that the depression of 1847 was due primarily to `` external weakness '' and `` idle pacifism '' . Nationalist tendencies caused France to severely restrict all international contacts with the United Kingdom , including the ban on importing tea , perceived as destructive to the French national spirit . As the United Kingdom was the largest economy in the world in the nineteenth century , France deprived itself of its most important economic partner , one that could have supplied France with what it lacked and bought surplus French goods . Such governmental policies and obliviousness to the real reasons of economical troubles were , according to Bastiat , the main causes of the French Revolution of the 1848 and the rise of socialists and anarchists in the years preceding the revolution itself . Events of February ( edit ) Barricade fighting in 1848 The defenders of the barricades in Paris Because political gatherings and demonstrations were outlawed in France , activists of the largely middle class opposition to the government began to hold a series of fund - raising banquets . This campaign of banquets ( Campagne des banquets ) , was intended to circumvent the governmental restriction on political meetings and provide a legal outlet for popular criticism of the regime . The campaign began in July 1847 . Friedrich Engels was in Paris dating from October 1847 and was able to observe and attend some of these banquets . He wrote a series of articles on these banquets , including `` The Reform Movement in France '' which was published in the La Rèforme on 20 November 1847 ; `` Split in the Camp -- the Rèforme and the National -- March of Democracy '' published in The Northern Star on 4 December 1847 ; `` Reform Banquet at Lille -- Speech of LeDru - Rollin '' published in The Northern Star on 16 December 1847 ; `` Reform Movement in France -- Banquet of Dijon '' published in The Northern Star on 18 December 1847 ; `` The Réforme and the National '' published in the Deutsche - Brüsseler - Zeitung on 30 December 1847 ; and `` Louis Blanc 's Speech at the Dijon Banquet '' published in the Deutsche - Brusseler - Zeitung on 30 December 1847 . The banquet campaign lasted until all political banquets were outlawed by the French government in February 1848 . As a result , the people revolted , helping to unite the efforts of the popular Republicans and the liberal Orléanists , who turned their back on Louis - Philippe . Anger over the outlawing of the political banquets brought crowds of Parisians flooding out into the streets at noon on 22 February 1848 . The crowds directed their anger against the Citizen King Louis Philippe and his chief minister for foreign and domestic policy , François Pierre Guillaume Guizot . Shouting `` Down with Guizot '' ( `` À bas Guizot '' ) and `` Long Live the Reform '' ( `` Vive la réforme '' ) the crowds marched past Guizot 's residence . The crowds erected barricades in the streets of Paris , and fighting broke out between the citizens and the Parisian municipal guards . At 2 pm the next day , 23 February , Prime Minister Guizot resigned . Upon hearing the news of Guizot 's resignation , a large crowd gathered outside the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . An officer ordered the crowd not to pass , but people in the front of the crowd were being pushed by the rear . The officer ordered his men to fix bayonets , probably wishing to avoid shooting . However , in what is widely regarded as an accident , a soldier discharged his musket , which resulted in the rest of the soldiers firing into the crowd . Fifty - two people were killed . Paris was soon a barricaded city . Omnibuses were turned into barricades , and thousands of trees were felled . Fires were set , and angry citizens began converging to the royal palace . Louis - Philippe abdicated and fled to England . Frédéric Bastiat , who witnessed the Revolution and reportedly rescued several workers under police fire , described it as a `` frightful , fratricidal war '' and further described revolting workers as `` organized , armed , and masters of the terrain , at the mercy of the most fiery demagogues '' . Bastiat believed that the revolution was carried out by a very large group of desperate people , who were able to organize themselves and arm quickly due to both experience from the countless riots and previous revolutions , but at the same time were almost instantly manipulated by a small group of demagogues who assumed command , which is the reason why the protesters ' demands were largely incompatible with one another , e.g. they wanted a drastic reduction of taxes and social benefits at the same time , but doing the latter would require much higher taxes which negated the first demand . During and soon after the events of February , Bastiat 's pamphlets were reportedly plastered throughout Paris and published in both conservative and socialist newspapers . They urged French People to not listen to the demagogues , and proving that their demand were incompatible with each other , aimed at fooling them and using their sentiments for their own political gain . He also wrote many articles in response to the socialist demands to abolish private property , which were also very popular at the time , and received response from chief socialist leaders such as Pierre Proudhon . Indeed , they exchanged letters which were published in socialist newspapers such as La Voix du Peuple . Second Republic ( edit ) See also : French Second Republic and French Constitution of 1848 `` Messieurs Victor Hugo and Émile de Girardin try to raise Prince Louis upon a shield ( in the heroic Roman fashion ) : not too steady ! '' Honoré Daumier 's satirical lithograph published in Le Charivari , 11 December 1848 . On 26 February 1848 , the liberal opposition came together to organize a provisional government , called the Second Republic . The poet Alphonse de Lamartine was appointed president of the provisional government . Lamartine served as a virtual dictator of France for the next three months . Elections for a Constituent Assembly were scheduled for 23 April 1848 . The Constituent Assembly was to establish a new republican government for France . In preparation for these elections , two major goals of the provisional government were universal suffrage and unemployment relief . Universal male suffrage was enacted on 2 March 1848 , giving France nine million new voters . As in all other European nations , women did not have the right to vote . However , during this time a proliferation of political clubs emerged , including women 's organizations . Relief for the unemployed was achieved , by the provisional government by enactment of the National Workshops , which guaranteed French citizens ' `` right to work '' . The `` right '' of a citizen to work and indeed the National Workshops themselves had been the idea of Jean Joseph Louis Blanc . By May 1848 the National Workshops were employing 100,000 workers and paying out daily wages of 70,000 livres . Full employment proved far from workable , as unemployment may have peaked at around 800,000 people , with much under - employment on top of that . On May 31 , 15,000 jobless French rioted as rising xenophobia persecuted Belgian workers in the north . In 1848 , 479 newspapers were founded alongside a 54 % decline in the number of businesses in Paris , as most wealth had evacuated the city . There was a corresponding decline in the luxury trade and credit became expensive . Rise of conservatism within the Second Republic ( edit ) Naturally , the provisional government was disorganized as it attempted to deal with France 's economic problems . The conservative elements of French society were wasting no time in organizing against the provisional government . After roughly a month , conservatives began to openly oppose the new government , using the rallying cry `` order '' , which the new republic lacked . Additionally , there was a major split between the citizens of Paris and those citizens of the more rural areas of France . The provisional government set out to establish deeper government control of the economy and guarantee a more equal distribution of resources . As noted above , to deal with the unemployment problem , the provisional government established National Workshops . The unemployed were given jobs building roads and planting trees without regard for the demand for these tasks . The population of Paris ballooned as job seekers from all over France came to Paris to work in the newly formed National Workshops . To pay for these the new National Workshops and the other social programs , the provisional government placed new taxes on land . These taxes alienated the `` landed classes '' -- especially the small farmers and the peasantry of the rural areas of France -- from the provisional government . Hardworking rural farmers were resistant to paying for the unemployed city people and their new `` Right to Work '' National Workshops . The taxes were widely disobeyed in the rural areas and , thus , the government remained strapped for cash . Popular uncertainty about the liberal foundations of the provisional government became apparent in the 23 April 1848 elections . Despite the agitation from the left , voters elected a constituent assembly which was primarily moderate and conservative . In May , Jacques - Charles Dupont de l'Eure , chairman of the provisional government , made way for the Executive Commission , a body of state acting as Head of State with five co-presidents . The results of the 23 April 1848 election were a disappointment to the radicals in Paris except for the election of one candidate popular among urban workers , François - Vincent Raspail . Many radicals felt the elections were a sign of the slowing down of the revolutionary movement . These radicals in Paris pressured the government to head an international `` crusade '' for democracy . Independence of other European states , such as Poland was urged by the Paris radicals . In 1848 , Poland did not exist as a nation state . The nation of Poland had been gradually `` partitioned '' or divided between foreign powers of Prussia , Russia , and Austria in 1773 and 1793 . Finally in 1795 , all of the Polish nation was swallowed up by the three powers . However , it was an opportune time to raise the issue of Polish independence as Poles were also undergoing their own period of revolt in 1848 starting with the uprising in Poznań on 20 March 1848 . ( See Wielkopolska Uprising . ) However , the government of the National Constituent Assembly continued to resist the radicals . The radicals began to protest against the National Constituent Assembly government . On 15 May 1848 , Parisian workmen feeling their democratic and social republic was slipping away , invaded the Assembly en masse and proclaimed a new Provisional Government . This attempted revolution on the part of the working classes was quickly suppressed by the National Guard . The leaders of this revolt -- Louis Auguste Blanqui , Armand Barbès , François Vincent Raspail and others -- were arrested . The trial of these leaders was held in Bourges , France , from March 7 to April 3 , 1849 . The conservative classes of society were becoming increasingly fearful of the power of the working classes in Paris . They felt a strong need for organization and organized themselves around the need for `` order '' -- the so - called `` Party of Order '' . For the Party of Order the term `` order '' meant a rollback of society to the days of Louis Philippe . The Party of Order was now the dominant member of the government . As the main force of reaction against revolution , the Party of Order forced the closure of the hated Right to Work National Workshops on 21 June 1848 . On 23 June 1848 , the working class of Paris rose in protest over the closure of the National Workshops . On that day 170,000 citizens of Paris came out into the streets to erect barricades . To meet this challenge , the government appointed General Louis - Eugène Cavaignac to lead the military forces suppressing the uprising of the working classes . General Cavaignac had been serving in the Army in Algeria . Cavaignac had returned from Algeria and in the elections of 23 April 1848 , he was elected to the National Constituent Assembly . Cavaignac arrived in Paris only on 17 May 1848 to take his seat in the National Assembly . Barricades on rue Saint - Maur during the uprising Between 23 June and 26 June 1848 , this battle between the working class and Cavaignac came to be known as the June Days uprising . Cavaignac 's forces started out on 23 June 1848 with an army composed of from 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers of the Paris garrison of the French Army . Cavaignac began a systematic assault against the revolutionary Parisian citizenry , targeting the blockaded areas of the city . However , he was not able to break the stiff opposition put up by the armed workers on the barricades on 23 June 1848 . Accordingly , Cavaignac 's forces were reinforced with another 20,000 -- 25,000 soldiers from the mobile guard , some additional 60,000 to 80,000 from the national guard . Even with this force of 120,000 to 125,000 soldiers , Cavaignac still required two days to complete the suppression of the working - class uprising . In February 1848 , the workers and petite bourgeoisie had fought together , but now , in June 1848 , the lines were drawn differently . The working classes had been abandoned by the bourgeois politicians who founded the provisional government . This would prove fatal to the Second Republic , which , without the support of the working classes , could not continue . Although the governmental regime of the Second Republic continued to survive until December 1852 , the generous , idealistic Republic to which the February Days had given birth , ended with the suppression of the `` June Days '' . The `` Party of Order '' moved quickly to consolidate the forces of reaction in the government and on 28 June 1848 , the government appointed Louis Eugène Cavaignac as the head of the French state . On 10 December 1848 a presidential election was held between four candidates . Cavaignac , was the candidate of the Party of Order . Alexandre Auguste Ledru - Rollin was also a candidate in that presidential election . Ledru - Rollin was the editor of the La Réforme newspaper and as such was the leader of the radical democrats among the petty bourgeoisie . François - Vincent Raspail was the candidate of the revolutionary working classes . Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte was the fourth presidential candidate . Napoleon III won the presidential election of 10 December 1848 with 5,587,759 votes as opposed to 1,474,687 votes for Cavaignac and 370,000 votes for Ledru - Rollin . Raspail ended up a distant fourth in the balloting . Class Struggles within the Revolution ( edit ) Karl Marx saw the `` June Days '' uprising as strong evidence of class conflict . Marx saw the 1848 Revolution as being directed by the desires of the middle - class . While the bourgeoisie agitated for `` proper participation '' , workers had other concerns . Many of the participants in the revolution were of the so - called petite bourgeoisie ( small business owners ) . In 1848 , the `` petite '' or petty bourgeoisie outnumbered the working classes ( unskilled laborers in mines , factories and stores , paid to perform manual labor and other work rather than for their expertise ) by about two to one . However , the petty bourgeoisie was greatly indebted due to the economic recession of 1846 -- 1847 . By 1848 , overdue business debt was 21,000,000 francs in Paris and 11,000,000 francs in the provinces . The February Revolution united all classes against Louis Philippe . The bourgeoisie joined with the working classes to fight for `` proper participation '' in the government for all sections and classes in society . But after the revolution , the working classes were disillusioned by their small share of that participation , and revolted in the streets . This frightened the bourgeoisie and they repressed the uprising during the June Days . The petit bourgeoisie worked the hardest to suppress the revolt . Its financial condition had deteriorated even further due to slow sales and economic dislocations of the Revolution . As of June 1848 , over 7,000 shopkeepers and merchants in Paris had not paid their rent since February . During the June Days , their creditors and landlords ( the finance bourgeoisie ) , forestalled most attempts to collect on those debts . But once the worker revolt was put down , they began to assert their claims in court . Thus , the financial bourgeoisie turned their back on the petty bourgeoisie . Bankruptcies and foreclosures rose dramatically . The petty bourgeoisie staged a large demonstration at the National Assembly to demand that the government inquire into the problem of foreclosures and for debt to be extended for businessmen who could prove that their insolvency was caused by the Revolution . Such a plan was introduced in the National Assembly but was rejected . The petty bourgeoisie was pauperized and many small merchants became part of the working class . Accordingly , the provisional government , supposedly created to address the concerns of all the classes of French society , had little support among the working classes and petit bourgeoisie . Therefore , it tended to address only the concerns of the liberal bourgeoisie . Support for the provisional government was especially weak in the countryside , which was predominantly agricultural and more conservative , and had its own concerns , such as food shortages due to bad harvests . The concerns of the bourgeoisie were very different from those of the lower classes . Support for the provisional government was also undermined by the memory of the French Revolution . The `` Thermidorian reaction '' and the ascent of Napoleon III to the throne are evidence that the people preferred the safety of an able dictatorship to the uncertainty of revolution . Louis Napoleon portrayed himself as `` rising above politics '' . Each class in France saw Louis Napoleon as a return of the `` great days '' of Napoleon Bonaparte , but had its own vision of such a return . Karl Marx was referring to this phenomenon when he said `` History repeats itself : the first time as a tragedy , the second time as a farce . '' Thus , the various classes and political groupings had different reasons for supporting Napoleon in the election of December 10 , 1848 . Napoleon himself encouraged this by `` being all things to all people '' . Legitimists ( Bourbons ) and Orleans ( Citizen King Louis - Philippe ) monarchists saw Louis Napoleon as the beginning of a royalist restoration in France . The army believed Napoleon would have a foreign policy of war . ( By contrast , the Mobile Guard supported Cavaignac in that election . ) The industrial bourgeoisie felt that Napoleon would suppress further revolutionary activity . The petty bourgeoisie saw Napoleon as the rule of the debtor over the creditor , and as their savior against the large finance capitalists . Even some of the proletariat supported Louis Napoleon ( over the petty bourgeoisie socialist Alexandre Ledru - Rollin ) in order to remove the hated Cavaignac and the bourgeoisie republicanism of the National Assembly which had betrayed the proletarian interests in the recent June Days . Peasants overwhelmingly supported Napoleon . Their support was so strong that the election has been seen as a coup d'état by the peasantry . Thus , one might argue , without the support of these large lower classes , the revolution of 1848 would not carry through , despite the hopes of the liberal bourgeoisie . End of the Revolution in France ( edit ) Following the repression of the June Days , the French Revolution of 1848 was basically over . Politics in France continued to tilt to the right , as the era of revolution in France came to an end . However the Party of Order and the Cavaignac dictatorship were still fearful of another popular uprising in the streets . Accordingly , on 2 September 1848 , the government continued the state of siege that had been in place since the June Days . Also on 2 September 1848 , the National Constituent Assembly vowed not to dissolve itself until they had written a new constitution and enacted all the organic laws necessary to implement that new constitution . Although the National Constituent Assembly had attempted to write a constitution before the June Days , only a `` first draft '' of that constitution had been written before the repression in June 1848 . This first draft , however , still contained the phrase `` Right to Work '' and contained several provisions dealing with the demands of the working classes . In the eyes of the Party of Order , these provisions were now entirely unacceptable , especially in the new conservative political environment after the June Days . Accordingly , on 4 September 1848 , the National Constituent Assembly , now controlled by the Party of Order , set about writing a new constitution . `` The new constitution was finished on 23 October 1848 and presidential elections were scheduled for 10 December 1848 . As noted above Louis Napoleon won the presidential election by a wide margin over the current dictator Louis Cavaignac and the petty bourgeoisie socialist Alexandre Ledru - Rollin . Louis Napoleon 's family name of Napoleon rallied support to his cause . Elected with Louis Napoleon was a National Assembly which was filled with monarchists -- of either the Legitimist ( Bourbon ) variety or the Orleanist ( Louis - Philippe ) variety . As noted above the Bourbons tended to support the landed aristocracy while the Orleanist tended to support the banking and finance bourgeoisie . One of those elected to the National Assembly was Adolphe Thiers who was the leader of the Orleanist party . As such , Thiers became the chief spokesman of the finance bourgeoisie , however as time went by he was tending to speak for the whole bourgeoisie , including the rising industrial bourgeoisie . After sweeping the elections , Louis Napoleon tried to return France to the old order . Although , Napoleon purged republicans and returned the `` vile multitude '' ( including Adolphe Thiers ) to its former place , Napoleon III was unable to totally turn the clock back . Indeed , the presidency of Louis Napoleon , followed by the Second Empire , would be a time of great industrialization and great economic expansion of railroads and banking . By the time of the December 2 , 1851 coup , Louis Napoleon had dissolved the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so , and became the sole ruler of France . Cells of resistance surfaced , but were put down , and the Second Republic was officially over . He re-established universal suffrage , feared by the Republicans at the time who correctly expected the countryside to vote against the Republic , Louis Napoleon took the title Emperor Napoleon III , and the Second Empire began . In literature ( edit ) Gustave Flaubert 's novel L'éducation sentimentale uses the 1848 revolution as a backdrop for its story . Laura Kalpakian 's novel `` Cosette '' uses the 1848 revolution as a primary part of the plot . Sylvia Townsend Warner 's novel `` Summer Will Show '' uses the 1848 revolution as a primary part of the plot . Kurt Andersen 's novel `` Heyday ( novel ) '' begins with one of the protagonists witnessing and unintentionally participating in the 1848 revolution . The character of Piotr Alejandrovitch Miusov , uncle and tutor of Dmitri Fyodorovich Karamazov in Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's novel The Brothers Karamazov , hinted that he himself had almost taken part in the fighting on the barricades in the 1848 revolution . L'Autre Dumas ( English : The Other Dumas ) , a 2010 French film directed by Safy Nebbou , depicts Alexandre Dumas in a fictitious involvement with a young female revolutionary . Alexis de Tocqueville 's Recollections ( also known as Souvenirs ) provides primary insight from a moderate liberal in the Constituent Assembly , as he saw events unfold . See also ( edit ) France in the nineteenth century French demonstration of 15 May 1848 Paris under Louis - Philippe History of socialism History of the French Left The Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas Sources ( edit ) Sylvie Aprile , la Deuxième République et le Second Empire , Pygmalion , 2000 . Arnaud Coutant , 1848 , Quand la République combattait la Démocratie , Mare et Martin , 2009 . Inès Murat , La Deuxième République , Fayard , 1987 . George Rudé , The Crowd in History , Chapter 11 , `` The French Revolution of 1848 '' , pp. 164 -- 179 . ( London : Serif , 2005 ) . Philippe Vigier , La Seconde République , PUF , collection Que Sais - Je ? References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albert Guèrard , France , A Modern History , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Albert Guèrard , France : A Modern History , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Agnes de Stoeckl , King of the French : A Portrait of Louis Philippe , 1773 -- 1850 , New York : G.P. Putnam & Sons , 1957 ) pp. 146 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Albert Guèrard , France : A Modern History p. 289 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels , Volume 10 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` The Reform Movement in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 6 p. 380 . Jump up ^ Georges Duveau , 1848 : The Making of a Revolution ( New York : Vintage Books , 1968 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Class Struggles in France '' in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ See Arnaud Coutant , Tocqueville et la Constitution démocratique , Mare et Martin , 2008 . Jump up ^ F. Bastiat , A Negative Railroad , 1845 Jump up ^ G.C. Roche , Frederic Bastiat , A Man Alone , p. 63 Jump up ^ Heinrich Gemkow et al. , Frederick Engels : A Biography ( Dresden : Verlag Zeitim Bild , 1972 ) p. 131 . Jump up ^ These articles are contained at pp. 375 , 385 , 393 , 396 , 406 and 409 , respectively in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels , Volume 6 . Jump up ^ `` Revolution in Paris '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 6 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ See the first - hand account of Percy St. John : https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1848johnson.asp Jump up ^ F. Bastiat , `` A letter to a Group of Supporters '' Jump up ^ G.C. Roche , Frederic Bastiat , A Man Alone , ch . `` Bastiat Stands Against the Tide '' Jump up ^ Albert Guèrard , France : A Modern History p. 300 . Jump up ^ Marxists.org . Glossary : France ^ Jump up to : `` Employment and the Revolution of 1848 in France '' . Ohio.edu. 1998 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gérard Unger , Lamartine . Poète et homme d'Etat , Paris : Flammarion , 1998 , p. 329 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies , God 's Playground : A History of Poland : Volume 1 ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1982 , ) pp. 511 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies , God 's Playground : A History of Poland : Volume 2 , pp. 81 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies , God 's Playground : A History of Poland : Volume 2 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Note 117 in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 8 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Note 53 in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 650 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 23rd of June '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 7 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` The June Revolution : The Course of the Paris Uprising '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels , pp. 160 -- 164 . Jump up ^ `` The June Revolution : The Course of the Paris Uprising '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 7 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` The June Revolution '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 7 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ For a non-Marxist analysis , see Arnaud Coutant , Tocqueville et la Constitution democratique , Mare et Martin , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 11 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class Struggles in France '' in Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class Struggles in France '' contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class Struggles in France '' contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , p. 79 Jump up ^ `` Class Struggles in France '' contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels : Volume 10 , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k-LW_9WhwMEC&redir_esc=y&hl=en External links ( edit ) Media related to French Revolution of 1848 at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Book Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutions of 1848 Ideals Liberalism Nationalism Republicanism Socialism By nation French Germans Schleswig Italians Sicily Poles Swedes By location Austrian Empire Hungary Serbia Slovakia Belgium Brazil Luxembourg Ottoman Empire Moldavia Wallachia United Kingdom Britain Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolution_of_1848&oldid=827003741 '' Categories : 1848 in France Anti-Catholicism in France French Second Republic July Monarchy Revolutions of 1848 Wars involving France Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 05 : 45 . 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2,362,416,586,604,683,000 | what was the war between spain and morocco | Rif war - wikipedia Rif war Jump to : navigation , search `` War of Melilla '' redirects here . For other wars fought in the Rif and around Melilla , see List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco . <Th_colspan="2"> Rif War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of Interwar period and Berber separatism in North Africa <Td_colspan="2"> ( clockwise from top left ) Spanish Renault FT - 17 stuck in a shellhole Alfonso XIII reviewing troops destined in the Rif Charge of the legionarios Spanish generals overlooking combat from Mount Gurugú Soldiers of the San Fernando Regiment climbing a defense wall Class B submarines of the Spanish Armada <Td_colspan="2"> Date 1920 -- 1927 Location Rif region , Morocco Result Spanish - French victory Dissolution of the Republic of the Rif <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Spain France ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Republic of the Rif <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Manuel Silvestre † Dámaso Berenguer José Millán Astray ( WIA ) Miguel Primo de Rivera Alfredo Kindelán José Sanjurjo Leopoldo Saro Philippe Pétain Hubert Lyautey Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni ( POW ) Abd el - Krim Abdel - Salam Mohammed Abdel - Karim Mhamadi Bojabbar Mohamed , les Aït Ghannou Ahmed Heriro jebli Haddou Mouh - Ameziane Mohamed Cheddi Caid Bohout <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 60,000 to 140,000 soldiers 60,000 soldiers Total : 465,000 soldiers + 200 aircraft Spanish estimate : 80,000 irregulars ( Never more than 20,000 with firearms ) including less than 7,000 `` elites '' Other sources : autumn 1925 : 35,000 -- 50,000 March 1926 : less than 20,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 23,000 casualties ( of which 18,000 killed in battle or died of disease ) 10,000 dead ( 2,500 killed in battle ) 8,500 wounded 30,000 casualties ( of which 10,000 dead ) <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish -- Moroccan conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Morroccans invasions of Spain Conquest of Mehdya ( 1681 ) Siege of Larache ( 1689 ) Siege of Melilla ( 1694 -- 96 ) Siege of Melilla ( 1774 ) Second Reconquista Tetuan War ( 1859 -- 60 ) Battle of Sierra Bullones ( 1859 ) Battle of Tétouan ( 1860 ) Battle of Castillejos ( 1860 ) First Melillan campaign ( 1893 -- 94 ) Second Melillan campaign ( 1909 ) Third Melillan campaign ( 1911 -- 12 ) Rif War ( 1921 -- 26 ) Battle of Annual ( 1921 ) Alhucemas landing ( 1925 ) Morrocans invasions Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Operation Ecouvillon ( 1958 ) Green March ( 1975 ) Perejil Island crisis ( 2002 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Berber separatism in North Africa <Td_colspan="2"> Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) 1958 Rif riots Berber Spring ( 1980s ) Black Spring ( 2001 ) Tuareg rebellion ( 2012 ) 2016 - 17 Rif protests <Th_colspan="2"> Franco - Moroccan conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Larache expedition ( 1765 ) Conquest of Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Franco - Moroccan War ( 1844 ) Bombardment of Salé ( 1851 ) Conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish colonial campaigns <Td_colspan="2"> Canary Islands ( 1402 -- 96 ) Guinea ( 1478 ) Morocco ( 1497 ) Orán ( 1509 ) Bugia ( 1510 ) Tripoli ( 1510 ) Djerba ( 1510 ) Algeria ( 1516 ) Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 ) Djerba ( 1520 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 1821 ) Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 ) Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 ) Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 ) Petén ( 1618 -- 97 ) El Salvador ( 1524 - 39 ) Honduras ( 1524 -- 39 ) Yucatán ( 1527 -- 1697 ) Algeria ( 1529 ) Peru ( 1531 -- 72 ) Tunisia ( 1534 ) Tunisia ( 1535 ) Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 ) Colombia ( 1537 - 1540 ) Algeria ( 1541 ) Tunisia ( 1550 ) Libya ( 1551 ) Algeria ( 1555 ) Algeria ( 1556 ) Algeria ( 1558 ) Tunisia ( 1560 ) Algeria ( 1563 ) Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 ) Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 ) Tunisia ( 1574 ) Puerto Rico ( 1595 ) Cuba ( 1596 ) Puerto Rico ( 1598 ) Morocco ( 1614 ) Formosa ( 1626 ) St. Kitts ( 1629 ) Philippines ( 1646 ) Hispaniola ( 1655 ) Jamaica ( 1655 ) Canary Islands ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1657 ) Jamaica ( 1658 ) North America ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chiloé ( 1712 ) Bahamas ( 1720 ) Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 ) North America ( 1739 -- 48 ) Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 ) Cuba ( 1762 ) Nicaragua ( 1762 ) Philippines ( 1762 ) Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 ) North America ( 1779 -- 83 ) Americas ( 1796 -- 1808 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Ecuador ( 1809 ) Peru ( 1811 -- 24 ) Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 ) Florida ( 1810 ) Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 ) Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 ) Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 ) Chile ( 1810 -- 26 ) El Salvador ( 1811 ) Uruguay ( 1811 ) Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 ) Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 ) Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 ) Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 ) Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 ) Balanguingui ( 1848 ) Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 ) Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 ) Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 ) Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 ) Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 ) Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 ) Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 ) Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 ) Puerto Rico ( 1898 ) Guam ( 1898 ) Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 ) Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 ) The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain ( later joined by France ) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region . Led by Abd el - Krim , the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and captured European weapons . After France 's military intervention against Abd el - Krim 's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima , considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve the use of tanks and aircraft , Abd el - Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile . In 1909 , Rifian tribes aggressively confronted Spanish workers of the iron mines of the Rif , near Melilla , which led to the intervention of the Spanish Army . The military operations in Jebala , in the Moroccan West , began in 1911 with the Larache Landing . Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914 , a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919 due to World War I . The following year , after the signing of the Treaty of Fez , the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate . The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish , unleashing a conflict that would last for several years . In 1921 , the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic Disaster of Annual , the biggest defeat in the history of Spain , in addition to a rebellion led by Rifian leader Abd el - Krim . As a result , the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el - Krim ultimately created an entire independent state : the Republic of the Rif . The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera , who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927 . In addition , and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925 , the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the notorious renowned Alhucemas landing . By 1926 the area had been pacified ; Abd - el - Krim surrendered in July 1927 ; and the Spanish regained the previously lost territory . The Rif War is still considered controversial among historians . Some see in it a harbinger of the decolonization process in North Africa . Others consider it one of the last colonial wars , as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif -- nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but de facto independent -- that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924 . The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco . The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the Algerian war of independence , which took place three decades later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Forces involved 2.1 Rifian forces 2.2 Spanish forces 3 Course of war 3.1 Early stages 3.2 French intervention 4 Outcome 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origins ( edit ) During the early 20th century , Morocco was divided into protectorates ruled by France and Spain . The Rif region had been assigned to Spain , but given that the Sultans of Morocco had been unable to exert control over the region , Spanish sovereignty over the Rif was strictly theoretical . For centuries , the Berber tribes of the Rif had fought off any attempt of outsiders to impose control on them . Though nominally Muslim , the tribes of the Rif had continued many pagan animist practices , such as worshipping water spirits and forest spirits . Attempts by the Moroccan sultans to impose orthodox Islam on the Rif had been successfully resisted by the tribesmen . For centuries , Europeans had seen the Rif mountains and people on the mountains from ships in the Mediterranean Sea , but almost no European had ever ventured into the area . Walter Burton Harris , the Morocco correspondent for The Times , who covered the war , wrote that as late as 1912 only `` one or two Europeans had been able to visit the cedar forests that lie south of Fez . A few had traveled in the southern Atlas and pushed on into the Sus ... and that was almost all '' . As Harris wrote , the Berbers `` were often as inhospitable to the Arab as they were to the foreigner '' , and generally killed any outsiders who ventured into their territory . Vincent Sheean , who covered the war for The New York Times , wrote that the Rif was a truly beautiful countryside of `` Crimson mountains flung against a sky of hieratic blue , gorges magnificent and terrifying , peaceful green valleys between protecting precipices '' , a place that reminded him of his native Colorado . The Rif was also rich in high - grade iron , which could be easily extracted via open pit mining . The promise of the Spanish state collecting revenues in the form of taxes and royalties from iron mining here was incentive for it to bring the Rif under its control . The Crown granted the concession to mine iron in the Rif to the millionaire Don Horacio Echevarrieta . By 1920 he had brought out 800,000 tons of valuable high grade iron through relatively inexpensive open pit mining . Though profitable , the iron mining caused much environmental damage and required the displacement of the native people . As they received no share of the profits , the Rifians soon began to oppose the mining in their territory . When King Alfonso XIII of Spain ascended to the throne in 1886 , Spain was considered a world power , with colonies in the Americas , Africa , Asia and the Pacific . But in the Spanish -- American War , Spain lost Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines , and in 1899 it sold the Mariana and Caroline Islands to Germany , retaining only some footholds on the Moroccan coast and Spanish Guinea . To compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and Asia , there emerged a powerful africanist faction in Spain led by Alfonso , who wanted a new empire in Africa . Finally , the Roman Catholic Church was politically powerful in Spain , and much of the Spanish clergy preached the need for new crusade to continue the Reconquista by conquering Morocco , thus adding their voices to the africanist choir . For all these reasons , Spain began pushing into the Rif in 1909 . Forces involved ( edit ) Rifian forces ( edit ) The Berber tribesmen had a long tradition of fierce fighting skills , combined with high standards of fieldcraft and marksmanship . They were capably led by Abd el - Krim , who showed both military and political expertise . However , the Rifian regular army was never a very large force . The elite of the Rifian forces formed regular units which according to Abd el - Krim , quoted by the Spanish General Manuel Goded , numbered 6,000 to 7,000 . Other sources put it much lower , at around 2,000 to 3,000 . The remaining Rifians were tribal militia selected by their Caids ; they were not liable to serve away from their homes and farms for more than 15 consecutive days . General Goded estimated that at their peak , in June 1924 , the Rifian forces numbered about 80,000 men , although Abd el - Krim was never able to arm more than 20,000 men at a time . However , this force was largely adequate in the early stages of the war . In the final days of the war , Rifian forces numbered about 12,000 men . In addition Rifian forces were not well armed , with weapons badly maintained and in poor condition . Spanish forces ( edit ) Initially , the Spanish forces in Morocco were largely composed of conscripts and reservists from Spain itself . These `` Peninsular '' troops were poorly supplied and prepared , few had marksmanship skills and proper battle training , and widespread corruption was reported amongst the officer corps , reducing supplies and morale . Of the Spanish troops in Morocco in 1921 , well over half were completely illiterate conscripts from the poorest elements of Spanish society who had been sent to Morocco with minimal training . Despite Silvestre 's assurances that his equipment was sufficient to defeat the Rifians , in fact about three - quarters of the rifles at the Melilla arsenal were in shoddy condition due to poor maintenance , and a report from late 1920 , which Silvestre had never bothered to read , warned that many of the rifles held there were either unusable or more of a danger to the soldier firing them than to the enemy . Spanish troops in Pasajes , prior to their departure to the war . The average Spanish soldier in Morocco in 1921 was paid the equivalent of thirty - four US cents per day , and lived on a simple diet of coffee , bread , beans , rice and the odd piece of meat . Many soldiers bartered their rifles and ammunition at the local markets in exchange for fresh vegetables . The barracks that the soldiers lived in were unsanitary and medical care at the few hospitals very poor . Up in the mountains , Spanish soldiers lived in small outposts known as blocaos , which the American historian Stanley Payne observed : `` Many of these lacked any sort of toilet , and the soldier who ventured out of the filthy bunker risked exposure to the fire of lurking tribesmen '' . General Silvestre in Melilla , 1921 . Continuing a practice first began in Cuba , corruption flourished amongst the venal Spanish officer corps with goods meant for the troops being sold on the black market and the funds intended to build road and railroads in Morocco ended up in the pockets of senior officers . A high number of Spanish officers could not read maps , which explains why Spanish units so frequently got lost in the Rift mountains . In general , studying war was not considered to be a good use of an officer 's time , and most officers devoted their time in Melilla in words of the American journalist James Perry to `` gambling and whoring , sometimes molesting the native Moorish women '' . Morale in the Army was extremely poor and most Spanish soldiers just wanted to go home and leave Morocco forever . Because of the prostitutes from Spain , who attached themselves in great number to the Spanish bases in Morocco , venereal diseases were rampant in the Spanish Army . Silvestre was well aware of the poor morale of his soldiers , but he did not regard this as a problem , believing that his enemy was so inferior that the problems afflicting his troops were not an issue . Even with their numerical superiority , the `` Peninsular '' troops proved no match for the highly skilled and motivated Rifian forces . Accordingly , much reliance came to be placed on the mainly professional units comprising Spain 's Army of Africa . Since 1911 , these had included regiments of Moroccan Regulares , who proved to be excellent soldiers . The initiative was unpopular in parts of Spain as well . In 1909 , during early conflicts with the Rif tribesmen , an attempt by the Spanish government to call up reservists led to a working class uprising in Barcelona known as Tragic Week . The Catalan trade unions , many led by anarchists , argued that the working class of Barcelona had no quarrel with the people of the Rif . Primo de Rivera ( front row left ) with King Alfonso XIII and other high ranking Spanish officers . After the Tragic Week of 1909 , the Spanish government starting in 1911 tried to raise as many Regulare units as possible to avoid further working class resistance to colonial wars as much of the Spanish working class had no desire to see their sons sent to Morocco , beginning a policy of what the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez called `` Moroccanizing '' the conquest of the Rif . Following the difficulties and setbacks that it had experienced in 1909 - 11 , the Spanish army began to adopt much in organization and tactics from the French North African forces garrisoning most of Morocco and neighboring Algeria . Particular attention was paid to the French Foreign Legion and a Spanish equivalent , the Tercio de Extranjeros ( `` Foreigners brigade '' ) , known in English as the `` Spanish Legion '' , was formed in 1920 . The regiment 's second commander was then - Col. Francisco Franco , having risen rapidly through the ranks . In the Rif war , it was the Regulares and the Spanish Foreign Legion founded in 1919 that provided the elite forces that won Spain the war . Less than 25 % of this `` Foreign Legion '' were , in fact , non-Spanish . Harshly disciplined and driven , they quickly acquired a reputation for ruthlessness . As their number grew , the Spanish Legion and the Regulares increasingly led offensive operations after the disasters that had been suffered by the conscript forces . Course of war ( edit ) Localisation of the Republic of the Rif . Early stages ( edit ) See also : Second Melillan campaign As an outcome of the Treaty of Fez ( 1912 ) Spain gained possession of the lands around Melilla and Ceuta . In 1920 , the Spanish commissioner , General Dámaso Berenguer , decided to conquer the eastern territory from the Jibala tribes , but had little success . The second - in - command was General Manuel Fernández Silvestre who commanded the eastern sector . Silvestre had spread out his troops out in 144 forts and blocaos from Sidi Dris on the Mediterranean across the Rift mountains to Annual and Tizi Azza and on to Melilla . A typical blocao held about dozen men while the larger forts had about 800 men . Silvestre , known for his boldness and impetuosity had pushed his men too deep into the Rif mountains hoping to reach Alhucemas Bay without undertaking the necessary work to build a logistical support network capable of supplying his men out in the blocaos up in the Rif mountains . Krim had sent Silvestre a letter warning him not to cross the Amekran river or else he would die . Silvestre commented to the Spanish press about the letter that : `` This man Abd el - Krim is crazy . I 'm not going to take seriously the threats of a little Berber caid ( judge ) whom I had at my mercy a short time ago . His insolence merits a new punishment '' . Krim allowed Silvestre to advance deep into the Rif , knowing the Spanish logistics were in the words of the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez `` tenuous '' at best . On 1 July 1921 , the Spanish army in north - eastern Morocco under the command of General Manuel Fernández Silvestre collapsed when defeated by the forces of Abd el - Krim , in what became known in Spain as the disaster of Annual , some 8,000 soldiers and officers reported killed or disappeared out of some 20,000 . The final Spanish death toll , both at Annual and during the subsequent rout that took Rifian forces to the outskirts of Melilla , was reported to the Cortes Generales as totaling 13,192 . The Spanish were pushed back and during the following five years , occasional battles were fought between the two . The Rifian forces advanced to the east and captured over 130 Spanish military posts . Berbers carrying captured rifles . A Spanish Mauser and a French Berthier Carbine . By late August 1921 , Spain lost all the territories it had gained since 1909 . Spanish troops were pushed back to Melilla , which was their biggest base in the eastern Rif . Spain still had 14,000 soldiers in Melilla . However , Abd el - Krim ordered his forces not to attack the town . He subsequently told the writer J. Roger - Matthieu that since citizens of other European nations were residing in Melilla , it was feared they would intervene in the war should their citizens come to harm . Other reasons included the dispersal of Rifian fighters from several loosely allied tribes following the victory at Annual ; and the arrival in Melilla of substantial reinforcements from the Legion and other Spanish units recalled from operations in western Morocco . By the end of August Spanish forces at Melilla numbered 36,000 under General Jose Sanjurjo and the slow process of recovering the lost territory could begin . Thus the Spanish could keep their biggest base in the eastern Rif . Later Abd el - Krim would admit : `` I bitterly regret this order . It was my biggest mistake . All the following tenor of events happened because of this mistake . '' By January 1922 the Spanish had retaken their major fort at Monte Arruit ( where they found the bodies of 2,600 of the garrison ) and had reoccupied the coastal plain as far as Tistutin and Batel . The Rifian forces had consolidated their hold of the inland mountains and stalemate was reached . The Spanish military suffered losses even at sea ; in March the transport ship Juan de Joanes was sunk in Alhucemas Bay by Riffian coastal batteries , and in August 1923 , while shelling Riffian positions , the battleship España ran aground off Cape Tres Forcas and was eventually scrapped in situ . In a bid to break the stalemate , the Spanish military turned to the use of chemical weapons against the Riffians . Ruins of a Spanish camp near Chefchaouen . The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the africanistas who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the abandonistas who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure . After the `` Disaster of the Annual '' , Spain 's war in the Rif went from bad to worse , and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco , support for the abandonistas grew as many people could see no point to the war . In August 1923 , Spanish soldiers embarking for Morocco mutinied at the railway stations , other soldiers in Malaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco , while in Barcelona huge crowds of left - wingers had staged anti-war protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about . With the africanists comprising only a minority , it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the abandonistas forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif , which was part of the reason for the military coup d'état later in 1923 . On September 13 , 1923 , General Miguel Primo de Rivera , 2nd Marqués de Estella , seized power in a military coup d'état . General Primo de Rivera was in the words of the American journalist James Perry a `` moderate dictator '' who was convinced that the divisions between the africanists vs. the abandonistas had pushed Spain to the brink of civil war , and who had seized power to find a way out of the crisis . General Primo de Rivera soon concluded that the war was unwinnable , and considered pulling back his troops to the coast with the aim of at least temporarily abandoning the Rif . In late July 1924 , Primo de Rivera visited a Spanish Foreign Legion post at Ben Tieb in the Rif , and was served a banquet of eggs in different forms . In Spanish culture , eggs are a symbol of the testicles , and the dishes were intended to send a clear message . Primo de Rivera responded calmly that the army would be required to abandon only the minimum of territory and that junior officers should not dictate the measures necessary to resolve the Moroccan problem . However he subsequently modified the plans for withdrawal , pulling the Spanish forces back from Chaouen and the Wad Lau region to a prepared fortified boundary named the `` Primo Line '' . French intervention ( edit ) Contemporary map showing border and French military posts . In May 1924 , the French Army had established a line of out - posts north of the Oureghla River in disputed tribal territory . On 12 April 1925 , an estimated 8,000 Rifians attacked this line and in two weeks over 40 of 66 French posts had been stormed or abandoned . French casualties exceeded 1,000 killed , 3,700 wounded and 1,000 missing -- representing losses of over 20 percent of their forces deployed in the Rif . The French accordingly intervened on the side of Spain , employing up to 160,000 well trained and equipped troops from Metropolitan , Algerian , Senegalese and Foreign Legion units , as well as Moroccan regulars ( tirailleurs ) and auxiliaries ( goumiers ) . With total Spanish forces now numbering about 90,000 the Rifian forces were now seriously outnumbered by their Franco - Spanish opponents . Final French deaths from battle and disease , in what had now become a major war , were to total 8,628 . Outcome ( edit ) For the final attack commencing on 8 May 1925 , the French and Spanish had ranged 123,000 men , supported by 150 aircraft , against 12,000 Rifians . Superior manpower and technology soon resolved the course of the war in favour of France and Spain . The French troops pushed through from the south while the Spanish fleet and army secured Alhucemas Bay by an amphibious landing , and began attacking from the north . After one year of bitter resistance , Abd el - Krim , the leader of both the tribes , surrendered to French authorities , and in 1926 Spanish Morocco was finally retaken . Alhucemas landing , by José Moreno Carbonero . However , the unpopularity of the war in Spain and the earlier humiliations of the Spanish military contributed to the instability of the Spanish government and the military coup of 1923 . See also ( edit ) Zaian War , the 1914 -- 21 conflict between the French and Berber tribesmen in Morocco . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Timeline for the Third Rif War ( 1920 -- 25 ) Archived 2011 - 12 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Steven Thomas Jump up ^ David H. Slavin , The French Left and the Rif War , 1924 -- 25 : Racism and the Limits of Internationalism , Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 26 , No. 1 , January 1991 , pg 5 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Pennell , C.R. ; page 214 Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 149 - 151 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press ^ Jump up to : David E. Omissi : Air Power and Colonial Control : The Royal Air Force , 1919 -- 1939 , Manchester University Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 2960 - 0 , page 188 . ^ Jump up to : Micheal Clodfelter : Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical reference to casualty and other figures , 1500 -- 2000 , McFarland , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , page 398 . Jump up ^ Meredith Reid Sarkees , Frank Whelon Wayman : Resort to war : a data guide to inter-state , extra-state , intra-state , and non-state wars , 1816 -- 2007 , CQ Press , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 87289 - 434 - 7 , page 303 . Jump up ^ Douglas Porch , `` Spain 's African Nightmare , '' MHQ : Quarterly Journal of Military History ( 2006 ) 18 # 2 pp 28 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Jan Pascal , L'Armée française face à Abdelkrim ou la tentation de mener une guerre conventionnelle dans une guerre irrégulière 1924 - 1927 , Cairn.Info , 2009 , p. 732 . Jump up ^ Entelis , John P. ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` La Guerre du Rif : Maroc ( 1925 -- 1926 ) '' . The Journal of North African Studies . 22 ( 3 ) : 500 -- 503 . doi : 10.1080 / 13629387.2017. 1300383 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 273 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 274 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , José `` Between Gallipoli and D - Day : Alhucemas , 1925 '' pages 75 - 98 from The Journal of Military History , Vol. 63 , No. 1 , January 1999 page 77 . ^ Jump up to : C.R. Pennell -- A Country with a government and a Flag : The Rif War in Morocco , 1921 -- 1926 , Outwell , Wisbech , Cambridgeshire , England : Middle East & North African Studies Press Ltd , 1986 , ISBN 0 - 906559 - 23 - 5 , page 132 ; ( University of Melbourne -- University Library Digital Repository ) Jump up ^ `` Rebels in the Rif '' pages 149 -- 152 , David S. Woolman , Stanford University Press , 1968 Jump up ^ Woolman , page 149 Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 98 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 57 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 277 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 278 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 278 . Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 44 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ Alvarez , Jose `` Between Gallipoli and D - Day : Alhucemas , 1925 '' pages 75 - 98 from The Journal of Military History , Vol. 63 , No. 1 , January 1999 page 77 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Jose `` Between Gallipoli and D - Day : Alhucemas , 1925 '' pages 75 - 98 from The Journal of Military History , Vol. 63 , No. 1 , January 1999 page 78 . Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 68 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ Alvarez , Jose `` Between Gallipoli and D - Day : Alhucemas , 1925 '' pages 75 - 98 from The Journal of Military History , Vol. 63 , No. 1 , January 1999 page 79 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Jose `` Between Gallipoli and D - Day : Alhucemas , 1925 '' pages 75 - 98 from The Journal of Military History , Vol. 63 , No. 1 , January 1999 page 81 . Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 279 Jump up ^ Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 279 . Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 96 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press ^ Jump up to : Dirk Sasse , Franzosen , Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921 -- 1926 , Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag , 2006 , ISBN 3 - 486 - 57983 - 5 , pg 40 -- 41 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Arturo Barea , pp. 313 - 314 The Forging of a Rebel , SBN 670 - 32367 - 5 , The Viking Press 1974 Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , pp. 95 -- 102 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press 1968 Jump up ^ `` Juan de Joanes -- Trasmeships '' . www.trasmeships.es . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Rafael ( 2007 ) . The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the España class . Warship Internacional . Issue 41 . Toledo , Ohio : International Naval Research Organization . pp. 63 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Strike from the Sky : The History of Battlefield Air Attack , 1910 -- 1945 , Richard P. Hallion , University of Alabama Press , 2010 , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 5657 - 6 , page 67 ^ Jump up to : Perry , James Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them , Edison : Castle Books , 2005 page 286 . Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 131 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 132 `` Rebels in the Rif '' , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ David S. Woolman , page 133 Rebels in the Rif , Stanford University Press Jump up ^ Martin Windrow , p15 `` French Foreign Legion 1914 -- 1945 , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 761 - 9 Jump up ^ The French empire between the wars : imperialism , politics and society , Martin Thomas , Manchester University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6518 - 6 , page 212 Jump up ^ `` Abd el - Krim '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . I : A-Ak -- Bayes ( 15th ed . ) . Chicago , Illinois : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2010 . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 837 - 8 . Jump up ^ General R. Hure , page 252 `` L'Armee d'Afrique 1830 -- 1962 '' , Paris - Limoges , 1979 Further reading ( edit ) Balfour , Sebastian . Deadly Embrace : Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War ( Oxford 2002 ) online Chandler , James A. `` Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 -- 1927 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1975 ) 10 # 2 pp. 301 -- 322 in JSTOR La Porte , Pablo . `` ' Rien à ajouter ' : The League of Nations and the Rif War ( 1921 -- 1926 ) , '' European History Quarterly ( 2011 ) 41 # 1 pp 66 -- 87 , online Pennell , C.R. `` Ideology and Practical Politics : A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco , 1921 -- 1926 , '' International Journal of Middle East Studies ( 1982 ) 14 # 1 , pp 19 -- 33 . in JSTOR Pennell , C.R. `` Women and Resistance to Colonialism in Morocco : The Rif 1916 -- 1926 , '' Journal of African History ( 1987 ) 28 # 1 pp. 107 -- 118 in JSTOR Pennell , C.R. Country with a Government and a Flag : The Rif War in Morocco , 1921 -- 1926 ( 1986 ) Porch , Douglas . `` Spain 's African Nightmare , '' MHQ : Quarterly Journal of Military History ( 2006 ) 18 # 2 pp 28 -- 37 . Sacanell , Enrique . `` El general Sanjurjo '' . Editorial La Esfera de Los Libros , Madrid ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 84 - 9734 - 205 - 6 External links ( edit ) Steven Thomas , 1911 -- 1927 Rif War / Second Moroccan War The Rif War 1893 ( sic ) on OnWar.com . Chemical Weapons : Tenth Session of the Conference of the States Parties to the CWC 7 -- 11 November 2005 , The Hague , The Netherlands Rif war David Montgomery Hart , The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif : an ethnography and history . Published for the Wenner - Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research ( by ) University of Arizona Press , c1976 . xxiii , 556 p. : ill . ; 28 cm . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0452 - 0 : Series Viking Fund publications in anthropology ; no . 55 , Notes . Bibliography : pages 533 -- 546 . Tucson , Arizona , ( 1976 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Franco - Spanish conquest of Morocco ( 1893 -- 1932 ) <Td_colspan="2"> French protectorate in Morocco Spanish protectorate in Morocco Major conflicts Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Battles Tetuan War ( 1859 -- 60 ) Melilla War ( 1893 -- 94 ) Battle of Casablanca ( 1908 ) Melilla War ( 1909 -- 10 ) Battle of Sidi Bou Othman ( 1912 ) Battle of El Ksiba ( 1913 ) Battle of El Herri ( 1914 ) Battle of Annual ( 1921 ) Key people Moroccans Mohammed Ameziane Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni Mouha ou Hammou Zayani Moha ou Said Mhand n'Ifrutant Ali Amhaouch Sidi Ahmed El Hiba Ma al - ' Aynayn Abd el - Krim Assou Oubasslam Aït Atta Zayanes Beni Ouryaghel French General Mangin General Lyautey General Henrys General Poeymirau Marshal Pétain Henry de Bournazel French allies Thami El Glaoui Sultan Moulay Youssef Spaniards Juan García y Margallo Martínez - Campos Manuel Fernández Silvestre Dámaso Berenguer José Millán Astray Miguel Primo de Rivera José Sanjurjo Generalísimo Francisco Franco Spanish allies Mohamed Meziane Treaties Treaty of Fez ( 1894 ) Algeciras Conference ( 1906 ) Pact of Cartagena ( 1907 ) Treaty of Fes ( 1912 ) Franco - Spanish Treaty ( 1912 ) Crises First Moroccan Crisis ( 1905 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) GND : 4115763 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rif_War&oldid=840420502 '' Categories : Rif War Wars involving Morocco Wars involving Spain Conflicts in 1920 Conflicts in 1921 Conflicts in 1922 Conflicts in 1923 Conflicts in 1924 Conflicts in 1925 Conflicts in 1926 20th century in Morocco Berber history Separatism in Morocco Spanish Africa Interwar period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Rif War
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9,134,889,434,005,741,000 | since 1965 the us economy has experienced how many economic contractions | List of recessions in the United States - wikipedia List of recessions in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Bank run on the Seamen 's Savings Bank during the panic of 1857 There have been as many as 47 recessions in the United States dating back to the Articles of Confederation , and although economists and historians dispute certain 19th - century recessions , the consensus view among economists and historians is that `` The cyclical volatility of GNP and unemployment was greater before the Great Depression than it has been since the end of World War II . '' Cycles in the country 's agricultural production , industrial production , consumption , business investment , and the health of the banking industry contribute to these declines . U.S. recessions have increasingly affected economies on a worldwide scale , especially as countries ' economies become more intertwined . The unofficial beginning and ending dates of recessions in the United States have been defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) , an American private nonprofit research organization . The NBER defines a recession as `` a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy , lasting more than two quarters which is 6 months , normally visible in real gross domestic product ( GDP ) , real income , employment , industrial production , and wholesale - retail sales '' . In the 19th century , recessions frequently coincided with financial crises . Determining the occurrence of pre-20th - century recessions is more difficult due to the dearth of economic statistics , so scholars rely on historical accounts of economic activity , such as contemporary newspapers or business ledgers . Although the NBER does not date recessions before 1857 , economists customarily extrapolate dates of U.S. recessions back to 1790 from business annals based on various contemporary descriptions . Their work is aided by historical patterns , in that recessions often follow external shocks to the economic system such as wars and variations in the weather affecting agriculture , as well as banking crises . Major modern economic statistics , such as unemployment and GDP , were not compiled on a regular and standardized basis until after World War II . The average duration of the 11 recessions between 1945 and 2001 is 10 months , compared to 18 months for recessions between 1919 and 1945 , and 22 months for recessions from 1854 to 1919 . Because of the great changes in the economy over the centuries , it is difficult to compare the severity of modern recessions to early recessions . No recession of the post-World War II era has come anywhere near the depth of the Great Depression , which lasted from 1929 until 1941 and was caused by the 1929 crash of the stock market and other factors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early recessions and crises 2 Free Banking Era to the Great Depression 3 Great Depression onward 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early recessions and crises ( edit ) Attempts have been made to date recessions in America beginning in 1790 . These periods of recession were not identified until the 1920s . To construct the dates , researchers studied business annals during the period and constructed time series of the data . The earliest recessions for which there is the most certainty are those that coincide with major financial crises . Beginning in 1835 , an index of business activity by the Cleveland Trust Company provides data for comparison between recessions . Beginning in 1854 , the National Bureau of Economic Research dates recession peaks and troughs to the month . However , a standardized index does not exist for the earliest recessions . In 1791 , Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States to handle the country 's financial needs . The bank had some functions of a modern central bank , although it was responsible for only 20 % of the young country 's currency . In 1811 the bank 's charter lapsed , but it was replaced by the Second Bank of the United States , which lasted from 1816 -- 36 . Name Dates Duration Time since previous recession Characteristics Panic of 1785 1785 1785 -- 1788 36 ~ 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 72 The panic of 1785 , which lasted until 1788 , ended the business boom that followed the American Revolution . The causes of the crisis lay in the overexpansion and debts incurred after the victory at Yorktown , a postwar deflation , competition in the manufacturing sector from Britain , and lack of adequate credit and a sound currency . The downturn was exacerbated by the absence of any significant interstate trade . Other factors were the British refusal to conclude a commercial treaty , and actual and pending defaults among debtor groups . The panic among business and propertied groups led to the demand for a stronger federal government . Copper Panic of 1789 1796 1789 -- 1793 36 ~ 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 72 ~ 0 years Loss of confidence in copper coins due to debasement and counterfeiting led to commercial freeze up that halted the economy of several northern States and was not alleviated until the introduction of new paper money to restore confidence . During that same time the Panic of 1792 took place . Its causes included the extension of credit and excessive speculation . The panic that was largely solved by providing banks the necessary funds to make open market purchases . Panic of 1796 -- 97 1796 1796 -- 1799 36 ~ 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 72 ~ 4 years Just as a land speculation bubble was bursting , deflation from the Bank of England ( which was facing insolvency because of the cost of Great Britain 's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars ) crossed to North America and disrupted commercial and real estate markets in the United States and the Caribbean , and caused a major financial panic . Prosperity continued in the south , but economic activity was stagnant in the north for three years . The young United States engaged in the Quasi-War with France . 1802 -- 1804 recession 1802 1802 -- 1804 24 ~ 2 years 36 ~ 3 years A boom of war - time activity led to a decline after the Peace of Amiens ended the war between the United Kingdom and France . Commodity prices fell dramatically . Trade was disrupted by pirates , leading to the First Barbary War . Depression of 1807 1807 1807 -- 1810 36 ~ 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 36 ~ 3 years The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed by the United States Congress under President Thomas Jefferson as tensions increased with the United Kingdom . Along with trade restrictions imposed by the British , shipping - related industries were hard hit . The Federalists fought the embargo and allowed smuggling to take place in New England . Trade volumes , commodity prices and securities prices all began to fall . Macon 's Bill Number 2 ended the embargoes in May 1810 , and a recovery started . 1812 recession 1812 1812 06 ~ 6 months 18 ~ 18 months The United States entered a brief recession at the beginning of 1812 . The decline was brief primarily because the United States soon increased production to fight the War of 1812 , which began June 18 , 1812 . 1815 -- 21 depression 1815 1815 -- 1821 72 ~ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 years 36 ~ 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years Shortly after the war ended on March 23 , 1815 , the United States entered a period of financial panic as bank notes rapidly depreciated because of inflation following the war . The 1815 panic was followed by several years of mild depression , and then a major financial crisis -- the Panic of 1819 , which featured widespread foreclosures , bank failures , unemployment , a collapse in real estate prices , and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing . 1822 -- 1823 recession 1822 1822 -- 1823 12 ~ 1 year 12 ~ 1 year After only a mild recovery following the lengthy 1815 -- 21 depression , commodity prices hit a peak in March 1822 and began to fall . Many businesses failed , unemployment rose and an increase in imports worsened the trade balance . 1825 -- 1826 recession 1825 1825 -- 1826 12 ~ 1 year 24 ~ 2 years The Panic of 1825 , a stock crash following a bubble of speculative investments in Latin America led to a decline in business activity in the United States and England . The recession coincided with a major panic , the date of which may be more easily determined than general cycle changes associated with other recessions . 1828 -- 1829 recession 1828 1828 -- 1829 12 ~ 1 year 24 ~ 2 years In 1826 , England forbade the United States to trade with English colonies , and in 1827 , the United States adopted a counter-prohibition . Trade declined , just as credit became tight for manufacturers in New England . 1833 -- 34 recession 1833 1833 -- 1834 12 ~ 1 year 48 ~ 4 years The United States ' economy declined moderately in 1833 -- 34 . News accounts of the time confirm the slowdown . The subsequent expansion was driven by land speculation . Free banking era to the Great Depression ( edit ) A swarm gathers on Wall Street during the Panic of 1907 . Compared to today , the era from 1834 to the Great Depression was characterized by relatively severe and more frequent banking panics and recessions . In the 1830s , U.S. President Andrew Jackson fought to end the Second Bank of the United States . Following the Bank War , the Second Bank lost its charter in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , there was no national presence in banking , but still plenty of state and even local regulation , such as laws against branch banking which prevented diversification . In 1863 , in response to financing pressures of the Civil War , Congress passed the National Banking Act , creating nationally chartered banks . There was neither a central bank nor deposit insurance during this era , and thus banking panics were common . Recessions often led to bank panics and financial crises , which in turn worsened the recession . The dating of recessions during this period is controversial . Modern economic statistics , such as gross domestic product and unemployment , were not gathered during this period . Victor Zarnowitz evaluated a variety of indices to measure the severity of these recessions . From 1834 to 1929 , one measure of recessions is the Cleveland Trust Company index , which measured business activity and , beginning in 1882 , an index of trade and industrial activity was available , which can be used to compare recessions . US recessions , Free Banking Era to the Great Depression Name Dates Duration Time since previous recession Business activity Trade & industrial activity Characteristics 1836 -- 1838 recession -- ~ 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years ~ 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years - 32.8 % -- A sharp downturn in the American economy was caused by bank failures , lack of confidence in the paper currency , tightening of English Credit , crop failures and Jacksonian policy . Speculation markets were greatly affected when American banks stopped payment in specie ( gold and silver coinage ) . Over 600 banks failed in this period . In the South , the cotton market completely collapsed . See : Panic of 1837 late 1839 -- late 1843 recession -- ~ 4 years ~ 1 year - 34.3 % -- This was one of the longest and deepest depressions of the 19th century . It was a period of pronounced deflation and massive default on debt . The Cleveland Trust Company Index showed the economy spent 68 months below its trend and only 9 months above it . The Index declined 34.3 % during this depression . 1845 -- late 1846 recession -- ~ 1 year ~ 2 years − 5.9 % -- This recession was mild enough that it may have only been a slowdown in the growth cycle . One theory holds that this would have been a recession , except the United States began to gear up for the Mexican -- American War , which began April 25 , 1846 . 1847 -- 48 recession late 1847 -- late 1848 ~ 1 year ~ 1 year − 19.7 % -- The Cleveland Trust Company Index declined 19.7 % during 1847 and 1848 . It is associated with a financial crisis in Great Britain . 1853 -- 54 recession 1853 -- Dec 1854 ~ 1 year ~ 5 years − 18.4 % -- Interest rates rose in this period , contributing to a decrease in railroad investment . Security prices fell during this period . With the exception of falling business investment there is little evidence of contraction in this period . Panic of 1857 June 1857 -- Dec 1858 1 year 6 months 2 years 6 months − 23.1 % -- Failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company burst a European speculative bubble in United States ' railroads and caused a loss of confidence in American banks . Over 5,000 businesses failed within the first year of the Panic , and unemployment was accompanied by protest meetings in urban areas . This is the earliest recession to which the NBER assigns specific months ( rather than years ) for the peak and trough . 1860 -- 61 recession Oct 1860 -- June 1861 8 months 1 year 10 months − 14.5 % -- There was a recession before the American Civil War , which began April 12 , 1861 . Zarnowitz says the data generally show a contraction occurred in this period , but it was quite mild . A financial panic was narrowly averted in 1860 by the first use of clearing house certificates between banks . 1865 -- 67 recession April 1865 -- Dec 1867 2 years 8 months 3 years 10 months − 23.8 % -- The American Civil War ended in April 1865 , and the country entered a lengthy period of general deflation that lasted until 1896 . The United States occasionally experienced periods of recession during the Reconstruction era . Production increased in the years following the Civil War , but the country still had financial difficulties . The post-war period coincided with a period of some international financial instability . 1869 -- 70 recession June 1869 -- Dec 1870 1 year 6 months 1 year 6 months − 9.7 % -- A few years after the Civil War , a short recession occurred . It was unusual since it came amid a period when railroad investment was greatly accelerating , even producing the First Transcontinental Railroad . The railroads built in this period opened up the interior of the country , giving birth to the Farmers ' movement . The recession may be explained partly by ongoing financial difficulties following the war , which discouraged businesses from building up inventories . Several months into the recession , there was a major financial panic . Panic of 1873 and the Long Depression Oct 1873 -- Mar 1879 5 years 5 months 2 years 10 months − 33.6 % ( − 27.3 % ) -- Economic problems in Europe prompted the failure of Jay Cooke & Company , the largest bank in the United States , which burst the post-Civil War speculative bubble . The Coinage Act of 1873 also contributed by immediately depressing the price of silver , which hurt North American mining interests . The deflation and wage cuts of the era led to labor turmoil , such as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . In 1879 , the United States returned to the gold standard with the Specie Payment Resumption Act . This is the longest period of economic contraction recognized by the NBER . The Long Depression is sometimes held to be the entire period from 1873 -- 96 . 1882 -- 85 recession Mar 1882 -- May 1885 3 years 2 months 3 years − 32.8 % − 24.6 % Like the Long Depression that preceded it , the recession of 1882 -- 85 was more of a price depression than a production depression . From 1879 to 1882 , there had been a boom in railroad construction which came to an end , resulting in a decline in both railroad construction and in related industries , particularly iron and steel . A major economic event during the recession was the Panic of 1884 . 1887 -- 88 recession Mar 1887 -- April 1888 1 year 1 month 1 year 10 months − 14.6 % − 8.2 % Investments in railroads and buildings weakened during this period . This slowdown was so mild that it is not always considered a recession . Contemporary accounts apparently indicate it was considered a slight recession . 1890 -- 91 recession July 1890 -- May 1891 10 months 1 year 5 months − 22.1 % − 11.7 % Although shorter than the recession in 1887 -- 88 and still modest , a slowdown in 1890 -- 91 was somewhat more pronounced than the preceding recession . International monetary disturbances are blamed for this recession , such as the Panic of 1890 in the United Kingdom . Panic of 1893 Jan 1893 -- June 1894 1 year 5 months 1 year 8 months − 37.3 % − 29.7 % Failure of the United States Reading Railroad and withdrawal of European investment led to a stock market and banking collapse . This Panic was also precipitated in part by a run on the gold supply . The Treasury had to issue bonds to purchase enough gold . Profits , investment and income all fell , leading to political instability , the height of the U.S. populist movement and the Free Silver movement . Estimates on unemployment vary , it may have peaked anywhere from 8.2 - 18.4 % . Panic of 1896 Dec 1895 -- June 1897 1 year 6 months 1 year 6 months − 25.2 % − 20.8 % The period of 1893 -- 97 is seen as a generally depressed cycle that had a short spurt of growth in the middle , following the Panic of 1893 . Production shrank and deflation reigned . 1899 -- 1900 recession June 1899 -- Dec 1900 1 year 6 months 2 years − 15.5 % − 8.8 % This was a mild recession in the period of general growth beginning after 1897 . Evidence for a recession in this period does not show up in some annual data series . 1902 -- 04 recession Sep 1902 -- Aug 1904 1 year 11 months 1 year 9 months − 16.2 % − 17.1 % Though not severe , this downturn lasted for nearly two years and saw a distinct decline in the national product . Industrial and commercial production both declined , albeit fairly modestly . The recession came about a year after a 1901 stock crash . Panic of 1907 May 1907 -- June 1908 1 year 1 month 2 years 9 months − 29.2 % − 31.0 % A run on Knickerbocker Trust Company deposits on October 22 , 1907 , set events in motion that would lead to a severe monetary contraction . The fallout from the panic led to Congress creating the Federal Reserve System . Panic of 1910 -- 1911 Jan 1910 -- Jan 1912 2 years 1 year 7 months − 14.7 % − 10.6 % This was a mild but lengthy recession . The national product grew by less than 1 % , and commercial activity and industrial activity declined . The period was also marked by deflation . Recession of 1913 -- 1914 Jan 1913 -- Dec 1914 1 year 11 months 1 year − 25.9 % − 19.8 % Productions and real income declined during this period and were not offset until the start of World War I increased demand . Incidentally , the Federal Reserve Act was signed during this recession , creating the Federal Reserve System , the culmination of a sequence of events following the Panic of 1907 . Post-World War I recession Aug 1918 -- March 1919 7 months 3 years 8 months − 24.5 % − 14.1 % Severe hyperinflation in Europe took place over production in North America . This was a brief but very sharp recession and was caused by the end of wartime production , along with an influx of labor from returning troops . This , in turn , caused high unemployment . Depression of 1920 -- 21 Jan 1920 -- July 1921 1 year 6 months 10 months − 38.1 % − 32.7 % The 1921 recession began a mere 10 months after the post-World War I recession , as the economy continued working through the shift to a peacetime economy . The recession was short , but extremely painful . The year 1920 was the single most deflationary year in American history ; production , however , did not fall as much as might be expected from the deflation . GNP may have declined between 2.5 and 7 percent , even as wholesale prices declined by 36.8 % . The economy had a strong recovery following the recession . 1923 -- 24 recession May 1923 -- June 1924 1 year 2 months 2 years − 25.4 % − 22.7 % From the depression of 1920 -- 21 until the Great Depression , an era dubbed the Roaring Twenties , the economy was generally expanding . Industrial production declined in 1923 -- 24 , but on the whole this was a mild recession . 1926 -- 27 recession Oct 1926 -- Nov 1927 1 year 1 month 2 years 3 months − 12.2 % − 10.0 % This was an unusual and mild recession , thought to be caused largely because Henry Ford closed production in his factories for six months to switch from production of the Model T to the Model A. Charles P. Kindleberger says the period from 1925 to the start of the Great Depression is best thought of as a boom , and this minor recession just proof that the boom `` was not general , uninterrupted or extensive '' . Great Depression onward ( edit ) A destitute pea picker in California in 1936 . Following the severe Great Depression , the post-World War II economy has seen long expansions and , for the most part , less severe recessions than in earlier American history . Following the end of World War II and the large adjustment as the economy adjusted from wartime to peacetime in 1945 , the collection of many economic indicators , such as unemployment and GDP , became standardized . Recessions after World War II may be compared to each other much more easily than previous recessions because of these available data . The listed dates and durations are from the official chronology of the National Bureau of Economic Research . GDP data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis , unemployment from the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( after 1948 ) . Note that the unemployment rate often reaches a peak associated with a recession after the recession has officially ended . Annualized GDP change from 1923 to 2009 . Data are annual from 1923 to 1946 and quarterly from 1947 to the second quarter of 2009 . No recession of the post-World War II era has come anywhere near the depth of the Great Depression . In the Great Depression , GDP fell by 27 % ( the deepest after demobilization is the recession beginning in December 2007 , during which GDP has fallen 5.1 % as of the second quarter of 2009 ) and unemployment rate reached 10 % ( the highest since was the 10.8 % rate reached during the 1981 -- 82 recession ) . The National Bureau of Economic Research dates recessions on a monthly basis back to 1854 ; according to their chronology , from 1854 to 1919 , there were 16 cycles . The average recession lasted 22 months , and the average expansion 27 . From 1919 to 1945 , there were six cycles ; recessions lasted an average 18 months and expansions for 35 . From 1945 to 2001 , and 10 cycles , recessions lasted an average 10 months and expansions an average of 57 months . This has prompted some economists to declare that the business cycle has become less severe . Factors that may have contributed to this moderation include the creation of a central bank and lender of last resort , like the Federal Reserve System in 1913 , the establishment of deposit insurance in the form of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1933 , increased regulation of the banking sector , and the increase in automatic stabilizers including taxes structured to decrease when income decreases and Social safety net programs such as unemployment insurance and social security . However , many of these factors are also believed to have contributed to post-Great Depression recessions . See Post-World War II economic expansion for further discussion . Name Period Range Duration ( months ) Time since previous recession ( months ) Peak unemployment GDP decline ( peak to trough ) Characteristics Great Depression Aug 1929 - Mar 1933 ct 1929 - Dec 1941 43 3 years 7 months 021 1 year 9 months 24.9 21.3 % ( 1932 ) -- 24.9 % ( 1933 ) 26.7 − 26.7 % A banking panic and a collapse in the money supply took place in the United States that was exacerbated by international commitment to the gold standard . Extensive new tariffs and other factors contributed to an extremely deep depression . GDP , industrial production , employment , and prices fell substantially . The economy began to recover in the mid 30 's with gold inflow expanding the money supply and improving expectations but double dipped during the Recession of 1937 - 38 . The ultimate recovery has been credited to monetary policy and monetary expansion . Recession of 1937 -- 1938 1937 May 1937 - June 1938 13 1 year 1 month 050 4 years 2 months 19.0 17.8 % -- 19.0 % ( 1938 ) 03.4 − 18.2 % The Recession of 1937 is only considered minor when compared to the Great Depression , but is otherwise among the worst recessions of the 20th century . Three explanations are offered as causes for the recession : the tight fiscal policy resulting from an attempt to balance the budget after New Deal spending , the tight monetary policy of the Federal Reserve , and the declining profits of businesses led to a reduction in business investment . Recession of 1945 1945 Feb 1945 - Oct 1945 08 8 months 080 6 years 8 months 05.2 5.2 % ( 1946 ) 12.7 − 12.7 % The decline in government spending at the end of World War II led to an enormous drop in gross domestic product , making this technically a recession . This was the result of demobilization and the shift from a wartime to peacetime economy . The post-war years were unusual in a number of ways ( unemployment was never high ) and this era may be considered a `` sui generis end - of - the - war recession '' . Recession of 1949 1948 Nov 1948 - Oct 1949 11 11 months 037 3 years 1 month 07.9 7.9 % ( Oct 1949 ) 01.7 − 1.7 % The 1948 recession was a brief economic downturn ; forecasters of the time expected much worse , perhaps influenced by the poor economy in their recent lifetimes . The recession also followed a period of monetary tightening . Recession of 1953 1953 July 1953 - May 1954 10 10 months 045 3 years 9 months 06.1 6.1 % ( Sep 1954 ) 02.6 − 2.6 % After a post-Korean War inflationary period , more funds were transferred to national security . In 1951 , the Federal Reserve reasserted its independence from the U.S. Treasury and in 1952 , the Federal Reserve changed monetary policy to be more restrictive because of fears of further inflation or of a bubble forming . Recession of 1958 1957 Aug 1957 - April 1958 08 8 months 039 3 years 3 months 07.5 7.5 % ( July 1958 ) 03.1 − 3.7 % Monetary policy was tightened during the two years preceding 1957 , followed by an easing of policy at the end of 1957 . The budget balance resulted in a change in budget surplus of 0.8 % of GDP in 1957 to a budget deficit of 0.6 % of GDP in 1958 , and then to 2.6 % of GDP in 1959 . Recession of 1960 -- 61 1960 Apr 1960 - Feb 1961 10 10 months 024 2 years 07.1 7.1 % ( May 1961 ) 01.6 − 1.6 % Another primarily monetary recession occurred after the Federal Reserve began raising interest rates in 1959 . The government switched from deficit ( or 2.6 % in 1959 ) to surplus ( of 0.1 % in 1960 ) . When the economy emerged from this short recession , it began the second - longest period of growth in NBER history . The Dow Jones Industrial Average ( Dow ) finally reached its lowest point on Feb. 20 , 1961 , about 4 weeks after President Kennedy was inaugurated . Recession of 1969 -- 70 1969 Dec 1969 - Nov 1970 11 11 months 106 8 years 10 months 06.1 6.1 % ( Dec 1970 ) 00.6 − 0.6 % The relatively mild 1969 recession followed a lengthy expansion . At the end of the expansion , inflation was rising , possibly a result of increased deficits . This relatively mild recession coincided with an attempt to start closing the budget deficits of the Vietnam War ( fiscal tightening ) and the Federal Reserve raising interest rates ( monetary tightening ) . 1973 -- 75 recession 1973 Nov 1973 - Mar 1975 16 1 year 4 months 036 3 years 09.0 9.0 % ( May 1975 ) 03.2 − 3.2 % The 1973 oil crisis , a quadrupling of oil prices by OPEC , coupled with the 1973 -- 1974 stock market crash led to a stagflation recession in the United States . 1980 recession 1980 Jan 1980 - July 1980 06 6 months 058 4 years 10 months 07.8 7.8 % ( July 1980 ) 02.2 − 2.2 % The NBER considers a very short recession to have occurred in 1980 , followed by a short period of growth and then a deep recession . Unemployment remained relatively elevated in between recessions . The recession began as the Federal Reserve , under Paul Volcker , raised interest rates dramatically to fight the inflation of the 1970s . The early ' 80s are sometimes referred to as a `` double - dip '' or `` W - shaped '' recession . 1981 -- 1982 recession 1981 July 1981 - Nov 1982 16 1 year 4 months 012 1 year 10.8 10.8 % ( Nov 1982 ) 02.7 − 2.7 % The Iranian Revolution sharply increased the price of oil around the world in 1979 , causing the 1979 energy crisis . This was caused by the new regime in power in Iran , which exported oil at inconsistent intervals and at a lower volume , forcing prices up . Tight monetary policy in the United States to control inflation led to another recession . The changes were made largely because of inflation carried over from the previous decade because of the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis . Early 1990s recession in the United States 1990 July 1990 - Mar 1991 08 8 months 092 7 years 8 months 07.8 7.8 % ( June 1992 ) 01.4 − 1.4 % After the lengthy peacetime expansion of the 1980s , inflation began to increase and the Federal Reserve responded by raising interest rates from 1986 to 1989 . This weakened but did not stop growth , but some combination of the subsequent 1990 oil price shock , the debt accumulation of the 1980s , and growing consumer pessimism combined with the weakened economy to produce a brief recession . Early 2000s recession 2001 Mar 2001 - Nov 2001 08 8 months 120 10 years 06.3 6.3 % ( June 2003 ) 00.3 − 0.3 % The 1990s were the longest period of growth in American history . The collapse of the speculative dot - com bubble , a fall in business outlays and investments , and the September 11th attacks , brought the decade of growth to an end . Despite these major shocks , the recession was brief and shallow . Great Recession 2007 Dec 2007 - June 2009 18 1 year 6 months 107 8 years , 11 months 09.7 10.0 % ( October 2009 ) 03.9 − 5.1 % The subprime mortgage crisis led to the collapse of the United States housing bubble . Falling housing - related assets contributed to a global financial crisis , even as oil and food prices soared . The crisis led to the failure or collapse of many of the United States ' largest financial institutions : Bear Stearns , Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac , Lehman Brothers , Citi Bank and AIG , as well as a crisis in the automobile industry . The government responded with an unprecedented $700 billion bank bailout and $787 billion fiscal stimulus package . The National Bureau of Economic Research declared the end of this recession over a year after the end date . The Dow Jones Industrial Average ( Dow ) finally reached its lowest point on March 9 , 2009 . See also ( edit ) List of economic expansions in the United States List of recessions in the United Kingdom List of stock market crashes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rule of thumb defining recession as two quarters of negative GDP growth is not used by NBER . The NBER looks for monthly dating ( GDP is a quarterly figure ) and GDP will sometimes be positive even in clear periods of decline , e.g. in the second quarter of 1974 , GDP was slightly positive even in the middle of the severe 1973 -- 75 recession . Jump up ^ The NBER 's monthly chronology of recessions begins in 1854 . In the 1920s , the economist Willard Thorp , working for the NBER , dated business cycles back to 1790 ( with the first recession beginning in 1796 ) . Thorp 's dates remain the standard for this period . Thorp 's crude annual dates are not directly comparable to the NBER 's monthly dates i.e. a two - year recession from the annual dates could be many months shorter or longer than 24 . ^ Jump up to : The peak to trough decline in business activity and trade and industrial activity during a given recession . From 1834 to 1882 , Zarnowitz uses the Cleveland Trust Company index . Beginning in 1873 , he uses a composite of three trend - adjusted indices -- the Cleveland Trust Company Index , the Persons Index which begins in 1875 and a business activity index from AT&T Corporation beginning in 1877 . For the Long Depression , both the Cleveland Trust Company index , and the composite are given . The index for trade and industrial activity is the Axe and Houghton Index , beginning in February 1879 . It is based on pig iron production , bank clearings ( outside New York City ) , import volume , and the revenue per mile earned by different railroads . Jump up ^ The NBER 's monthly chronology of recessions begins in 1854 . In the 1920s , the economist Willard Thorp , working for the NBER , dated business cycles back to 1790 ( with the first recession beginning in 1796 ) . Thorp 's dates remain the standard for this period . Thorp 's crude annual dates are not directly comparable to the NBER 's monthly dates i.e. a two - year recession from the annual dates could be many months shorter or longer than 24 . References ( edit ) General Glasner , David ; Cooley , Thomas F. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Business cycles and depressions : an encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 0944 - 4 . Gordon , Robert J. , ed. ( 1986 ) . The American Business Cycle : Continuity and Change . UMI . ISBN 0 - 226 - 30452 - 3 . Knoop , Todd A. ( July 30 , 2004 ) . `` Recessions and Depressions : Understanding Business Cycles '' . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98162 - 2 . US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions , National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved on September 19 , 2009 . Zarnowitz , Victor ( 1996 ) . Business Cycles : Theory , History , Indicators , and Forecasting . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 97891 - 5 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Zarnowitz 1996 , pp. 221 -- 26 Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 , 151 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . The current consensus is that the volatility of GNP and unemployment were greater before the Great Depression than they have been since the end of World War II . Jump up ^ Hall , Robert ( October 21 , 2003 ) . `` The NBER 's Recession Dating Procedure '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The NBER 's Recession Dating Procedure : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brent Moulton ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts 1929 through Second Quarter 2003 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBER Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions '' . NBER . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moore , Geoffrey H. ; Zarnowitz , Victor ( 1986 ) . `` Appendix A The Development and Role of the National Bureau of Economic Research 's Business Cycle Chronologies '' . The American Business Cycle : Continuity and Change . in Gordon 1986 , pp. 743 -- 745 ^ Jump up to : Moore , Geoffrey H. ; Zarnowitz , Victor ( 1986 ) . `` Appendix A The Development and Role of the National Bureau of Economic Research 's Business Cycle Chronologies '' . The American Business Cycle : Continuity and Change . in Gordon 1986 , p. 747 ^ Jump up to : Thorp , Willard Long ( 1926 ) . Business Annals . NBER . pp. 113 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 87014 - 007 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Glasner & Cooley 1997 , p. 732 Jump up ^ `` Copper Panic '' . www.coins.nd.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cowen , David , Richard Sylla , and Robert Wright . `` The US Panic of 1792 : Financial Crisis Management and the Lender of Last Resort . '' New York University , working paper ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Chew , Richard S. ( December 2005 ) . `` Certain Victims of an International Contagion : The Panic of 1797 and the Hard Times of the Late 1790s in Baltimore '' . Journal of the Early Republic . 25 ( 4 ) : 565 -- 613 . doi : 10.1353 / jer. 2005.0069 . Jump up ^ Moore , Geoffrey H. ; Zarnowitz , Victor ( 1986 ) . `` Appendix A The Development and Role of the National Bureau of Economic Research 's Business Cycle Chronologies '' . The American Business Cycle : Continuity and Change . in Gordon 1986 , p. 746 ^ Jump up to : Zarnowitz 1996 , p. 222 Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson , Banks , and the Panic of 1837 '' . lehrmaninstitute.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Bray Hammond wrote that Jackson 's second term ' fiscal policy ... was a product of the current over-trading , inflation , and speculation , but also a contributor thereto . For these evils , which Andrew Jackson aimlessly deplored , could not have been more effectively promoted by Jacksonian policies had that been their purpose . Thus retirement of the public debt , in which the General took great pride , as if it were a personal achievement - as indeed it was in a sense because the burden of it fell inequitably on the southern planters , of whom he was one - closed an important field of conservative investment and returned funds to investors who then had to find other uses for them . In consequence the demand for other investments was intensified and their prices driven up . ' Jump up ^ Morris , Charles ( 1902 ) . The Great Republic By the Master Historians - Volumes I , II , III , IV . R.S. Belcher . ^ Jump up to : Zarnowitz 1996 , pp. 222 -- 23 Jump up ^ Moore , Geoffrey H. ; Zarnowitz , Victor ( 1986 ) . `` Appendix A The Development and Role of the National Bureau of Economic Research 's Business Cycle Chronologies '' . The American Business Cycle : Continuity and Change . in Gordon 1986 , pp. 744 -- 45 Jump up ^ Huston , James L. ( December 1 , 1987 ) . The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2492 - 3 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( January 10 , 1990 ) . A Short History of Reconstruction . Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096431 - 6 . Jump up ^ Capie , Forrest ; Wood , Geoffrey ( 1997 ) . `` Great Depression of 1873 -- 1896 '' . Business cycles and depressions : an encyclopedia. in Glasner & Cooley 1997 , pp. 148 -- 49 Jump up ^ Moseley , Fred ( 1997 ) . `` Depression of 1873 -- 1879 '' . Business cycles and depressions : an encyclopedia. in Glasner & Cooley 1997 , pp. 148 -- 49 Jump up ^ Fels , Rendigs ( 1952 ) . `` The American Business Cycle of 1879 - 85 '' . The Journal of Political Economy. 60 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 75 . doi : 10.1086 / 257151 . JSTOR 1826297 . ^ Jump up to : Zarnowitz 1996 , pp. 226 -- 29 Jump up ^ Whitten , David ( August 14 , 2001 ) . Whaples , Robert , ed . `` Depression of 1893 '' . EH.Net Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lk ( 2014 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Social Democracy for the 21st Century : A Realist Alternative to the Modern Left : US Unemployment in the 1890s Again '' . Social Democracy for the 21st Century . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bruner , Robert F. ; Carr , Sean D. ( 2007 ) . The Panic of 1907 : Lessons Learned from the Market 's Perfect Storm . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15263 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , David J. ( January 15 , 1999 ) . Discontented America : The United States in the 1920s . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6004 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vernon , J.R. ( 1991 ) . `` The 1920 -- 21 Deflation : The Role of Aggregate Supply '' . Economic Inquiry. 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.1991. tb00847. x . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Anthony Patrick ( 1997 ) . `` Depression of 1920 -- 1921 '' . Business cycles and depressions : an encyclopedia. in Glasner & Cooley 1997 , pp. 151 -- 53 Jump up ^ Kindleberger , Charles P. ( 1973 ) . The World in Depression , 1929 - 39 . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05592 - 6 . Jump up ^ Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey , Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved on September 19 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Labonte , Marc ( January 10 , 2002 ) . `` The Current Economic Recession '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knoop 2004 , pp. 166 -- 71 Jump up ^ https://mises.org/library/did-fed-cause-housing-bubble Jump up ^ http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2013/01/predicting-next-recession.html Jump up ^ https://www.financialsense.com/contributors/john-butler/stagflation-always-everwhere-keynesian-phenomenon ^ Jump up to : Coen , Robert M. `` Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920 's and 1930 's : A Re-examination Based on Postwar Experience . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics ( 1973 ) : 46 - 55 . Jump up ^ Richard K. Vedder and Lowell E. Gallaway ( 1993 ) . Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America . New York : Holmes and Meier . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton . The counter-revolution in monetary theory : first Wincott memorial lecture , delivered at the Senate House , University of London , 16 September 1970 . Vol. 33 . Institute of Economic Affairs , 1970 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Douglas A. Did France Cause the Great Depression ? . No. w16350 . National Bureau of Economic Research , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eichengreen , Barry ; Temin , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` The gold standard and the great depression '' . Contemporary European History . 9 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 207 . doi : 10.1017 / s0960777300002010 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Douglas A. Peddling Protectionism : Smoot - Hawley and the Great Depression . Princeton University Press , 2011 . Jump up ^ Romer , Christina D ( 1992 ) . `` What ended the great depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 784 . doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . ^ Jump up to : Stanley Lebergott ( 1957 ) . `` Annual Estimates of Unemployment in the United States , 1900 - 1954 '' . The Measurement and Behavior of Unemployment ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . pp. 211 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Smiley , W. Gene ( 1997 ) . `` Depression of 1937 -- 1938 '' . Business Cycles and Depressions : An Encyclopedia . in Glasner & Cooley 1997 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Zarnowitz 1996 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Rosnick , David ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` Clearing Up Some Facts About the Depression of 1946 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zarnowitz 1996 , p. 416 Jump up ^ Dell , S. ( June 1957 ) . `` The United States Recession of 1953 / 54 : A Comment '' . The Economic Journal . Blackwell Publishing . 67 ( 266 ) : 338 -- 339 . doi : 10.2307 / 2227810 . JSTOR 2227810 . Jump up ^ Holmans , A.E. ( 1958 ) . `` The Eisenhower Administration and the Recession , 1953 -- 55 '' . Oxford Economic Papers. 10 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Karen R. ( 2007 ) . The Oil Crisis of 1973 -- 1974 : A Brief History with Documents . Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 40922 - 2 . Jump up ^ Knoop 2004 , p. 163 Jump up ^ `` The recession is a pretty picture '' . BBC . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oil Squeeze '' . TIME . February 5 , 1979 . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rattner , Steven ( January 5 , 1981 ) . `` Federal Reserve sees little growth in ' 81 with continued high rates '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee Determines that Recession Ended in March 1991 '' . NBER . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carl E. Walsh ( 1993 ) . `` What Caused the 1990 -- 1991 Recession '' ( PDF ) . Economic Review . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Knoop 2004 , pp. 165 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` The Business - Cycle Peak of March 2001 '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . November 26 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Kliesen , Kevin L. ( 2003 ) . `` The 2001 Recession : How Was It Different and What Developments May Have Caused It ? '' ( PDF ) . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( September ) : 23 -- 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ When Did the Great Recession End ? Jump up ^ US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions Jump up ^ Civilian Unemployment Rate : Percent SA Jump up ^ https://www.bea.gov/faq/index.cfm?faq_id=1004 Jump up ^ 2010 Business Cycle Dating Committee , September 2010 , National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved on September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stark , Betsy ( 9 March 2010 ) . `` Home > Money Tracking the Dow One Year After Rock Bottom '' . ABC news . ABC news network . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) National Bureau of Economic Research Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions ( List of NBER Recessions ) The Three Ds of Recession : A Brief History -- see table 1 and chart 1 for a more detailed list of recessions in the US <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Recessions in the United States ( notable recessions in bold ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1796 -- 99 1815 -- 21 1836 -- 38 and 1839 -- 43 1857 -- 58 1873 -- 1879 1882 -- 85 1893 -- 1897 1907 -- 08 1918 -- 19 1920 -- 21 1929 -- 33 and 1937 -- 38 1949 1953 -- 54 1958 1960 -- 61 1969 -- 70 1973 -- 75 1980 and 1981 -- 82 1990 -- 91 2002 -- 03 2007 -- 09 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States&oldid=838424371 '' Categories : Recessions Economy of the United States - related lists Financial crises Economic crises in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Recessions in the United States
2. Economic activity and business cycles
3. Impact of recessions on the global economy
4. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
5. Historical patterns and causes of recessions |
-4,085,937,074,996,356,600 | who said the wheels of justice turn slowly | Mills of God - wikipedia Mills of God Jump to : navigation , search Roman - era depiction of an animal - driven flour mill . An edge mill with two millstones . Katherine Maltwood portrayed a similar arrangement in her bronze , The Mills of God ( 1918 / 9 ) , which was inspired by the suffering of the Great War . The proverbial expression of the mills of God grinding slowly refers to the notion of slow but certain divine retribution . Plutarch ( 1st century AD ) alludes to the metaphor as a then - current adage in his Moralia ( De sera numinis vindicta `` On the Delay of Divine Vengeance '' ) : `` Thus , I do not see what use there is in those mills of the gods said to grind so late as to render punishment hard to be recognized , and to make wickedness fearless . '' Plutarch no doubt here makes reference to a hexameter by an unknown poet , cited by sceptic philosopher , Sextus Empiricus ( 2nd century ) in his Adversus Grammaticos as a popular adage : Ὀψὲ θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , ἀλέουσι δὲ λεπτά . `` The millstones of the gods grind late , but they grind fine . '' The same expression was invoked by Celsus in his ( lost ) True Discourse . Defending the concept of ancestral fault , Celsus reportedly quoted `` a priest of Apollo or of Zeus '' : Ὀψὲ , φησι , θεῶν ἀλέουσι μύλοι , κἆϛ παίδων παῖδας τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται . ' The mills of the gods grind slowly ' , he says , even ' To children 's children , and to those who are born after them . ' The Sibylline Oracles ( c. 175 ) have Sed mola postremo pinset divina farinam ( `` but the divine mill will at last grind the flour '' ) . The proverb was in frequent use in the Protestant Reformation , often in the Latin translation Sero molunt deorum molae due to Erasmus of Rotterdam ( Adagia , 1500 ) , but also in German translation . The expression was anthologised in English translation by George Herbert in his collection of proverbs entitled Jacula Prudentum ( 1652 ) , as `` God 's mill grinds slow but sure '' ( no . 743 ) . German epigrammatist Friedrich von Logau in his Sinngedichte ( c. 1654 ) composed an extended variant of the saying , under the title `` Göttliche Rache '' ( divine retribution ) , Gottes Mühlen mahlen langsam , mahlen aber trefflich klein , ob aus Langmut er sich säumet , bringt mit Schärf ' er alles ein . translated into English by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( `` Retribution '' , Poetic Aphorisms , 1846 ) : Though the mills of God grind slowly ; Yet they grind exceeding small ; Though with patience He stands waiting , With exactness grinds He all . The proverb was used by Agatha Christie in her novel Hercule Poirot 's Christmas , as a person quoted it when they saw the corpse of a man who had lived an evil life . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Urnholder of the miller Publius Nonius Zethus ( 1st century AD ) , found in Ostia Antica , now in the Museum of the Vatican . Jump up ^ Rosemary Alicia Brown ( 1981 ) , Katherine Emma Maltwood ( PDF ) , Victoria : Sono Nice . University of Victoria Art Collections M964. 1.357 Jump up ^ A.P. Peabody ( 1885 ) , Plutarch on the Delay of Divine Justice . Plutarch , Ian Kidd , Robin Waterfield , `` On God 's Slowness to Punish '' , Essays CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adversus Mathematicos I Cap . 17 D.L. Blank , trans . ( 1998 ) p. 311 . John Pairman Brown , Israel and Hellas , 3 . Jump up ^ The Greek μύλοι is plural , referring to two grindstones ( i.e. quern and handstone ) forming a single mill ; the Latin translation by Gentian Hervetus ( 1569 ) renders this as mola `` mill '' in the singular : Est mola tarda dei , verum molit illa minutim . Jump up ^ Gagné , Renaud ( 2013 ) . Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03980 - 3 . Jump up ^ Book 8 verse 15 Sibylline Oracles trans . M.S. Terry ( 1890 ) `` Late will the mills of God grind the fine flour '' . On the date of c . AD 175 for book 8 , verses 1 -- 216 see : J.J. Collins `` Sibylline Oracles ( Second Century B.C. -- Seventh Century A.D ) '' in : Charlesworth ( ed . ) , Old Testament Pseudepigrapha , vol. 1 , Hendrickson Publishers ( 1983 ) , 317 -- 472 ( here : p. 416 ) . Jump up ^ Erasmus of Rotterdam , Adagia 3382 ( 4.4. 82 ) Sero molunt deorum molae : Plutarchus in commentario cui titulus Πέρι τὦν ὑπὸ τοῦ θείου βραδέως τιμωρουμένων : Ὥστε οὐχ ὁρὦ τί χρήσιμον ἔνεστι τοῖς ὀψὲ δὴ τούτοις ἀλεῖν λεγομένοις μύλοις τὦν θεὦν , id est Itaque non video quidnam utilitatis insit istis deorum molis quae sero dicuntur molere . Caeterum ex his quae praecedunt eodem in loco , colligere licet dici solitum de his qui , licet serius , tamen aliquando poenas dant malefactorum vindici deo . Jump up ^ Early New High German variants : Gots mül steht offt lang stil ; Die götter malen oder scheren eim langsam , aber wol . Nina - Maria Klug , Das konfessionelle Flugblatt 1563 -- 1580 : Eine Studie zur historischen Semiotik und Textanalyse , volume 112 of Studia Linguistica Germanica , Walter de Gruyter , 2012 p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Göttliche Rache '' , Sinngedichte III , 2 , 24 . Jump up ^ Hugh Rawson ; Margaret Miner , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` God , 8 '' . The Oxford Dictionary of American Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516823 - 5 . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Justice Wikiquote has quotations related to : Retribution Ancestral fault Justice delayed is justice denied Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mills_of_God&oldid=798884646 '' Categories : Proverbs Justice Revenge Punishment Theodicy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing German - language text Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 57 . About Wikipedia | 1. Mills of God
2. Divine retribution
3. Slow but certain punishment
4. Proverbial expression
5. Roman-era flour mill |
5,015,529,309,556,510,000 | what is the president of the senate called | President of the Senate - wikipedia President of the Senate Jump to : navigation , search The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate , and is the speaker of other assemblies . The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction 's succession for its top executive office : for example , the President of the Senate of Nigeria is second in line for succession to the presidency , after only the Vice President of the Federal Republic , while in France , which has no vice president , the Senate President is first in line to succeed to the Presidential powers and duties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Argentina 2 Australia 3 Barbados 4 Belgium 5 Belize 6 Brazil 7 Burundi 8 Cambodia 9 Canada 10 Chile 11 Colombia 12 Fiji 13 Danzig 14 France 15 Germany 16 Italy 17 Liberia 18 Malaysia 19 Mexico 20 Nigeria 21 Peru 22 Philippines 23 Poland 24 Puerto Rico 25 Romania 26 South Africa 27 Spain 28 Sri Lanka 29 Trinidad and Tobago 30 United States 30.1 U.S. state senates 31 Uruguay 32 See also 33 References Argentina ( edit ) The Argentine Senate is presided over by the Vice-President of the Republic , currently Gabriela Michetti . This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments ( Constitution , Art . 57 ) . The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote . Australia ( edit ) Main article : President of the Australian Senate The President of the Australian Senate is a senator , traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition , elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business . They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party . The current president is Scott Ryan , a Liberal senator from Victoria , who has held the office since 13 November 2017 . Barbados ( edit ) Main article : List of Presidents of the Senate of Barbados At the start of every parliamentary session , the Senate of Barbados elects a President and a Vice President , neither of whom may be ministers or parliamentary secretaries . Prior to the January 2008 general election , the positions were held by Sir Fred Gollop and Dame Patricia Symmonds . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian Senate § Officers See also : List of Presidents of the Belgian Senate The presiding officer of the Belgian Senate is elected by the senators at the beginning of each parliamentary term . The President of the Senate is customarily a member of a majority party with a great deal of political experience . The president presides over the plenary assembly of the Senate , guides and controls debates in the assembly , is responsible for ensuring the democratic functioning of the Senate , maintains order and security in the assembly and for enforcing the Rules of the Senate , and represents the Senate at both the national ( to the other institutions ) and the international level . The President of the Senate , together with the President of the Chamber of Representatives , ranks immediately behind the King in the order of precedence . The elder of the two takes the second place in the order of precedence . The Presidents of the Senate and the Chamber rank above the Prime Minister . Belize ( edit ) The Senate of Belize elects both a president and a vice-president upon first convening after a general election . The person elected president may be a senator ( provided he / she does not concurrently hold a ministerial position ) or a person external to the Senate . The vice-president must be a member of the Senate who does not hold a ministerial portfolio . ( Constitution , section 66 . ) The current President is Andrea Gill , with Juliet Thimbriel as Vice-President . Brazil ( edit ) Main article : President of the Federal Senate ( Brazil ) The current President of Brazil 's Federal Senate is Eunício Oliveira . The President of the Federal Senate is the third in order to succeed the president ( only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies ) . It is also the president of the National Congress , which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Burundi ( edit ) The President of the Senate of Burundi , since 17 August 2005 , is Molly Beamer of the CNDD - FDD . The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents . Cambodia ( edit ) The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12 - person permanent commission ( bureau ) , which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate , currently Say Chhum . He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President . The President and Vice-Presidents are elected as the first item of business at the start of every legislative session . Canada ( edit ) While the Speaker of the Senate of Canada , who serves as the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada , is not described as a `` president '' in English , the position is called Président du Sénat in French . He is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister . Chile ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Chile The President of the Senate of Chile is elected from among the country 's senators . The current holder of the position , since March 2010 , is Jorge Pizarro . Colombia ( edit ) The President of the Senate -- Javier Cáceres Leal for the 2009 -- 10 period -- also serves as the President of the Congress of Colombia . Fiji ( edit ) The members of the former Senate of Fiji ( abolished in 2012 ) used to elect from among their number both a President and Vice-President , whose roles were similar to those of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives , respectively . The last persons to hold those positions were Kinijoji Maivalili ( President ) and Hafiz Khan ( Vice-President ) . The military coup of 5 December 2006 brought their terms to a premature end . Danzig ( edit ) In the Free City of Danzig ( 1920 -- 1939 / 1945 ) , the Senate ( or Senat in German ) was the executive branch , with Senators ( Senatoren ) being the holders of ministerial portfolios . In Danzig the President of the Senate ( Präsident des Senats ) was an office equivalent to that of prime minister in other countries . France ( edit ) The Senate of France elects a president from among its own number . The President of the French Senate stands first in line of succession in case of death or resignation of the President of the Republic , becoming acting president until a presidential election can be held . This most recently occurred with Alain Poher , who was senate president from 1968 to 1992 and who served as interim president on two occasions : following Charles de Gaulle 's resignation in 1969 , and following Georges Pompidou 's death in office in 1974 . Since 2014 , the position has been held by Gérard Larcher of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) . Germany ( edit ) In the German states of Bremen ( Senate of Bremen ) and Hamburg ( Senate of Hamburg ) , the Senates ( or Senate in German ) are the executive branch , with Senators ( Senatoren ) being the holders of ministerial portfolios . In these Länder , the President of the Senate ( Präsident des Senats ) is an office equivalent to that of minister - president in other German Länder . Italy ( edit ) The Senate of Italy holds its first sitting no later than 20 days after a general election . That session , presided by the oldest senator , proceeds to elect the President of the Senate for the following parliamentary period . On the first two attempts at voting , an absolute majority ( a majority of all senators ) is needed ; if a third round is needed , a candidate can be elected by a majority of the senators present and voting . If this third round fails to produce a winner , a final ballot is held between the two senators with the highest votes in the previous ballot . In the case of a tie , the elder senator is deemed the winner . In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber , chairing and regulating debates , deciding whether motions and bills are admissible , representing the Senate , etc. , the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s / he is unable to perform his / her duties . The current President of the Senate is Pietro Grasso . For a historical listing , see : List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy . Liberia ( edit ) While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate , the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the chamber 's day - to - day business . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Malaysia The Senate of Malaysia elects a president from its members , who is comparable to the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The position is partisan and has usually been held by a member of the Government party . Mexico ( edit ) The Senate of Mexico , at the beginning of each annual legislative session , elects an Executive Board ( Mesa Directiva ) from among its 128 members . The Executive Board comprises a president , three vice-presidents , and four secretaries , elected by an absolute majority of the Senators . Members of the Executive Board may be re-elected for the following year without restriction . The President of the Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate . The President of the Senate for the 2015 -- 16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth , a National Action Party ( PAN ) senator for Chiapas . Nigeria ( edit ) Main article : President of the Nigerian Senate The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria , elected by its membership . The current President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki , who represents Kwara State for the APC . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Congress of the Republic of Peru Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992 . The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year . Philippines ( edit ) See President of the Senate of the Philippines Poland ( edit ) See Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland Puerto Rico ( edit ) See : Senate of Puerto Rico # Presidents of the Puerto Rico Senate Romania ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Romania The first session of the Senate is headed by the eldest senator . In that session the senators elect the Standing Bureau of the Romanian Senate . It consists of the President of the Senate , four vice-presidents , four secretaries , and four quaestors . The President of the Standing Bureau also serves as the President of the Senate . The President is elected , by secret ballot , for the duration of the legislative period . The Senate president succeeds temporarily the President of Romania if the latter resigns , is suspended , incapacitated or dies in office . ( He / she continues to be President of the Senate during the ad - interim presidency of the country . He / she acts as President until a new president is elected ) . South Africa ( edit ) The Senate of South Africa was the upper house of Parliament between 1910 and 1981 , and between 1994 and 1997 . During both periods , the Senate was led by a President . For a listing , see : Senate of South Africa # Presidents of the Senate of South Africa ( 1910 - 1980 ) and ( 1994 - 1997 ) Spain ( edit ) Main article : President of the Spanish Senate Sri lanka ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Ceylon The Senate of Ceylon was the upper house of Parliament between 1947 and 1971 . During this periods , the Senate was led by a President . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago The President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago , who is generally elected from the government benches , chairs debates in the chamber and stands in for the country 's president during periods of absence or illness ( Constitution , section 27 ) . A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators . The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo . United states ( edit ) The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution . The vice president , as President of the Senate , has the authority ( ex officio , for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate ) to cast a tie - breaking vote . Other than this , the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power ( in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of the House of Representatives ) . While vice presidents used to regularly preside over the Senate , modern vice presidents have done so only rarely , usually only when swearing in new senators , during joint sessions , announcing the result of a vote on a significant bill or confirmation , or when casting a tie - breaking vote . The Senate chooses a president pro tempore to preside in the vice president 's absence . Modern presidents pro tempore , too , rarely preside over the Senate . In practice , the junior senators of the majority party typically preside in order to learn Senate procedure . Vice presidents have cast 261 tie - breaking votes since the U.S. federal government was established in 1789 . The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams ( served 1789 -- 1797 ) with 29 . The current Vice President Mike Pence , in office since January 2017 , has made six tie - breaking votes . U.S. state Senates ( edit ) In state governments of the United States , the presiding officer of the state senate ( the upper house ) is a matter decided by the state 's constitution . Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate , while in other states , the Senate elects its own president . The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate , who is given the title of Lieutenant Governor . Similarly , New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor , but the state senate elects a president who is the de facto lieutenant governor , given that in the event of the governor 's death , resignation , or inability to serve , the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled . New Jersey previously used the same system , but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor . After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor , Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor . As a result of his tenure , questions were raised about the propriety of such a system , particularly with regard to separation of powers -- related issues . A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election . Uruguay ( edit ) The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country 's 30 - member Senate . See also ( edit ) Speaker of the Senate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate '' . Parliament of Australia . October 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Gartrell , Adam ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Scott Ryan resigns from Turnbull ministry to replace Stephen Parry as Senate president '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ : : belizelaw.org - welcome : : Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L'organisation et le fonctionnement du Snat Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rglement Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ senato.it - Parliament Jump up ^ Pagina oficiala a Senatului României Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago - Updated to 2003 Archived 2008 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 1st Session '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Senate&oldid=843433222 '' Categories : Legislative speakers Presidents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. President of the Senate
2. Presiding officer
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4. Speaker of the Senate
5. Vice President of the Senate |
-3,564,249,764,702,956,500 | who goes first after a go in cribbage | Rules of cribbage - wikipedia Rules of cribbage Jump to : navigation , search Over the 400 or so years that the game of cribbage has been around , variations and rules have evolved . House rules , preferences and even misunderstandings have been passed from one player to another . However , the core of the rules remains constant , and should be familiar to most players . The rules here apply to the standard two - , three - or four - player games , with details of variations being listed below . Contents ( hide ) 1 The deal 2 The crib 2.1 Example cribs 2.1. 1 Two players 2.1. 2 Three players 3 The starter 4 The play 4.1 Example plays 4.1. 1 Two players 4.1. 2 Three players 5 The show 5.1 Example scores 5.1. 1 Two players 5.1. 2 Three players 6 The end 7 Match 7.1 Two player game 7.2 Three player game 7.2. 1 Winner takes all 7.2. 2 Continued play 8 Variations 9 References 10 External links The deal ( edit ) Cribbage uses a standard 52 - card deck of cards . The jokers are removed ; the suits are equal in status . The players cut for first deal , with the player cutting the lowest card ( the ace counts as one , and is the lowest card ) dealing first . If the cutters tie , the cards are re-shuffled and re-cut . The dealer shuffles , offers the deck to the player on his or her right to cut ( required in tournament play ) , and deals cards singly to each player , starting with the player on the dealer 's left . During the deal , if any card is exposed by the dealer or found face - up in the deck , cards must be redealt . Cards must be dealt so that each player ends up with four cards after the crib is formed , and the crib should also have four cards . For two players , each is dealt six cards ( though some play with five cards dealt to each player and two to the crib ) . For three or four players , each is dealt five cards . In the case of three players , a single card is dealt face down in front of the dealer to start the crib . # of Players # cards dealt to each player # cards dealt to crib # cards discarded by each player to crib 2 ( standard ) 6 0 2 ( alternate ) 5 5 5 0 The crib ( edit ) Once the cards have been dealt , each player chooses four cards to retain , discarding the other one or two face - down to form the `` crib '' that will be used later by the dealer . At this point , each player 's hand and the crib will contain exactly four cards . Example cribs ( edit ) Two players ( edit ) Player Cards dealt Discarded Hand Alice ( dealer ) Bob Crib <Td_colspan="3"> Three players ( edit ) Player Cards dealt Discarded Hand Claire ( dealer ) David Eve Crib <Td_colspan="2"> The starter ( edit ) The player on the dealer 's left cuts the undealt portion of the deck ( leaving at least 4 cards ) , and the dealer reveals the top card , called the `` starter '' or the `` cut '' , placing it on top of the deck face up . ( It is illegal to peek at any other cards in the deck during this process . ) If this card is a Jack , the dealer scores two points for `` his heels '' , also known as `` his nibs '' , or simply `` nibs '' . The game can end on a cut of a Jack for the dealer . The play ( edit ) The play ( often called pegging ) starts with the player on the dealer 's left and continues clockwise . Each player lays one card in turn onto the table so that it is visible , stating the cumulative value of the cards played . ( For example , the first player lays a 4 and says `` four '' , the next lays a 7 and says `` eleven '' , and so on ) . Face cards are worth ten ; Aces are worth one . Play must not exceed 31 , so a player who can not lay a card without bringing the total above 31 passes by saying `` Go '' . The other players continue to lay cards in turn without exceeding 31 until no cards can be played . If a player can lay a card they must do so . The last player to lay a card scores two points if 31 is reached exactly ( `` 31 for two '' ) ; otherwise one point is scored , e.g. , `` 29 for one '' , or `` 30 for one '' , etc . The one - point score is known as `` One for the go '' , or simply the `` Go '' . The count is then reset to zero and play resumes , starting with the player to the left of the last card played . Players with cards remaining repeat this process until all players ' cards have been played . In addition to scoring one or two points for the last card , players score points according to the following rules : fifteen - twos two points for a cumulative total of exactly fifteen ( `` fifteen two '' ) runs three points for completing a run of three cards , regardless of the order in which they are laid ( a 6 , then a 4 , then a 5 is a run of three even though they were not laid in order ) four points for completing a run of four five points for completing a run of five six points for completing a run of six seven points for completing the run of seven ; e.g. playing 2 , 4 , 6 , A , 3 , 5 and 7 pairs two points for laying a card of the same rank as the previous card , thus completing a pair six points for laying a third card of the same rank ( a `` pair royal '' or `` trips '' ) twelve points for laying a fourth card of the same rank ( a `` double pair royal '' or `` quad '' ) If a card completes more than one scoring combination , then all combinations are scored . For example , if the first three cards played are 5s , the third one scores eight points : two for making 15 , and six for a pair royal . Card combinations can not span a reset ; once the total reaches 31 ( or a Go has been scored ) and counting has restarted at zero , cards already played can not contribute to runs or pairs . During this phase of play run combinations can not span a pair ; in a play of 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 the pair interrupts the run so only the pair is counted for points . Players choose when to lay each card in order to maximise their score according to the scheme shown below . The first player to reach 121 wins the game . Example plays ( edit ) Two players ( edit ) Alice ( dealer ) Bob Player Card Cumulative Score Announced Bob 10 `` ten '' Alice 15 2 points ( fifteen exactly ) `` fifteen for two '' Bob 22 `` twenty - two '' Alice 28 3 points ( run : 5 , 6 , 7 ) `` twenty - eight for three '' Bob `` go '' Alice 30 1 point `` thirty for one '' Bob 6 `` six '' Alice 10 `` ten '' Bob 14 3 points ( pair , last card ) `` fourteen for three '' Three players ( edit ) Claire ( dealer ) David Eve Player Card Cumulative Score Announced David 7 `` seven '' Eve 14 2 points ( pair ) `` fourteen for two '' Claire 21 6 points ( three - of - a-kind ) `` twenty - one for six '' David 26 `` twenty - six '' Eve 31 4 points ( pair , 31 exactly ) `` thirty - one for four '' Claire 8 `` eight '' David 18 `` eighteen '' Eve 28 2 points ( pair ) `` twenty - eight for two '' Claire `` go '' David `` go '' Eve 31 2 points ( 31 exactly ) `` thirty - one for two '' Claire 10 `` ten '' David 14 `` fourteen '' Claire 23 1 point ( last card ) `` twenty - three for one '' The show ( edit ) Once the play is complete , each player in turn receives points based on the content of their hand . Starting with the player on the dealer 's left , players spread out their cards on the playing surface and calculate their score based on these four cards and the starter card : fifteen - twos two points for each separate combination of two or more cards totalling exactly fifteen runs three points for a run of three consecutive cards ( regardless of suit ) four points for completing a run of four five points for completing a run of five pairs two points for a pair of cards of a kind six points for three cards of a kind ( known as a `` pair royal '' , comprising three distinct pairs ) twelve points for four cards of a kind ( a `` double pair royal '' , comprising six distinct pairs ) flush four points for a flush , where all four cards in the hand are of the same suit , with an additional point if the starter card is also of that suit . one point for holding the Jack of the same suit as the starter card ( `` one for his nob '' or `` ... his nobs '' ) Common combinations are often scored as a group . For example , a run of three cards with an additional card matching one of the three in value , e.g. , 2 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , is termed a `` double run '' , and scores eight according to the above rules , three for each of the runs and two for the pair . Even more valuable are `` triple runs '' ( three three - card straights including a three - of - a-kind , e.g. , 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , that score fifteen ) and `` double - double runs '' ( four three - card straights including pairs , e.g. , 2 -- 3 -- 3 -- 4 -- 4 , that score sixteen ) . Combined runs may also include fifteen - twos . A 24 hand , the largest commonly seen , comprises a double - double run and four fifteen - twos . Two examples are 4 -- 4 -- 5 -- 5 -- 6 and 6 -- 7 -- 7 -- 8 -- 8 . The dealer scores his hand last and then turns the cards in the crib face up . These cards , in conjunction with the starter card , are scored by the dealer as an additional hand . The rules for scoring the crib are the same as scoring a hand , with the exception of the flush ; a four - card flush in the crib is scored only if it is the same suit as the starter card ( for a total of five points ) . The highest possible score for a hand is 29 points : a starter card of a 5 , and a hand of 5 , 5 , 5 , J with the Jack being the same suit as the starter card . The score might be announced thus : Fifteen two , fifteen four , fifteen six , fifteen eight , ( four J - 5 combinations ) fifteen ten , fifteen twelve , fifteen fourteen , fifteen sixteen , ( four 5 -- 5 -- 5 combinations ) twelve for pairs ( four 5s ) is twenty - eight , and nobs makes twenty - nine . Scores between 0 and 29 are all possible , with the exception of 19 , 25 , 26 and 27 . Players may colloquially refer to a blank hand ( one scoring no points ) as a `` nineteen hand '' . Example scores ( edit ) Two players ( edit ) Starter card Alice ( dealer ) Bob Crib Player Cards Score Announced Bob `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` four for a run '' `` and one for his nob '' Total 9 Alice `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' 8 `` and eight for a double run '' Total 12 Alice ( crib ) `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` and two for a pair '' Total 6 Three players ( edit ) Starter card Claire ( dealer ) David Eve Crib Player Cards Score Announced David `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` and three for a run '' Total 7 Eve `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` fifteen six '' `` and two for a pair '' Total 8 Claire `` fifteen two '' `` and three for a run '' Total 5 Claire ( crib ) `` fifteen two '' `` and three for a run '' Total 5 The end ( edit ) After the dealer has scored the crib , all cards are collected and the deal passes to the player on the dealer 's left . The next round starts with the deal . Although the rules of cribbage do not require it ( except in tournament play ) , the traditional method of keeping score is to use a cribbage board . This is a flat board , usually made of wood , with separate series of holes that record each player 's score . It is usually arranged in five hole sections for easier scoring . Players each have two pegs that mark their current and previous scores , and all scoring is done by moving the back peg ahead of the front peg . When a player reaches the target score for the game ( usually 121 ) , the game ends with that player the winner . Match ( edit ) A match ( much like tennis ) consists of more than one game , often an odd number ( 3 games , 5 games , 7 games etc . ) . The match points are scored on the cribbage board using the holes reserved for match points . On a spiral board , these are often at the bottom of the board in a line with 5 or 7 holes . On a traditional board , they are often placed in the middle of the board or at the top / bottom . Two player game ( edit ) In a two player game of cribbage a player scores one match point for each game won . Their opponent will begin the next game as first dealer . If a player skunks their opponent ( reaches 121 points before their opponent scores 91 points ) then that player scores one extra match point for that game ( two match points in total ) . If a player double skunks their opponent ( reaches 121 points before their opponent reaches 61 ) , then they score two extra match points for the game ( four match points in total ) . If a player triple skunks their opponent ( reaches 121 points before their opponent reaches 31 points ) , they automatically win the match regardless of how many match points are needed to win . Double and triple skunks are not included in the official rules of cribbage play and are optional . There are several different formats for scoring match points . Match point scoring Scoring Variation Points for a normal win Points for skunking opponent Points for double skunking opponent Points for triple skunking opponent Official Tournament rules 2 points 3 points no extra points no extra points Variation of Tournament rules 2 points 3 points 4 points no extra points Free play rules 1 point 2 points 4 points no extra points Free play rules with triple skunk 1 points 2 points 4 points Automatic win of match Three player game ( edit ) Winner takes all ( edit ) When playing a three player match in a winner takes all format , the winner scores two match points ( just like in two - way cribbage ) for each game won . If he / she skunks just the third opponent , they score an additional match point ( 3 total ) with second place receiving one point . If he / she double skunks both opponents , he / she still scores three match points but second place would not receive any points at all . Continued play ( edit ) In continued play format , the winner of the match earns two match points for three player cribbage and four match points for five player cribbage ( plus applicable match points if the player has skunked / double skunked their opponents ) . The remaining players play until there is a second winner , who scores one match point for three player cribbage and two match points for five player cribbage ( with no extra points for skunking opponents ) . In five player cribbage , the remaining three players play until there is a third winner , who scores one match point ( with no extra points for skunking opponents ) . Variations ( edit ) Three players : Five cards are dealt to each player and one card directly to the crib , and each player then discards one card to the crib , as shown in the examples above . Three players can score individually , with the winner the first to reach 121 , or in a `` two against one '' team format , where the two - player team must score 121 to win before the lone player reaches 61 . Another variation of the `` two against one '' team format , is that prior to the cut , the lone player picks up the crib , examines all 8 cards , and then discards 4 cards to the crib . Both the team and lone player need to reach 121 to win . Four players : Five cards are dealt to each player , each of whom discards one to the crib . The players can play as individuals or as two sets of partners . Five - card cribbage ( called the `` old game '' ) : Each of two players is dealt five cards , two of which are discarded into the crib . The crib thus consists of four cards but each hand only three . The non-dealer is given a three - point start and play is to 61 . Five players : Five cards are dealt to each player except the dealer , who has only four cards . The four non-dealers each discard one card to the crib . Muggins : This is a scoring variant in which a player who fails to count all the points to which he is entitled in the play or the show loses the unclaimed points to an opponent who calls `` muggins '' or `` cut throat '' . Lowball ( or `` Loser 's Crib '' ) : This is a misère variant in which the normal rules apply but the aim is to avoid scoring . The loser is the first to 121 . Jokers : Jokers are fully wild , with their rank and suit decided only at the moment of play . The choice of card may even replicate a card already in play , allowing for 5 of a kind ( 20 points ) , 6 of a kind ( 30 points ) , etc . When a joker is cut as the starter , the dealer scores 2 for heels and each player may choose a different rank and suit for the joker when hands are scored . Toss Fives : This is a variant in which players must discard any 5s they may have into the crib ( even an opponent 's crib ) . Auction Cribbage : In Auction Cribbage , any player may bid for the points in the box after the cards are dealt . Bidding continues in turn until no further bids are offered ; the winning bidder then immediately deducts that number of points from their hand ; the crib is scored at the usual time and its points awarded to the winning bidder for that round . If no bid is placed , the dealer retains the crib . Null point penalty : When a player scores zero points during `` the show '' , their opponent scores one point . This applies to both players hands as well as in the crib . Back 10 ( Backup Ten ) : The hand and the crib must contain points . If either hand does not , the owner of the hand must go back ten points . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cribbage Official Tournament Rules '' ( PDF ) . 4.3 Exposed Cards . American Cribbage Congress . August 2010 . p. 13 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( October 1987 ) . The Penguin Book of Card Games . Treasure Press . ISBN 1 - 85051 - 221 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Mechanics of Playing Cribbage '' . The American Cribbage Congress . 2004 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cribbage Rules '' . Cribbage Corner. 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Block , Mike ; et al. `` Six Card Cribbage '' . Card Games . Pagat.com . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 1 . The Mechanics of Playing Cribbage : Definitions '' . Cribbage Official Tournament Rules . American Cribbage Congress . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Lumetta ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Amusing Cribbage Facts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.poker.tj/games-encyclopedia/strategy-cribbage-poker.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.ecribbage.com External links ( edit ) Cribbage rules from Cribbage Corner Official tournament rules of the American Cribbage Congress Cribbage Scoring Chart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_cribbage&oldid=838561282 '' Categories : Cribbage Four - player card games Anglo - American playing card games Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Nederlands Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 20 : 14 . About Wikipedia | 1. Cribbage rules
2. Dealing and discarding cards
3. Scoring points in cribbage
4. Cribbage variations
5. Match play in cribbage |
3,286,428,677,652,833,000 | how does george die in the movie it | It ( novel ) - wikipedia It ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It ( book ) '' redirects here . For the Inger Christensen book of poetry , see It ( poetry ) . For other uses , see It ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is missing information about the book 's themes and development . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It <Td_colspan="2"> First edition cover Author Stephen King Cover artist Bob Giusti ( illustration ) Amy Hill ( lettering ) Country United States Language English Genre Horror Thriller Publisher Viking Publication date September 15 , 1986 Pages 1,138 ISBN 0 - 670 - 81302 - 8 It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King . It was his 22nd book and 18th novel written under his own name . The story follows the experiences of seven children as they are terrorized by an entity that exploits the fears and phobias of its victims to disguise itself while hunting its prey . `` It '' primarily appears in the form of a clown to attract its preferred prey of young children . The novel is told through narratives alternating between two periods , and is largely told in the third - person omniscient mode . It deals with themes that eventually became King staples : the power of memory , childhood trauma and its recurrent echoes in adulthood , the ugliness lurking behind a façade of small - town quaintness , and overcoming evil through mutual trust and sacrifice . King has stated that he first conceived the story in 1978 , and began writing it in 1981 . He also stated that he originally wanted the title character to be a troll like the one in the children 's story Three Billy Goats Gruff , but who inhabited the local sewer system rather than just the area beneath one bridge . He also wanted the story to interweave the stories of children and the adults they later become . The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987 , and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year . Publishers Weekly listed It as the best - selling book in the United States in 1986 . It has been adapted into a 1990 two - part miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace , and into a 2017 film directed by Andy Muschietti . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 1957 -- 1958 1.2 1984 -- 1985 2 Characters 2.1 The Losers Club 2.2 `` Pennywise '' / It 2.3 The Bowers Gang 2.4 Other characters 3 25th Anniversary Special Edition 4 Connections to Other Works 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) 1957 -- 1958 ( edit ) During a heavy rainstorm in Derry , Maine , six - year - old George `` Georgie '' Denbrough is chasing a paper boat down a gutter . The boat is washed down a storm drain to the dismay of Georgie , who had received the boat as a gift from his older brother Bill . Peering into the drain , Georgie sees a pair of glowing yellow eyes . Startled , Georgie is suddenly confronted by a man dressed in a silver clown suit who introduces himself as `` Mr. Bob Gray '' , a.k.a. `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . Pennywise offers Georgie a balloon which he cautiously refuses ; however , the clown entices Georgie to reach into the drain to retrieve his boat and then severs his arm , leaving the boy to bleed to death or die of shock in the gutter . Moments later , when neighbor Dave Gardener gets to Georgie , Georgie is already dead . The following June , Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom , an overweight eleven - year - old boy , is harassed by a gang of bullies led by the feared Henry Bowers . On the last day of school , Ben hides from his tormentors in the Barrens after Henry threatens to carve his name onto Ben 's stomach with a switchblade , where he befriends Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak , a hypochondriac boy who believes he has asthma , and William `` Bill '' Denbrough , Georgie 's elder brother , who suffers from a stutter and rides on a rusty bike named `` Silver '' . The three boys later befriend fellow misfits Richard `` Richie '' Tozier , Stanley `` Stan '' Uris , and Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh ; they eventually refer to themselves as `` The Losers Club '' . As the summer draws on , the Losers realize that they have each had an encounter with a seemingly omniscient , alien shape - shifting entity that takes the form of whatever they fear the most : Ben as a mummy , Eddie as a leper , Bill as Georgie 's ghost , Richie as a werewolf , Stan as two drowned boys , and Beverly as a fountain of blood spurting from her bathroom sink . Due to the unknown origin of the monster , the Losers refer to the creature as `` It '' and link It with a series of recent child murders , including that of Edward `` Eddie '' Corcoran who is killed by the monster in the form of the Gill - man . Meanwhile , an increasingly unhinged and sadistic Henry Bowers begins focusing his attention on his African - American neighbor , Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon and his father , including killing the boy 's dog . During early July , Henry and his gang chase the terrified Mike into the Barrens , where he meets and is rescued by the Losers , who defeat the bullies in a violent rock fight . Henry , left humiliated and defeated , swears revenge , and Mike joins the now - complete Losers Club . He tells the Losers that he was attacked by It in the form of a flesh - eating bird that tried to kill him in an encounter at the Ironworks remains and shows them his father 's scrapbook of old Derry photos , which reveals It has been around for hundreds of years . The Losers begin to suspect that It has control over Derry due to the number of unsolved disappearances and violent tragedies that go unnoticed or seem forgotten by the adults in the town . After further encounters with It in the form of Pennywise and various other manifestations , the Losers construct a makeshift American - Indian smokehole which Richie and Mike use to hallucinate It 's origins . In doing so they discover that It came to Derry millions of years before in an asteroid - like impact and that every 27 years It awakens from a slumber underneath the town 's sewers , usually after some kind of terrible event or tragedy , to feed on children for a period of 12 -- 16 months . In late July , Eddie is hospitalized after an attack by Henry Bowers and several of his friends . Spying on them , Beverly witnesses one of the bullies , Patrick Hockstetter , trying to empty a refrigerator which he had been using to trap and kill injured animals , only to be killed by It in the form of flying bloodsucking leeches . Later , the Losers discover a message from It written in Patrick 's blood warning them that It will kill them . After Eddie is released from the hospital with a broken arm , Ben makes two silver slugs out of a silver dollar , believing that silver will harm It . The kids return to the house on Neibolt Street where Eddie , Bill , and Richie had previously encountered It , and It attacks them in the form of a werewolf . Beverly shoots a slug from Bill 's slingshot at the werewolf , injuring It , and causing It to flee back to the sewers . It , now seeing the Losers as a threat , manipulates the minds of Beverly 's abusive father , Alvin Marsh , making him angry enough to attempt to kill his daughter ; and Henry Bowers , who , provided with his lost switchblade , kills his violent , alcoholic father , Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers . Henry , accompanied by his two closest friends , Victor `` Vic '' Criss and Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , chases the Losers into the sewers with the intention of killing them . At this point the narrative changes and `` It '' informs the reader that it existed originally in a void between our universe and others , in a dimension known as the Macroverse . It boasts to the reader that It is superior to anything on Earth and confirms that it chooses to prey on children because It believes their fears are easier to interpret in a physical form , which It claims is akin to `` salting the meat '' . It attacks the three bullies in the form of Frankenstein 's monster , ripping Vic 's head off and mutilating Belch 's face . Henry , driven insane , chases the Losers and gets lost . He eventually washes out of the sewers into a nearby river and is blamed for all of the child murders . Meanwhile , Bill discovers the `` Ritual of Chüd '' , an ancient ritual that requires biting the tongue of It , that allows him to enter the Macroverse to confront It , who appears to the children as a giant spider . During the ritual Bill encounters Maturin , an ancient turtle and the creator of our universe , as well as of It ( the latter of which it vomited up following a stomach - ache ) , who explains that It can only be defeated during a battle of wills . Bill enters the monster 's mind through the Ritual of Chüd and discovers It 's true form is a mass of destructive orange lights which It refers to as the `` Deadlights '' . With the help of Maturin , Bill is able to defeat It and send it back to its slumber . After the battle , the Losers get lost in the sewers until Beverly has sex with all the boys to connect childhood and adulthood and bring unity back to the group . The Losers then swear a blood oath to return to Derry should It return in the future . 1984 -- 1985 ( edit ) In July 1984 at the annual Derry carnival , three youths brutally attack a young gay man named Adrian Mellon and throw him off a bridge . They are arrested and charged with murder when Mellon 's mutilated corpse is found . One of the murderers claims that he saw a clown dressed in a silver suit kill Mellon underneath the bridge . Adrian 's partner , the other victim in the attack , had also noticed the clown but the prosecutors convince him not to mention it during the trial . When a string of child murders occurs in Derry once again , an adult Mike Hanlon , now the town 's librarian and the only one of the Losers to remain in Derry , calls up the six former members of the Losers Club , all now in their thirties , and reminds them of their childhood promise to return should the killings start again . Bill Denbrough is now a successful horror writer living in England with his actress wife , Audra . Beverly Marsh is a fashion designer in Chicago , and is married to an abusive man named Tom Rogan . Eddie Kaspbrak has moved to New York City , where he runs a limousine rental company and has married a hysterical , codependent woman similar to his controlling mother . Richie Tozier lives in Los Angeles and works as a disc jockey . Ben Hanscom is now thin and a successful architect , living in Nebraska . Stan Uris is a wealthy accountant residing in Atlanta , Georgia . Prior to Mike 's phone calls , the Losers had buried the horror of their encounters with It . However , all but Stan reluctantly agree to return to Derry . After Mike 's phone call , Stan is so terrified of facing It again that he slits his wrists in the bathtub , writing `` IT '' on the wall in his own blood . Tom refuses to let Beverly go and tries to beat her , but she lashes out at him before fleeing , causing him serious injury . The five return to Derry with only the dimmest awareness of why they are doing so , remembering only the absolute terror and their promise to return . The Losers meet for lunch , where Mike reminds them that It awakens once roughly every 27 years for 12 -- 16 months at a time , feeding on children before going into slumber again . The group decides to kill It once and for all . At Mike 's suggestion , each person explores different parts of Derry to help restore their memories . While exploring , Eddie , Richie , Beverly , and Ben are faced with manifestations of It ( Eddie as Belch Huggins in leper form , Richie as a Paul Bunyan statue , Beverly as the witch from Hansel & Gretel and Ben as Dracula ) . Bill finds his childhood Schwinn , `` Silver '' , and brings it to Mike 's . Three other people are also converging on the town : Audra , who is worried about Bill ; Tom , who plans to kill Beverly ; and Henry Bowers , who has escaped from Juniper Hill Mental Asylum with help from It . Mike and Henry have a violent confrontation at the library . Mike is nearly killed but Henry escapes , severely injured . Henry is driven to the hotel where It instructs him to kill the rest of the Losers . Henry attacks Eddie , breaking his arm once again , but in the fight , Henry is killed . It appears to Tom and orders him to capture Audra . Tom brings Audra to its lair . Upon seeing It 's true form , Audra becomes catatonic and Tom drops dead from shock . Bill , Ben , Beverly , Richie , and Eddie learn that Mike is near death and realize they are being forced into another confrontation with It . They descend into the sewers and use their strength as a group to `` send energy '' to a hospitalized Mike , who fights off a nurse that is under the control of It . They reach its lair and find It has taken the form of a giant spider . Bill and Richie enter It 's mind through the Ritual of Chüd , and are able to injure It . Eddie helps successfully bring Bill and Richie back from the Ritual , but in the process It rips off Eddie 's arm , killing him . It runs away to tend to its injuries , but Bill , Richie , and Ben chase after It and find that It has laid eggs . Ben stays behind to destroy the eggs , while Bill and Richie head toward their final confrontation with It . Bill fights his way inside its body , locates It 's heart and destroys it . The group meets up to head out of its lair , and although they try to bring Audra and Eddie 's bodies with them , they are forced to leave Eddie behind . They make it to the surface and realize that the scars on their hands from when they were children have disappeared , indicating that their ordeal is finally over . During the Ritual , the worst storm in Maine 's history sweeps through Derry , destroying most of the buildings as the downtown area collapses . Mike concludes that Derry is finally dying . Richie returns to LA , Ben and Beverly leave town together , and while Mike is in the hospital , Bill stays in Mike 's house to look after Audra in hopes she will snap out of her catatonic state . The Losers gradually begin to forget about It , Derry , and each other . Mike 's memory of his friends and events with It also begins to fade , as well as his Derry memoir and journal , much to his relief , and he considers starting a new life elsewhere . Before Bill leaves Derry , he takes Audra , still catatonic , for a ride on Silver . Rushing through downtown Derry like he did as a kid , Audra awakens her from her catatonia with no recollection of what happened upon arriving in Maine . ( Although Pennywise seems to have been destroyed during the final showdown , there are indications in King 's later books that It may have survived . ) Characters ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Losers Club ( edit ) The Losers Club is a group of seven misfit eleven - year - old children who are united by their unhappy lives . They share the same misery and torment from being the victims of a gang of local bullies led by the increasingly sociopathic Henry Bowers and band together as they struggle to overcome It . The seven children find themselves caught up in a nefarious situation , which they can not quite comprehend but against which they must fight . Bill Denbrough Bill is the leader and most self - assured member of the Losers Club as well as the main protagonist of the story . He wants to get revenge on the monster for the death of his younger brother , Georgie . He feels responsible for Georgie 's death as it was he who made Georgie the boat and sent him outside to play with it during a rainstorm . In addition , his parents have become cold and withdrawn towards him after the loss of their youngest son , and he secretly hopes the death of the murderer will awaken his parents to his presence again . He has a severe stutter , which has earned him the nickname `` Stuttering Bill '' . His mother attributes the stutter to a car accident that occurred when he was three years old , but his stutter is implied to be psychosomatic rather than physical : it worsens considerably after Georgie 's death , and fades during his teenage years entirely , returning suddenly when Bill returns to Derry in 1985 . He is the most determined and resourceful of the Losers and is their unofficial leader . It is Bill who eventually destroys It , engaging It in the Ritual of Chüd in both 1958 and 1985 , and eventually killing It 's physical form by ripping its heart out . As an adult , he becomes a successful writer and marries film star Audra Phillips , who bears a strong resemblance to Beverly . Ben Hanscom Known as `` Haystack '' to his friends , Ben is a highly intelligent boy who , before joining the Losers Club , often spent his free time reading books at the public library . He is also obese , and due to this has become a favorite victim of Henry Bowers . His mechanical skills become useful to the Losers , from making two silver slugs to building an underground clubhouse . He develops a crush on Beverly Marsh and the two leave Derry together after the 1985 defeat of It . As he grows up , he sheds his excess weight and becomes an internationally renowned architect . Beverly Marsh ( later Rogan ) The only girl in the group , she is an attractive and tomboyish redhead on whom each of the boys has a secret crush at some point during the story . She is from the poorest part of Derry , and is frequently abused by her father , Alvin , while her mother , Elfrida is out working . In 1958 , she develops a crush on Bill Denbrough . Her skill with a slingshot is a key factor in battling It . As an adult , she becomes a successful fashion designer in Chicago , but endures several abusive relationships , culminating in her marriage to Tom Rogan , who sees her as a sex object and frequently beats her . She departs Derry with Ben following the destruction of It . Richie Tozier Known as `` Trashmouth '' , Richie is the Losers ' self - appointed comic relief , always cracking jokes and doing impersonations or `` Voices '' , which prove very powerful weapons against It . He is `` too intelligent for his own good '' and channels his boredom in hyper - active wisecracking , which frequently leads to trouble . His flippant remarks to Henry Bowers lead to almost getting beaten up by Henry and his friends , and several times he mocks adults to their faces . He is the most devoted to keeping the group together , as he sees seven as a magical number and believes the group should have no more , no less . In adulthood , he is a successful disc jockey in Los Angeles . As the DJ , he uses his once - annoying and unrealistic voices as one of his main attractions . He is extremely nearsighted and wears thick glasses as a child , but changes to contact lenses as an adult . He loses his contact lenses in an encounter with It and is forced to return to his glasses , one of several ways the Losers return to their childhood . Although it is unclear if he was the basis of the character 's name and occupation , Maine Public Radio has a music program hosted by a Rich Tozier . Eddie Kaspbrak Eddie is a frail and asthmatic hypochondriac , who carries his inhaler with him everywhere . His father died when he was very young , and his mother is domineering and constantly worries about his health . Later in the story , it is revealed that Eddie 's asthma is psychosomatic : the pharmacist has been all along giving him water instead of medicine in his inhaler . The root of Eddie 's problems is his mother , who has Munchausen syndrome by proxy . Her constant worrying about his health has been a way to manipulate him into caring for her . When Henry and his friends break his arm and his mother tries to prevent the Losers from visiting Eddie in the hospital , he finally stands up to his mother and tells her that he is no longer the helpless kid she thinks he is . As an adult , he runs a successful limousine business in New York City , but is married to a woman , Myra , who is very similar to his mother . He also finds the strength to defend himself from Henry Bowers , eventually killing him in self - defense with a broken bottle , even though in the fight his arm is re-broken in the same spot Henry broke it in a scuffle when they were kids . He bleeds to death in the sewers after his arm is bitten off by It , ultimately dying in his friends ' arms . Mike Hanlon Mike is the last to join the Losers . He is the only African - American in the group and lives with his parents on a large farm . He goes to a different school from the other kids due to his Baptist faith . Mike is racially persecuted by Henry Bowers , whose father holds a long - standing grudge against Mike 's father . Mike meets The Losers when they help him fight back against Bowers in a massive rock fight . His father kept an album filled with photos that were important to Derry 's history , including several of Pennywise the Dancing Clown . He is the only one of the Losers to stay behind in Derry ( and thus the only one to retain his memory of the events of 1958 ) and becomes the town librarian . He researches Derry history and It , and is the one who beckons the others back when the killings begin again in 1985 . Though he survives , Mike is seriously wounded by Henry and is unable to join the remaining Losers ( Bill , Ben , Bev , Eddie , and Richie ) in the final battle against It . He later recovers from his wounds but , like the others , starts to lose his memory of the experience . It was later revealed in Insomnia that Mike continued as a librarian and was the boss of one of that book 's primary characters in 1993 . Stanley Uris Stan is the most skeptical member of the Club . He is Jewish and is persecuted by Henry Bowers for this reason . Logic , order , and cleanliness are deeply ingrained in his psyche . He relies on logic more than anything else and is the least willing to accept that It actually exists . As an adult , he becomes a partner in a large Atlanta - based accounting firm and marries Patty Blum , a teacher . However , upon receiving Mike 's phone call in 1985 , he commits suicide by slitting his wrists in the bathtub and writing `` IT '' in his blood on the wall . In addition , it is heavily implied that Stan was the only one aware that It was not only female but was also pregnant , hence he chose death over returning to Derry to face the ancient terror despite being the one to slice the Losers palms in a blood oath . It is also implied in the book that Stan remembers more about the children 's encounters with It than the others do , sometimes commenting on the Turtle and other events from his time in Derry , though he claims that he does n't remember what those phrases mean . It can be implied throughout the story that he was psychic to a mild degree ( accurately predicting which job his wife should apply for , a higher sensitivity to Its activities , frequent references from the other Losers to his `` ordered mind '' ) . Besides blaming It for Georgie 's death , Bill also blames It for Stan 's death . `` Pennywise '' / It ( edit ) Main article : It ( character ) Described as a mysterious , eldritch demonic entity of evil , It is a monster of unknown origin that preys on Derry 's children and humans every twenty - seven years , stating It finds the fear in children akin to `` salt ( ing ) the meat '' . Among It 's powers is shapeshifting into a form that induces fear while killing the victim , normally assuming the form of a middle - aged man dressed in a clown costume , calling itself `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' and occasionally Bob or Robert Gray , modeled after Bozo , Clarabell and Ronald McDonald . It can also manipulate people and use them as pawns in doing its bidding , either by assuming a form most familiar to them , promising them their desires or through subliminal influence . Because of this control over what happens in Derry , many of the child murders It commits are never solved ; the adults of Derry act as though either nothing is happening or they have forgotten about It . Its true form as perceived by the human eye is that of a giant spider that houses Its essence : namely writhing orange lights ( termed `` Deadlights '' ) , looking directly into which can either kill a person or drive them insane . It 's awakening and returns to hibernation mark the greatest instances of violence during its time awake , such as the disappearance of over three hundred settlers from Derry Township in 1740 -- 43 . In 1957 , It awoke during a great storm which flooded part of the city , whereupon It went on a feeding spree , starting by murdering Georgie Denbrough . However , the Losers Club forced It to return to an early hibernation when heavily wounded by the young Bill Denbrough in the first Ritual of Chüd . As the story opens , It has awakened approximately 27 years later and is first seen when three bullies beat up a homosexual couple , Adrian Mellon and Don Hagarty . It kills Adrian after the bullies throw him off a bridge . When the adult members of the Losers Club gather , It recognizes them as a threat and resolves to drive them away both through illusions and by controlling Henry Bowers , the Losers ' long - time childhood bully . Bill , Richie , Beverly , Eddie , and Ben manage to confront It 's spider form after It arranges to have Audra in its possession . It is finally destroyed in the second Ritual of Chüd , and an enormous storm damages the downtown part of Derry to signify It 's death . In the novel `` Dreamcatcher '' , when Mr. Gray tries to put a worm in Derry 's water by use of the Standpipe , It is no longer there due to the 1985 flood . In its place is a memorial featuring a cast - bronze statue of two children and a plaque underneath , dedicated to the victims of the 1985 flood and of It . The plaque has been vandalized with graffiti reading , `` PENNYWISE LIVES '' . The character has been named by several outlets as one of the scariest clowns in film or pop culture . The Bowers gang ( edit ) The Bowers Gang is a group of seven twelve - year - old neighborhood bullies who attend the same school as and are the worst enemies of the Losers Club after It . The gang is led by the crazed and mischievous Henry Bowers , while also being co-led by Henry 's two best friends and sidekicks , the smarter and more moral Victor `` Vic '' Criss and the unusually larger , stronger , and more slow - witted Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins . Although the fates of three of them ( Peter Gordon , Steve `` Moose '' Sadler , Gard Jagermeyer ) were never made official , it is stated in the novel that the remaining child murders during the summer of 1958 after that of minor character Jimmy Cullum were of all of Henry 's friends , creating the assumption that they were attacked and killed by It ( possibly as means to worsen Henry 's sociopathism ) . Henry Bowers Henry Bowers is the sadistic and crazed leader of the Bowers Gang who torments the Losers and other kids ceaselessly before and throughout the summer of 1958 . The novel portrays him as a hateful and violent twelve - year - old boy filled with mischief and malice . Henry 's sanity slowly deteriorates throughout the summer due to the influence of It and abuse from his equally crazy and abusive father , Butch Bowers , who has taught Henry to be a racist . Henry shares his father 's intense hatred for the Hanlon family , the only black family in Derry , in addition to being a sexist and anti-semite . He inflicts many acts of cruelty and humiliation upon the Losers during and before the summer of ' 58 , such as attempting to carve his name onto Ben Hanscom 's stomach ( though he only gets as far as the first letter ) , ceaselessly mocking Bill Denbrough 's pronounced stutter , harassing Beverly and threatening her with sexual violence , killing Mike Hanlon 's dog and bathing Mike in mud to make him a `` tar baby '' , breaking Eddie Kaspbrak 's arm , breaking Richie Tozier 's glasses numerous times , and white - washing Stan Uris ' face in snow until it bleeds . His deteriorating sanity becomes apparent during his attacks on Eddie and Beverly : with the former , he pushed a man to the ground and threatened him into going back inside a building when the man tried to stand up for Eddie after Henry starts attacking Eddie with rocks ; he kicked out an old lady 's taillight when she tried to stand up for Beverly . After a violent rock fight in early July , Henry becomes increasingly sadistic until he eventually murders his father in mid-August with a switchblade provided by It , and also tries to kill the Losers . He chases them into the town sewers with his friends Victor `` Vic '' Criss and Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , only to encounter It in the form of Frankenstein 's monster , who decapitates Vic and mutilates Belch 's face . Henry fails to kill any of the Losers and manages to escape from It . When he eventually finds his way out of the sewers , the shock of witnessing his friends being slaughtered has driven him completely insane . He is convicted of the murder of his father and is framed for most of It 's murders throughout the summer . He is placed in an insane asylum and remains there until May 29 , 1985 , when he escapes with It 's assistance , and heads back to Derry to attempt to murder the Losers once more . After critically wounding Mike in the town library and being injured himself in the process , Henry then goes to the hotel where most of the Losers are staying , and finds Eddie 's room first , only to be killed in the confrontation with Eddie . Victor `` Vic '' Criss Victor `` Vic '' Criss is a bully , and one of Henry 's sidekicks . Among Henry 's gang , Vic is most likely the smartest and most intelligent member and is the only one who truly realizes Henry 's insanity , and becomes increasingly reluctant to follow him . The novel describes Vic as having good morals despite helping Henry torment the Losers , often wanting to scare or intimidate the Losers rather than actually cause physical harm . When he makes comments and jokes , he often uses heavy profanity as well as implied or explicit violence . It is also noted that he is a more than fair pitcher during the rock fight , where he causes the most damage ( partly and somewhat paradoxically because he did not want to be there ) . In early August , while in the Tracker Brothers store , Vic warns the Losers of Henry 's deteriorating sanity . He also almost approaches the Losers to join them but decides against it . By doing this , he seals his fate and joins Henry and Belch in following the Losers into the sewers , where the three encounter It in the form of Frankenstein 's monster , who kills Vic by decapitating him . Later It appears before Henry taking the form of Vic and Henry continually remembers Vic 's decapitation . His corpse along with Belch 's is later discovered by the adult Losers when they go to face It for the final time . Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins is another sidekick of Henry 's , and earned his nickname due to his ability to belch on command . He is very big for his age , being six feet tall at twelve years old . Belch is considered stupid by most people , which he makes up for in physical strength and his fierce loyalty to his friends , especially Henry . He is believed to be a professional grade baseball batter . Belch follows Henry and Vic into the sewers to murder the Losers , only to encounter It in the form of Frankenstein 's monster . After It kills Vic and goes after Henry , Belch defends him and attacks It . Henry leaves Belch behind and It overpowers him and kills him by mutilating his face . It appears as a mutilated Belch to drive Henry to the hotel where the Losers are staying . During this encounter , Belch shows a great deal of resentment towards Henry , which uneases Henry . His corpse along with Vic 's is later discovered by the adult Losers when they go to face It for the final time . Patrick Hockstetter Patrick Hockstetter is a psychopathic and solipsistic bully who is part of Henry 's gang ( despite his generally low reputation , even as a bully ) . Patrick keeps a pencil box full of dead flies , which he kills with his ruler , and shows it to other students . He makes sexual advances to Henry at one point . He also takes small , usually injured animals and locks them in a broken refrigerator in a junkyard , and leaves them there to die . Along with killing animals , Patrick has also murdered his infant brother , Avery , by suffocation when he was five years old . When alone with Henry after lighting farts with him and his gang one July afternoon in 1958 , Patrick gives Henry a handjob and offers to give him oral sex , which snaps Henry out of his daze and prompts him to punch Patrick in the mouth . Henry then reveals that he knows about Patrick 's refrigerator , and threatens to tell everyone about it if Patrick tells about the handjob . Once Henry has left , Patrick opens the refrigerator to dispose of the animal corpses but is attacked by a swarm of flying leeches , his only fear . The swarm sucks Patrick 's blood leaving large holes all over his body , which causes him to slowly lose consciousness as he is dragged away by It . When he awakens , It begins to feed on him . His death is witnessed by Beverly , and his corpse is discovered by the Losers when they go into the sewers to face It for the first time . Peter Gordon A well - off friend of Henry 's that lives on West Broadway , who thinks of chasing Mike Hanlon as a game , though Henry 's crazed and increasingly violent behavior ( such as attempting to outright kill Mike with cherry bombs and M - 80s ) begins to alienate him . He is also the boyfriend of an unattractive girl with heavy acne named Marcia Fadden . When school goes out for the summer , Peter ( menacingly ) invites Ben Hanscom to play baseball with him and while on a date with Marcia , he insults the Losers at the movies . Like Vic Criss , he also realizes Henry 's eroding sanity , albeit only after the rock fight . He is never seen again after the rock fight . Steve `` Moose '' Sadler A slightly developmentally disabled and very slow friend of Henry 's , whose father works on the Hanlon family farm . He joins Henry in tormenting Mike Hanlon and also helps him break Eddie 's arm in the park . However , Moose is shown to be more of a minion or a follower to Henry rather than a friend and is more of a friend to Vic and Belch . Gard Jagermeyer A very slow and dumb friend of Henry 's . He once pushed Richie Tozier to the ground , breaking his glasses . Aside from this instance , Gard is mentioned a few times throughout the novel , arguably making him the most minor of Henry 's gang . Other characters ( edit ) George `` Georgie '' Denbrough The first character introduced in the book . He is the six - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough , and he goes out to sail his boat made from a sheet of newspaper only for it to be swept into a storm drain . Seconds later Pennywise appears and tempts him with balloons and circus food . Georgie says no and as Georgie reaches for the boat , Pennywise grabs him and rips his arm off , whispering to him ' they float ' while he bleeds to death . Edward `` Eddie '' Corcoran Eddie Corcoran is a classmate of the Losers Club and Henry 's gang . Like Beverly Marsh , Eddie and his younger brother Dorsey are victims of child abuse by their stepfather , Richard Macklin . Eddie 's stepfather would often beat both boys brutally and without warning , at one point throwing Eddie into a coat rack with enough force to make him urinate blood for two weeks for accidentally slamming the door while Macklin was sleeping . In May 1957 , Macklin hit Dorsey in the back of the head with a hammer , accidentally killing him , which he covered up to look like an accident . Two days before summer vacation in June 1958 , Eddie runs away from home and decides to rest in the park . However , using Dorsey 's form , It approaches Eddie and chases after him before assuming the form of the Gill - man to kill him . Eddie is the only child who is actually shown getting killed by It besides George Denbrough and Patrick Hockstetter . Adrian Mellon Adrian Mellon is a young homosexual man in Derry . He grows fond of the town , despite its violently homophobic mindset , and only agrees to leave to please his partner , Don Hagarty . Before leaving , however , the two attend a town fair in July 1984 , and on the way home , they are harassed by three gay - hating youths . The three attack them , Adrian especially because of a hat he won at the fair , and throw him from a bridge over a canal . When he hits the bottom , Adrian is attacked by Pennywise as It briefly pressured his ribs until he shrieked , and dragged him away to kill . Though Don and one of the bullies , Chris Unwin , witnessed this , no mention of Pennywise is made at the trial . Will Hanlon Will Hanlon is the father of Mike Hanlon . While dying of cancer in 1962 , he tells Mike about his experiences in the Army Air Corps in the 1920s and about establishing the Black Spot , a club started by Will and his black Air Force buddies and originally meant exclusively for black members , but gradually began accepting members of other races as well . He recounts how , in the fall of 1930 , the club was burned down by a group of Maine Legion of White Decency members , causing numerous deaths . He narrowly survived the fire due to the intervention of his friend Dick Halloran , a character who also appears in King 's The Shining . He also tells Mike that he witnessed a giant bird - the same bird that nearly killed Mike in 1958 -- carry off a Legion of White Decency member and fly away with him in its talons . Norbert Keene The owner and operator of the Center Street Drug Store for fifty years , from 1925 to 1975 . The Losers dislike him , thinking of him as cruel and snide . He administers Eddie 's asthma medication and later reveals to him , for unclear motives , that it is only a placebo ordered by his mother . Many years later , when Keene is 85 and retired , Mike interviews him , and Mr. Keene tells him the story of the Bradley Gang , a group of outlaws who were hiding out in Maine after several bank robberies in the Midwest . He tells Mike that , in 1929 , a year before the fire at the Black Spot , the entire gang was murdered by Derry residents when stopping through town to buy ammunition . Mr. Keene says that , rather than covering up the event , the whole town instead pretended that it never occurred , including police chief Jim Sullivan , who even took part in the slayings . Finally , Mr. Keene mentions seeing a clown participating in the shooting , but that it was wearing farmer 's attire rather than a traditional clown suit . He speculates that the clown was in fact a disguised member of the Derry citizenry or possibly a performer from a nearby carnival , but can not explain reports out that the clown was seem at several different places at once and that it cast no shadow . Tom Rogan The insane , abusive , violent and sadistic husband of Beverly Marsh . Tom has a very predatory view of women , and he thrives on the control he has over his vulnerable wife . When Beverly tries to leave for Derry , he refuses to let her , whipping her with a belt . Tom is surprised when the normally docile Beverly fights back and almost kills him . He follows Beverly to Derry with the intent of killing her , but is manipulated by It to kidnap Bill 's wife , Audra , instead . He later dies from shock after seeing It 's true form . Alvin Marsh Beverly Marsh 's abusive father . Although he is not an alcoholic or drug user , he abuses Bev and her mother and acts misogynistically , though there are times when Alvin is shown to be a loving and caring father to Bev . As an adult , Beverly falls out of contact with her father , and when she returns to Derry in 1985 , she discovers he has died five years before . Kay McCall Beverly Marsh 's close friend , a divorcee and an affluent writer of feminist literature . Beverly turns to her when fleeing her husband Tom . She is brutally assaulted by Tom , who successfully extracts all she knows about his missing wife 's whereabouts . Audra Philips Denbrough Bill 's wife , a famous film actress who bears a marked resemblance to Beverly . She follows Bill to Derry due to her concern over his mental state and is kidnapped by Tom Rogan , who is acting on It 's orders . She becomes catatonic after seeing It 's true form , but Bill revives her by taking her on a ride on his childhood bike Silver . She is the only person who has survived after seeing It 's true form . Zack and Sharon Denbrough Bill and Georgie 's father and mother . Initially loving and supportive parents , they become distant from their son and from each other in their grief over Georgie 's death , and Bill 's hope of regaining their love is one of his biggest motives in fighting It . Zack , an electrician for a hydroelectric firm , has knowledge of Derry 's sewer system that becomes instrumental in helping Bill determine where It can be found . Both have died by the time the Losers reunite in 1985 . Sonia Kaspbrak Eddie 's mother . A morbidly obese widow , she has convinced herself that Eddie is seriously ill with multiple illnesses including asthma , despite repeatedly assurances from doctors and teachers that he is basically healthy . She uses her son 's health as a way of controlling him , refusing to let him participate in physical activities ( which Eddie enjoys ) and limiting his contact with friends . Eddie is terrified of upsetting her , but manages to stand up to her after she blames his friends for Henry Bowers breaking his arm . She dies in 1980 , by which point she weighs over 400 pounds . Maturin the Turtle One of the twelve guardians of the Beams that support the Dark Tower in `` Mid-World '' ( the dark fantasy world in the Dark Tower novels ) . He is a long time enemy of the creature , IT . This ancient turtle is said to have vomited out our Universe when he had a stomach ache . Maturin is kind , wise , gentle , compassionate and benevolent , having a very grandfather - like demeanor when speaking to humans . In 1958 , he communicates with Bill Denbrough for a minute while he is under an illusion created by IT . Bill pleads for help in defeating IT and Maturin simply gives Bill advice that he must stand by his friends and perform the Ritual of Chüd . During the second Ritual of Chüd in 1985 , It tells Bill that the Turtle has since died by `` choking on a galaxy '' , but it is ambiguous as to whether or not this is true . 25th anniversary special edition ( edit ) On December 13 , 2011 , Cemetery Dance published a special limited edition of It for the 25th anniversary of the novel ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 58767 - 270 - 5 ) in three editions : an unsigned limited gift edition of 2,750 , a signed limited edition of 750 , and a signed and lettered limited edition of 52 . All three editions are oversized hardcovers , housed in a slipcase or traycase , and feature premium binding materials . This anniversary edition features a new dust jacket illustration by Glen Orbik , as well as numerous interior illustrations by Alan M. Clark and Erin Wells . The book also contains a new afterword by Stephen King discussing his reasons for writing the novel . Connections to other works ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The book reveals that one of Will Hanlon 's army friends ( and the cook in the Black Spot ) is Dick Halloran from The Shining . Richie Tozier and Beverly Marsh appear in 11 / 22 / 63 when Jake goes back to Derry in 1958 . Shawshank Prison from King 's short story `` Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption '' is mentioned . In the novel Dreamcatcher , there is the description of graffiti in Derry stating `` Pennywise Lives ! '' In the novel The Tommyknockers , there is mention of children disappearing in Derry and one of the characters sees the clown Pennywise . Pennywise Circus is first mentioned in the book NOS4A2 by Joe Hill , the son of Stephen King . In the 2017 film version of The Dark Tower , Pennywise Circus reappears as a decrepit , long - abandoned amusement park and is one of the landmarks that Roland Deschain and Jake Chambers notice and even make camp next to during a portion of the film . The car being driven by Belch to give Henry a ride is a red 1958 Plymouth Fury , as seen in King 's book Christine . In 1985 , Mike explains that there had been nine children murdered since the start of Pennywise 's most recent cycle . Beverly expresses astonishment , stating that she would have heard about it , and mentions two other high - profile murders that became national news . She alludes to the Atlanta child murders , but also refers to ' when that crazy cop killed all those women in Castle Rock ' , which is a reference to The Dead Zone , when John Smith helps Castle Rock police track down serial killer Frank Dodd . Adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : It ( miniseries ) and It ( 2017 film ) In 1990 , the novel was adapted into a television miniseries starring Tim Curry as Pennywise the Clown , John Ritter as Ben Hanscom , Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier , Richard Masur as Stan Uris , Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon , Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh , Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough , Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips , Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak , and Michael Cole as Henry Bowers . The younger versions of the characters were played by Brandon Crane ( Ben ) , Seth Green ( Richie ) , Ben Heller ( Stan ) , Marlon Taylor ( Mike ) , Emily Perkins ( Beverly ) , Jonathan Brandis ( Bill ) , Adam Faraizl ( Eddie ) , and Jarred Blancard ( Henry ) . The miniseries was directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and scripted by Wallace and Lawrence D. Cohen . The first of a two - part feature film adaptation , It , was released on September 8 , 2017 . It is directed by Andy Muschietti , with a screenplay by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . Instead of a dual narrative , the first film is solely an adaptation of the section that features the characters as children , though the setting has been updated to the late 1980s . It stars Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise and Jaeden Lieberher as Bill Denbrough . Supporting roles are played by Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jeremy Ray Taylor , Owen Teague , Nicholas Hamilton , Logan Thompson and Jake Sim . The second film , yet to be produced , will adapt the `` adult '' section and update the setting to the 2010s . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` StephenKing.com -- IT Inspiration '' . stephenking.com . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lilja 's Library -- The World of Stephen King ( 1996 -- 2017 ) '' . liljas-library.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Rouner , Jef ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Top 5 Sickest Stephen King Sex Scenes ( NSFW ) '' . Houston Press . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most terrifying clowns '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Terrifying Clowns in Horror Movies '' . Screen Rant . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Scariest Clowns in Pop Culture '' . Nerdist . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Martin , Amy . `` '' Hey Kid , Want A Balloon ? '' -- Horror 's 5 Creepiest Clowns `` . Movie Pilot . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 25th Anniversary Special Edition ) '' . cemeterydance.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lilja 's Library -- The World of Stephen King ( 1996 -- 2017 ) '' . liljas-library.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline . External links ( edit ) It title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database It at Worlds Without End IT Review at Illuminati Blog A Chapter - By - Chapter Analysis at It : An Annotated Look at Stephen King <Th_colspan="2"> Stephen King <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> The Dark Tower series by Stephen King Novels The Gunslinger The Drawing of the Three The Waste Lands Wizard and Glass Wolves of the Calla Song of Susannah The Dark Tower The Wind Through the Keyhole Short stories `` The Gunslinger '' `` The Way Station '' `` The Oracle and the Mountains '' `` The Slow Mutants '' `` The Gunslinger and the Dark Man '' `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' Comics The Gunslinger Born The Long Road Home Treachery The Sorcerer Fall of Gilead Battle of Jericho Hill The Journey Begins The Little Sisters of Eluria Characters Roland Deschain Father Callahan Randall Flagg Crimson King Related books ' Salem 's Lot The Stand The Talisman Skeleton Crew It The Eyes of the Dragon Insomnia Rose Madder Desperation The Regulators Bag of Bones Hearts in Atlantis Black House Everything 's Eventual From a Buick 8 Charlie the Choo - Choo Other All - World Multiverse Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(novel)&oldid=821775945 '' Categories : 1986 American novels American horror novels Novels by Stephen King Shapeshifting in fiction Domestic violence in fiction 1980s horror novels Novels set in Maine Viking Press books Homophobia in fiction Suicide in fiction Fratricide in fiction Novels about racism Novels about bullying Novels adapted into television programs American novels adapted into films Novels set in fictional populated places Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2017 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles that may contain original research from April 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Stephen King's novel "It"
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-1,879,885,135,526,961,200 | fundamental rights have been included in which part of the indian constitution | Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia Fundamental rights in India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code `` Fundamental Rights '' are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III ( Article 12 to 35 ) of Constitution of India . It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India . These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression , religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly , freedom to practice religion , and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorari and Quo Warranto . Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws , subject to discretion of the judiciary . The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality . These rights universally apply to all citizens , irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste or gender . Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process . However , in case of fundamental rights violation , Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32 . The Rights have their origins in many sources , including England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are the right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to constitutional remedies . The right to equality includes equality before law , prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , gender or place of birth , and equality of opportunity in matters of employment , abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles . The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression , assembly , association or union or cooperatives , movement , residence , and right to practice any profession or occupation , right to life and liberty , protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases . The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour , child labour and trafficking of human beings . The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession , practice , and propagation of religion , freedom to manage religious affairs , freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes . Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture , language or script , and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights . The right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 ( Right to Freedom ) that protects life and liberty of the citizens . Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically , they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion , race , caste , sex , or place of birth . They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour ( a crime ) . They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions . They are covered in Part III ( Articles 12 to 35 ) of Indian constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis 2 Significance and characteristics 3 Right to equality 4 Right to freedom 5 Right against exploitation 6 Right to freedom of religion 7 Right to life 8 Cultural and Educational rights 9 Right to constitutional remedies 10 Right to Privacy ( Not an independent Right ) 11 Critical analysis 12 Amendments 13 Fundamental rights not sacrosanct 13.1 Validity of Article 31B 13.2 Amendment to Article 31C 13.3 Right to property 13.4 Right to education 14 See also 15 References 16 Footnotes Genesis ( edit ) The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) . In 1919 , the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police , and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals , warrant-less searches and seizures , restrictions on public gatherings , and intensive censorship of media and publications . The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms , and limitations on government power . Indians , who were seeking independence and their own government , were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution . Also , the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India 's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast , diverse nation and population . In 1928 , the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage , would guarantee rights deemed fundamental , representation for religious and ethnic minorities , and limit the powers of the government . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress ( the largest Indian political party of the time ) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights , as well as socio - economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom . Committing themselves to socialism in 1936 , the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union , which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges . Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions . The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee . Significance and characteristics ( edit ) The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity . The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties , like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State . According to them , `` democracy '' is , in essence , a government by opinion and therefore , the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation . For this purpose , the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation All people , irrespective of race , religion , caste or sex , have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore , in the public interest , anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as `` Public interest litigation '' . In some cases , High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports . These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights . They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities , irrespective of background . Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India . The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion . On the other hand , freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone , including non-resident Indian citizens . The right to equality in matters of public employment can not be conferred to overseas citizens of India . Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures . A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights . Under such a state , the rights conferred by Article 19 ( freedoms of speech , assembly and movement , etc . ) remain suspended . Hence , in such a situation , the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19 . Also , the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well . Right to equality ( edit ) Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following : Equality before law : Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country . It means that the State will treat people in the same circumstances alike . This article also means that individuals , whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different . Social equality and equal access to public areas : Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion , race , caste , sex or place of birth . Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks , museums , wells , bathing ghats and temples etc . However , the State may make any special provision for women and children . Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes . Equality in matters of public employment : Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State can not discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment . All citizens can apply for government jobs . There are some exceptions . The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area . This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area . The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes , scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society . Also , there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion . According to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 , this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India . Abolition of untouchability : Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability . Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law . The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 ( renamed to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976 ) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well . Abolition of Titles : Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles . `` Citizens of India can not accept titles from a foreign State . The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India -- these titles were also abolished . However , Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India . The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan can not be used by the recipient as a title and do not , accordingly , come within the constitutional prohibition '' . The Supreme Court , on 15 December 1995 , upheld the validity of such awards . Right to freedom ( edit ) The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom , given in articles 19 , 20 , 21 , 21A , and 22 , and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution . It is a cluster of four main laws . The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms : Freedom of speech and expression , on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India , the security of the State , friendly relations with foreign States , public order , decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court , defamation or incitement to an offence . Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India . The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order , morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India . Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public , for example , restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling , so as to control epidemics . Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India , subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion . Article 370 restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or property in Jammu & Kashmir . Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation , trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public . Thus , there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral . Also , professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade . Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may , by law , determine . The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights . The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence , sovereignty and integrity of India . In the interest of morality and public order , the government can also impose restrictions . However , the right to life and personal liberty can not be suspended . The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency . Right to Information ( RTI ) Right to Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19 ( 1 ) of the Constitution in 2005 . Article 19 ( 1 ) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works , what role does it play , what are its functions and so on . Right against exploitation ( edit ) Child labour and Begar is prohibited under Right against exploitation . The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision . Right to freedom of religion ( edit ) Right to freedom of religion , covered in Articles 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens of India . The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India . According to the Constitution , all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other . Citizens are free to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own . However , activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government . Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order , morality and health . No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion . A State run institution can not be impart education that is pro-religion . Also , nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic , financial , political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice , or providing for social welfare and reform . Right to life ( edit ) The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty , which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced : Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty . According to Article 20 , no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time . This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective , that is , for an act to become an offence , the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it . Moreover , no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself . `` Compulsion '' in this article refers to what in law is called `` Duress '' ( injury , beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do ) . This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination . The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy , that is , no person can be convicted twice for the same offence , which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law . This principle was first established in the Magna Carta . Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty . Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law . This means that a person 's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime . However , the right to life does not include the right to die and hence , suicide or an attempt thereof , is an offence . ( Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates . The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994 . The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code , under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year . In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one . ) `` Personal liberty '' includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 ( that is , the six freedoms ) . The right to travel abroad is also covered under `` personal liberty '' in Article 21 . In 2002 , through the 86th Amendment Act , Article 21 ( A ) was incorporated . It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom , stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age . Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution , the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008 . Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty . No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest . If arrested , the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice . Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours . The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien . They are also not available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act . Under preventive detention , the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months . It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation , it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm . After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review . Cultural and educational rights ( edit ) The Flag of India As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions . All minorities , or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission . Right to constitutional remedies ( edit ) Right to constitutional remedies ( Article 32 to 35 ) empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights . For instance , in case of imprisonment , any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL . If the court finds that it is not , the person will have to be freed . This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens ' fundamental rights can be done in various ways . The courts can issue various kinds of Writs . These writs are : habeas corpus mandamus Prohibition quo warranto certiorari Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as `` the heart and soul '' of Indian constitution . When a national or state emergency is declared , this right is suspended by the central government . Right to Privacy ( Not an independent Right ) ( edit ) The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State , and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices . On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that : `` Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution , '' -- Supreme Court Critical analysis ( edit ) The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons . Political groups have demanded that the right to work , the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment , old age , and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity , though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy . The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses , and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed `` excessive '' . There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency . The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) , Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act and the National Security Act ( NSA ) are a means of countering the fundamental rights , because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence , without safeguards for civil rights . The phrases `` security of State '' , `` public order '' and `` morality '' are of wide implication . People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years . The meaning of phrases like `` reasonable restrictions '' and `` the interest of public order '' have not been explicitly stated in the constitution , and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation . The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised , but in some cases , these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods . `` Freedom of press '' has not been included in the right to freedom , which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate . Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced , but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs , including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution . More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India . India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide . But in 2014 , India has improved marginally to a rank of 85 . The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India , according to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 . As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution . Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens , the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim ' justice delayed is justice denied ' . Amendments ( edit ) Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment , which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament . This means that an amendment requires the approval of two - thirds of the members present and voting . However , the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the simple majority of the total members of a house -- whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha . Fundamental rights not sacrosanct ( edit ) While deciding the Golaknath case in February 1967 , Supreme Court ruled that the Parliament has no power to curtail the fundamental rights . They were made permanent and sacrosanct reversing the Supreme Court 's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament 's power to amend all parts of the Constitution , including Part III related to Fundamental Rights . Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971 , the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament . 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13 ( 4 ) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 ( 1 ) . In the year 1973 , the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment . However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual , can not be altered . This is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution . Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case ( Constitutional amendments 1 , 4 , 7 and 16 ) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court ( Constitutional amendments 25 , 42 , 44 , 50 , 77 , 81 , 85 , 86 , 93 and 97 ) . Validity of Article 31B ( edit ) Articles 31A and Article 31B are added by First constitutional amendment in 1951 . Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws can not be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights . Thus fundamental rights given in Part III are not equally applicable in each state / region and can be made different by making additions / deletions to Ninth Schedule by constitutional amendments . In 2007 , Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from judicial review for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule . Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine . Amendment to Article 31C ( edit ) Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles ( earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39 ) over the fundamental rights of individuals . In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case , supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires . Right to property ( edit ) The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire , hold and dispose of property . Article 31 provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens . The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL Right to education ( edit ) The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty - Sixth Amendment of 2002 . However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010 . Article 21A -- On 2 April 2010 , India joined a group of few countries in the world , with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force . Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6 -- 14 age group , the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present . This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications . The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act . Children , who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution , will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 age group get schooling . As per the Act , private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society . The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55 : 45 , while the Finance Commission has given Rs. 250 billion to the States for implementing the Act . The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010 -- 2011 . The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop - outs or out - of - school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of India / Part III See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Federalism in India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India Secularism The Constitution of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954 Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-23 Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 206 . Jump up ^ UNI . `` Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : The term `` State '' includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalised and the term state ( referring to the state governments ) is in lowercase . Jump up ^ Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-25 ^ Jump up to : `` Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in/ , Rajya Sabha . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala ; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461 , ( 1973 ) 4 SCC 225 -- In what became famously known as the `` Fundamental Rights case '' , the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-24 Jump up ^ Basu , Durga Das ( 1988 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9 . NCERT . Jump up ^ `` Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's Constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X . Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` The price of a Bill '' . Retrieved 24 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) Online '' . rti.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nandan G ( May 1994 ) . `` Indian grants right to suicide '' . BMJ. 308 ( 6941 ) : 1392 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1392 . Jump up ^ Paper 3 : Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC -- an overview by BR Sharma , A Sharma , D Harish : Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine : Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( January -- June 2006 ) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) . ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 . Jump up ^ right to education bill Archived 26 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-33 Jump up ^ Constitution of India - Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy . Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi - charge during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International . Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power . `` in modern democracies the people 's will is in theory sovereign '' synonyms : supreme , absolute , unlimited , unrestricted , unrestrained , unbounded , boundless , infinite , ultimate , total , unconditional , full , utter , paramount ; principal , chief , dominant , predominant Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act , 1978 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education is now a fundamental right of every child '' . Hindustan Times . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Footnotes ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=843672961 '' Categories : Constitution of India National human rights instruments Human rights in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी हिन्दी मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fundamental rights in India
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-3,934,796,923,746,072,600 | when did small mammals appear in the fossil records | Evolution of mammals - wikipedia Evolution of mammals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Evolutionary history of life Restoration of Procynosuchus , a member of the cynodont group , which includes the ancestors of mammals Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Diagrammatic representation of the divergence of modern taxonomic groups from their common ancestor Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Evidence of common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Category Book Related topics The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the late Carboniferous period . The most ancestral forms in the class Mammalia are the egg - laying mammals in the subclass Prototheria . This class first started out as something close to the platypus and evolved to modern day mammals . By the mid-Triassic , there were many synapsid species that looked like mammals . The lineage leading to today 's mammals split up in the Jurassic ; synapsids from this period include Dryolestes , more closely related to extant placentals and marsupials than to monotremes , as well as Ambondro , more closely related to monotremes . Later on , the eutherian and metatherian lineages separated ; the metatherians are the animals more closely related to the marsupials , while the eutherians are those more closely related to the placentals . Since Juramaia , the earliest known eutherian , lived 160 million years ago in the Jurassic , this divergence must have occurred in the same period . After the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs ( birds are generally regarded as the surviving dinosaurs ) and several mammalian groups , placental and marsupial mammals diversified into many new forms and ecological niches throughout the Paleogene and Neogene , by the end of which all modern orders had appeared . Mammals are the only living synapsids . The synapsid lineage became distinct from the sauropsid lineage in the late Carboniferous period , between 320 and 315 million years ago . The sauropsids are today 's reptiles and birds along with all the extinct animals more closely related to them than to mammals . This does not include the mammal - like reptiles , a group more closely related to the mammals . Throughout the Permian period , the synapsids included the dominant carnivores and several important herbivores . In the subsequent Triassic period , however , a previously obscure group of sauropsids , the archosaurs , became the dominant vertebrates . The mammaliaforms appeared during this period ; their superior sense of smell , backed up by a large brain , facilitated entry into nocturnal niches with less exposure to archosaur predation . The nocturnal lifestyle may have contributed greatly to the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair . Later in the Mesozoic , after theropod dinosaurs replaced rauisuchians as the dominant carnivores , mammals spread into other ecological niches . For example , some became aquatic , some were gliders , and some even fed on juvenile dinosaurs . Most of the evidence consists of fossils . For many years , fossils of Mesozoic mammals and their immediate ancestors were very rare and fragmentary ; but , since the mid-1990s , there have been many important new finds , especially in China . The relatively new techniques of molecular phylogenetics have also shed light on some aspects of mammalian evolution by estimating the timing of important divergence points for modern species . When used carefully , these techniques often , but not always , agree with the fossil record . Although mammary glands are a signature feature of modern mammals , little is known about the evolution of lactation as these soft tissues are not often preserved in the fossil record . Most research concerning the evolution of mammals centers on the shapes of the teeth , the hardest parts of the tetrapod body . Other important research characteristics include the evolution of the middle ear bones , erect limb posture , a bony secondary palate , fur , hair , and warm - bloodedness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of `` mammal '' 2 The ancestry of mammals 2.1 Amniotes 2.2 Synapsids 3 Therapsids 3.1 Therapsid family tree 3.2 Biarmosuchia 3.3 Dinocephalians 3.4 Anomodonts 3.5 Theriodonts 3.6 Cynodonts 4 Triassic takeover 5 From cynodonts to crown mammals 5.1 Fossil record 5.2 Mammals or mammaliaforms 5.3 Family tree -- cynodonts to crown group mammals 5.4 Morganucodontidae 5.5 Docodonts 5.6 Hadrocodium 6 Earliest crown mammals 6.1 Family tree of early crown mammals 6.2 Colour vision 6.3 Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae 6.4 Monotremes 6.5 Multituberculates 6.6 Theria 6.7 Metatheria 6.8 Eutheria 7 Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic 8 Evolution of major groups of living mammals 8.1 Fossil - based family tree of placental mammals 8.2 Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals 8.3 Timing of placental evolution 9 Evolution of mammalian features 9.1 Jaws and middle ears 9.2 Lactation 9.3 Hair and fur 9.4 Erect limbs 9.5 Warm - bloodedness 9.5. 1 Respiratory turbinates 9.5. 2 Bony secondary palate 9.5. 3 Diaphragm 9.5. 4 Limb posture 9.6 Brain 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Definition of `` mammal '' ( edit ) Figure 1 : In mammals , the quadrate and articular bones are small and part of the middle ear ; the lower jaw consists only of dentary bone . While living mammal species can be identified by the presence of milk - producing mammary glands in the females , other features are required when classifying fossils , because mammary glands and other soft - tissue features are not visible in fossils . One such feature available for paleontology , shared by all living mammals ( including monotremes ) , but not present in any of the early Triassic therapsids , is shown in figure 1 : mammals use two bones for hearing that all other amniotes use for eating . The earliest amniotes had a jaw joint composed of the articular ( a small bone at the back of the lower jaw ) and the quadrate ( a small bone at the back of the upper jaw ) . All non-mammalian tetrapods use this system including amphibians , turtles , lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs ( and their descendants the birds ) , ichthyosaurs , pterosaurs and therapsids . But mammals have a different jaw joint , composed only of the dentary ( the lower jaw bone , which carries the teeth ) and the squamosal ( another small skull bone ) . In the Jurassic , their quadrate and articular bones evolved into the incus and malleus bones in the middle ear . Mammals also have a double occipital condyle ; they have two knobs at the base of the skull that fit into the topmost neck vertebra , while other tetrapods have a single occipital condyle . In a 1981 article , Kenneth A. Kermack and his co-authors argued for drawing the line between mammals and earlier synapsids at the point where the mammalian pattern of molar occlusion was being acquired and the dentary - squamosal joint had appeared . The criterion chosen , they noted , is merely a matter of convenience ; their choice was based on the fact that `` the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved . '' Today , most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion . The ancestry of mammals ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Tetrapods Amphibians Amniotes Sauropsids ( including dinosaurs ) Synapsids Caseids Cotylorhynchus Eupelycosaurs Edaphosaurids Edaphosaurus Sphenacodontians Sphenacodontids Dimetrodon Therapsids Mammals Pelycosaurs Amniotes ( edit ) The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes -- their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in . This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land , while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water ( a few amphibians , such as the Surinam toad , have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation ) . The first amniotes apparently arose in the middle Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs . Within a few million years , two important amniote lineages became distinct : mammals ' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids , from which lizards , snakes , crocodilians , dinosaurs , and birds are descended . The earliest known fossils of synapsids and sauropsids ( such as Archaeothyris and Hylonomus , respectively ) date from about 320 to 315 million years ago . The times of origin are difficult to know , because vertebrate fossils from the late Carboniferous are very rare , and therefore the actual first occurrences of each of these types of animal might have been considerably earlier than the first fossil . Synapsids ( edit ) The original synapsid skull structure has one hole behind each eye , in a fairly low position on the skull ( lower right in this image ) . Synapsid skulls are identified by the distinctive pattern of the holes behind each eye , which served the following purposes : made the skull lighter without sacrificing strength . saved energy by using less bone . probably provided attachment points for jaw muscles . Having attachment points further away from the jaw made it possible for the muscles to be longer and therefore to exert a strong pull over a wide range of jaw movement without being stretched or contracted beyond their optimum range . The synapsid pelycosaurs included the largest land vertebrates of the Early Permian , such as the 6 m ( 20 ft ) long Cotylorhynchus hancocki . Among the other large pelycosaurs were Dimetrodon grandis and Edaphosaurus cruciger . Therapsids ( edit ) Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the middle Permian and took over their position as the dominant land vertebrates . They differ from pelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws , including larger temporal fenestrae and incisors that are equal in size . The therapsid lineage that led to mammals went through a series of stages , beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with some that could easily be mistaken for mammals : gradual development of a bony secondary palate . Most books and articles interpret this as a prerequisite for the evolution of mammals ' high metabolic rate , because it enabled these animals to eat and breathe at the same time . But some scientists point out that some modern ectotherms use a fleshy secondary palate to separate the mouth from the airway , and that a bony palate provides a surface on which the tongue can manipulate food , facilitating chewing rather than breathing . The interpretation of the bony secondary palate as an aid to chewing also suggests the development of a faster metabolism , because chewing reduces the size of food particles delivered to the stomach and can therefore speed their digestion . In mammals , the palate is formed by two specific bones , but various Permian therapsids had other combinations of bones in the right places to function as a palate . the dentary gradually becomes the main bone of the lower jaw . progress towards an erect limb posture , which would increase the animals ' stamina by avoiding Carrier 's constraint . But this process was erratic and very slow -- for example : all herbivorous therapsids retained sprawling limbs ( some late forms may have had semi-erect hind limbs ) ; Permian carnivorous therapsids had sprawling forelimbs , and some late Permian ones also had semi-sprawling hindlimbs . In fact , modern monotremes still have semi-sprawling limbs . Therapsid family tree ( edit ) ( simplified from ; only those that are most relevant to the evolution of mammals are described below ) Therapsids Biarmosuchia Eutherapsida Dinocephalia Neotherapsida Anomodonts Dicynodonts Theriodontia Gorgonopsia Eutheriodontia Therocephalia Cynodontia ( Mammals , eventually ) Only the dicynodonts , therocephalians , and cynodonts survived into the Triassic . Biarmosuchia ( edit ) The Biarmosuchia were the most primitive and pelycosaur - like of the therapsids . Dinocephalians ( edit ) Dinocephalians ( `` terrible heads '' ) included both carnivores and herbivores . They were large ; Anteosaurus was up to 6 m ( 20 ft ) long . Some of the carnivores had semi-erect hindlimbs , but all dinocephalians had sprawling forelimbs . In many ways they were very primitive therapsids ; for example , they had no secondary palate and their jaws were rather `` reptilian '' . Anomodonts ( edit ) Lystrosaurus , one of the few genera of dicynodonts that survived the Permian - Triassic extinction event The anomodonts ( `` anomalous teeth '' ) were among the most successful of the herbivorous therapsids -- one sub-group , the dicynodonts , survived almost to the end of the Triassic . But anomodonts were very different from modern herbivorous mammals , as their only teeth were a pair of fangs in the upper jaw and it is generally agreed that they had beaks like those of birds or ceratopsians . Theriodonts ( edit ) The theriodonts ( `` beast teeth '' ) and their descendants had jaw joints in which the lower jaw 's articular bone tightly gripped the skull 's very small quadrate bone . This allowed a much wider gape , and one group , the carnivorous gorgonopsians ( `` gorgon faces '' ) , took advantage of this to develop `` sabre teeth '' . But the theriodont 's jaw hinge had a longer term significance -- the much reduced size of the quadrate bone was an important step in the development of the mammalian jaw joint and middle ear . The gorgonopsians still had some primitive features : no bony secondary palate ( but other bones in the right places to perform the same functions ) ; sprawling forelimbs ; hindlimbs that could operate in both sprawling and erect postures . But the therocephalians ( `` beast heads '' ) , which appear to have arisen at about the same time as the gorgonopsians , had additional mammal - like features , e.g. their finger and toe bones had the same number of phalanges ( segments ) as in early mammals ( and the same number that primates have , including humans ) . Cynodonts ( edit ) Artist 's conception of the cynodont Trirachodon within a burrow The cynodonts , a theriodont group that also arose in the late Permian , include the ancestors of all mammals . Cynodonts ' mammal - like features include further reduction in the number of bones in the lower jaw , a secondary bony palate , cheek teeth with a complex pattern in the crowns , and a brain which filled the endocranial cavity . Multi-chambered burrows have been found , containing as many as 20 skeletons of the Early Triassic cynodont Trirachodon ; the animals are thought to have been drowned by a flash flood . The extensive shared burrows indicate that these animals were capable of complex social behaviors . Triassic takeover ( edit ) The catastrophic Permian - Triassic mass extinction slightly more than 250 million years ago killed off about 70 percent of terrestrial vertebrate species and the majority of land plants . As a result , ecosystems and food chains collapsed , and the establishment of new stable ecosystems took about 30 million years . With the disappearance of the gorgonopsians , which were dominant predators in the late Permian , the cynodonts ' principal competitors for dominance of the carnivorous niches were a previously obscure sauropsid group , the archosaurs , which includes the ancestors of crocodilians and dinosaurs . The archosaurs quickly became the dominant carnivores , a development often called the `` Triassic takeover '' . Their success may have been due to the fact that the early Triassic was predominantly arid and therefore archosaurs ' superior water conservation gave them a decisive advantage . All known archosaurs have glandless skins and eliminate nitrogenous waste in a uric acid paste containing little water , while the cynodonts probably excreted most such waste in a solution of urea , as mammals do today ; considerable water is required to keep urea dissolved . However , this theory has been questioned , since it implies synapsids were necessarily less advantaged in water retention , that synapsid decline coincides with climate changes or archosaur diversity ( neither of which has been tested ) and the fact that desert - dwelling mammals are as well adapted in this department as archosaurs , and some cynodonts like Trucidocynodon were large - sized predators . The Triassic takeover was probably a vital factor in the evolution of the mammals . Two groups stemming from the early cynodonts were successful in niches that had minimal competition from the archosaurs : the tritylodonts , which were herbivores , and the mammals , most of which were small nocturnal insectivores ( although some , like Sinoconodon , were carnivores that fed on vertebrate prey , while still others were herbivores or omnivores ) . As a result : The therapsid trend towards differentiated teeth with precise occlusion accelerated , because of the need to hold captured arthropods and crush their exoskeletons . As the body length of the mammals ' ancestors fell below 50 mm ( 2 inches ) , advances in thermal insulation and temperature regulation would have become necessary for nocturnal life . Acute senses of hearing and smell became vital . This accelerated the development of the mammalian middle ear . The increase in the size of the olfactory lobes of the brain increased brain weight as a percentage of total body weight . Brain tissue requires a disproportionate amount of energy . The need for more food to support the enlarged brains increased the pressures for improvements in insulation , temperature regulation and feeding . Probably as a side - effect of the nocturnal life , mammals lost two of the four cone opsins , photoreceptors in the retina , present in the eyes of the earliest amniotes . Paradoxically , this might have improved their ability to discriminate colors in dim light . This retreat to a nocturnal role is called a nocturnal bottleneck , and is thought to explain many of the features of mammals . From cynodonts to crown mammals ( edit ) Fossil record ( edit ) Mesozoic synapsids that had evolved to the point of having a jaw joint composed of the dentary and squamosal bones are preserved in few good fossils , mainly because they were mostly smaller than rats : They were largely restricted to environments that are less likely to provide good fossils . Floodplains as the best terrestrial environments for fossilization provide few mammal fossils , because they are dominated by medium to large animals , and the mammals could not compete with archosaurs in the medium to large size range . Tracks from the Early Cretaceous of Angola show the existence of raccoon - size mammals 118 Million years ago . Their delicate bones were vulnerable to being destroyed before they could be fossilized -- by scavengers ( including fungi and bacteria ) and by being trodden on . Small fossils are harder to spot and more vulnerable to being destroyed by weathering and other natural stresses before they are discovered . In the past 40 years , however , the number of Mesozoic fossil mammals has increased decisively ; only 116 genera were known in 1979 , for example , but about 310 in 2007 , with an increase in quality such that `` at least 18 Mesozoic mammals are represented by nearly complete skeletons '' . Mammals or mammaliaforms ( edit ) Some writers restrict the term `` mammal '' to the crown group mammals , the group consisting of the most recent common ancestor of the monotremes , marsupials , and placentals , together with all the descendants of that ancestor . In an influential 1988 paper , Timothy Rowe advocated this restriction , arguing that `` ancestry ... provides the only means of properly defining taxa '' and , in particular , that the divergence of the monotremes from the animals more closely related to marsupials and placentals `` is of central interest to any study of Mammalia as a whole . '' To accommodate some related taxa falling outside the crown group , he defined the Mammaliaformes as comprising `` the last common ancestor of Morganucodontidae and Mammalia ( as he had defined the latter term ) and all its descendants . '' Besides Morganucodontidae , the newly defined taxon includes Docodonta and Kuehneotheriidae . Though haramiyids have been referred to the mammals since the 1860s , Rowe excluded them from the Mammaliaformes as falling outside his definition , putting them in a larger clade , the Mammaliamorpha . Some writers have adopted this terminology noting , to avoid misunderstanding , that they have done so . Most paleontologists , however , still think that animals with the dentary - squamosal jaw joint and the sort of molars characteristic of modern mammals should formally be members of Mammalia . Where the ambiguity in the term `` mammal '' may be confusing , this article uses `` mammaliaform '' and `` crown mammal '' . Family tree -- cynodonts to crown group mammals ( edit ) ( based on Cynodontia : Dendrogram -- Palaeos ) Cynodontia Dvinia Procynosuchidae Epicynodontia Thrinaxodon Eucynodontia Cynognathus Tritylodontidae Traversodontidae Probainognathia Tritheledontidae Chiniquodontidae Prozostrodon Mammaliaformes Morganucodontidae Docodonta Hadrocodium Kuehneotheriidae crown group Mammals Morganucodontidae and other transitional forms had both types of jaw joint : dentary - squamosal ( front ) and articular - quadrate ( rear ) . Morganucodontidae ( edit ) The Morganucodontidae first appeared in the late Triassic , about 205M years ago . They are an excellent example of transitional fossils , since they have both the dentary - squamosal and articular - quadrate jaw joints . They were also one of the first discovered and most thoroughly studied of the mammaliaforms outside of the crown - group mammals , since an unusually large number of morganucodont fossils have been found . Docodonts ( edit ) Reconstruction of Castorocauda . Note the fur and the adaptations for swimming ( broad , flat tail ; webbed feet ) and for digging ( robust limbs and claws ) . Docodonts , among the most common Jurassic mammaliaforms , are noted for the sophistication of their molars . They are thought to have had general semi-aquatic tendencies , with the fish - eating Castorocauda ( `` beaver tail '' ) , which lived in the mid-Jurassic about 164M years ago and was first discovered in 2004 and described in 2006 , being the most well - understood example . Castorocauda was not a crown group mammal , but it is extremely important in the study of the evolution of mammals because the first find was an almost complete skeleton ( a real luxury in paleontology ) and it breaks the `` small nocturnal insectivore '' stereotype : It was noticeably larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils -- about 17 in ( 43 cm ) from its nose to the tip of its 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) tail , and may have weighed 500 -- 800 g ( 18 -- 28 oz ) . It provides the earliest absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur . Previously the earliest was Eomaia , a crown group mammal from about 125M years ago . It had aquatic adaptations including flattened tail bones and remnants of soft tissue between the toes of the back feet , suggesting that they were webbed . Previously the earliest known semi-aquatic mammaliaforms were from the Eocene , about 110M years later . Castorocauda 's powerful forelimbs look adapted for digging . This feature and the spurs on its ankles make it resemble the platypus , which also swims and digs . Its teeth look adapted for eating fish : the first two molars had cusps in a straight row , which made them more suitable for gripping and slicing than for grinding ; and these molars are curved backwards , to help in grasping slippery prey . Hadrocodium ( edit ) The family tree above shows Hadrocodium as an `` aunt '' of crown mammals . This mammaliaform , dated about 195M years ago in the very early Jurassic , exhibits some important features : The jaw joint consists only of the squamosal and dentary bones , and the jaw contains no smaller bones to the rear of the dentary , unlike the therapsid design . In therapsids and early mammaliaforms the eardrum may have stretched over a trough at the rear of the lower jaw . But Hadrocodium had no such trough , which suggests its ear was part of the cranium , as it is in crown - group mammals -- and hence that the former articular and quadrate had migrated to the middle ear and become the malleus and incus . On the other hand , the dentary has a `` bay '' at the rear that mammals lack . This suggests that Hadrocodium 's dentary bone retained the same shape that it would have had if the articular and quadrate had remained part of the jaw joint , and therefore that Hadrocodium or a very close ancestor may have been the first to have a fully mammalian middle ear . Therapsids and earlier mammaliaforms had their jaw joints very far back in the skull , partly because the ear was at the rear end of the jaw but also had to be close to the brain . This arrangement limited the size of the braincase , because it forced the jaw muscles to run round and over it . Hadrocodium 's braincase and jaws were no longer bound to each other by the need to support the ear , and its jaw joint was further forward . In its descendants or those of animals with a similar arrangement , the brain case was free to expand without being constrained by the jaw and the jaw was free to change without being constrained by the need to keep the ear near the brain -- in other words it now became possible for mammaliaforms both to develop large brains and to adapt their jaws and teeth in ways that were purely specialized for eating . Earliest crown mammals ( edit ) The crown group mammals , sometimes called ' true mammals ' , are the extant mammals and their relatives back to their last common ancestor . Since this group has living members , DNA analysis can be applied in an attempt to explain the evolution of features that do not appear in fossils . This endeavor often involves molecular phylogenetics , a technique that has become popular since the mid-1980s . Family tree of early crown mammals ( edit ) Cladogram after Z. - X Luo . ( † marks extinct groups ) Crown group mammals Australosphenida Ausktribosphenidae † Monotremes Eutriconodonta † Allotheria Multituberculates † Trechnotheria Spalacotheroidea † Cladotheria Dryolestoidea † Theria Metatheria Marsupials Eutheria Placentals Colour vision ( edit ) Early amniotes had four opsins in the cones of their retinas to use for distinguishing colours : one sensitive to red , one to green , and two corresponding to different shades of blue . The green opsin was not inherited by any crown mammals , but all normal individuals did inherit the red one . Early crown mammals thus had three cone opsins , the red one and both of the blues . All their extant descendants have lost one of the blue - sensitive opsins but not always the same one : marsupials and placentals ( except for cetaceans ) retain one blue - sensitive opsin while monotremes retain the other . Some placentals and marsupials , including humans , subsequently evolved green - sensitive opsins ; like early crown mammals , therefore , their vision is trichromatic . Australosphenida and Ausktribosphenidae ( edit ) Ausktribosphenidae is a group name that has been given to some rather puzzling finds that : appear to have tribosphenic molars , a type of tooth that is otherwise known only in placentals and marsupials . come from mid-Cretaceous deposits in Australia -- but Australia was connected only to Antarctica , and placentals originated in the Northern Hemisphere and were confined to it until continental drift formed land connections from North America to South America , from Asia to Africa and from Asia to India ( the late Cretaceous map here shows how the southern continents are separated ) . are represented only by teeth and jaw fragments , which is not very helpful . Australosphenida is a group that has been defined in order to include the Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes . Asfaltomylos ( mid - to late Jurassic , from Patagonia ) has been interpreted as a basal australosphenid ( animal that has features shared with both Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes ; lacks features that are peculiar to Ausktribosphenidae or monotremes ; also lacks features that are absent in Ausktribosphenidae and monotremes ) and as showing that australosphenids were widespread throughout Gondwanaland ( the old Southern Hemisphere super-continent ) . Recent analysis of Teinolophos , which lived somewhere between 121 and 112.5 million years ago , suggests that it was a `` crown group '' ( advanced and relatively specialised ) monotreme . This was taken as evidence that the basal ( most primitive ) monotremes must have appeared considerably earlier , but this has been disputed ( see the following section ) . The study also indicated that some alleged Australosphenids were also `` crown group '' monotremes ( e.g. Steropodon ) and that other alleged Australosphenids ( e.g. Ausktribosphenos , Bishops , Ambondro , Asfaltomylos ) are more closely related to and possibly members of the Therian mammals ( group that includes marsupials and placentals , see below ) . Monotremes ( edit ) Teinolophos , from Australia , is the earliest known monotreme . A 2007 study ( published 2008 ) suggests that it was not a basal ( primitive , ancestral ) monotreme but a full - fledged platypus , and therefore that the platypus and echidna lineages diverged considerably earlier . A more recent study ( 2009 ) , however , has suggested that , while Teinolophos was a type of platypus , it was also a basal monotreme and predated the radiation of modern monotremes . The semi-aquatic lifestyle of platypuses prevented them from being outcompeted by the marsupials that migrated to Australia millions of years ago , since joeys need to remain attached to their mothers and would drown if their mothers ventured into water ( though there are exceptions like the water opossum and the lutrine opossum ; however , they both live in South America and thus do n't come into contact with monotremes ) . Genetic evidence has determined that echidnas diverged from the platypus lineage as recently as 19 - 48M , when they made their transition from semi-aquatic to terrestrial lifestyle . Monotremes have some features that may be inherited from the cynodont ancestors : like lizards and birds , they use the same orifice to urinate , defecate and reproduce ( `` monotreme '' means `` one hole '' ) . they lay eggs that are leathery and uncalcified , like those of lizards , turtles and crocodilians . Unlike other mammals , female monotremes do not have nipples and feed their young by `` sweating '' milk from patches on their bellies . Of course these features are not visible in fossils , and the main characteristics from paleontologists ' point of view are : a slender dentary bone in which the coronoid process is small or non-existent . the external opening of the ear lies at the posterior base of the jaw . the jugal bone is small or non-existent . a primitive pectoral girdle with strong ventral elements : coracoids , clavicles and interclavicle . Note : therian mammals have no interclavicle . sprawling or semi-sprawling forelimbs . Multituberculates ( edit ) Skull of the multituberculate Ptilodus Multituberculates ( named for the multiple tubercles on their `` molars '' ) are often called the `` rodents of the Mesozoic '' , but this is an example of convergent evolution rather than meaning that they are closely related to the Rodentia . They existed for approximately 120 million years -- the longest fossil history of any mammal lineage -- but were eventually outcompeted by rodents , becoming extinct during the early Oligocene . Some authors have challenged the phylogeny represented by the cladogram above . They exclude the multituberculates from the mammalian crown group , holding that multituberculates are more distantly related to extant mammals than even the Morganucodontidae . Multituberculates are like undisputed crown mammals in that their jaw joints consist of only the dentary and squamosal bones - whereas the quadrate and articular bones are part of the middle ear ; their teeth are differentiated , occlude , and have mammal - like cusps ; they have a zygomatic arch ; and the structure of the pelvis suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young , like modern marsupials . On the other hand , they differ from modern mammals : Their `` molars '' have two parallel rows of tubercles , unlike the tribosphenic ( three - peaked ) molars of uncontested early crown mammals . The chewing action differs in that undisputed crown mammals chew with a side - to - side grinding action , which means that the molars usually occlude on only one side at a time , while multituberculates ' jaws were incapable of side - to - side movement -- they chewed , rather , by dragging the lower teeth backwards against the upper ones as the jaw closed . The anterior ( forward ) part of the zygomatic arch mostly consists of the maxilla ( upper jawbone ) rather than the jugal , a small bone in a little slot in the maxillary process ( extension ) . The squamosal does not form part of the braincase . The rostrum ( snout ) is unlike that of undisputed crown mammals ; in fact it looks more like that of a pelycosaur , such as Dimetrodon . The multituberculate rostrum is box - like , with the large flat maxillae forming the sides , the nasal the top , and the tall premaxilla at the front . Theria ( edit ) Therian form of crurotarsal ankle . Adapted with permission from Palaeos Theria ( `` beasts '' ) , is the clade originating with the last common ancestor of the Eutheria ( including placentals ) and Metatheria ( including marsupials ) . Common features include : no interclavicle . coracoid bones non-existent or fused with the shoulder blades to form coracoid processes . a type of crurotarsal ankle joint in which : the main joint is between the tibia and astragalus ; the calcaneum has no contact with the tibia but forms a heel to which muscles can attach . ( The other well - known type of crurotarsal ankle is seen in crocodilians and works differently -- most of the bending at the ankle is between the calcaneum and astragalus ) . tribosphenic molars . Metatheria ( edit ) The living Metatheria are all marsupials ( animals with pouches ) . A few fossil genera , such as the Mongolian late Cretaceous Asiatherium , may be marsupials or members of some other metatherian group ( s ) . The oldest known metatherian is Sinodelphys , found in 125M - year - old early Cretaceous shale in China 's northeastern Liaoning Province . The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues . Didelphimorphia ( common opossums of the Western Hemisphere ) first appeared in the late Cretaceous and still have living representatives , probably because they are mostly semi-arboreal unspecialized omnivores . The best - known feature of marsupials is their method of reproduction : The mother develops a kind of yolk sack in her womb that delivers nutrients to the embryo . Embryos of bandicoots , koalas and wombats additionally form placenta - like organs that connect them to the uterine wall , although the placenta - like organs are smaller than in placental mammals and it is not certain that they transfer nutrients from the mother to the embryo . Pregnancy is very short , typically four to five weeks . The embryo is born at a very early stage of development , and is usually less than 2 in ( 5.1 cm ) long at birth . It has been suggested that the short pregnancy is necessary to reduce the risk that the mother 's immune system will attack the embryo . The newborn marsupial uses its forelimbs ( with relatively strong hands ) to climb to a nipple , which is usually in a pouch on the mother 's belly . The mother feeds the baby by contracting muscles over her mammary glands , as the baby is too weak to suck . The newborn marsupial 's need to use its forelimbs in climbing to the nipple was historically thought to have restricted metatherian evolution , as it was assumed that the forelimb could n't become specialised intro structures like wings , hooves or flippers . However , several bandicoots , most notably the pig - footed bandicoot , have true hooves similar to those of placental ungulates , and several marsupial gliders have evolved . Skull of thylacine , showing marsupial pattern of molars Although some marsupials look very like some placentals ( the thylacine or `` marsupial wolf '' is a good example ) , marsupial skeletons have some features that distinguish them from placentals : Some , including the thylacine , have four molars ; whereas no known placental has more than three . All have a pair of palatal fenestrae , window - like openings on the bottom of the skull ( in addition to the smaller nostril openings ) . Marsupials also have a pair of marsupial bones ( sometimes called `` epipubic bones '' ) , which support the pouch in females . But these are not unique to marsupials , since they have been found in fossils of multituberculates , monotremes , and even eutherians -- so they are probably a common ancestral feature that disappeared at some point after the ancestry of living placental mammals diverged from that of marsupials . Some researchers think the epipubic bones ' original function was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that pull the thigh forwards . Eutheria ( edit ) Main article : Eutheria The time of appearance of the earliest eutherians has been a matter of controversy . On one hand , recently discovered fossils of Juramaia have been dated to 160 million years ago and classified as eutherian . Fossils of Eomaia from 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous have also been classified as eutherian . A recent analysis of phenomic characters , however , classified Eomaia as pre-eutherian and reported that the earliest clearly eutherian specimens came from Maelestes , dated to 91 million years ago . That study also reported that eutherians did not significantly diversify until after the catastrophic extinction at the Cretaceous -- Paleogene boundary , about 66 million years ago . Eomaia was found to have some features that are more like those of marsupials and earlier metatherians : Fossil of Eomaia in the Hong Kong Science Museum . Epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis , which are not found in any modern placental , but are found in all other mammals -- early mammaliaforms , non-placental eutherians , marsupials , and monotremes -- as well as in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals . Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion . This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals , whose abdomens need to expand . A narrow pelvic outlet , which indicates that the young were very small at birth and therefore pregnancy was short , as in modern marsupials . This suggests that the placenta was a later development . Five incisors in each side of the upper jaw . This number is typical of metatherians , and the maximum number in modern placentals is three , except for homodonts , such as the armadillo . But Eomaia 's molar to premolar ratio ( it has more pre-molars than molars ) is typical of eutherians , including placentals , and not normal in marsupials . Eomaia also has a Meckelian groove , a primitive feature of the lower jaw that is not found in modern placental mammals . These intermediate features are consistent with molecular phylogenetics estimates that the placentals diversified about 110M years ago , 15M years after the date of the Eomaia fossil . Eomaia also has many features that strongly suggest it was a climber , including several features of the feet and toes ; well - developed attachment points for muscles that are used a lot in climbing ; and a tail that is twice as long as the rest of the spine . Placentals ' best - known feature is their method of reproduction : The embryo attaches itself to the uterus via a large placenta via which the mother supplies food and oxygen and removes waste products . Pregnancy is relatively long and the young are fairly well - developed at birth . In some species ( especially herbivores living on plains ) the young can walk and even run within an hour of birth . It has been suggested that the evolution of placental reproduction was made possible by retroviruses that : make the interface between the placenta and uterus into a syncytium , i.e. a thin layer of cells with a shared external membrane . This allows the passage of oxygen , nutrients and waste products , but prevents the passage of blood and other cells that would cause the mother 's immune system to attack the fetus . reduce the aggressiveness of the mother 's immune system , which is good for the foetus but makes the mother more vulnerable to infections . From a paleontologist 's point of view , eutherians are mainly distinguished by various features of their teeth , ankles and feet . Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic ( edit ) There is still some truth in the `` small , nocturnal insectivores '' stereotype , but recent finds , mainly in China , show that some mammaliaforms and crown group mammals were larger and had a variety of lifestyles . For example : Castorocauda , a member of Docodonta which lived in the middle Jurassic about 164 million years , was about 42.5 cm ( 16.7 in ) long , weighed 500 -- 800 g ( 18 -- 28 oz ) , had a beaver - like tail that were adapted for swimming , limbs adapted for swimming and digging and teeth adapted for eating fish . Another docodont , Haldanodon , also had semi-aquatic habits , and indeed aquatic tendencies were probably common among docodonts based on their prevalence in wetland environments . The eutriconodonts Liaoconodon and Yanoconodon have more recently also have been suggested to be freshwater swimmers , lacking Castorocauda 's powerful tail but possessing paddle - like limbs ; the eutriconodont Astroconodon has similarly been suggested as being semi-aquatic in the past , albeit to less convincing evidence . Multituberculates are allotherians that survived for over 125 million years ( from mid-Jurassic , about 160M years ago , to late Eocene , about 35M years ago ) are often called the `` rodents of the Mesozoic '' . As noted above , they may have given birth to tiny live neonates rather than laying eggs . Eutriconodonts were specialised carnivores , the largest of which capable of taking small or similar sized dinosaurs . Jugulator amplissimus , here taking a juvenile Deinonychus , further illustrates mammalian diversity by also possibly being a glider or flyer . Fruitafossor , from the late Jurassic period about 150 million years ago , was about the size of a chipmunk and its teeth , forelimbs and back suggest that it broke open the nest of social insects to prey on them ( probably termites , as ants had not yet appeared ) . Similarly , the gobiconodontid Spinolestes possed adaptations for fossoriality and convergent traits with placental xenarthrans like scutes and xenarthrous vertebrae , so it too might have had anteater like habits . It is also notable for the presence of quills akin to those of modern spiny mice . Volaticotherium , from the boundary the early Cretaceous about 125M years ago , is the earliest - known gliding mammal and had a gliding membrane that stretched out between its limbs , rather like that of a modern flying squirrel . This also suggests it was active mainly during the day . The closely related Argentoconodon also shows similar adaptations that may also suggest aerial locomotion . Repenomamus , a eutriconodont from the early Cretaceous 130 million years ago , was a stocky , badger - like predator that sometimes preyed on young dinosaurs . Two species have been recognized , one more than 1 m ( 39 in ) long and weighing about 12 -- 14 kg ( 26 -- 31 lb ) , the other less than 0.5 m ( 20 in ) long and weighing 4 -- 6 kg ( 8.8 -- 13.2 lb ) . Schowalteria is a Late Cretaceous species almost as large if not larger than R. giganticus that shows speciations towards herbivory , comparable to those of modern ungulates . Zhelestidae is a lineage of Late Cretaceous herbivorous eutherians , to the point of being mistaken for stem - ungulates . Similarly , mesungulatids are also fairly large sized herbivorous mammals from the Late Cretaceous Deltatheroidans were metatherians that were specialised towards carnivorous habits , and possible forms like Oxlestes and Khudulestes might have been among the largest Mesozoic mammals , though their status as deltatheroidans is questionable . Ichthyoconodon , a eutriconodont from the Berriasian of Morocco , is currently known from molariforms found in marine deposits . These teeth are sharp - cusped and similar in shape to those of piscivorous mammals , and unlike the teeth of contemporary mammals they do not show degradation , so rather than being carried down by river deposits the animal died in situ or close . This has been taken to mean that it was a marine mammal , likely one of the few examples known from the Mesozoic . Alternatively , its close relations to Volaticotherium and Argentoconodon might suggest that it was a flying mammal . Evolution of major groups of living mammals ( edit ) Further information : Mammal classification There are currently vigorous debates between traditional paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists about how and when the modern groups of mammals diversified , especially the placentals . Generally , the traditional paleontologists date the appearance of a particular group by the earliest known fossil whose features make it likely to be a member of that group , while the molecular phylogeneticists suggest that each lineage diverged earlier ( usually in the Cretaceous ) and that the earliest members of each group were anatomically very similar to early members of other groups and differed only in their genetics . These debates extend to the definition of and relationships between the major groups of placentals -- the controversy about Afrotheria is a good example . Fossil - based family tree of placental mammals ( edit ) Here is a very simplified version of a typical family tree based on fossils , based on Cladogram of Mammalia -- Palaeos . It tries to show the nearest thing there is at present to a consensus view , but some paleontologists have very different views , for example : The most common view is that placentals originated in the Southern Hemisphere , but some paleontologists argue that they first appeared in Laurasia ( old supercontinent containing modern Asia , N. America and Europe ) . Paleontologists differ as to when the first placentals appeared , with estimates ranging from 20M years before the end of the Cretaceous to just after the end of the Cretaceous . Molecular biologists argue for a much earlier origin , even suggesting appearance in the Middle Jurassic . Molecular data suggest that either Xenarthra , Afrotheria , or Atlantogenata ( Xenarthra + Afrotheria ) , was the earliest - diverging group from the rest of the placental mammals . For the sake of brevity and simplicity , the diagram omits some extinct groups in order to focus on the ancestry of well - known modern groups of placentals -- X marks extinct groups . The diagram also shows the following : the age of the oldest known fossils in many groups , since one of the major debates between traditional paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists is about when various groups first became distinct . well - known modern members of most groups . Eutheria Xenarthra ( late cretaceous ) ( armadillos , anteaters , sloths ) Pholidota ( late cretaceous ) ( pangolins ) Epitheria ( latest Cretaceous ) ( some extinct groups ) X Insectivora ( latest Cretaceous ) ( hedgehogs , shrews , moles , tenrecs ) Anagalida Zalambdalestidae X ( late Cretaceous ) Macroscelidea ( late Eocene ) ( elephant shrews ) Anagaloidea X Glires ( early Paleocene ) Lagomorpha ( Eocene ) ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Rodentia ( late Paleocene ) ( mice & rats , squirrels , porcupines ) Archonta Scandentia ( mid-Eocene ) ( tree shrews ) Primatomorpha Plesiadapiformes X Primates ( early Paleocene ) ( tarsiers , lemurs , monkeys , apes including humans ) Dermoptera ( late Eocene ) ( colugos ) Chiroptera ( late Paleocene ) ( bats ) Carnivora ( early Paleocene ) ( cats , dogs , bears , seals ) Ungulatomorpha ( late Cretaceous ) Eparctocyona ( late Cretaceous ) ( some extinct groups ) X Arctostylopida X ( late Paleocene ) Mesonychia X ( mid-Paleocene ) ( predators / scavengers , but not closely related to modern carnivores ) Cetartiodactyla Cetacea ( early Eocene ) ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) Artiodactyla ( early Eocene ) ( even - toed ungulates : pigs , hippos , camels , giraffes , cattle , deer ) Altungulata Hilalia X Perissodactyla ( late Paleocene ) ( odd - toed ungulates : horses , rhinos , tapirs ) Tubulidentata ( early Miocene ) ( aardvarks ) Paenungulata ( `` not quite ungulates '' ) Hyracoidea ( early Eocene ) ( hyraxes ) Sirenia ( early Eocene ) ( manatees , dugongs ) Proboscidea ( early Eocene ) ( elephants ) This family tree contains some surprises and puzzles . For example : The closest living relatives of cetaceans ( whales , dolphins , porpoises ) are artiodactyls , hoofed animals , which are almost all pure herbivores . Bats are fairly close relatives of primates . The closest living relatives of elephants are the aquatic sirenians , while their next relatives are hyraxes , which look more like well - fed guinea pigs . There is little correspondence between the structure of the family ( what was descended from what ) and the dates of the earliest fossils of each group . For example , the earliest fossils of perissodactyls ( the living members of which are horses , rhinos and tapirs ) date from the late Paleocene , but the earliest fossils of their `` sister group '' , the Tubulidentata , date from the early Miocene , nearly 50M years later . Paleontologists are fairly confident about the family relationships , which are based on cladistic analyses , and believe that fossils of the ancestors of modern aardvarks have simply not been found yet . Molecular phylogenetics based family tree of placental mammals ( edit ) Molecular phylogenetics uses features of organisms ' genes to work out family trees in much the same way as paleontologists do with features of fossils -- if two organisms ' genes are more similar to each other than to those of a third organism , the two organisms are more closely related to each other than to the third . Molecular phylogeneticists have proposed a family tree that is very different from the one with which paleontologists are familiar . Like paleontologists , molecular phylogeneticists have different ideas about various details , but here is a typical family tree according to molecular phylogenetics : Note that the diagram shown here omits extinct groups , as one can not extract DNA from fossils . Eutheria Atlantogenata ( `` born round the Atlantic ocean '' ) Xenarthra ( armadillos , anteaters , sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( golden moles , tenrecs , otter shrews ) Macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( aardvarks ) Paenungulata ( `` not quite ungulates '' ) Hyracoidea ( hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( elephants ) Sirenia ( manatees , dugongs ) Boreoeutheria ( `` northern true / placental mammals '' ) Laurasiatheria Erinaceomorpha ( hedgehogs , gymnures ) Soricomorpha ( moles , shrews , solenodons ) Cetartiodactyla ( camels and llamas , pigs and peccaries , ruminants , whales and hippos ) Pegasoferae Pholidota ( pangolins ) Chiroptera ( bats ) Carnivora ( cats , dogs , bears , seals ) Perissodactyla ( horses , rhinos , tapirs ) . Euarchontoglires Glires Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , pikas ) Rodentia ( late Paleocene ) ( mice and rats , squirrels , porcupines ) Euarchonta Scandentia ( tree shrews ) Dermoptera ( colugos ) Primates ( tarsiers , lemurs , monkeys , apes including humans ) Here are the most significant of the many differences between this family tree and the one familiar to paleontologists : The top - level division is between Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria , instead of between Xenarthra and the rest . However , analysis of transposable element insertions supports a three - way top - level split between Xenarthra , Afrotheria and Boreoeutheria and the Atlantogenata clade does not receive significant support in recent distance - based molecular phylogenetics . Afrotheria contains several groups that are only distantly related according to the paleontologists ' version : Afroinsectiphilia ( `` African insectivores '' ) , Tubulidentata ( aardvarks , which paleontologists regard as much closer to odd - toed ungulates than to other members of Afrotheria ) , Macroscelidea ( elephant shrews , usually regarded as close to rabbits and rodents ) . The only members of Afrotheria that paleontologists would regard as closely related are Hyracoidea ( hyraxes ) , Proboscidea ( elephants ) and Sirenia ( manatees , dugongs ) . Insectivores are split into three groups : one is part of Afrotheria and the other two are distinct sub-groups within Boreoeutheria . Bats are closer to Carnivora and odd - toed ungulates than to Primates and Dermoptera ( colugos ) . Perissodactyla ( odd - toed ungulates ) are closer to Carnivora and bats than to Artiodactyla ( even - toed ungulates ) . The grouping together of the Afrotheria has some geological justification . All surviving members of the Afrotheria originate from South American or ( mainly ) African lineages -- even the Indian elephant , which diverged from an African lineage about 7.6 million years ago . As Pangaea broke up , Africa and South America separated from the other continents less than 150M years ago , and from each other between 100M and 80M years ago . So it would not be surprising if the earliest eutherian immigrants into Africa and South America were isolated there and radiated into all the available ecological niches . Nevertheless , these proposals have been controversial . Paleontologists naturally insist that fossil evidence must take priority over deductions from samples of the DNA of modern animals . More surprisingly , these new family trees have been criticised by other molecular phylogeneticists , sometimes quite harshly : Mitochondrial DNA 's mutation rate in mammals varies from region to region -- some parts hardly ever change and some change extremely quickly and even show large variations between individuals within the same species . Mammalian mitochondrial DNA mutates so fast that it causes a problem called `` saturation '' , where random noise drowns out any information that may be present . If a particular piece of mitochondrial DNA mutates randomly every few million years , it will have changed several times in the 60 to 75M years since the major groups of placental mammals diverged . Timing of placental evolution ( edit ) Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged late in the Cretaceous period , about 100 to 85 million years ago , but that modern families first appeared later , in the late Eocene and early Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic period . Fossil - based analyses , on the contrary , limit the placentals to the Cenozoic . Many Cretaceous fossil sites contain well - preserved lizards , salamanders , birds , and mammals , but not the modern forms of mammals . It is likely that they simply did not exist , and that the molecular clock runs fast during major evolutionary radiations . On the other hand , there is fossil evidence from 85 million years ago of hoofed mammals that may be ancestors of modern ungulates . Fossils of the earliest members of most modern groups date from the Paleocene , a few date from later and very few from the Cretaceous , before the extinction of the dinosaurs . But some paleontologists , influenced by molecular phylogenetic studies , have used statistical methods to extrapolate backwards from fossils of members of modern groups and concluded that primates arose in the late Cretaceous . However , statistical studies of the fossil record confirm that mammals were restricted in size and diversity right to the end of the Cretaceous , and rapidly grew in size and diversity during the Early Paleocene . Evolution of mammalian features ( edit ) Jaws and middle ears ( edit ) See also : Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles Hadrocodium , whose fossils date from the early Jurassic , provides the first clear evidence of fully mammalian jaw joints and middle ears , in which the jaw joint is formed by the dentary and squamosal bones while the articular and quadrate move to the middle ear , where they are known as the incus and malleus . One analysis of the monotreme Teinolophos suggested that this animal had a pre-mammalian jaw joint formed by the angular and quadrate bones and that the definitive mammalian middle ear evolved twice independently , in monotremes and in therian mammals , but this idea has been disputed . In fact , two of the suggestion 's authors co-authored a later paper that reinterpreted the same features as evidence that Teinolophos was a full - fledged platypus , which means it would have had a mammalian jaw joint and middle ear . Lactation ( edit ) Main article : Lactation § Evolution It has been suggested that lactation 's original function was to keep eggs moist . Much of the argument is based on monotremes ( egg - laying mammals ) : While the amniote egg is usually described as able to evolve away from water , most reptile eggs actually need moisture if they are not to dry out . Monotremes do not have nipples , but secrete milk from a hairy patch on their bellies . During incubation , monotreme eggs are covered in a sticky substance whose origin is not known . Before the eggs are laid , their shells have only three layers . Afterwards , a fourth layer appears with a composition different from that of the original three . The sticky substance and the fourth layer may be produced by the mammary glands . If so , that may explain why the patches from which monotremes secrete milk are hairy . It is easier to spread moisture and other substances over the egg from a broad , hairy area than from a small , bare nipple . Later research demonstrated that caseins already appeared in the common mammalian ancestor approximately 200 -- 310 million years ago . The question of whether secretion of a substance to keep egg moist translated into actual lactation in therapsids is open . A small mammaliomorph called Sinocodon , generally assumed to be the sister group of all later mammals , had front teeth in even the smallest individuals . Combined with a poorly ossified jaw , they very probably did not suckle . Thus suckling may have evolved right at the pre-mammal / mammal transition . However , tritylodontids , generally assumed to be more basal , show evidence of suckling . Morganucodontans , also assumed to be basal Mammaliaformes , also show evidence of lactation . Hair and fur ( edit ) See also : Evolution of hair The first clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda and Megaconus , from 164M years ago in the mid-Jurassic . As both extant mammals , Megaconus and Castorocauda have a double coat of hair , with both guard hairs and an undercoat , it may be assumed that their last common ancestor did as well . This animal must have been Triassic as it was an ancestor of the Triassic Tikitherium . More recently , the discovery of hair remnants in Permian coprolites pushes back the origin of mammalian hair much further back in the synapsid line to Paleozoic therapsids . In the mid-1950s , some scientists interpreted the foramina ( passages ) in the maxillae ( upper jaws ) and premaxillae ( small bones in front of the maxillae ) of cynodonts as channels that supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae ( whiskers ) and suggested that this was evidence of hair or fur . It was soon pointed out , however , that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae ; the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the non-mammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon . Popular sources , nevertheless , continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon . A trace fossil from the Lower Triassic had been erroneously regarded as a cynodont footprint showing hair , but this interpretation has been refuted . A study of cranial openings for facial nerves connected whiskers in extant mammals indicate the Prozostrodontia , small immediate ancestors of mammals , presented whiskers similar to mammals , but that less advanced therapsids would either have immobile whiskers or no whisker at all . Fur may have evolved from whiskers . Whiskers themselves may have evolved as a response to nocturnal and / or burrowing lifestyle . Ruben & Jones ( 2000 ) note that the Harderian glands , which secrete lipids for coating the fur , were present in the earliest mammals like Morganucodon , but were absent in near - mammalian therapsids like Thrinaxodon . The Msx2 gene associated with hair follicle maintenance is also linked to the closure of the parietal eye in mammals , indicating that fur and lack of pineal eye is linked . The pineal eye is present in Thrinaxodon , but absent in more advanced cynognaths ( the Probainognathia ) . Insulation is the `` cheapest '' way to maintain a fairly constant body temperature , without consuming energy to produce more body heat . Therefore , the possession of hair or fur would be good evidence of homeothermy , but would not be such strong evidence of a high metabolic rate . Erect limbs ( edit ) Understanding of the evolution of erect limbs in mammals is incomplete -- living and fossil monotremes have sprawling limbs . Some scientists think that the parasagittal ( non-sprawling ) limb posture is limited to the Boreosphenida , a group that contains the therians but not , for example , the multituberculates . In particular , they attribute a parasagittal stance to the therians Sinodelphys and Eomaia , which means that the stance had arisen by 125 million years ago , in the Early Cretaceous . However , they also discuss that earlier mammals had more erect forelimbs as opposed to the more sprawling hindlimbs , a trend still continued to some extent in modern placentals and marsupials . Warm - bloodedness ( edit ) `` Warm - bloodedness '' is a complex and rather ambiguous term , because it includes some or all of the following : Endothermy , the ability to generate heat internally rather than via behaviors such as basking or muscular activity . Homeothermy , maintaining a fairly constant body temperature . Most enzymes have an optimum operating temperature ; efficiency drops rapidly outside the preferred range . A homeothermic organism needs only to possess enzymes that function well in a small range of temperatures . Tachymetabolism , maintaining a high metabolic rate , particularly when at rest . This requires a fairly high and stable body temperature because of the Q effect : biochemical processes run about half as fast if an animal 's temperature drops by 10 ° C . Since scientists can not know much about the internal mechanisms of extinct creatures , most discussion focuses on homeothermy and tachymetabolism . However , it is generally agreed that endothermy first evolved in non-mammalian synapsids such as dicynodonts , which possess body proportions associated with heat retention , high vascularised bones with Haversian canals , and possibly hair . More recently , it has been suggested that endothermy evolved as far back as Ophiacodon . Modern monotremes have a low body temperature compared to marsupials and placental mammals , around 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . Phylogenetic bracketing suggests that the body temperatures of early crown - group mammals were not less than that of extant monotremes . There is cytological evidence that the low metabolism of monotremes is a secondarily evolved trait . Respiratory turbinates ( edit ) Modern mammals have respiratory turbinates , convoluted structures of thin bone in the nasal cavity . These are lined with mucous membranes that warm and moisten inhaled air and extract heat and moisture from exhaled air . An animal with respiratory turbinates can maintain a high rate of breathing without the danger of drying its lungs out , and therefore may have a fast metabolism . Unfortunately these bones are very delicate and therefore have not yet been found in fossils . But rudimentary ridges like those that support respiratory turbinates have been found in advanced Triassic cynodonts , such as Thrinaxodon and Diademodon , which suggests that they may have had fairly high metabolic rates . Bony secondary palate ( edit ) Mammals have a secondary bony palate , which separates the respiratory passage from the mouth , allowing them to eat and breathe at the same time . Secondary bony palates have been found in the more advanced cynodonts and have been used as evidence of high metabolic rates . But some cold - blooded vertebrates have secondary bony palates ( crocodilians and some lizards ) , while birds , which are warm - blooded , do not . Diaphragm ( edit ) A muscular diaphragm helps mammals to breathe , especially during strenuous activity . For a diaphragm to work , the ribs must not restrict the abdomen , so that expansion of the chest can be compensated for by reduction in the volume of the abdomen and vice versa . Diaphragms are known in caseid pelycosaurs , indicating an early origin within synapsids , though they were still fairly inefficient and likely required support from other muscle groups and limb motion . The advanced cynodonts have very mammal - like rib cages , with greatly reduced lumbar ribs . This suggests that these animals had more developed diaphragms , were capable of strenuous activity for fairly long periods and therefore had high metabolic rates . On the other hand , these mammal - like rib cages may have evolved to increase agility . However , the movement of even advanced therapsids was `` like a wheelbarrow '' , with the hindlimbs providing all the thrust while the forelimbs only steered the animal , in other words advanced therapsids were not as agile as either modern mammals or the early dinosaurs . So the idea that the main function of these mammal - like rib cages was to increase agility is doubtful . Limb posture ( edit ) The therapsids had sprawling forelimbs and semi-erect hindlimbs . This suggests that Carrier 's constraint would have made it rather difficult for them to move and breathe at the same time , but not as difficult as it is for animals such as lizards , which have completely sprawling limbs . Advanced therapsids may therefore have been significantly less active than modern mammals of similar size and so may have had slower metabolisms overall or else been bradymetabolic ( lower metabolism when at rest ) . Brain ( edit ) Mammals are noted for their large brain size relative to body size , compared to other animal groups . Recent findings suggest that the first brain area to expand was that involved in smell . Scientists scanned the skulls of early mammal species dating back to 190 -- 200 million years ago and compared the brain case shapes to earlier pre-mammal species ; they found that the brain area involved in the sense of smell was the first to enlarge . This change may have allowed these early mammals to hunt insects at night when dinosaurs were not active . See also ( edit ) Evolution of primates Evolution of even - toed ungulates Evolution of odd - toed ungulates Genome diversity and karyotype evolution of mammals Juramaia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Prototheria/ Jump up ^ Rougier , G.W. ; Martinelli , A.G. ; Forasiepi , A.M. ; Novacek , M.J. 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Carol Roth , editors , The Ecology and Biology of Mammal - like Reptiles , Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington and London , 1986 ISBN 0 - 87474 - 524 - 1 T.S. Kemp , The Origin and Evolution of Mammals , Oxford University Press , New York , 2005 ISBN 0 - 19 - 850760 - 7 Zofia Kielan - Jaworowska , Richard L. Cifelli , and Zhe - Xi Luo , Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs : Origins , Evolution , and Structure , Columbia University Press , New York , 2004 ISBN 0 - 231 - 11918 - 6 . Comprehensive coverage from the first mammals up to the time of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event . Luo , Zhe - Xi ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 450 ( 7172 ) : 1011 -- 1019 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450.1011 L. PMID 18075580 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06277 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 11 - 24 . A survey article with 98 references to the scientific literature . External links ( edit ) The Cynodontia covers several aspects of the evolution of cynodonts into mammals , with plenty of references . <Th_colspan="2"> Evolutionary biology <Td_colspan="2"> Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Cospeciation Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of common descent Extinction Event Gene - centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Prehistoric Autopsy Speciation Taxonomy Population genetics Biodiversity Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Birds origin Brachiopods Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats dogs dolphins and whales horses primates humans lemurs sea cows Molluscs Plants Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses influenza Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation / sexes Life cycles / nuclear phases Mating types Sex - determination Snake venom Tempo and modes Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Ecological Hybrid Parapatric Peripatric Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives to evolution by natural selection Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Extant mammal orders by subclass <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata ( unranked ) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata ( Platypus and echidnas ) Theria Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive ) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata ( Shrew opossums ) Didelphimorphia ( Opossums ) Australidelphia Microbiotheria ( Monito del monte ) Notoryctemorphia ( Marsupial moles ) Dasyuromorphia ( Quolls and dunnarts ) Peramelemorphia ( Bilbies and bandicoots ) Diprotodontia ( Kangaroos and relatives ) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive ) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata ( Armadillos ) Pilosa ( Anteaters and sloths ) Afrotheria Afrosoricida ( Tenrecs and golden moles ) Macroscelidea ( Elephant shrews ) Tubulidentata ( Aardvark ) Hyracoidea ( Hyraxes ) Proboscidea ( Elephants ) Sirenia ( Dugongs and manatees ) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla ( Hedgehogs , shrews , moles and relatives ) Chiroptera ( Bats ) Pholidota ( Pangolins ) Carnivora ( Dogs , cats and relatives ) Perissodactyla ( Odd - toed ungulates ) Artiodactyla ( Even - toed ungulates and cetaceans ) Euarchontoglires Rodentia ( Rodents ) Lagomorpha ( Rabbits and pikas ) Scandentia ( Treeshrews ) Dermoptera ( Colugos ) Primates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_mammals&oldid=797677923 '' Categories : Evolution of mammals Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Date and year Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Evolution of mammals
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5,050,129,181,794,803,000 | how is bobby related to sam and dean | Bobby Singer - wikipedia Bobby Singer Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bobby Singer <Td_colspan="2"> Supernatural character <Td_colspan="2"> Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer First appearance `` Devil 's Trap '' Last appearance `` All Along the Watchtower '' Portrayed by Jim Beaver <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Bobby Gender Male Occupation Salvager Hunter Family Ed Singer ( father , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Karen Singer ( deceased ) Nationality American Robert Steven `` Bobby '' Singer is a fictional character in The CW Television Network 's drama / horror television series Supernatural portrayed by Jim Beaver . Named after the show 's executive producer , Bobby first appears in the first season finale `` Devil 's Trap '' . Although Beaver believed his role would merely be a `` one - shot deal '' , Bobby has become a recurring character on the series , and is one of the characters who has appeared in every season of the show . The character , a `` rough but warmhearted '' working - class man who hunts supernatural creatures , has evolved over time into a father figure for series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester . Critics have responded favorably to the character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional biography 2 Characterization 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References Fictional biography ( edit ) Salvager and proprietor of Singer Salvage Yard , Bobby Singer was first introduced to the supernatural world when his wife Karen became possessed by a demon . As detailed in the third - season episode `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' , he was uncertain of how to save her , and instead ended up being forced to kill her . Her death prompted him to dedicate his life to hunting supernatural creatures . The later episode `` Death 's Door '' expanded on this by revealing that Bobby 's last conversation with his wife was an argument about his reluctance to have children , also revealing that his father was an abusive man who Bobby shot when he was a child ( His mother subsequently telling him that God would punish him for this ) , Bobby reflecting that his father 's example left him afraid of becoming one himself in case he became a parent as bad as his father . Bobby makes his debut in the first season finale `` Devil 's Trap '' , and is revealed to be an old friend of the Winchester family . Sam and Dean Winchester seek his help when their father John is kidnapped by demons . From his extensive collection of supernatural - related literature and resources , Bobby shows the brothers how to create a devil 's trap -- mystical symbols capable of rendering a demon powerless -- and later assists in the exorcism of the demonic Meg Masters . After John 's death in the second - season premiere , Bobby allows the brothers to stay at his home to rest up and rebuild the recently - crippled Impala . He continues to assist them when they require additional expertise in their hunts , rescuing a demonically - possessed Sam and dealing with a Trickster . In the second - season finale , Bobby helps Dean to locate a missing Sam , but they both watch in horror as he is fatally stabbed in the back . Bobby begs Dean to bury Sam , and is distraught when he learns that Dean has sold his soul to a demon for Sam 's resurrection . When the hunters learn of the demon Azazel 's plan to open a Devil 's Gate -- a gateway to Hell -- they rush to stop him . The gateway is temporarily opened , releasing hundreds of other demons into the world , before Bobby and Ellen Harvelle close it again . Bobby assists the Winchesters throughout the third season in their war against the recently - escaped demons , starting with helping them defeat the Seven Deadly Sins in the premiere , as well as repairing the Colt so that they can make new bullets for it with the help of the demon Ruby in the episode `` Sin City '' . The Winchesters save Bobby 's life when he is put into a coma by a teenager using dreamroot to enter the minds of others , but this results in Bela Talbot -- a thief who takes supernatural artifacts that the brothers called for help finding the dreamroot -- stealing the Colt while they are unconscious . Bobby helps them track down Lilith -- a powerful demon who holds the contract to Dean 's deal -- the night before his contract runs out . However , they are unable to stop her , and Dean is sent to Hell . When Dean mysteriously returns to life four months later in the fourth season premiere `` Lazarus Rising '' , Bobby at first believes him to be a demon or some other type of supernatural creature . After first attempting to kill Dean and then putting him through numerous tests , Bobby helps him to reunite with his brother . While Sam later sneaks away to secretly hone his new - found demonic abilities , Bobby and Dean perform a ritual to summon whatever creature resurrected him . The being , revealed to be the angel Castiel , incapacitates Bobby before informing Dean that he was saved from Hell because Heaven has work for him to do . The subsequent episode , `` Are You There , God ? It 's Me , Dean Winchester '' , reveals that Dean must stop Lilith from breaking the 66 mystical seals keeping Lucifer imprisoned . In `` The Rapture '' , Dean discovers that Sam 's abilities have been amplified due to a recent addiction to demon blood ; he has Bobby lock Sam inside his ghost - and demon - proof panic room -- located in Bobby 's basement -- to recover from his dependence on demon blood . Sam escapes in the subsequent episode , and , faced with the choice of either shooting him or letting him go , Bobby chooses the latter . In the fourth season finale , `` Lucifer Rising '' , Dean is furious that Sam has chosen to side with Ruby -- she has been feeding Sam her blood to make him strong enough to kill Lilith -- over him . Despite Dean 's declaration that if Sam should leave , he should never come back , Sam chooses to go with Ruby . When Bobby learns of the ultimatum , he compares Dean 's actions to those of John Winchester -- years prior , John made a similar statement to Sam , which prompted him to abandon hunting and alienated him from his family . Although Bobby 's words eventually convince Dean to try to reach out to Sam , he is prevented by the angels ; they want to start the Apocalypse to bring paradise to the world when Lucifer is defeated , and the death of Lilith is the final seal holding the fallen angel in place . Not knowing this , Sam kill her , thus unleashing Lucifer . Bobby meets up with the brothers in the fifth season premiere `` Sympathy for the Devil '' , to help them research ways to defeat Lucifer . When Sam confesses that he broke the final seal , an angry Bobby tells him to `` lose ( his ) number '' when the Apocalypse is over . After Dean comes across a lead on the sword 's location , Bobby attacks him and is revealed to be demonically possessed . However , Bobby temporarily retakes control , and stabs himself with Ruby 's demon - killing knife . Although the demon dies , Bobby survives , although he is left paraplegic by his injury . At the end of the episode , he tells Sam that his earlier comments were made by the demon , and that he could never cut Sam out of his life . With Castiel 's now - weakened powers leaving him unable to heal injuries , being in a wheelchair begins to take its toll on Bobby . When the brothers come across a poker - playing witch in `` The Curious Case of Dean Winchester '' , he sees it as a chance to regain his mobility and wagers 25 years of his lifespan . Although he loses and begins to age rapidly , Sam and Dean manage to restore his lost years . In `` Dead Men Do n't Wear Plaid '' , Bobby 's wife -- and many other people buried in the local cemetery -- suddenly rises from her grave and appears to be completely normal . Sam and Dean try to convince him to kill her because she is a zombie , but he refuses and orders them to leave . Over time , the other zombies begin to turn evil , and Bobby is forced to kill his wife again to prevent her from changing , too . After all the zombies are dealt with , Bobby reveals that Death orchestrated the situation ; because he is one of the reasons why Sam has not yet agreed to be Lucifer 's vessel , the Horseman attempted to break Bobby 's spirit . Although Dean tries to comfort him by pointing out that he got to see his wife again , Bobby notes that it only made her death a thousand times worse . The brothers eventually learn that the rings of the Four Horsemen can be used to re imprison Lucifer , and they manage to collect three by the episode `` Two Minutes To Midnight '' . Still in need of Death 's ring , Bobby sells his soul to Crowley -- a powerful demon who also wants to stop Lucifer -- in exchange for the knowledge of the final Horseman 's location . Crowley promises to return his soul When the Apocalypse has been prevented , keeping it in the meantime to guarantee his safety from the Winchesters . When the deal has been made , the demon reveals that he added in a secret clause to restore Bobby 's mobility . An ecstatic Bobby then joins Sam and Castiel on a mission to stop nation - wide distribution of the Croatoan virus . In the fifth season finale , Sam decides to consent to Lucifer , hoping that he can maintain control long enough to throw himself into Lucifer 's prison . However , the fallen angel instantly overwhelms his new vessel , and teleports away with the rings . Bobby and Castiel lose faith in their goal , but Dean convinces them to keep fighting . They learn the location of the destined battleground from the prophet Chuck , and arrive just as Lucifer and Michael prepare to fight . An angry Lucifer kills Bobby and Castiel when they interfere , and then sets his sight onto Dean . Sam is able to reassert control over his body , and uses the rings to imprison himself and Michael . With the Apocalypse over , God resurrects Castiel , who in turn brings Bobby back to life . The sixth season episode `` Weekend At Bobby 's '' is centered on Bobby ; Sam and Dean are largely relegated to a side - plot while the episode focuses on Bobby 's constant working to cover other hunters while also trying to reclaim his soul from Crowley . After a year 's research into Crowley 's human life -- allowing them to track down his mortal remains , whose destruction would ' kill ' Crowley in the same manner as exorcising a ghost -- Bobby eventually regains his soul by threatening to burn Crowley 's human remains . Although the restored but soulless Sam attempts to kill Bobby in `` Appointment in Samarra '' as part of a ritual to prevent his soul returning to him -- Sam being concerned about reports that the psychological damage his soul will have sustained while being tortured by Lucifer will destroy him -- Bobby easily forgives Sam after his soul is restored , recognizing that Sam was not responsible though he is awkward around him at first due to his actions . Bobby then collaborates with the Winchesters in tracking down Eve , the mother of all monsters , when she is released from Purgatory by a ritual performed by dragons , even after their first attempt results in Bobby being possessed by a brain - controlling slug Eve has created and the death of his old friend and mentor Rufus in `` And Then There Were None '' . During a temporary change in the timeline caused by angel Balthazar saving the Titanic , Bobby is married to a still - living Ellen in `` My Heart Will Go On '' , but this timeline is undone with only Sam , Dean and the angels remembering it . After a time - travel mission results in the brothers and Bobby acquiring the phoenix ash needed to kill Eve , they eliminate her in `` Mommy Dearest '' . They also realize that Castiel has been deceiving them and in `` The Man Who Would Be King '' deduce that he has collaborating with Crowley to open Purgatory in an attempt to acquire the power of the souls within it to use in the civil war in Heaven . Despite their best efforts , Dean , Sam and Bobby fail to stop Castiel , who uses the Purgatory souls to elevate himself to a god - like level in the sixth season finale . Although he initially helps the Winchesters in Season 7 in their struggle against the Leviathans -- God 's original creations , trapped for millennia in Purgatory until they were unintentionally released by Castiel -- despite the destruction of his house , even determining their new foes ' vulnerability to the chemical Borax , Bobby is eventually shot in the head by Dick Roman in `` How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters '' . He spends the next episode , `` Death 's Door '' , in a coma , trying to reawaken to reveal the Leviathan 's plot . Despite efforts to save him , Bobby flatlines from his injuries ; his last word being `` idjits '' ( sic , idiots ) to Sam and Dean after passing on a sequence of numbers . The episode ends with a reaper asking Bobby if he is going to become a ghost or move on to the afterlife . It 's indicated that he stayed as a ghost to help the boys as there have been times since his death when the information they need inexplicably makes itself known to them , but they were initially unable to confirm or deny Bobby 's possible presence . During `` Party On , Garth , '' Sam reveals that he tried to use a talking board to contact him if he is still around , but received no response . However , Garth registers high readings on an EMF detector around Bobby 's old flask , and when Dean needed a sword to slay a shojo , it inexplicably slid across the ground to him , leading him to believe that Bobby had helped him . At the end of the episode , Bobby 's spirit can be seen in the brother 's motel room , and he is annoyed when Dean comes in , looks right at him , and does not see him , instead grabbing his flask . In `` Of Grave Importance '' , the audience is fully aware of Bobby 's ghostly existence and the episode revolves around his own parallel investigation with the Winchesters of a haunted house . When Annie Hawkins , a hunter friend of the three , calls for assistance before being killed by the house 's ghost , Bobby follows the Winchesters via the flask and discovers Annie dead with a myriad of other ghosts unable to move on from their place of death . Determined to get out information , Bobby learns to manipulate physical objects and points Dean and Sam in the right direction , and they are able to destroy the ghost haunting the house before the ghost could destroy Bobby . At the end of the episode , having accepted Bobby 's return , Bobby is now fully visible to the Winchesters and explains to them how he chose to remain behind ; a choice Dean finds hard to accept . Following their reunion , Bobby explains Dick Roman 's endgame for humanity ; cure humanity of all its diseases before herding them as livestock for the Leviathans to feed on . In the midst of his explanation , the brothers receive an email from a dead Frank Devereaux , who informs them that his hard drive , in Roman 's possession at his headquarters , is currently being cybernetically attacked and will lead to their new aliases and safe houses being compromised . While Bobby attempts to convince the Winchesters to send in his flask , the brothers are concerned his hatred for Roman will compromise the operation and leave him out . The hacker responsible of cracking Devereaux 's hard drive , Charlene Bradbury , witnesses a Leviathan eating and cloning her boss and is quickly able to be recruited to help the brothers against the Leviathans . While the operation is successful -- wiping the hard drive , hacking Roman 's email account and intercepting an important package -- Charlene is unable to escape the building in time . Bobby , having snuck his flask into her bag , cracks the doors and begins to attack the Leviathans , breaking Charlene 's arm in the process , leading to a concerned discussion between the brothers as to Bobby 's self - control . Bobby later returns after having to recharge for a while and describes himself as `` stronger than ever . '' Bobby becomes increasingly frustrated in `` There Will Be Blood '' , which only feeds his fast - growing rage and turns him more into a vengeful spirit , culminating in his possession of a maid , whom he uses to go seek vengeance on Dick . In the seventh season finale , `` Survival of the Fittest , '' Sam tries to stop him , but Bobby is no longer completely in control of himself and nearly strangles Sam to death . Realizing what he is doing , he regains control and leaves the maid 's body . Now knowing the danger of him losing control again , Bobby requests that Sam and Dean burn his flask . They reluctantly do so , causing his ghost to disappear . Bobby next appears in eighth season episode `` Taxi Driver , '' in which Sam and Dean learn from rogue Reaper Ajay that instead of going to Heaven when his flask was burned , Bobby was taken to Hell on Crowley 's orders . Needing to rescue an innocent soul and release it into Heaven to complete the second trial to close the Gates of Hell , Sam travels into Hell and finds Bobby who initially believes he is a demon as he is being tormented by demons pretending to be Sam and Dean all the time , but Sam convinces him with personal information only he and Dean know . The two escape into Purgatory , but find the Reaper that Ajay is missing ( having been questioned and killed by Crowley ) . With the help of Dean 's vampiric friend Benny , Sam returns to Earth with Bobby 's soul , but when Bobby goes to ascend to Heaven , he is trapped by Crowley , who wants to take him back to Hell to punish him for the `` damage '' he has done to demons in his hunting career . However , the angel Naomi intervenes , drives Crowley off , and allows Bobby to ascend to his rightful place in Heaven , thus completing the second trial . When Sam is in a coma and dying in the ninth season premiere `` I Think I 'm Gonna Like It Here '' , his subconscious desire to give up and die manifests in the form of Bobby . `` Bobby '' takes Sam away from the Impala and talks to him about moving on being a good thing and something he should do before taking him to a house in the woods where he says what Sam needs is . The part of Sam 's mind that wants to live promptly manifests as Dean and kills `` Bobby '' to try to convince Sam one last time to live , but Sam decides to go with `` Bobby 's '' advice . During the tenth season episode `` Inside Man '' , Bobby is relaxing in Heaven when Sam and Castiel contact him through a séance to help break Metatron out of Heaven 's prison . Though he feels himself to be rusty , Bobby agrees and escapes his Heaven , releasing all the other Bobby Singer 's to create a distraction . Bobby gets Castiel into Heaven and helps him free Metatron before returning to his own Heaven . He leaves a note with Castiel for Sam , telling him not to stop searching for a cure for the Mark of Cain but to stop lying to Dean about it . He also states that helping again was the most fun he had in Heaven and he will accept any punishment for his actions . After returning to his Heaven , Bobby looks at a picture of him , Sam and Dean at his old salvage yard as Hannah and a few other angels come after him for punishment . In season eleven 's `` Safe House '' , Sam and Dean investigate a house where Bobby and Rufus had worked a case in around 2008 or 2009 while the Winchesters were hunting Lilith to stop the Apocalypse . During the case , the two men faced off with a monster that was causing people to drop into mysterious comas and die while acting like a ghost . Bobby eventually recognized the monster as a Soul Eater , a monster that steals people 's souls and takes them to its nest in a pocket dimension . Bobby had faced and trapped a Soul Eater before and he and Rufus are able to trap the one in the house they are investigating . However , Bobby briefly falls victim to the monster and is transported to its nest while his body is possessed by the monster to attack Rufus who is able to complete the trap . In the present , the trap is accidentally broken during renovations of the house and the Winchesters face the Soul Eater themselves . The Winchesters are able to kill the Soul Eater , but Dean 's soul is also taken to the nest , a place outside of time and space . Moments before the souls are released from the nest by the Soul Eater 's death , Dean and Bobby briefly see each other and are left wondering if the experience was real in their respective time periods . After killing the Soul Eater Bobby and Rufus had faced , the Winchesters return to the house Bobby had previously trapped a Soul Eater in and slay that monster as well to finish Bobby 's old case for him . Characterization ( edit ) Actor Jim Beaver described Bobby as a `` rough but warmhearted '' working - class man with the outlook that `` sometimes there are things that need to be done and they 're not fun to do , but they got ta be done anyway '' . When the `` usually level - headed '' hunter must use a wheelchair in the fifth season , he becomes `` frustrated and angry '' ; instead of being able to join the battles , he is `` stuck at home manning the telephones '' . This feeling of uselessness eventually leads to thoughts of suicide , though he deems himself too much of a coward to go through with it . On the situation , Beaver commented , `` Bobby lives in a world where all kinds of strange things are possible . Somewhere along the line , he has a hope that one of these strange , miraculous things might happen to him . I think he is also a realist . He understands that even when you have friends that come back from the dead , not everything that you want to happen is going to happen . '' `` There are fundamental differences between him and John , and as much as the boys clearly love their father in some ways they 're more comfortable with Bobby . But everybody has parent baggage , and sometimes your favorite uncle is a more fun parent figure than your real parents . I 've always felt that it 's a cross between a father figure and an uncle ... '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Beaver discussing the dynamics of Bobby 's relationship with the Winchesters Though Bobby is `` fairly content , at least on the surface , to be alone in the world '' , he slowly comes to be a surrogate father for Sam and Dean . On this relationship , Beaver feels that `` Bobby 's concerned about them both , with Dean 's sense of self , but there 's a sort of undercurrent of worry about Sam . Sam seems to have more of the heart of darkness about him than Dean does ... I just sense that there 's this ongoing watchful eye that Bobby 's got on Sam . '' Although he loves each of them `` like a son '' , Bobby is willing to allow the brothers to put themselves in harm 's way if it is absolutely necessary . For example , when Dean wants to detoxify Sam from his addiction to demon blood in `` When the Levee Breaks '' , Bobby instead points out that Sam giving in to his demonic abilities could help him to prevent Lucifer 's return , even though the amount of blood required to kill Lilith would `` change ( him ) forever '' . Beaver noted , `` Bobby is old enough that he 's fairly clear - headed about what the priorities ought to be . Bobby 's position is , more or less , ' if you have a family member with a drinking problem and you want to stage an intervention , you might not want to do it in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina . ' '' Development ( edit ) Beaver had previously worked with executive producer Robert Singer on the television series Reasonable Doubts , and Singer gave him the part without viewing his audition tape . The character is named after Singer , though how this came to be is uncertain . Singer himself claimed Kripke secretly slipped the name into the script for `` Devil 's Trap '' ; contradicting this was Beaver , who claimed that the surname was not in the script but was rather jokingly added onto a salvage - yard sign -- `` Singer Auto Parts '' -- by the set designers . The actor thought his initial appearance would be a `` one - shot deal '' , and was surprised when he was asked to return . Beaver feels that his longevity on the show is due to his chemistry with Ackles and Padalecki . The first episode to delve into Bobby 's backstory was the third season 's `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . Because the writers always knew his history would be `` grounded in family '' , the episode 's teaser initially depicted the supernatural deaths of his children . However , the writers could not determine where to go from there . Following writer Cathryn Humphris ' earlier pitch of Bobby being an expert exorcist because of a previous failed exorcism , the focus changed to Bobby 's torment about killing his demonically - possessed wife . `` ... it 's sometimes hard to sit in the chair and fully commit to the unpleasant aspects of it . Wheelchairs were n't invented for people to have fun with , and I try to keep that in mind . As an actor , it 's very intriguing . Anything you get to do that 's different from your own life is interesting . But I do n't take it lightly . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Beaver discussing the influence of the wheelchair During production of the fourth season , Beaver joined the limited series Harper 's Island . Although he initially feared that it would prevent future appearances of Bobby , he was able to maintain his Supernatural `` quota '' with seven episodes . The character 's role increased for the fifth season , which made sense for the actor due to the apocalyptic storyline . The season also introduced a new story arc for Bobby : his use of a wheelchair . Series creator Eric Kripke explained that it `` ( made ) the Apocalypse matter '' ; the writers wanted `` real stakes and real loss and real obstacles thrown in our heroes ' way '' to differentiate it from prior seasons . Though he found it to be a challenge , Beaver enjoyed the experience because he could perform tricks on set that his wheelchair - using college roommate had taught him . However , the actor did `` ( take it ) very seriously '' , and commented , `` I can get out of the chair at the end of the day and go home and I recognize that , so many people ca n't and I have to be considerate to them and respect that . '' Reception ( edit ) The character 's portrayal has received wide acclaim from critics . John Kubicek of BuddyTV ranked Beaver fourteenth on his list of the best supporting actors in a drama series from the 2009 - 2010 TV season , believing that the actor `` did his best acting work ever '' as Bobby . Likewise , Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune suggested , `` May his trucker cap get its own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . '' Tina Charles of TV Guide feels that Bobby `` totally rocks '' , and `` would n't mind him in every ( episode ) . OK , every other one '' . She pointed out Beaver 's chemistry with Ackles , and wrote , `` I have always loved any scene we get that involves ( Bobby and Dean ) -- they 're unexpectedly emotional . When Bobby finally realized he was n't talking to a Dean shapeshifter or revenant ( in ' Lazarus Rising ' ) , that this was the real deal , it was just awesome . '' Charles was surprised by Bobby 's paralysis storyline , but became `` really interested '' in finding out how it would affect him . However , she posited , `` The guy 's a spitfire ... and it probably wo n't change him much . '' IGN 's Diana Steenbergen also praised Beaver , calling Bobby `` a valuable member of the team '' that `` broadens ( the Winchesters ' ) tight - knit unit , reminding them that there is more to family than just blood ties '' . She found the actor to be `` fantastic as the broken Bobby '' in the fifth season , `` despondent over his situation and feeling useless '' . Steenbergen noted , `` Bobby has been through a lot this season , and Jim Beaver has done an outstanding job portraying his journey . Not solely a surrogate father figure and keeper of random supernatural knowledge , this season Bobby has run the gamut of sacrifice , loss , anger , and determination to keep fighting . '' After watching Bobby confess his suicidal thoughts to Dean in `` The Curious Case of Dean Winchester '' , she felt that `` Beaver conveys all of Bobby 's vulnerability and also the shame that comes from being reprimanded by Dean for wanting to give up '' . Despite universal praise of Bobby by critics , Beaver commented on his blog that a minority of fans dislike the character . Don Williams of BuddyTV , however , defended him -- he believes Bobby to be the show 's `` most important recurring guest star '' -- and noted that `` people will complain about anything '' . In his response to the criticism -- an article entitled `` Why We Love Bobby Singer '' -- Williams wrote , `` I think it 's a shame when people like Jim Beaver or Eric Kripke have to step forward to address this vocal minority , especially when the minority is just a handful of people gathering at a certain TV website that 's known for being snarky and negative about everything . The complaints of these supposed fans are n't even worth addressing , in my opinion . '' References ( edit ) General Nicholas Knight ( 2009 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 3 . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84856 - 103 - 2 . Specific Jump up ^ Story : Sera Gamble & Cathryn Humphris , Teleplay : Cathryn Humphris , Director : Steve Boyum ( February 7 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 10 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Devil 's Trap '' . Supernatural . Season 1 . Episode 22 . WB . Jump up ^ Writer : John Shiban , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Everybody Loves a Clown '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Cathryn Humphris , Director : J. Miller Tobin ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Born Under a Bad Sign '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 14 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : John Shiban , Director : Bradford May ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Tall Tales '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 15 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part One '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Story : Eric Kripke & Michael T. Moore , Teleplay : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` All Hell Breaks Loose , Part Two '' . Supernatural . Season 2 . Episode 22 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` No Rest for the Wicked '' . Supernatural . Season 3 . Episode 16 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Lazarus Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 1 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Are You There , God ? It 's Me , Dean Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : Charles Beeson ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` The Rapture '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 20 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` When the Levee Breaks '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Eric Kripke ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Lucifer Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 22 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Robert Singer ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 1 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Robert Singer ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` The Curious Case of Dean Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 7 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : John Showalter ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Dead Men Do n't Wear Plaid '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 15 . CW . Jump up ^ Story : David Reed , Teleplay : Andrew Dabb & Daniel Loflin , Director : Rick Bota ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Hammer Of The Gods '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 19 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Two Minutes to Midnight '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ Story : Eric Gewitz , Teleplay : Eric Kripke , Director : Steve Boyum ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Swan Song '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 22 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Knight ( 2008 ) . Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 2 . Titan Books . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 657 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Wilkes ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Q&A : Jim Beaver talks ' Supernatural ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Jim Beaver Goes All in with Supernatural : The Curious Case of Dean Winchester '' . MovieWeb. 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Irvine ( April 2008 ) . `` Father Figure '' . Supernatural Magazine ( 3 ) . Titan Magazines . p. 28 Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( 2009 - 05 - 05 ) . `` He 's in three shows this month , but Jim Beaver found time to write an affecting memoir as well '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural 100th Episode - Robert Singer - Answers some questions from fans '' . The CW Source . 2010 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 3 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 3 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Supernatural : The Official Companion Season 3 , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Maureen Ryan ( 2009 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Eric Kripke and Jim Beaver talk about the ' Supernatural ' season premiere '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Don Williams ( 2008 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Supernatural : Why We Love Bobby Singer '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ John Kubicek . `` The Best Drama Supporting Actors on TV '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Karla Peterson ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Supernatural : Lucifer Rising '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tina Charles ( 2007 - 05 - 11 ) . `` May 10 , 2007 : All Hell Breaks Loose , Part 1 '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tina Charles ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` '' Lazarus Rising '' - TV Show Recaps `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tina Charles ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Supernatural Episode Recap : `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Supernatural : `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Diana Steenbergen ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Supernatural : `` The Curious Case of Dean Winchester '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diana Steenbergen ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Supernatural : `` Dead Men Do n't Wear Plaid '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Jack Supporting John Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines Carry On Wayward Son <Td_colspan="2"> Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Singer&oldid=796600272 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Fictional mechanics Fictional exorcists Fictional demon hunters Fictional characters from South Dakota Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional con artists Fictional vigilantes Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bobby Singer - Supernatural character
2. Jim Beaver - actor who portrayed Bobby Singer
3. Salvager and hunter
4. Relationship with Sam and Dean Winchester
5. Bobby's journey from hunter to ghost |
5,367,705,919,741,105,000 | who is gold and who is gold plated | Gold plating - wikipedia Gold plating For other uses , see Gold plating ( disambiguation ) . Gold - plated aluminium cover on Voyager space craft that protects a gold - plated Sounds of Earth record A gold plated desktop Stirling engine Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal , most often copper or silver ( to make silver - gilt ) , by chemical or electrochemical plating . This article covers plating methods used in the modern electronics industry ; for more traditional methods , often used for much larger objects , see gilding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gold plating types 2 In ancient America 3 Gold plating chemistry 4 Jewelry 5 Infrared reflectivity 6 Electronics 7 Soldering issues 8 See also 9 References Gold plating types ( edit ) There are several types of gold plating used in the electronics industry : Soft , pure gold plating is used in the semiconductor industry . The gold layer is easily soldered and wire bonded . Its Knoop hardness ranges between 60 - 85 . The plating baths have to be kept free of contamination . Bright hard gold on contacts , with Knoop hardness between 120 - 300 and purity of 99.7 - 99.9 % gold . Often contains a small amount of nickel and / or cobalt ; these elements interfere with die bonding , therefore the plating baths can not be used for semiconductors . Bright hard gold on printed circuit board tabs is deposited using lower concentration of gold in the baths . Usually contains nickel and / or cobalt as well . Edge connectors are often made by controlled - depth immersion of only the edge of the boards . Soft , pure gold is deposited from special electrolytes . Entire printed circuit boards can be plated . This technology can be used for depositing layers suitable for wire bonding . In ancient america ( edit ) Pre-Columbian smiths working in northern Peru gilded and silvered copper objects by electrochemical replacement techniques . During the excavations in 1987 -- 1990 at Sipan , a spectacular treasure of gold and silver ornamental and ceremonial artifacts was recovered , dating to AD 50 -- 300 . These objects demonstrate the outstanding craftsmanship of the Moche metalsmiths . Alloys of copper with gold and some silver were employed , known as tumbaga . Gold plating chemistry ( edit ) There are five recognized classes of gold plating chemistry : Alkaline gold cyanide , for gold and gold alloy plating Neutral gold cyanide , for high - purity plating Acid gold plating for bright hard gold and gold alloy plating Non-cyanide , generally sulphite or chloride - based for gold and gold alloy plating Miscellaneous Jewelry ( edit ) Gold plating of silver is used in the manufacture of jewelry . Silver atoms diffuse into the gold layer , causing slow gradual fading of its color and eventually causing tarnishing of the surface . This process may take months and even years , depending on the thickness of the gold layer . A barrier metal layer is used to counter this effect . Copper , which also migrates into gold , does so more slowly than silver . The copper is usually further plated with nickel . A gold - plated silver article is usually a silver substrate with layers of copper , nickel , and gold deposited on top of it . Infrared reflectivity ( edit ) Gold , applied by evaporated methods or electroplating , has been specified by NASA to thermally control spacecraft instruments , due to its 99 % reflectivity in infrared wavelengths . Electronics ( edit ) Gold - plated electrical connectors Gold plating is often used in electronics , to provide a corrosion - resistant electrically conductive layer on copper , typically in electrical connectors and printed circuit boards . With direct gold - on - copper plating , the copper atoms tend to diffuse through the gold layer , causing tarnishing of its surface and formation of an oxide and / or sulphide layer . A layer of a suitable barrier metal , usually nickel , is often deposited on the copper substrate before the gold plating . The layer of nickel provides mechanical backing for the gold layer , improving its wear resistance . It also reduces the impact of pores present in the gold layer . Both the nickel and gold layers can be plated by electrolytic or electroless processes . There are many factors to consider in selection of either electrolytic or electroless plating methods . These include what the deposit will be used for , configuration of the part , materials compatibility and cost of processing . In different applications , electrolytic or electroless plating can have cost advantages . At higher frequencies , the skin effect may cause higher losses due to higher electrical resistance of nickel ; a nickel - plated trace can have its useful length shortened three times in the 1 GHz band in comparison with the non-plated one . Selective plating is used , depositing the nickel and gold layers only on areas where it is required and does not cause the detrimental side effects . Gold plating may lead to formation of gold whiskers . Wire bonding between gold plated contacts and aluminium wires or between aluminium contacts and gold wires under certain conditions develops a brittle layer of gold - aluminium intermetallics , known as purple plague . Soldering issues ( edit ) Gold - plated printed circuit board Soldering gold - plated parts can be problematic as gold is soluble in solder . Solder which contains more than 4 - 5 % gold can become brittle . The joint surface is dull - looking . Gold reacts with both tin and lead in their liquid state , forming brittle intermetallics . When eutectic 63 % tin -- 37 % lead solder is used , no lead - gold compounds are formed , because gold preferentially reacts with tin , forming the AuSn compound . Particles of AuSn disperse in the solder matrix , forming preferential cleavage planes , significantly lowering the mechanical strength and therefore reliability of the resulting solder joints . If the gold layer does not completely dissolve into the solder , then slow intermetallic reactions can proceed in the solid state as the tin and gold atoms cross-migrate . Intermetallics have poor electrical conductivity and low strength . The ongoing intermetallic reactions also cause Kirkendall effect , leading to mechanical failure of the joint , similar to the degradation of gold - aluminium bonds known as purple plague . A 2 - 3 μm layer of gold dissolves completely within one second during typical wave soldering conditions . Layers of gold thinner than 0.5 μm ( 0.02 thou ) also dissolve completely into the solder , exposing the underlying metal ( usually nickel ) to the solder . Impurities in the nickel layer can prevent the solder from bonding to it . Electroless nickel plating contains phosphorus . Nickel with more than 8 % phosphorus is not solderable . Electrodeposited nickel may contain nickel hydroxide . An acid bath is required to remove the passivation layer before applying the gold layer ; improper cleaning leads to a nickel surface difficult to solder . A stronger flux can help , as it aids dissolving the oxide deposits . Carbon is another nickel contaminant that hinders solderability . See also ( edit ) Gold filled jewelry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weisberg , Alfred M. ( 1997 ) . `` Gold Plating '' . Products Finishing Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lechtman , H. ( 2014 ) . `` A Pre-Columbian Technique for Electrochemical Replacement Plating of Gold and Silver on Copper Objects '' . JOM. 31 ( 12 ) : 154 . Bibcode : 1979JOM ... 31l. 154L . doi : 10.1007 / BF03354479 . Jump up ^ G. Horz , M.K. ( 2000 ) . `` The treasure of gold and silver artifacts from the Royal Tombs of Sipan , Peru - a study on the Moche metalworking techniques '' . Materials Characterization. 45 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 391 -- 420 . doi : 10.1016 / s1044 - 5803 ( 00 ) 00093 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Nickel - gold plating copper PCB traces '' . Polar Instruments . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.tkb-4u.com/articles/soldering/sgons/sgons.php Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_plating&oldid=844742733 '' Categories : Metal plating Electronics manufacturing Coatings Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Gold plating methods
2. Gold plating in the electronics industry
3. Gold plating in jewelry manufacturing
4. Gold plating for infrared reflectivity
5. Soldering issues with gold-plated parts |
-5,391,272,379,331,805,000 | when is the ranch part 4 coming on | The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Ranch <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , and Garth Brooks in part four : the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout on the bassmaster elite competition , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the asshat of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has however been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school and current girlfriend . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 - present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . Beau is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Rickey Wood as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch . Special guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Season 2 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Season 2 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally released <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> 20 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 <Td_colspan="1"> October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> 20 10 <Td_colspan="1"> June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 <Td_colspan="1"> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date <Td_colspan="13"> Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team , he learns that his family 's ranch has fallen on hard times . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt runs into an ex at Maggie 's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey . Getting back in Beau 's good graces is a losing battle . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When his inflated ego lands him in hot water , Colt realizes he 's not the big man on campus anymore . Beau 's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt smooths things over with Abby . When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening , the guys have some fun back at the house . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Rooster and Colt 's long - simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season . But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie . 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Abby gets a taste of her own medicine after a hazy night of drinking . Beau warms to the idea of mending fences with Maggie . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt figures out what he wants from Heather . A sick calf gives Beau an excuse to avoid dealing with his feelings -- and creates some unexpected bonds . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The ranch 's dwindling finances drive a wedge between Beau and the boys , and Colt goes behind his father 's back to ask Maggie for help . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Heather sets up Rooster with her sister , but Colt 's afraid he 'll ruin a good thing . Maggie and Beau air their dirty laundry at marriage counseling . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt and Rooster worry when Beau has a change of heart about the calves . But that 's just the beginning of the surprises that await the Bennett clan . <Td_colspan="13"> Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> An angry Beau clears Maggie 's things out of the house . Colt tries to sort out his feelings for Abby and Heather . 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt struggles to keep his relationship with Abby under wraps . The boys make a big purchase and try to sell Beau on a business opportunity . 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Beau 's depressed over Maggie , so Mary tries to fix him up with a friend . Colt wonders when Abby 's going to follow through on her promise . 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> While Rooster tries to broker peace between Beau and Maggie , Colt apologizes to Heather -- but his timing could n't be worse . 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Beau and Maggie come to a decision about their relationship , but they do n't see eye to eye on the ranch . The boys take Kenny out drinking . 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Rooster and Colt try to prove themselves to Beau , but he does n't have much faith in them . Colt gets jealous when he sees Abby and Kenny together . 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt plans a special date with Abby . Rooster vents his frustrations to Maggie , while Joanne gives Beau some sage advice . 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Beau tries to make amends with the boys , but it may be too little , too late . A job offer drives a wedge between Rooster and Colt . 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Maggie stands up for Rooster when Beau kicks him out of the house . Meanwhile , Colt is torn between his brother and his father . 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt realizes what he wants for his future , Beau and Maggie find some closure , and the gang celebrates Christmas at the bar . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date <Td_colspan="13"> Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After Heather drops a bombshell , a visit from Abby 's parents is the last thing Colt needs -- and they all end up at church together on Christmas Eve . 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Heather makes a decision about the pregnancy . Mary reads Rooster the riot act for keeping it a secret , and Colt struggles with how to tell Abby . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After a heart - to - heart with Maggie , Colt steps up and supports Heather . Meanwhile , the tension between Rooster and Beau takes a toll on Maggie . 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Abby agrees to give Colt a chance , but her father is n't as forgiving . Beau and Rooster go to a cattle auction . Maggie thinks about selling the bar . 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The guys wind up in hot water after an ice fishing trip . Beau takes Brenda out to dinner , but Maggie 's not far from his mind . 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Emotions run high when Abby and Heather fight , leaving Colt caught in the middle . Rooster faces the consequences of blowing off work . 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> During a snowstorm , Colt and Abby head out of town , Beau and Joanne get cozy at the ranch , and Maggie meets a charming stranger . 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt gets possessive when Heather starts dating a teacher . Abby gives Beau relationship advice . Maggie has a business proposition for Rooster . 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> As Heather 's medical bills roll in , Colt realizes how expensive it is having a baby . A surprise visitor at the bar sweeps Maggie off her feet . 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt 's new responsibilities keep him away from Abby . After a memorable night , Maggie ponders what she wants for her future . <Td_colspan="13"> Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt wants to buy Sam Peterson 's ranch -- with or without his family 's blessing . Colt and Heather have a heart - to - heart about their loss . 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Wondering if he 's ready to marry Abby , Colt seeks romantic advice from an unlikely source : Beau . Rooster hires a flaky new waitress . 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Beau ponders a lucrative business offer . Rooster runs afoul of the liquor board . Colt tries to make peace with Abby 's Dad . 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Colt and Abby start planning their wedding , but they do n't see eye to eye . Joanne confesses she still has feelings for Beau . 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Abby moves in with Colt and Beau when she learns she 's losing her job . Rooster and Jen the engineer bond over getting dumped . 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Back in town , Maggie frets about how Rooster 's been running the bar . Abby considers a career change . 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A job opportunity in Denver threatens to drive a wedge between Colt and Abby . Maggie pushes back about the pipeline . 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Maggie takes a stand that lands her in hot water . Colt and Rooster come up with a plan to buy the Peterson ranch , but they need Beau 's buy - in . 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Beau shrugs off the doctor 's orders and resists the family 's efforts to help him . Meanwhile , Colt lashes out at Maggie . 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Beau leaves the boys hanging about the Peterson ranch . Rooster takes Jen on a date . Colt and Abby fight about their future . Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 56 % based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's The Ranch Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . External links ( edit ) The Ranch on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Break with Michelle Wolf ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Rain ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Innocents ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ranch_(TV_series)&oldid=831742944 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series created by Don Reo Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 00 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Ranch TV series
2. Ashton Kutcher
3. Danny Masterson
4. Debra Winger
5. Sam Elliott |
1,988,188,288,534,673,000 | when is the pfa player of the year announced | PFA Players ' player of the Year - wikipedia PFA Players ' player of the Year Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's award . For the women 's award , see PFA Women 's Players ' Player of the Year . Mohamed Salah won the award in 2018 for his performances for Liverpool The Professional Footballers ' Association Players ' Player of the Year ( often called the PFA Players ' Player of the Year , the Players ' Player of the Year , or simply the Player of the Year ) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the year in English football . The award has been presented since the 1973 -- 74 season and the winner is chosen by a vote amongst the members of the players ' trade union , the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) . The current holder is Mohamed Salah , who won the award on 22 April 2018 for his displays throughout the 2017 -- 18 season , representing Liverpool . The first winner of the award was Leeds United defender Norman Hunter . As of 2017 , only Mark Hughes , Alan Shearer , Thierry Henry , Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale have won the award on two occasions , and only Henry and Ronaldo have won the award in consecutive seasons . Of the five , only Shearer won his awards playing for two different teams . Although there is a separate PFA Young Player of the Year award for players under the age of 23 , young players remain eligible to win the senior award , and on three occasions the same player has won both awards for a season , Andy Gray in 1976 -- 77 , Ronaldo in 2006 -- 07 and Bale in 2012 -- 13 Every spring , each member of the association votes for two players . A shortlist of nominees is published in April and the winner of the award , along with the winners of the PFA 's other annual awards , is announced at a gala event in London a few days later . The award is regarded by the players themselves as extremely prestigious , with Teddy Sheringham describing it in 2001 as `` the biggest personal award you can get in the game '' , and John Terry stating in 2005 that he considered it `` the ultimate accolade to be voted for by your fellow professionals whom you play against week - in and week - out '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Breakdown of winners 2.1 By country 2.2 By club 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Winners ( edit ) The award has been presented on 45 occasions as of 2018 , with 40 different winners . The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major `` player of the year '' awards in English football , namely the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award ( FWA ) , the PFA Fans ' Player of the Year award ( FPY ) , the PFA Young Player of the Year award ( YPY ) , and the Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year award ( FSF ) . Andy Gray was the first player to win the Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year awards in the same season . Mark Hughes was the first player to win the Player of the Year award twice . Thierry Henry was the first player to win the award in two consecutive seasons . Cristiano Ronaldo won the award for two consecutive years . He was also the first to win all four major awards in the same year . Year Player Club Also won Notes 1973 -- 74 ENG ! Hunter , Norman Norman Hunter Leeds United 1974 -- 75 ENG ! Todd , Colin Colin Todd Derby County 1975 -- 76 NIR ! Jennings , Pat Pat Jennings Tottenham Hotspur 1976 -- 77 SCO ! Gray , Andy Andy Gray Aston Villa YPY 1977 -- 78 ENG ! Shilton , Peter Peter Shilton Nottingham Forest 1978 -- 79 IRE ! Brady , Liam Liam Brady Arsenal 1979 -- 80 ENG ! McDermott , Terry Terry McDermott Liverpool FWA 1980 -- 81 SCO ! Wark , John John Wark Ipswich Town 1981 -- 82 ENG ! Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Southampton 1982 -- 83 SCO ! Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Liverpool FWA 1983 -- 84 WAL ! Rush , Ian Ian Rush Liverpool FWA 1984 -- 85 ENG ! Reid , Peter Peter Reid Everton 1985 -- 86 ENG ! Lineker , Gary Gary Lineker Everton FWA 1986 -- 87 ENG ! Allen , Clive Clive Allen Tottenham Hotspur FWA 1987 -- 88 ENG ! Barnes , John John Barnes Liverpool FWA 1988 -- 89 WAL ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Manchester United 1989 -- 90 ENG ! Platt , David David Platt Aston Villa 1990 -- 91 WAL ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes ( 2 ) Manchester United 1991 -- 92 ENG ! Pallister , Gary Gary Pallister Manchester United 1992 -- 93 IRE ! McGrath , Paul Paul McGrath Aston Villa 1993 -- 94 FRA ! Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona Manchester United 1994 -- 95 ENG ! Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 ENG ! Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Newcastle United 1996 -- 97 ENG ! Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer ( 2 ) Newcastle United 1997 -- 98 NED ! Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FWA 1998 -- 99 FRA ! Ginola , David David Ginola Tottenham Hotspur FWA 1999 -- 2000 IRE ! Keane , Roy Roy Keane Manchester United FWA 2000 -- 01 ENG ! Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Manchester United FWA 2001 -- 02 NED ! van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FPY 2002 -- 03 FRA ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FWA , FPY 2003 -- 04 FRA ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 2 ) Arsenal FWA , FPY 2004 -- 05 ENG ! Terry , John John Terry Chelsea 2005 -- 06 ENG ! Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 2006 -- 07 POR ! Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United FWA , FPY , YPY 2007 -- 08 POR ! Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Manchester United FWA , FPY 2008 -- 09 Wales ! Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 2009 -- 10 ENG ! Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FWA , FPY 2010 -- 11 Wales ! Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur 2011 -- 12 Netherlands ! van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FWA , FPY 2012 -- 13 Wales ! Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale ( 2 ) Tottenham Hotspur FWA , YPY 2013 -- 14 Uruguay ! Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Liverpool FWA , FSF 2014 -- 15 Belgium ! Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Chelsea FWA 2015 -- 16 Mahrez , Riyad Riyad Mahrez Leicester City FPY 2016 -- 17 Kanté , N'Golo N'Golo Kanté Chelsea FWA 2017 -- 18 Salah , Mohamed Mohamed Salah Liverpool FWA , FPY Breakdown of winners ( edit ) By country ( edit ) Country Number of wins Winning years England 18 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Wales 6 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 France 5 1993 -- 94 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2016 -- 17 Scotland 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1982 -- 83 Republic of Ireland 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1999 -- 2000 Netherlands 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2011 -- 12 Portugal 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Northern Ireland 1975 -- 76 Uruguay 2013 -- 14 Belgium 2014 -- 15 Algeria 2015 -- 16 Egypt 2017 -- 18 By club ( edit ) Club Number of wins Winning years Manchester United 11 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Liverpool 7 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1987 -- 88 , 2005 -- 06 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Tottenham Hotspur 5 1975 -- 76 , 1986 -- 87 , 1998 -- 99 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsenal 5 1978 -- 79 , 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Aston Villa 1976 -- 77 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 Everton 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 Newcastle United 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Leeds United 1973 -- 74 Derby County 1974 -- 75 Nottingham Forest 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1980 -- 81 Southampton 1981 -- 82 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 See also ( edit ) Premier League Player of the Season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Player Honours -- Professional Footballers ' Association Players ' Players of the Year '' . England Football Online . 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo picks up the double '' . The Daily Mail . London . 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC . 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` United trio lead nominations for PFA award '' . The Times . London . 16 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sheringham wins second award '' . BBC . 29 April 2001 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terry claims player of year award '' . BBC . 24 April 2005 . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Only here for the peers '' . BBC . 20 April 2001 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC . 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC . 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rooney is PFA player of the year '' . BBC . 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England -- Players Awards '' . RSSSF. 4 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PFA 's Official Fan 's Player of the Year : Previous Winners '' . The Professional Footballers ' Association . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Frank Keogh ( 20 April 2001 ) . `` Too much too young ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The FSF Awards in association with William Hill ( Monday 16th Dec ) '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ First non -- English winner , also first player to win both the PFA and FWA awards , having won the FWA award in 1973 . Jump up ^ First player to win two awards in a single season . Jump up ^ First winner from outside the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ First player to win both PFA and FWA awards in the same season . Jump up ^ First player to win the award twice . Jump up ^ First winner of the award from outside the British Isles . Jump up ^ First player to win the award with two different clubs . Jump up ^ First player to win three awards in a single season . Jump up ^ First player to win the award in two consecutive seasons . Jump up ^ First player to win four awards in a single season . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC . 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Mikey ( 26 April 2009 ) . `` Ryan Giggs pays tribute to manager after adding another trophy to cabinet '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs ' Gareth Bale wins PFA player of the year award '' . BBC . 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal striker Robin van Persie named PFA Player of the Year '' . BBC . 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale wins PFA Player of Year and Young Player awards '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ First South American and non-European player to win the award . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's Eden Hazard named PFA Player of the Year '' . Goal.com. 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Riyad Mahrez : Leicester City forward named PFA Player of the Year '' . BBC . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Midfielder N'Golo Kanté named PFA player of the year '' . Evening Standard . 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mohamed Salah : Liverpool forward voted PFA Player of the Year 2017 - 18 '' . BBC . 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) The official website of the Professional Footballers ' Association <Th_colspan="2"> PFA Players ' Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah <Th_colspan="2"> Awards in English football All time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Winning players Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards English Football League ( EFL ) EFL Awards Championship Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Player of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Young Player of the Month Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Players ' Player of the Year Women 's Players ' Player of the Year Fans ' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women 's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year Merit Award Football Supporters ' Federation ( FSF ) Player of the Year League Managers Association ( LMA ) Manager of the Year Football Writers ' Association ( FWA ) Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education ( LFE ) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day ( BBC Television ) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods <Th_colspan="2"> National Footballer of the Year award UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium GS PFA ES Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia VL - HNS SN SD Czech Republic FA ČR KSN Czechoslovakia Denmark East Germany England PFA FWA Premier League Player of the Season Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Player of the Year Ilta - Sanomat Award France UNFP Ligue 1 FF OM Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year Serie A Footballer of the Year Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland FWA Ulster Norway Poland Portugal LPFP CNID PGB Romania Russia `` Sport - Express '' `` Futbol '' San Marino Scotland PFA Scotland SFWA Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain LFP `` Don Balón '' `` Marca '' Sweden Switzerland `` Sport '' ASF - SFV Turkey Ukraine Wales Yugoslavia AFC Australia A-League PFA China Hong Kong Indonesia Iran Japan Maldives Singapore South Korea K - League MVP Players ' Player of the Year Thailand UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam CAF Algeria Ballon d'or APFA Maracana Foot DZFoot d'Or Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya South Africa SAFA PSL Zimbabwe CONMEBOL Argentina Brazil Bola de Ouro Craque do Brasileirão Chile Paraguay CONCACAF Canada Mexico Suriname United States USSF MLS NWSL ESPY Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFA_Players%27_Player_of_the_Year&oldid=842266183 '' Categories : English football trophies and awards Association football player of the year awards Awards established in 1974 1974 establishments in England Annual events in England Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 10 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. PFA Players' Player of the Year
2. Mohamed Salah
3. English football
4. Professional Footballers' Association (PFA)
5. Award ceremony |
-436,176,948,049,692,200 | u.s. open shinnecock hills golf club southampton n.y | Shinnecock Hills golf Club - wikipedia Shinnecock Hills golf Club Shinnecock Hills G.C. <Td_colspan="2"> Clubhouse at the 2018 U.S. Open <Th_colspan="2"> Club information <Td_colspan="2"> Show map of the US Show map of New York Show all Coordinates 40 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 72 ° 26 ′ 24 '' W / 40.894 ° N 72.440 ° W / 40.894 ; - 72.440 Coordinates : 40 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 72 ° 26 ′ 24 '' W / 40.894 ° N 72.440 ° W / 40.894 ; - 72.440 Location Southampton , New York , U.S. Elevation 20 -- 90 feet ( 6 -- 27 m ) Established 1891 ; 127 years ago ( 1891 ) Type Private Equity Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted U.S. Open ( 5 ) , Walker Cup , U.S. Amateur , U.S. Women 's Amateur <Th_colspan="2"> Designed by William Flynn ( 1931 ) C.B. MacDonald ( 1901 ) Willie Dunn ( 1894 ) Willie Davis ( 1891 ) Par 70 Length 6,940 yards ( 6,346 m ) ( red ) 7,440 yards ( 6,800 m ) ( 2018 U.S. Open ) Course rating 74.4 Slope rating 140 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shinnecock Hills Golf Club <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> Nearest city Southampton , New York Area 259 acres ( 105 ha ) Built 1892 Architect McKim , Mead & White ; et al . Architectural style Bungalow / American Craftsman NRHP reference # 00001211 Added to NRHP September 29 , 2000 <Td_colspan="2"> Shinnecock Hills Golf Club is a links - style golf club located in an unincorporated area of the Town of Southampton on Long Island , New York , situated between the Peconic Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Shinnecock Hills claims to be the oldest formal organized golf club in the United States ( 1891 ) , to have the oldest golf clubhouse in the U.S. ( 1892 ) , and to have been the first to admit women , which it did from the start . Shinnecock Hills is a founding member of the United States Golf Association . It has hosted several important events , notably five U.S. Opens , and is scheduled to host a sixth in 2026 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . It is routinely ranked as one of the top golf courses in the United States . Contents 1 History 2 Notable events hosted 3 Scorecard 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The club traces its roots to an 1889 -- 1890 trip by William K. Vanderbilt , Edward Meade , and Duncan Cryder , to Biarritz in southern France where they encountered champion golfer Willie Dunn , from Scotland , who was building a golf course at the resort . Back in the United States , Meade and Cryder scouted for a place for a golf course near New York City . Meade , known for his cowboy - ish antics trading commodities , was convinced that upstate New York would be the ideal location , but Cryder preferred a parcel of land in Yonkers . Ultimately , they chose the sandhills adjoining the Long Island Rail Road just east of the Shinnecock Canal . The 80 - acre ( 32 ha ) parcel was purchased for $2,500 and 44 original members signed up for $100 each . Willie Davis , the club professional from the Royal Montreal Club , designed a 12 - hole course that opened in late summer 1891 . Members of Shinnecock Indian Nation helped build the course , which is on land they have laid claim to and which remains in litigation . Stanford White designed the 1892 clubhouse , said to be the oldest golf clubhouse in the United States . A nine - hole ladies - only course was designed and built at Shinnecock Hills in 1893 . In 1894 , Dunn arrived and added six more holes bringing the total to 18 . That same year Dunn won the tournament which was an inaugural attempt to establish a national championship at Newport , Rhode Island , but this victory was not recognized as official . Later in 1894 , Shinnecock Hills was one of five founding clubs of the United States Golf Association , established in New York City . The new USGA held the first U.S. Open in 1895 in Newport , Rhode Island . In 1896 the then -- 5,000 yd ( 4,570 m ) Shinnecock hosted the second U.S. Open . Many players broke 80 in the 36 - hole event , which led to demands to increase the course 's difficulty . Participating in the 1896 Open was black professional player John Shippen , believed by many historians to have been the first USA - born golf professional . The popular ladies ' course was abandoned in 1901 to allow for a lengthening and redesign by Charles B. Macdonald and Seth Raynor , retaining five of Dunn 's original holes . William Flynn extensively redesigned the course in 1931 into a 6,740 - yard ( 6,163 m ) configuration . Flynn 's design retains five of the holes by Macdonald and Raynor , and the green of a sixth hole designed by those two . Prior to the 2004 U.S. Open , the course was extended to a length of 6,996 yards ( 6,397 m ) by the addition of extra tees . Shinnecock Hills was ranked second in Golf Digest 's 100 Greatest Courses Ranking for 2007 , 2008 , and third in 2009 . Its routing was retained , and several new tees were added , in preparation for the 2018 U.S. Open ; the course was extended to 7,440 yards , retaining its par of 70 . The design modifications were performed by Ben Crenshaw and Bill Coore . The club also maintains a nine - hole secondary course . Notable events hosted ( edit ) The Stanford White designed clubhouse , as viewed from the 16th hole . Year Event Winner Total To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 U.S. Open ( 5 ) Brooks Koepka 281 + 1 1 stroke Tommy Fleetwood 2,160,000 U.S. Open ( 4 ) Retief Goosen 276 − 4 2 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,125,000 1995 U.S. Open ( 3 ) Corey Pavin 280 2 strokes Greg Norman 350,000 1986 U.S. Open ( 2 ) Raymond Floyd 279 − 1 2 strokes Chip Beck Lanny Wadkins 115,000 1977 Walker Cup United States <Td_colspan="2"> 24 matches 16 to 8 Great Britain & Ireland -- 1900 U.S. Women 's Amateur Frances Griscom <Td_colspan="2"> match play 6 & 5 Margaret Curtis -- 1896 U.S. Open James Foulis 152 -- 3 strokes Horace Rawlins 150 1896 U.S. Amateur H.J. Whigham <Td_colspan="2"> match play 8 & 7 Joseph G. Thorp -- A sixth U.S. Open at Shinnecock Hills is scheduled for 2026 Scorecard ( edit ) Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total 2018 U.S. Open 74.7 / 140 399 252 500 475 589 491 189 439 485 3819 415 159 469 374 519 409 616 175 485 3621 7440 Par 5 35 5 35 70 Red 74.4 / 140 391 221 456 409 529 456 184 361 411 3418 412 158 469 372 447 408 542 169 426 3403 6821 Green 72.3 / 134 380 193 422 373 487 415 173 319 373 3135 402 150 427 354 436 357 464 149 374 3113 6248 Blue 70.3 / 129 White 72.5 / 131 366 146 395 303 413 368 133 281 307 2712 337 121 396 325 361 288 406 140 289 2663 5375 Sources : See also ( edit ) National Golf Links of America ( located immediately north of the course across Sebonac Road ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coure ratings '' . Shinnecock Hills golf Club . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Course Rating and Slope Database TM - Shinnecock Hills Golf Club '' . USGA . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Grimsley , Will ( June 12 , 1986 ) . `` U.S. Open course was once closed to the pros '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . p . C1 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Alison Cornish ( n.d. ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : Shinnecock Hills Golf Club '' . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . See also : `` Accompanying seven photos '' . and : `` Additional documentation '' . Jump up ^ ( https://www.golfdigest.com/story/shinnecock-hills-golf-club `` Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Southampton , N.Y. / 7,450 yards , Par 70 / Points : 69.2301 '' ) Golf Digest . January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Atlas of Golf : The Greatest Courses and How They Are Played by N. Hamlyn , Herbert Warren Wind , Charles Price , Peter Thomson , Mark Rowlinson - Octopus Publishing Group -- 2006 ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61375 - 6 Jump up ^ World Atlas of Golf , 1988 edition ^ Jump up to : http://www.golf.com/golf/courses_travel/coursefinder/course/0,28290,1443177,00.html Jump up ^ Golf Digest , U.S. Open preview , June 2018 Jump up ^ `` Course Ratings '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Satellite Images and Photos of Shinnecock Hills Golf Club Golf Club Atlas : Guide to Shinnecock Hills course A True Golfer 's Dream <Th_colspan="3"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks <Td_colspan="3"> Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. Open Championship venues <Td_colspan="2"> Atlanta Athletic Club 1976 Baltimore Country Club 1899 Baltusrol Golf Club 1903 1915 1936 1954 1967 1980 Bellerive Country Club 1965 Bethpage Black Course 2002 2009 Brae Burn Country Club 1919 Canterbury Golf Club 1940 1946 Chambers Bay 2015 Champions Golf Club 1969 Cherry Hills Country Club 1938 1960 1978 Chicago Golf Club 1897 1900 1911 Colonial Country Club 1941 Columbia Country Club 1921 Congressional Country Club 1964 2011 Country Club of Buffalo 1912 Englewood Golf Club 1909 Erin Hills 2017 Fresh Meadow Country Club 1932 Garden City Golf Club 1902 Glen View Club 1904 Hazeltine National Golf Club 1970 1991 Interlachen Country Club 1930 Inverness Club 1920 1931 1957 1979 Inwood Country Club 1923 Los Angeles Country Club 2023 Medinah Country Club 1949 Merion Golf Club 1934 1950 1971 1981 2013 Midlothian Country Club 1914 Myopia Hunt Club 1898 1901 1905 1908 Newport Country Club 1895 North Shore Country Club 1933 Northwood Club 1952 Oak Hill Country Club 1956 1968 Oakland Hills Country Club 1924 1937 1951 1961 1985 Oakmont Country Club 1927 1935 1953 1962 1973 2007 2016 2025 Olympia Fields Country Club 1928 2003 Olympic Club 1955 1966 1998 2012 Onwentsia Club 1906 Pebble Beach Golf Links 1972 1982 2000 2019 Philadelphia Country Club 1939 Philadelphia Cricket Club 1907 1910 Pinehurst Resort 1999 2005 2014 2024 Riviera Country Club 1948 Scioto Country Club 1926 Shinnecock Hills Golf Club 1896 1986 1995 2018 2026 Skokie Country Club 1922 Southern Hills Country Club 1958 1977 St. Louis Country Club 1947 The Country Club 1913 1963 2022 The Minikahda Club 1916 Torrey Pines Golf Course 2008 2021 Winged Foot Golf Club 1929 1959 1984 2006 2020 Worcester Country Club 1925 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinnecock_Hills_Golf_Club&oldid=848904517 '' Categories : Southampton ( town ) , New York Golf clubs and courses in New York ( state ) Sports venues in Long Island Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Walker Cup venues Sports venues in Suffolk County , New York National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County , New York Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) 1891 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 04 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Shinnecock Hills Golf Club
2. Oldest formal organized golf club in the United States
3. Hosted five U.S. Opens
4. Located in Southampton, New York
5. Links-style golf course |
1,452,936,436,910,273,000 | where does the last name schoolcraft come from | Henry Schoolcraft - wikipedia Henry Schoolcraft Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Henry Rowe Schoolcraft <Td_colspan="2"> Photo of Henry Schoolcraft in 1855 . Henry Rowe Schoolcraft ( 1793 - 03 - 28 ) March 28 , 1793 Guilderland , New York , United States December 10 , 1864 ( 1864 - 12 - 10 ) ( aged 71 ) Nationality American Spouse ( s ) Jane Johnston Mary Howard <Th_colspan="2"> Signature <Td_colspan="2"> Henry Rowe Schoolcraft ( March 28 , 1793 -- December 10 , 1864 ) was an American geographer , geologist , and ethnologist , noted for his early studies of Native American cultures , as well as for his 1832 expedition to the source of the Mississippi River . He is also noted for his major six - volume study of Native Americans published in the 1850s . He served as United States Indian agent in Michigan for a period beginning in 1822 . There he married Jane Johnston , mixed - race daughter of a prominent Scotch - Irish fur trader and Ojibwa mother , herself a daughter of Ojibwa war chief Waubojeeg . Jane taught Schoolcraft the Ojibwe language and much about her maternal culture . They had several children , two of whom survived past childhood . She is now recognized as the first Native American literary writer in the United States . In 1846 the widower Schoolcraft was commissioned by Congress for a major study , known as Indian Tribes of the United States , which was published in six volumes from 1851 to 1857 . He married again in 1847 , to Mary Howard , from a slaveholding family in South Carolina . In 1860 she published the bestselling The Black Gauntlet , an anti-Uncle Tom 's Cabin novel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Exploration and geologic survey 3 Marriages and family 4 Indian agent 5 Founding magazines 6 Naming places 7 Later years 8 Works 9 Memberships 10 Legacy and honors 11 Citations 12 References 13 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Schoolcraft was born in 1793 in Guilderland , Albany County , New York , the son of Lawrence Schoolcraft and Margaret - Anne Barbara ( née Rowe ) Schoolcraft . He entered Union College at age 15 and later attended Middlebury College . He was especially interested in geology and mineralogy . His father was a glassmaker , and Schoolcraft initially studied and worked in the same industry . He wrote his first paper on the topic , Vitreology ( 1817 ) . After working in several glass works in New York , Vermont and New Hampshire , the young Schoolcraft left the family business at age 25 to explore the western frontier . Exploration and geologic survey ( edit ) From November 18 to February 1819 , Schoolcraft and his companion Levi Pettibone made an expedition from Potosi , Missouri , to what is now Springfield . They traveled further down the White River into Arkansas , making a survey of the geography , geology , and mineralogy of the area . Schoolcraft published this study in A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri ( 1819 ) . In this book he correctly identified the potential for lead deposits in the region ; Missouri eventually became the number one lead - producing state . ( French colonists had previously developed a lead mine outside St. Louis in the 18th century . ) He also published Journal of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansaw ( 1821 ) , the first written account of a European - American exploration of the Ozarks . This expedition and his resulting publications brought Schoolcraft to the attention of the Secretary of War , John C. Calhoun , who considered him `` a man of industry , ambition , and insatiable curiosity . '' Calhoun recommended him to the Michigan Territorial Governor , Lewis Cass , for a position on an expedition led by Cass to explore the wilderness region of Lake Superior and the lands west to the Mississippi River . Beginning in the spring of 1820 , Schoolcraft served as a geologist on the Lewis Cass expedition . Beginning in Detroit , they traveled nearly 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) along Lake Huron and Lake Superior , west to the Mississippi River , down the river to present - day Iowa , and then returning to Detroit after tracing the shores of Lake Michigan . The expedition was intended to establish the source of the Mississippi River , and in part to settle the question of an undetermined boundary between the United States and British Canada . The expedition traveled as far upstream as Upper Red Cedar Lake in present - day Minnesota . Since low water precluded navigating farther upstream , the lake was designated the river 's headwaters , and renamed in honor of Cass . ( Schoolcraft noted , however , that locals informed the expedition that it was possible to navigate by canoe farther upstream earlier in the year , when water levels were higher . ) Schoolcraft 's account of the expedition was published as A Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Northwestern Regions ... to the Sources of the Mississippi River ( 1821 ) . In 1821 he was a member of another government expedition that traveled through Illinois , Indiana and Ohio . In 1832 , he led a second expedition to the headwaters of the Mississippi River . Arriving a month earlier than had the 1820 expedition , he was able to take advantage of higher water to navigate to Lake Itasca . Marriages and family ( edit ) Schoolcraft met his first wife Jane Johnston soon after being assigned in 1822 to Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , as the first US Indian agent in the region . Two years before , the government had built Fort Brady and wanted to establish an official presence to forestall any renewed British threat following the War of 1812 . The government tried to ensure against British agitation of the Ojibwa . Jane Johnston was the eldest daughter of John Johnston , a prominent Scots - Irish fur trader , and his wife Ozhaguscodaywayquay ( Susan Johnston ) , daughter of a leading Ojibwe chief , Waubojeeg , and his wife . Both of the Johnstons were of high status ; they had eight children together , and their cultured , wealthy family was well known in the area . Jane was also known as Bamewawagezhikaquay ( Woman of the Sound the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky ) . Her knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture , which she shared with Schoolcraft , formed in part the source material for Longfellow 's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha . Jane and Henry had four children together : William Henry ( b . June 1824 -- d . March 1827 ) died of croup at nearly three . Jane Schoolcraft wrote poems expressing her grief about his loss . stillborn daughter ( November 1825 ) . Jane Susan Ann ( October 14 , 1827 -- November 25 , 1892 , Richmond , Virginia ) , called Janee . John Johnston ( October 2 , 1829 -- April 24 , 1864 ) , served in the Civil War but was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg and disabled . He died at age 45 in Elmira , New York . The Schoolcrafts sent Janee and John to a boarding school in Detroit for part of their education . Janee at 11 could handle the transition , but John at nine had a more difficult time and missed his parents . The Schoolcrafts had a literary marriage , producing a family magazine . They included their own poetry in letters to each other through the years . Jane suffered from frequent illnesses . She died in 1842 , while visiting a sister in Canada , and was buried at St. John 's Anglican Church , Ancaster , Ontario . On January 12 , 1847 , after moving to Washington , DC , Schoolcraft married again , at age 53 , to Mary Howard ( died March 12 , 1878 ) . She was a southerner and slaveholder , from an elite planter family of the Beaufort district of South Carolina . Her support of slavery and opposition to mixed - race unions created strains in her relationship with the Schoolcraft children . They became alienated from both her and their father . After Schoolcraft 's hands became paralyzed in 1848 from a rheumatic condition , Mary devoted much of her attention to caring for him and helping him complete his massive study of American Indians , which had been commissioned by Congress in 1846 . In 1860 , she published the novel The Black Gauntlet : A Tale of Plantation Life in South Carolina ( which she said her husband had encouraged ) . One of many pro-slavery books published in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's bestselling Uncle Tom 's Cabin , such defenses of slavery , published in the decade before the American Civil War , became known as the anti-Tom genre . Hers became a best - seller , although not on the scale of Stowe 's . Indian agent ( edit ) Schoolcraft began his ethnological research in 1822 during his appointment as US Indian agent at Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan . He had responsibility for tribes in what is now northern Michigan , Wisconsin , and Minnesota . From his wife Jane Johnston , Schoolcraft learned the Ojibwe language , as well as much of the lore of the tribe and its culture . Schoolcraft created The Muzzeniegun , or Literary Voyager , a family magazine which he and Jane produced in the winter of 1826 -- 1827 and circulated among friends ( `` muzzeniegun '' being Ojibwe for book ) . It contained mostly his own writings , although he did include a few pieces from his wife and a few other locals . Although they produced only single issues , each was distributed widely to residents in Sault Ste . Marie , then to Schoolcraft 's friends in Detroit , New York , and other eastern cities . Jane Johnston Schoolcraft used the pen names of `` Rosa '' and Leelinau as personae to write about different aspects of Indian culture . Schoolcraft was elected to the legislature of the Michigan Territory , where he served from 1828 to 1832 . In 1832 , he traveled again to the upper reaches of the Mississippi to settle continuing troubles between the Ojibwe and Dakota ( Sioux ) nations . He worked to talk to as many Native American leaders as possible to maintain the peace . He was also provided with a surgeon and given instructions to begin vaccinating Indians against smallpox . He determined that smallpox had been unknown among the Ojibwe before the return in 1750 of a war party that had contact with Europeans on the East Coast . They had gone to Montreal to assist the French against the British in the French and Indian War ( the North American front of the Seven Years ' War ) . During the voyage , Schoolcraft took the opportunity to explore the region , making the first accurate map of the Lake District around western Lake Superior . He discovered the true headwaters of the Mississippi River in Lake Itasca , a name which he coined from the Latin words veritas meaning ' truth ' and caput meaning ' head ' . The nearby Schoolcraft River , the first major tributary of the Mississippi , was later named in his honor . United States newspapers widely covered this expedition . Schoolcraft followed up with a personal account of the discovery with his book , Narrative of an Expedition Through the Upper Mississippi River to Itasca Lake ( 1834 ) . After his territory for Indian Affairs was greatly increased in 1833 , Schoolcraft and his wife Jane moved to Mackinac Island , the new headquarters of his administration . In 1836 , he was instrumental in settling land disputes with the Ojibwe . He worked with them to accomplish the Treaty of Washington ( 1836 ) , by which they ceded to the United States a vast territory of more than 13 million acres ( 53,000 km2 ) , worth many millions of dollars . He believed that the Ojibwe would be better off learning to farm and giving up their wide hunting lands . The government agreed to pay subsidies and provide supplies while the Ojibwe made a transition to a new way of living , but its provision of the promised subsidies was often late and underfunded . The Ojibwe suffered as a result . In 1838 pursuant to the terms of the treaty , Schoolcraft oversaw the construction of the Indian Dormitory on Mackinac Island . The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It provided temporary housing to the Ojibwe who came to Mackinac Island to receive annuities during their transition to what was envisioned by the US government as a more settled way of life . In 1839 Schoolcraft was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern Department . He began a series of Native American studies later published as the Algic Researches ( 2 vols. , 1839 ) . These included his collection of Native American stories and legends , many of which his wife Jane Johnston Schoolcraft told him or translated for him from her culture . While in Michigan , Schoolcraft became a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan in its early years . In this position he helped establish the state university 's financial organization . Founding magazines ( edit ) Schoolcraft founded and contributed to the first United States journal on public education , The Journal of Education . He also published The Souvenir of the Lakes , the first literary magazine in Michigan . Naming Places ( edit ) Schoolcraft named many of Michigan 's counties and locations within the former Michigan Territory . He named Leelanau County , Michigan after his wife 's pen name of `` Leelinau '' . For those counties established in 1840 , he often created faux Indian names . In names such as Alcona , Algoma , Allegan , Alpena , Arenac , Iosco , Kalkaska , Oscoda and Tuscola , for example , Schoolcraft combined words and syllables from Native American languages with words and syllables from Latin and Arabic . Lake Itasca , the source lake of the Mississippi River , is another example of his faux Indian names . The following additional Michigan county names were invented or nominated by Schoolcraft : Leelanau Lenawee Later years ( edit ) Woodcut of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft When the Whig Party came to power in 1841 with the election of William Henry Harrison , Schoolcraft lost his political position as Indian agent . He and Jane moved to New York . She died the next year during a visit with a sister in Canada , while Schoolcraft was traveling in Europe . He continued to write about Native Americans . In 1846 Congress commissioned him to develop a comprehensive reference work on American Indian tribes . Schoolcraft traveled to England to request the services of George Catlin to illustrate his proposed work , as the latter was widely regarded as the premier illustrator of Indian life . Schoolcraft was deeply disappointed when Catlin refused . Schoolcraft later engaged the artist Seth Eastman , a career Army officer , as illustrator . An Army brigadier general , Eastman was renowned for his paintings of Native American peoples . He had two extended assignments at Fort Snelling in present - day Minnesota , the second time as commander of the fort , and had closely studied , drawn and painted the people of the Indian cultures of the Great Plains . Schoolcraft worked for years on the history and survey of the Indian tribes of the United States . It was published in six volumes from 1851 - 1857 by J.B. Lippincott & Co. of Philadelphia . Critics praised its scholarship and valuable content by Schoolcraft , and the meticulous and knowledgeable illustrations by Eastman . Critics also noted the work 's shortcomings , including a lack of index , and poor organization , which made the information almost inaccessible . Almost 100 years later , in 1954 , the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution prepared and published an index to the volumes . ( It was not until 1928 that the US government conducted another overall study of the conditions of American Indians ; it was informally known as the Meriam Report , after the technical director of the team , Lewis Meriam . ) After his death , Schoolcraft 's second wife Mary donated over 200 books from his library , which had been published in 35 different Native American languages , to the Boston Athenæum . Schoolcraft and Mary were each buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , DC . His papers are archived in the Library of Congress . Works ( edit ) A View of the Lead - Mines of Missouri , including Observations on the Mineralogy and Geology of Missouri and Arkansaw ( New York , 1819 ) `` Transallegania , or the Groans of Missouri , '' a poem ( 1820 ) Journal of a Tour in the Interior of Missouri and Arkansas ( 1820 ) Travels from Detroit to the Sources of the Mississippi with an Expedition under Lewis Cass ( Albany , 1821 ) Travels in the Central Portions of Mississippi Valley ( New York , 1825 ) `` The Rise of the West , or a Prospect of the Mississippi Valley , '' a poem ( Detroit , 1827 ) `` Indian Melodies , '' a poem ( 1830 ) The Man of Bronze ( 1834 ) Iosco , or the Vale of Norma ( Detroit , 1834 ) Narrative of an Expedition Through the Upper Mississippi River to Itasca Lake ( New York , 1834 ) `` Helderbergia , or the Apotheosis of the Heroes of the Anti-Rent War , '' an anonymous poem ( Albany , 1835 ) Algic Researches , a book of Indian allegories and legends ( 2 vols. , 1839 ) Cyclopædia indianensis , of which only a single number was issued ( 1842 ) `` Alhalla , or the Land of Talladega , '' a poem published under the pen - name `` Henry Rowe Colcraft '' ( 1843 ) Oneota , or Characteristics of the Red Race of America ( 1844 - 5 ) Republished as The Indian and his Wigwam ( 1848 ) Report on Aboriginal Names and the Geographical Terminology of New York ( 1845 ) Plan for Investigating American Ethnology ( 1846 ) Notes on the Iroquois , containing his report on the Six Nations ( Albany , 1846 ; enlarged editions , New York , 1847 and 1848 ) The Red Race of America ( 1847 ) Notices of Antique Earthen Vessels from Florida ( 1847 ) Address on Early American History ( New York , 1847 ) Outlines of the Life and Character of Gen. Lewis Cass ( Albany , 1848 ) Bibliographical Catalogue of Books , Translations of the Scriptures , and other Publications in the Indian Tongues of the United States ( Washington , 1849 ) American Indians , their History , Condition , and Prospects ( Auburn , 1850 ) Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers , 1812 to 1842 ( Philadelphia , 1851 ) Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History , Condition , and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States , with illustrations by Capt . Seth Eastman , published by authority of congress , which appropriated nearly $30,000 a volume for the purpose ( 6 vols. , 1851 - 7 ) He had collected material for two additional volumes , but the government suddenly suspended the publication of the work . Scenes and Adventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas , a revised edition of his first book of travel ( 1853 ) Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820 , resumed and completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832 ( 1854 ) The Myth of Hiawatha , and other Oral Legends ( 1856 ) . Mentor L. Williams , ed. , Narrative Journal of travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States Extending from Detroit through the Great Chain of the American Lakes to the Sources of the Mississippi River in the year 1820 , East Lansing , Michigan : The Michigan State College Press , 1953 . The Indian Fairy - Book , from Original Legends ( New York , 1855 ) , was compiled from notes that he furnished to the editor , Cornelius Mathews . Memberships ( edit ) Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1821 . Legacy and honors ( edit ) Numerous counties , towns , lakes , streams , roads and other geographic features are named in his honor , including : Schoolcraft County in Michigan . Schoolcraft Township in Houghton County , Michigan . Schoolcraft Township in Kalamazoo County , Michigan . Schoolcraft Township in Hubbard County , Minnesota . The Village of Schoolcraft in Kalamazoo County , Michigan . Schoolcraft River and Schoolcraft Lake in Minnesota . Schoolcraft Island in Lake Itasca , Minnesota . U.S. Route 65 in the vicinity of Springfield , Missouri is named the Schoolcraft Freeway . Schoolcraft Roads are located in Marquette and Wayne Counties , Michigan , and in Dakota County , Minnesota . Schoolcraft College in Livonia , Michigan is named in his honor . Henry R. Schoolcraft Elementary School in Waterford , Michigan is named in his honor . Henry 's Food Court on the Schoolcraft College campus in Livonia , Michigan is founded in his name . Schoolcraft State Park in Minnesota was established to commemorate his expeditions in 1820 and 1832 . The Liberty ship SS Henry R. Schoolcraft was launched in 1943 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ David J. Krause , The Making of a Mining District : Keweenaw Native Copper 1500 - 1870 ( 1992 ) , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Dale Parker , Jane Johnston Schoolcraft , University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , accessed Dec 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Parker , Dale Parker ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . The Writings of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jane Schoolcraft Johnston '' , Canku Ota , accessed April 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dave Stanaway and Susan Askwith , CD : : John Johnston : His Life and Times in the Fur Trade Era , Borderland Records , accessed Dec 11 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Mary Howard Schoolcraft at Find a Grave ^ Jump up to : Marli Frances Weiner , Mistresses and Slaves : Plantation Women in South Carolina , 1830 - 80 , University of Illinois , 1998 , p. 104 , accessed April 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jeremy Mumford , `` Mixed - race identity in a nineteenth - century family : the Schoolcrafts of Sault Ste . Marie , 1824 - 27 '' , Michigan Historical Review , Spring 1999 , p. 10 , accessed Dec 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mumford , `` Mixed - race identity '' , p. 15 Jump up ^ Stephen Railton , `` Anti Uncle Tom Novels '' , Pro-Slavery Novels , Uncle Tom 's Cabin & American Culture , University of Virginia , 1998 - 2009 , accessed February 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Parker , Robert Dale ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . The Writings of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 34 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Schoolcraft : Literary Voyager or Muzziegun , ed. by Philip Mason , East Lansing : Michigan State University , 1962 , full text online Jump up ^ Jeremy Mumford , `` Mixed - race identity in a nineteenth - century family : the Schoolcrafts of Sault Ste . Marie , 1824 -- 27 '' , Michigan Historical Review , Mar 22 , 1999 , pp. 2 -- 3 , accessed Dec 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Upham , Warren . `` Minnesota Place Names : A Geographical Encyclopedia '' . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Mary J. Toomey , `` Schoolcraft College -- The Name and its Significance '' , Schoolcraft College . Accessed on February 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Jeremy Mumford , `` Mixed - race identity in a nineteenth - century family : the Schoolcrafts of Sault Ste . Marie , 1824 -- 27 '' , Michigan Historical Review , Mar 22 , 1999 , pp. 3 -- 4 , accessed Dec 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ State of Michigan . `` History , Arts and Libraries : Michigan Counties '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages Jump up ^ Roberts , Rebecca Boggs ; Sandra K. Schmidt ( 2012 ) . Historic Congressional Cemetery , Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . p. 59 . ISBN 9780738592244 . Jump up ^ Henry Rowe Schoolcraft papers , Library of Congress Jump up ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory References ( edit ) Lovell , Linda . `` Henry Rowe Schoolcraft ( 1793 -- 1864 ) '' , The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture , Central Arkansas Library System , Accessed on January 21 , 2007 . Merrill , George P. ( 1924 ) The First One Hundred Years of American Geology . Reprinted by Hafner Publishing Co. , 1969 . Mumford , Jeremy . `` Mixed - race identity in a nineteenth - century family : the Schoolcrafts of Sault Ste . Marie , 1824 -- 27 '' , Michigan Historical Review , Mar 22 , 1999 , accessed Dec 11 , 2008 Savage , Henry Jr. ( 1979 ) Discovering America 1700 -- 1875 . Harper & Row , pp. 229 -- 233 . Toomey , Mary J. `` Schoolcraft College -- The Name and its Significance '' , Schoolcraft College , Accessed on February 13 , 2007 . `` Henry Rowe Schoolcraft '' , The International magazine of literature , art , and science , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , June 1851 ; American Memory , Library of Congress . Bremer , Richard G. , Indian Agent & Wilderness Scholar : The Life of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , Clarke Historical Library , Central Michigan University , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 916699 - 13 - 7 . Wilson , James Grant ; Fiske , John , eds. ( 1900 ) . `` Schoolcraft , Lawrence '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography . New York : D. Appleton . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Henry Schoolcraft Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Schoolcraft . Works by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry Schoolcraft at Internet Archive Works by Henry Schoolcraft at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , The Online Books Page , University of Pennsylvania Boston Athenæum : Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages . Digital Collection . 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-7,793,179,797,253,154,000 | who wrote the tibetan book of the dead | Bardo Thodol - wikipedia Bardo Thodol Manuscript of the Bardo Thodol . <Td_colspan="2"> Bardo Thodol <Th_colspan="2"> Tibetan name Tibetan བར ་ དོ ་ ཐོས ་ གྲོལ <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions Wylie bar do thos grol THL Bardo Tödröl Lhasa IPA ( phàrdo thǿɖøl ) This article contains Tibetan script . Without proper rendering support , you may see very small fonts , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters . Part of a series on Tibetan Buddhism Schools ( show ) Nyingma Kadam Kagyu Jonang Sakya Gelug New Kadampa Tradition Rimé Key personalities ( show ) First dissemination Padmasambhava Śāntarakṣita Kamalaśīla Second dissemination Atiśa Tilopa Naropa Milarepa Nyingma Longchenpa Patrul Rinpoche Mipham Kagyu Rangjung Dorje Jonang Dolpopa Sakya Sakya Pandita Gorampa Gelugpa Je Tsongkhapa 5th Dalai Lama 13th Dalai Lama 14th Dalai Lama Teachings ( show ) General Buddhist Three marks of existence Skandha Cosmology Saṃsāra Rebirth Bodhisattva Dharma Dependent origination Karma Tibetan Four Tenets system Rangtong - Shentong Svatantrika - Prasaṅgika distinction Nyingma Dzogchen Pointing - out instruction Practices and attainment ( show ) Lamrim Pāramitās Bodhicitta Avalokiteśvara Meditation Laity Vajrayana Tantra techniques Deity yoga Buddhahood Major monasteries ( show ) Tradruk Drepung Dzogchen Ganden Jokhang Kumbum Labrang Mindrolling Namgyal Narthang Nechung Pabonka Palcho Ralung Ramoche Rato Sakya Sanga Sera Shalu Tashi Lhunpo Tsurphu Yerpa Institutional roles ( show ) Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Lama Karmapa Rinpoche Geshe Tertön Tulku Festivals ( show ) Chotrul Duchen Dajyur Galdan Namchot Losar Dosmoche Monlam Sho Dun Texts ( show ) Kangyur Tengyur Tibetan Buddhist canon Mahayana sutras Nyingma Gyubum Art ( show ) Sand mandala Thangka Wall paintings Ashtamangala Tree of physiology Festival thangka History and overview ( show ) History Timeline Outline Culture Index of articles Tibetan Buddhism portal The Bardo Thodol ( Tibetan : བར ་ དོ ་ ཐོས ་ གྲོལ , Wylie : bar do thos grol , `` Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State '' ) is a text from a larger corpus of teachings , the Profound Dharma of Self - Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful Ones , revealed by Karma Lingpa ( 1326 -- 1386 ) . It is the best - known work of Nyingma literature , and is known in the West as the Tibetan Book of the Dead . The Tibetan text describes , and is intended to guide one through , the experiences that the consciousness has after death , in the bardo , the interval between death and the next rebirth . The text also includes chapters on the signs of death and rituals to undertake when death is closing in or has taken place . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Original text 2.1 Origins and dating 2.2 bar do thos grol 2.3 kar - gling zhi - khro 2.4 Three bardos 3 English translations 3.1 Evans - Wentz 's The Tibetan Book of the Dead 3.2 Other translations and summaries 4 Popular influence 4.1 The Psychedelic Experience 4.2 Musical and cinematic works 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Printed sources 8.2 Web - sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Bar do thos grol ( Tibetan : བར ་ དོ ་ ཐོས ་ གྲོལ , Wylie : bar do thos grol ) translates as : bar do : `` intermediate state '' , `` transitional state '' , `` in - between state '' , `` liminal state '' ( which is synonymous with the Sanskrit antarabhāva ) . Valdez : `` Used loosely , the term `` bardo '' refers to the state of existence intermediate between two lives on earth . '' Valdez : `` ( The ) concept arose soon after the Buddha 's passing , with a number of earlier Buddhist groups accepting the existence of such an intermediate state , while other schools rejected it . '' thos grol : `` liberation '' , which is synonymous with the Sanskrit word bodhi , `` awakening '' , `` understanding '' , `` enlightenment '' , and synonymous with the term nirvana , `` blowing out '' , `` extinction '' , `` the extinction of illusion '' . Original text ( edit ) Origins and dating ( edit ) Centuries old Zhi - Khro mandala , a part of the Bardo Thodol 's collection , a text known in the West as The Tibetan Book of the Dead , which comprises part of a group of bardo teachings held in the Nyingma ( Tibetan tradition ) originated with guru Padmasambhava in the 8th Century . According to Tibetan tradition , the Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State was composed in the 8th century by Padmasambhava , written down by his primary student , Yeshe Tsogyal , buried in the Gampo hills in central Tibet and subsequently discovered by a Tibetan terton , Karma Lingpa , in the 14th century . Bar do thos grol ( edit ) The Tibetan title is bar do thos grol , Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State . It consists of two comparatively long texts : `` Great Liberation through Hearing : The Supplication of the Bardo of Dharmata '' ( chos nyid bar do'i gsol ' debs thos grol chen mo ) , the bardo of dharmata ( including the bardo of dying ) ; `` Great Liberation through Hearing : The Supplication Pointing Out the Bardo of Existence '' ( strid pa'i bar do ngo sprod gsol ' debs thos grol chen mo ) , the bardo of existence . Within the texts themselves , the two combined are referred to as Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo , Great Liberation through Hearing , or just Liberation through Hearing . Kar - gling zhi - khro ( edit ) It is part of a larger terma cycle , Profound Dharma of Self - Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful Ones , ( zab - chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol , also known as kar - gling zhi - khro , popularly known as `` Karma Lingpa 's Peaceful and Wrathful Ones . '' The Profound Dharma of Self - Liberation is known in several versions , containing varying numbers of sections and subsections , and arranged in different orders , ranging from around ten to thirty - eight titles . The individual texts cover a wide range of subjects , including meditation instructions , visualizations of deities , liturgies and prayers , lists of mantras , descriptions of the signs of death , indications of future rebirth , and texts such as the bar do thos grol that are concerned with the bardo - state . Three bardos ( edit ) Main article : Bardo The Bardo Thodol differentiates the intermediate state between lives into three bardos : The chikhai bardo or `` bardo of the moment of death '' , which features the experience of the `` clear light of reality '' , or at least the nearest approximation of which one is spiritually capable ; The chonyid bardo or `` bardo of the experiencing of reality '' , which features the experience of visions of various Buddha forms , or the nearest approximations of which one is capable ; The sidpa bardo or `` bardo of rebirth '' , which features karmically impelled hallucinations which eventually result in rebirth , typically yab - yum imagery of men and women passionately entwined . The Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State also mentions three other bardos : `` Life '' , or ordinary waking consciousness ; `` Dhyana '' ( meditation ) ; `` Dream '' , the dream state during normal sleep . Together these `` six bardos '' form a classification of states of consciousness into six broad types . Any state of consciousness can form a type of `` intermediate state '' , intermediate between other states of consciousness . Indeed , one can consider any momentary state of consciousness a bardo , since it lies between our past and future existences ; it provides us with the opportunity to experience reality , which is always present but obscured by the projections and confusions that are due to our previous unskillful actions . English translations ( edit ) Evans - Wentz 's the Tibetan Book of the Dead ( edit ) Tibetan Thanka of Bardo . Vision of Serene Deities , 19th Century , Giumet Museum The bar do thos grol is known in the west as The Tibetan Book of the Dead , a title popularized by Walter Evans - Wentz 's edition , but as such virtually unknown in Tibet . The Tibetan Book of the Dead was first published in 1927 by Oxford University Press . Dr. Walter Y. Evans - Wentz chose this title because of the parallels he found with the Egyptian Book of the Dead . According to John Myrdhin Reynolds , Evans - Wentz 's edition of the Tibetan Book of the Dead introduced a number of misunderstandings about Dzogchen . In fact , Evans - Wentz ' collected seven texts about visualization of the after - death experiences and he introduced this work collection as `` The Tibetan Book of Death . '' Evans - Wentz was well acquainted with Theosophy and used this framework to interpret the translation of The Tibetan Book of the Dead , which was largely provided by two Tibetan lamas who spoke English , Lama Sumdhon Paul and Lama Lobzang Mingnur Dorje . Evans - Wentz was not familiar with Tibetan Buddhism , and his view of Tibetan Buddhism was `` fundamentally neither Tibetan nor Buddhist , but Theosophical and Vedantist . '' He introduced a terminology into the translation which was largely derived from Hinduism , as well as from his Theosophical beliefs . Contrary to the general belief spread in the West by Evans - Wentz , in Tibetan Buddhist practice the Tibetan Book of Dead is not read to the people who are passing away , but it is rather used during life by those who want to learn to visualize what will come after death . C.G. Jung 's psychological commentary first appeared in an English translation by R.F.C. Hull in the third revised and expanded Evans - Wentz edition of The Tibetan Book of the Dead . The commentary also appears in the Collected Works . Jung applied his extensive knowledge of eastern religion to craft a commentary specifically aimed at a western audience unfamiliar with eastern religious tradition in general and Tibetan Buddhism specifically . He does not attempt to directly correlate the content of the Bardo Thodol with rituals or dogma found in occidental religion , but rather highlights karmic phenomena described on the Bardo plane and shows how they parallel unconscious contents ( both personal and collective ) encountered in the west , particularly in the context of analytical psychology . Jung 's comments should be taken strictly within the realm of psychology , and not that of theology or metaphysics . Indeed , he warns repeatedly of the dangers for western man in the wholesale adoption of eastern religious traditions such as yoga . Other translations and summaries ( edit ) Conze , Edward ( 1959 ) Buddhist Scriptures Harmondsworth : Penguin ( includes a précis ) Fremantle , Francesca & Chögyam Trungpa ( 1975 ) The Tibetan Book of the Dead : The Great Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo by Guru Rinpoche according to Karma Lingpa . Boulder : Shambhala ISBN 0 - 394 - 73064 - X , ISBN 1 - 59030 - 059 - 9 ( reissued 2003 ) Thurman , Robert ( trans . ) ( 1994 ) The Tibetan Book of the Dead , as popularly known in the West ; known in Tibet as `` The Great Book of Natural Liberation Through Understanding in the Between '' ; composed by Padma Sambhava ; discovered by Karma Lingpa ; foreword by the Dalai Lama London : Harper Collins ISBN 1 - 85538 - 412 - 4 Coleman , Graham , with Thupten Jinpa ( eds . ) ( 2005 ) The Tibetan Book of the Dead ( English title ) : The Great Liberation by Hearing in the Intermediate States ( Tibetan title ) ; composed by Padma Sambhava : revealed by Karma Lingpa ; translated by Gyurme Dorje . London : Penguin Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 045529 - 8 ( the first complete translation ) . Also : New York : Viking Penguin , NY , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 85886 - 2 ( hc ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 310494 - 0 ( pbk ) Thupten Jinpa ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) The Tibetan Book of the Dead ( Penguin Classics ) . London : Penguin Books ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9414 - 2 Popular influence ( edit ) The psychedelic experience ( edit ) See also : Ego death The Psychedelic Experience , published in 1964 , is a guide for LSD - trips , written by Timothy Leary , Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert , loosely based on Evan - Wentz 's translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead . Aldous Huxley introduced the Tibetan Book of the Dead to Timothy Leary . According to Leary , Metzer and Alpert , the Tibetan Book of the Dead is ... a key to the innermost recesses of the human mind , and a guide for initiates , and for those who are seeking the spiritual path of liberation . They construed the effect of LSD as a `` stripping away '' of ego - defenses , finding parallels between the stages of death and rebirth in the Tibetan Book of the Dead , and the stages of psychological `` death '' and `` rebirth '' which Leary had identified during his research . According to Leary , Metzer and Albert it is ... ... one of the oldest and most universal practices for the initiate to go through the experience of death before he can be spiritually reborn . Symbolically he must die to his past , and to his old ego , before he can take his place in the new spiritual life into which he has been initiated . Musical and cinematic Works ( edit ) Finnish composer Erik Bergman composed a work titled Bardo Thödol in 1974 for a speaker , mezzo - soprano , baritone , mixed choir and orchestra ; the text was based on a German translation of the Book of the Dead `` When I Was Done Dying '' , by American musician and composer Dan Deacon , is strongly inspired by the Bardo Thodol . The narrator 's `` story '' begins at the very moment of his death , through multiple incarnations ( a plant , a crab and , at the end , a human ) . The song . featured in an ( adult swim ) Off Air segment . The late 1960s band The Third Bardo took their name from the western title of this text . 1985 2 - part documentary filmed in Ladakh and the States , first part entitled `` The Tibetan Book of the Dead : A Way of Life '' ; the second part `` The Tibetan Book of the Dead : The Great Liberation '' was a co-production between NHK ( Japan ) , Mistral ( France ) and FBC ( Canada ) . Narration in the English version is by Leonard Cohen . See links below . Screenwriter and film producer Bruce Joel Rubin , who once lived in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery , considered his film Jacob 's Ladder a modern interpretation of the Bardo Thodol . In 2007 , The History Channel released a documentary film , Tibetan Book of the Dead . Country musician Sturgill Simpson 's song `` Just Let Go '' from his 2014 album Metamodern Sounds in Country Music is about ego death and the transition between living and dying , and being reborn . In 1994 , the Modern Rock band Live had a second album , Throwing Copper . On which , track 9 , a song titled `` T.B.D. '' ( 4 : 28 ) stands for Tibetan Book of the Dead . In 1996 , Delerium Records released the Liberation Thru ' Hearing CD which contains spoken / chanted readings from the Bardo Thodol set to music . Enter the Void , a 2009 French film written and directed by Gaspar Noé , is loosely based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead . The Beatles song Tomorrow Never Knows contains lyrics inspired by The Tibetan Book of the Dead . Electronic group Demdike Stare released an album in 2010 , Liberation Through Hearing , featuring a track titled `` Bardo Thodol '' . See also ( edit ) Ego death Six realms Reality in Buddhism Bardo Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ zab - chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol , also known as kar - gling zhi - khro Jump up ^ In Tibetan , bar do thos grol , thos grol chen mo , and thos grol Jump up ^ See also Trikaya , Kosha and Three Bodies Doctrine ( Vedanta ) Jump up ^ `` The Tibetan book of the Dead is an important document that has stood the test of time and attempts to provide answers to one of mankind 's greatest questions : What happens when we die ? Interviews with Tibetan Lamas , American scholars , and practicing Buddhists bring this powerful and mysterious text to life . State - of - the - art computer generated graphics will recreabinte this mysterious and exotic world . Follow the dramatized journey of a soul from death ... to re-birth . In Tibet , the `` art of dying '' is nothing less than the art of living . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fremantle 2001 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Norbu 1989 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Coleman 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Valdez 2014 , p. 166 , note 122 . Jump up ^ Fremantle 2001 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Evans - Wentz 1960 , p. liv . Jump up ^ Fremantle , Fremantle & Trungpa 2003 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Forbes & Henley 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Norbu 1989 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Reynolds 1989 , p. 71 - 115 . Jump up ^ Lopez 2011 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Evans - Wentz 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 1989 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 1989 , p. 72 -- 73 , 78 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 1989 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Paul van der Velde Jump up ^ Evans - Wentz ed. 1965 . Jump up ^ Jung 1977 . Jump up ^ Coward 1985 . Jump up ^ Coward 1985 , p. 79 - 92 . Jump up ^ Merkur 2014 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2007 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Leary , Metzner & Alpert 1964 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gould 2007 , p. 218 - 219 . Jump up ^ Leary , Metzner & Albert 1964 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Information on Bardo Thödol in Finnish '' . Jump up ^ Hartl , John ( 1990 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Adrian Lyne Met A Metaphysical Challenge '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Golden , Tim ( 1990 - 10 - 28 ) . `` FILM ; Up ' Jacob 's Ladder ' And Into the Hell Of a Veteran 's Psyche '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXdbvBzxeb8 Sources ( edit ) Printed sources ( edit ) Coleman , Graham ( 2005 ) , `` Editor 's introduction '' , in Coleman , Graham , The Tibetan Book of the Dead : First Complete Translation , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0143104940 Conners , Peter ( 2013 ) , White Hand Society : The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary & Allen Ginsberg , City Lights Books Coward , Howard ( 1985 ) , Jung and Eastern Thought , Albany : State University of New York Press Cuevas , Bryan J. The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Evans - Wentz , W.Y. , ed. ( 1960 ) ( 1927 ) , The Tibetan Book of the Dead ( PDF ) ( 1957 1st ( ebook translation ) ed . ) , Oxford University Press Evans - Wentz , W.Y. , ed. ( 1965 ) ( 1927 ) , The Tibetan Book of the Dead , London : Oxford University Press Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David , eds. ( 2013 ) , The Illustrated Tibetan Book of the Dead , Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books Fremantle , Francesca ; Trungpa , Chögyam , eds. ( 1975 ) , The Tibetan Book of the Dead : The Great Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo by Guru Rinpoche according to Karma Lingpa , Boulder : Shambhala , ISBN 1 - 59030 - 059 - 9 Fremantle , Francesca ( 2001 ) , Luminous Emptiness : understanding the Tibetan Book of the dead , Boston , MA : Shambhala Publications , ISBN 1 - 57062 - 450 - X Gould , Jonathan ( 2007 ) , Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain , and America , Crown Publishing Group Jung , C.G. ( 1977 ) ( 1958 ) , Psychology and Religion : West and East . The Collected Works of C.G. Jung , Vol. 11 , Bollingen Series XX , Princeton : Princeton University Press Leary , Timothy ; Metzner , Ralph ; Alpert , Richard ( 1964 ) , THE PSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCE . A manual based on THE TIBETAN BOOK OF THE DEAD ( PDF ) Lee , Martin A. ; Shlain , Bruce ( 1992 ) , Acid Dreams : The Complete Social History of LSD : the CIA , the Sixties , and Beyond , Grove Press Lopez , Donald S. , Jr. ( 2011 ) , The Tibetan book of the dead : a biography , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0691134352 Merkur , Daniel ( 2014 ) , The Formation of Hippie Spirituality : 1 . Union with God . In : J. Harold Ellens ( ed . ) , `` Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances : Chemical Paths to Spirituality and to God '' , ABC - CLIO Miles , barry ( 1998 ) , Many Years From Now , Vintage Norbu , Namkhai ( 1989 ) , `` Foreword '' , in Reynolds , John Myrdin , Self - liberation through seeing with naked awareness , Station Hill Press , Inc . Reynolds , John Myrdin ( 1989 ) , `` Appendix I : The views on Dzogchen of W.Y. Evans - Wentz and C.G. Jung '' , in Reynolds , John Myrdin , Self - liberation through seeing with naked awareness , Station Hill Press , Inc . Valdez , Juan ( 2014 ) , The Snow Cone Diaries : A Philosopher 's Guide to the Information Age , AuthorHouse Web - sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The History Channel : Tibetan Book of the Dead Archived October 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ friendsoflive.com Jump up ^ http://www.delerium.co.uk/bands/liberation/index.html Jump up ^ Stephenson , Hunter ( 2010 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Gaspar Noé 's Big Trip '' . Interview . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . Further reading ( edit ) Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche ( 1991 ) The Bardo Guidebook Rangjung Yeshe Publications . Cuevas , Bryan J. ( 2003 ) The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead . New York : Oxford University Press . Fremantle , Francesca ( 2001 ) . Luminous Emptiness : understanding the Tibetan Book of the dead . Boston , MA : Shambhala Publications ISBN 1 - 57062 - 450 - X Griffin , Mark ( 2008 ) The Bardo Thodol -- A Golden Opportunity . Los Angeles : HardLight Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0975902028 Lati Rinpochay & Hopkins , Jeffrey ( 1985 ) Death , Intermediate State and Rebirth , Ithaca : Snow Lion Venerable Lama Lodo ( 1987 ) Bardo Teachings : The Way of Death and Rebirth Ithaca , NY : Snow Lion Publications ISBN 0937938602 Mullin , Glenn H. ( 1986 ) Death and Dying : the Tibetan Tradition Penguin - Arkana ISBN 0 - 14 - 019013 - 9 Sögyal Rinpoche , with Gaffney , Patrick & Harvey , Andrew ( eds . ) ( 1992 ) The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying . San Francisco : Harper ISBN 0 - 06 - 250793 - 1 External links ( edit ) History article Bardo Thodol -- The Tibetan Book of the Dead -- Public Domain PDF ebook The Tibetan Book of the Dead : A Way of Life -- First part of a documentary filmed in Ladakh by NHK , Mistral and CFB The Tibetan Book of the Dead : The Great Liberation -- Second part of a documentary filmed in Ladakh by NHK , Mistral and CFB `` The Life , Death and Rebirth of The Tibetan Book of the Dead '' , Donald S. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bardo Thodol
2. Tibetan Book of the Dead
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-5,163,884,000,033,880,000 | lost somewhere between the earth and my home | Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home - wikipedia Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Geraldine Fibbers Released July 18 , 1995 Genre Alternative country Length 56 : 58 Label Virgin Producer Steve Fisk <Th_colspan="2"> Geraldine Fibbers chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home ( 1995 ) What Part of Get Thee Gone Do n't You Understand ? ( 1997 ) What Part of Get Thee Gone Do n't You Understand ? 1997 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Geraldine Fibbers <Td_colspan="2"> `` Dragon Lady '' Released : June 12 , 1995 <Td_colspan="2"> Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home is the debut studio album by American alternative country band the Geraldine Fibbers . It was released on July 18 , 1995 on Virgin Records . `` Dragon Lady '' was released as a promotional music video and single in June of 1995 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Music 3 Critical reception 4 2017 Vinyl Reissue 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 References Lyrics ( edit ) The album 's lyrics , written by the band 's frontwoman Carla Bozulich , focus on somber topics including , but not limited to , abusive relationships and prostitution . The album 's songs also discuss drug use at length , as well as the concept of loss of identity . Music ( edit ) Bozulich , in addition to writing the band 's songs , also served as the their lead vocalist . On this album , her voice was described by the Los Angeles Times as `` raw , raspy , ( and ) Joplin - tinged . '' CMJ noted that the album 's restrained , roots - rock instrumentation is virtually the polar opposite of the music Bozulich made in her previous band , Ethyl Meatplow . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Christgau 's Consumer Guide Entertainment Weekly A − Spin 9 / 10 Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home received mixed to positive reviews upon its release , with some critics comparing the band to X due to their shared country - music - influenced sounds . No Depression critic Neil Weiss called it `` a tough , confusing record , both thematically and musically '' , rooted `` in the street poetics of the Hollywood underground by way of some West Virginian backwoods on a planet five times more sinister than our own . '' Spin magazine named Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home to their best albums of 1995 list . More recently , other musicians have written very favorably of the album ; for instance , Lydia Lunch named it one of her 13 favorite albums in 2013 . A 2009 article in Magnet called the album a `` lost classic '' , and said that on the album , `` the Fibbers ' warped alt - country twang haunted the City of Angels like ghosts of California country 's past , full of grinding violin and poisoned tales of junkies , madness and lost innocence . '' Nels Cline , who joined the Geraldine Fibbers for the recording of their second album , Butch , called Lost `` a stone classic '' in an interview with the Vancouver Sun in 2014 . Also in 2014 , Spin ranked the album as the 9th best album of 1995 , and , like previous reviews of the album , compared its sound to that of X . 2017 vinyl reissue ( edit ) Jealous Butcher reissued the album May 5 , 2017 . Steve Fisk returned to mix the album for its first vinyl release . The initial 1,000 copies will be released on clear vinyl . The new pressing and future vinyl pressings include four bonus tracks : `` Bitter Honey '' and `` 234 '' from the original sessions , a previously unreleased version of their cover of Can 's `` Yoo Doo Right '' predating the version on the album Butch and featuring both Daniel Keenan and Nels Cline on guitars , and a new song `` Thank You For Giving Me Life '' with Bozulich , Cline , Tutton , Fitzgerald and Moss as the lineup . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lilybelle '' Carla Bozulich , Dave Franklin , Daniel Keenan , Irving Taylor 4 : 54 2 . `` The Small Song '' Bozulich 3 : 30 3 . `` Marmalade '' Bozulich , Keenan 5 : 09 4 . `` Dragon Lady '' Bozulich , Fitzgerald , Keenan , William Tutton 4 : 50 5 . `` A Song About Walls '' Bozulich , Keenan 4 : 20 6 . `` House Is Falling '' Bozulich , Keenan 4 : 23 7 . `` Outside of Town '' Bozulich 4 : 58 8 . `` The French Song '' Bozulich , Fitzgerald , Tutton 6 : 04 9 . `` Dusted '' Bozulich , Fitzgerald 2 : 40 10 . `` Richard '' Bozulich , Fitzgerald 5 : 24 11 . `` Blast Off Baby '' Bozulich 4 : 09 12 . `` Get Thee Gone '' Bozulich 6 : 37 Personnel ( edit ) The Geraldine Fibbers Carla Bozulich -- guitar , vocals Kevin Fitzgerald -- banjo , drums Jessy Greene -- viola , violin Daniel Keenan -- guitar William Tutton -- bass Additional personnel Mark Brooks -- art direction Steve Fisk -- mixing , piano , production Dave Franklin -- composition John Goodmanson -- engineering , mixing Rob Groome -- engineering Sam Hoffstead -- engineering Jean Krikorian -- design Len Peltier -- art direction Eddy Schreyer -- mastering Irving Taylor -- composition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cromelin , Richard ( July 16 , 1995 ) . `` This Fibber Will Tell You No Lies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tudor , Alexander ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Alt . Country Week : An Introduction '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lanham , Tom ( October 1995 ) . `` The Geraldine Fibbers : Absolute Scorch and Twang '' . CMJ . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallucci , Michael . `` Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home -- The Geraldine Fibbers '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` The Geraldine Fibbers : Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home '' . Christgau 's Consumer Guide : Albums of the ' 90s . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24560 - 2 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Mike ( July 28 , 1995 ) . `` Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( September 1995 ) . `` Geraldine Fibbers : Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home '' . Spin. 11 ( 6 ) : 109 -- 10 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( August 20 , 1995 ) . `` Twisted Sisters Share Bill With Southern - Fried Loons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strong , Martin Charles ( 2003 ) . The Great Indie Discography . Canongate Books . Jump up ^ Weiss , Neal ( August 31 , 1995 ) . `` Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home Review '' . No Depression . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Best Albums of 1995 , Spin Magazine Jump up ^ Udo , Tommy ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Unearthly Delights : Lydia Lunch 's Favourite Albums '' . The Quietus . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Geraldine Fibbers ' `` Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home '' `` . Magnet. April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Conner , Shawn ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Q&A : Guitarist Nels Cline talks music , fans and collaborations '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spin staff ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Geraldine Fibbers , Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home ( Virgin ) '' . Spin . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_Somewhere_Between_the_Earth_and_My_Home&oldid=817053522 '' Categories : Geraldine Fibbers albums 1995 debut albums Virgin Records albums Albums produced by Steve Fisk Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Lost Somewhere Between the Earth and My Home - debut studio album by Geraldine Fibbers
2. Alternative country - genre of the album
3. Lyrics - focus on somber topics including abusive relationships and prostitution
4. Critical reception - mixed to positive reviews upon its release
5. 2017 vinyl reissue - additional tracks and clear vinyl release |
7,385,063,732,754,542,000 | india team for 4 odi vs west indies | Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2017 - wikipedia Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2017 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="4"> Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2017 West Indies India Dates <Td_colspan="3"> 23 June -- 9 July 2017 Captains Jason Holder ( ODIs ) Carlos Brathwaite ( T20I ) Virat Kohli <Th_colspan="4"> One Day International series Results <Td_colspan="3"> India won the 5 - match series 3 -- 1 Most runs Shai Hope ( 181 ) Ajinkya Rahane ( 336 ) Most wickets Jason Holder ( 8 ) Kuldeep Yadav ( 8 ) Player of the series <Td_colspan="3"> Ajinkya Rahane ( Ind ) <Th_colspan="4"> Twenty20 International series Results <Td_colspan="3"> West Indies won the 1 - match series 1 -- 0 Most runs Evin Lewis ( 125 ) Dinesh Karthik ( 48 ) Most wickets Jerome Taylor ( 2 ) Kesrick Williams ( 2 ) Kuldeep Yadav ( 1 ) The India cricket team toured the West Indies in June and July 2017 to play five One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and a Twenty20 International ( T20I ) match . India won the ODI series 3 -- 1 . The West Indies won the one - off T20I match by 9 wickets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Squads 2 ODI series 2.1 1st ODI 2.2 2nd ODI 2.3 3rd ODI 2.4 4th ODI 2.5 5th ODI 3 T20I series 3.1 Only T20I 4 References 5 External links Squads ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> ODIs <Th_colspan="2"> T20I West Indies India West Indies India Jason Holder ( c ) Sunil Ambris Devendra Bishoo Jonathan Carter Roston Chase Miguel Cummins Kyle Hope Shai Hope ( wk ) Alzarri Joseph Evin Lewis Jason Mohammed Ashley Nurse Kieran Powell Rovman Powell Kesrick Williams Virat Kohli ( c ) Ravichandran Ashwin Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Ravindra Jadeja Kedar Jadhav Dinesh Karthik Bhuvneshwar Kumar Hardik Pandya Rishabh Pant Ajinkya Rahane Mohammed Shami Yuvraj Singh Kuldeep Yadav Umesh Yadav Carlos Brathwaite ( c ) Samuel Badree Ronsford Beaton Chris Gayle Evin Lewis Jason Mohammed Sunil Narine Kieron Pollard Rovman Powell Marlon Samuels Jerome Taylor Chadwick Walton ( wk ) Kesrick Williams Virat Kohli ( c ) Ravichandran Ashwin Shikhar Dhawan MS Dhoni ( wk ) Ravindra Jadeja Kedar Jadhav Dinesh Karthik Bhuvneshwar Kumar Hardik Pandya Rishabh Pant Ajinkya Rahane Mohammed Shami Yuvraj Singh Kuldeep Yadav Umesh Yadav Sunil Ambris and Kyle Hope replaced Kieran Powell and Jonathan Carter in the West Indies squad for the last three ODIs . ODI series ( edit ) 1st ODI ( edit ) 23 June 2017 Scorecard India 199 / 3 ( 39.2 overs ) West Indies Shikhar Dhawan 87 ( 92 ) Jason Holder 1 / 34 ( 8 overs ) No result Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Joel Wilson ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . Rain during India 's innings prevented any further play . Kuldeep Yadav ( Ind ) made his ODI debut . 2nd ODI ( edit ) 25 June 2017 Scorecard India 310 / 5 ( 43 overs ) West Indies 205 / 6 ( 43 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 103 ( 104 ) Alzarri Joseph 2 / 73 ( 8 overs ) Shai Hope 81 ( 88 ) Kuldeep Yadav 3 / 50 ( 9 overs ) India won by 105 runs Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Chris Gaffaney ( NZ ) Player of the match : Ajinkya Rahane ( Ind ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . Rain delayed the start of the match , with the game reduced to 43 overs per side . This was India 's biggest win against the West Indies on Caribbean soil in terms of runs . 3rd ODI ( edit ) 30 June 2017 Scorecard India 251 / 4 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 158 ( 38.1 overs ) MS Dhoni 78 * ( 79 ) Miguel Cummins 2 / 56 ( 10 overs ) Jason Mohammed 40 ( 61 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 3 / 28 ( 10 overs ) India won by 93 runs Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , Antigua and Barbuda Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Nigel Duguid ( WI ) Player of the match : MS Dhoni ( Ind ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . Kyle Hope and Kesrick Williams ( WI ) both made their ODI debuts . 4th ODI ( edit ) 2 July 2017 Scorecard West Indies 189 / 9 ( 50 overs ) India 178 ( 49.4 overs ) Evin Lewis 35 ( 60 ) Umesh Yadav 3 / 36 ( 10 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 60 ( 91 ) Jason Holder 5 / 27 ( 9.4 overs ) West Indies won by 11 runs Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , Antigua and Barbuda Umpires : Chris Gaffaney ( NZ ) and Joel Wilson ( WI ) Player of the match : Jason Holder ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . Jason Holder ( WI ) took his first five - wicket haul in an ODI . 5th ODI ( edit ) 6 July 2017 Scorecard West Indies 205 / 9 ( 50 overs ) India 206 / 2 ( 36.5 overs ) Shai Hope 51 ( 98 ) Mohammed Shami 4 / 48 ( 10 overs ) Virat Kohli 111 * ( 115 ) Alzarri Joseph 1 / 39 ( 7 overs ) India won by 8 wickets Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Leslie Reifer ( WI ) Player of the match : Virat Kohli ( Ind ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . Virat Kohli ( Ind ) scored his 18th ODI century in a run chase , passing the previous record of 17 , set by Sachin Tendulkar . T20I series ( edit ) Only T20I ( edit ) 9 July 2017 Scorecard India 190 / 6 ( 20 overs ) West Indies 194 / 1 ( 18.3 overs ) Dinesh Karthik 48 ( 29 ) Jerome Taylor 2 / 31 ( 4 overs ) Evin Lewis 125 * ( 62 ) Kuldeep Yadav 1 / 34 ( 4 overs ) West Indies won by 9 wickets Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Leslie Reifer ( WI ) Player of the match : Evin Lewis ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . Kuldeep Yadav ( Ind ) made his T20I debut . Evin Lewis ( WI ) made the highest total for the West Indies in a T20I . It was also the highest score in a T20I run chase and the highest against India . Evin Lewis also became the first player to score two centuries against the same team in T20Is . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Future Tours Programme '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India to tour West Indies right after Champions Trophy '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI confirms Indian cricket team 's tour of West Indies in June - July 2017 '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli , spinners seal 3 - 1 series win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis 125 * as West Indies power through to nine - wicket win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies unchanged for first two India ODIs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pant , Kuldeep picked for West Indies tour '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies recall Gayle for one - off T20I '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Hope , Ambris earn maiden ODI call - ups '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rahane 's ton sets up India 's 105 - run thrashing of West Indies '' . Times of India . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni 's slowest innings , Holder 's maiden five - for '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli savours triumph over short ball '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evin Lewis destroys India ; West Indies win one - off T20I '' . Cricket County . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Evin Lewis becomes 1st player to score centuries against same opponent in T20Is '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Series home at ESPN Cricinfo <Th_colspan="2"> International cricket in 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Preceding season : International cricket in 2016 -- 17 May 2017 Ireland in England South Africa Quadrangular Series Ireland Tri-Nation Series World Cricket League Division Three South Africa in England June 2017 Champions Trophy Final Afghanistan in West Indies Zimbabwe in Scotland Zimbabwe in the Netherlands India in West Indies Women 's World Cup Final Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka July 2017 Pakistan in Bangladesh United Arab Emirates in the Netherlands India in Sri Lanka South Africa A Team Tri-Series August 2017 West Indies in England Australia in Bangladesh September 2017 World Cricket League Division Five 2017 Independence Cup West Indies in Ireland Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship <Td_colspan="2"> Following season : International cricket in 2017 -- 18 <Th_colspan="2"> International cricket tours of the West Indies <Td_colspan="2"> Test and LOI tours Afghanistan 2017 Australia 1954 -- 55 1964 -- 65 1972 -- 73 1977 -- 78 1983 -- 84 1990 -- 91 1994 -- 95 1998 -- 99 2002 -- 03 2008 2011 -- 12 2015 Bangladesh 2009 2014 2017 -- 18 England 1929 -- 30 1934 -- 35 1947 -- 48 1953 -- 54 1959 -- 60 1967 -- 68 1973 -- 74 1980 -- 81 1985 -- 86 1989 -- 90 1993 -- 94 1997 -- 98 2003 -- 04 2008 -- 09 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2016 -- 17 India 1952 -- 53 1961 -- 62 1970 -- 71 1975 -- 76 1982 -- 83 1988 -- 89 1996 -- 97 2001 -- 02 2006 2009 2011 2016 2017 New Zealand 1971 -- 72 1984 -- 85 1995 -- 96 2002 2012 2014 Pakistan 1957 -- 58 1976 -- 77 1987 -- 88 1992 -- 93 1999 -- 2000 2005 2011 2013 2016 South Africa 2001 2004 -- 05 Sri Lanka 1996 -- 97 2003 2007 -- 08 2018 Zimbabwe 1999 -- 2000 2006 2009 -- 10 2012 -- 13 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Tournaments hosted Multiple teams 2007 2013 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Other tours American 1887 -- 88 1909 Australian ( WSC ) 1978 -- 79 Bermudian 1957 -- 58 1982 -- 83 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 2012 -- 13 Canadian 1976 1984 -- 85 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2009 -- 10 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 Dutch 2001 English 1894 -- 95 1896 -- 97 ( Priestley ) 1896 -- 97 ( Hawke ) 1901 -- 02 1904 -- 05 1910 -- 11 1912 -- 13 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1931 -- 32 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1960 -- 61 1969 -- 70 1974 -- 75 1991 -- 92 Irish 2009 -- 10 2013 -- 14 Multi-national 1966 -- 67 Scottish 2005 -- 06 Sri Lankan 1995 -- 96 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2017&oldid=790664685 '' Categories : 2017 in Indian cricket 2017 in West Indian cricket International cricket competitions in 2017 Indian cricket tours of the West Indies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use British English from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Indian cricket team tour of West Indies in 2017
2. One Day International series between India and West Indies
3. Twenty20 International series between India and West Indies
4. Ajinkya Rahane named Player of the series
5. West Indies win the one-off T20I match |
1,692,224,763,797,287,200 | when does episode 10 season 14 of greys anatomy come out | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 13 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Scott Speedman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 <Td_colspan="7"> In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 <Td_colspan="7"> Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 <Td_colspan="7"> Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 <Td_colspan="7"> Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 <Td_colspan="7"> As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 <Td_colspan="7"> As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 <Td_colspan="7"> When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 <Td_colspan="7"> As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 <Td_colspan="7"> While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life , and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man . '' After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . The episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 <Td_colspan="7"> With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her . Believing that it 's his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk . '' When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed , knocking himself out and becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Roy , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 <Td_colspan="7"> With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she 's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she 's gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he 's quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 <Td_colspan="7"> As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who 's back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) TBD 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' TBA TBA March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/910651/grey-s-anatomy-admits-candis-cayne-for-groundbreaking-season-14-transgender-storyline . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1415 ) `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy - Episode 14.16 - Title Revealed '' . SpoilerTV . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? 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-7,561,857,613,799,338,000 | who seized power from persia shah and changed the name of his country to iran | Muslim conquest of Persia - wikipedia Muslim conquest of Persia <Th_colspan="2"> Muslim conquest of Persia <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Muslim conquests <Td_colspan="2"> Map of Persia and its surrounding regions on the eve of the Muslim invasions <Td_colspan="2"> Date 633 -- 654 Location Mesopotamia , Caucasus , Persia , and Greater Khorasan Result Decisive Rashidun victory Territorial changes Fall of the Sasanian Empire Rise of several dynasties in Tabaristan <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania ( 633 -- 636 ) Arab Christians ( 633 -- 637 ) Kanārangīyāns ( 633 -- 651 ) House of Ispahbudhan ( 633 -- 651 ) House of Mihran ( 633 -- 651 ) House of Karen ( 633 -- 654 ) Dabuyids ( 642 -- 651 ) Hephthalites ( 651 -- 654 ) Rashidun Caliphate Kanārangīyāns ( after 651 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders See list ( show ) Yazdegerd III Rostam Farrokhzad † Mahbudhan Huzail ibn Imran Hormozd Jadhuyih Anoshagan † Andarzaghar Bahman Jadhuyih † Piruz Khosrow † Jaban Mihran Bahram - i Chubin Hormuzan ( POW ) Mardanshah † Bahram Isfandiyar Jalinus † Mihran Razi † Nakhiragan Azadbeh Farrukhzad Siyavakhsh † Shahriyar bin Kanara † Busbuhra ( DOW ) Shahriyar of Derbent † Farrukbandadh † Grigor † Mihran - i Hamadani † Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih † Karin † Mushegh III † Varaztirots † Muta † Narsi Tiruyih Kanadbak Ruzbih † Shirzad Mardanshah of Damavand Javanshir Burzin Shah Mahoe Suri Shahriyar Siyah al - Uswari Aparviz Shahrag † Faylakan Yazdanfar See list ( show ) Abu Bakr ( 633 -- 634 ) Umar I Khalid ibn al - Walid ( 633 -- 634 ) al - Muthanna ibn Haritha ( WIA ) Abu Ubayd † Saad ibn Abi Waqqas Zuhra ibn Al - Hawiyya Hashim ibn Uthba Qa'qa ibn Amr Abu Musa Ashaari Ammar ibn Yasir Nouman ibn Muqarrin Hudhayfah ibn al - Yaman Mugheera ibn Shuba Usman ibn Abi al - Aas Asim ibn Amr Ahnaf ibn Qais Abdullah ibn Aamir Khawlah bint Azwar Bukayr ibn Abdallah Kanadbak ( after 651 ) Busbuhra ( briefly ) Amr bin Al As Farrukhzad ( only at Ray ) <Th_colspan="2"> Muslim conquest of Persia <Td_colspan="2"> Mesopotamia Chains River Walaja Ullais Hira Al - Anbar Ayn al - Tamr Muzayyah Saniyy Zumail Firaz 1st Babylon Namaraq Kaskar Bridge Buwaib al - Qādisiyyah Burs 2nd Babylon Ctesiphon Jalula Khuzestan Hormizd - Ardashir Susa Ram - Hormizd Shushtar Gundishapur Central Persia Nahavand Spahan Waj Rudh Ray Northern Persia Tabaristan Armenia Azerbaijan Caucasian Albania Iberia Pars Bishapur Darabgerd 1st Estakhr Gor 2nd Estakhr Kerman Sirjan Qeshm Sakastan Zaranj Khorasan Oxus River Nishapur Herat Badghis <Th_colspan="2"> Early Muslim expansion <Td_colspan="2"> Byzantine ( East Roman ) Empire Syria Armenia Egypt North Africa Cyprus Constantinople Georgia Crete Sicily Southern Italy Sassanid Persian Empire Armenia Caucasian Albania Georgia Afghanistan Indus Valley Rasil Caucasus Georgia Khazar Khaganate Transoxiana Visigothic Kingdom ( Hispania ) Frankish Empire ( Gaul ) The Muslim conquest of Persia , also known as the Arab conquest of Iran , led to the end of the Sasanian Empire of Persia in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran ( Persia ) . The rise of Muslims coincided with an unprecedented political , social , economic and military weakness in Persia . Once a major world power , the Sasanian Empire had exhausted its human and material resources after decades of warfare against the Byzantine Empire . The internal political situation quickly deteriorated after the execution of King Khosrow II in 628 AD . Subsequently , ten new claimants were enthroned within the next four years . With conflict erupting between Persian and Parthian factions , the empire was no longer centralized . Arab Muslims first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633 , when general Khalid ibn Walid invaded Mesopotamia ( Sassanid province of Asōristān ; what is now Iraq ) , which was the political and economic center of the Sassanid state . Following the transfer of Khalid to the Byzantine front in the Levant , the Muslims eventually lost their holdings to Sassanian counterattacks . The second invasion began in 636 under Saad ibn Abi Waqqas , when a key victory at the Battle of al - Qādisiyyah led to the permanent end of Sasanian control west of Iran . The Zagros mountains then became a natural barrier and border between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Empire . Due to continuous raids by Persians into the area , Caliph Umar ordered a full invasion of the Sasanian empire in 642 , which led to the complete conquest of the Sasanians around 651 . Directing from Medina , a few thousand kilometres from the battlefields of Iran , Caliph Umar 's quick conquest of Iran in a series of well - coordinated , multi-pronged attacks became his greatest triumph , contributing to his reputation as a great military and political strategist . Iranian historians have defended their forebears vis a vis Arab sources to illustrate that `` contrary to the claims of some historians , Iranians , in fact , fought long and hard against the invading Arabs . '' By 651 , most of the urban centers in Iranian lands , with the notable exception of the Caspian provinces ( Tabaristan ) and Transoxiana , had come under the domination of the Arab armies . Many localities fought against the invaders ; ultimately , none were successful . In fact , although Arabs had established hegemony over most of the country , many cities rose in rebellion by killing the Arab governor or attacking their garrisons . Eventually , military reinforcements quashed the insurgency and imposed Islamic control . The violent subjugation of Bukhara is a case in point : Conversion to Islam was gradual , partially as the result of this violent resistance ; however , Zoroastrian scriptures were burnt and many priests were executed . However , the Persians began to reassert themselves by maintaining Persian language and culture . Islam would become the dominant religion late in the medieval ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiography and recent scholarship 2 Sassanid Empire before the Conquest 2.1 Revolt of the Arab client states ( 602 ) 2.2 Byzantine -- Sassanid War ( 612 -- 629 ) 2.2. 1 Execution of Khosrau II 2.3 During Muhammad 's life 3 Rise of the Caliphate 4 First invasion of Mesopotamia ( 633 ) 5 Second invasion of Mesopotamia ( 634 -- 636 ) 5.1 Battle of the Bridge 5.2 Battle of Qadisiyyah 6 Conquest of Mesopotamia ( 636 -- 638 ) 6.1 Raids of Persians in Mesopotamia ( 638 -- 641 ) 7 Battle of Nahavand ( 642 ) 8 Conquest of Persia ( 642 -- 651 ) 8.1 Strategic planning for the conquest of Persia 8.2 Conquest of Central Iran 8.3 Conquest of Fars 8.3. 1 First Muslim invasion and the successful Sasanian counter-attack 8.3. 2 Second and last Muslim invasion 8.4 Conquest of Southeastern Persia ( Kerman and Makran ) 8.5 Conquest of Sakastan 8.6 Conquest of Azerbaijan 8.7 Conquest of Armenia 8.8 Conquest of Khorasan 9 Persian rebellion and reconquest 10 End of the Sassanid dynasty 11 Persia under Muslim rule 11.1 Administration 11.2 Religion 12 Language of Persia 13 Urbanisation 14 See also 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Historiography and recent scholarship ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Western academics first investigated the Muslim conquest of Persia , they only had to rely on the accounts of the Armenian Christian bishop Sebeos , and accounts in Arabic that were written some time after the events they describe . The most significant work was probably that of Arthur Christensen , and his L'Iran sous les Sassanides , published in Copenhagen and Paris in 1944 . However recent scholarship , both Iranian and Western , has begun to question the traditional narrative . Parvaneh Pourshariati , in her Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire : The Sasanian - Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran , published in 2008 , provides both a detailed overview of the problematic nature of trying to establish exactly what happened , and a great deal of original research that questions fundamental facts of the traditional narrative , including the timeline and specific dates . Pourshariati 's central thesis is that contrary to what was commonly assumed , the Sassanian Empire was highly decentralized , and was in fact a `` confederation '' with the Parthians , who themselves retained a high level of independence . Despite their recent victories over the Byzantine Empire , the Parthians unexpectedly withdrew from the confederation , and the Sassanians were thus ill - prepared and ill - equipped to mount an effective and cohesive defense against the Muslim armies . Moreover , the powerful northern and eastern Parthian families , the kust - i khwarasan and kust - i adurbadagan , withdrew to their respective strongholds and made peace with the Arabs , refusing to fight alongside the Sassanians . Another important theme of Pourshariati 's study is a re-evaluation of the traditional timeline . Pourshariati argues that the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia `` took place , not , as has been conventionally believed , in the years 632 -- 634 , after the accession of the last Sasanian king Yazdgerd III ( 632 -- 651 ) to power , but in the period from 628 to 632 . '' An important consequence of this change in timeline means that the Arab conquest started precisely when the Sassanians and Parthians were engaged in internecine warfare over succession to the Sassanian throne . Sassanid Empire before the conquest ( edit ) Since the 1st century BC , the border between the Roman ( later Byzantine ) and Parthian ( later Sassanid ) empires had been the Euphrates River . The border was constantly contested . Most battles , and thus most fortifications , were concentrated in the hilly regions of the north , as the vast Arabian or Syrian Desert ( Roman Arabia ) separated the rival empires in the south . The only dangers expected from the south were occasional raids by nomadic Arab tribesmen . Both empires therefore allied themselves with small , semi-independent Arab principalities , which served as buffer states and protected Byzantium and Persia from Bedouin attacks . The Byzantine clients were the Ghassanids ; the Persian clients were the Lakhmids . The Ghassanids and Lakhmids feuded constantly , which kept them occupied , but that did not greatly affect the Byzantines or the Persians . In the 6th and 7th centuries , various factors destroyed the balance of power that had held for so many centuries . Revolt of the Arab client states ( 602 ) ( edit ) Ancient Iranians attached great importance to music and poetry , as they still do today . This 7th century plate depicts Sassanid era musicians . The Byzantine clients , the Arab Ghassanids , converted to the Monophysite form of Christianity , which was regarded as heretical by the established Byzantine Orthodox Church . The Byzantines attempted to suppress the heresy , alienating the Ghassanids and sparking rebellions on their desert frontiers . The Lakhmids also revolted against the Persian king Khusrau II . Nu'man III ( son of Al - Monder IV ) , the first Christian Lakhmid king , was deposed and killed by Khusrau II in 602 , because of his attempt to throw off the Persian tutelage . After Khusrau 's assassination , the Persian Empire fractured and the Lakhmids were effectively semi-independent . It is now widely believed that the annexation of the Lakhmid kingdom was one of the main factors behind the Fall of Sassanid dynasty , to the Muslim Arabs and the Islamic conquest of Persia , as the Lakhmids agreed to act as spies for the Muslims after being defeated in the Battle of Hira by Khalid ibn al - Walid . Byzantine -- Sassanid war ( 612 -- 629 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine - Sassanid War of 602 -- 628 and Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars See also : Fall of Sassanid dynasty The Persian ruler Khosrau II ( Parviz ) defeated a dangerous rebellion within his own empire , the Bahram Chobin 's rebellion . He afterward turned his energies towards his traditional Byzantine enemies , leading to the Byzantine - Sassanid War of 602 -- 628 . For a few years , he succeeded gloriously . From 612 to 622 , he extended the Persian borders almost to the same extent that they were under the Achaemenid dynasty ( 550 -- 330 BC ) , capturing Western states as far as Egypt , Palestine ( the conquest of the latter being assisted by a Jewish army ) , and more . The Byzantines regrouped and pushed back in 622 under Heraclius . Khosrau was defeated at the Battle of Nineveh in 627 , and the Byzantines recaptured all of Syria and penetrated far into the Persian provinces of Mesopotamia . In 629 , Khosrau 's general Shahrbaraz agreed to peace , and the border between the two empires was once again the same as it was in 602 . Execution of Khosrau II ( edit ) See also : Sasanian civil war of 628 - 632 Sassanid King Khosrau II submitting to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius , from a plaque on a 12th - century French cross Khosrau II was executed in 628 and as a result , there were numerous claimants to the throne ; from 628 to 632 there were ten kings and queens of Persia . The last , Yazdegerd III , was a grandson of Khosrau II and was said to be a mere child aged 8 years . During Muhammad 's life ( edit ) After the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628 , Islamic tradition holds that Prophet Muhammad sent many letters to the princes , kings , and chiefs of the various tribes and kingdoms of the time , preaching them to convert to Islam and bow to the order of Allah . These letters were carried by ambassadors to Persia , Byzantium , Ethiopia , Egypt , Yemen , and Hira ( Iraq ) on the same day . This assertion has been brought under scrutiny by some modern historians of Islam -- notably Grimme and Caetani . Particularly in dispute is the assertion that Khosrau II received a letter from Muhammad , as the Sassanid court ceremony was notoriously intricate , and it is unlikely that a letter from what at the time was a minor regional power would have reached the hands of the Shahanshah . With regards to Persia , Muslim histories further recount that at the beginning of the seventh year of migration , Muhammad appointed one of his officers , Abdullah Huzafah Sahmi Qarashi , to carry his letter to Khosrau II inviting him to convert : In the name of Allah , the Beneficent , the Merciful . From Muhammad , the Messenger of Allah , to the great Kisra of Iran . Peace be upon him , who seeks truth and expresses belief in Allah and in His Prophet and testifies that there is no god but Allah and that He has no partner , and who believes that Muhammad is His servant and Prophet . Under the Command of Allah , I invite you to Him . He has sent me for the guidance of all people so that I may warn them all of His wrath and may present the unbelievers with an ultimatum . Embrace Islam so that you may remain safe . And if you refuse to accept Islam , you will be responsible for the sins of the Magi . There are differing accounts of the reaction of Khosrau II . Nearly all assert that he destroyed the letter in anger ; the variations concentrate on the extent and detail of his response. . Rise of the Caliphate ( edit ) Prophet Muhammad died in June 632 , and Abu Bakr took the title of Caliph and political successor at Medina . Soon after Abu Bakr 's succession , several Arab tribes revolted , in the Ridda Wars ( Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy ) . The Ridda Wars preoccupied the Caliphate until March 633 , and ended with the entirety of the Arab Peninsula under the authority of the Caliph at Medina . Whether Abu Bakr actually intended a full - out imperial conquest or not is hard to say . He did , however , set in motion a historical trajectory ( continued later on by Umar and Uthman ) that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history , beginning with a confrontation with the Sassanid Empire under the general Khalid ibn al - Walid . First invasion of Mesopotamia ( 633 ) ( edit ) Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid 's conquest of Mesopotamia After the Ridda Wars , a tribal chief of north eastern Arabia , Al - Muthanna ibn Haritha , raided the Persian towns in Mesopotamia ( what is now Iraq ) . Abu Bakr was strong enough to attack the Persian Empire in the north - east and the Byzantine Empire in the north - west . There were three purposes for this conquest : 1 . Along the borders between Arabia and these two great empires were numerous Arab tribes leading a nomadic life and forming a buffer - like state between the Persians and Romans . Abu Bakr hoped that these tribes might accept Islam and help their brethren in spreading it . 2 . The Persian and Roman populations suffered with very high taxation laws ; Abu Bakr believed that they might be persuaded to help the Muslims , who agreed to release them from the excessive tributes. 3 . Two gigantic empires surrounded Arabia , and it was unsafe to remain passive with these two powers on its borders . Abu Bakr hoped that by attacking Iraq and Syria he might remove the danger from the borders of the Islamic State . With the success of the raids , a considerable amount of booty was collected . Al - Muthanna ibn Haritha went to Medina to inform Caliph Abu Bakr about his success and was appointed commander of his people , after which he began to raid deeper into Mesopotamia . Using the mobility of his light cavalry he could easily raid any town near the desert and disappear again into the desert , into which the Sassanid army was unable to chase them . Al - Muthanna 's acts made Abu Bakr think about the expansion of the Rashidun Empire . To be certain of a victory , Abu Bakr made two decisions concerning the attack on Persia : first , the invading army would consist entirely of volunteers ; and second , to put in command of the army his best general : Khalid ibn al - Walid . After defeating the self - proclaimed prophet Musaylimah in the Battle of Yamama , Khalid was still at Al - Yamama when Abu Bakr sent him orders to invade the Sassanid Empire . Making Al - Hirah the objective of Khalid , Abu Bakr sent reinforcements and ordered the tribal chiefs of north eastern Arabia , Al - Muthanna ibn Haritha , Mazhur bin Adi , Harmala and Sulma to operate under the command of Khalid along with their men . Around the third week of March 633 ( first week of Muharram 12th Hijrah ) Khalid set out from Al - Yamama with an army of 10,000 . The tribal chiefs , with 2,000 warriors each , joined Khalid ; so he entered the Persian Empire with 18,000 troops . After entering Mesopotamia with his army of 18,000 , Khalid won decisive victories in four consecutive battles : the Battle of Chains , fought in April 633 ; the Battle of River , fought in the third week of April 633 AD ; the Battle of Walaja , fought in May 633 ( where he successfully used a double envelopment manoeuvre ) , and the Battle of Ullais , fought in the mid of May , 633 AD . The Persian court , already disturbed by internal problems , was thrown into chaos . In the last week of May 633 , the important city of Hira fell to the Muslims after their victory in the Siege of Hira . After resting his armies , in June 633 Khalid laid siege to the city of Al Anbar , which surrendered in July 633 after a siege lasting a few weeks . Khalid then moved towards the south , and conquered the city of Ein ul Tamr after the Battle of Ein ut Tamr in the last week of July . At this point , most of what is now Iraq was under Islamic control . Khalid got a call of help from northern Arabia at Daumat - ul - Jandal , where another Muslim Arab general , Iyad ibn Ghanm , was trapped among the rebel tribes . Khalid went to Daumat - ul - jandal and defeated the rebels in the Battle of Daumat - ul - jandal in the last week of August 633 . Returning from Arabia , he got news of the assembling of a large Persian army . He decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of being defeated by a large unified Persian army . Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz , Zumiel , Sanni and Muzieh . Khalid divided his army in three units , and attacked the Persian forces in well coordinated attacks from three different sides at night , starting from the Battle of Muzieh , then the Battle of Sanni , and finally the Battle of Zumail during November 633 . These devastating defeats ended Persian control over Mesopotamia , and left the Persian capital Ctesiphon unguarded and vulnerable to Muslim attack . Before attacking the Persian capital , Khalid decided to eliminate all Persian forces in the south and west . He accordingly marched against the border city of Firaz , where he defeated the combined forces of the Sassanid Persians , the Byzantines and Christian Arabs in the Battle of Firaz in December 633 . This was the last battle in his conquest of Mesopotamia . While Khalid was on his way to attack Qadissiyah ( a key fort in the way to the Persian capital Ctesiphon ) , he received a letter from Caliph Abu Bakr and was sent to the Roman front in Syria to assume the command of the Muslim armies to conquer Roman Syria . Second invasion of Mesopotamia ( 634 -- 636 ) ( edit ) Battle of the Bridge ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the Bridge According to the will of Abu Bakr , Umar was to continue the conquest of Syria and Mesopotamia . On the northeastern borders of the Empire , in Mesopotamia , the situation was deteriorating day by day . During Abu Bakr 's era , Khalid ibn al - Walid had been sent to the Syrian front to command the Islamic armies there . As soon as Khalid had left Mesopotamia with half his army of 9000 soldiers , the Persians decided to take back their lost territory . The Muslim army was forced to leave the conquered areas and concentrate on the border areas . Umar immediately sent reinforcements to aid Muthanna ibn Haritha in Mesopotamia under the command of Abu Ubaid al - Thaqafi . At that time , a series of battles between the Persians and Arabs occurred in the region of Sawad , such as Namaraq , Kaskar and Baqusiatha in which Arabs managed to push back and maintain presence in the area . Later on , the Persian forces defeated Abu Ubaid in the Battle of the Bridge . However , later Persian forces were defeated by Muthanna bin Haritha in the Battle of Buwayb . In 635 Yazdgerd III sought alliance with Emperor Heraclius of the Eastern Roman Empire . Heraclius married his daughter ( or , according to some traditions , his granddaughter ) to Yazdegerd III , an old Roman tradition to show alliance . While Heraclius prepared for a major offence in the Levant , Yazdegerd , meanwhile , ordered the concentration of massive armies to push back the Muslims from Mesopotamia for good . The goal was well - coordinated attacks by both emperors , Heraclius in the Levant and Yazdegerd in Mesopotamia , to annihilate the power of their common enemy , Caliph Umar . Battle of Qadisiyyah ( edit ) The site of the Battle of Qadisiyyah , showing Muslim army ( in red ) and Sassanid army ( in blue ) Main article : Battle of Qadisiyyah Umar ordered his army to retreat to the bordering areas of Mesopotamia near the Arabian desert and began raising armies for another campaign into Mesopotamia . The Arab armies were concentrated near Medina , and owing to the critical situation Umar wished to command the army in person . This idea was opposed by the members of Majlis ash - Shura at Medina , who claimed that the two - front war required Umar 's presence in Madinah . Umar appointed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas as commander for the campaign in Mesopotamia . Even though Saad was suffering from sciatica , yet still Umar thought this important invasion should be commanded by someone who is senior and respected in military chain of command . Saad left Medina with his army in May 636 and arrived at Qadisiyyah in June . While Heraclius launched his offensive in May 636 , Yazdegerd was unable to muster his armies in time to provide the Byzantines with Persian support . Umar , allegedly aware of this alliance , capitalized on this failure : not wanting to risk a battle with two great powers simultaneously , he quickly moved to reinforce the Muslim army at Yarmouk to engage and defeat the Byzantines . Meanwhile , Umar ordered Saad to enter into peace negotiations with Yazdegerd III and invite him to Islam to prevent Persian forces from taking the field . Heraclius instructed his general Vahan not to engage in battle with the Muslims before receiving explicit orders ; however , fearing more Arab reinforcements , Vahan attacked the Muslim army in the Battle of Yarmouk in August 636 . Heraclius 's Imperial army was routed . With the Byzantine threat ended , the Sassanid Empire was still a formidable power with vast manpower reserves , and the Arabs soon found themselves confronting a huge Persian army with troops drawn from every corner of the empire and commanded by its foremost generals . Among the troops were fearsome war elephants that the Persian commander brought with him for the sole purpose of vanquishing the Muslims . Within three months , Saad defeated the Persian army in the Battle of al - Qādisiyyah , effectively ending Sassanid rule west of Persia proper . This victory is largely regarded as a decisive turning point in Islam 's growth : with the bulk of Persian forces defeated , Saad with his companions later conquered Babylon ( Battle of Babylon ( 636 ) ) , Kūthā , Sābāṭ ( Valashabad ) and Bahurasīr ( Veh - Ardashir ) . Ctesiphon , the Imperial capital of the Sassanid Empire , fell in March 637 after a siege of three months . Conquest of Mesopotamia ( 636 -- 638 ) ( edit ) In December 636 , Caliph Umar ordered Utbah ibn Ghazwan to head south to capture al - Ubulla ( known as `` port of Apologos '' in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ) and Basra , in order to cut ties between the Persian garrison there and Ctesiphon . Utbah ibn Ghazwan arrived in April 637 , where he imposed a siege on the region which ended with Muslims ' victory , and the withdrawal of the Persians to the Maysan region which was seized later on as well . After the conquest of Ctesiphon , several detachments were immediately sent west to capture Circesium and Heet the forts at the border of the Byzantine Empire . Several fortified Persian armies were still active north - east of Ctesiphon at Jalula and north of the Tigris at Tikrit and Mosul . After withdrawal from Ctesiphon , the Persian armies gathered at Jalaula north - east of Ctesiphon . Jalaula was a place of strategic importance because from here routes led to Mesopotamia , Khurasan and Azerbaijan . The Persian forces at Jalula were commanded by General Mihran . His deputy was General Farrukhzad , a brother of General Rustam , who had commanded the Persian forces at the Battle of al - Qadisiyyah . As instructed by the Caliph Umar , Saad reported everything to Umar . The Caliph decided to deal with Jalula first . His plan was first to clear the way to the north before taking any decisive action against Tikrit and Mosul . Umar appointed Hashim ibn Utbah to the expedition of Jalula and Abdullah ibn Muta'am to conquer Tikrit and Mosul . In April 637 , Hashim led 12,000 troops from Ctesiphon to win a victory over the Persians at the Battle of Jalula . He then laid siege to Jalula for seven months . After seizing a victory at Jalula , Abdullah ibn Muta'am marched against Tikrit and captured the city after fierce resistance and with the help of Christians . He next sent an army to Mosul which surrendered on the terms of the Jizya . With victory at Jalula and occupation of the Tikrit - Mosul region , Muslim rule in Mesopotamia was established . After the conquest of Jalula , a Muslim force under Qa'qa marched in pursuit of the Persians . The Persian army that escaped from Jalaula took its position at Khaniqeen 25 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Jalula on the road to Iran , under the command of General Mihran . Qa'qa defeated the Persian forces in the Battle of Khaniqeen and captured the city of Khaniqeen . The Persians withdrew to Hulwan . Qa'qa moved to Hulwan and laid siege to the city which was captured in January 638 . Qa'qa sought permission for operating deeper into Persian land , i.e. mainland Iran , but caliph Umar did n't approve the proposal and wrote a historic letter to Saad saying : I wish that between the Suwad and the Persian hills there were walls which would prevent them from getting to us , and prevent us from getting to them . The fertile Suwad is sufficient for us ; and I prefer the safety of the Muslims to the spoils of war . Raids of Persians in Mesopotamia ( 638 -- 641 ) ( edit ) By February 638 there was a lull in the fighting on the Persian front . The Suwad , the Tigris valley , and the Euphrates valley were now under the complete control of the Muslims . The Persians had withdrawn to Persia proper , east of the Zagros mountains . The Persians continued raiding Mesopotamia , which remained politically unstable . Nevertheless , it appeared as if this was going to be the dividing line between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanids . In the later part of the year 638 Hormuzan , who commanded one of the Persian corps at the Battle of Qadisiyyah and was one of the seven great chiefs of Persia , intensified his raids in Mesopotamia , Saad according to Umar 's instructions undertook offensive actions against Hormuzan and Utbah ibn Ghazwan aided by Nouman ibn Muqarin attacked Ahvaz and forced Hormuzan to enter into a peace treaty with the Muslims according to which Ahvaz would remain in Hormuzan 's possession and he would rule it as a vassal of the Muslims and would pay tribute . Hormuzan broke the treaty and revolted against the Muslims . Umar sent Abu Musa Ashaari , governor of Busra to deal with Hormuzan . Hormuzan was defeated and sought once again for peace . Umar accepted the offer and Hormuzan was again made vassal of the Muslims . This peace also proved short - lived once Hormuzan was reinforced by the fresh Persian troops sent by Emperor Yazdgerd III in late 640 . The troops concentrated at Tuster north of Ahvaz . Umar sent Governor of Kufa , Ammar ibn Yasir , governor of Busra Abu Musa , and Nouman ibn Muqarin towards Tustar where Hormuzan was defeated , captured and sent to Madinah to Caliph Umar , where he apparently converted to Islam . He remained a useful adviser of Umar throughout the campaign of conquest of Persia . He is also considered to be the mastermind behind the assassination of Caliph Umar in 644 . After the victory at Tustar , Abu Musa marched against Susa , a place of military importance , in January 641 , which was captured after a siege of a couple of months . Next Abu Musa marched against Junde Sabur , the only place left of military importance in the Persian province of Khuzistan which surrendered to the Muslims after a siege of a few weeks . Battle of nahavand ( 642 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Nahavand After the conquest of Khuzistan , the Caliph Umar wanted peace . Though considerably weakened , the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated in the minds of the newly - ascendant Arabs , and Umar was wary of unnecessary military engagement with the Iranians . He wanted to leave the rest of Persia to the Iranians . Umar said : I wish there was a mountain of fire between us and the Iranians , so that neither they could get to us , nor we to them . However , the pride of the imperial Persians had been hurt by the conquest of their land by the Arabs . They could not acquiesce in the occupation of their lands by the Arabs . A Sassanid army helmet . After the defeat of the Persian forces at the Battle of Jalula in 637 , Emperor Yazdgerd III went to Rey and from there moved to Merv where he set up his capital . From Merv , he directed his chiefs to conduct continuous raids in Mesopotamia to destabilize the Muslim rule . Within the next four years , Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge the Muslims once again for the throne of Mesopotamia . The Emperor sent a call to his people to drive away the Muslims from their lands . In response to the call , hardened veterans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia marched in large numbers to join the imperial standard and marched to Nihawand for the last titanic struggle between the forces of the Caliphate and Sassanid Persia . 100,000 Persian fighters assembled , commanded by Mardan Shah . The Governor of Kufa , Ammar ibn Yasir , received intelligence of the Persian movements and concentration at Nihawand . He reported the matter to Umar . Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his easternmost frontier , he felt compelled to act given the concentration of the Persian army at Nihawand . He believed that as long as Persia proper remained under Sassanid rule , Persian forces would continue raiding Mesopotamia with a view to one day recapturing the region . Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander of the forces of Kufa , and was ordered to march to Nihawand . Governor of Busra Abu Musa , was to march to Nihawand commanding his forces of Busra Nouman ibn Muqarrin marched from Ctesiphon to Nihawand while Umar decided to lead the army concentrated at Madinah in person and command the Muslims at the battle . Umar 's decision to command the army in person was not well received by the members of Majlis al Shura at Madinah . It was suggested that Umar should command the campaign from Madinah , and should appoint an astute military commander to lead the Muslims at Nihawand . Umar appointed Mugheera ibn Shuba as commander of the forces concentrated at Madinah and appointed Nouman ibn Muqarrin as commander in chief of the Muslims at Nihawand . The Muslim army left for Nihawand and first concentrated at Tazar , and then moved to Nihawand and defeated the Persian forces at the Battle of Nihawand in December 642 . Nouman died in action , and as per Umar 's instructions Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman became new commander in chief . After the victory at Nihawand , the Muslim army captured the whole district of Hamadan after feeble resistance by the Persians . Conquest of Persia ( 642 -- 651 ) ( edit ) After several years , Caliph Umar adopted a new offensive policy , preparing to launch a full - scale invasion of what remained of the Sassanid Empire . The Battle of Nihawand was one of the most decisive battles in Islamic history and proved to be the key to Persia . After the devastating defeat at Nihawand , the last Sassanid emperor , Yazdegerd III , fled to different parts of Persia to raise a new army , with limited degrees of success , with Umar trying to capture him . Strategic planning for the conquest of Persia ( edit ) Umar decided to strike the Persians immediately after their defeat at Nihawand , when he had gained a psychological advantage over them . Umar had to decide which of the following three to conquer first : Fars in the south , Azerbaijan in the north or Isfahan in the center . Umar chose Isfahan , as it was the heart of the Persian Empire and a conduit for supply and communication lines between Sassanid garrisons in various Persian provinces . In other words , capturing Isfahan would isolate Fars and Azerbaijan from Khurasan . After having captured the heartland of Persia , that is Fars and Isfahan , the next attacks would be simultaneously launched against Azerbaijan , the North Western province , and Sistan , the most eastern province of the Persian Empire . The conquest of those provinces would leave Khorasan , the stronghold of Emperor Yazdegerd III , isolated and vulnerable . In the last phase of this campaign , Khorasan was to be attacked , completing the conquest of Sassanid Persia . The plan was formulated and preparations were completed by January 642 . The success of plan depended upon how effectively Umar would be able to coordinate these attacks from Madinah , about 1500 kilometers from the battlefields in Persia and upon the skills and abilities of his field commanders . Umar appointed his best field commanders to conquer the Sassanid Empire and bring down his most formidable foe , Yazdegerd III . The campaign saw a different pattern in command structure . Instead of appointing a single field commander to campaign across the Persian lands , Umar appointed several commanders , each assigned a different mission . Once the mission would end the commander would become an ordinary soldier under the command of the new field commander for the latter 's mission . The purpose of this strategy was to allow commanders to mix in with their soldiers and to remind them that they are like everyone else ; command is only given to those most competent , and once the battle is over , the commander returns to his previous position . In 638 , Caliph Umar dismissed Khalid , who chose not to rebel against the dismissal . In 642 at the eve of the conquest of Persia , Umar , wanting to give a moral boost to his troops , decided to reinstall Khalid as new field commander against Persia . Khalid 's reputation as the conqueror of Eastern Roman provinces demoralized the Persian commanders , most of whom had already been defeated by him during his conquest of Mesopotamia in 633 . Umar wanted a decisive victory early in the campaign to boost the morale of his troops , while demoralizing the Persians . Before Umar could issue orders of reappointment , Khalid , residing in Emesa , died . In various campaigns in Persia , Umar even appointed the commanders of the wings , the center and the cavalry of the army . Umar strictly instructed his commanders to consult him before making any decisive move in Persia . All the commanders , before starting their assigned campaigns , were instructed to send a detailed report of the geography and terrain of the region and the position of the Persian garrisons , forts , cities and troops in it . Umar then would send them a detailed plan of how he wanted this region to be captured . Only the tactical issues were left to the field commanders to be tackled in accordance with the situation they faced at their fronts . Umar appointed the best available and well reputed commanders for the campaign . Conquest of Central Iran ( edit ) The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil in Khuzestan The preparation and planning of the conquest of the Persian Empire was completed by early 642 . Umar appointed Abdullah ibn Uthman , commander of the Muslim forces , to invade Isfahan . From Nihawand , Nu'man marched to Hamadan , which was already in Muslim hands . Once Hamadan was captured , Nu'man marched 370 kilometres ( 230 mi ) southeast against the city Isfahan and defeated an Sasanian army under the command of Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih and other notable Sasanian generals . Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih , along with another Sasanian general was killed during the battle . After his victory at Isfahan , he laid siege to the city ; there the Muslim army was reinforced by fresh troops from Busra and Kufa under the command of Abu Musa Ashaari and Ahnaf ibn Qais . The siege continued for a few months and finally the city surrendered . In 651 , Nu'aym marched northeast to Rey , Iran , about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) from Hamadan , and laid siege to the city , which surrendered after fierce resistance . Nu'aym then marched 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) northeast towards Qom , which was captured without much resistance . This was the outermost boundary of the Isfahan region . Further northeast of it was Khurasan , and southeast of it lay Sistan . Meanwhile , Hamadan and Rey had rebelled . Umar sent Nu'aym ibn Muqaarin , brother of late Nu'man ibn Muqaarin , who was the Muslim commander at Nihawand , to crush the rebellion and to clear the westernmost boundaries of Isfahan . Nu'aymm marched towards Hamadan from Isfahan . A bloody battle was fought and Hamadan was recaptured by the Muslims . Nu'aym next moved to Rey . There too the Persians resisted and were defeated outside the fort , and the city was recaptured by the Muslims . The Persian citizens sought for peace and agreed to pay the Jizya . From Rey , Nu'aym moved north towards Tabaristan , which lay south of the Caspian Sea . The ruler of Tabaristan then signed a peace treaty with the Caliphate . Conquest of Fars ( edit ) First Muslim invasion and the successful Sasanian counter-attack ( edit ) The Muslim invasion of Fars began in 638 / 9 , when the Rashidun governor of Bahrain , al - ' Ala ' ibn al - Hadrami , after having defeated some rebellious Arab tribes , seized an island in the Persian Gulf . Although al - ' Ala ' and the rest of the Arabs had been ordered to not invade Fars or its surrounding islands , he and his men continued their raids into the province . Al - ' Ala quickly prepared an army which was divided into three groups , one under al - Jarud ibn Mu'alla , the second under al - Sawwar ibn Hammam and the third under Khulayd ibn al - Mundhir ibn Sawa . When the first group entered Fars , it was quickly defeated and al - Jarud was killed . The same thing soon happened to the second group . However , things proved to be more fortunate with the third group ; Khulayd managed to keep them on bay , but was unable to withdraw back to Bahrain as the Sassanians were blocking his way at the sea . Umar , founding out about al - ' Ala 's invasion of Fars , had him replaced with Sa 'd ibn Abi Waqqas as the governor of Bahrain . Umar then ordered Utbah ibn Ghazwan to send reinforcements to Khulayd . When the reinforcements arrived , Khulayd and some of his men managed successfully to withdraw back to Bahrain , while the rest withdrew to Basra . Second and last Muslim invasion ( edit ) In ca . 643 , Uthman ibn Abi al - ' As seized Bishapur , and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of the city . In 644 , al - ' Ala ' once again attacked Fars from Bahrain , reaching as far as Estakhr , until he was repelled by the governor ( marzban ) of Fars , Shahrag . Some time later , Uthman ibn Abi al - ' As managed to establish a military base at Tawwaj , and shortly defeated and killed Shahrag near Rew - shahr ( however other sources states that it was his brother who did it ) . A Persian convert to Islam , Hormoz ibn Hayyan al - ' Abdi , was shortly sent by Uthman ibn Abi al - ' As to attack a fortress known as Senez on the coast of Fars . After the accession of Uthman ibn Affan as the new Rashidun Caliph on 11 November , the inhabitants of Bishapur under the leadership of Shahrag 's brother declared independence , but were defeated . However the date for this revolt mains disputed , as the Persian historian al - Baladhuri states that it occurred in 646 . In 648 , ' Abd - Allah ibn al - ' Ash'ari forced the governor of Estakhr , Mahak , to surrender the city . However , this was not the final conquest of Estakhr , as the inhabitants of the city would later rebel in 649 / 650 while its newly appointed governor , ' Abd - Allah ibn ' Amir was trying to capture Gor . The military governor of the province , ' Ubayd Allah ibn Ma'mar , was defeated and killed . In 650 / 651 , Yazdegerd went to Estakhr and tried to plan an organized resistance against the Arabs , and after some time he went to Gor , but Estakhr failed to put up a strong resistance , and was soon sacked by the Arabs , who killed over 40,000 defenders . The Arabs then quickly seized Gor , Kazerun and Siraf , while Yazdegerd III fled to Kerman . This ended the Muslim conquest of Pars , although the inhabitants of the province would later rebel several times against the Arabs . Conquest of southeastern Persia ( Kerman and Makran ) ( edit ) Sassanid era horse head found in Kerman The expedition to Kerman was sent roughly at the same time when the expeditions to Sistan and Azerbaijan were sent . Suhail ibn Adi was given command of this expedition . Suhail marched from Busra in 643 ; passing from Shiraz and Persepolis he joined with other Muslim armies and marched against Kerman , which was subdued after a pitched battle with local garrisons . Conquest of Sakastan ( edit ) Map of Sakastan under the Sasanians Already during the reign of Umar , Sakastan suffered from raids by the Arabs . However , the first real invasion took place in 650 , when Abd - Allah ibn Amir , after having secured his position in Kerman , sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud to Sakastan . After having crossed the Dasht - i Lut desert , Mujashi ibn Mas'ud arrived to Sakastan . However , he suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat . One year later , Abd - Allah ibn Amir sent an army under Rabi ibn Ziyad Harithi to Sakastan . After some time , he reached Zaliq , a border town between Kirman and Sakastan , where he forced the dehqan of the town to acknowledge Rashidun authority . He then did the same at the fortress of Karkuya , which had a famous fire temple , which is mentioned in the Tarikh - i Sistan . He then continued to seize more land in the province . He thereafter besieged the capital Zrang , and after a heavy battle outside the city , its governor Aparviz surrendered . When Aparviz went to Rabi ibn Ziyad to discuss about the conditions of a treaty , he saw that he was using the bodies of two dead soldiers as a chair . This horrified Aparviz , who in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs , made peace with them in return for a heavy tribute of 1 million dirhams , including 1,000 slave boys ( or girls ) bearing 1,000 golden vessels . Rabi ibn Ziyad was then appointed as the governor of province . 18 months later , Rabi was summoned to Basra , and was replaced by ' Abd al - Rahman ibn Samura as governor . The inhabitants of Sakastan used this opportunity to rebel and defeat the Muslim garrison of Zrang . When ' Abd al - Rahman ibn Samura reached Sakastan , he suppressed the rebellion and defeated the Zunbils of Zabulistan , seizing Bust and a few cities in Zabulistan . Conquest of Azerbaijan ( edit ) Sassanid fortress in Derbent . It fell to the Muslims in 643 . The conquest of Iranian Azerbaijan started in 651 . It was part of a simultaneous attack launched against the north , south and east of Persia , after capturing Isfahan and Fars . These coordinated multi-pronged attacks by Caliph Umar paralyzed the whole of what then remained of the Persian Empire . Expeditions were sent against Kerman and Makran in the southeast , against Sistan in the northeast and against Azerbaijan in the northwest . Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander to conquer Azerbaijan . Hudheifa marched from Rey in central Persia to Zanjan , a stronghold of the Persians in the north . Zanjan was a well defended fortified town . The Persians came out of the city and gave battle . Hudheifa defeated the Persian garrison and captured the city , and according to Caliph Umar 's order , the civilians who sought for peace were given peace on the usual terms of the Jizya . From Zanjan , Hudheifa marched to Ardabil which surrendered peacefully and Hudheifa continued his march north along the western coast of the Caspian Sea and captured Bab al - Abwab by force . At this point Hudheifa was recalled by Caliph Umar , with Bukair ibn Abdullah and Utba ibn Farqad succeeding him . They were sent to carry out a two pronged attack against Azerbaijan : Bukair was to march north along the western coast of the Caspian Sea while Uthba was to march directly into the heart of Azerbaijan . On his way north Bukair was halted by a large Persian force under Isfandiyar , the son of Farrukhzad . A pitched battle was fought , after which Isfandiyar was defeated and captured . In return for the safety of his life , he agreed to surrender his estates in Azerbaijan and persuade others toward submission to Muslim rule . Uthba ibn Farqad then defeated Bahram , brother of Isfandiyar . He too sought for peace . A pact was drawn according to which Azerbaijan was surrendered to Caliph Umar on usual terms of paying the annual Jizya . The expedition commenced some time in late 651 . Conquest of Armenia ( edit ) View of Tbilisi , which fell to the Rashidun Caliphate in 644 . See also : Muslim conquest of Armenia , Persian Armenia , and Marzpanate Armenia Byzantine Armenia was already conquered in 638 -- 639 . Persian Armenia lay north of Azerbaijan . By now , except for Khurasan and Armenia , the whole of the Persian Empire was under Umar 's control and Emperor Yazdegred III was on the run . However , Umar refused to take any chances ; he never perceived the Persians as being weak and weary . The fact that Umar did n't underestimate the Persians is the secret behind the brilliant and speedy conquest of the Persian Empire . Again Umar decided to send simultaneous expeditions to the far north - east and north - west of the Persian Empire . An expedition was sent to Khurasan in late 643 and at the same time an expedition was launched against Armenia . Bukair ibn Abdullah , who had recently subdued Azerbaijan , was assigned a mission to capture Tiflis . From Bab at the western coast of the Caspian Sea , Bukair continued his march north . Umar decided to practice his traditional and successful strategy of multi-pronged attacks . While Bukair was still kilometres away from Tiflis , Umar instructed him to divide his army into three corps . Umar appointed Habib ibn Muslaima to capture Tiflis , Abdulrehman to march north against the mountains and Hudheifa to march against the southern mountains . Habib captured Tiflis and the region up to the eastern coast of the Black Sea . Abdulrehman marched north to the Caucasus Mountains and subdued the tribes . Hudheifa marched south - west to the mountainous region and subdued the local tribes . The advance into Armenia came to an end with the death of Caliph Umar in November 644 . By then almost the whole of the South Caucasus was captured . Conquest of Khorasan ( edit ) Further information : Islamic conquest of Turkestan , Islamic conquest of Afghanistan , and History of Arabs in Afghanistan Khorasan was the second largest province of the Sassanid Empire . It stretched from what is now northeastern Iran , northwestern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan . Its capital was Balkh , in northern Afghanistan . In 651 the mission of conquering Khurasan was assigned to Ahnaf ibn Qais . Ahnaf marched from Kufa and took a short and less frequented route via Rey and Nishapur . Rey was already in Muslim hands and Nishapur surrendered without resistance . From Nishapur Ahnaf marched to Herat which is in western Afghanistan . Herat was a fortified town , the Siege of Herat lasted for a few months before surrendering . With the surrender of Herat , the whole of southern Khurasan came under Muslim control . With Herat under his firm control , Ahnaf marched north directly to Merv , in present Turkmenistan . Merv was the capital of Khurasan and here Yazdegred III held his court . On hearing of the Muslim advance , Yazdegred III left for Balkh . No resistance was offered at Merv , and the Muslims occupied the capital of Khurasan without firing a shot . Ahnaf stayed at Merv and waited for reinforcement from Kufa . Meanwhile , Yazdgird had also gathered considerable power at Balkh and also sought alliance with the Khan of Farghana , who personally led the Turkish contingent to help Yazdegred III . Umar ordered that Yazdgird 's allied forces should be weaken by breaking up the alliance with the Turks . Ahnaf successfully broke up the alliance and the Khan of Farghana pulled back his forces realizing that fighting against the Muslims was not a good idea and that it might endanger his own kingdom . Yazdgird 's army was defeated at the Battle of Oxus River and retreated across the Oxus to Transoxiana . Yazdegred III had a narrow escape and fled to China . Balkh was occupied by the Muslims , and with this occupation the Persian war was over . The Muslims had now reached the outermost frontiers of Persia . Beyond that lay the lands of the Turks and still further lay China . The old mighty empire of the Sassanids had ceased to exist . Ahnaf returned to Marv and sent a detail report of operations to Umar , a historic letter Umar was anxiously waiting for , subject of which was the downfall of the Persian Empire , and with which permission was sought to cross the Oxus river and invade Transoxiana . Umar ordered Ahnaf to desist and instead to consolidate his power south of Oxus . Persian rebellion and reconquest ( edit ) Caliph Umar was assassinated in November 644 by a Persian slave named Piruz Nahavandi . The assassination is often seen by various historians as a Persian conspiracy against Umar . Hormuzan is said to have masterminded this plot . Caliph Uthman ibn Affan ( 644 -- 656 ) succeeded Umar . During his reign almost the whole of the former Sassanid empire 's territory rebelled from time to time until 651 , until the last Sassanid emperor was assassinated near Merv ending the Sassanid dynasty and Persian resistance to the Muslims . Caliph Uthman therefore had to send several military expeditions to crush the rebellions and recapture Persia and their vassal states . The Empire expanded beyond the borders of the Sassanid Empire in Transoxiana , Baluchistan and the Caucasus . The main rebellion was in the Persian provinces of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Fars , Sistan ( in 649 ) , Khorasan ( 651 ) , and Makran ( 650 ) . End of the Sassanid dynasty ( edit ) Yazdegerd III , after being defeated in several battles , was unable to raise another army and became a hunted fugitive . He kept fleeing from one district to another until a local miller killed him for his purse at Merv in 651 . For many decades to come , this was the easternmost limit of Muslim rule . Persia under Muslim rule ( edit ) Rashidun Empire at its peak under the third Rashidun Caliph , Uthman , in 654 Dominion of the Rashidun Caliphate . See also : Islamization of Iran and Islam in Iran According to Bernard Lewis : Arab Muslims conquests have been variously seen in Iran : by some as a blessing , the advent of the true faith , the end of the age of ignorance and heathenism ; by others as a humiliating national defeat , the conquest and subjugation of the country by foreign invaders . Both perceptions are of course valid , depending on one 's angle of vision ... Iran was indeed Islamized , but it was not Arabized . Persians remained Persians . And after an interval of silence , Iran reemerged as a separate , different and distinctive element within Islam , eventually adding a new element even to Islam itself . Culturally , politically , and most remarkable of all even religiously , the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance . The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor , including Arabic poetry , to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution . In a sense , Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself , a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam - i Ajam . It was this Persian Islam , rather than the original Arab Islam , that was brought to new areas and new peoples : to the Turks , first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey , and of course to India . The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna . Administration ( edit ) Under Umar and his immediate successors , the Arab conquerors attempted to maintain their political and cultural cohesion despite the attractions of the civilizations they had conquered . The Arabs initially settled in the garrison towns rather than on scattered estates . The new non-Muslim subjects were protected by the state and known as dhimmi ( meaning protected ) , and were to pay a special tax , the jizya ( tribute ) , which was calculated per individual at varying rates , usually two dirhams for able bodied men of military age , in return for their exemption from military services . Women and children were exempted from the jizya . Mass conversions were neither desired nor allowed , at least in the first few centuries of Arab rule Caliph Umar had liberal policies towards dhimmis . These policies were adopted to make the conquered less prone to rise up against their new masters and thus making them more receptive to Arab colonization . Umar is reported to have issued the following instructions about the protected people : Make it easy for him , who can not pay tribute ; help him who is weak , let them keep their titles , but do not give them our kuniyat ( Arabic traditional nicknames or titles ) . Umar 's liberal policies were continued by at least his immediate successors . In his dying charge to his successor he is reported to have said : I charge the caliph after me to be kind to the dhimmis , to keep their covenant , to protect them and not to burden them over their strength . Practically the jizya replaced poll taxes imposed by the Sassanids , which tended to be much higher than the jizya . In addition to the jizya the old Sassanid land tax ( Known in Arabic as Kharaj ) was also adopted . Caliph Umar is said to have occasionally set up a commission to survey the taxes in order to check that they would n't be more than the land could bear . It is narrated that Zoroastrians were subjected to humiliation and ridicule when paying the jizya in order to make them feel inferior . For at least under Rashiduns and early Ummayads , the administrative system of the late Sassanid period was largely retained . This was a pyramidal system where each quarter of the state was divided into provinces , the provinces into districts , and the districts into sub-districts . Provinces were called ustan ( Middle Persian ostan ) , the districts shahrs , centered upon a district capital known as shahristan . The subdistricts were called tasok in Middle Persian , which was adopted as tassuj ( plural tasasij ) into Arabic . Religion ( edit ) See also : Islamization of Iran , Persecution of Zoroastrians , and Islamic Missionary Activity After the Muslim conquest of Persia , Zoroastrians were given dhimmi status and subjected to persecutions ; discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence . Zoroastrians were made to pay an extra tax called jizya , failing which they were either killed , enslaved or imprisoned . Those paying jizya were subjected to insults and humiliation by the tax collectors . Zoroastrians who were captured as slaves in wars were given their freedom if they converted to Islam . Muslim leaders in their effort to win converts encouraged attendance at Muslim prayer with promises of money and allowed the Quran to be recited in Persian instead of Arabic so that it would be intelligible to all . Islam was readily accepted by Zoroastrians who were employed in industrial and artisan positions because , according to Zoroastrian dogma , such occupations that involved defiling fire made them impure . Moreover , Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians , as there were many similarities between the faiths . According to Thomas Walker Arnold , for the Persian , he would meet Ahura Mazda and Ahriman under the names of Allah and Iblis . In Afghanistan , Islam was spread due to Umayyad missionary efforts particularly under the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik and Umar ibn AbdulAziz . There were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities , along with smaller numbers of Buddhists and other groups . However , there was a slow but steady movement of the population towards Islam . The nobility and city - dwellers were the first to convert . Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans , or landed gentry . By the late 10th century , the majority of the Persians had become Muslim . Until the 15th century , most Persian Muslims were Sunni Muslims , though today Iran is known as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith , recognizing Islam as their religion and the prophet 's son in law , Ali as an enduring symbol of justice . According to Amoretti in Cambridge History of Islam , the Arab conquerors brought with them a new religion and a new language , but they did not use force to spread it . While giving freedom of choice , however , the Arab conquerors designated privileges for those who converted . Language of Persia ( edit ) During the Rashidun Caliphate , the official language of Persia ( including Mesopotamia ) remained Middle Persian ( Pahlavi ) , just as the official languages of Syria and Egypt remained Greek and Coptic . However , during the Ummayad Caliphate , the Ummayads imposed Arabic as the primary language of their subjected people throughout their empire , displacing their indigenous languages . Particularly , Al - Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ( 661 -- 714 ) officially changed the administrative language of Iraq from Middle Persian ( Pahlavi ) to Arabic . Although an area from Iraq to Morocco speaks Arabic - based dialects to this day , Middle Persian proved to be much more enduring . Most of its structure and vocabulary survived , evolving into the New Persian . However , Persian did incorporate a certain amount of Arabic vocabulary , especially words pertaining to religion , and it switched from the Pahlavi scripts to a modified version of the Arabic alphabet . Today Persian is spoken officially in Iran , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan . Urbanisation ( edit ) The Arab conquest of Persia led to a period of extreme urbanisation in Iran , starting with the ascension of the Abbasid dynasty and ending in the 11th century CE . This was particularly true for the eastern parts of the country , for regions like Khorasan and Transoxiana . During this period , Iran saw the development of massive metropolises , some reaching population numbers of up to 200,000 people . Before this period , the important Persian cities had been situated outside of Persia proper , especially in Mesopotamia . This period of extreme urbanisation was followed in the 11th century by a collapse of the Iranian economy , which led to large scale emigrations of Iranians into Central Asia , India , the rest of the Middle East , and Anatolia . This catastrophe has been cited by some as reason for the Persian language becoming widespread throughout Central Asia and large parts of the Middle East . See also ( edit ) Book : Muslim conquests Arab - Byzantine Wars Arab rule in Georgia Emirate of Tbilisi Fall of Sassanid dynasty History of Arabs in Afghanistan History of Iran Islam in Iran Islamic conquest of Afghanistan Islamization of Iran Military history of Iran Muslim conquests Muslim conquest of Transoxiana Spread of Islam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pourshariati ( 2008 ) , pp. 469 Jump up ^ `` ʿARAB ii . Arab conquest of Iran '' . iranicaonline.org . ^ Jump up to : The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 1 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Between Memory and Desire '' . google.nl . Jump up ^ Milani A. Lost Wisdom . 2004 ISBN 978 - 0 - 934211 - 90 - 1 p. 15 Jump up ^ ( Balāḏori , Fotuḥ , p. 421 ; Biruni , Āṯār , p. 35 ) Jump up ^ Mohammad Mohammadi Malayeri , Tarikh - i Farhang - i Iran ( Iran 's Cultural History ) . 4 volumes . Tehran. 1982 . Jump up ^ ʻAbd al - Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb ( 2000 ) ( 1379 ) . Dū qarn - i sukūt : sarguz̲asht - i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ - i tārīkhī dar dū qarn - i avval - i Islām ( Two Centuries of Silence ) . Tihrān : Sukhan . OCLC 46632917 . Jump up ^ Arthur Christensen , L'Iran sous les Sassanides , Copenhagen , 1944 ( Christensen 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Parvaneh Pourshariati , Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire , ( I.B. Tauris , 2009 ) , 3 . Jump up ^ Parvaneh Pourshariati , Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire : The Sasanian - Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran , I.B. Tauris , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Parvaneh Pourshariati , Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire : The Sasanian - Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran , I.B. Tauris , 2008 . ( p. 4 ) Jump up ^ Iraq After the Muslim Conquest By Michael G. Morony , pg. 233 Jump up ^ `` SASANIAN DYNASTY '' . iranicaonline.org . Jump up ^ `` The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration '' . Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Leone Caetani , Annali dell ' Islam , vol. 4 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Leone Caetani , Annali dell'Islam , vol. 2 , chapter 1 , paragraph 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Tabaqat - i Kubra , vol . I , page 360 ; Tarikh - i Tabari , vol. II , pp. 295 , 296 ; Tarikh - i Kamil , vol. II , page 81 and Biharul Anwar , vol . XX , page 389 Jump up ^ `` Kisra '' , M. Morony , The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol . V , ed. C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , B. Lewis and C. Pellat , ( E.J. Brill , 1980 ) , 185. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fred M. Donner , `` Muhammad and the Believers : At the Origins of Islam '' , Harvard University Press , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05097 - 6 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Akbar Shah Najeebabadi , The history of Islam . B0006RTNB4 . ^ Jump up to : Tabari : Vol. 2 , p. 554 . Jump up ^ Akram , chapters 19 -- 26 . Jump up ^ نجاة سليم محاسيس ( 2011 ) . معجم المعارك التاريخية ( in Arabic ) . Al Manhal . p. 285 . ISBN 9796500011615 . Jump up ^ http://www.taqawalife.com/2012/02/saad-bin-abi-waqqas-raziallah-unho.html Jump up ^ Serat - i - Hazrat Umar - i - Farooq , by Mohammad Allias Aadil , page no : 67 Jump up ^ Akram , A.I. `` 5 '' . The Muslim Conquest of Persia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 . Jump up ^ Al - Tabari . History of the Prophets and Kings . p. 590 -- 595 . Jump up ^ Akram , A.I. `` 6 '' . The Muslim Conquest of Persia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 . Jump up ^ Haykal , Muhammad Husayn. `` 5 '' . Al Farooq , Umar . p. 130 . Jump up ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 7 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 , 9780195977134 ^ Jump up to : Akram , A.I. `` 8 '' . The Muslim Conquest of Persia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anderew . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Peter . Rome 's Enemies 3 : Parthians and Sassanids . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Al Farooq , Umar By Muhammad Husayn Haykal . chapter 18 page 130 ^ Jump up to : Akram , A.I. `` 10 '' . The Muslim Conquest of Persia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 . Jump up ^ The History of Al - Tabari : The Challenge to the Empires , Translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship , Published by SUNY Press , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0852 - 0 , ^ Jump up to : Muhammad Husayn Haykal. `` 19 '' . Al Farooq , Umar . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Pourshariati ( 2008 ) , p. 247 Jump up ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 11 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 , ^ Jump up to : The History of Al - Tabari : The Challenge to the Empires , Translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship , Published by SUNY Press , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0852 - 0 Jump up ^ Marshak & Negmatov 1996 , p. 449 . ^ Jump up to : Zarrinkub 1975 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Morony 1986 , pp. 203 -- 210 . ^ Jump up to : Marshak & Negmatov 1996 , p. 450 . Jump up ^ Pourshariati ( 2008 ) , p. 468 Jump up ^ Akram , A.I. `` 15 '' . The Muslim Conquest of Persia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 16 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 , Jump up ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 17 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 , Jump up ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram . Ch : 19 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597713 - 4 , Jump up ^ `` Iran '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard . `` Iran in history '' . Tel Aviv University . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Hugh ( 2004 ) . The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates . Longman . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Frye , R.N ( 1975 ) . The Golden Age of Persia . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tabari . Series I . pp. 2778 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Mary ( 1979 ) , Zoroastrians : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23903 - 5 pg. 150 ^ Jump up to : The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects . By A.S. Tritton , pg. 138 . Jump up ^ The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects . By A.S. Tritton , pg. 139 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Mary . Zoroastrians : their religious beliefs and practices . Routledge , 2001 . p. 146 . ISBN 9780415239028 . Jump up ^ Spencer 2005 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Stepaniants 2002 , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Boyce 2001 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Lambton 1981 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Meri & Bacharach 2006 , p. 878 Jump up ^ `` History of Zoroastrians in Islamic Iran '' . FEZANA Religious Education . Archived from the original on 5 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The preaching of Islam : a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold , pg. 170 -- 180 Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Iran Volume4 The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs , p. 483 Jump up ^ `` What is Persian ? '' . The center for Persian studies . Archived from the original on 10 December 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Professor R. Bulliet on Iran 's urbanisation ( 1h 10m 29s ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Al - Hind : The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest , 11th -- 13th centuries '' . google.nl . Jump up ^ Professor R. Bulliet on Iran 's urbanisation ( 1h 11m 48s ) on YouTube Sources ( edit ) Bashear , Suliman ( 1997 ) . Arabs and Others in Early Islam . Darwin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87850 - 126 - 7 . Boyce , Mary ( 2001 ) . Zoroastrians : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23902 - 8 . Daniel , Elton ( 2001 ) . The History of Iran . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30731 - 7 . Donner , Fred ( 1981 ) . The Early Islamic Conquests . Princeton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05327 - 1 . Morony , M. ( 1987 ) . `` Arab Conquest of Iran '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2 , ANĀMAKA -- ĀṮĀR AL - WOZARĀʾ . Sicker , Martin ( 2000 ) . The Islamic World in Ascendancy : From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96892 - 2 . Spuler , Bertold ; M. Ismail Marcinkowski ( translator ) , M. Ismail ; Clifford Edmund Bosworth ( foreword ) ( 2003 ) . Persian Historiography and Geography : Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran , the Caucasus , Central Asia , India and Early Ottoman Turkey . Singapore : Pustaka Nasional . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 77 - 488 - 2 . Zarrin'kub , Abd al - Husayn ( 1999 ) . Ruzgaran : tarikh - i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi . Sukhan . ISBN 978 - 964 - 6961 - 11 - 1 . Daryaee , Touraj ( 2009 ) . Sasanian Persia : The Rise and Fall of an Empire . I.B. Tauris . pp. 1 -- 240 . ISBN 0857716662 . Greatrex , Geoffrey ; Lieu , Samuel N.C. ( 2002 ) . The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars ( Part II , 363 -- 630 AD ) . New York , New York and London , United Kingdom : Routledge ( Taylor & Francis ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14687 - 9 . Pourshariati , Parvaneh ( 2008 ) . Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire : The Sasanian - Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran . London and New York : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 645 - 3 . Zarrinkub , Abd al - Husain ( 1975 ) . `` The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath '' . The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume 4 : From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 20093 - 6 . Morony , M. ( 1986 ) . `` ʿARAB ii . Arab conquest of Iran '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol. II , Fasc. 2 . pp. 203 -- 210 . Christensen , Peter ( 1993 ) . The Decline of Iranshahr : Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East , 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 1 -- 351 . ISBN 9788772892597 . Shapur Shahbazi , A. ( 2005 ) . `` SASANIAN DYNASTY '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Online Edition . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 1997 ) . `` Sīstān '' . The Encyclopedia of Islam , New Edition , Volume IX : San -- Sze . Leiden , and New York : BRILL . pp. 681 -- 685 . ISBN 9789004082656 . Gazerani , Saghi ( 2015 ) . The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran 's National History : On the Margins of Historiography . BRILL . pp. 1 -- 250 . ISBN 9789004282964 . Bosworth , C.E. ( 2011 ) . `` SISTĀN ii . In the Islamic period '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica . Marshak , B.I. , and N.N. Negmatov . `` Sogdiana . '' History of Civilizations of Central Asia , Volume III : The Crossroads of Civilizations : A.D. 250 to 750 . Eds . B.A. Litvinsky , Zhang Guang - da and R. Shabani Samghabadi . Paris : UNESCO Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 92 - 3 - 103211 - 9 A.K.S. , Lambton ( 1999 ) . `` FĀRS iii . History in the Islamic Period '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol . IX , Fasc. 4 . pp. 337 -- 341 . Daryaee , Touraj . `` Collapse of Sasanian Power in Fars '' . Fullerton , California : California State University . pp. 3 -- 18 https://www.academia.edu/956827/Collapse_of_Sasanian_Power_in_Fars . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Muslim conquest of Persia History of Iran : Islamic Conquest from the Iran Chamber Society . The Arab conquests at History World . 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-2,444,451,642,687,602,000 | does south dakota have stand your ground law | Stand - your - ground law - wikipedia Stand - your - ground law Jump to : navigation , search `` Stand your ground '' redirects here . For other uses , see Stand Your Ground ( disambiguation ) . A stand - your - ground law ( sometimes called `` line in the sand '' or `` no duty to retreat '' law ) is a justification in a criminal case , whereby defendants can `` stand their ground '' and use force without retreating , in order to protect and defend themselves or others against threats or perceived threats . An example is where there is no duty to retreat from any place where they have a lawful right to be , and that they may use any level of force if they reasonably believe the threat rises to the level of being an imminent and immediate threat of serious bodily harm or death . One case describes `` the ' stand your ground ' law ... a person has a right to expect absolute safety in a place they have a right to be , and may use deadly force to repel an unlawful intruder . '' Justification using stand - your - ground laws may be limited when `` ( the defendant ) was engaged in illegal activities and not entitled to benefit from provisions of the ' stand your ground ' law '' . This may be the case even if the illegal conduct the defendant was engaged in had nothing to do with the threat which instigated his use of deadly force ( e.g. , being robbed and beaten while smoking marijuana inside at the home of a friend ) . Stand - your - ground laws effectively extends the castle doctrine , from the home ( whether a house , apartment , mobile home or any other regular place of abode ) , to any place a person has a legal right to be . At common law , self - defence claims are not valid if the defendant could have safely retreated from danger . The castle doctrine is an exception to this duty to retreat . It gives immunity from liability to individuals who acted in self - defence in the home even if they could have safely retreated from the threat and failed to do so . Stand - your - ground laws eliminate the retreat requirement at any location the defendant has a legal right to be . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Laws 1.2 Controversy 1.3 Racial outcomes 1.4 Effect on crime rates 2 Other jurisdictions 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 Czech Republic 2.3 Germany 2.4 Ireland 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading United states ( edit ) Laws ( edit ) Stand your ground law by US jurisdiction Stand - your - ground law Stand - your - ground in practice Stand - your - ground from within one 's vehicle Castle doctrine only ; duty to retreat in public Duty to retreat The states that have legislatively adopted stand - your - ground laws are Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina ( Stand Your Ground law ( N.C.G.S. 14 51.3 ) ) , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , West Virginia , Wisconsin . The states that have adopted stand - your - ground in practice , either through case law / precedent , jury instructions or by other means , are California , Colorado , Idaho , Illinois , New Mexico , Oregon , Virginia , and Washington . For example , Michigan 's stand - your - ground law , MCL 780.972 , provides that `` ( a ) n individual who has not or is not engaged in the commission of a crime at the time he or she uses deadly force may use deadly force against another individual anywhere he or she has the legal right to be with no duty to retreat if ... ( t ) he individual honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent '' the imminent death , great bodily harm , or sexual assault of himself or another individual . Controversy ( edit ) Stand - your - ground laws are frequently criticized and called `` shoot first '' laws by critics , including the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . In Florida , self - defense claims tripled in the years following enactment . The law 's critics argue that Florida 's law makes it very difficult to prosecute cases against individuals who shoot others and then claim self - defense . The shooter can argue that he felt threatened , and in most cases , the only witness who could have argued otherwise is the deceased . Before passage of the law , Miami police chief John F. Timoney called the law unnecessary and dangerous in that `` ( w ) hether it 's trick - or - treaters or kids playing in the yard of someone who does n't want them there or some drunk guy stumbling into the wrong house , you 're encouraging people to possibly use deadly physical force where it should n't be used . '' In Florida , a task force examining the law heard testimony that the law is `` confusing '' . Those testifying to the task force include Buddy Jacobs , a lawyer representing the Florida Prosecuting Attorney 's Association . Jacobs recommended the law 's repeal , feeling that modifying the law would not fix its problems . Florida governor Rick Scott plans his own investigation into the law . In a July 16 , 2013 speech in the wake of the jury verdict acquitting George Zimmerman of charges stemming from the shooting death of Trayvon Martin , Attorney General Eric Holder criticized stand - your - ground laws as `` senselessly expand ( ing ) the concept of self - defense and sow ( ing ) dangerous conflict in our neighborhoods . '' The defendant , George Zimmerman , claims he was restrained at the time of the shooting , thus allowing no option for retreat and making ' stand your ground ' irrelevant to the case . Florida 's legislature is currently considering a bill that would allow people to show a gun or fire a warning shot during a confrontation without drawing a lengthy prison sentence . Racial outcomes ( edit ) Research into how race affects outcomes of stand your ground cases has resulted in mixed answers , with some sources claiming significant racial disparity , while others find no bias . A Texas A&M study found that when whites use the stand - your - ground defense against black attackers they are more successful than when blacks use the defense against white attackers . A paper from The Urban Institute which analysed FBI data found that in stand - your - ground states , the use of the defense by whites in the shooting of a black person is found to be justifiable 17 percent of the time , while the defense when used by blacks in the shooting of a white person is successful 1 percent of the time . In non-stand - your - ground states , the shooting of a black person by a white is found justified approximately 9 percent of the time , while the shooting of a white person by a black is found justified approximately 1 percent of the time . According to the Urban Institute , in Stand Your Ground states , white - on - black homicides are 354 percent more likely to be ruled justified than white - on - white homicides . The paper 's author noted that the data used do not detail the circumstances of the shooting , which could be a source of the disparity . They also noted that the total number of shootings in the FBI dataset of black victims by whites was 25 . A 2015 study found that cases with white victims are two times more likely to result in convictions under these laws than cases with black victims . In 2012 , in response to the Trayvon Martin case , the Tampa Bay Times compiled a report on the application of stand your ground , and also created a database of cases where defendants sought to invoke the law . However , their report , contrary to those cited above , found no difference in Florida cases in the way in which defendants claiming self - defense under the law are treated regardless of race , with white subjects being charged and convicted at the same rate as black subjects , and results of mixed - race cases were similar for both white victims of black attackers and black victims of white attackers . Shooters of black attackers overall were more successful at using the law than shooters of white attackers , regardless of the race of the victim claiming self - defense , but analysis showed that black attackers were also more likely to be armed and to be involved in committing a crime , such as burglary , when shot . Effect on crime rates ( edit ) The laws ' effect on crime rates is disputed between supporters and critics of the laws . Justifiable homicides have been found to have increased by 8 percent in states with stand - your - ground laws . Economist John Lott says that states adopting stand - your - ground / castle doctrine laws reduced murder rates by 9 percent and overall violent crime by 11 percent , and that occurs even after accounting for a range of other factors such as national crime trends , law enforcement variables ( arrest , execution , and imprisonment rates ) , income and poverty measures , demographic changes , and the national average changes in crime rates from year - to - year and average differences across states . One study found that the adoption of stand - your - ground laws caused a statistically significant increase in the raw homicide rate , and had only a very small positive effect on deterrence of crime . The authors of the study were unable to determine what percentage of the increase was justifiable homicide , due to the reporting of homicide to the FBI often lacking notation whether the homicide was justifiable or not . Another analysis of stand - your - ground laws by economists at Georgia State University , using monthly data from the U.S. Vital Statistics , found a significant increase in homicide and injury of whites , especially white males . They also analyzed data from the Health Care Utilization Project , which revealed significantly increased rates of emergency room visits and hospital discharges related to gun injuries in states which enacted these laws . In a 2007 National District Attorneys Association symposium , numerous concerns were voiced that the law could increase crime . This included criminals using the law as a defense for their crimes , more people carrying guns , and that people would not feel safe if they felt that anyone could use deadly force in a conflict . The report also noted that the misinterpretation of clues could result in use of deadly force when there was , in fact , no danger . The report specifically notes that racial and ethnic minorities could be at greater risk because of negative stereotypes . Florida 's stand - your - ground law went into effect on October 1 , 2005 . Florida state representative Dennis Baxley , an author of the law , said that the violent crime rate has dropped since the enactment of the law , though he said there may be many reasons for the change . Others have argued that the law may lead to an increase in crime . Violent crime data for 1995 -- 2015 has been published by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement . In 2012 , a study was published which found that after the Joe Horn shooting controversy in 2007 publicized Texas ' stand - your - ground law , burglaries decreased significantly in Houston , but not in Dallas , over a 20 - month period . A 2013 study in the Journal of Human Resources claims that Stand Your Ground laws in states across the U.S. contribute to 600 additional homicides a year . According to Mark Hoestra , co-author of the study : `` We asked what happened to homicide rates in states that passed these laws between 2000 and 2010 , compared to other states over the same time period . We found that homicide rates in states with a version of the Stand Your Ground law increased by an average of 8 percent over states without it -- which translates to roughly 600 additional homicides per year . These homicides are classified by police as criminal homicides , not as justifiable homicides . '' A 2015 study found that the adoption of Oklahoma 's stand - your - ground law was associated with a decrease in residential burglaries , but also that the law had `` the unintended consequence of increasing the number of non-residential burglaries . '' In 2016 , Mark Gius published a study that found that stand - your - ground laws were not associated with lower crime rates . A widely reported 2016 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association compared homicide rates in Florida following the passage of its `` stand your ground '' self - defense law to the rates in four control states , New Jersey , New York , Ohio and Virginia , which have no similar laws . It found that the law was associated with a 24.4 % increase in homicide and a 31.6 % increase in firearm - related homicide , but no change in rates of suicide or suicide by firearm , between 2005 and 2014 . It noted that , `` ( c ) ircumstances unique to Florida may have contributed to our findings , including those that we could not identify , '' and `` ( o ) ur study examined the effect of the Florida law on homicide and homicide by firearm , not on crime and public safety '' . The study was criticized by gun rights advocate John Lott 's Crime Prevention Research Center for studying only one state . Gun enthusiast and attorney Andrew Branca , writing in National Review , criticized the study for not distinguishing between justifiable homicides and murder , and for relying solely on statutory laws while overlooking case law ( i.e. Virginia ) in determining the data set . The study was praised by Duke University professor Jeffrey Swanson for its use of other states as controls , saying `` ( t ) hey look at comparable trends in states that did n't pass the law and do n't see the effect . '' Other jurisdictions ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) The common law jurisdiction of England and Wales has a stand - your - ground law rooted in the common law defence of using reasonable force in self - defence . At English common law there is no duty to retreat before a person may use reasonable force against an attacker , nor need a person wait to be attacked before using such force . In both cases force used must be reasonable in the circumstances as the person perceived them to be , unless the person is attacked in their own home , whereupon force will only be regarded as unreasonable if it was `` grossly disproportionate '' . Czech Republic ( edit ) Main article : Gun politics in the Czech Republic § Self defense with firearms There is no explicit stand - your - ground or castle doctrine provision in the laws of the Czech Republic , however there is also no duty to retreat from an attack and that has an effect similar to `` stand your ground '' provision . In order for a defense to be judged as legitimate , it may not be manifestly disproportionate to the manner of the attack . Germany ( edit ) German law allows self - defense against an unlawful attack . If there is no other possibility for defense , it is generally allowed to use even deadly force without a duty to retreat . However , there must not be an extreme imbalance ( `` extremes Missverhältnis '' ) between the defended right and the chosen method of defense . In particular , in case firearms are used , a warning shot must be given when defending a solely material asset . Nevertheless , due to the low circulation of firearms in Germany the impact of this law is not all that strong . Ireland ( edit ) Under the terms of the Defence and the Dwelling Act , property owners or residents are entitled to defend themselves with force , up to and including lethal force . Any individual who uses force against a trespasser is not guilty of an offense if he or she honestly believes they were there to commit a criminal act and a threat to life . However , there is a further provision which requires that the reaction to the intruder is such that another reasonable person in the same circumstances would likely employ it . This provision acts as a safeguard against grossly disproportionate use of force , while still allowing a person to use force in nearly all circumstances . The law was introduced in response to DPP v. Padraig Nally . A person who uses such force as is permitted by section 2 in the circumstances referred to in that section shall not be liable in tort with respect to any injury , loss or damage arising from the use of such force . The force used is only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be -- ( i ) to protect himself or herself or another person present in the dwelling from injury , assault , detention or death caused by a criminal act , ( ii ) to protect his or her property or the property of another person from appropriation , destruction or damage caused by a criminal act , or ( iii ) to prevent the commission of a crime or to effect , or assist in effecting , a lawful arrest . It does not matter whether the person using the force had a safe and practicable opportunity to retreat from the dwelling before using the force concerned . This law does not not apply to force used against a member of An Garda Siochána ( Irish Police ) or anyone assisting them , or a person lawfully performing a function authorised by or under any enactment . See also ( edit ) Jury nullification Proxemics , the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behavior , communication , and social interaction Restorative justice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dawkins v. State , 252 P. 3d 214 ( Okla . 2011 ) Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Title XLVI Chapter 776 Jump up ^ Ala . Code 13A - 3 - 23 ( b ) : `` A person who is justified under subsection ( a ) in using physical force , including deadly physical force , and who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and is in any place where he or she has the right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his ground . '' Jump up ^ Eaton , Daysha ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Parnell Signs Bills , Resolutions Supporting Gun Rights Alaska Public Media '' . Alaskapublic.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martosko , David ( April 1 , 2012 ) `` ' Stand your ground ' laws not just GOP policy , records show '' The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Title XLVI Chapter 776 : JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE '' . The 2013 Florida Statutes . The Florida Legislature . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bott , Kurt Erickson , Celeste . `` Missouri Senate overrides bill allowing concealed carry without a permit '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania 's Stand Your Ground Law Mirrors Florida 's '' , Public Source , March 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Gov. Perry Signs Law Allowing Texans to Protect Themselves '' , Office of Governor Rick Perry Press Release , March 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ 76 - 2 - 405 `` Force in defense of habitation '' Check url = value ( help ) . Utah criminal Code . Jump up ^ Walker signs ' castle doctrine ' bill , other measures Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Your Ground '' Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence `` . smartgunlaws.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Penal Code § § 197 , 198.5 , Legislative Counsel , State of California , retrieved April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` CALCRIM No. 505 . Justifiable Homicide '' . CaliforniaJuryInstructions.Net . January 2006 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ People v. Toler , 9 P. 3d 341 ( Colo . 2000 ) Jump up ^ Cassels v. People , 92 P. 3d 951 ( Colo . 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia Concealed Carry Permit Information '' . USA Carry . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Defense Act '' . Michigan Legislature . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida ' Stand Your Ground ' law could complicate Trayvon Martin teen shooting case '' . MSNBC . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths Nearly Triple Since ' Stand Your Ground ' Enacted '' . CBS Miami . 2011 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby . `` Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in Self - Defense '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Howard . `` NRA 's Behind - the - Scenes Campaign Encouraged ' Stand Your Ground ' Adoption '' . Florida Center for Investigative Reporting . fcir.org . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trayvon Martin case : Florida task force told ' stand your ground ' law confusing '' . TheGrio. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holder , Eric . `` Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the NAACP Annual Convention '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacob Sullum ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Zimmerman 's Prosecutors Did Not Think They Were Trying a ' Stand Your Ground ' Case - Hit & Run '' . Reason.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fair , Madison . `` Dare defend : standing for stand your ground '' . Law and Psychology Review . 38 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Jonsson , Patrik ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Racial bias and ' stand your ground ' laws : what the data show '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , John K. `` Race , Justifiable Homicide , and Stand Your Ground Laws : Analysis of FBI Supplementary Homicide Report Data '' ( PDF ) . http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412873-stand-your-ground.pdf . The Urban Institute . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole . `` 5 Disturbing Facts About The State Of Stand Your Ground '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/is-there-racial-bias-in-stand-your-ground-laws/ Jump up ^ Ackermann , Nicole ; Goodman , Melody S. ; Gilbert , Keon ; Arroyo - Johnson , Cassandra ; Pagano , Marcello ( October 2015 ) . `` Race , law , and health : Examination of ' Stand Your Ground ' and defendant convictions in Florida '' . Social Science & Medicine . 142 : 194 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2015.08. 012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 's stand your ground law '' . Tampa Bay Times . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hundley , Kris ; Martin , Susan Taylor ; Humburg , Connie ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Florida ' stand your ground ' law yields some shocking outcomes depending on how law is applied '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Susan Taylor ; Hundley , Kris ; Humburg , Connie ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Race plays complex role in Florida 's ' stand your ground ' law '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lott , John . More Guns Less Crime . Table 10.14 `` Time impact of the Castle Doctrine on violent crime rates '' Jump up ^ Cheng , Cheng ; Hoekstra , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` Does Strengthening Self - Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence ? Evidence from Castle Doctrine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Study Says ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws Increase Homicides '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Chandler ; Tekin , Erdal ( June 2012 ) . `` Stand Your Ground Laws , Homicides , and Injuries '' . Bulletin on Aging and Health . NBER Working Paper No. 18187 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Steven ; Nugent - Borakove , M. Elaine . `` Expansions to the Castle Doctrine : Implications for Policy and Practice '' ( PDF ) . National District Attorneys Association . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rates in Florida have dropped since ' stand your ground , ' says Dennis Baxley '' . @ politifact . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Department of Law Enforcement - Violent Crime '' . www.fdle.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ren , L. ; Zhang , Y. ; Zhao , J.S. ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas : A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas '' . Crime & Delinquency. 61 ( 8 ) : 1127 -- 1151 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011128712466886 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christina . `` Kill At Will : Stand Your Ground Laws Contribute To 600 Additional Homicides A Year ( DETAILS ) '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Chamlin , Mitchell B. ; Krajewski , Andrea E. ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` Use of Force and Home Safety : An Impact Assessment of Oklahoma 's '' . Deviant Behavior : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1080 / 01639625.2015. 1012027 . Jump up ^ Gius , Mark ( September 2016 ) . `` The relationship between stand - your - ground laws and crime : A state - level analysis '' . The Social Science Journal . 53 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 338 . doi : 10.1016 / j. soscij. 2016.01. 001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Misleading Journal of the American Medical Association research about Florida 's Stand Your Ground Law - Crime Prevention Research Center '' . Crime Prevention Research Center . 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , David K. ; Gasparrini , Antonio ; Wiebe , Douglas J. `` Evaluating the Impact of Florida 's `` Stand Your Ground '' Self - defense Law on Homicide and Suicide by Firearm `` . JAMA Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2016.6811 . Jump up ^ `` A study by the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests stand - your - ground laws result in more fatal shootings '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Branca , Andrew . `` What to Make of the New Study of Florida 's ' Stand Your Ground ' Law '' . National Review . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mohney , Gillian ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Florida Homicide Rate Increased After Passage of ' Stand Your Ground ' Law , Study Finds '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ( 24 October 2001 ) , Decision No. 5 Tz 189 / 2001 ( in Czech ) , Brno Jump up ^ Novotný , Oto ( 2004 ) . Trestní právo hmotné . Praha : ASPI . Jump up ^ `` Notwehrparagraph '' . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 110 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I. Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 123 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 126 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Palmer , Brian ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Do Other Countries Have ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws ? Or do they require you to slowly back away ? '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Lithwick , Dahlia ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Stand Your Ground ' Nation : America used to value the concept of retreat . Now we just shoot . '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand-your-ground_law&oldid=804630363 '' Categories : Homicide Legal doctrines and principles Self - defense U.S. state criminal law Controversies in the United States Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 06 : 32 . About Wikipedia | 1. Stand your ground law
2. No duty to retreat
3. Self-defense
4. Castle doctrine
5. Controversy over stand your ground laws |
-7,329,730,079,047,041,000 | probably the most famous czech composer of all time | Maː vlast - wikipedia Maː vlast Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Má vlast ( Czech pronunciation : ( maː vlast ) , meaning `` My homeland '' in the Czech language ) is a set of six symphonic poems composed between 1874 and 1879 by the Czech composer Bedřich Smetana . While it is often presented as a single work in six movements and -- with the exception of Vltava -- is almost always recorded that way , the six pieces were conceived as individual works . They had their own separate premieres between 1875 and 1880 ; the premiere of the complete set took place on 5 November 1882 in Žofín Palace , Prague , under Adolf Čech , who had also conducted two of the individual premieres . In these works Smetana combined the symphonic poem form pioneered by Franz Liszt with the ideals of nationalistic music which were current in the late nineteenth century . Each poem depicts some aspect of the countryside , history , or legends of Bohemia . Since 1952 these works are performed as opening of Prague Spring International Music Festival on 12 May , the anniversary of the death of its composer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vyšehrad 2 Vltava 3 Šárka 4 Z českých luhů a hájů 5 Tábor 6 Blaník 7 Instrumentation 8 References 9 External links Vyšehrad ( edit ) Vyšehrad above the Vltava River The first poem , Vyšehrad ( The High Castle ) , composed between the end of September and 18 November 1874 and premiered on 14 March 1875 , describes the Vyšehrad castle in Prague which was the seat of the earliest Czech kings . During the summer of 1874 , Smetana began to lose his hearing , and total deafness soon followed ; he described the gradual , but rapid loss of his hearing in a letter of resignation to the director of the Royal Provincial Czech Theatre , Antonín Čížek . In July 1874 he began hearing anomalous noise and then a permanent buzzing . Not long after the onset he was unable to distinguish individual sounds . At the beginning of October he lost all hearing in his right ear , and finally on 20 October in his left . His treatment was based on maintaining isolation from all sounds , but was unsuccessful . The poem begins with the sounds of the harp of the mythical singer Lumír , and then crosses over into the tones of the castle 's arsenal . This section of the music introduces the main motifs , which are used in other parts of the cycle . A four note motif ( B ♭ - E ♭ - D-B ♭ ) represents the castle of Vyšehrad ; this is heard again at the end of ' Vltava ' and once more , to round the whole cycle off , at the conclusion of ' Blaník ' . In the score two harps are required to perform the opening arpeggios . After a dominant seventh chord , the winds take up the theme , followed by the strings , before the whole orchestra is employed to reach a climax . In the next part , Smetana recalls the story of the castle , using a faster tempo which becomes a march . A seemingly triumphant climax is cut short by a descending passage depicting the collapse of the castle , and the music falls quiet . Then the opening harp material is heard again and the music reminds again of the beauty of the castle , now in ruins . The music ends quietly , depicting the River Vltava flowing below the castle . Conceived between 1872 and 1874 , it is the only piece in the cycle to be mostly completed before Smetana began to go noticeably deaf in the summer of 1874 . Most performances last approximately fifteen minutes in duration . Vltava ( edit ) The Vltava in Prague Vltava Die Moldau ( 12 : 51 ) Courtesy of Musopen <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Vltava , also known by its German name Die Moldau ( or The Moldau ) , was composed between 20 November and 8 December 1874 and was premiered on 4 April 1875 under Adolf Čech . It is about 13 minutes long , and is in the key of E minor . In this piece , Smetana uses tone painting to evoke the sounds of one of Bohemia 's great rivers . In his own words : The composition describes the course of the Vltava , starting from the two small springs , the Cold and Warm Vltava , to the unification of both streams into a single current , the course of the Vltava through woods and meadows , through landscapes where a farmer 's wedding is celebrated , the round dance of the mermaids in the night 's moonshine : on the nearby rocks loom proud castles , palaces and ruins aloft . The Vltava swirls into the St John 's Rapids ; then it widens and flows toward Prague , past the Vyšehrad , and then majestically vanishes into the distance , ending at the Labe ( or Elbe , in German ) . The piece contains Smetana 's most famous tune . It is an adaptation of the melody La Mantovana , attributed to the Italian renaissance tenor , Giuseppe Cenci , which , in a borrowed Romanian form , was also the basis for the Israeli national anthem , Hatikvah . The tune also appears in major in an old folk Czech song Kočka leze dírou ( `` The Cat Crawls Through the Hole '' ) , Hanns Eisler used it for his `` Song of the Moldau '' , and Stan Getz performed it as `` Dear old Stockholm '' ( probably through another derivative of the original tune , `` Ack Värmeland du sköna '' ) . Šárka ( edit ) Šárka and Ctirad Šárka Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra . Courtesy of Musopen <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The third poem was finished on 20 February 1875 and is named for the female warrior Šárka , a central figure in the ancient Czech legend of The Maidens ' War . Šárka ties herself to a tree as bait and waits to be saved by the princely knight Ctirad , deceiving him into believing that she is an unwilling captive of the rebelling women . Once released by Ctirad , who has quickly fallen in love with her , Šárka serves him and his comrades with drugged mead and once they have fallen asleep she sounds a hunting horn : an agreed signal to the other women . The poem ends with the warrior maidens falling upon and murdering the sleeping men . It was first performed under the baton of Adolf Čech ( sources disagree whether this was on 10 December 1876 or 17 March 1877 ) . Z českých luhů a hájů ( edit ) Smetana finished composing this piece , the title of which means `` From Bohemia 's woods and fields '' , on 18 October 1875 and received its first public performance nearly eight weeks later , on 10 December . A depiction of the beauty of the Czech countryside , the tone poem tells no real story , but includes , after a section evoking the grandeur of the forest , the depiction of a village festival in full swing . Tábor ( edit ) This piece , which was finished on 13 December 1878 and premiered on 4 January 1880 , is named for the city of Tábor in the south of Bohemia founded by the Hussites and serving as their center during the Hussite Wars . The theme for the piece is quoted from the first two lines of the Hussite hymn , `` Ktož jsú boží bojovníci '' ( `` Ye Who Are Warriors of God '' ) . Blaník ( edit ) A huge army of knights led by St. Wenceslas Blaník was finished on 9 March 1879 and premiered on 4 January 1880 . It is named for the mountain Blaník inside which a legend says that a huge army of knights led by St. Wenceslas sleep . The knights will awake and help the country in its gravest hour ( sometimes described as four hostile armies attacking from all cardinal directions ) . Musically , Blaník begins exactly as Tábor ends , `` hammering '' out the motto which was left unresolved , but now continuing on , as if in the aftermath of the battle . Thus these last two tone poems of the cycle form a cohesive pair , as do the first two ; the High Castle 's theme returns as the Vltava 's river journey triumphantly reaches that same destination , and again returns triumphantly at the end of Blaník . Once again , the Hussite hymn used in Tábor is quoted , though this time it is the third line which rings out in the march at the end of the piece . The original lyrics to this line in the hymn are `` so that finally with Him you will always be victorious '' , a reference to the eventual victorious rise of the Czech state . Instrumentation ( edit ) The work is scored for piccolo , two flutes , two oboes , two clarinets , two bassoons , four French horns , two trumpets , three trombones , tuba , timpani , bass drum , triangle , cymbals , harp , and strings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Žofín Palace Official site of Žofín Palace , accessed 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bedřich Smetana : My Country '' . Pražské jaro. 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Marta Ottlová , et al. `` Smetana , Bedřich '' . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press , accessed November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Julius H. ; Kevin Kline ( 2002 ) . The classical music experience : discover the music of the world 's greatest composers . New York : Sourcebooks . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57071 - 950 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John Walter Hill `` Cenci , Giuseppe '' in Grove Music Online , Oxford Music Online , accessed 21 Feb. 2010 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Má vlast . Ma Vlast : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) A symphonic poem to the nation Czech Radio programme in English by Christian Falvey Full score of the second poem Vltava Sheet music of piano duet version ( arranged by the composer ) Ates Orga Má vlast ( comparative CD review , 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bedřich Smetana Opera The Brandenburgers in Bohemia ( 1863 ) The Bartered Bride ( 1866 ) Dalibor ( 1868 ) Libuše ( 1872 ) The Two Widows ( 1874 ) The Kiss ( 1876 ) The Secret ( 1878 ) The Devil 's Wall ( 1882 ) Viola ( 1884 , incomplete ) Orchestral works Hakon Jarl ( 1860 -- 61 ) Má vlast ( 1872 -- 79 ) Chamber music String Quartet No. 1 ( 1876 ) String Quartet No. 2 ( 1882 -- 83 ) Named for Smetana Bedřich Smetana Museum Smetana Quartet Film adaptations The Bartered Bride ( 1932 film ) Dalibor ( 1956 film ) Related articles Moravian traditional music Skočná <Td_colspan="2"> List of compositions Classical music portal VIAF : 186316643 LCCN : n81059079 GND : 300149573 BNF : cb139193726 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Má_vlast&oldid = 799881111 '' Categories : Compositions by Bedřich Smetana Symphonic poems 1874 compositions 1875 compositions 1878 compositions 1879 compositions Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 11 : 09 . About Wikipedia | 1. Má vlast - set of six symphonic poems
2. Bedřich Smetana - Czech composer
3. Nationalistic music in the late nineteenth century
4. Vyšehrad - first poem in the cycle
5. Vltava - second poem in the cycle |
-861,170,858,037,943,400 | most goals in world cup match by a team | List of FIFA World Cup records - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup records hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article cites other Wikipedia articles as sources and as such may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of records of the FIFA World Cup and its qualification matches . See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Contents 1 General statistics by tournament 2 Teams : Tournament position 2.1 Consecutive 2.2 Gaps 2.3 Host team 2.4 Defending champion 2.5 Debuting teams 2.6 Other 3 Teams : Tournament progress 3.1 All time 3.2 Consecutive 3.3 Population 3.4 Host team 3.5 Defending champion 4 All - time table 5 Players 6 Goalscoring 6.1 Individual 6.2 Own goals 7 Assisting 8 Penalties 8.1 By team 8.2 By tournament 9 Penalty shoot - outs 9.1 By team 9.2 By tournament 10 Extra time 10.1 By team 10.2 By tournament 11 Tiebreakers 12 Goalkeeping 13 Coaching 14 Refereeing 15 Discipline 15.1 Suspension 15.2 Fine 15.3 Other sanction 16 Teams : Matches played / goals scored 16.1 All time 16.2 In one tournament 17 Teams : Overall performance ( winning percentage ) 17.1 In one tournament 17.1. 1 All time 17.1. 2 Host team 17.1. 3 Defending champion 17.1. 4 Champion 17.1. 5 Non-champion 18 Upsets 19 Hat - tricks 20 Streaks 20.1 Team 20.2 Tournament 20.3 Top scoring teams by tournament 20.4 Goal scoring by tournament 21 Host records 22 Attendance 23 Others 24 Footnotes 25 References 26 External links General statistics by tournament ( edit ) Year Host Champion Winning coach Top scorer ( s ) Best player award 1930 Uruguay Uruguay Alberto Suppici Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) N / A 1934 Italy Italy Vittorio Pozzo Oldřich Nejedlý ( 5 ) 1938 France Italy Vittorio Pozzo Leônidas ( 7 ) 1950 Brazil Uruguay Juan López Ademir ( 8 ) 1954 Switzerland West Germany Sepp Herberger Sándor Kocsis ( 11 ) 1958 Sweden Brazil Vicente Feola Just Fontaine ( 13 ) 1962 Chile Brazil Aymoré Moreira Garrincha ( 4 ) Vavá ( 4 ) Leonel Sánchez ( 4 ) Flórián Albert ( 4 ) Valentin Ivanov ( 4 ) Dražan Jerković ( 4 ) 1966 England England Alf Ramsey Eusébio ( 9 ) 1970 Mexico Brazil Mário Zagallo Gerd Müller ( 10 ) West Germany West Germany Helmut Schön Grzegorz Lato ( 7 ) 1978 Argentina Argentina César Luis Menotti Mario Kempes ( 6 ) 1982 Spain Italy Enzo Bearzot Paolo Rossi ( 6 ) Paolo Rossi 1986 Mexico Argentina Carlos Bilardo Gary Lineker ( 6 ) Diego Maradona 1990 Italy West Germany Franz Beckenbauer Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 ) Salvatore Schillaci 1994 United States Brazil Carlos Alberto Parreira Hristo Stoichkov ( 6 ) Oleg Salenko ( 6 ) Romário 1998 France France Aimé Jacquet Davor Šuker ( 6 ) Ronaldo 2002 South Korea Japan Brazil Luiz Felipe Scolari Ronaldo ( 8 ) Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Italy Marcello Lippi Miroslav Klose ( 5 ) Zinedine Zidane South Africa Spain Vicente del Bosque Thomas Müller ( 5 ) Wesley Sneijder ( 5 ) David Villa ( 5 ) Diego Forlán ( 5 ) Diego Forlán 2014 Brazil Germany Joachim Löw James Rodríguez ( 6 ) Lionel Messi 2018 Russia France Didier Deschamps Harry Kane ( 6 ) Luka Modrić Teams : tournament position ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Teams having equal quantities in the tables below are ordered by the tournament the quantity was attained in ( the teams that attained the quantity first are listed first ) . If the quantity was attained by more than one team in the same tournament , these teams are ordered alphabetically . Most titles won 5 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top two 8 , Germany ( 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top three 12 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four 13 , Germany ( 1934 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) For a detailed list of top four appearances , see FIFA World Cup results Most finishes in the top eight 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1934 , 1966 and 1990 ) Most finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most World Cup appearances 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) For a detailed list , see National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup . Most second - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) Most third - place finishes 4 , Germany ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most fourth - place finishes 3 , Uruguay ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) Most 3rd - 4th - place finishes 5 , Germany ( 1934 , 1958 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most 5th - 8th - place finishes 8 , England ( 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most 9th - 16th - place finishes 14 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1978 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most 17th - 32nd - place finishes 7 , South Korea ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) Most titles won by a confederation 12 , UEFA ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Confederation with most number of teams who qualified for the finals at least once 90 % ( 9 out of 10 ) , CONMEBOL ( all but Venezuela ) Confederation with fewest teams who qualified for the finals at least once 15.38 % ( 2 out of 11 current and 2 former ) , OFC ( only Australia and New Zealand ) Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive championships 2 , Italy ( 1934 -- 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 -- 1962 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top two 3 , Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top three 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top four 4 , Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top eight 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive finishes in the top sixteen 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive finals tournaments 21 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive second - place finishes 2 , Netherlands ( 1974 -- 1978 ) and West Germany ( 1982 -- 1986 ) Most consecutive third - place finishes 2 , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive fourth - place finishes No country has finished 4th in two consecutive tournaments Most consecutive 3rd - 4th - place finishes 2 , Sweden ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1974 -- 1978 ) , France ( 1982 -- 1986 ) , Germany ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive 5th - 8th - place finishes 4 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive 9th - 16th - place finishes 7 , Mexico ( 1994 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive 17th - 32nd - place finishes 4 , South Korea ( 1986 -- 1998 ) Biggest improvement in position in consecutive tournaments Did not participate / qualify , then champion , Italy ( 1930 -- 1934 ) , Uruguay ( 1938 -- 1950 ) , West Germany ( 1950 -- 1954 ) , France ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Most consecutive championships by a confederation 4 , UEFA ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Gaps ( edit ) Longest gap between successive titles 44 years , Italy ( 1938 -- 1982 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top two 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top three 48 years , Argentina ( 1930 -- 1978 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the top four 60 years , Spain ( 1950 -- 2010 ) Longest gap between successive appearances in the finals 56 years : Egypt ( 1934 -- 1990 ) , Norway ( 1938 -- 1994 ) Host team ( edit ) Best finish by host team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Worst finish by host team 17th -- 32nd position ( FIFA final ranking of 20th ) : South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Best finish by defending champion Champion : Italy ( 1938 ) , Brazil ( 1962 ) Worst finish by defending champion Did not participate : Uruguay ( 1934 ) Worst finish by defending champion who participates in the next tournament Group stage : Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) Debuting teams ( edit ) See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Debut of teams Best finish by a debuting team Champion : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) Best finish by a debuting team after 1934 Third place : Portugal ( 1966 ) , Croatia ( 1998 ) Other ( edit ) Most finishes in the top two without ever being champion 3 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) Most finishes in the top three without ever being champion 4 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most finishes in the top four without ever being champion 5 , Netherlands ( 1974 , 1978 , 1998 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most finals played , never lost 2 , Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most semifinals played , never lost 5 , Argentina ( 1930 , 1978 , 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most quarterfinals ( or best eight round ) played , never lost 2 , Croatia ( 1998 , 2018 ) and Portugal ( 1966 , 2006 ) Most round of sixteen ( from 1986 to date ) played , never lost 8 , Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Most appearances , never winning a match 3 , Australia ( 1974 , 2014 , 2018 ) , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) Most played final 3 , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Teams : Tournament progress ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Progressed from the first round the most times 18 , Brazil ( every tournament except 1930 , 1934 and 1966 ) Progressed from the first round as group winners the most times 15 , Brazil ( 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 ) Eliminated in the first round the most times 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Most appearances , always progressing from the first round 3 , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most appearances , never progressing from the first round 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Fewest appearances , reaching quarter - finals 1 , Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) Most appearances , never reaching quarter - finals 8 , Scotland ( 1954 , 1958 , 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 1998 ) Fewest appearances , reaching semi-finals 2 , Turkey ( 2002 ) Most appearances , never reaching semi-finals 16 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Fewest appearances , reaching a final 5 , Croatia ( 2018 ) Most appearances , never reaching a final 16 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Fewest appearances , winning a title 13 , Uruguay ( 1930 , 1950 ) Most appearances , never winning a title 16 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Consecutive ( edit ) Most consecutive appearances in the first round 21 , Brazil ( every tournament ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round 16 , Germany ( 1954 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive progressions from the first round as group winners 10 , Brazil ( 1982 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive eliminations from the first round 5 , Mexico ( 1950 -- 1966 ) , Scotland ( 1974 -- 1990 ) Most consecutive result by the same team 7 , Round of 16 , Mexico ( 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 ) Population ( edit ) Most populated participant China PR ( 2002 ) , 1.280. 000.000 Least populated participant Iceland ( 2018 ) , 348.000 Most populated champion Brazil ( 2002 ) , 179.300. 000 Least populated champion Uruguay ( 1930 ) , 1.730. 000 Host team ( edit ) Host team eliminated in the first round South Africa ( 2010 ) Defending champion ( edit ) Defending champion eliminated in the first round Italy ( 1950 ) , Brazil ( 1966 ) , France ( 2002 ) , Italy ( 2010 ) , Spain ( 2014 ) , Germany ( 2018 ) All - time table ( edit ) Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Players ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA World Cups Most championships 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 , 1962 ( only played in first two matches ; medal awarded retroactively by FIFA in 2007 ) and 1970 ) See here for a list of players who have won multiple FIFA World Cups . Most tournaments played 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments on national team 5 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 1998 ( did not play ) , 2002 -- 2014 ) , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most finishes in the top two 3 , Nílton Santos ( Brazil 1950 , 1958 , 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil 1958 , 1962 , 1970 ) , Pierre Littbarski ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Lothar Matthäus ( West Germany 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finishes in the top three 4 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in All - Star Team 3 , Djalma Santos ( Brazil , 1954 -- 1962 ) , Franz Beckenbauer ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1974 ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany , 2006 -- 2014 ) Most matches played , finals 25 , Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) Most knockout games played , finals 14 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most minutes played , finals 2,217 minutes , Paolo Maldini ( Italy , 1990 -- 2002 ) Most matches played , qualifying 68 , Iván Hurtado ( Ecuador , 1994 -- 2010 ) Most matches won 17 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most appearances in a World Cup final 3 , Cafu ( Brazil , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 ) Most finals played with different teams 2 , Luis Monti ( Argentina , 1930 and Italy , 1934 ) Most appearances as captain 17 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments as captain 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Most appearances as substitute 11 , Denílson ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2002 ) Youngest player 17 years , 41 days , Norman Whiteside ( Northern Ireland ) , vs Yugoslavia , 17 June 1982 Youngest player , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Youngest player , qualifying match 13 years , 310 days , Souleymane Mamam ( Togo ) , vs Zambia , 6 May 2001 , 2002 CAF Group 1 Youngest captain 21 years , 109 days , Tony Meola ( United States ) , vs Czechoslovakia , 10 June 1990 Youngest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 16 years , 339 days , Edu ( Brazil ) , 1966 Oldest player 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player , final 40 years , 133 days , Dino Zoff ( Italy ) , vs West Germany , 11 July 1982 Oldest player , qualifying match 46 years , 175 days , MacDonald Taylor Sr. ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) , vs Saint Kitts and Nevis , 18 February 2004 , 2006 CONCACAF First Round . Oldest captain 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to debut in a World Cup finals tournament 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest player to ever be named to a FIFA World Cup squad 45 years , 150 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , 2018 Largest age difference on the same team 24 years and 42 days , 1994 , Cameroon ( Rigobert Song : 17 years and 358 days ; Roger Milla : 42 years and 35 days ) Largest age difference on a champion team 21 years and 297 days , 1982 , Italy ( Dino Zoff : 40 years and 133 days ; Giuseppe Bergomi : 18 years and 201 days ) Oldest average age of all the players summoned to a World Cup Almost 28 years old , 2018 Longest period between World Cup finals appearances as a player 15 years and 363 days , Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) Longest span of World Cup finals appearances as a player 16 years , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1950 -- 1966 ) ; Elías Figueroa ( Chile , 1966 -- 1982 ) ; Hugo Sánchez ( Mexico , 1978 -- 1994 ) ; Giuseppe Bergomi ( Italy , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Lothar Matthäus ( Germany , 1982 -- 1998 ) ; Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 -- 2010 ) ; Faryd Mondragón ( Colombia , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Samuel Eto'o ( Cameroon , 1998 -- 2014 ) ; Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between World Cup finals appearances , overall 44 years , Tim ( Brazil , 1938 , as a player ; and Peru , 1982 , as coach ) Goalscoring ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers See also : List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks Most goals scored , overall finals 16 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most goals scored , overall qualifying 39 , Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2016 ) Most goals scored in a tournament 13 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) Highest goals average in a tournament , and overall 4.00 , Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland , 4 goals in 1 match , 1938 ) For a detailed list of top goalscorers in each tournament ( Golden Boot winner ) , see Golden Boot . Most goals scored in a match 5 , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , vs Cameroon , 1994 Most goals scored in a lost match 4 , Ernest Wilimowski ( Poland ) , vs Brazil , 1938 Most goals scored in a qualifying match 13 , Archie Thompson ( Australia ) , vs American Samoa , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a final match 3 , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs West Germany , 1966 Most goals scored in all final matches 3 , Vavá ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Czechoslovakia in 1962 ; Pelé ( Brazil ) , 2 vs Sweden in 1958 & 1 vs Italy in 1970 ; Geoff Hurst ( England ) , 3 vs West Germany in 1966 and Zinedine Zidane ( France ) , 2 vs Brazil in 1998 & 1 vs Italy in 2006 Scored goal ( s ) in multiple final matches Vavá ( Brazil , 1958 & 1962 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 & 1970 ) , Paul Breitner ( West Germany , 1974 & 1982 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 & 2006 ) . Most matches with at least one goal 11 , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches with at least one goal 6 , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches with at least two goals 4 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) Most hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) , Just Fontaine ( France , 1958 ) , Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 1994 & 1998 ) Most consecutive hat - tricks 2 , Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary , 1954 ) and Gerd Müller ( West Germany , 1970 ) Fastest hat - trick 8 minutes , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , scored at 69 ' , 72 ' and 76 ' , vs El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored by a substitute in a match 3 , László Kiss ( Hungary ) , vs El Salvador , 1982 Olympic goals ( goals from a corner ) scored in a World Cup 1 , Marcos Coll ( Colombia ) , vs Soviet Union , 1962 Hat - tricks from the penalty spot Never occurred in the final tournament , four times in qualification : Kubilay Türkyilmaz ( Switzerland ) , vs Faroe Islands , 7 October 2000 , 2002 UEFA Group 1 ; Henrik Larsson ( Sweden ) , vs Moldova , 6 June 2001 , 2002 UEFA Group 4 ; Ronaldo ( Brazil ) , vs Argentina , 2 June 2004 , 2006 CONMEBOL ; Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang ( Gabon ) , vs Niger , 15 June 2013 , 2014 CAF Second Round Group E Scoring in every match of a team in a World Cup ( at least three matches ) György Sárosi ( Hungary ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1938 ) , Arne Nyberg ( Sweden ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1938 ) , Alcides Ghiggia ( Uruguay ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1950 ) , Just Fontaine ( France ) , 13 goals in 6 matches ( 1958 ) , Omar Oreste Corbatta ( Argentina ) , 3 goals in 3 matches ( 1958 ) , Ferenc Bene ( Hungary ) , 4 goals in 4 matches ( 1966 ) , Jairzinho ( Brazil ) , 7 goals in 6 matches ( 1970 ) , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru ) , 5 goals in 4 matches ( 1970 ) , James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) , 6 goals in 5 matches ( 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least one goal 4 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) and Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most tournaments with at least two goals 4 , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 1958 -- 1970 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2014 ) Most tournaments with at least three goals 3 , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany , 1990 -- 1998 ) , Ronaldo ( Brazil , 1998 -- 2006 ) and Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least four goals 3 , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 2002 -- 2010 ) Most tournaments with at least five goals 2 , Teófilo Cubillas ( Peru , 1970 , 1978 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , ( 2002 -- 2006 ) and Thomas Müller ( Germany , 2010 -- 2014 ) Most qualification tournaments with at least one goal 5 , Rafael Márquez ( Mexico , 2002 -- 2018 ) and Carlos Ruiz ( Guatemala , 2002 -- 2018 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals 12 years , 1 month and 7 days ; Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) Longest period between a player 's first and last goals overall 12 years , Uwe Seeler ( West Germany , 8 June 1958 -- 14 June 1970 ) , Pelé ( Brazil , 19 June 1958 -- 21 June 1970 ) , Diego Maradona ( Argentina , 18 June 1982 -- 21 June 1994 ) , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 8 June 1986 -- 24 June 1998 ) , Henrik Larsson ( Sweden , 16 July 1994 -- 20 June 2006 ) , Sami Al - Jaber ( Saudi Arabia , 25 June 1994 -- 14 June 2006 ) , Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( Mexico , 20 June 1998 -- 17 June 2010 ) , Miroslav Klose ( Germany , 1 June 2002 -- 8 July 2014 ) , Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 8 June 2002 -- 18 June 2014 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal , 17 June 2006 -- 20 June 2018 ) and Lionel Messi ( Argentina 16 June 2006 -- 26 June 2018 ) Longest period between one goal and another 12 years , Michael Laudrup ( Denmark , 1986 -- 1998 ) and Ivica Olić ( Croatia , 2002 -- 2014 ) First goalscorer Lucien Laurent ( France ) , vs Mexico , 13 July 1930 Youngest goalscorer 17 years , 239 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Wales , 19 June 1958 Youngest hat - trick scorer 17 years , 244 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs France , 24 June 1958 Youngest goalscorer , final 17 years , 249 days , Pelé ( Brazil ) , vs Sweden , 29 June 1958 Oldest goalscorer 42 years , 39 days , Roger Milla ( Cameroon ) , vs Russia , 28 June 1994 Oldest hat - trick scorer 33 years , 130 days , Cristiano Ronaldo ( Portugal ) , vs Spain , 15 June 2018 Oldest goalscorer , final 35 years , 264 days , Nils Liedholm ( Sweden ) , vs Brazil , 29 June 1958 Only player to score in his teens , his twenties and his thirties Lionel Messi Argentina ( 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 ) Most penalties scored ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 4 , Eusébio ( Portugal , 4 in 1966 ) , Rob Rensenbrink ( Netherlands , 4 in 1978 ) -- both records for one tournament -- and Gabriel Batistuta ( Argentina , 2 each in 1994 and 1998 ) Most penalties missed ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Asamoah Gyan ( Ghana ) , vs Czech Republic , 2006 and vs Uruguay , 2010 First substitute winning goalscorer , final Came on 86th minute , Mario Götze ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 2014 Fastest goal from kickoff 11 seconds , Hakan Şükür ( Turkey ) , vs South Korea , 2002 Fastest goal by a substitute 16 seconds , Ebbe Sand ( Denmark ) , vs Nigeria , 1998 Fastest goal in a final 90 seconds , Johan Neeskens ( Netherlands ) , vs West Germany , 1974 final Fastest goal in a qualifying match 8.1 seconds , Christian Benteke ( Belgium ) , vs Gibraltar , 2018 UEFA Group H Fastest brace scored 69 seconds , Toni Kroos ( Germany ) , vs Brazil , 2014 Latest goal in regular time 97th minute , Neymar ( Brazil ) , vs Costa Rica , 2018 Latest goal from kickoff 121st minute , Alessandro Del Piero ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 and Abdelmoumene Djabou ( Algeria ) , vs Germany , 2014 Latest goal from kickoff in a final 120th minute , Geoff Hurst ( England ) , vs Germany , 1966 ( see `` They think it 's all over '' ) Latest goal from kickoff , with no goals scored between 119th minute , David Platt ( England ) , vs Belgium , 1990 and Fabio Grosso ( Italy ) , vs Germany , 2006 Latest goal from kickoff in a final , with no goals scored between 116th minute , Andrés Iniesta ( Spain ) , vs Netherlands , 2010 Most participations in different World Cup penalty shoot - outs 3 times , Roberto Baggio Italy ( 1990 , converted , 1994 , missed , and 1998 , converted ) Own goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA World Cup own goals Assisting ( edit ) Most assists provided , overall finals 10 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 - 1970 ) Most assists provided in a tournament 7 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1970 ) Most assists provided in finals 3 , Pelé ( Brazil , 1958 and 1970 ) Most tournaments with at least one assist 4 , Lionel Messi ( Argentina , 2006 - 2018 ) Most consecutive tournaments with at least one assist 4 , Lionel Messi ( Argentina , 2006 - 2018 ) Penalties ( edit ) By team ( edit ) Most awarded 18 , Spain Most converted 15 , Spain Most missed or saved 4 , Brazil By tournament ( edit ) Most awarded 29 , 2018 Most converted 22 , 2018 Most missed or saved 7 , 2018 Penalty shoot - outs ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA World Cup penalty shoot - outs By team ( edit ) Most played 5 , Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Most played in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) , Spain ( 2002 ) , Costa Rica and Netherlands ( 2014 ) , Croatia and Russia ( 2018 ) Most won 4 , Germany ( 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 ) and Argentina ( 1990 , 1990 , 1998 , 2014 ) Most won in one tournament 2 , Argentina ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most lost 3 , England ( 1990 , 1998 , 2006 ) , Italy ( 1990 , 1994 , 1998 ) and Spain ( 1986 , 2002 , 2018 ) Most played shoot - out 2 , France vs Italy ( 1998 , 2006 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Fewest played ( since the introduction in 1978 ) 0 , 1978 Extra time ( edit ) See also : Extra time By team ( edit ) Most played 11 , Germany ( 1938 , 1966 , 1970 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2006 , 2014 , 2014 ) and Italy ( 1934 , 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1990 , 1994 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2006 ) Most tournaments playing extra time 8 , Germany ( 1938 , 1966 , 1970 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 ) and Italy ( 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Most consecutive tournaments playing extra time 5 , Italy ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Most played in one tournament 3 , Belgium ( 1986 ) , England ( 1990 ) , Argentina ( 2014 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most consecutive played in one tournament 3 , England ( 1990 ) and Croatia ( 2018 ) Most won ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 5 , Italy ( 1934 , 1938 , 1970 , 1994 , 2006 ) Most lost ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 3 , Germany ( 1966 , 1970 , 2006 ) Most won in one tournament ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 2 , England ( 1990 ) and Germany ( 2014 ) Most consecutive won in one tournament ( excluding replays and shoot - outs ) 2 , England ( 1990 ) Most played match 3 , England vs Germany ( 1966 , 1970 , 1990 ) Most consecutive played match 2 , England vs Germany ( 1966 -- 1970 ) By tournament ( edit ) Most played 8 , 1990 , 2014 Most played , not ending in replays or shoot - outs 4 , 1990 , 2014 Most played ending in replays 3 , 1938 Most played ending in shoot - outs 4 , 1990 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 Most played ending in a golden goal ( sudden death ) 3 , 2002 Fewest played 0 , 1930 , 1950 , 1962 , 1974 Tiebreakers ( edit ) See also : Tiebreaker Cases when replays were used 1934 Quarter - finals -- To determine who advances to the semi-finals ( Italy vs Spain ) 1938 Round of 16 -- To determine who advances to the quarter - finals ( Switzerland vs Germany ) and ( Cuba vs Romania ) 1938 Quarter - finals -- To determine who advances to the semi-finals ( Brazil vs Czechoslovakia ) Cases when play - offs were used 1954 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group 2 ( West Germany vs Turkey ) and Group 4 ( Switzerland vs Italy ) 1958 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group 1 ( Northern Ireland vs Czechoslovakia ) , Group 3 ( Wales vs Hungary ) and Group 4 ( Soviet Union vs England ) Cases when drawing of lots was used 1954 Group stage -- To determine first place in Group 1 ( Brazil ahead of Yugoslavia ) and Group 3 ( Uruguay ahead of Austria ) 1990 Group stage -- To determine second place ( Republic of Ireland ) and third place ( Netherlands ) in Group F Cases when fair play was used 2018 Group stage -- To determine second place in Group H ( Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards ) Goalkeeping ( edit ) Most clean sheets ( matches without conceding ) 10 , Peter Shilton ( England , 1982 -- 1990 ) and Fabien Barthez ( France , 1998 -- 2006 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( finals ) 517 mins ( 5 consecutive clean sheets ) , Walter Zenga ( Italy , 1990 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal ( qualifying ) 921 mins ( 9 consecutive clean sheets ) , Richard Wilson ( New Zealand , 1982 ) Most goals conceded 25 , Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico ) and Mohamed Al - Deayea ( Saudi Arabia ) Most goals conceded , one tournament 16 , Hong Duk - Yung ( South Korea ) , 1954 Most goals conceded , one match 10 , Luis Guevara Mora ( El Salvador ) , 1982 ( vs Hungary ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament , champions 2 , Fabien Barthez ( France ) , 1998 , Gianluigi Buffon ( Italy , 2006 ) and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 2010 ) Fewest goals conceded , one tournament 0 , Pascal Zuberbühler ( Switzerland ) , 2006 Fewest goals conceded , penalty shoot - outs , one match 0 , Oleksandr Shovkovskiy ( Ukraine ) , vs Switzerland , 2006 Most penalties saved , one tournament ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland ) , 1974 and Brad Friedel ( United States ) , 2002 Most penalties saved overall ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 2 , Jan Tomaszewski ( Poland , both in 1974 ) , Brad Friedel ( United States , both in 2002 ) , and Iker Casillas ( Spain , 1 in 2002 and 1 in 2010 ) Most penalties saved in one penalty shoot - out 3 , Ricardo ( Portugal ) , vs England , 2006 and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia ) , vs Denmark , 2018 Most penalties saved overall in penalty shoot - outs 4 , Harald Schumacher ( Germany , 2 vs France in 1982 and 2 vs Mexico in 1986 ) , Sergio Goycochea ( Argentina , 2 vs Yugoslavia in 1990 and 2 vs Italy in 1990 ) , and Danijel Subašić ( Croatia , 3 vs Denmark , 2018 and 1 vs Russia , 2018 ) Youngest goalkeeper 19 years , 191 days , Lee Chang - myung ( North Korea ) , vs Soviet Union , 12 July 1966 Youngest goalkeeper to save a penalty ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 21 years , 27 days , Iker Casillas ( Spain ) , vs Republic of Ireland , 16 June 2002 Youngest goalkeeper to save a penalty in a shoot - out 21 years , 27 days , Iker Casillas ( Spain ) , vs Republic of Ireland , 16 June 2002 Oldest goalkeeper 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty ( excluding during shoot - outs ) 45 years , 161 days , Essam El - Hadary ( Egypt ) , vs Saudi Arabia , 25 June 2018 Oldest goalkeeper to save a penalty in a shoot - out 36 years , 232 days , Jens Lehmann ( Germany ) , vs Argentina , 30 June 2006 Coaching ( edit ) Most matches coached 25 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most matches won 16 , Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) Most tournaments won 2 , Vittorio Pozzo ( Italy , 1934 -- 1938 ) Most tournaments 6 , Carlos Alberto Parreira ( 1982 , 1990 -- 1998 , 2006 , 2010 ) Most nations coached 5 , Bora Milutinović ( Mexico , 1986 ; Costa Rica , 1990 ; United States , 1994 ; Nigeria , 1998 ; China PR , 2002 ) , and Carlos Alberto Parreira ( Kuwait , 1982 ; United Arab Emirates , 1990 ; Brazil , 1994 and 2006 ; Saudi Arabia , 1998 , South Africa , 2010 ) Most consecutive tournaments with same team 4 , Walter Winterbottom ( England , 1950 -- 1962 ) ; Helmut Schön ( West Germany , 1966 -- 1978 ) ( note that Sepp Herberger took Germany / West Germany to four tournaments , ( 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 ) omitting the 1950 competition from which Germany was banned ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 wins ; Portugal , 2006 , 4 wins -- Portugal `` won '' its next match , the quarter - final against England , by penalty shoot - out , which technically counts as a draw ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 12 , Luiz Felipe Scolari ( Brazil , 2002 , 7 matches ; Portugal , 2006 , 5 matches ) Youngest coach 27 years , 267 days , Juan José Tramutola ( Argentina , 1930 ) Youngest coach , champions 31 years , 252 days , Alberto Suppici ( Uruguay , 1930 ) Oldest coach 71 years , 317 days , Otto Rehhagel ( Greece , 2010 ) Oldest coach , champions 59 years , 200 days , Vicente del Bosque ( Spain , 2010 ) Quickest substitution made 4th minute , Cesare Maldini , Giuseppe Bergomi for Alessandro Nesta ( Italy , vs Austria , 1998 ) ; Sven - Göran Eriksson , Peter Crouch for Michael Owen ( England , vs Sweden , 2006 ) Most championship wins as player and head coach 3 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) Most tournament appearances as player and head coach 5 , Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 , 1974 & 1998 as coach ) ; Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1966 -- 1974 as player , 1986 & 1990 as coach ) ; Berti Vogts , West Germany ( 1970 -- 1978 as player , 1994 & 1998 as coach ) ; Diego Maradona , Argentina ( 1982 -- 1994 as player , 2010 as coach ) Won tournaments as both player and head coach Mário Zagallo , Brazil ( 1958 & 1962 as player , 1970 as coach ) , Franz Beckenbauer , West Germany ( 1974 as player , 1990 as coach ) and Didier Deschamps , France ( 1998 as player , 2018 as coach ) First World Cup player to coach a team in a World Cup Milorad Arsenijević , Serbia ( 1930 as player , 1950 as coach , both times for Yugoslavia ) Won tournament as a foreign head coach No foreign coach has won a tournament ( all winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached ) Best finish for a foreign head coach Runners - up , George Raynor ( England , coached Sweden in 1958 ) and Ernst Happel ( Austria , coached Netherlands in 1978 ) Refereeing ( edit ) Most tournaments 3 -- John Langenus ( Belgium , 1930 -- 1938 ) , Ivan Eklind ( Sweden , 1934 -- 1950 ) , Benjamin Griffiths ( Wales , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Arthur Ellis ( England , 1950 -- 1958 ) , Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 -- 1966 ) , Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Joël Quiniou ( France , 1986 -- 1994 ) , Ali Mohamed Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates , 1994 -- 2002 ) , Óscar Ruiz ( Colombia , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Carlos Eugênio Simon ( Brazil , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico , 2006 -- 2014 ) , Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador , 2010 -- 2018 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , overall 11 -- Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 -- 2018 ) Most matches refereed , one tournament 5 -- Benito Archundia ( Mexico , 2006 ) , Horacio Elizondo ( Argentina , 2006 ) , Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan , 2010 ) and Néstor Pitana ( Argentina , 2018 ) Youngest referee 24 years and 193 days -- Juan Gardeazábal ( Spain , 1958 ) Oldest referee 53 years and 236 days -- George Reader ( England , 1950 ) Discipline ( edit ) Note : There are no official records for cautions issued in tournaments before the introduction of yellow cards in 1970 . Fastest caution 11 seconds , Jesús Gallardo ( Mexico ) , vs Sweden , 2018 Fastest sending off 56 seconds , José Batista ( Uruguay ) , vs Scotland , 1986 Fastest sending off , qualification 37 seconds , Rashed Al Hooti ( Bahrain ) , vs Iran , 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification Latest caution during penalty shoot - out : Edinho ( Brazil ) , vs France 1986 ; Carlos Roa ( Argentina ) , vs England , 1998 Latest sending off after penalty shoot - out : Leandro Cufré ( Argentina ) , vs Germany , 2006 ( Cufré was red carded for kicking Per Mertesacker in an altercation following the match ) Sent off from the bench Claudio Caniggia ( Argentina ) , vs Sweden , 2002 Most cards ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most cautions ( all - time , player ) 7 , Javier Mascherano ( Argentina , 2006 -- 2018 ) Most sendings off ( all - time , player ) 2 , Rigobert Song ( Cameroon , 1994 and 1998 ) and Zinedine Zidane ( France , 1998 and 2006 ) Most sendings off ( tournament ) 28 ( in 64 games ) , 2006 Most sendings off ( all - time , team ) 11 ( in 97 games ) , Brazil Most sendings off ( match , both teams ) 4 ( 2 each ) in Portugal vs Netherlands , 2006 ( also known as Battle of Nuremberg ) Most sendings off ( final match ) 2 , Pedro Monzón & Gustavo Dezotti ( both Argentina ) , v West Germany , 1990 Most cautions ( tournament ) 345 ( in 64 matches ) , 2006 Most cautions ( all - time , team ) 88 ( in 64 games until 2006 ) , Argentina Most cautions ( match , one team ) 9 , Portugal , 2006 , vs Netherlands & Netherlands , 2010 , vs Spain Most cautions ( match , both teams ) 16 -- Portugal vs Netherlands , June 25 , 2006 ; and Cameroon v Germany , June 11 , 2002 Most cautions ( match , player ) 3 ( 61 ' , 90 ' , 93 ' ) Josip Šimunić ( Croatia ) , vs Australia , 2006 ( referee : Graham Poll ) Most cautions ( final match , both teams ) 14 , 5 ( Spain ) and 9 ( Netherlands ) 2010 Most suspensions ( tournament , player ) 2 , André Kana - Biyik ( Cameroon 1990 ) Suspension ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases 15 months , Diego Maradona ( Argentina vs Nigeria , 1994 ) misconduct 10 matches , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . 9 matches , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini 1 year , Ndaye Mulamba ( Zaire vs Yugoslavia , 1974 ) for kicking the referee 1 year , Samir Shaker ( Iraq vs Belgium , 1986 ) for spitting at the referee Fair Play Violation Life ( amnestied after 12 years ) : Roberto Rojas ( Chile vs Brazil , 1989 ) for feigning injury from a firecracker , leading to a match being abandoned . none Fine ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases misconduct ( Have other sanction ) CHF 30,000 , Josip Šimunić ( Croatia vs Iceland , 2013 ) for shouting fascist Ustaše salute after the game . ( Only fined ) CHF 50,000 , Croatia ( Kosovo vs Croatia , 2016 ) for anti-Serbia chants by fans . ( Have other sanction ) CHF 100,000 , Luis Suárez ( Uruguay vs Italy , 2014 ) for biting Giorgio Chiellini ( Only fined ) CHF 10,000 , Xherdan Shaqiri and Granit Xhaka ( Serbia vs Switzerland , 2018 ) both for celebrated their goals by making double - headed eagle gesture with their hands . Fair Play Violation none none Other none none Other sanction ( edit ) Qualifying Final Round doping Many cases none misconduct Empty stadium , many cases none Fair Play Violation Chile banned from the qualifiers for the 1994 FIFA World Cup none Other none none Teams : Matches played / goals scored ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Most matches played 109 , Germany , Brazil Fewest matches played 1 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most wins 73 , Brazil Most losses 27 , Mexico Most draws 21 , Italy , England Most points 237 , Brazil Most average points / match 2.17 , Brazil Most matches played without a point ( win or a draw ) 10 , Australia Most matches played without a win 14 , Australia Most matches played until first win 17 , Bulgaria Most goals scored 229 , Brazil Most goalscorers 80 , Brazil Most goals conceded 125 , Germany Fewest goals scored 0 , Canada , China PR , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) , Trinidad and Tobago and DR Congo ( as Zaire ) Fewest goals conceded 2 , Angola Best goal difference + 124 , Brazil Worst goal difference -- 38 , Mexico Most matches played without scoring a goal 8 , Australia Most matches played always conceding a goal 15 , Australia Highest average of goals scored per match 2.72 , Hungary ( 87 goals in 32 matches ) Lowest average of goals conceded per match 0.67 , Angola ( 2 goals in 3 matches ) Highest average of goals conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Lowest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 1 , Angola Highest average of goals both scored and conceded per match 6 , Indonesia ( as Dutch East Indies ) Most meetings between two teams 7 times , Brazil vs Sweden ( 1938 , 1950 , 1958 , 1978 , 1990 and twice in 1994 ) , Germany vs Yugoslavia / Serbia ( 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1974 , 1990 , 1998 and 2010 ) and Argentina vs Germany ( 1958 , 1966 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams 5 times , Italy vs Argentina ( 1974 , 1978 , 1982 , 1986 , 1990 ) Most meetings between two teams , final match 3 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 , 1990 , 2014 ) Most consecutive meetings between two teams , final match 2 times , Argentina vs Germany ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Most knockout wins 35 , Germany Most knockout losses 14 , Germany Most tournaments unbeaten 7 , Brazil ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 1994 , 2002 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having lost a match 3 , England ( 1982 , 1990 , 2006 ) Most tournaments eliminated without having won a match 6 , Mexico ( 1930 , 1950 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1978 ) and Bulgaria ( 1962 , 1966 , 1970 , 1974 , 1986 , 1998 ) In one tournament ( edit ) Most wins 7 , Brazil , 2002 Fewest wins , champions 3 , Uruguay , 1950 ( out of 4 ) Most matches not won , champions 3 , Italy , 1982 ( out of 7 ) Most wins by non-champion ( excluding third - place playoff ) 6 , Netherlands , 2010 Most matches not won 5 , Yugoslavia , 1974 ; Argentina , 1974 ; West Germany , 1978 ; Belgium , 1986 ; Republic of Ireland , 1990 ; Argentina , 1990 Most matches not won in regulation time 6 , Belgium in 1986 and England in 1990 Most losses 3 ( 28 teams , of which only Mexico has accomplished this feat at three different tournaments : 1930 , 1950 , and 1978 ) Most losses , champions 1 , Germany , 1954 and 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; Spain , 2010 Most victories over former World Cup winning teams 3 , Brazil , 1970 ; Italy , 1982 ; Argentina , 1986 ; Germany , 2010 and 2014 Most matches against former World Cup champions and staying unbeaten 4 , Argentina , 1986 Most matches between former World Cup champions 7 , 1970 All matches won without extra time , replays , penalty shoot - outs or playoffs Uruguay in 1930 ( 4 matches ) , Brazil in 1970 ( 6 matches ) , and Brazil in 2002 ( 7 matches ) Highest finish without winning a match Quarter - finals , Republic of Ireland ( 1990 ) Highest finish , winning at most one match Fourth , Sweden ( 1938 ) Most goals scored 27 , Hungary , 1954 Fewest goals conceded 0 , Switzerland , 2006 Most goals conceded 16 , South Korea , 1954 Most matches gone into extra time 3 , Belgium , 1986 ; England , 1990 ; Argentina , 2014 ; Croatia , 2018 Most minutes without conceding a goal 517 mins , Italy , 1990 Highest goal difference + 17 , Hungary , 1954 Highest goal difference , champions + 14 , Brazil , 2002 ; Germany , 2014 Lowest goal difference − 16 , South Korea , 1954 Lowest goal difference , champions + 6 , Italy , 1938 and 1982 ; Spain , 2010 Highest average of goals scored per match 5.40 , Hungary , 1954 ; Highest average goal difference per match + 3.2 , Hungary , 1954 Highest average goal difference per match , champions + 3.0 , Uruguay , 1930 Most goals scored , champions 25 , West Germany , 1954 Fewest goals scored , champions 8 , Spain , 2010 Fewest goals scored , finalists 5 , Argentina , 1990 Fewest goals conceded , champions 2 , France , 1998 ; Italy , 2006 ; Spain , 2010 Most goals conceded , champions 14 , West Germany , 1954 Lowest average of goals scored per match , champions 1.14 , Spain , 2010 Most unbeaten teams 5 , 2006 ( Switzerland , Argentina , England , France , Italy ) Fewest unbeaten teams 0 , 1954 Most matches to qualify for World Cup finals 22 , Australia ( 2018 ) Longest distance travelled in a single qualifying campaign 155,000 miles : Australia ( 2018 ) Most brothers in the same team in the finals 3 , Honduras ( Johnny Palacios , Jerry Palacios , Wilson Palacios , 2010 ) Teams : overall performance ( winning percentage ) ( edit ) In one tournament ( edit ) All time ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Brazil ( 1970 ) 6 6 0 0 100 19 7 + 12 + 2.0 3.2 Brazil ( 2002 ) 7 7 0 0 100 18 + 14 + 2.0 2.6 Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Because a large number of teams have had lost all their matches in a world cup , only teams with a goal difference / match < = − 4.0 are included . Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Korea ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 16 − 16 − 8.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1950 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 8.0 0.0 Dutch East Indies ( 1938 ) 0 0 0 0 6 − 6 − 6.0 0.0 United States ( 1934 ) 0 0 0 7 − 6 − 6.0 1.0 Zaire ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 0 14 − 14 − 4.7 0.0 Saudi Arabia ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 0 12 − 12 − 4.0 0.0 Bolivia ( 1930 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 Scotland ( 1954 ) 0 0 0 0 8 − 8 − 4.0 0.0 El Salvador ( 1982 ) 0 0 0 13 − 12 − 4.0 0.3 Haiti ( 1974 ) 0 0 0 14 − 12 − 4.0 0.7 Host team ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Uruguay ( 1930 ) 0 0 100 15 + 12 + 3.0 3.8 Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M South Africa ( 2010 ) 33 5 − 2 − 0.7 1.0 Defending champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1938 ) 4 * 0 0 100 11 5 + 6 + 1.5 2.8 * one of the wins was after extra time Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M France ( 2002 ) 0 0 0 − 3 − 1.0 0.0 Champion ( edit ) Best overall performance see all - time best overall performance above Worst overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1982 ) 7 0 79 12 6 + 6 + 0.9 + 1.7 Argentina ( 1978 ) 7 5 * 79 15 + 11 + 1.6 + 2.1 * one of the wins was after extra time Non-champion ( edit ) Best overall performance Team Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Italy ( 1990 ) 7 6 0 86 10 + 8 + 1.1 + 1.4 Worst overall performance see all - time worst overall performance above Upsets ( edit ) Teams eliminated by penalty shoot - outs are not considered as defeated . Biggest upset in the group stage , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset in the knockout stage , per FIFA rankings + 34 -- South Korea ( 2002 ) ranked 40 -- won 2 -- 1 over Italy ( ranked 6 ) Biggest upset of a former champion , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset of a defending champion , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset of a top ranked team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Continental Records Biggest upset by an African team , per FIFA rankings + 74 -- South Africa ( 2010 ) ranked 83 -- won 2 -- 1 over France ( ranked 9 ) Biggest upset by an Asian team , per FIFA rankings + 56 -- South Korea ( 2018 ) ranked 57 -- won 2 -- 0 over Germany ( ranked 1 ) Biggest upset by a European team , per FIFA rankings + 29 -- Slovakia ( 2010 ) ranked 34 -- won 3 -- 2 over Italy ( ranked 5 ) Biggest upset by an Oceanian team , per FIFA rankings + 24 -- Australia ( 2006 ) ranked 42 -- won 3 -- 1 over Japan ( ranked 18 ) Biggest upset by a North American team , per FIFA rankings + 21 -- Costa Rica ( 2014 ) ranked 28 -- won 3 -- 1 over Uruguay ( ranked 7 ) Biggest upset by a South American team , per FIFA rankings + 15 -- Ecuador ( 2002 ) ranked 36 -- won 1 -- 0 over Croatia ( ranked 21 ) Hat - tricks ( edit ) Most hat - tricks in a single World Cup 8 , 1954 Fewest hat - tricks in a single World Cup 0 , 2006 Streaks ( edit ) Most consecutive successful qualification attempts 9 , Spain ( 1986 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive failed qualification attempts 20 , Luxembourg ( 1934 -- 2018 ) Most consecutive wins 11 , Brazil , from 2 -- 1 Turkey ( 2002 ) to 3 -- 0 Ghana ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches without a loss 13 , Brazil , from 3 -- 0 Austria ( 1958 ) ( group stage ) to 2 -- 0 Bulgaria ( 1966 ) ( group stage ) Most consecutive losses 9 , Mexico , from 1 -- 4 France ( 1930 ) to 0 -- 3 Sweden ( 1958 ) Most consecutive matches without a win 17 , Bulgaria , from 0 -- 1 Argentina ( 1962 ) to 0 -- 3 Nigeria ( 1994 ) Most consecutive draws 5 , Belgium , from 0 -- 0 Netherlands ( 1998 ) to 1 -- 1 Tunisia ( 2002 ) Most consecutive matches without a draw 16 , Portugal , from 3 -- 1 Hungary ( 1966 ) to 1 -- 0 Netherlands ( 2006 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least one goal 18 , Brazil ( 1930 -- 1958 ) and Germany ( 1934 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least two goals 11 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1954 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least three / four goals 4 , Uruguay ( 1930 -- 1950 ) and Hungary ( 1954 ) ( four goals ) ; also Portugal ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1970 ) , Brazil ( 1970 ) Most consecutive matches scoring at least six / eight goals 2 , Hungary ( 1954 ) ( eight goals ) ; also Brazil ( 1950 ) ( six goals ) Most consecutive matches without scoring a goal 5 , Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 and 1994 ) , Algeria ( 1986 and 2010 ) , and Honduras ( 1982 and 2010 -- 2014 ) Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal ( clean sheets ) 5 , Italy ( 1990 ) and Switzerland ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal 559 , Switzerland ( 1994 , 2006 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least one goal 22 , Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1994 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least two goals 9 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1958 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least three goals 5 , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least four goals 3 , Bolivia ( 1930 -- 1950 ) , Mexico ( 1930 -- 1950 ) Most consecutive matches conceding at least five / six / seven goals 2 , South Korea ( 1954 ) ( seven goals ) ; also United States ( 1930 -- 1934 ) ( six goals ) ; also Austria ( 1954 ) ( five goals ) Team ( edit ) Biggest margin of victory 9 , Hungary 9 -- 0 South Korea , 1954 ; Yugoslavia 9 -- 0 Zaire , 1974 and Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Biggest margin of victory , qualifying match 31 , Australia 31 -- 0 American Samoa , April 11 , 2001 , 2002 OFC Group 1 Most goals scored in a match , one team 10 , Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador , 1982 Most goals scored in a match , both teams 12 , Austria 7 -- 5 Switzerland , 1954 Highest scoring draw 4 -- 4 , England vs Belgium ( a.e.t. ) , 1954 , and Soviet Union vs Colombia , 1962 Largest deficit overcome in a win 3 goals , Austria , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 7 -- 5 vs Switzerland ) and Portugal , 1966 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to win 5 -- 3 vs North Korea ) Largest deficit overcome in a draw 3 goals , Colombia , 1962 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 4 -- 4 vs Soviet Union ) and Uruguay , 2002 ( coming from 0 -- 3 down to draw 3 -- 3 vs Senegal ) Most goals scored in extra time , both teams 5 , Italy 3 -- 2 West Germany , 1970 Most goals scored in a final , one team 5 , Brazil , 1958 Most goals scored in a final , both teams 7 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 Fewest goals scored in a final , both teams 0 , Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy , 1994 Biggest margin of victory in a final 3 , Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden , 1958 ; Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy , 1970 , and France 3 -- 0 Brazil , 1998 Largest deficit overcome in a win in a final 2 , West Germany , 1954 ( coming from 0 -- 2 down to win 3 -- 2 vs Hungary ) Most goals in a tournament , one team 27 , Hungary , 1954 Most individual goalscorers for one team , one match 7 , Yugoslavia , vs Zaire , 1974 ( Dušan Bajević , Dragan Džajić , Ivica Šurjak , Josip Katalinski , Vladislav Bogićević , Branko Oblak , Ilija Petković ) Most individual goalscorers for one team , one tournament 11 , incl . an own goal by an opponent , Belgium , 2018 ( Michy Batshuayi , Nacer Chadli , Kevin De Bruyne , Marouane Fellaini , Eden Hazard , Adnan Januzaj , Romelu Lukaku , Dries Mertens , Thomas Meunier , Jan Vertonghen , and an own goal by Brazil 's Fernandinho ) Largest goal difference improvement in consecutive matches + 10 : Turkey ( 1954 ) -- lost 1 -- 4 to West Germany , then won 7 -- 0 over South Korea ; and West Germany ( 1954 ) -- lost 3 -- 8 to Hungary , then won 7 -- 2 over Turkey Largest goal difference worsening in consecutive matches − 12 : Sweden ( 1938 ) -- won 8 -- 0 over Cuba , then lost 1 -- 5 to Hungary ; Turkey ( 1954 ) -- won 7 -- 0 over South Korea , then lost 2 -- 7 to West Germany ; Hungary ( 1982 ) -- won 10 -- 1 over El Salvador , then lost 1 -- 4 to Argentina Tournament ( edit ) Most goals scored in a tournament 171 goals , 1998 and 2014 Fewest goals scored in a tournament 70 goals , 1930 and 1934 Most goals per match in a tournament 5.38 goals per match , 1954 Fewest goals per match in a tournament 2.21 goals per match , 1990 Most matches without a scoreless draw 63 matches , 2018 Most consecutive matches without a scoreless draw 36 matches , 2018 Most knockout matches without a scoreless draw 15 matches , 2018 Most scorers in a tournament 122 , 2018 Most players scoring at least two goals in a tournament 37 , 1998 Most players scoring at least three goals in a tournament 21 , 1954 Most players scoring at least four goals in a tournament 11 , 1954 Most players scoring at least five goals in a tournament 6 , 1994 - Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) , Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) , Romário ( Brazil ) , Jürgen Klinsmann ( Germany ) , Roberto Baggio ( Italy ) and Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) Most players scoring at least six goals in a tournament 4 , 1954 - Sándor Kocsis ( Hungary ) , Erich Probst ( Austria ) , Max Morlock ( West Germany ) and Josef Hügi ( Switzerland ) Most players scoring at least seven goals in a tournament 2 , 1970 - Gerd Müller ( West Germany ) and Jairzinho ( Brazil ) Longest distance covered by a player in a tournament 84km , 2014 - Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Top scoring teams by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : Argentina , 18 goals 1934 : Italy , 12 goals 1938 : Hungary , 15 goals 1950 : Brazil , 22 goals 1954 : Hungary , 27 goals 1958 : France , 23 goals 1962 : Brazil , 14 goals 1966 : Portugal , 17 goals 1970 : Brazil , 19 goals 1974 : Poland , 16 goals 1978 : Argentina & Netherlands , 15 goals each 1982 : France , 16 goals 1986 : Argentina , 14 goals 1990 : West Germany , 15 goals 1994 : Sweden , 15 goals 1998 : France , 15 goals 2002 : Brazil , 18 goals 2006 : Germany , 14 goals 2010 : Germany , 16 goals 2014 : Germany , 18 goals 2018 : Belgium , 16 goals Teams listed in bold won the tournament . Fewer than half of all World Cup tournaments have been won by the highest scoring team . Goal scoring by tournament ( edit ) 1930 : 70 goals in 18 matches ( 15 group matches , 3 knockout matches ) . 3.89 goals per game ( gpg ) 1934 : 70 goals in 17 matches ( 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 1 replay ) . 4.67 gpg 1938 : 84 goals in 18 matches ( 14 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 replays ) . 3.56 gpg 1950 : 88 goals in 22 matches ( 22 group matches ) . 4 gpg 1954 : 140 goals in 26 matches ( 16 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 2 progress play - offs ) . 5.38 gpg 1958 : 126 goals in 35 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off , 3 progress play - offs ) . 3.6 gpg 1962 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1966 : 89 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.78 gpg 1970 : 95 goals in 32 matches ( 24 group matches , 7 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) 3.96 gpg 1974 : 97 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.55 gpg 1978 : 102 goals in 38 matches ( 36 group matches , 1 final , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.68 gpg 1982 : 146 goals in 52 matches ( 48 group matches , 3 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.81 gpg 1986 : 132 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.54 gpg 1990 : 115 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.21 gpg 1994 : 141 goals in 52 matches ( 36 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.71 gpg 1998 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2002 : 161 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.52 gpg 2006 : 147 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.3 gpg 2010 : 145 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.27 gpg 2014 : 171 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.67 gpg 2018 : 169 goals in 64 matches ( 48 group matches , 15 knockout matches , 1 third place play - off ) . 2.64 gpg Host records ( edit ) Most times hosted 2 , Mexico , 1970 and 1986 ; Italy , 1934 and 1990 ; France , 1938 and 1998 ; Germany , 1974 and 2006 ; Brazil , 1950 and 2014 Most times hosted , continent 11 , Europe ( 1934 , 1938 , 1954 , 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 1990 , 1998 , 2006 , 2018 ) Best performance by host Winners , 6 times : Uruguay , 1930 ; Italy , 1934 ; England , 1966 ; West Germany , 1974 ; Argentina , 1978 ; France , 1998 Worst performance by host South Africa in 2010 became the first host to be eliminated in the first round Two other hosts : United States in 1994 and Spain in 1982 both reached the second round but finished with a worse overall W -- D -- L record than South Africa 's , 1 -- 1 -- 1 . However , South Africa had a worse goal difference of − 2 and both United States and Spain finished the first round with a goal difference of 0 . Had its best performance as hosts Champions : Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , England ( 1966 ) , West Germany ( 1974 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) , France ( 1998 ) Runners - up : Sweden ( 1958 ) Third place : Chile ( 1962 ) Fourth place : South Korea ( 2002 ) Quarter - finals : Switzerland ( 1954 ) , Mexico ( 1970 , 1986 ) , Russia ( 2018 ) Round of 16 : Japan ( 2002 ) Group stage of 32 : South Africa ( 2010 ) Stadium to host most World Cup matches Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 19 ( 10 in 1970 and 9 in 1986 ) Most times a stadium hosted a World Cup final 2 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) and Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) City to host most World Cup matches Mexico City , Mexico , 23 ( 19 at Estadio Azteca and 4 at Estadio Olimpico Universitario ) Most times a city hosted a World Cup final 2 , Mexico City , Mexico ( 1970 and 1986 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 1934 and 1990 ) ; Paris , France ( 1938 and 1998 ) ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ( 1950 and 2014 ) Attendance ( edit ) Final 114,600 , Argentina v West Germany , 29 June 1986 , Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico , 1986 Decisive match 199,854 , Uruguay v Brazil , 16 July 1950 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1950 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup tournament 300 , Romania vs Peru , 14 July 1930 , Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo , Uruguay , 1930 Highest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 162,764 , Brazil vs Colombia , 9 March 1977 , Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , 1978 CONMEBOL Group 1 Lowest match attendance in a World Cup qualifying match 0 , Costa Rica vs Panama , 26 March 2005 , Estadio Ricardo Saprissa , San Juan de Tibás , San José , Costa Rica , 2006 CONCACAF Final Group Highest average of attendance per match 68,991 , 1994 Highest attendance ( tournament ) 3,570,000 , 1994 Lowest average of attendance per match 23,235 , 1934 Lowest attendance ( tournament ) 390,000 , 1934 Others ( edit ) Most players provided by a club overall 128 , Juventus Most players provided by a club in one tournament 16 , Seoul Army Club ( 1954 ) , Manchester City ( 2018 ) Most players provided by a club for champions squads overall 25 ( 22 Italians ) , Juventus Most players provided by a football association overall 1022 , Premier League Most players provided by a football association in one tournament 117 , The Football Association ( 2010 ) Most players provided by a football association for champions squads overall 91 , Serie A Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used to determine 5th - 8th places . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Brazil 's 1930 and 1982 results drop out and the leader is Germany with 17 ( every tournament except 1930 , 1938 , 1950 and 2018 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then England still has the most 5th - 8th - place finishes ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions , FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then Mexico still has the most 9th - 16th - place finishes ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Until 1978 inclusive , all tournaments had sixteen teams or fewer . Jump up ^ In the 1930 , 1950 and 1982 competitions FIFA retrospective rankings were used . If these rankings are excluded from consideration , then the record is 2 , shared by several countries : Switzerland ( 1934 -- 1938 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1954 -- 1958 ) , Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1962 ) , Hungary ( 1962 -- 1966 ) , Germany ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , England ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , Argentina ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , and Brazil ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Turkey had a gap of 12 tournaments , equal to that of Egypt and Norway , from 1954 to 2002 . Jump up ^ In 1954 , the West Germany ( `` Germany FR '' ) team became world champions in what was the team 's debut appearance representing the name and territory of West Germany . However , Germany ( since 1949 officially Federal Republic of Germany ) is since 1904 represented by the same governing body ( Deutscher Fußball - Bund , DFB ) , and FIFA officially attributes all international results of the DFB team since 1908 to Germany , including the results of 1954 -- 1990 , when the team was often called West Germany . Thus , the 1954 participation is counted as the third appearance of the team , as Germany had previously appeared in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups . ^ Jump up to : Other teams never progressing from the first round in at least two appearances are as follows : 5 appearances Tunisia ( 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 ) and Iran ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 , 2018 ) ; 3 appearances Bolivia ( 1930 , 1950 , 1994 ) , South Africa ( 1998 , 2002 , 2010 ) , Honduras ( 1982 , 2010 , 2014 ) , Ivory Coast ( 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) and Egypt ( 1934 , 1990 , 2018 ) ; 2 appearances El Salvador ( 1970 , 1982 ) , New Zealand ( 1982 , 2010 ) and Slovenia ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Although France have not lost any of its 3 games , in 2006 they were runner - up after losing penalty shoots - out against Italy . The match ended in a 1 - 1 draw . Jump up ^ Although in 1978 there were n't semifinals , Argentina won second round group ahead of Brazil which disputed 3rd place match against Italy . Even more , game against Brazil ended in a 0 - 0 draw . Jump up ^ Other teams always progressing from the first round have only appeared in one tournament each . These are Cuba ( 1938 ) , Wales ( 1958 ) , East Germany ( 1974 ) , Ukraine ( 2006 ) and Slovakia ( excluding Czechoslovakia ; 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Pelé , Lothar Matthäus , Pierre Littbarski and Ronaldo each appeared three times in the squads of the teams that reached the finals , but none of them played in all three games . Jump up ^ FIFA official records claim he was born in 1987 , but other sources claim he was born in 1985 , which would mean he was 15 years and 320 days old when he played the match . Jump up ^ According to the Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation , Fuad Anwar Amin of Saudi Arabia would have been the youngest captain , at 21 years & 250 days in the 1994 , but the source does not specify the match in which he was captain . It is listed that the starting captain was substituted in both the match against the Netherlands and the one against Sweden , in which Amin may have been given the armband on the captains ' substitutions , but this information has not been verified . In any case , Meola still is the youngest starting captain , and players who received the captain 's armband during the course of the match are generally not regarded as official captains . Jump up ^ 9 consecutive clean sheets , 5 of them away from home over 2 qualifying rounds against 5 different oppositions from 2 Confederations . Jump up ^ Zuberbühler kept goal throughout every minute of Switzerland 's four matches . Other keepers have kept clean sheets only playing part of their team 's matches . These are : Velloso ( Brazil , 1930 , 1 match of 2 ) ; Pedro Benítez ( Paraguay , 1930 , 1 of 2 ) ; József Háda ( Hungary , 1938 , 1 of 4 ) ; Giuseppe Moro ( Italy , 1950 , 1 of 2 ) ; István Ilku ( Hungary , 1958 , 1 of 4 ) ; Lorenzo Buffon ( Italy , 1962 , 2 of 3 ) ; Rogelio Domínguez ( Argentina , 1962 , 1 of 3 ) ; Adán Godoy ( Chile , 1962 , 1 of 6 ) ; Antonio Carbajal ( Mexico , 1966 , 1 of 3 ) ; Horst Wolter ( West Germany , 1970 , 1 of 6 ) ; József Szendrei ( Hungary , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Viktor Chanov ( USSR , 1986 , 1 of 4 ) ; Manuel Bento ( Portugal , 1986 , 1 of 3 ) ; Plamen Nikolov ( Bulgaria , 1994 , 45 mins of 7 ) ; Vincent Enyeama ( Nigeria , 2002 , 1 of 3 ) ; Rami Shaaban ( Sweden , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) ; Santiago Cañizares ( Spain , 2006 , 1 of 4 ) . Jump up ^ Zagallo was also an assistant coach when Brazil won in 1994 . Jump up ^ Šimunić was given three yellow cards in the match as the referee failed to send him off the pitch after the second yellow , and was only red carded after the third yellow . The original FIFA match report listed all three cautions , however was revised shortly after , with the second caution ( 90 ' ) not being recorded ; it is unknown whether this was for consistency in the reports , or whether the caution was retrospectively overturned . Jump up ^ Biyik missed the team 's second game after receiving a red card in the first ; and then missed their fifth game after yellow cards in the third and fourth . Others , including Zinedine Zidane in 2006 , have earned a second suspension in their team 's final match of the tournament , not servable during the tournament . Jump up ^ Including penalty shoot - out progressions Jump up ^ Including penalty shoot - out eliminations ^ Jump up to : A match decided by a penalty shoot - out is considered a draw for both sides . Jump up ^ England did lose the third - place playoff in 1990 , but had already been eliminated from any chance of winning the World Cup . Jump up ^ In 1998 , France had 6 match wins ; however , the Italy match is regarded as drawn although France progressed via penalties . In addition , France 's win against Paraguay happened after extra time , while Brazil won all their matches in regular time . Jump up ^ Uruguay also qualified for the 1950 finals without playing a match as a result of withdrawals by other teams in South America . Jump up ^ Poland in 1974 , Italy in 1990 , and Belgium in 2018 also won 6 matches , but one of them was the third - place playoff . Playing fewer matches , Argentina in 1930 , Czechoslovakia in 1934 , and Hungary in 1938 and 1954 won all the games but lost the final . Jump up ^ Netherlands also won all eight of their qualification matches . Jump up ^ Details as follows : Brazil in 1970 beat England ( first round ) , Uruguay ( semi-final ) and Italy ( final ) . Italy in 1982 beat Argentina ( second group stage ) , Brazil ( second group stage ) and West Germany ( final ) . Argentina in 1986 beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Germany in 2010 beat England ( round of 16 ) , Argentina ( quarter - final ) and Uruguay ( third - place match ) . In 2014 , Germany beat France ( quarter - final ) , Brazil ( semi-final ) and Argentina ( final ) . Jump up ^ Excluding Argentina themselves , there were 5 former World Cup champions in 1986 . They draw Italy at group stage , then beat Uruguay ( round of 16 ) , England ( quarter - final ) , and West Germany ( final ) . Jump up ^ Even though only 5 nations were crowned before 1970 , the 1970 tournament obtained the most matches between former champions of totally . All 5 former champions qualified to the tournament , they all advanced to the knockout stage , and 4 of them advanced into semi-finals . Those 7 matches were : Italy vs Uruguay and Brazil vs England ( group stage ) , England vs West Germany ( quarter - final ) , Brazil vs Uruguay and Italy vs West Germany ( semi-final ) , Uruguay vs West Germany ( third place ) , Brazil vs Italy ( final ) . Jump up ^ Sweden progressed to the last eight without playing a single match as a result of the withdrawal of Austria . ^ Jump up to : Successful kicks in a penalty shoot - out are not counted as goals ( but penalties scored in the normal course of play are counted ) . Jump up ^ If penalty shoot - outs are considered , then the biggest knockout stage upset is Russia ( ranked 70 ) winning over Spain ( ranked 10 ) on penalties in the 2018 Round of 16 . Jump up ^ Excluding automatic qualification as hosts , as reigning champion , or by invitation . Jump up ^ If own goals are excluded , then Belgium shares the record of 10 goalscorers with France in 1982 and Italy in 2006 . Jump up ^ Matches within one tournament . Otherwise , Hungary had a + 11 swing between 2 -- 4 v Italy in 1938 and 9 -- 0 v South Korea in 1954 ; and again between 1 -- 3 v France in 1978 and 10 -- 1 v El Salvador in 1982 ; and likewise Germany between 0 -- 3 v Croatia in 1998 and 8 -- 0 v Saudi Arabia in 2002 . Jump up ^ Also had its only title at home . Jump up ^ Switzerland 's best position , the sixth place in 1950 , relies on retrospective rankings , and had them eliminated in the group stage . While the Swiss also reached the quarter - finals in 1934 and 1938 , both tournaments only required one win , in contrast to 1954 's group stage format . 1954 also marked the last time Switzerland reached the top 8 . Jump up ^ Not counting the results as Soviet Union , who reached the semi-finals in 1966 . Jump up ^ Also reached this stage in 2010 and 2018 . Jump up ^ 2010 had hosts South Africa matching their 2002 record , falling in the group stage with one win , one tie and one draw , even if with a lower goal difference . Jump up ^ Although the decisive match of the 1950 tournament , it was simply the last game of a final four - team group format to decide the winner . This is also the highest attendance for any World Cup match , or indeed any soccer match anywhere . Jump up ^ It has not been verified whether this is a unique occurrence , or if other World Cup qualification matches throughout history have had an attendance of 0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Final matches overview '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Awards '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele and Greaves to get World Cup winners medals '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yoesting , Travis ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Men 's World Cup Records Of All Time '' . The18 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1994 finals : Oldest and youngest '' . RSSSF.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 46 days to go '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com. 5 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruiz nets five goals in historic performance , but Guatemala ousted '' . CONCACAF. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ; Das , Andrew ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Argentina Finds World Cup Salvation in Thriller Over Nigeria '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Winterburn , Chris ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Like Messi , Cristiano Ronaldo exits the World Cup still without a knockout goal '' . Marca . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A historic goal on a day of battles '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 11 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Messi , Ronaldo bow out in dramatic knockout openers - '' . FIFA.com. 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Skiver , Kevin ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Thanks to VAR , the World Cup record for most penalty kicks has been shattered in Russia 2018 group stage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` By the numbers : Back - to - back shootout wins for Croatia , record penalty saves for Subasic '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Chris ; Young , Peter . `` Discipline at World Cup Final Tournaments 1950 - 2018 by Tournament '' . England Football Online . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ( ... ) records of player discipline prior to the advent of yellow and red cards may not be complete . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Chris . `` Mascherano makes unwanted World Cup history as Argentina bow out of Russia 2018 '' . Goal . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arscott , David ( 2012 ) . The World Cup , A Very Peculiar History . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781908759481 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal - Netherlands '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon - Germany '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup final : Beauty was rewarded in the end -- Vicente del Bosque '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerr , John H. ( 1997 ) . Motivation and Emotion in Sport : reversal theory . Psychology Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0863775004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Croatian player sanctioned for discriminatory behaviour '' . FIFA. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Owen ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Luis Suárez banned for four months for biting in World Cup game '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Mulamba is living like a pauper 44 years after Zaire red - card farce '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Roddy , Thomas ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Sportsmail looks at the stars who have been kicked out of World Cup '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA lifts Rojas lifetime ban '' . CBC Sports . 30 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palacios brothers making history '' . FIFA.com. 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Nick ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Chile fell 10 - man Swiss to close in on last 16 '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Small consolation but the Swiss set a new World Cup record of 559 minutes played without scoring a goal , to overtake Italy 's mark of 550 minutes . Jump up ^ `` Attacking excellence , defensive distinction '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . 9 hours and 19 minutes without conceding a goal enabled Switzerland to set a new and impressive FIFA World Cup record today . The Swiss , who started the day in third place behind Italy ( 550 minutes ) and England ( 501 ) , rose to the No1 position midway through the second half , but only had eight minutes to savour their new status . That was when Chile 's Mark Gonzalez became the first player to score against the Helvetians since Spain 's Txiki Beguiristain at USA 1994 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Ryan ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` South Africa beats France 2 - 1 , but eliminated '' . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philly.com. 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Pater ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup home advantage : How the hosts have fared and why there is hope for Russia '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica fans banned after violence '' . ESPN . 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marcarini , Edoardo ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Mondiali , convocati per club all time : 1a la Juve '' . Sky Sport ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Squads of the 1954 FIFA World Cup '' . AllWorldCups.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Champions Squads 1930 - 2014 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Superlatives at the Wayback Machine ( archived 14 June 2010 ) FIFA World Cup biggest margin victories at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) FIFA competitions biggest crowds at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2010 ) The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) ( in German ) Statistics and records at Worldcupportal.de <Th_colspan="2"> hide FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_records&oldid=865440701 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Top sports lists Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles that may contain original research from December 2014 All articles that may contain original research Articles with self - published sources from July 2017 All articles with self - published sources Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Română Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. FIFA World Cup records
2. Tournament position
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8,702,353,830,272,285,000 | who owns the edison hotel in sunbury pa | Edison hotel ( Sunbury , Pennsylvania ) - Wikipedia Edison hotel ( Sunbury , Pennsylvania ) Jump to : navigation , search Sunbury , Pennsylvania The Hotel Edison in Sunbury , Pennsylvania was built in 1871 by entrepreneur Edward T. Drumheller and opened as the City Hotel in January 1872 . It was the first building to be lit with Thomas Edison 's three - wire system in July 1883 . It was renamed the Hotel Edison in 1922 during Sunbury 's 150th anniversary . It is located on Fourth and Market Streets and has 51 rooms and 15 residential apartments . Thomas Edison ( edit ) Edison first came to Sunbury in 1882 to build the first three - wire central station incandescent electric lighting plant . The area was chosen in part for its proximity to anthracite fields in the Shamokin area and an abundance of coal , a good fuel source for The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Shamokin incorporated at Sunbury on April 30 , 1883 . The company had established itself earlier in New York City . The City Hotel was renamed the Edison Hotel in 1922 when Thomas Edison returned for Sunbury 's 150th anniversary and a plaque at the entrance to the Edison Hotel was dedicated . The city celebrated the 125th anniversary of Edison 's Sunbury Experiment in July 2008 . Other interesting facts ( edit ) Early innovations at the hotel also included a hand - operated elevator . Part of the hotel burned on January 14 , 1914 . It was renovated with a new façade and the addition of a fourth floor . The hotel is purported to be haunted by a spirit named Ramona . A ghostly image appears in an old photograph in the lobby of the hotel from the early twentieth century , a faint image of a child sitting on the porch steps . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jason Klose The Edison Hotel : A Bright and Colorful History , Spring 2009 City of Sunbury Website <Th_colspan="2"> Thomas Edison Discoveries and inventions List of Edison patents Carbon microphone Edison 's Phonograph Doll Edison screw Etheric force Kinetoscope Phonograph Phonomotor Quadruplex telegraph Tasimeter Advancements Consolidated Edison Edison -- Lalande cell Fluoroscopy Incandescent light bulb Movie camera Nickel -- iron battery Thermionic emission Ticker tape Ventures Thomas A. Edison , Inc . Edison and Swan Electric Light Company Edison Gower - Bell Telephone Company of Europe , Ltd . Edison Illuminating Company Edison Machine Works Edison Manufacturing Company Edison Ore - Milling Company Edison Portland Cement Company Edison Records Edison Storage Battery Company Edison Studios General Electric Motion Picture Patents Company Mine Safety Appliances Oriental Telephone Company Monuments Birthplace Black Maria Depot Museum Memorial Tower and Museum National Historical Park State Park Storage Battery Company Building General Electric Research Laboratory Winter Estates Family Charles Edison ( son ) Theodore Miller Edison ( son ) Films Young Tom Edison ( 1940 ) Edison , the Man ( 1940 ) `` The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace '' ( 1998 ) Literature The Future Eve ( 1886 ) Edison 's Conquest of Mars ( 1898 ) Tales from the Bully Pulpit ( 2004 ) Productions The Execution of Mary Stuart ( 1895 ) The Kiss ( 1896 ) A Night of Terror ( 1911 ) Terms Edisonade Edisonian approach Related Thomas Edison in popular culture War of Currents Pearl Street Station Edison Museum Thomas Edison House Edison Hotel Telephonoscope `` Topsy '' Thomas Edison ( Cottrill ) Coordinates : 40 ° 51 ′ 40 '' N 76 ° 47 ′ 28 '' W / 40.86107 ° N 76.79103 ° W / 40.86107 ; - 76.79103 This article about a hotel or resort in Pennsylvania is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison_Hotel_(Sunbury,_Pennsylvania)&oldid=686390274 '' Categories : Hotels in Pennsylvania Sunbury , Pennsylvania Hotels established in 1872 Hotel buildings completed in 1872 Reportedly haunted locations in Pennsylvania 1872 establishments in Pennsylvania United States hotel stubs Pennsylvania building and structure stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2015 , at 21 : 27 . About Wikipedia | 1. Hotel Edison in Sunbury, Pennsylvania
2. Thomas Edison's three-wire system
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-7,826,125,000,645,466,000 | how old are the horses that run the kentucky derby | Kentucky Derby - wikipedia Kentucky Derby For the season point system , see Road to the Kentucky Derby . For the 2018 race , see 2018 Kentucky Derby . Kentucky Derby <Td_colspan="2"> Grade I race <Td_colspan="2"> The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports ; The Run for the Roses Location Churchill Downs Louisville , Kentucky , U.S. Inaugurated 1875 Race type Thoroughbred Website www.kentuckyderby.com <Th_colspan="2"> Race information Distance 1 ⁄ miles ( 10 furlongs ; 2,012 m ) Record 1 : 59 ⁄ , Secretariat ( 1973 ) Surface Dirt Track Left - handed Qualification 3 - year - old Weight Colt / Gelding : 126 lbs ( 57.2 kg ) Filly : 121 lb ( 55 kg ) Purse US $2 million 1st : $1,425,000 Bonuses US $ 200 The Kentucky Derby / ˈdɜːrbi / , is a horse race that is held annually in Louisville , Kentucky , United States , on the first Saturday in May , capping the two - week - long Kentucky Derby Festival . The race is a Grade I stakes race for three - year - old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles ( 2 km ) at Churchill Downs . Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds ( 57 kilograms ) and fillies 121 pounds ( 55 kilograms ) . The race is often called `` The Run for the Roses '' for the blanket of roses draped over the winner . It is also known in the United States as `` The Most Exciting Two Minutes In Sports '' or `` The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports '' in reference to its approximate duration . It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown and is followed by the Preakness Stakes , then the Belmont Stakes . Unlike the Preakness and Belmont Stakes , which took hiatuses in 1891 -- 1893 and 1911 -- 1912 , respectively , the Kentucky Derby has been run every consecutive year since 1875 . The Derby , Preakness and Belmont all were run even every year throughout both World Wars , when the Olympics and nearly all professional sports seasons were canceled , due to the fact that nearly all the athletes enlisted . A horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown . In the 2015 listing of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities ( IFHA ) , the Kentucky Derby tied with the Whitney Handicap as the top Grade 1 race in the United States outside the Breeders ' Cup races . The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , and the Breeders ' Cup . Contents 1 History 1.1 Attendance 1.2 Sponsorship 2 Traditions 2.1 Riders Up ! 2.2 Festival 3 Records 4 Winners 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1872 , Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark , Jr. , grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition , traveled to England , visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780 . From there , Clark went on to Paris , France , where in 1863 , a group of racing enthusiasts had formed the French Jockey Club and had organized the Grand Prix de Paris at Longchamp , which at the time was the greatest race in France . A thoroughbred horse is depicted on the reverse of the Kentucky state quarter Returning home to Kentucky , Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city . The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs , named for John and Henry Churchill , who provided the land for the racetrack . Officially , the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937 . The Kentucky Derby was first run at 1 1 / 2 miles ( 12 furlongs ; 2.4 km ) the same distance as the Epsom Derby . The distance was changed in 1896 to its current 1 1 / 4 miles ( 10 furlongs ; 2 km ) . On May 17 , 1875 , in front of an estimated crowd of 10,000 people , a field of 15 three - year - old horses contested the first Derby . Under jockey Oliver Lewis , a colt named Aristides , who was trained by future Hall of Famer Ansel Williamson , won the inaugural Derby . Later that year , Lewis rode Aristides to a second - place finish in the Belmont Stakes . Although the first race meeting proved a success , the track ran into financial difficulties and in 1894 the New Louisville Jockey Club was incorporated with new capitalization and improved facilities . Despite this , the business floundered until 1902 when Col. Matt Winn of Louisville put together a syndicate of businessmen to acquire the facility . Under Winn , Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three - year - old thoroughbred horses in North America . Thoroughbred owners began sending their successful Derby horses to compete later in the Preakness Stakes at the Pimlico Race Course , in Baltimore , Maryland , followed by the Belmont Stakes in Elmont , New York . The three races offered large purses and in 1919 Sir Barton became the first horse to win all three races . However , the term Triple Crown did n't come into use for another eleven years . In 1930 , when Gallant Fox became the second horse to win all three races , sportswriter Charles Hatton brought the phrase into American usage . Fueled by the media , public interest in the possibility of a `` superhorse '' that could win the Triple Crown began in the weeks leading up to the Derby . Two years after the term was coined , the race , which had been run in mid-May since inception , was changed to the first Saturday in May to allow for a specific schedule for the Triple Crown races . Since 1931 , the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first , followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes . Prior to 1931 , eleven times the Preakness was run before the Derby . On May 12 , 1917 and again on May 13 , 1922 , the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day . On eleven occasions the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes . Churchill Downs in 1901 On May 16 , 1925 , the first live radio broadcast of the Kentucky Derby was originated by WHAS and was also carried by WGN in Chicago . On May 7 , 1949 , the first television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place , produced by WAVE - TV , the NBC affiliate in Louisville . This coverage was aired live in the Louisville market and sent to NBC as a kinescope newsreel recording for national broadcast . On May 3 , 1952 , the first national television coverage of the Kentucky Derby took place , aired from then - CBS affiliate WHAS - TV . In 1954 , the purse exceeded $ 100,000 for the first time . In 1968 , Dancer 's Image became the first ( and to this day the only ) horse to win the race and then be disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone , an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug , were found in the horse 's urinalysis ; Forward Pass won after a protracted legal battle by the owners of Dancer 's Image ( which they lost ) . Forward Pass thus became the eighth winner for Calumet Farm . Unexpectedly , the regulations at Kentucky thoroughbred race tracks were changed some years later , allowing horses to run on phenylbutazone . In 1970 , Diane Crump became the first female jockey to ride in the Derby , finishing 15th aboard Fathom . The fastest time ever run in the Derby was set in 1973 at 1 : 59.4 minutes when Secretariat broke the record set by Northern Dancer in 1964 . Not only has Secretariat 's record time yet to be topped , in the race itself , he did something unique in Triple Crown races : each successive quarter , his times were faster . Though times for non-winners were not recorded , in 1973 Sham finished second , two and a half lengths behind Secretariat in the same race . Using the thoroughbred racing convention of one length equaling one - fifth of a second to calculate Sham 's time , he also finished in under two minutes . Another sub-two - minute finish , only the third , was set in 2001 by Monarchos at 1 : 59.97 . In 2005 , the purse distribution for the Derby was changed , so that horses finishing fifth would henceforth receive a share of the purse ; previously only the first four finishers did so . Attendance ( edit ) Since the Kentucky Derby is the biggest race in the world , millions of people from around the world bet at various live tracks and online sportsbooks . In 2017 , a crowd of 158,070 watched Always Dreaming win the Derby , making it the seventh biggest attendance in the history of the racetrack . The track reported a wagering total of $209.2 million from all the sources on all the races on the Kentucky Derby Day program . It was a 9 percent increase compared to the total of $192.6 million in 2016 and an increase of 8 percent over the previous record set in 2015 of $194.3 million . TwinSpires , a platform for betting online and a partner of the Kentucky Derby and the Breeders ' Cup , recorded $32.8 million in handle on the Churchill Down races for the Kentucky Derby Day program . This was a 22 percent increase over the preceding year . On the Kentucky Derby race alone , the handle of TwinSpires was $20.1 million , which is a 22 percent rise compared to the prior year . The race often draws celebrities . HM Queen Elizabeth II , on a visit to the United States , joined the racegoers at Churchill Downs in 2007 . Sponsorship ( edit ) The 2004 Derby marked the first time that jockeys -- as a result of a court order -- were allowed to wear corporate advertising logos on their clothing . Norman Adams has been the designer of the Kentucky Derby Logo since 2002 . On February 1 , 2006 , the Louisville - based fast - food company Yum ! Brands , Inc. announced a corporate sponsorship deal to call the race `` The Kentucky Derby presented by Yum ! Brands . '' In 2018 , Woodford Reserve replaced Yum Brands as the presenting sponsor . Traditions ( edit ) In addition to the race itself , a number of traditions play a large role in the Derby atmosphere . The mint julep -- an iced drink consisting of bourbon , mint , and a sugar syrup -- is the traditional beverage of the race . The historic drink can be served in an ice - frosted silver julep cup , but most Churchill Downs patrons sip theirs from souvenir glasses ( first offered in 1939 and available in revised form each year since ) printed with all previous Derby winners . Also , burgoo , a thick stew of beef , chicken , pork , and vegetables , is a popular Kentucky dish served at the Derby . Louisville Clock ( often called the Louisville Derby Clock ) The infield -- a spectator area inside the track -- offers general admission prices but little chance of seeing much of the race , particularly prior to the jumbotron installation in 2014 . Instead , revelers show up in the infield to party with abandon . By contrast , `` Millionaire 's Row '' refers to the expensive box seats that attract the rich , the famous and the well - connected . Women appear in fine outfits lavishly accessorized with large , elaborate hats . Following the Call to the Post , as the horses are paraded before the grandstands , the University of Louisville Cardinal Marching Band plays Stephen Foster 's `` My Old Kentucky Home , '' a tradition which began in 1921 . The event attracts spectators from a large area , flying in hundreds of private aircraft to Louisville International Airport . The Derby is frequently referred to as `` The Run for the Roses , '' because a lush blanket of 554 red roses is awarded to the Kentucky Derby winner each year . The tradition originated in 1883 when New York socialite E. Berry Wall presented roses to ladies at a post-Derby party that was attended by Churchill Downs founder and president , Col. M. Lewis Clark . This gesture is believed to have led Clark to the idea of making the rose the race 's official flower . However , it was not until 1896 that any recorded account referred to roses being draped on the Derby winner . The Governor of Kentucky awards the garland and the Kentucky Derby Trophy . Pop vocalist Dan Fogelberg composed the song `` Run for the Roses '' which was released in time for the 1980 running of the race . Riders up ! ( edit ) `` Riders Up ! '' is the traditional command from the Paddock Judge for jockeys to mount their horses in advance of the upcoming race . Since 2012 , it was recited by a dignitary or celebrity attendee . Festival ( edit ) Main article : Kentucky Derby Festival In the weeks preceding the race , numerous activities are held for the Kentucky Derby Festival . Thunder Over Louisville -- an airshow and fireworks display -- generally begins the festivities in earnest two weeks prior to the Derby . Records ( edit ) Speed record : Mile and a Quarter : 1 : 59 ⁄ -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) Mile and a Half : 2 : 34 ⁄ - Spokane ( 1889 ) Margin of Victory : 8 lengths -- Old Rosebud ( 1914 ) , Johnstown ( 1939 ) , Whirlaway ( 1941 ) , Assault ( 1946 ) Most wins by a jockey : 5 -- Eddie Arcaro ( 1938 , 1941 , 1945 , 1948 , 1952 ) 5 -- Bill Hartack ( 1957 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1969 ) Most wins by a trainer : 6 -- Ben A. Jones ( 1938 , 1941 , 1944 , 1948 , 1949 , 1952 ) Most wins by an owner : 8 -- Calumet Farm ( 1941 , 1944 , 1948 , 1949 , 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1968 ) Longest shot to win the Derby : 91 to 1 -- Donerail ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous : In 2018 , Justify became the first horse since Apollo in 1882 , to win the Derby without having raced as a two year old . In 2010 , Calvin Borel set a new record , being the first jockey to win 3 out of 4 consecutive Kentucky Derbys . Winners ( edit ) See also : Highest combined Triple Crown finish Kentucky Derby winners Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Distance ( miles ) Track Condition Time 2018 Justify Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.20 2017 Always Dreaming John Velazquez Todd Pletcher MeB Racing , Brooklyn Boyz , Teresa Viola , St. Elias , Siena Farm and West Point 1 1⁄4 Wet Fast ( sealed ) 2 : 03.59 2016 Nyquist Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill J. Paul Reddam 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.31 2015 American Pharoah Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.02 2014 California Chrome Victor Espinoza Art Sherman Steve Coburn & Perry Martin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.66 2013 Orb Joel Rosario Claude McGaughey III Stuart S. Janney III & Phipps Stable 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 02.89 2012 I 'll Have Another Mario Gutierrez Doug O'Neill J. Paul Reddam 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.83 2011 Animal Kingdom John Velazquez H. Graham Motion Team Valor International 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.04 Super Saver Calvin Borel Todd Pletcher WinStar Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.45 2009 Mine That Bird Calvin Borel Bennie L. Woolley , Jr . Double Eagle Ranch et al . 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 02.66 2008 Big Brown Kent Desormeaux Richard E. Dutrow , Jr . IEAH Stables / P. Pompa 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.82 2007 Street Sense Calvin Borel Carl Nafzger James B. Tafel 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.17 2006 Barbaro Edgar Prado Michael R. Matz Lael Stables 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.36 2005 Giacomo Mike E. Smith John Shirreffs Jerry & Ann Moss 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.75 Smarty Jones Stewart Elliott John Servis Someday Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 04.06 2003 Funny Cide José A. Santos Barclay Tagg Sackatoga Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.19 2002 War Emblem Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Thoroughbred Corp . 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.13 2001 Monarchos Jorge F. Chavez John T. Ward , Jr . John C. Oxley 1 1⁄4 Fast 1 : 59.97 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Kent Desormeaux Neil Drysdale Fusao Sekiguchi 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.00 1999 Charismatic Chris Antley D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1998 Real Quiet Kent Desormeaux Bob Baffert Michael E. Pegram 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1997 Silver Charm Gary Stevens Bob Baffert Bob & Beverly Lewis 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 Grindstone Jerry Bailey D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.00 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens D. Wayne Lukas Michael Tabor 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1994 Go for Gin Chris McCarron Nick Zito William J. Condren & Joseph M. Cornacchia 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 03.60 1993 Sea Hero Jerry Bailey MacKenzie Miller Rokeby Stables 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1992 Lil E. Tee Pat Day Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1991 Strike the Gold Chris Antley Nick Zito BCC Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1990 Unbridled Craig Perret Carl Nafzger Frances A. Genter 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 02.00 1989 Sunday Silence Pat Valenzuela Charlie Whittingham H-G-W Partners 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 05.00 1988 Winning Colors Gary Stevens D. Wayne Lukas Eugene V. Klein 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 Alysheba Chris McCarron Jack Van Berg D. & P. Scharbauer 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1986 Ferdinand Bill Shoemaker Charlie Whittingham Elizabeth A. Keck 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.80 1985 Spend A Buck Angel Cordero , Jr . Cam Gambolati Dennis Diaz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.20 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay , Jr . Woody Stephens Claiborne Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 Sunny 's Halo Eddie Delahoussaye David C. Cross Jr . David J. Foster Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1982 Gato Del Sol Eddie Delahoussaye Edwin J. Gregson Hancock & Peters 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1981 Pleasant Colony Jorge Velasquez John P. Campo Buckland Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1980 Genuine Risk Jacinto Vasquez LeRoy Jolley Diana M. Firestone 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1979 Spectacular Bid Ronnie Franklin Bud Delp Hawksworth Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.40 1978 Affirmed Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1977 Seattle Slew Jean Cruguet William H. Turner , Jr . Karen L. Taylor 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero , Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 Foolish Pleasure Jacinto Vasquez LeRoy Jolley John L. Greer 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 Cannonade Angel Cordero , Jr . Woody Stephens John M. Olin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1973 Secretariat Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 1 : 59.40 1972 Riva Ridge Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stud 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1971 Canonero II Gustavo Avila Juan Arias Edgar Caibett 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1970 Dust Commander Mike Manganello Don Combs Robert E. Lehmann 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 03.40 1969 Majestic Prince Bill Hartack Johnny Longden Frank M. McMahon 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1968 Forward Pass Ismael Valenzuela Henry Forrest Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1967 Proud Clarion Bobby Ussery Loyd Gentry , Jr . Darby Dan Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.60 1966 Kauai King Don Brumfield Henry Forrest Ford Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1965 Lucky Debonair Bill Shoemaker Frank Catrone Ada L. Rice 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.20 1964 Northern Dancer Bill Hartack Horatio Luro Windfields Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.00 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1962 Decidedly Bill Hartack Horatio Luro El Peco Ranch 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 00.40 1961 Carry Back Johnny Sellers Jack A. Price Katherine Price 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 04.00 1960 Venetian Way Bill Hartack Victor J. Sovinski Sunny Blue Farm 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 02.40 1959 Tomy Lee Bill Shoemaker Frank E. Childs Fred & Juliette Turner 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1958 Tim Tam Ismael Valenzuela Jimmy Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 05.00 1957 Iron Liege Bill Hartack Jimmy Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.20 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1955 Swaps Bill Shoemaker Mesh Tenney Rex C. Ellsworth 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1954 Determine Raymond York William Molter Andrew J. Crevolin 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.00 1953 Dark Star Henry E. Moreno Eddie Hayward Cain Hoy Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.00 1952 Hill Gail Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 1951 Count Turf Conn McCreary Sol Rutchick Jack J. Amiel 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 02.60 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.60 1949 Ponder Steve Brooks Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.20 1948 Citation Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 05.40 1947 Jet Pilot Eric Guerin Tom Smith Maine Chance Farm 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.80 1946 Assault Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.60 1945 Hoop Jr . Eddie Arcaro Ivan H. Parke Fred W. Hooper 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 07.00 1944 Pensive Conn McCreary Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 04.20 1943 Count Fleet Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1942 Shut Out Wayne D. Wright John M. Gaver , Sr . Greentree Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.40 1941 Whirlaway Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.40 1940 Gallahadion Carroll Bierman Roy Waldron Milky Way Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.00 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1938 Lawrin Eddie Arcaro Ben A. Jones Herbert M. Woolf 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.80 1937 War Admiral Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.20 1936 Bold Venture Ira Hanford Max Hirsch Morton L. Schwartz 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.60 1935 Omaha Willie Saunders Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 05.00 1934 Cavalcade Mack Garner Bob Smith Brookmeade Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1933 Brokers Tip Don Meade Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 06.80 1932 Burgoo King Eugene James Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.20 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe , Jr . Greentree Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 01.80 1930 Gallant Fox Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 07.60 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Linus McAtee Clyde Van Dusen Herbert P. Gardner 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 10.80 1928 Reigh Count Chick Lang Bert S. Michell Fannie Hertz 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 10.40 1927 Whiskery Linus McAtee Fred Hopkins Harry P. Whitney 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 06.00 1926 Bubbling Over Albert Johnson Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.80 1925 Flying Ebony Earl Sande William B. Duke Gifford A. Cochran 1 1⁄4 Sloppy 2 : 07.60 1924 Black Gold J.D. Mooney Hanley Webb Rosa M. Hoots 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.20 1923 Zev Earl Sande David J. Leary Rancocas Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.40 1922 Morvich Albert Johnson Fred Burlew Benjamin Block 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.60 1921 Behave Yourself Charles Thompson Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.20 1920 Paul Jones Ted Rice William M. Garth Ral Parr 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 09.00 1919 Sir Barton Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 09.80 1918 Exterminator Willie Knapp Henry McDaniel Willis Sharpe Kilmer 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 10.80 1917 Omar Khayyam Charles Borel Charles T. Patterson Billings & Johnson 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.60 1916 George Smith Johnny Loftus Hollie Hughes John Sanford 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.00 1915 Regret Joe Notter James G. Rowe , Sr . Harry P. Whitney 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.40 1914 Old Rosebud John McCabe Frank D. Weir Hamilton C. Applegate 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 03.40 1913 Donerail Roscoe Goose Thomas P. Hayes Thomas P. Hayes 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 04.80 1912 Worth Carroll H. Shilling Frank M. Taylor Henry C. Hallenbeck 1 1⁄4 Muddy 2 : 09.40 1911 Meridian George Archibald Albert Ewing Richard F. Carman 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 05.00 1910 Donau Frederick Herbert George Ham William Gerst 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 06.40 1909 Wintergreen Vincent Powers Charles Mack Jerome B. Respess 1 1⁄4 Slow 2 : 08.20 1908 Stone Street Arthur Pickens J.W. Hall C.E. & J.W. Hamilton 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 15.20 1907 Pink Star Andy Minder William H. Fizer J. Hal Woodford 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 12.60 1906 Sir Huon Roscoe Troxler Pete Coyne Bashford Manor Stable 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.80 1905 Agile Jack Martin Robert Tucker Samuel S. Brown 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 10.75 1904 Elwood Shorty Prior Charles E. Durnell Mrs. C.E. Durnell 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.50 1903 Judge Himes Hal Booker John P. Mayberry Charles R. Ellison 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 09.00 1902 Alan - a-Dale Jimmy Winkfield Thomas C. McDowell Thomas C. McDowell 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 08.75 1901 His Eminence Jimmy Winkfield Frank B. Van Meter Frank B. Van Meter 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 07.75 1900 Lieut . Gibson Jimmy Boland Charles Hughes Charles H. Smith 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 06.25 1899 Manuel Fred Taral Robert J. Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 1 1⁄4 Fast 2 : 12.00 1898 Plaudit Willie Simms John E. Madden John E. Madden 1 1⁄4 Good 2 : 09.00 1897 Typhoon II Buttons Garner J.C. Cahn J.C. Cahn 1 1⁄4 Heavy 2 : 12.50 1896 Ben Brush Willie Simms Hardy Campbell , Jr . Mike F. Dwyer 1 1⁄4 Dusty 2 : 07.75 1895 Halma Soup Perkins Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.50 1894 Chant Frank Goodale H. Eugene Leigh Leigh & Rose 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 41.00 1893 Lookout Eddie Kunze William McDaniel Cushing & Orth 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 39.25 1892 Azra Alonzo Clayton John H. Morris Bashford Manor Stable 1 1⁄2 Heavy 2 : 41.50 1891 Kingman Isaac Murphy Dud Allen Jacobin Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 52.25 1890 Riley Isaac Murphy Edward Corrigan Edward Corrigan 1 1⁄2 Muddy 2 : 45.00 1889 Spokane Thomas Kiley John Rodegap Noah Armstrong 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 34.50 1888 Macbeth II George Covington John Campbell Chicago Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.00 1887 Montrose Isaac Lewis John McGinty Labold Brothers 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 39.25 1886 Ben Ali Paul Duffy Jim Murphy J.B.A. Haggin 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 36.50 1885 Joe Cotton Erskine Henderson Abe Perry James T. Williams 1 1⁄2 Good 2 : 37.25 1884 Buchanan Isaac Murphy William Bird William Cottrill 1 1⁄2 Good 2 : 40.25 1883 Leonatus Billy Donohue Raleigh Colston Chinn & Morgan 1 1⁄2 Heavy 2 : 43.00 1882 Apollo Babe Hurd Green B. Morris Morris & Patton 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 40.00 1881 Hindoo Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe , Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 40.00 1880 Fonso George Lewis Tice Hutsell J. Snell Shawhan 1 1⁄2 Dusty 2 : 37.50 1879 Lord Murphy Charlie Shauer George Rice Darden & Co 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.00 1878 Day Star Jimmy Carter Lee Paul T.J. Nichols 1 1⁄2 Dusty 2 : 37.25 1877 Baden - Baden Billy Walker Edward D. Brown Daniel Swigert 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.00 1876 Vagrant Bobby Swim James Williams William Astor , Jr . 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 38.25 1875 Aristides Oliver Lewis Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 1 1⁄2 Fast 2 : 37.75 Notes designates a Triple Crown Winner . designates a filly . Jump up ^ The race was timed to ⁄ second from 1875 to 1905 , to ⁄ second from 1906 to 2000 , and to 0.01 second since 2001 . Jump up ^ Dancer 's Image , ridden by Bobby Ussery , trained by Lou Cavalaris , Jr. , and owned by Peter D. Fuller , finished first , but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse . The drug in question -- phenylbutazone -- is now legal for use on racehorses in many states , including Kentucky . Jump up ^ Apollo ( 1882 ) was the only horse to have won the Derby without having raced at age two , until Justify in 2018 . See also ( edit ) Horse racing portal Kentucky portal Kentucky Oaks Kentucky Derby Festival American thoroughbred racing top attended events Kentucky Derby top four finishers List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' , a seminal example of New Journalism by Hunter S. Thompson . Triple Crown Productions List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area Derby Pie List of Kentucky Derby broadcasters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tenth Race Churchill May 1 , 2004 '' . May 1 , 2004 . Daily Racing Forum . Accessed on May 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Novak , Claire ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Will Take Charge Wins Pennsylvania Derby '' . Blood Horse . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Top 100 G1 Races for 3yo 's and upwards '' ( PDF ) . www.ifhaonline.org . International Federation of Horseracing Authorities . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ^ 2009 The Original Racing Almanac , page 140 for Kentucky Derby , page 156 for the Preakness Stakes , page 241 for Kentucky Oaks , page 167 for Belmont Stakes , page 184 Breeders ' Cup , June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Racing for the Roses - History of Kentucky Derby '' . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward , Arch ( April 30 , 1936 ) . `` Talking It Over '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` History Of Churchill Downs '' . Churchill Downs . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derby To Go On The Air '' , The New York Times , May 16 , 1925 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Derby History '' . Kentucky Derby Info . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN , By Sheena McKenzie , . `` Jockey who refused to stay in the kitchen - CNN '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dandrea , Phil ( 2010 ) . Sham : Great Was Second Best . Acanthus Publishing . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Horse Racing - Kentucky Derby purse doubled to $2 million '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Record betting reported on 2017 Kentucky Derby '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Money is Wagered on the Kentucky Derby Each Year ? '' . www.betfirm.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Finley , Marty ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` The 2016 Kentucky Derby : By the numbers '' . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Andrea . `` Kentucky Derby , Queen Elizabeth draw festive crowd '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Derby jockeys can wear ads '' . UPI . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Green , Marcus . `` SUNDAY EDITION Jockey advertising at Kentucky tracks remains rare a decade after ruling '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Kentucky Derby including Yum Brands in its name '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Woodford Reserve is New Kentucky Derby Sponsor '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sneed , Tierney . `` The Origin of Your Favorite Kentucky Derby Traditions '' . usnews.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giant screen at Churchill Downs gives everyone at Kentucky Derby a front - row view '' . kentucky . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Panasonic Announces Installation of World 's Largest 4K Video Board at Churchill Downs Churchill Downs Racetrack Home of the Kentucky Derby '' . www.churchilldowns.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home '' . Jump up ^ Epstein , Curt ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Derby , Boxing Match Fuel Atlantic 's Best Day Ever '' . Aviation International News . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Fogelberg Prodigy Chat transcript Treehouse.org '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellisa Hoppert ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` Justify Wins Kentucky Derby , Conquering Rain , Mud and a 136 - Year Curse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Saver wins the 2010 Kentucky Derby - Kentucky Derby '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Derby Winners '' . www.kentuckyderby.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoppert , Melissa . `` Justify Wins Kentucky Derby , Conquering Rain , Mud and a 136 - Year Curse '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) David Domine , Insiders ' Guide to Louisville . Guilford , CT : Globe - Pequot Press , 2010 . James C. Nicholson , The Kentucky Derby : How the Run for the Roses Became America 's Premier Sporting Event . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Look up run for the roses in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kentucky Derby . Kentucky Derby ( official site ) Kentucky Derby Museum The Courier - Journal 's Derby Site ESPN.COM Attending the Kentucky Derby ( includes future dates ) <Th_colspan="2"> Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' <Td_colspan="2"> Kentucky Derby Winners <Th_colspan="2"> Kentucky Derby winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. 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-4,117,951,546,817,704,400 | which of the following is considered to be the high tech region of the state of texas | Texas - wikipedia Texas This article is about the U.S. state . For other uses , see Texas ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> State of Texas <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : The Lone Star State <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Friendship <Td_colspan="2"> State song ( s ) : `` Texas , Our Texas '' <Td_colspan="2"> Official language No official language ( see Languages spoken in Texas ) Spoken languages Predominantly English ; Spanish is spoken by a sizable minority Demonym Texan Texian ( archaic ) Tejano ( usually only used for Hispanics ) Capital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex Area Ranked 2nd Total 268,581 sq mi ( 696,241 km ) Width 773 miles ( 1,244 km ) Length 790 miles ( 1,270 km ) % water 2.5 Latitude 25 ° 50 ′ N to 36 ° 30 ′ N Longitude 93 ° 31 ′ W to 106 ° 39 ′ W <Td_colspan="2"> Population Ranked 2nd Total 28,304,596 ( 2017 est . ) Density 108 / sq mi ( 40.6 / km ) Ranked 26th Median household income $56,473 ( 26th ) <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation Highest point Guadalupe Peak 8,751 ft ( 2667.4 m ) Mean 1,700 ft ( 520 m ) Lowest point Gulf of Mexico Sea level <Td_colspan="2"> Before statehood Republic of Texas Admission to Union December 29 , 1845 ( 28th ) Governor Greg Abbott ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick ( R ) Legislature Texas Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Senators John Cornyn ( R ) Ted Cruz ( R ) U.S. House delegation 25 Republicans 11 Democrats ( list ) Time zones most of state Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 El Paso , Hudspeth , and northwestern Culberson counties Mountain : UTC − 7 / − 6 <Td_colspan="2"> ISO 3166 US - TX Abbreviations TX , Tex . Website texas.gov <Th_colspan="2"> show Texas state symbols <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of Texas <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of Texas <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia Bird Northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) Fish Guadalupe bass ( Micropterus treculii ) Flower Bluebonnet ( Lupinus spp. , namely Texas bluebonnet , L. texensis ) Insect Monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) Mammal Texas longhorn , nine - banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) Reptile Texas horned lizard ( Phrynosoma cornutum ) Tree Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis ) <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia Food Chili Instrument Guitar Shell Lightning whelk ( Busycon perversum pulleyi ) Ship USS Texas Slogan The Friendly State Soil Houston Black Sport Rodeo Other Molecule : Buckyball ( For more , see article ) <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 2004 <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols Texas ( / ˈtɛksəs / , locally / - səz / ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas ( ˈtexas ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population . Geographically located in the South Central region of the country , Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , while the Gulf of Mexico is to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas -- Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed `` The Lone Star State '' to signify its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The `` Lone Star '' can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means `` friends '' in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10 % of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term `` six flags over Texas '' refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory . Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas . France held a short - lived colony . Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence , becoming an independent Republic . In 1845 , Texas joined the union as the 28th state . The state 's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican -- American War in 1846 . A slave state before the American Civil War , Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861 , and officially joined the Confederate States of America on March 2 of the same year . After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government , Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation . Historically four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to World War II : cattle and bison , cotton , timber , and oil . Before and after the U.S. Civil War the cattle industry , which Texas came to dominate , was a major economic driver for the state , thus creating the traditional image of the Texas cowboy . In the later 19th century cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative . It was ultimately , though , the discovery of major petroleum deposits ( Spindletop in particular ) that initiated an economic boom which became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century . With strong investments in universities , Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century . As of 2015 , it is second on the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with 54 . With a growing base of industry , the state leads in many industries , including agriculture , petrochemicals , energy , computers and electronics , aerospace , and biomedical sciences . Texas has led the U.S. in state export revenue since 2002 , and has the second - highest gross state product . If Texas were a sovereign state , it would be the 10th largest economy in the world . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.2 Wildlife 3 Climate 3.1 Storms 3.2 Greenhouse gases 4 History 4.1 Pre-European era 4.2 Colonization 4.3 Republic 4.4 Statehood 4.5 Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1860 -- 1900 ) 4.6 Earlier 20th century 4.7 Economic and political change ( 1950 -- present ) 5 Government and politics 5.1 State government 5.2 Politics 5.2. 1 Political history 5.2. 2 Texas politics today 5.3 Administrative divisions 5.4 Criminal law 6 Economy 6.1 Taxation 6.2 Agriculture and mining 6.3 Energy 6.4 Technology 6.5 Commerce 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnicity 7.2 Cities and towns 7.3 Languages 7.4 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Texas self - perception 8.2 Arts 9 Education 9.1 Higher education 10 Healthcare 10.1 Medical research 11 Transportation 11.1 Highways 11.2 Airports 11.3 Ports 11.4 Railroads 12 Sports 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External links Etymology The name Texas , based on the Caddo word taysha ( or tayshas ) meaning `` friends '' or `` allies '' , was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas . During Spanish colonial rule , the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas : La Provincia de Texas ( English : New Kingdom of the Philippines : The Province of Texas ) . Geography Main article : Geography of Texas Sam Rayburn Reservoir Texas Hill Country Texas is the second - largest U.S. state , after Alaska , with an area of 268,820 square miles ( 696,200 km ) . Though 10 % larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan , it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size . If it were an independent country , Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile and Zambia . Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America . Three of its borders are defined by rivers . The Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the south . The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north . The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east . The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100 ° W , a northern border with Oklahoma at 36 ° 30 ' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103 ° W. El Paso lies on the state 's western tip at 32 ° N and the Rio Grande . With 10 climatic regions , 14 soil regions and 11 distinct ecological regions , regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils , topography , geology , rainfall , and plant and animal communities . One classification system divides Texas , in order from southeast to west , into the following : Gulf Coastal Plains , Interior Lowlands , Great Plains , and Basin and Range Province . The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state . Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods . The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine - hardwood forest . Lake Alan Henry Steinhagen Reservoir The Great Plains region in central Texas is in spans through the state 's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state 's hill country near Austin . This region is dominated by prairie and steppe . `` Far West Texas '' or the `` Trans - Pecos '' region is the state 's Basin and Range Province . The most varied of the regions , this area includes Sand Hills , the Stockton Plateau , desert valleys , wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands . Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers , with the Rio Grande as the largest . Other major rivers include the Pecos , the Brazos , Colorado , and Red River . While Texas has few natural lakes , Texans have built over 100 artificial reservoirs . The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable ; it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state , or both . The vast geographic , economic , and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States . Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South , to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest . Geology Main article : Geology of Texas Palo Duro Canyon Franklin Mountains State Park Big Bend National Park Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains , which ends in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico . The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico . The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old . These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state , and are exposed in three places : Llano uplift , Van Horn , and the Franklin Mountains , near El Paso . Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks . The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin , or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time . This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian subperiod to form Pangea . This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains -- Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision . This orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas -- Waco -- Austin -- San Antonio trend . The late Paleozoic mountains collapsed as rifting in the Jurassic period began to open the Gulf of Mexico . Pangea began to break up in the Triassic , but seafloor spreading to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and late Jurassic . The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form . Today 9 to 12 miles ( 14 to 19 km ) of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US oil reserves are here . At the start of its formation , the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick evaporite deposits of Jurassic age . These salt deposits formed salt dome diapirs , and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast . East Texas outcrops consist of Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments which contain important deposits of Eocene lignite . The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north ; Permian sediments in the west ; and Cretaceous sediments in the east , along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil . Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the Big Bend area . A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer . Located far from an active plate tectonic boundary , Texas has no volcanoes and few earthquakes . Wildlife See also : List of mammals of Texas , List of birds of Texas , List of reptiles of Texas , List of amphibians of Texas , and List of taxa described from Texas A wide range of animals and insects live in Texas . It is the home to 65 species of mammals , 213 species of reptiles and amphibians , and the greatest diversity of bird life in the United States -- 590 native species in all . At least 12 species have been introduced and now reproduce freely in Texas . Texas plays host to several species of wasps . Texas is one of the regions that has the highest abundance of Polistes exclamans . Additionally , Texas has provided an important ground for the study of Polistes annularis . During the spring Texas wildflowers such as the state flower , the bluebonnet , line highways throughout Texas . During the Johnson Administration the first lady , Lady Bird Johnson , worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers . Climate Main article : Climate of Texas Köppen climate types in Texas The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather . The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas , while the Gulf Coast has mild winters . Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns . El Paso , on the western end of the state , averages 8.7 inches ( 220 mm ) of annual rainfall , while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches ( 1,600 mm ) per year . Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches ( 940 mm ) per year . Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas , once or twice a year in North Texas , and once every few years in Central and East Texas . Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast in rare circumstances only . Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm , when 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of snow fell as far south as Kingsville , where the average high temperature in December is 65 ° F . Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s ° F ( 26 ° C ) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in the Rio Grande Valley , but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) range . Night - time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s ° F ( 14 ° C ) in the West Texas mountains to 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in Galveston . The table below consists of averages for August ( generally the warmest month ) and January ( generally the coldest ) in selected cities in various regions of the state . El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively , but with August and January only being narrowly different . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Texas Location August ( ° F ) August ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Houston 94 / 75 34 / 24 63 / 54 17 / 12 San Antonio 96 / 74 35 / 23 63 / 40 17 / 5 Dallas 96 / 77 36 / 25 57 / 37 16 / 3 Austin 97 / 74 36 / 23 61 / 45 16 / 5 El Paso 92 / 67 33 / 21 57 / 32 14 / 0 Laredo 100 / 77 37 / 25 67 / 46 19 / 7 Amarillo 89 / 64 32 / 18 50 / 23 10 / -- 4 Brownsville 94 / 76 34 / 24 70 / 51 21 / 11 Storms Thunderstorms strike Texas often , especially the eastern and northern portions of the state . Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas . The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States , an average of 139 a year . These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle . Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April , May , and June . Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas . A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in Indianola , followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town . These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city . The 1900 Galveston hurricane subsequently devastated that city , killing about 8,000 people or possibly as many as 12,000 . This makes it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history . In 2017 , Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Rockport as a Category 4 Hurricane , causing significant damage there . The storm stalled over land for a very long time , allowing it to drop unprecedented amounts of rain over the Greater Houston area and surrounding counties . The result was widespread and catastrophic flooding that inundated hundreds of thousands of homes . Harvey ultimately became the costliest hurricane worldwide , causing an estimated $198.6 billion in damage , surpassing the cost of Hurricane Katrina . Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston hurricane , Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people , Hurricane Carla in 1961 , Hurricane Beulah in 1967 , Hurricane Alicia in 1983 , Hurricane Rita in 2005 , and Hurricane Ike in 2008 . Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage : Allison in 1989 and again during 2001 , and Claudette in 1979 among them . Greenhouse gases Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S. The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds ( 680 billion kg ) of carbon dioxide annually . As an independent nation , Texas would rank as the world 's seventh - largest producer of greenhouse gases . Causes of the state 's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state 's large number of coal power plants and the state 's refining and manufacturing industries . In 2010 , there were 2,553 `` emission events '' which poured 44.6 million pounds of contaminants into the Texas sky . History Main article : History of Texas Pre-european era Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520 -- French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal Further information : Pre-Columbian Mexico Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of Pre-Columbian North America : the Southwestern and the Plains areas . Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory , and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact . These were : the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region , centered west of Texas ; the Mississippian culture , also known as Mound Builders , which extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas ; and the civilizations of Mesoamerica , centered south of Texas . Influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries . When Europeans arrived in the Texas region , there were several races of Native peoples divided into many smaller tribes . They were Caddoan , Atakapan , Athabaskan , Coahuiltecan & Uto - Aztecan . The Uto - Aztecan Puebloan peoples lived neared the Rio Grande in the western portion of the state , the Athabaskan - speaking Apache tribes lived throughout the interior , the Caddoans controlled much of the Red River region & the Atakapans were mostly centered along the Gulf Coast . At least one tribe of Coahuiltecans , the Aranama , lived in southern Texas . This entire culture group , primarily centered in northeastern Mexico , is now extinct . It is difficult to say who lived in the northwestern region of the state originally . By the time the region came to be explored , it belonged to the fairly well - known Comanche , another Uto - Aztecan people who had transitioned into a powerful horse culture , but it is believed that they came later and did not live there during the 16th century . It may have been claimed by several different peoples , including Uto - Aztecans , Athabaskans , or even Dhegihan Siouans . No culture was dominant in the present - day Texas region , and many peoples inhabited the area . Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present - day Texas include the Alabama , Apache , Atakapan , Bidai , Caddo , Aranama , Comanche , Choctaw , Coushatta , Hasinai , Jumano , Karankawa , Kickapoo , Kiowa , Tonkawa , and Wichita . The name Texas derives from táyshaʔ , a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai , which means `` friends '' or `` allies '' . The region was primarily controlled by the Spanish for the first couple centuries of contact , until the Texas Revolution . They were not particularly kind to their native populations -- even less so with the Caddoans , who were not trusted as their culture was split between the Spanish & the French . When the Spanish briefly managed to conquer the Louisiana colony , they decided to switch tactics and attempt being exceedingly friendly to the Indians , which they continued even after the French took back the colony . After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , the United States inherited this odd circumstance . The Caddoans preferred the company of Americans & almost the entire population of them migrated into the states of Louisiana & Arkansas . The Spanish felt jilted after having spent so much time & effort and began trying to lure the Caddo back , even promising them more land . Seemingly without actually knowing how they came by it , the United States ( who had begun convincing tribes to self - segregate from whites by selling everything and moving west ever since they gained the Louisiana Purchase ) faced an overflow of native peoples in Missouri & Arkansas & were able to negotiate with the Caddoans to allow several displaced peoples to settle on unused lands in eastern Texas . They included the Muscogee , Houma Choctaw , Lenape & Mingo Seneca , among others , who all came to view the Caddoans as saviors , making those peoples highly influential . Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settlers in that land . Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops , prepare foods , and hunt wild game . Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers . During the Texas Revolution , the U.S. became heavily involved . Prior treaties with the Spanish forbade either side from militarizing its native population in any potential conflict between the two nations . At that time , several sudden outbreaks of violence between Caddoans & Texans started to spread . The Caddoans were always clueless when questioned , The Texan & American authorities in the region could never find hard evidence linking them to it & often it was so far flung from Caddoan lands , it barely made any sense . It seems most likely that these were false - flag attacks meant to start a cascading effect to force the natives under Caddoan influence into armed conflict without breaking any treaties -- preferably on the side of the Spanish . While no proof was found as to who the culprit was , those in charge of Texas at the time attempted multiple times to publicly blame and punish the Caddoans for the incidents with the U.S. government trying to keep them in check . Furthermore , the Caddoans never turned to violence because of it , excepting cases of self - defense . By the 1830s , the U.S. had drafted the Indian Removal Act , which was used to facilitate the Trail of Tears . Fearing retribution of other native peoples , Indian Agents all over the eastern U.S. began desperately trying to convince all their native peoples to uproot and move west . This included the Caddoans of Louisiana & Arkansas . Following the Texas Revolution , the Texans chose to make peace with their Native peoples , but did not honor former land claims or agreements . This began the movement of Native populations north into what would become Indian Territory -- modern day Oklahoma . Colonization Main articles : French colonization of Texas , Spanish Texas , and Mexican Texas Flags of the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of Texas The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast , created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda . Nine years later , shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas . Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528 , when the Spanish landed in the area , `` half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us . '' Cabeza de Vaca also made observations about the way of life of the Ignaces Natives of Texas : They went about with a firebrand , setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitos , and also to get lizards and similar things which they eat , to come out of the soil . In the same manner they kill deer , encircling them with fires , and they do it also to deprive the animals of pasture , compelling them to go for food where the Indians want . Francisco Vázquez de Coronado describes his 1541 encounter with : Two kinds of people travel around these plains with the cows ; one is called Querechos and the others Teyas ; they are very well built , and painted , and are enemies of each other . They have no other settlement or location than comes from traveling around with the cows . They kill all of these they wish , and tan the hides , with which they clothe themselves and make their tents , and they eat the flesh , sometimes even raw , and they also even drink the blood when thirsty . The tents they make are like field tents , and they set them up over some poles they have made for this purpose , which come together and are tied at the top , and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have , of which they have many , and they load them with the tents and poles and other things , for the country is so level , as I said , that they can make use of these , because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground . The sun is what they worship most . European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685 . Miscalculations by René - Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River . The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives . A 1718 map of Texas by Guillaume de L'Isle . Approximate state area highlighted , northern areas indefinite . In 1690 Spanish authorities , concerned that France posed competitive threat , constructed several missions in East Texas . After Native American resistance , the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico . When France began settling Louisiana , mostly in the southern part of the state , in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas . Two years later , they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area . Nicolas de La Fora 's 1771 map of the northern frontier of New Spain clearly shows the Provincia de los Tejas . Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area . It was one of New Spain 's least populated provinces . In 1749 , the Spanish peace treaty with the Lipan Apache angered many tribes , including the Comanche , Tonkawa , and Hasinai . The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785 and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes . With more numerous missions being established , priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes . By the end of the 18th century only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianity . Stephen F. Austin was the first American empresario given permission to operate a colony within Mexican Texas . Mexico in 1824 . Coahuila y Tejas is the northeastern-most state . When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803 , American authorities insisted the agreement also included Texas . The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819 , at what is now the border between Texas and Louisiana . Eager for new land , many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement . Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River . In 1821 , the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory , which became part of Mexico . Due to its low population , Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas . Hoping more settlers would reduce the near - constant Comanche raids , Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain . Under the Mexican immigration system , large swathes of land were allotted to empresarios , who recruited settlers from the United States , Europe , and the Mexican interior . The first grant , to Moses Austin , was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death . Austin 's settlers , the Old Three Hundred , made places along the Brazos River in 1822 . Twenty - three other empresarios brought settlers to the state , the majority of whom were from the United States . The population of Texas grew rapidly . In 1825 , Texas had about 3,500 people , with most of Mexican descent . By 1834 , the population had grown to about 37,800 people , with only 7,800 of Mexican descent . Most of these early settlers who arrived with Austin and soon after were persons less than fortunate in life , as Texas was devoid of the comforts found elsewhere in Mexico and the United States during that time . Early Texas settler David B. Edwards described his fellow Texans as being `` banished from the pleasures of life '' . Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law , especially the prohibition against slavery . Combined with United States ' attempts to purchase Texas , Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States . New laws also called for the enforcement of customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens ( Tejanos ) and recent immigrants . The Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation 's president . Texians sided with the federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas . They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom . Texians met at the Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood , among other issues . The following year , Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833 . Republic Main articles : Texas Revolution and Republic of Texas Within Mexico , tensions continued between federalists and centralists . In early 1835 , wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety . The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales . This launched the Texas Revolution , and over the next two months , the Texians defeated all Mexican troops in the region . Texians elected delegates to the Consultation , which created a provisional government . The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting , and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836 . William Henry Huddle : Surrender of Santa Anna ( 1886 ; Texas State Capitol , Austin ) During this time of political turmoil , Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt . The Mexican expedition was initially successful . General José de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad massacre . Santa Anna 's forces , after a thirteen - day siege , overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo . News of the defeats sparked panic among Texas settlers . The present - day outlines of the U.S. states superimposed on the boundaries of the 1836 -- 1845 Republic of Texas The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of 1836 quickly signed a Declaration of Independence on March 2 , forming the Republic of Texas . After electing interim officers , the Convention disbanded . The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the Runaway Scrape , fleeing from the approaching Mexican army . After several weeks of retreat , the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna 's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto . Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco , ending the war . While Texas had won its independence , political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic . The nationalist faction , led by Mirabeau B. Lamar , advocated the continued independence of Texas , the expulsion of the Native Americans , and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean . Their opponents , led by Sam Houston , advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans . The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War . Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842 . The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson massacre . Despite these successes , Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas , and the republic survived . The republic 's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas 's eventual annexation into the United States . Statehood Main articles : Texas annexation and Mexican -- American War As early as 1837 , the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States . Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction , along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States , slowed Texas 's admission into the Union . Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844 . On December 29 , 1845 , Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union . The population of the new state was quite small at first and there was a strong mix between the English - speaking American settlers that dominated in the state 's eastern / northeastern portions and the Spanish - speaking former Mexicans that dominated in the state 's southern and western portions . Statehood brought many new settlers . Because of the long Spanish presence in Mexico and various failed colonization efforts by the Spanish and Mexicans in northern Mexico , there were large herds of Longhorn cattle that roamed the state . Hardy by nature but also suitable for slaughtering and consumption , they represented an economic opportunity many entrepreneurs seized upon , thus creating the cowboy culture for which Texas is famous . While in the early days of the republic cattle and bison were slaughtered for their hides , soon a beef industry was established with cattle being shipped all over the U.S. and the Caribbean ( within a few decades , beef had become a staple of the American diet ) . After Texas 's annexation , Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States . While the United States claimed Texas 's border stretched to the Rio Grande , Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River . While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims , the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so . President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13 , 1846 . A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican -- American War . The first battles of the war were fought in Texas : the Siege of Fort Texas , Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma . After these decisive victories , the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas . Proposals of 1850 for Texas northwestern boundary After a series of United States victories , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two - year war . In return , for US $18,250,000 , Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848 , most of which today is called the American Southwest , and Texas 's borders were established at the Rio Grande . The Compromise of 1850 set Texas 's boundaries at their present form . U.S. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal where Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present - day New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small portions of Kansas , Oklahoma , and Wyoming to the federal government , in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic 's debt . Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state . They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans , whose numbers tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860 , from 58,000 to 182,566 . Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1860 -- 1900 ) Main article : Texas in the American Civil War Civil war monument in Galveston , Texas Texas was at war again after the election of 1860 . At this time , blacks comprised 30 percent of the state 's population , and they were overwhelmingly enslaved . When Abraham Lincoln was elected , South Carolina seceded from the Union . Five other Lower South states quickly followed . A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28 , 1861 . On February 1 , by a vote of 166 -- 8 , the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States . Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23 , 1861 . Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4 , 1861 ratifying the permanent C.S. Constitution on March 23 . Not all Texans favored secession initially , although many of the same would later support the Southern cause . Texas 's most notable Unionist was the state Governor , Sam Houston . Not wanting to aggravate the situation , Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office . After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy , Houston was deposed as governor . While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War , Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy . Union troops briefly occupied the state 's primary port , Galveston . Texas 's border with Mexico was known as the `` backdoor of the Confederacy '' because trade occurred at the border , bypassing the Union blockade . The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route , but Texas 's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River . The final battle of the Civil War was fought near Brownsville , Texas at Palmito Ranch with a Confederate victory . Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger . Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction . Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger , almost two and a half years after the original announcement . President Johnson , in 1866 , declared the civilian government restored in Texas . Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements , Congress resumed allowing elected Texas representatives into the federal government in 1870 . Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues . Like most of the South , the Texas economy was devastated by the War . However , since the state had not been as dependent on slaves as other parts of the South it was able to recover more quickly . The culture in Texas during the later 19th century exhibited many facets of a frontier territory . The state became notorious as a haven for people from other parts of the country who wanted to escape debt , criminal prosecution , or other problems . Indeed , `` Gone to Texas '' was a common expression for those fleeing the law in other states . Nevertheless , the state also attracted many businessmen and other settlers with more legitimate interests as well . The cattle industry continued to thrive though it gradually became less profitable . Cotton and lumber became major industries creating new economic booms in various regions of the state . Railroad networks grew rapidly as did the port at Galveston as commerce between Texas and the rest of the U.S. ( and the rest of the world ) expanded . As with some other states before , the lumber industry quickly decimated the forests of Texas such that by the early 20th century the majority of the forest population in Texas was gone ( later conservation efforts restored some of it , but never to the level it once was ) . Earlier 20th century Spindletop , the first major oil gusher In 1900 , Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the Galveston hurricane . On January 10 , 1901 , the first major oil well in Texas , Spindletop , was found south of Beaumont . Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas , West Texas , and under the Gulf of Mexico . The resulting `` oil boom '' transformed Texas . Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972 . In 1901 , the Democratic - dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting , which effectively disenfranchised most blacks , and many poor whites and Latinos . In addition , the legislature established white primaries , ensuring minorities were excluded from the formal political process . The number of voters dropped dramatically , and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties . The Socialist Party became the second - largest party in Texas after 1912 , coinciding with a large socialist upsurge in the United States during fierce battles in the labor movement and the popularity of national heroes like Eugene V. Debs . The Socialists ' popularity soon waned after their vilification by the United States government for their opposition to US involvement in World War I . The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state 's economy , which had significantly improved since the Civil War . Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years . Especially from this period on , blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation . In 1940 , Texas was 74 percent Anglo , 14.4 percent black , and 11.5 percent Hispanic . World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas , as federal money poured in to build military bases , munitions factories , POW detention camps and Army hospitals ; 750,000 young men left for service ; the cities exploded with new industry ; the colleges took on new roles ; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left the fields for much better paying war jobs , never to return to agriculture . Texas manufactured 3.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II , ranking eleventh among the 48 states . Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the 1960s . The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education , funded in large part by oil revenues , and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently . These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds . On November 22 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas . Economic and political change ( 1950 -- present ) Beginning around the mid-20th century , Texas began to transform from a rural and agricultural state to one urban and industrialized . The state 's population grew quickly during this period , with large levels of migration from outside the state . As a part of the Sun Belt Texas experienced strong economic growth , particularly during the 1970s and early 1980s . Texas 's economy diversified , lessening its reliance on the petroleum industry . By 1990 , Hispanics overtook blacks to become the largest minority group in the state . During the late 20th century , the Republican Party replaced the Democratic Party as the dominant party in the state , as the latter became more politically liberal and as demographic changes favored the former . Government and Politics The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876 . Like many states , it explicitly provides for a separation of powers . The state 's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart , and has provisions unique to Texas . State government Main article : Government of Texas See also : List of Texas state agencies The Texas State Capitol at night Texas has a plural executive branch system limiting the power of the governor , which is a weak executive compared to some other states . Except for the Secretary of State , voters elect executive officers independently ; thus candidates are directly answerable to the public , not the governor . This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties and reduced the ability of the governor to carry out a program . When Republican President George W. Bush served as Texas 's governor , the state had a Democratic lieutenant governor , Bob Bullock . The executive branch positions consist of the Governor , Lieutenant Governor , Comptroller of Public Accounts , Land Commissioner , Attorney General , Agriculture Commissioner , the three - member Texas Railroad Commission , the State Board of Education , and the Secretary of State . The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives , with 150 members , and a Senate , with 31 members . The Speaker of the House leads the House , and the lieutenant governor , the Senate . The Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over 100 days , but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired ( notably , the Legislature can not call itself into session ) . The state 's fiscal year spans from the previous calendar year 's September 1 to the current year 's August 31 . Thus , the FY 2015 dates from September 1 , 2014 through August 31 , 2015 . The judiciary of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States , with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions . Texas has two courts of last resort : the Texas Supreme Court , for civil cases , and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals . Except for some municipal benches , partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary ; the governor fills vacancies by appointment . Texas is notable for its use of capital punishment , having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the Gregg v. Georgia case ( see Capital punishment in Texas ) . The Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety is a law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction . Over the years , the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption . They have acted as riot police and as detectives , protected the Texas governor , tracked down fugitives , and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state . The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835 . The Rangers were integral to several important events of Texas history and some of the best - known criminal cases in the history of the Old West . The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments , which serve as agents of the state . What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm . Most cities in the state , those over 5,000 in population , have home - rule governments . The vast majority of these have charters for council - manager forms of government , by which voters elect council members , who hire a professional city manager as operating officer . Politics Main article : Politics of Texas Further information : Political party strength in Texas Texas Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 52.23 % 4,685,047 43.24 % 3,877,868 2012 57.15 % 4,569,843 41.37 % 3,308,124 2008 55.39 % 4,479,328 43.63 % 3,528,633 61.09 % 4,526,917 38.30 % 2,832,704 2000 59.30 % 3,799,639 38.11 % 2,433,746 48.80 % 2,736,166 43.81 % 2,459,683 40.61 % 2,496,071 37.11 % 2,281,815 56.01 % 3,036,829 43.41 % 2,352,748 1984 63.58 % 3,433,428 36.18 % 1,949,276 1980 55.30 % 2,510,705 41.51 % 1,881,148 Political History Lyndon B. Johnson , Texan and 36th president of the United States In the 1870s , white Democrats wrested power back in the state legislature from the biracial coalition at the end of Reconstruction . In the early 20th century , the legislature passed bills to impose poll taxes , followed by white primaries ; these measures effectively disfranchised most blacks , poor whites and Mexican Americans . In the 1890s , 100,000 blacks voted in the state ; by 1906 , only 5,000 could vote . As a result , the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics from the turn of the century , imposing racial segregation and white supremacy . It held power until after passage in the mid-1960s of national civil rights legislation enforcing constitutional rights of all citizens . Although Texas was essentially a one - party state during this time and the Democratic primary was viewed as `` the real election , '' the Democratic Party had conservative and liberal factions , which became more pronounced after the New Deal . Additionally , several factions of the party briefly split during the 1930s and 1940s . The state 's conservative white voters began to support Republican presidential candidates by the mid-20th century . After this period , they supported Republicans for local and state offices as well , and most whites became Republican Party members . The party also attracted some minorities , but many have continued to vote for Democratic candidates . The shift to the Republican Party is much - attributed to the fact the Democratic Party became increasingly liberal during the 20th century , and thus increasingly out - of - touch with the average Texas voter . As Texas was always a conservative state , voters switched to the GOP , which now more closely reflected their beliefs . Commentators have also attributed the shift to Republican political consultant Karl Rove , who managed numerous political campaigns in Texas in the 1980s and 1990s . Other stated reasons included court - ordered redistricting and the demographic shift in relation to the Sun Belt that favored the Republican Party and conservatism . The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by Republican Tom DeLay , was called by The New York Times `` an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering '' . A group of Democratic legislators , the `` Texas Eleven '' , fled the state in a quorum - busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting , but was unsuccessful . The state had already redistricted following the 2000 census . Despite these efforts , the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans , based on 2000 data and ignoring the estimated nearly one million new residents in the state since that date . Career attorneys and analysts at the Department of Justice objected to the plan as diluting the votes of African American and Hispanic voters , but political appointees overrode them and approved it . Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry ( 2006 ) , but the court ruled in favor of the state ( and Republicans ) . In the 2014 Texas elections , the Tea Party movement made large gains , with numerous Tea Party favorites being elected into office , including Dan Patrick as lieutenant governor , Ken Paxton as attorney general , in addition to numerous other candidates including conservative Republican Greg Abbott as governor . Texas Politics today Texas voters lean toward fiscal conservatism , while enjoying the benefits of huge federal investment in the state in military and other facilities achieved by the power of the Solid South in the 20th century . They also tend to have socially conservative values . Since 1980 , most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates . In 2000 and 2004 , Republican George W. Bush won Texas with 60.1 percent of the vote , partly due to his `` favorite son '' status as a former governor of the state . John McCain won the state in 2008 , but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55 percent of the vote . Austin , Dallas , Houston , and San Antonio consistently lean Democratic in both local and statewide elections . Residents of counties along the Rio Grande closer to the Mexico - United States border , where there are many Latino residents , generally vote for Democratic Party candidates , while most other rural and suburban areas of Texas have shifted to voting for Republican Party candidates . As of the general elections of 2014 , a large majority of the members of Texas 's U.S. House delegation are Republican , along with both U.S. Senators . In the 114th United States Congress , of the 36 Congressional districts in Texas , 24 are held by Republicans and 11 by Democrats . One seat is vacant . Texas 's Senators are John Cornyn and Ted Cruz . Since 1994 , Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office . The state 's Democratic voters are made up primarily by liberal and minority groups in Austin , Beaumont , Dallas , El Paso , Houston and San Antonio as well as minority voters in East and South Texas . <Th_colspan="7"> United States presidential election in Texas , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Electoral votes Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 4,685,047 52.23 % 36 Democratic Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 3,877,868 43.24 % 0 Libertarian Gary Johnson William Weld 283,492 3.16 % 0 Green Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka 71,558 0.80 % 0 Write - in Various candidates Various candidates 51,261 0.57 % 0 Republican John Kasich Carly Fiorina 0 0.0 % Libertarian Ron Paul Mike Pence 0 0.0 % <Td_colspan="4"> Totals 8,969,226 100.00 % 38 <Td_colspan="6"> Voter turnout ( voting age population ) Administrative Divisions See also : List of Texas counties Texas has 254 counties -- the most nationwide . Each county runs on Commissioners ' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners ( one from each of four precincts in the county , roughly divided according to population ) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county . County government runs similar to a `` weak '' mayor - council system ; the county judge has no veto authority , but votes along with the other commissioners . Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter `` interlocal agreements '' to share services , the state does not allow consolidated city - county governments , nor does it have metropolitan governments . Counties are not granted home rule status ; their powers are strictly defined by state law . The state does not have townships -- areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated . Incorporated areas are part of a municipality . The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas and to some smaller incorporated areas . Municipalities are classified either `` general law '' cities or `` home rule '' . A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval . Texas also permits the creation of `` special districts '' , which provide limited services . The most common is the school district , but can also include hospital districts , community college districts , and utility districts ( one utility district near Austin was the plaintiff in a landmark Supreme Court case involving the Voting Rights Act ) . Municipal , school district , and special district elections are nonpartisan , though the party affiliation of a candidate may be well - known . County and state elections are partisan . Criminal law Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses . It is one of the 32 states that practice capital punishment , and since the US Supreme Court allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976 , 40 % of all US executions have taken place in Texas . As of 2008 , Texas had the 4th highest incarceration rate in the US . Texas also has strong self defense laws , allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves , their families , or their property . Economy Main article : Economy of Texas See also : Texas locations by per capita income Astronaut training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston As of 2016 , Texas had a gross state product ( GSP ) of $1.599 trillion , the second highest in the U.S. Its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Australia and South Korea , which are the world 's 12th - and 13th - largest economies , respectively . Texas 's economy is the fourth - largest of any country subdivision globally , behind England ( as part of the UK ) , California , and Japan 's Kantō region . Its per capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484 , ranking 29th in the nation . A geomap depicting the income , by county , in Texas as of 2014 Texas 's large population , abundance of natural resources , thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy . Since oil was discovered , the state 's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry . In recent times , urban centers of the state have increased in size , containing two - thirds of the population in 2005 . The state 's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms . As of April 2013 , the state 's unemployment rate is 6.4 percent . In 2010 , Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business - friendly state in the nation , in part because of the state 's three - billion - dollar Texas Enterprise Fund . Texas has the joint - highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States , along with California . In 2010 , there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas , constituting the second - largest population of millionaires in the nation . Taxation Texas has a `` low taxes , low services '' reputation . According to the Tax Foundation , Texans ' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation , 7th lowest nationally ; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita , or 8.4 percent of resident incomes . Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax . Instead , the state collects revenue from property taxes ( though these are collected at the county , city , and school district level ; Texas has a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax ) and sales taxes . The state sales tax rate is 6.25 percent , but local taxing jurisdictions ( cities , counties , special purpose districts , and transit authorities ) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2 percent for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25 percent . Texas is a `` tax donor state '' ; in 2005 , for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes , the state got back about $0.94 in benefits . To attract business , Texas has incentive programs worth $19 billion per year ( 2012 ) ; more than any other US state . Agriculture and mining Cotton modules after being harvested in West Texas An oil well Brazos Wind Farm in the plains of West Texas Electronic Data Systems headquarters in Plano Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States . The state is ranked No. 1 for revenue generated from total livestock and livestock products . It is ranked No. 2 for total agricultural revenue , behind California . At $7.4 billion or 56.7 percent of Texas 's annual agricultural cash receipts , beef cattle production represents the largest single segment of Texas agriculture . This is followed by cotton at $1.9 billion ( 14.6 percent ) , greenhouse / nursery at $1.5 billion ( 11.4 percent ) , broilers at $1.3 billion ( 10 percent ) , and dairy products at $947 million ( 7.3 percent ) . Texas leads the nation in the production of cattle , horses , sheep , goats , wool , mohair and hay . The state also leads the nation in production of cotton which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value . The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce . Texas has a large commercial fishing industry . With mineral resources , Texas leads in creating cement , crushed stone , lime , salt , sand and gravel . Texas throughout the 21st century has been hammered by drought . This has cost the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops . Energy See also : Deregulation of the Texas electricity market Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop , energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state . If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth largest oil producer in the world . The Railroad Commission of Texas , contrary to its name , regulates the state 's oil and gas industry , gas utilities , pipeline safety , safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry , and surface coal and uranium mining . Until the 1970s , the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas 's oil reserves . The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control . Texas has known petroleum deposits of about 5 billion barrels ( 790,000,000 m ) , which makes up about one - fourth of the known U.S. reserves . The state 's refineries can process 4.6 million barrels ( 730,000 m ) of oil a day . The Port Arthur Refinery in Southeast Texas is the largest refinery in the U.S. Texas also leads in natural gas production , producing one - fourth of the nation 's supply . Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as : Anadarko Petroleum Corporation , ConocoPhillips , ExxonMobil , Halliburton , Marathon Oil , Tesoro , and Valero , Western Refining . According to the Energy Information Administration , Texans consume , on average , the fifth most energy ( of all types ) in the nation per capita and as a whole , following behind Wyoming , Alaska , Louisiana , North Dakota , and Iowa . Unlike the rest of the nation , most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid , the Texas Interconnection . Texas has a deregulated electric service . Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production , generating 437,236 MWh in 2014 , 89 % more MWh than Florida , which ranked second . As an independent nation , Texas would rank as the world 's eleventh - largest producer of electricity , after South Korea , and ahead of the United Kingdom . The state is a leader in renewable energy commercialization ; it produces the most wind power in the nation . In 2014 , 10.6 % of the electricity consumed in Texas came from wind turbines . The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe , Texas , is one of the world 's largest wind farms with a 781.5 megawatt ( MW ) capacity . The Energy Information Administration states the state 's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels . The state also has the highest solar power potential for development in the nation . Technology With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund , a wide array of different high tech industries have developed in Texas . The Austin area is nicknamed the `` Silicon Hills '' and the north Dallas area the `` Silicon Prairie '' . Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies , such as Dell , Inc. , Texas Instruments , Perot Systems , Rackspace and AT&T . The National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ( NASA JSC ) in Southeast Houston , sits as the crown jewel of Texas 's aeronautics industry . Fort Worth hosts both Lockheed Martin 's Aeronautics division and Bell Helicopter Textron . Lockheed builds the F - 16 Fighting Falcon , the largest Western fighter program , and its successor , the F - 35 Lightning II in Fort Worth . Commerce Texas 's affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail , wholesale , banking and insurance , and construction industries . Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT&T , Kimberly - Clark , Blockbuster , J.C. Penney , Whole Foods Market , and Tenet Healthcare . Nationally , the Dallas -- Fort Worth area , home to the second shopping mall in the United States , has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area . Mexico , the state 's largest trading partner , imports a third of the state 's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial maquiladoras on the Texas -- Mexico border . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Texas <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 212,592 -- 1860 604,215 184.2 % 1870 818,579 35.5 % 1880 1,591,749 94.5 % 1890 2,235,527 40.4 % 1900 3,048,710 36.4 % 1910 3,896,542 27.8 % 1920 4,663,228 19.7 % 1930 5,824,715 24.9 % 1940 6,414,824 10.1 % 1950 7,711,194 20.2 % 1960 9,579,677 24.2 % 1970 11,196,730 16.9 % 1980 14,229,191 27.1 % 1990 16,986,510 19.4 % 2000 20,851,820 22.8 % 25,145,561 20.6 % Est. 2017 28,304,596 12.6 % <Td_colspan="4"> 1910 -- 2010 census 2016 Estimate Texas population density map The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Texas was 27,469,114 on July 1 , 2015 , a 9.24 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census . As of 2004 , the state had 3.5 million foreign - born residents ( 15.6 percent of the state population ) , of which an estimated 1.2 million are illegal immigrants . Texas from 2000 to 2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation . In 2010 , illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6.0 percent of the population . This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country . In 2015 , the population of illegal immigrants living in Texas was around 800,000 . Texas 's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S. -- Mexico border . During the 2014 crisis , many Central Americans , including unaccompanied minors traveling alone from Guatemala , Honduras , and El Salvador , reached the state , overwhelming Border Patrol resources for a time . Many sought asylum in the United States . In 2009 , the U.S. Department of Homeland Security estimated 1.68 million illegal immigrants lived in Texas . While the number of illegal immigrants living in the U.S. has declined since 2009 , in Texas there was no change in population between 2009 and 2014 . Texas 's population density is 90.5 people per square mile ( 34.9 / km ) which is slightly higher than the average population density of the U.S. as a whole , at 80.6 people per square mile ( 31.1 / km ) . In contrast , while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically , the European country has a population density of 301.8 people per square mile ( 116.5 / km ) . Two - thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston . The Dallas - Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas . While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States , the Dallas - Fort Worth metropolitan area is larger than Houston . Ethnicity As of the 2015 Texas Population Estimate Program , the population of the state was 27,469,114 non-Hispanic whites 11,505,371 ( 41.9 % ) ; Black Americans 3,171,043 ( 11.5 % ) ; other races 1,793,580 ( 6.5 % ) ; and Hispanics and Latinos ( of any race ) 10,999,120 ( 40.0 % ) . According to the 2010 United States census , the racial composition of Texas was the following : White American 70.4 percent ( Non-Hispanic whites 45.3 percent ) Black or African American : 11.8 percent American Indian : 0.7 percent Asian : 3.8 percent ( 1.0 percent Indian , 0.8 percent Vietnamese , 0.6 percent Chinese , 0.4 percent Filipino , 0.3 percent Korean , 0.1 percent Japanese , 0.6 percent other Asian ) Pacific Islander : 0.1 percent Some other race : 10.5 percent Two or more races : 2.7 percent In addition , 37.6 percent of the population are Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) ( 31.6 percent Mexican , 0.9 percent Salvadoran , 0.5 percent Puerto Rican , 0.4 percent Honduran , 0.3 percent Guatemalan 0.3 percent Spaniard , 0.2 percent Colombian , 0.2 percent Cuban ) As of 2011 , 69.8 % of the population of Texas younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) . Texas racial breakdown of population hide Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 White 86.8 % 75.2 % 71.0 % 70.4 % Black 12.5 % 11.9 % 11.5 % 11.9 % Asian 0.2 % 1.9 % 2.7 % 3.8 % Native 0.2 % 0.4 % 0.6 % 0.7 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.4 % 10.6 % 11.7 % 10.5 % Two or more races -- -- 2.5 % 2.7 % War on the plains . Comanche ( right ) trying to lance Osage warrior . Painting by George Catlin , 1834 German , Irish , and English Americans are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas . German Americans make up 11.3 percent of the population , and number over 2.7 million members . Irish Americans make up 8.2 percent of the population , and number over 1.9 million members . There are roughly 600,000 French Americans and 472,000 Italian Americans residing in Texas ; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5 percent and 2.0 percent of the population respectively . In the 1980 United States Census the largest ancestry group reported in Texas was English with 3,083,323 Texans citing they were of English or mostly English ancestry making them 27 percent of the state at the time . Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and thus many of them today identify as `` American '' in ancestry , though they are of predominantly British stock . There are nearly 200,000 Czech - Americans living in Texas , the largest number of any state . African Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas . Their proportion of population has declined since the early 20th century , after many left the state in the Great Migration . Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5 percent of the population ; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3 percent of the populace . African Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals . Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state . Native Americans make up 0.5 percent of Texas 's population , and number over 118,000 individuals . Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3 percent of the population , and number over 75,000 individuals . Cherokee made up 0.1 percent of the population , and numbered over 19,400 members . In contrast , only 583 identified as Chippewa . El Paso , founded by Spanish settlers in 1659 Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas . Americans of Asian descent form 3.8 percent of the population , with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.7 percent of the populace . They total more than 808,000 individuals . Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000 . Just over 200,000 Indian Americans make Texas their home . Texas is also home to over 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese . In addition to 92,000 Filipinos and 62,000 Koreans , there are 18,000 Japanese Americans living in the state . Lastly , over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups , such as Cambodian , Thai , and Hmong . Sugar Land , a city within the Houston metropolitan area , and Plano , within the Dallas metropolitan area , both have high concentrations of ethnic Chinese and Korean residents . The Houston and Dallas areas , and to a lesser extent , the Austin metropolitan area , all contain substantial Vietnamese communities . Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas . According to the survey , only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders ; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent . There are roughly 5,400 Native Hawaiians , 5,300 Guamanians , and 6,400 people from other groups . Samoan Americans were scant ; only 2,920 people were from this group . The city of Euless , a suburb of Fort Worth , contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans , at nearly 900 people , over one percent of the city 's population . Killeen has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian , and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city 's population . Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas . People identifying as multiracial form 1.9 percent of the population , and number over 448,000 people . Almost 80,000 Texans claim African and European heritage , and make up 0.3 percent of the population . People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 ( close to the number of Native Americans ) , and make up 0.5 percent of the population . People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600 , and form just 0.2 percent of the population . People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number ( 15,300 ) , and make up just 0.1 percent of the total population . German trek on its way to New Braunfels Hispanics and Latinos are the second - largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic European Americans . Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity . This group forms over 37 percent of Texas 's population . People of Mexican descent alone number over 7.9 million , and make up 31.6 percent of the population . The vast majority of the Hispanic / Latino population in the state is of Mexican descent , the next two largest groups are Salvadorans and Puerto Ricans . There are over 222,000 Salvadorans and over 130,000 Puerto Ricans in Texas . Other groups with large numbers in Texas include Hondurans , Guatemalans , Nicaraguans and Cubans , among others . The Hispanics in Texas are more likely than in some other states ( such as California ) to identify as white ; according to the 2010 U.S. Census , Texas is home to 6,304,207 White Hispanics and 2,594,206 Hispanics of `` some other race '' ( usually mestizo ) . Welcome to Praha , Texas , `` Czech Capital of Texas '' . German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast - central Texas . Over one - third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin ; while many have recently arrived , some Tejanos have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas . In addition to the descendants of the state 's former slave population , many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the New Great Migration . Recently , the Asian population in Texas has grown -- primarily in Houston and Dallas . Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin , Corpus Christi , San Antonio , and the Sharyland area next McAllen , Texas . Three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas : the Alabama - Coushatta Tribe , the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe , and the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo . In 2010 , 49 percent of all births were Hispanics ; 35 percent were non-Hispanic whites ; 11.5 percent were non-Hispanic blacks , and 4.3 percent were Asians / Pacific Islanders . Based on Census Bureau data released on February 2011 , for the first time in recent history , Texas 's white population is below 50 percent ( 45 percent ) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the total population growth by 20.6 percent , but Hispanics growth by 65 percent , whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent . Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics . Cities and towns See also : List of cities in Texas , List of counties in Texas , List of Texas metropolitan areas , and List of cities in Texas by population <Th_colspan="2"> Largest city in Texas by year Year ( s ) City 1850 -- 1870 San Antonio 1870 -- 1890 Galveston 1890 -- 1900 Dallas 1900 -- 1930 San Antonio 1930 -- present Houston The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million : Houston , San Antonio , and Dallas . These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States . As of 2010 , six Texas cities had populations greater than 600,000 people . Austin , Fort Worth , and El Paso are among the 20 largest U.S. cities . Texas has four metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million : Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , Houston -- Sugar Land -- Baytown , San Antonio -- New Braunfels , and Austin -- Round Rock -- San Marcos . The Dallas -- Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents , respectively . Three interstate highways -- I - 35 to the west ( Dallas -- Fort Worth to San Antonio , with Austin in between ) , I - 45 to the east ( Dallas to Houston ) , and I - 10 to the south ( San Antonio to Houston ) define the Texas Urban Triangle region . The region of 60,000 square miles ( 160,000 km ) contains most of the state 's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people , nearly 75 percent of Texas 's total population . Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta world cities . These cities are spread out amongst the state . Texas has 254 counties , which is more than any other state by 95 ( Georgia ) . In contrast to the cities , unincorporated rural settlements known as colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty . The office of the Texas Attorney General stated , in 2011 , that Texas had about 2,294 colonias and estimates about 500,000 lived in the colonias . Hidalgo County , as of 2011 , has the largest number of colonias . Texas has the largest number of people of all states , living in colonias . <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Texas Source : Rank Name County Pop . Houston San Antonio Houston Harris 2,303,482 Dallas Austin San Antonio Bexar 1,492,510 Dallas Dallas 1,317,929 Austin Travis 947,890 5 Fort Worth Tarrant 854,113 6 El Paso El Paso 683,080 7 Arlington Tarrant 392,772 8 Corpus Christi Nueces 325,733 9 Plano Collin 286,057 10 Laredo Webb 257,156 Languages The most common accent or dialect spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as Texan English , which itself is a sub-variety of a broader category of American English known as Southern American English . Creole language is spoken in East Texas . In some areas of the state -- particularly in the large cities -- Western American English and General American English , have been on the increase . Chicano English -- due to a growing Hispanic population -- is widespread in South Texas , while African - American English is especially notable in historically minority areas of urban Texas . Top 10 Non-English languages spoken in Texas Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 29.21 % Vietnamese 0.75 % Chinese ( including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 0.56 % German 0.33 % Tagalog 0.29 % French 0.25 % Korean and Urdu ( tied ) 0.24 % Hindi 0.23 % Arabic 0.21 % Niger - Congo languages of West Africa ( Ibo , Kru , and Yoruba ) 0.15 % As of 2010 , 65.8 % ( 14,740,304 ) of Texas residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home , while 29.2 % ( 6,543,702 ) spoke Spanish , 0.75 percent ( 168,886 ) Vietnamese , and Chinese ( which includes Cantonese and Mandarin ) was spoken by 0.56 % ( 122,921 ) of the population over the age of five . Other languages spoken include German ( including Texas German ) by 0.33 % ( 73,137 , ) Tagalog with 0.29 % ( 73,137 ) speakers , and French ( including Cajun French ) was spoken by 0.25 % ( 55,773 ) of Texans . Reportedly , Cherokee is the most widely spoken Native American language in Texas . In total , 34.2 % ( 7,660,406 ) of Texas 's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English . Religion Religious affiliation in Texas ( 2014 ) Affiliation <Th_colspan="2"> % of Texas population Christian 77 77 Protestant 50 50 Evangelical Protestant 31 31 Mainline Protestant 13 13 Black church 6 6 Catholic 23 23 Mormon Jehovah 's Witnesses Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian Unaffiliated 18 18 Nothing in particular 13 13 Agnostic Atheist Non-Christian faiths Jewish Muslim Buddhist Hindu 0.5 0.5 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.5 0.5 Do n't know / refused answer 0.5 0.5 Total 100 100 The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church ( 4,673,500 ) ; the Southern Baptist Convention ( 3,721,318 ) ; the United Methodist Church with ( 1,035,168 ) ; and Islam ( 421,972 ) . Known as the buckle of the Bible Belt , East Texas is socially conservative . The Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of Bible schools . Lakewood Church in Houston , boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly . Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas . In 1990 , the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000 . The Jewish population is around 128,000 . Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism live in Texas . It is the fifth - largest Muslim - populated state in the country . Culture Main article : Culture of Texas See also : List of people from Texas and List of Texas symbols The Alamo is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas . Historically , Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern ( Dixie ) , Western ( frontier ) , and Southwestern ( Mexican / Anglo fusion ) influences , varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another . Texas is placed in the Southern United States by the United States Census Bureau . A popular food item , the breakfast burrito , draws from all three , having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot , cooked fillings . Adding to Texas 's traditional culture , established in the 18th and 19th centuries , immigration has made Texas a melting pot of cultures from around the world . Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture . The entire state is strongly associated with the image of the cowboy shown in westerns and in country western music . The state 's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series Dallas . The internationally known slogan `` Do n't Mess with Texas '' began as an anti-littering advertisement . Since the campaign 's inception in 1986 , the phrase has become `` an identity statement , a declaration of Texas swagger '' . Texas self - perception `` Texas - sized '' is an expression that can be used in two ways : to describe something that is about the size of the U.S. state of Texas , or to describe something ( usually but not always originating from Texas ) that is large compared to other objects of its type . Texas was the largest U.S. state , until Alaska became a state in 1959 . The phrase `` everything is bigger in Texas '' has been in regular use since at least 1950 ; and was used as early as 1913 . Arts Further information : Music of Texas Big Tex presided over every Texas State Fair since 1952 until it was destroyed by fire in 2012 Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines : the Houston Grand Opera , the Houston Symphony Orchestra , the Houston Ballet , and The Alley Theatre . Known for the vibrancy of its visual and performing arts , the Houston Theater District -- a 17 - block area in the heart of Downtown Houston -- ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area , with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats . Founded in 1892 , Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , also called `` The Modern '' , is Texas 's oldest art museum . Fort Worth also has the Kimbell Art Museum , the Amon Carter Museum , the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame , the Will Rogers Memorial Center , and the Bass Performance Hall downtown . The Arts District of Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the Dallas Museum of Art , the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center , the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House , the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art , and the Nasher Sculpture Center . The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States . The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing `` Deep Elm '' as `` Deep Ellum '' . Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson , Robert Johnson , Huddie `` Lead Belly '' Ledbetter , and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs . Austin , The Live Music Capital of the World , boasts `` more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville , Memphis , Los Angeles , Las Vegas or New York City '' . The city 's music revolves around the nightclubs on 6th Street ; events like the film , music , and multimedia festival South by Southwest ; the longest - running concert music program on American television , Austin City Limits ; and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park . Since 1980 , San Antonio has evolved into `` The Tejano Music Capital Of The World '' . The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture . Education Main article : Education in Texas The second president of the Republic of Texas , Mirabeau B. Lamar , is the Father of Texas Education . During his term , the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools . An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state 's Permanent University Fund . Lamar 's actions set the foundation for a Texas - wide public school system . Between 2006 and 2007 , Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389 . The pupil / teacher ratio was 14.9 , below the national average of 15.3 . Texas paid instructors $41,744 , below the national average of $46,593 . The Texas Education Agency ( TEA ) administers the state 's public school systems . Texas has over 1,000 school districts ; all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries . School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property . Due to court - mandated equitable school financing for school districts , the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the `` Robin Hood plan '' . This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones . The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities . Students in Texas take the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness ( STAAR ) in primary and secondary school . STAAR assess students ' attainment of reading , writing , mathematics , science , and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act . The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills ( TAKS ) test in the 2011 -- 2012 school year . Although unusual in the West , school corporal punishment is not uncommon in more conservative areas of the state , with 28,569 public school students paddled at least one time , according to government data for the 2011 -- 2012 school year . The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi , Alabama , and Arkansas . Higher Education The University of Texas at Austin Further information : List of colleges and universities in Texas The state 's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University , ranked as the 52nd and 69th best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of U.S. News & World Report 's `` Best Colleges '' , respectively . Some observers also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M . The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board ( THECB ) ranks the state 's public universities into three distinct tiers : National Research Universities ( Tier 1 ) The University of Texas at Austin Texas A&M University Texas Tech University University of Houston Emerging Research Universities ( Tier 2 ) The University of Texas at Arlington The University of Texas at Dallas The University of Texas at El Paso The University of Texas at San Antonio The University of North Texas Texas State University Comprehensive Universities ( Tier 3 ) All other public universities ( 25 in total ) Texas 's controversial alternative affirmative action plan , Texas House Bill 588 , guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state - funded universities . The bill encourages demographic diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the Hopwood v. Texas ( 1996 ) case . Texas A&M University Thirty - six ( 36 ) separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas , of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems . Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land , particularly oil , has helped fund the rapid growth of the state 's two largest university systems : the University of Texas System and the Texas A&M System . The four other university systems : the University of Houston System , the University of North Texas System , the Texas State System , and the Texas Tech System are not funded by the Permanent University Fund . University of Houston The Carnegie Foundation classifies three of Texas 's universities as Tier One research institutions : The University of Texas at Austin , the Texas A&M University , and the University of Houston . The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas . Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund . The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as `` emerging research universities '' . The two expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University , likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature . Rice University The state is home to various private institutions of higher learning -- ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top - tier research university . Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation 's 17th - best overall university by U.S. News & World Report . Trinity University , a private , primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio , has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor 's and select master 's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News . Private universities include Austin College , Baylor University , University of Mary Hardin -- Baylor , and Southwestern University . Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries : George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University , the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin , and the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University . Healthcare See also : Healthcare in Texas and List of hospitals in Texas Notwithstanding the concentration of elite medical centers in the state , The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation . Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare , quality of care , avoidable hospital spending , and equity among various groups . Causes of the state 's poor rankings include politics , a high poverty rate , and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation . In May 2006 , Texas initiated the program `` code red '' in response to the report the state had 25.1 percent of the population without health insurance , the largest proportion in the nation . The Trust for America 's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity , with 27.2 percent of the state 's population measured as obese . The 2008 Men 's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America ; Houston ranked 6th , Dallas 7th , El Paso 8th , and Arlington 14th . Texas had only one city , Austin , ranked 21st , in the top 25 among the `` fittest cities '' in America . The same survey has evaluated the state 's obesity initiatives favorably with a `` B + '' . The state is ranked forty - second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise . Texas has the highest maternal mortality rate in the developed world , and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014 , to 23.8 per 100,000 . A rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country . Medical research Texas has many elite research medical centers . The state has nine medical schools , three dental schools , and two optometry schools . Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 ( BSL - 4 ) laboratories : one at The University of Texas Medical Branch ( UTMB ) in Galveston , and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio -- the first privately owned BSL - 4 lab in the United States . The Texas Medical Center in Houston , holds the world 's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions , with 47 member institutions . Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world . The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care , research , education and prevention . San Antonio 's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States . The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio . Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home . The Southwestern Medical Center ranks `` among the top academic medical centers in the world '' . The institution 's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world . Transportation Main article : Transportation in Texas The High Five Interchange in Dallas is a five level interchange . Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state 's large size and rough terrain . Texas has compensated by building both America 's largest highway and railway systems in length . The regulatory authority , the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) maintains the state 's immense highway system , regulates aviation , and public transportation systems . Located centrally in North America , the state is an important transportation hub . From the Dallas / Fort Worth area , trucks can reach 93 percent of the nation 's population within 48 hours , and 37 percent within 24 hours . Texas has 33 foreign trade zones ( FTZ ) , the most in the nation . In 2004 , a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed through Texas FTZs . Highways Main article : Texas state highways `` Welcome to Texas '' road sign The first Texas freeway was the Gulf Freeway opened in 1948 in Houston . As of 2005 , 79,535 miles ( 127,999 km ) of public highway crisscrossed Texas ( up from 71,000 miles ( 114,263 km ) in 1984 ) . To fund recent growth in the state highways , Texas has 17 toll roads ( see list ) with several additional tollways proposed . In central Texas , the southern section of the State Highway 130 toll road has a speed limit of 85 miles per hour ( 137 km / h ) , the highest in the nation . All federal and state highways in Texas are paved . Airports See also : List of airports in Texas Texas has 730 airports , second-most of any state in the nation . Largest in Texas by size and passengers served , Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport ( DFW ) is the second - largest by area in the United States , and fourth in the world with 18,076 acres ( 73.15 km ) . In traffic , DFW is the busiest in the state , the fourth busiest in the United States , and sixth worldwide . American Airlines Group 's American / American Eagle , the world 's largest airline in total passengers - miles transported and passenger fleet size , uses DFW as its largest and main hub . It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. Southwest Airlines , headquartered in Dallas , has its operations at Dallas Love Field . Texas 's second - largest air facility is Houston 's George Bush Intercontinental Airport ( IAH ) . It served as the largest hub for the former Continental Airlines , which was based in Houston ; it serves as the largest hub for United Airlines , the world 's third - largest airline , by passenger - miles flown . IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport . The next five largest airports in the state all serve over 3 million passengers annually ; they include Austin - Bergstrom International Airport , William P. Hobby Airport , San Antonio International Airport , Dallas Love Field and El Paso International Airport . The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is Del Rio International Airport . Ports Main article : List of ports in the United States Around 1,150 seaports dot Texas 's coast with over 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of channels . Ports employ nearly one - million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons . Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the Gulf section of the Intracoastal Waterway . The Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage , second in overall tonnage , and tenth worldwide in tonnage . The Houston Ship Channel spans 530 feet ( 160 m ) wide by 45 feet ( 14 m ) deep by 50 miles ( 80 km ) long . Railroads See also : List of Texas railroads Part of the state 's tradition of cowboys is derived from the massive cattle drives which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to drive livestock to railroads and markets in Kansas , for shipment to the East . Towns along the way , such as Baxter Springs , the first cow town in Kansas , developed to handle the seasonal workers and tens of thousands of head of cattle being driven . The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou , Brazos and Colorado Railway , opening in August 1853 . The first railroad to enter Texas from the north , completed in 1872 , was the Missouri -- Kansas -- Texas Railroad . With increasing railroad access , the ranchers did not have to take their livestock up to the Midwest , and shipped beef out from Texas . This caused a decline in the economies of the cow towns . Since 1911 , Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state . Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at 17,078 miles ( 27,484 km ) , but declined to 14,006 miles ( 22,540 km ) by 2000 . While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads , in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT . Both Dallas and Houston feature light rail systems . Dallas Area Rapid Transit ( DART ) built the first light rail system in the Southwest United States , completed in 1996 . The Trinity Railway Express ( TRE ) commuter rail service , which connects Fort Worth and Dallas , is provided by the Fort Worth Transportation Authority ( the T ) and DART . In the Austin area , Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a commuter rail service known as Capital MetroRail to the northwestern suburbs . The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County , Texas ( METRO ) operates light rail lines in the Houston area . Amtrak provides Texas with limited intercity passenger rail service . Three scheduled routes serve the state : the daily Texas Eagle ( Chicago -- San Antonio ) ; the tri-weekly Sunset Limited ( New Orleans -- Los Angeles ) , with stops in Texas ; and the daily Heartland Flyer ( Fort Worth -- Oklahoma City ) . Terminal D at DFW Airport in Dallas . Terminal E at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston . Port of Houston along the Houston Ship Channel METRORail in Houston DART Rail in Dallas Capital MetroRail in Austin Sports Main article : Sports in Texas Further information : List of Texas sports teams and List of University Interscholastic League events While American football has long been considered `` king '' in the state , Texans enjoy a wide variety of sports . Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams . Within the `` Big Four '' professional leagues , Texas has two NFL teams ( the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans ) , two Major League Baseball teams ( the Houston Astros and the Texas Rangers ) , three NBA teams ( the San Antonio Spurs , the Houston Rockets , and the Dallas Mavericks ) , and one National Hockey League team ( the Dallas Stars ) . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only twelve American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the `` Big Four '' professional leagues . Outside of the `` Big Four '' leagues , Texas also has a WNBA team , ( the Dallas Wings ) and two Major League Soccer teams ( the Houston Dynamo and FC Dallas ) . Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture , especially football . The state has ten Division I - FBS schools , the most in the nation . Four of the state 's universities , the Baylor Bears , Texas Longhorns , TCU Horned Frogs , and Texas Tech Red Raiders , compete in the Big 12 Conference . The Texas A&M Aggies left the Big 12 and joined the Southeastern Conference in 2012 , which led the Big 12 to invite TCU to join ; TCU was previously in the Mountain West Conference . The Houston Cougars and the SMU Mustangs compete in the American Athletic Conference . The Texas State Bobcats and the UT Arlington Mavericks compete in the Sun Belt Conference . Four of the state 's schools claim at least one national championship in football : the Texas Longhorns , the Texas A&M Aggies , the TCU Horned Frogs , and the SMU Mustangs . According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas at Austin , the Red River Shootout , ranks the third best in the nation . The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet . A fierce rivalry , the Lone Star Showdown , also exists between the state 's two largest universities , Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin . The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry has been put on hold after the Texas A&M Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference . The University Interscholastic League ( UIL ) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions . Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics ( the most popular being high school football ) as well as artistic and academic subjects . Texans also enjoy the rodeo . The world 's first rodeo was hosted in Pecos , Texas . The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world . It begins with trail rides that begin from several points throughout the state that convene at Reliant Park . The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state 's most historic traditions into its annual events . Dallas hosts the State Fair of Texas each year at Fair Park . Texas Motor Speedway hosts annual NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series auto races since 1997 . Since 2012 , Austin 's Circuit of the Americas plays host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championship -- the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International -- , as well as Grand Prix motorcycle racing , FIA World Endurance Championship and United SportsCar Championship races . AT&T Stadium , home of the Dallas Cowboys Playoff game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007 The Ballpark in Arlington , home of the Texas Rangers BBVA Compass Stadium , home of the Houston Dynamo See also Texas portal Index of Texas - related articles Outline of Texas -- organized list of topics about Texas Notes Jump up ^ For example , as used by the large Grand Prairie -- based national and international amusement park operator Six Flags ^ Jump up to : Did not run and was not a candidate , but received one electoral vote by a faithless elector . References Jump up ^ Texas -- Languages . MLA . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Plocheck , Robert . Facts . Texas Almanac ( 2010 -- 2011 ed . ) . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Environment . Texas Almanac. 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Capitan '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Texas '' . Netstate.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hanson - Harding , Alexandra ( 2001 ) . Texas . Children 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 516 - 22322 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sansom , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Water in Texas : An Introduction . University of Texas Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71809 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dingus , Anne ( 1987 ) . The dictionary of Texas misinformation . Texas Monthly Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87719 - 089 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Resolutions '' ( PDF ) . Twenty - ninth Congress . 1845 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Mary G. ; Reavis , Dick J. ( 2004 ) . Texas . Fodor 's Travel Publications . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 90502 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hackett , Robert ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` States with the most Fortune 500 companies '' . Fortune . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Davis , Lucile ( 2003 ) . Caddo of Texas . Rosen Publishing . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Phillip L. ( March 7 , 2016 ) ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Texas , Origin of Name '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Teja , Jesús de la ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` New Philippines '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Roger A. ( March 21 , 2016 ) ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Tx Environmental Profiles '' . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers in Texas '' . Tpwd.state.tx.us . November 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bybee , Hal P. ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Rivers '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Alphabetical List of Texas Lakes '' . Tpwd.state.tx.us . January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nova Lomax , John ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Is Texas Southern , Western , or Truly a Lone Star ? '' . Texas Monthly . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muzzafar , Asif . Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation , Davis Hill Salt Dome , Coastal Texas . GSA Annual Meeting , November 5 -- 8 , 2001 . The Geological Society of America . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ogallala Aquifer '' . North Plains Groundwater Conservation District . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes '' . Jackson School of Geosciences -- University of Texas . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Wildlife Identification & Viewing Guide '' . Wildtexas.com . December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Mammals '' . The Mammals of Texas - Online Edition . Natural Science Research Laboratory - Museum of Texas Tech University . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Mary Jane ( 1968 ) . `` Range Extension and Solitary nest founding in Polistes Exclamans '' . Psyche. 75 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 123 . doi : 10.1155 / 1968 / 49846 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso , Texas Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mauriceville , Texas Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : Weather Underground '' . Wunderground.com . December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Marfa , Texas '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Averages for Galveston , Texas '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NOOA.gov Archived April 23 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved on October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bomar , George W. ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Weather '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Eric S. ; Rappaport , Edward N. ; Landsea , Christopher W. ( April 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service : National Hurricane Center . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ; Burton , Mark ( September 8 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Harvey : Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages on the Houston Metropolitan Area ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ball State University . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Blame Coal : Texas Leads in Overall Emissions '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas No. 1 producer of greenhouse gases '' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press . June 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Is No. 1 Carbon Polluter In U.S. '' CBS News . Associated Press . January 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Living , and coughing , downwind of Texas smoke stacks '' . Raw Story . Agence France - Presse . November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson ( 2005 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Richardson ( 2005 ) , pp 10 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Klos , George ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Indians '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Richardson , p 1 Jump up ^ `` Texas '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Douglas Harper . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace Chafe , p.c. ^ Jump up to : Glover , William B. `` A History of the Caddo Indians '' . Reprinted from ' The Louisiana Historical Quarterly ' ; Vol. 18 , No. 4 . October 1935 Jump up ^ Swanton , John R. Indians of the Southeastern United States ( Washington : United States Government Printing Office , 1946 ) p. 139 Jump up ^ Richardson , p 10 Jump up ^ Richardson , Rupert N. ; Anderson , Adrian ; Wintz , Cary D. ; Wallace , Ernest . Texas : the Lone Star State ( 9th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . pp. 10 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 1318 - 3550 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 243 ; Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Chipman , Donald E. ( August 3 , 2017 ) ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Chipman , Donald E. ( January 23 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Spanish Texas '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca '' . American Journeys . Wisconsin Historical Society . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davidson , James West ; Lytle , Mark H ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . After the Fact : The Art of Historical Detection . Volume 1 ( 6th ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 0733 - 8548 - 8 . Jump up ^ Winship , George Parker , ed. ( 1904 ) . The Journey of Coronado , 1540 -- 1542 . New York : A.S. Barnes & Company . pp. 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , pp. 111 -- 112 ; Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 160 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Herbert Eugene ( 1915 ) . Texas in the Middle 18th Century . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. facing p. 382 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Weddle ( 1995 ) , p. 164 ; Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 200 Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , pp. 291 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , pp. 198 - 199 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Manchaca ( 2001 ) , p. 172 , 201 . Jump up ^ http://www.publishinghau5.com/The-History-of-Texas-page-9.php Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Steen , Ralph W. ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Convention of 1833 '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Huson , Hobart ( 1974 ) . Captain Phillip Dimmitt 's Commandancy of Goliad , 1835 -- 1836 : An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas , Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution . Austin , Texas : Von Boeckmann - Jones Co. p. 4 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Barr ( 1990 ) , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Winders ( 2004 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Winders ( 2004 ) , pp. 90 , 92 Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 109 Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig H. ( July 12 , 2016 ) ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Coleto , Battle of '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Todish , Todish & Spring ( 1998 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Roberts and Olson ( 2001 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Todish , Todish & Spring ( 1998 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Todish , Todish & Spring ( 1998 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` The Archives War '' . Texas Treasures - The Republic . The Texas State Library and Archives Commission . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Robert A. ; León , Arnoldo De ; Cantrell , Gregg ( 2002 ) . The History of Texas . Harlan Davidson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88295 - 966 - 5 . Jump up ^ Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2002 ) . Crisis in the Southwest : The United States , Mexico , and the Struggle Over Texas . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 . Jump up ^ Buescher , John . `` Senatorial Division '' , Teachinghistory.org , accessed August 21 , 2011 . Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Neu , C.T. ( December 2 , 2015 ) ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Annexation '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Bauer , K. Jack ( March 28 , 2016 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Mexican War '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Britton , Karen Gerhardt ; Elliott , Fred C. ; Miller , E.A. ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Cotton Culture '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Schulte , Susan ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Visualizing Slavery : A Map of Slavery Interactive Feature '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Dulaney , W. Marvin ( July 25 , 2016 ) ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` African Americans '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Buenger , Walter L. ( March 8 , 2011 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Secession Convention '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Kreneck , Thomas H. ( March 30 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Houston , Samuel '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Wooster , Ralph A. ( January 30 , 2017 ) ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Civil War '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( December 1997 ) . Texas , A Guide to the Lone Star State : Brownsville . Native American Books Distributor . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 403 - 02192 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Jeffrey William ( April 4 , 2016 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Palmito Ranch , Battle of '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Historical Barriers to Voting '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Teresa Palomo ( October 6 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Juneteenth '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Johnson , Andrew ( August 20 , 1866 ) . Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End . American Historical Documents . President of the United States . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moneyhon , Carl H. ( January 30 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Restoration '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Wooster , Robert ; Sanders , Christine Moor ( July 26 , 2016 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Spindletop Oilfield '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Olien , Roger M. ( August 19 , 2016 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Oil and Gas Industry '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : `` Nixon v. Condon . Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas '' . The Yale Law Journal . 41 ( 8 ) : 1212 . June 1932 . doi : 10.2307 / 791091 . JSTOR 791091 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas Politics : Historical Barriers to Voting '' . University of Texas at Austin . 2006 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alwyn , Barr ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Socialist Party '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Jillson , Cal ( 2011 ) . Texas Politics : Governing the Lone Star State . Taylor & Francis . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 82941 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lee , James Ward ; Barnes , Carolyn N. ; Bowman , Kent Adam ( 1991 ) . 1941 : Texas Goes to War . University of North Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 29 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fairchild , Louis ( 2012 ) . They Called It the War Effort : Oral Histories from World War II Orange , Texas ( second ed . ) . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87611 - 259 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. ; Scherer , Frederic M. ( 1962 ) . The weapons acquisition process : an economic analysis . Division of Research , Graduate School of Business Administration , Harvard University . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Blanton , Carlos Kevin ( 2005 ) . `` The Campus and the Capitol : John B. Connally and the Struggle over Texas Higher Education Policy , 1950 -- 1970 '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 108 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 497 . ISSN 0038 - 478X . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Bradley S. ; Parker , Edwin B. ( 1965 ) . The Kennedy Assassination and the American Public : Social Communication in Crisis . Stanford University Press . p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Calvert , Robert A. ( January 30 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Since World War II '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( Article 1 ) '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Plural Executive '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Membership '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . 2005 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Special Sessions '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . 2005 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Womack , Paul ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Judiciary '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Procter , Ben H. ( February 8 , 2018 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Rangers '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Presidential General Election Results Comparison -- New York '' . US Election Atlas . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ African - American Pioneers of Texas : From the Old West to the New Frontiers ( Teacher 's Manual ) ( PDF ) . Museum of Texas Tech University : Education Division . p. 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Political Parties '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Risen , Clay ( March 5 , 2006 ) . `` How the South was won '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Texas Voters '' . NewsChannel10 . KFDA - TV . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Texas Became a `` Red '' State `` . Frontline . PBS . April 12 , 2005 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Texas Gerrymander '' . The New York Times . March 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ridder , Knight ( July 29 , 2003 ) . `` 11 Texas Senate Democrats Take Cue from House , Bolt to Avoid Redistricting '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices Back Most G.O.P. Changes to Texas Districts '' . The New York Times . The Associated Press . June 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Lieutenant Governor Loses Texas Runoff as Tea Party Holds Sway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Koppel , Nathan ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick Moves Quickly to Advance Conservative Agenda '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Grissom , Brandi ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tea Party Conservatives Win Top GOP Runoff Contests '' . The Texas Tribune . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Texas ' New Governor Echoes the Plans of Perry '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas Political Culture -- Introduction '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Political Culture -- Low Taxes , Low Services Political Culture '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Presidential General Election Results -- Texas '' . US Election Atlas . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Presidential General Election Results -- Texas '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved July 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Race Summary Report , 2016 General Election '' . Texas Secretary of State . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDonald , John V. ( August 2000 ) . An Analysis of Texas ' Municipal Home Rule Charters Since 1994 '' ( Thesis ) . Texas State University . Jump up ^ `` Run for Party Nomination to Public Office '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas executes 500th person since resuming death penalty '' . BBC News . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sabol , William J. ; West , Heather C. ; Cooper , Matthew ( December 2009 ) . `` Prisoners in 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin . U.S. Department of Justice . Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE ANN . § 9.42 : Texas Statutes -- Section 9.42 : DEADLY FORCE TO PROTECT PROPERTY '' . Codes.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Economic Geography '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Site Selection Rankings '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2010 : States : Texas Companies '' . FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com . CNN . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2010 : States : California Companies '' . FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com . CNN . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Second to California Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Personality Parade '' . Parade Magazine . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas '' . Research Areas . The Tax Foundation . 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State Individual Income Taxes '' . Federation of Tax Administrators . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why does Texas ( Taxus ) have the highest property taxes and 3rd highest sales tax ? '' . Alltaxtips.com . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Texas Sales Tax '' . Window.state.tx.us . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` UNITED STATES OF SUBSIDIES , Texas '' . The New York Times . December 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Texas Economy '' . netstate.com . June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Electronic Municipal Market Access ( 2013 ) . `` Appendix A '' ( PDF ) . The State of Texas . Washington , D.C. : Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board ( MSRB ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crop Production : 2014 Summary '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . pp. 48 -- 49 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carmack , Liz ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Legacy of ' King Cotton ' '' . County . Texas Association of Counties . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Wendell ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` No relief in sight for Texas heat and drought '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Mary G. `` Oil and Texas : A Cultural History '' . Texas Almanac 2000 -- 2001 . The Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander Kent ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Most Oil - Rich States '' . 24 / 7 Wall Street . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prindle , David F. ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Railroad Commission '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : `` Petroleum Profile : Texas '' . Energy Information Administration . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas State Energy Profile : Electricity '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Texas produces more electricity than any other state , generating almost twice as much as the next largest generating state . Jump up ^ `` Electricity Data Browser : Net generation from electricity plants for all fuels , annual '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Souder , Elizabeth ( January 2008 ) . `` Texas leads nation in wind power capacity '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Clark , Stacy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Hold Onto Your Bonnets ! Breezes and Sunshine to Power Georgetown , TX '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Eileen ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` E. ON completes world 's largest wind farm in Texas '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . Lockheed Martin . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Bell Helicopter '' . Bell Helicopter . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenwald , Michael S. ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Downside of Dominance ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas '' . Fortune Magazine . April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Shopping '' . Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Economic Transformations '' . Texas Politics . University of Texas . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roberson , Jason ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` Politics , poverty , immigration entangle Texas health care '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` New Arizona law puts police in ' tenuous ' spot '' . Washington Post . pp. A4 . Jump up ^ behind Nevada , Arizona , California , and New Jersey Jump up ^ Jones , Susan ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Texas Governor : Since Jan. 1 , ' We Have Had More Than 20,000 People Come Across the Border ' '' . CNS News . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . `` Face the Nation Transcripts February 22 , 2015 : Johnson , Abbott , McCain '' . CBS News . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hennessy - Fiske , Molly ; Carcamo , Cindy ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` In Texas ' Rio Grande Valley , a seemingly endless surge of immigrants '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Miroff , Nick ; Partlow , Joshua ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Central American migrants overwhelm Border Patrol station in Texas '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Salamon , Jeff ( November 2010 ) . `` Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Illegal Immigration ( But Did n't Know Who to Ask ) '' . Texas Monthly . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens Manuel ; Passel , Jeffrey S. ; Cohn , D'Vera ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fact Tank - Our Lives in Numbers : 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S. '' Pew Research Center . Jump up ^ Estimates of the Population by Age , Sex , and Race / Ethnicity for July 1 , 2015 for State of Texas . Texas Demographic Center , U.S. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program ( PDF ) , July 15 , 2015 , retrieved June 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . census.gov . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau : Table QT - P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of Texas : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry of the Population by State : 1980 -- Table 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley & Waters , Mary C. ( 1986 ) . `` Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 487 ( 79 ) : 82 -- 86 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716286487001004 . Jump up ^ Fischer , David Hackett ( 1989 ) . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 633 -- 639 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503794 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Czech language '' ( PDF ) . U.S. English . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2006 -- 2008 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas -- Selected Social Characteristics in the United States : 2006 -- 2008 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frey , William H. ( May 2004 ) . The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 ( Report ) . The Brookings Institution . p. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Juan ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Hispanics make up nearly half of all Texas births in 2010 , U.S. says '' . Austin American - Statesman . Jump up ^ Jervis , Rick ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Majority of Texas ' population growth is Hispanic '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Texas Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts '' . US Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Largest Cities by Decade '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . June 15 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Fehrenbach , T.R. ( March 30 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` San Antonio , TX '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ McComb , David G. ( May 5 , 2016 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Galveston , TX '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ McComb , David G. ( February 15 , 2017 ) ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Houston , TX '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000 , Ranked by July 1 , 2006 Population : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2006 '' ( CSV ) . 2005 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Michael . `` The Texas Urban Triangle : Framework for Future Growth '' . Southwest Region University Transportation Center ( SWUTC ) . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GaWC -- The World According to GaWC 2008 '' . Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Retrieved March 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Paul T. ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Georgia '' . Historical Gazetteer of the United States . Routledge . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Office of Community Affairs . `` Colonias FAQ 's ( Frequently Asked Questions ) '' . Texas Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grinberg , Emmanuella . `` Impoverished border town grows from shacks into community '' . CNN . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved on July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brinkhoff , Thomas ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Texas ( USA ) : State , Major Cities , Towns & Places '' . City Population . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan '' . PBS . November 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan . Drawl '' . PBS . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirstin Squint , A Linguistic and Cultural Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole , postcolonial.org , Accessed March 11 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Texas '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatt , Ben . `` Tagalog in California , Cherokee in Arkansas : What language does your state speak ? '' . Data source : Census Bureau American Community Survey . Map by Ben Blatt / Slate . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center , `` Religious Landscape Study : Texas '' Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Ceci ( January 21 , 2003 ) . `` Texas Teaches Abstinence , With Mixed Grades '' . Washington Post . pp. A01 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Largest Churches in America '' . SermonCentral.com. April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Online : Muslim growth adds to Texas diversity '' . Texanonline.net . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Storey , John Woodrow ; Kelley ; Mary L. ( 2008 ) . Twentieth - century Texas : a social and cultural history . University of North Texas Press . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , William D. ; Silk , Mark : Religion and public life in the southern crossroads : showdown states , Altamira Press , 2004 , pg. 48 Jump up ^ `` Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art '' . The New York Times . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Not to Be , Um , Trifled With , Texas Guards Its Slogans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas - sized Hurricane Dean spins toward Yucatan '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Floating , Texas - sized garbage patch threatens Pacific marine sanctuary '' . ars technica . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas - Sized Supercomputer to Break Computing Power Record '' . Wired.com . June 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dems in Texas - sized showdown '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` A Texas - Sized Battle : Evolution vs. ID '' . CBNnews.com . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry . `` Everything 's Bigger in Texas '' . The Big Apple online etymological dictionary . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter Jensen . `` Everything is Bigger in Texas -- from New York City ? '' . Early Sports ' n ' Pop - Culture History . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Houston Theater District '' . Houston Theater District . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Arts District '' . Dallas Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Lisa C. ( November 1 , 2015 ) ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Deep Ellum '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Dallas History Items : Deep Ellum '' . Dallas Historical Society . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Live Music Capital of the World '' . City of Austin . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bernardini , Deb . `` Television 's longest running concert series begins season 33 Tapings with performances by Norah Fones , Wilco , Femi Kuti , Arcade Fire and more '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About The Texas Talent Musicians Association ( TTMA ) '' . Texas Talent Musicians Association . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tejano Music Awards '' . Texas Talent Musicians Association . 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smyrl , Vivian Elizabeth ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Permanent University Fund '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 1995 ) . The Chief of Executives of Texas : From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally , Jr . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 641 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Comptroller Strayhorn to Review Stafford Municipal School District '' ( Press release ) . Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn . September 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Saghaye - Biria , Hakimeh ( April 22 , 2001 ) . `` Robin Hood Plan is Working '' . World Internet News Cooperative . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Home School Information Letter '' . Texas Education Agency . November 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Texas Education Agency ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` End - of - Course ( EOC ) Assessments : Implementation '' . Assessment Division . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled , regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year , and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment , which would be substantially higher . ^ Jump up to : Farrell , Colin ( February 2016 ) . `` Corporal punishment in US schools '' . World Corporal Punishment Research . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Texas -- Austin Archived September 8 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University -- College Station Archived September 8 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UH takes big step up to Tier One status '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonnin , Richard . `` Carnegie Foundation Gives University of Houston its Highest Classification for Research Success , Elevating UH to Tier One Status '' . University of Houston . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Tech University has quietly emerged as top - tier institution Archived February 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . San Angelo Standard - Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tier One / Prop. 4 Archived September 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The University of Texas System . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tech and U. of Houston Qualify for Tier - One Prize Money '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , Ben ( July 7 , 2003 ) . `` Bill requires review of university systems '' ( PDF ) . Daily Texan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Subcommittee on Higher Education Testimony Regarding the Benefits of a Stand Alone Institution '' ( PDF ) . Sam Houston State University . June 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tier - One Prize Money Tentatively Passes House '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rice University , Best Colleges 2009 '' . -- US News and World Report . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity University '' . Best Colleges 2011 -- US News and World Report . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Baylor '' . Baylor University . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southwestern History '' . Southwestern University . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Austin College . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perotin , Maria M. ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` Texas is Near Bottom of Healthcare Rankings '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Code Red : The Critical Condition of Health in Texas '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas '' . State Data . Trust for America 's Health . 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Fittest Cities 2007 '' . Men 's Health . 2008 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Statemaster.com , Accessed May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ Redden , Molly ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Texas has highest maternal mortality rate in developed world , study finds '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Medical Schools and Hospitals '' . Texas Medical Association . August 3 , 2006 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dental Schools in the United States '' . Dentist.net . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Accreditation Council on Optometric Education '' . American Optometric Association . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` University Selects Bioscrypt for Biosafety Level 4 Lab '' . Bioscrypt . October 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Biosafety Level 4 ( BSL - 4 ) Laboratory '' . Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the Texas Medical Center '' . The Texas Medical Center . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Background Statistics > People and Politics ( most recent ) by state '' . State Master . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About MD Anderson '' . The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Health Science Center ranks sixth in clinical medicine '' . XL ( 7 ed . ) . University of Texas Health Science Center . April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` International report gives Dental School high marks '' . HSC NEWS . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Medical center 's research ranks high '' . San Antonio Express - News . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` About UT Southwestern '' . University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UT Southwestern Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Division '' . Texas Department of Transportation . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Transportation Division '' . Texas Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons To Choose the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex As A Distribution Hub '' ( PDF ) . JDF Distribution . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and General Foreign Trade Zones Information '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Governor of Texas . August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 45 South , the Gulf Freeway '' . TexasFreeway.com . May 28 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LoneStarRoads -- Highways of Texas '' . AARoads . February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Global List of Toll Facilities -- United States '' . International Bridge , Tunnel and Turnpike Association . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Owens , Owens ; Sunseri , Gina ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Speeding Through Texas : Going 85 MPH on the Nation 's Fastest Highway '' . ABCNews.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about DFW '' . Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jennifer LeClaire. `` 10 Great Places for Aviation and Aerospace '' . Southern Business and Development . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport '' . USAToday . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Investor Relations . `` American Airlines Investor Relations News Release '' . Phx.corporate-ir.net . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ International Air Transport Association . `` Scheduled Passengers Carried '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Were n't Just Airborne Yesterday '' . Southwest Airlines . May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United Continental Holdings , Inc . -- Investor Relations -- News '' . Ir.unitedcontinentalholdings.com . January 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Based on the industry - standard measure of revenue passenger - kilometers / miles flown . Jump up ^ `` About George Bush Intercontinental Airport '' . Houston Airport System . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Emerges As The Premier Gateway In The U.S. For Travelers To Mexico '' ( Press release ) . Houston Airport System . April 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Texas Ports '' . Texas Ports Association . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Benefits of Texas Ports '' . Texas Ports Association . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . The Port of Houston Authority . March 31 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Houston - Galveston Navigation Channel Project Online Resource Center '' ( description ) , United States Army Corps of Engineers , December 2005 , United States Army Corps of Engineers Archived January 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Werner , George C. ( June 12 , 2010 ) . `` Buffalo Bayou , Brazos and Colorado Railway '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Hofsommer , Donovan L. ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Missouri - Kansas - Texas Railroad '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Former Rail Division '' . Texas Railroad Commission . October 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Myerson , Allen R. ( June 14 , 1996 ) . `` Dallas Opening Southwest 's First Rail Transit '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity Railroad Express '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Erik ( April 4 , 2003 ) . `` Football still king , but hoops teams in Texas grab attention '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( October 7 , 2005 ) . `` UT - OU : Best Rivalry ? '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` University Interscholastic League '' . University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` View Atlas Data '' . Atlas.thc.state.tx.us . Retrieved April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rodeo Tickets '' . Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fair Park , Texas '' . City of Dallas . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Formula One returns to the United States '' . Formula 1 Administration Ltd . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Bibliography Chipman , Donald E. ( 1992 ) . Spanish Texas , 1519 -- 1821 . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77659 - 4 . Davis , William C. ( 2006 ) . Lone Star Rising . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 532 - 5 . originally published 2004 by New York : Free Press Lone Star Rising at Google Books Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) . Alamo Story : From Early History to Current Conflicts . Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55622 - 678 - 6 . Fehrenbach , T.R. ( 2000 ) ( 1968 ) . Lone Star : A History of Texas and the Texans . Open Road Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4976 - 0970 - 9 . Hardin , Stephen L. ( 1994 ) . Texian Iliad : A Military History of the Texas Revolution , 1835 - 1836 . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79252 - 4 . Lack , Paul D. ( 1992 ) . The Texas Revolutionary Experience : A Political and Social History 1835 -- 1836 . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 497 - 1 . Manchaca , Martha ( 2001 ) . Recovering History , Constructing Race : The Indian , Black , and White Roots of Mexican Americans . The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 75253 - 9 . Todish , Timothy J. ; Todish , Terry ; Spring , Ted ( 1998 ) . Alamo Sourcebook , 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . Austin , Texas : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2 . Report of President 's Commission on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . ( 1992 ) . The Warren Commission Report . Warren Commission Hearings . IV . National Archives . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08257 - 6 . Weber , David J. ( 1992 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale Western Americana Series . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05198 - 0 . Weddle , Robert S. ( 1995 ) . Changing Tides : Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea , 1763 -- 1803 . Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58 . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 661 - 3 . Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2004 ) . Sacrificed at the Alamo : Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution . Military History of Texas Series : Number Three . Abilene , TX : State House Press . ISBN 1 - 880510 - 80 - 4 . External links Find more aboutTexasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Texas at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Texas State History Museum The Handbook of Texas Online -- Published by the Texas State Historical Association Texas Register , hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries South and West Texas : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary Texas Heritage Society Geographic data related to Texas at OpenStreetMap View historical photographs at the University of Houston Digital Library . 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U.S. Government Energy Profile for Texas - Economic , environmental , and energy data USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Texas Texas State Facts from USDA South and West Texas , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Preceded by Florida List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 29 , 1845 ( 28th ) Succeeded by Iowa <Th_colspan="2"> hide Topics related to Texas The Lone Star State <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> hide State of Texas <Td_colspan="3"> Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas <Th_colspan="3"> Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Texas <Td_colspan="2"> Sylvester Turner ( D ) ( Houston ) Ron Nirenberg ( I ) ( San Antonio ) Mike Rawlings ( D ) ( Dallas ) Steve Adler ( D ) ( Austin ) Betsy Price ( R ) ( Fort Worth ) Dee Margo ( R ) ( El Paso ) Jeff Williams ( R ) ( Arlington ) Joe McComb ( R ) ( Corpus Christi ) Harry LaRosiliere ( I ) ( Plano ) Pete Saenz ( D ) ( Laredo ) Dan Pope ( R ) ( Lubbock ) Douglas Athas ( Garland ) Beth Van Duyne ( R ) ( Irving ) Ginger Nelson ( Amarillo ) Ron Jensen ( Grand Prairie ) Tony Martinez ( Brownsville ) Johnny Isbell ( Pasadena ) Brian Loughmiller ( R ) ( McKinney ) Stan Pickett ( Mesquite ) Jim Darling ( McAllen ) Jeff Cheney ( Frisco ) Jose Segarra ( Killeen ) Kyle Deaver ( Waco ) Kevin Falconer ( R ) ( Carrollton ) Jerry Morales ( Midland ) Chris Watts ( Denton ) Norm Archibald ( Abilene ) Becky Ames ( R ) ( Beaumont ) David Turner ( Odessa ) Alan McGraw ( Round Rock ) Glenn Barham ( Wichita Falls ) Paul Voelker ( Richardson ) Dean Ueckert ( Lewisville ) Martin Heines ( Tyler ) Tom Reid ( Pearland ) Nancy Berry ( College Station ) <Th_colspan="2"> Protected areas of Texas Federal National Parks Big Bend Guadalupe Mountains National Monuments and Memorials Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument Chamizal National Memorial Military Working Dog Teams National Monument Waco Mammoth National Monument National Historical Parks and Historic Sites Fort Davis NHS Lyndon B. Johnson NHP Palo Alto Battlefield NHP San Antonio Missions NHP National Historic Trails El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Recreation Areas Amistad Lake Meredith National Wildlife Refuges Anahuac Aransas Attwater Prairie Chicken Balcones Canyonlands Big Boggy Brazoria Buffalo Lake Caddo Lake Grulla Hagerman Laguna Atascosa Little Sandy Lower Rio Grande Valley McFaddin Muleshoe Neches River San Bernard Santa Ana Texas Point Trinity River National Forests Angelina Davy Crockett Sabine Sam Houston National Grasslands Caddo Lyndon B. Johnson McClellan Creek Rita Blanca Other Protected Areas Big Thicket National Preserve Padre Island National Seashore Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River State State Parks and Natural Areas Abilene Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area Atlanta Balmorhea Barton Warnock Environmental Education Center Bastrop Bentsen - Rio Grande Valley Big Bend Ranch Big Spring Blanco Boca Chica Bonham Brazos Bend Buescher Caddo Lake Caprock Canyons Cedar Hill Chinati Mountains State Natural Area Choke Canyon Cleburne Colorado Bend Cooper Lake Copper Breaks Daingerfield Davis Hill Davis Mountains Devils River State Natural Area Devil 's Sinkhole State Natural Area Dinosaur Valley Eisenhower Enchanted Rock State Natural Area Estero Llano Grande Fairfield Lake Falcon Fort Boggy Fort Parker State Park Fort Richardson State Park Franklin Mountains Galveston Island Garner Goliad Goose Island Government Canyon State Natural Area Guadalupe River Hill Country State Natural Area Honey Creek State Natural Area Huntsville Indian Lodge Inks Lake Kickapoo Cavern Lake Arrowhead Lake Bob Sandlin Lake Brownwood Lake Casa Blanca International Lake Colorado City Lake Corpus Christi Lake Livingston Lake Mineral Wells Lake Somerville Lake Tawakoni Lake Whitney Lockhart Longhorn Cavern Lost Maples State Natural Area Martin Creek Lake Martin Dies Jr . 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6,445,464,189,572,677,000 | where is lettuce grown in the united states | Lettuce - wikipedia Lettuce For other uses , see Lettuce ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Lettuce <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> lettuce field <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Asterales Family : Asteraceae Genus : Lactuca Species : L. sativa <Th_colspan="2"> Binomial name <Td_colspan="2"> Lactuca sativa L . <Th_colspan="2"> Synonyms <Td_colspan="2"> Lactuca scariola var . sativa ( Moris ) L. scariola var . integrata ( Gren. and Godr . ) L. scariola var . integrifolia ( G. Beck ) Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) is an annual plant of the daisy family , Asteraceae . It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable , but sometimes for its stem and seeds . Lettuce is most often used for salads , although it is also seen in other kinds of food , such as soups , sandwiches and wraps ; it can also be grilled . One variety , the woju ( 莴苣 ) , or asparagus lettuce ( celtuce ) , is grown for its stems , which are eaten either raw or cooked . In addition to its main use as a leafy green , it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption . Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce , but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world . World production of lettuce and chicory for calendar year 2015 was 26.1 million tonnes , 56 % of which came from China . Lettuce was first cultivated by the ancient Egyptians who turned it from a weed whose seeds were used to produce oil , into a food plant grown for its succulent leaves and oil - rich seeds . Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans , the latter of whom gave it the name lactuca , from which the English lettuce is ultimately derived . By 50 AD , many types were described , and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings , including several herbals . The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many varieties in Europe , and by the mid-18th century cultivars were described that can still be found in gardens . Generally grown as a hardy annual , lettuce is easily cultivated , although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly . It can be plagued by numerous nutrient deficiencies , as well as insect and mammal pests , and fungal and bacterial diseases . L. sativa crosses easily within the species and with some other species within the genus Lactuca . Although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds , biologists have used it to broaden the gene pool of cultivated lettuce varieties . Lettuce is a rich source of vitamin K and vitamin A , and a moderate source of folate and iron . Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial , viral , and parasitic outbreaks in humans , including E. coli and Salmonella . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 History 4 Cultivation 4.1 Cultivars 4.2 Cultivation problems 5 Production 6 Culinary use 7 Nutritional content 8 Food - borne illness 9 Religious and medicinal lore 10 References 11 Cited literature 12 External links Taxonomy and etymology L. sativa seeds Lactuca sativa is a member of the Lactuca ( lettuce ) genus and the Asteraceae ( sunflower or aster ) family . The species was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his Species Plantarum . Synonyms for L. sativa include Lactuca scariola var . sativa , L. scariola var . integrata and L. scariola var . integrifolia . L. scariola is itself a synonym for L. serriola , the common wild or prickly lettuce . L. sativa also has many identified taxonomic groups , subspecies and varieties , which delineate the various cultivar groups of domesticated lettuce . Lettuce is closely related to several Lactuca species from southwest Asia ; the closest relationship is to L. serriola , an aggressive weed common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world . The Romans referred to lettuce as lactuca ( lac meaning milk in Latin ) , an allusion to the white substance , now called latex , exuded by cut stems . This word has become the genus name , while sativa ( meaning `` sown '' or `` cultivated '' ) was added to create the species name . The current word lettuce , originally from Middle English , came from the Old French letues or laitues , which derived from the Roman name . The name romaine came from that type 's use in the Roman papal gardens , while cos , another term for romaine lettuce , came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of Cos , a center of lettuce farming in the Byzantine period . Description Mature lettuce inflorescence in fruit Lettuce 's native range spreads from the Mediterranean to Siberia , although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world . Plants generally have a height and spread of 15 to 30 cm ( 6 to 12 in ) . The leaves are colorful , mainly in the green and red color spectrums , with some variegated varieties . There are also a few varieties with yellow , gold or blue - teal leaves . Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures , from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched , scalloped , frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties . Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main taproot and smaller secondary roots . Some varieties , especially those found in the United States and Western Europe , have long , narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots . Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia . Depending on the variety and time of year , lettuce generally lives 65 -- 130 days from planting to harvesting . Because lettuce that flowers ( through the process known as `` bolting '' ) becomes bitter and unsaleable , plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity . Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures , while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves . Once plants move past the edible stage , they develop flower stalks up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) high with small yellow blossoms . Like other members of the tribe Cichorieae , lettuce inflorescences ( also known as flower heads or capitula ) are composed of multiple florets , each with a modified calyx called a pappus ( which becomes the feathery `` parachute '' of the fruit ) , a corolla of five petals fused into a ligule or strap , and the reproductive parts . These include fused anthers that form a tube which surrounds a style and bipartite stigma . As the anthers shed pollen , the style elongates to allow the stigmas , now coated with pollen , to emerge from the tube . The ovaries form compressed , obovate ( teardrop - shaped ) dry fruits that do not open at maturity , measuring 3 to 4 mm long . The fruits have 5 -- 7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs . The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a dispersal structure . Each fruit contains one seed , which can be white , yellow , gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce . The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through selective breeding : delayed bolting , larger seeds , larger leaves and heads , better taste and texture , a lower latex content , and different leaf shapes and colors . Work in these areas continues through the present day . Scientific research into the genetic modification of lettuce is ongoing , with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and United States to test modifications allowing greater herbicide tolerance , greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns . However , genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture . History Romaine lettuce , a descendant of some of the earliest cultivated lettuce Lettuce was first cultivated in ancient Egypt for the production of oil from its seeds . This plant was probably selectively bred by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves , with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC . Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god Min , and it was carried during his festivals and placed near his images . The plant was thought to help the god `` perform the sexual act untiringly . '' Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings . The cultivated variety appears to have been about 75 cm ( 30 in ) tall and resembled a large version of the modern romaine lettuce . These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks , who in turn shared them with the Romans . Circa 50 AD , Roman agriculturalist Columella described several lettuce varieties -- some of which may have been ancestors of today 's lettuces . Lettuce appears in many medieval writings , especially as a medicinal herb . Hildegard of Bingen mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179 , and many early herbals also describe its uses . In 1586 , Joachim Camerarius provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces -- head lettuce , loose - leaf lettuce , and romaine ( or cos ) lettuce . Lettuce was first brought to the Americas from Europe by Christopher Columbus in the late 15th century . Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century , many varieties were developed in Europe , particularly Holland . Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today . Due to its short lifespan after harvest , lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown . The early 20th century saw the development of new packing , storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase in availability . During the 1950s , lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of vacuum cooling , which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce , replacing the previously used method of ice - cooling in packing houses outside the fields . Lettuce is very easy to grow , and as such has been a significant source of sales for many seed companies . Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies , particularly in the US , of changing a variety 's name from year to year . This was done for several reasons , the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a `` new '' variety or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company . Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce , depending on the amount of variation allowed between types -- a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time . Names also often changed significantly from country to country . Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable , a minor amount is used in the production of tobacco - free cigarettes ; however , domestic lettuce 's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco . Cultivation A lettuce - growing facility in the United Kingdom A hardy annual , some varieties of lettuce can be overwintered even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw , and older , heirloom varieties are often grown in cold frames . Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows . Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats , then transplanted to individual spots , usually 20 to 36 cm ( 7.9 to 14.2 in ) apart , in the garden after developing several leaves . Lettuce spaced further apart receives more sunlight , which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves . Pale to white lettuce , such as the centers in some iceberg lettuce , contain few nutrients . A transplanted bed of lettuce in a greenhouse Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose , nitrogen - rich soils with a pH of between 6.0 and 6.8 . Heat generally prompts lettuce to bolt , with most varieties growing poorly above 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) ; cool temperatures prompt better performance , with 16 to 18 ° C ( 61 to 64 ° F ) being preferred and as low as 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) being tolerated . Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly . Temperatures above 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds . After harvest , lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and 96 percent humidity . Lettuce quickly degrades when stored with fruit such as apples , pears and bananas that release the ripening agent ethylene gas . The high water content of lettuce ( 94.9 percent ) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant -- it can not be successfully frozen , canned or dried and must be eaten fresh . Lettuce varieties will cross with each other , making spacing of 1.5 to 6 m ( 60 to 240 in ) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds . Lettuce will also cross with Lactuca serriola ( wild lettuce ) , with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough , bitter leaves . Celtuce , a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems , crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves . This propensity for crossing , however , has led to breeding programs using closely related species in Lactuca , such as L. serriola , L. saligna , and L. virosa , to broaden the available gene pool . Starting in the 1990s , such programs began to include more distantly related species such as L. tatarica . Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions , and , unless stored cryogenically , remain viable the longest when stored at − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) ; they are relatively short lived in storage . At room temperature , lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months . However , when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically , this life increases to a half - life of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen ; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting . Cultivars A selection of lettuce cultivars There are several types of lettuce , but three ( leaf , head and cos or romaine ) are the most common . There are seven main cultivar groups of lettuce , each including many varieties : Leaf -- Also known as looseleaf , cutting or bunching lettuce , this type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted . It is used mainly for salads . Romaine / Cos -- Used mainly for salads and sandwiches , this type forms long , upright heads . This is the most often used lettuce in Caesar salads . Iceberg / Crisphead -- The most popular type in the US , it is very heat - sensitive and was originally adapted for growth in the northern US . It ships well , but is low in flavor and nutritional content , being composed of even more water than other lettuce types . Butterhead -- Also known as Boston or Bibb lettuce , and traditional in the UK as `` round lettuce '' , this type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves , known for its sweet flavor and tender texture . The lettuce variety celtuce is grown for its stem , used in Chinese cooking Summercrisp -- Also called Batavian or French crisp , this lettuce is midway between the crisphead and leaf types . These lettuces tend to be larger , bolt - resistant and well - flavored . Stem -- This type is grown for its seedstalk , rather than its leaves , and is used in Asian cooking , primarily Chinese , as well as stewed and creamed dishes . Oilseed -- This type is grown for its seeds , which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking . It has few leaves , bolts quickly and produces seeds around 50 percent larger than other types of lettuce . The butterhead and crisphead types are sometimes known together as `` cabbage '' lettuce , because their heads are shorter , flatter , and more cabbage - like than romaine lettuces . Cultivation problems A lettuce surrounded by weeds , which have crowded it to the point of bolting See also : List of lettuce diseases Soil nutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of plant problems that range from malformed plants to a lack of head growth . Many insects are attracted to lettuce , including cutworms , which cut seedlings off at the soil line ; wireworms and nematodes , which cause yellow , stunted plants ; tarnished plant bugs and aphids , which cause yellow , distorted leaves ; leafhoppers , which cause stunted growth and pale leaves ; thrips , which turn leaves gray - green or silver ; leafminers , which create tunnels within the leaves ; flea beetles , which cut small holes in leaves and caterpillars , slugs and snails , which cut large holes in leaves . For example , the larvae of the ghost moth is a common pest of lettuce plants . Mammals , including rabbits and groundhogs , also eat the plants . Lettuce contains several defensive compounds , including sesquiterpene lactones , and other natural phenolics such as flavonol and glycosides , which help to protect it against pests . Certain varieties contain more than others , and some selective breeding and genetic modification studies have focused on using this trait to identify and produce commercial varieties with increased pest resistance . Lettuce also suffers from several viral diseases , including big vein , which causes yellow , distorted leaves , and mosaic virus , which is spread by aphids and causes stunted plant growth and deformed leaves . Aster yellows are a disease - causing bacteria carried by leafhoppers , which causes deformed leaves . Fungal diseases include powdery mildew and downy mildew , which cause leaves to mold and die and bottom rot , lettuce drop and gray mold , which cause entire plants to rot and collapse . Crowding lettuce tends to attract pests and diseases . Weeds can also be an issue , as cultivated lettuce is generally not competitive with them , especially when directly seeded into the ground . Transplanted lettuce ( started in flats and later moved to growing beds ) is generally more competitive initially , but can still be crowded later in the season , causing misshapen lettuce and lower yields . Weeds also act as homes for insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult . Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production . However , this has led to the development of herbicide - resistant weeds and prompted environmental and health concerns . Production Lettuce production ( millions of tonnes ) Country 2015 China 14.6 United States 3.8 India Spain 0.9 Italy 0.6 World 26.1 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : UN Food & Agriculture Organization In 2015 , world production of lettuce ( report combined with chicory ) was 26.1 million tonnes , with China alone producing 14.6 million tonnes or 56 % of the world total ( table ) . Lettuce is the only member of the genus Lactuca to be grown commercially . Although China is the top world producer of lettuce , the majority of the crop is consumed domestically . Spain is the world 's largest exporter of lettuce , with the US ranking second . Western Europe and North America were the original major markets for large - scale lettuce production . By the late 1900s , Asia , South America , Australia and Africa became more substantial markets . Different locations tended to prefer different types of lettuce , with butterhead prevailing in northern Europe and Great Britain , romaine in the Mediterranean and stem lettuce in China and Egypt . By the late 20th century , the preferred types began to change , with crisphead , especially iceberg , lettuce becoming the dominant type in northern Europe and Great Britain and more popular in western Europe . In the US , no one type predominated until the early 20th century , when crisphead lettuces began gaining popularity . After the 1940s , with the development of iceberg lettuce , 95 percent of the lettuce grown and consumed in the US was crisphead lettuce . By the end of the century , other types began to regain popularity and eventually made up over 30 percent of production . Stem lettuce was first developed in China , and remains primarily cultivated in that country . In the early 21st century , bagged salad products increased in the lettuce market , especially in the US where innovative packaging and shipping methods prolonged freshness . In the United States in 2013 , California ( 71 % ) and Arizona ( 29 % ) produced nearly all of the country 's fresh head and leaf lettuce , with head lettuce yielding $9400 of value per acre and leaf lettuce $8000 per acre . Culinary use As described around 50 AD , lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil - and - vinegar dressing ; however , smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw . During the 81 -- 96 AD reign of Domitian , the tradition of serving a lettuce salad before a meal began . Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of poaching lettuce , mainly with large romaine types , as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves . Today , the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves , although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds , which are made into an oil . Most lettuce is used in salads , either alone or with other greens , vegetables , meats and cheeses . Romaine lettuce is often used for Caesar salads , with a dressing that includes anchovies and eggs . Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups , sandwiches and wraps , while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked . The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in Western countries , due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves . In that country , `` salads '' were created from cooked vegetables and served hot or cold . Lettuce was also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western countries , contributing to a range of dishes including bean curd and meat dishes , soups and stir - frys plain or with other vegetables . Stem lettuce , widely consumed in China , is eaten either raw or cooked , the latter primarily in soups and stir - frys . Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of lettuce soup . Nutritional content Lettuce ( butterhead ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 55 kJ ( 13 kcal ) <Td_colspan="2"> Carbohydrates 2.23 g Sugars 0.94 Dietary fiber 1.1 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fat 0.22 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Protein 1.35 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 21 % 166 μg 18 % 1987 μg 1223 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 5 % 0.057 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 5 % 0.062 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 3 % 0.15 mg Vitamin B6 6 % 0.082 mg Folate ( B9 ) 18 % 73 μg Vitamin C 4 % 3.7 mg Vitamin E 1 % 0.18 mg Vitamin K 97 % 102.3 μg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 4 % 35 mg Iron 10 % 1.24 mg Magnesium 4 % 13 mg Manganese 9 % 0.179 mg Phosphorus 5 % 33 mg Potassium 5 % 238 mg Sodium 0 % 5 mg Zinc 2 % 0.2 mg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Other constituents Quantity Water 95.63 g <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Link to USDA Database entry <Td_colspan="2"> Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units <Td_colspan="2"> Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Depending on the variety , lettuce is an excellent source ( 20 % of the Daily Value , DV , or higher ) of vitamin K ( 97 % DV ) and vitamin A ( 21 % DV ) ( table ) , with higher concentrations of the provitamin A compound , beta - carotene , found in darker green lettuces , such as Romaine . With the exception of the iceberg variety , lettuce is also a good source ( 10 - 19 % DV ) of folate and iron ( table ) . Food - borne illness Food - borne pathogens that can survive on lettuce include Listeria monocytogenes , the causative agent of listeriosis , which multiplies in storage . However , despite high levels of bacteria being found on ready - to - eat lettuce products , a 2008 study found no incidences of food - borne illness related to listeriosis , possibly due to the product 's short shelf life , indigenous microflora competing with the Listeria bacteria or inhibition of bacteria to cause listeriosis . Other bacteria found on lettuce include Aeromonas species , which have not been linked to any outbreaks ; Campylobacter species , which cause campylobacteriosis ; and Yersinia intermedia and Yersinia kristensenii ( species of Yersinia ) , which have been found mainly in lettuce . Lettuce has been linked to numerous outbreaks of the bacteria E. coli O157 : H7 and Shigella ; the plants were most likely contaminated through contact with animal feces . A 2007 study determined that the vacuum cooling method , especially prevalent in the California lettuce industry , increased the uptake and survival rates of E. coli O157 : H7 . Salmonella bacteria , including the uncommon Salmonella braenderup type , have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce . Viruses , including hepatitis A , calicivirus and a Norwalk - like strain , have been found in lettuce . The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations , including Giardia lamblia . Religious and medicinal Lore In addition to its usual purpose as an edible leafy vegetable , lettuce has had a number of uses in ancient ( and even some more modern ) times as a medicinal herb and religious symbol . For example , ancient Egyptians thought lettuce to be a symbol of sexual prowess and a promoter of love and childbearing in women . The Romans likewise claimed that it increased sexual potency . In contrast , the ancient Greeks connected the plant with male impotency , and served it during funerals ( probably due to its role in the myth of Adonis ' death ) , and British women in the 19th century believed it would cause infertility and sterility . Lettuce has mild narcotic properties ; it was called `` sleepwort '' by the Anglo - Saxons because of this attribute , although the cultivated L. sativa has lower levels of the narcotic than its wild cousins . This narcotic effect is a property of two sesquiterpene lactones which are found in the white liquid ( latex ) in the stems of lettuce , called lactucarium or `` lettuce opium '' . Lettuce is also eaten as part of the Jewish Passover Seder , where it is considered the optimal choice for use as the bitter herb , which is eaten together with the matzah . Some American settlers claimed that smallpox could be prevented through the ingestion of lettuce , and an Iranian belief suggested consumption of the seeds when afflicted with typhoid . Folk medicine has also claimed it as a treatment for pain , rheumatism , tension and nervousness , coughs and insanity ; scientific evidence of these benefits in humans has not been found . The religious ties of lettuce continue into the present day among the Yazidi people of northern Iraq , who have a religious prohibition against eating the plant . References ^ Jump up to : `` Lactuca sativa '' . Kew Royal Botanical Gardens . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lactuca serriola L '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall . `` Grilled lettuce with goats ' cheese '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lettuce ( with chicory ) production in 2015 ; Countries / Regions / Production Quantity from pick lists '' . UN Food & Agriculture Organization , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . 2015 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lactuca sativa L '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lactuca sativa L '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Porcher , Michael H. ( 2005 ) . `` Sorting Lactuca Names '' . Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database . University of Melbourne . Archived from the original on 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Zohary , Daniel ; Hopf , Maria ; Weiss , Ehud ( 2012 ) . Domestication of Plants in the Old World : The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia , Europe , and the Mediterranean Basin . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 954906 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , pp. 170 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Chantrell , Glynnis , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories . Oxford University Press . p. 300 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 863121 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` Lactuca sativa '' . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fine Cooking Magazine ( 2011 ) . Fine Cooking in Season : Your Guide to Choosing and Preparing the Season 's Best . Taunton Press . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 60085 - 303 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ryder , J. ; Waycott , Williams ( 1993 ) . `` New Directions in Salad Crops : New Forms , New Tools , and Old Philosophy '' . In Janick , J and Simon J.E. New Crops . Wiley . pp. 528 -- 532 . Jump up ^ Smith , Richard ; Cahn , Michael ; Daugovish , Oleg ; Koike , Steven ; Natwick , Eric ; Smith , Hugh ; Subbarao , Krishna ; Takele , Etaferahu ; Turin , Thomas . `` Leaf Lettuce Production in California '' ( PDF ) . University of California Vegetable Research and Information Center . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ `` 187e . Asteraceae Martinov tribe Cichorieae '' . Flora of North America . Efloras.org . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Davey , et al. , pp. 222 -- 225 . Jump up ^ `` Lettuce '' . GMO Compass . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , pp. 375 -- 376 . Jump up ^ Hart , George ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 95 . ISBN 1 - 134 - 28424 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vegetable of the Month : Lettuce '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Subbarao , Krishna V. ; Koike , Steven T. ( 2007 ) . `` Lettuce Diseases : Ecology and Control '' . In Pimentel , David . Encyclopedia of Pest Management , Volume 2 . CRC Press . p. 313 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 5361 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , pp. 172 -- 173 . ^ Jump up to : Boriss , Hayley ; Brunke , Henrich ( October 2005 ) . `` Commodity Profile : Lettuce '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Enochian , R.V. ; Smith , F.J ( November 1956 ) . `` House Packing Western Lettuce '' ( PDF ) . California Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Weaver , pp. 173 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , p. 377 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lettuce '' . University of Illinois Extension . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Koopman , Wim J.M. ; Guetta , Eli ; van de Wiel , Clemens C.M. ; Vosman , Ben ; van den Berg , Ronald G ( 1998 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships among Lactuca ( Asteraceae ) species and related genera based on ITS - 1 DNA sequences '' . American Journal of Botany. 85 ( 11 ) : 1517 -- 1530 . doi : 10.2307 / 2446479 . JSTOR 2446479 . PMID 21680311 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Davey , et al. , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Carol . `` Winter Lettuce '' . Washington State University . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lettuce '' . Tesco Real Food . Tesco . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz and Weaver , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Larkcom , Joy ; Phillips , Roger ( 2003 ) . The Organic Salad Garden . Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7112 - 2204 - 5 . Jump up ^ Edwards , C.A. ( May 1964 ) . `` The bionomics of swift moths . I. -- The ghost swift moth , Hepialus humuli ( L . ) '' . Bulletin of Entomological Research . 55 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 160 . doi : 10.1017 / S000748530004935X . ISSN 1475 - 2670 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , pp. 129 -- 132 . Jump up ^ `` Developing Multi-Species Insect Resistance in Romaine Lettuce '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lettuce : Integrated Weed Management '' . UC Pest Management Guidelines . University of California . August 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Koike , Steven T ; Gladders , Peter ; Paulus , Albert O. ( 2006 ) . Vegetable Diseases : A Color Handbook . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 296 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 373675 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Katz and Weaver , p. 378 . ^ Jump up to : Simoons , Frederick J. ( 1991 ) . Food in China : A Cultural and Historical Inquiry . CRC Press . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8804 - X . Jump up ^ Fulmer , Melinda ( 19 August 2002 ) . `` Lettuce Grows Into A Processed Food '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lettuce '' . Agricultural Marketing Resource Center , Iowa State University . May 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles , Dan ; Aubrey , Allison ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` As Bagged Salad Kits Boom , Americans Eat More Greens '' . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ Hanning , I.B. ; Johnson , M.G. ; Ricke , S.C ( December 2008 ) . `` Precut prepackaged lettuce : a risk for listeriosis ? '' . Foodborne Pathogens and Disease . 5 ( 6 ) : 731 -- 746 . doi : 10.1089 / fpd. 2008.0142 . PMID 18847382 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter IV . Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh - Cut Produce . Incidence , Growth , and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh - Cut Produce '' . Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction / Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh - Cut Produce . US Food and Drug Administration . 12 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , J.G. ; Kendall , P. `` Preventing E. coli from Garden to Plate '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Li , Haiping ; Tajkarimi , Mehrdad ; Osburn , Bennie I ( 2008 ) . `` Impact of Vacuum Cooling on Escherichia coli O157 : H7 Infiltration into Lettuce Tissue '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 ( 10 ) : 3138 -- 42 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 02811 - 07 . PMC 2394940 . PMID 18344328 . Jump up ^ Gajraj , Roger ; Pooransingh , Shalini ; Hawker , Jeremy ; Olowokure , Babatunde ( April 2012 ) . `` Multiple outbreaks of Salmonella braenderup associated with consumption of iceberg lettuce '' . International Journal of Environmental Health Research . 22 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 155 . doi : 10.1080 / 09603123.2011. 613114 . PMID 21916661 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Donald ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Plant Lore . Academic Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 374086 - X . Jump up ^ Duke , James A. ; Duke , Peggy - Ann K. ; DuCellie , Judith L. ( 2007 ) . Duke 's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible . CRC Press . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8202 - 5 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Neil ( 3 January 2003 ) . `` Bashiqa Journal : A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Cited literature Bradley , Fern Marshall ; Ellis , Barbara W. ; Martin , Deborah L. , eds. ( 2009 ) . The Organic Gardener 's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60529 - 677 - 7 . Davey , M.R. ; Anthony , P. ; Van Hooff , P. ; Power , J.B. ; Lowe , , K.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Lettuce '' . Transgenic Crops . Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry . Volume 59 . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 36752 - 9 . Katz , Solomon H. ; Weaver , Williams Woys ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Food and Culture . Volume 2 . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80565 - 8 . Weaver , Williams Woys ( 1997 ) . Heirloom Vegetable Gardening : A Master Gardener 's Guide to Planting , Seed Saving and Cultural History . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 4025 - 8 . External links Food portal Media related to Lactuca sativa at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q83193 APDB : 99979 BioLib : 41651 Calflora : 10034 EoL : 468144 EPPO : LACSA FNA : 200024117 FoC : 200024117 GBIF : 3140379 GRIN : 21360 iNaturalist : 122976 IPNI : 228239 - 1 IRMNG : 10209453 ITIS : 36607 NBN : NBNSYS0000004538 NCBI : 4236 NZOR : 408d35f0 - 7ac6 - 471c - af8b - 7c25592f2d29 PalDat : Lactuca_sativa PfaF : sativa Lactuca sativa Plantarium : 21827 Plant List : gcc - 89778 PLANTS : LASA3 Tropicos : 2710604 VASCAN : 3268 GND : 4155983 - 6 LCCN : sh85076251 NDL : 00573107 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lettuce&oldid=839036151 '' Categories : Cichorieae Leaf vegetables Plants described in 1753 Lettuce Crops Crops originating from Egypt Edible Asteraceae Hydroponic plants Species groups Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Use dmy dates from January 2011 Featured articles Taxonbars with 20 + taxon IDs Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Lea faka - Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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8,313,204,468,874,938,000 | where do fair trade products come from countries | Fair trade - wikipedia Fair trade Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fair trade ( disambiguation ) . Fair Trade teas Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal Fairtrade bananas from The Dominican Republic Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and to promote sustainable farming . Members of the movement advocate the payment of higher prices to exporters , as well as improved social and environmental standards . The movement focuses in particular on commodities , or products which are typically exported from developing countries to developed countries , but also consumed in domestic markets ( e.g. Brazil , India and Bangladesh ) most notably handicrafts , coffee , cocoa , wine , sugar , fresh fruit , chocolate , flowers and gold . The movement seeks to promote greater equity in international trading partnerships through dialogue , transparency , and respect . It promotes sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to , and securing the rights of , marginalized producers and workers in developing countries . Fair trade is grounded in three core beliefs ; first , producers have the power to express unity with consumers . Secondly , the world trade practices that currently exist promote the unequal distribution of wealth between nations . Lastly , buying products from producers in developing countries at a fair price is a more efficient way of promoting sustainable development than traditional charity and aid . Fair trade labeling organizations that is commonly use a definition of fair trade developed by FINE , an informal association of four international fair trade networks : Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International , World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ) , Network of European Worldshops and European Fair Trade Association ( EFTA ) . Specifically , fair trade is a trading partnership , based on dialogue , transparency , and respect , that seeks greater equity in international trade . Fair trade organizations , backed by consumers , are engaged actively in supporting producers , awareness raising , and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade . There are several recognized fair trade certifiers , including Fairtrade International ( formerly called FLO , Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International ) , IMO , Make Trade Fair and Eco-Social . Additionally , Fair Trade USA , formerly a licensing agency for the Fairtrade International label , broke from the system and is implementing its own fair trade labelling scheme , which has resulted in controversy due to its inclusion of independent smallholders and estates for all crops . In 2008 , Fairtrade International certified approximately ( € 3.4 B ) of products . The World Trade Organization publishes annual figures on the world trade of goods and services . The fair trade movement is popular in the UK , where there are 500 Fairtrade towns , 118 universities , over 6,000 churches , and over 4,000 UK schools registered in the Fairtrade Schools Scheme . In 2011 , over 1.2 million farmers and workers in more than 60 countries participated in Fairtrade International 's fair trade system , which included € 65 million in fairtrade premium paid to producers for use developing their communities . According to Fairtrade International , nearly six out of ten consumers have seen the Fairtrade mark and almost nine in ten of them trust it . Some criticisms have been raised about fair trade systems . One 2015 study in a journal published by the MIT Press concluded that producer benefits were close to zero because there was an oversupply of certification , and only a fraction of produce classified as fair trade was actually sold on fair trade markets , just enough to recoup the costs of certification . Some research indicates that the implementation of certain fair trade standards can cause greater inequalities in some markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market . In the Fair trade debate there are complaints of failure to enforce the fair trade standards , with producers , cooperatives , importers and packers profiting by evading them . Contents ( hide ) 1 System 2 Effect on growers 2.1 Social premium 3 General structure of the movement 4 History 4.1 Solidarity trade 4.2 Handicrafts vs. agricultural goods 4.3 Rise of labeling initiatives 5 Psychology 6 Product certification 7 WFTO Fair Trade Organization membership 8 Alternative trading organizations 9 Universities 10 Worldshops 11 World wide 11.1 Africa 11.2 Latin America 11.3 Asia 11.4 Australia 12 Commodities 12.1 Coffee 12.1. 1 Locations 12.1. 2 Labour 12.1. 3 Sustainability 12.1. 4 Consumer attitudes 12.1. 5 Coffee companies 12.2 Cocoa 12.2. 1 Locations 12.2. 2 Labour 12.2. 3 Marketing 12.2. 4 Sustainability 12.2. 5 Cocoa companies 12.2. 6 Harkin - Engel Protocol 12.3 Textiles 12.3. 1 Locations 12.3. 2 Labour 12.3. 3 Clothing and textile companies 12.4 Seafood 12.5 Large companies and commodities 12.6 Luxury commodities 12.6. 1 Diamonds and sourcing 12.6. 2 Gold 13 Politics 13.1 European Union 13.2 France 13.3 Italy 13.4 Netherlands 14 Criticism 14.1 Ethical basis 14.2 What occurs with the money 14.2. 1 Little money may reach the developing countries 14.2. 2 Less money reaches farmers 14.2. 3 Effects of low barriers to entry 14.3 Inefficient marketing system 14.4 Fairtrade harms other farmers 14.4. 1 Overproduction argument 14.5 Other ethical issues 14.5. 1 Secrecy 14.5. 2 Unethical selling techniques 14.6 Failure to monitor standards 14.7 Trade justice and fair trade 14.8 Political objections 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External links System ( edit ) There are a large number of fair trade and ethical marketing organizations employing different marketing strategies . Most fair trade marketers believe it is necessary to sell the products through supermarkets to get a sufficient volume of trade to affect the developing world . The Fairtrade brand is by far the biggest of the fair trade coffee brands . Packers in developed countries pay a fee to The Fairtrade Foundation for the right to use the brand and logo , and nearly all the fee goes to marketing . Packers and retailers can charge as much as they want for the coffee . The coffee has to come from a certified fair trade cooperative , and there is a minimum price when the world market is oversupplied . Additionally , the cooperatives are paid an additional 10c per lb premium by buyers for community development projects . The cooperatives can , on average , sell only a third of their output as fair trade , because of lack of demand , and sell the rest at world prices . The exporting cooperative can spend the money in several ways . Some go to meeting the costs of conformity and certification : as they have to meet fair trade standards on all their produce , they have to recover the costs from a small part of their turnover , sometimes as little as 8 % , and may not make any profit . Some meet other costs . Some is spent on social projects such as building schools , health clinics and baseball pitches . Sometimes there is money left over for the farmers . The cooperatives sometimes pay farmers a higher price than farmers do , sometimes less , but there is no evidence on which is more common . The marketing system for fair trade and non-fair trade coffee is identical in the consuming countries , using mostly the same importing , packing , distributing and retailing firms . Some independent brands operate a `` virtual company '' , paying importers , packers and distributors and advertising agencies to handle their brand , for cost reasons . In the producing country , fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives , while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives ( as uncertified coffee ) , by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders . To become certified fair trade producers , the primary cooperative and its member farmers must operate to certain political standards , imposed from Europe . FLO - CERT , the for - profit side , handles producer certification , inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . In the fair trade debate there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards , with producers , cooperatives , importers and packers profiting by evading them . There remain many fair trade organizations that adhere to a greater or smaller degree to the original objectives of fair trade , and that market products through alternative channels where possible , and market through specialist fair trade shops , but they have a small proportion of the total market . Effect on growers ( edit ) Fair trade is benefiting farmers in developing countries , whether that be considerably or just a little . The nature of fair trade makes it a global phenomenon , therefore , there are diverse motives for understanding group formation related to fair trade . The social transformation caused by the fair trade movement also varies around the world . Three young Nicaraguan women demonstrate to visiting U.S. buyers and consumers the use of organic soil testing methods . A study of coffee growers in Guatemala illustrates the effect of fair trade practices on growers . In this study , thirty - four farmers were interviewed . Of those thirty - four growers , twenty - two had an understanding of fair trade based on internationally recognized definitions , for example , describing fair trade in market and economical terms or knowing what the social premium is and how their cooperative has used it . Three growers explained a deep understanding of fair trade , showing a knowledge of both fair market principles and how fair trade affects them socially . Nine growers had erroneous or no knowledge of Fair Trade . The three growers who had a deeper knowledge of the social implications of fair trade all have responsibilities within their cooperatives . One is a manager , one is in charge of the wet mill , and one is his group 's treasurer . These farmers did not have a pattern in terms of years of education , age , or years of membership in the cooperative ; their answers to the questions , `` Why did you join ? '' differentiate them from other members and explain why they have such an extensive knowledge of fair trade . These farmers cited switching to organic farming , wanting to raise money for social projects , and more training offered as reasons for joining the cooperative , other than receiving a better price for their coffee . Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage . Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world , yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day . When surveyed , farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa ( CAC Pangoa ) in San Martín de Pangoa , Peru , could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade , but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is . They could , however , identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community . When asked , overall , farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities . They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives . Some producers also profit from the indirect benefits of fair trade practices . Fair trade cooperatives create a space of solidarity and promote an entrepreneurial spirit among growers . When growers feel like they have control over their own lives within the network of their cooperative , it can be very empowering . Operating a profitable business allows growers to think about their future , rather than worrying about how they are going to survive in poverty . As far as farmers ' satisfaction with the fair trade system , the growers want consumers to know that fair trade has provided important support to their families and their cooperative . Overall , farmers are satisfied with the current fair trade system , but some farmers , such as the Mazaronquiari group from CAC Pangoa , desire yet a higher price for their products in order to live a higher quality of life . Social premium ( edit ) A component of trade is the social premium that buyers of fair trade goods pay to the producers or producer - groups of such goods . An important factor of the fair trade social premium is that the producers or producer - groups decide where and how it is spent . These premiums usually go towards socioeconomic development , wherever the producers or producer - groups see fit . Within producer - groups , the decisions about how the social premium will be spent is handled democratically , with transparency and participation . Producers and producer - groups spend this social premium to support socioeconomic development in a variety of ways . One common way to spend the social premium of fair trade is to privately invest in public goods that infrastructure and the government are lacking in . These public goods include environment initiatives , public schools , and water projects . At some point , all producer - groups re-invest their social premium back into their farms and businesses . They buy capital , like trucks and machinery , and education for their members , like organic farming education . Thirty - eight percent of producer - groups spend the social premium in its entirety on themselves , but the rest invest in public goods , like paying for teachers ' salaries , providing a community health care clinic , and improving infrastructure , such as bringing in electricity and bettering roads . Farmers ' organisations that use their social premium for public goods often finance educational scholarships . For example , Costa Rican coffee co-operative , Coocafé , has supported hundreds of children and youth at school and university through the financing of scholarships from funding from their fair trade social premium . In terms of education , the social premium can be used to build and furnish schools too . General structure of the movement ( edit ) Most of the fair trade import organizations are members of , or certified by one of several national or international federations . These federations coordinate , promote , and facilitate the work of fair trade organizations . The following are some of the largest : The FLO International ( Fairtrade International ) , created in 1997 , is an association of three producer networks and twenty national labeling initiatives that develop Fairtrade standards , license buyers , label usage and market the Fair trade Certification Mark in consuming countries . The Fairtrade International labeling system is the largest and most widely recognized standard setting and certification body for labeled Fair trade . Formerly named Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International , it changed its name to Fairtrade International in 2009 , when its producer certification and standard setting activities were separated into two separate , but connected entities . FLO - CERT , the for - profit side , handles producer certification , inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . Fairtrade International , the non-profit arm , oversees standards development and licensing organization activity . Only products from certain developing countries are eligible for certification , and for some products such as coffee and cocoa , certification is restricted to cooperatives . Cooperatives and large estates with hired labor may be certified for bananas , tea and other crops . Fair Trade USA is an independent , nonprofit organization that sets standards , certifies , and labels products that promote sustainable livelihoods for farmers and workers and protect the environment . Founded in 1998 , Fair Trade USA currently partners with around 800 brands , as well as 1.3 million farmers and workers across the globe . World Fair Trade Organization ( formerly the International Fair Trade Association ) is a global association created in 1989 of fair trade producer cooperatives and associations , export marketing companies , importers , retailers , national , and regional fair trade networks and fair trade support organizations . In 2004 WFTO launched the FTO Mark which identifies registered fair trade organizations ( as opposed to the FLO system , which labels products ) . The Network of European Worldshops ( NEWS ! ) , created in 1994 , is the umbrella network of 15 national worldshop associations in 13 different countries all over Europe . The European Fair Trade Association ( EFTA ) , created in 1990 , is a network of European alternative trading organizations which import products from some 400 economically disadvantaged producer groups in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . EFTA 's goal is to promote fair trade and to make fair trade importing more efficient and effective . The organization also publishes yearly various publications on the evolution of the fair trade market . EFTA currently has eleven members in nine different countries . In 1998 , the first four federations listed above joined together as FINE , an informal association whose goal is to harmonize fair trade standards and guidelines , increase the quality and efficiency of fair trade monitoring systems , and advocate fair trade politically . Additional certifiers include IMO ( Fair for Life , Social and Fair Trade labels ) , Eco-Social and Fair Trade USA . The Fair Trade Federation ( FTF ) , created in 1994 , is an association of Canadian and American fair trade wholesalers , importers , and retailers . The organization links its members to fair trade producer groups while acting as a clearinghouse for information on fair trade and providing resources and networking opportunities to its members . Members self - certify adherence to defined fair trade principles for 100 % of their purchasing / business . Those who sell products certifiable by Fairtrade International must be 100 % certified by FI to join FTF . Student groups have also been increasingly active in the past years promoting fair trade products . Although hundreds of independent student organizations are active worldwide , most groups in North America are either affiliated with United Students for Fair Trade ( USA , the Canadian Student Fair Trade Network ( Canada ) , or Fair Trade Campaigns ( USA ) , which also houses Fair Trade Universities and Fair Trade Schools . The involvement of church organizations has been and continues to be an integral part of the Fair Trade movement : Ten Thousand Villages is affiliated with the Mennonite Central Committee SERRV is partnered with Catholic Relief Services and Lutheran World Relief Village Markets is a Lutheran Fair Trade organization connecting mission sites around the world with churches in the United States Catholic Relief Services has their own Fair Trade mission in CRS Fair Trade History ( edit ) Main article : History of fair trade The first attempts to commercialize fair trade goods in Northern markets were initiated in the 1940s and 1950s by religious groups and various politically oriented non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . Ten Thousand Villages , an NGO within the Mennonite Central Committee ( MCC ) and SERRV International were the first , in 1946 and 1949 respectively , to develop fair trade supply chains in developing countries . The products , almost exclusively handicrafts ranging from jute goods to cross-stitch work , were mostly sold in churches or fairs . The goods themselves had often no other function than to indicate that a donation had been made . Solidarity trade ( edit ) Fair trade goods sold in worldshops The current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s . Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism : radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge . The slogan at the time , `` Trade not Aid '' , gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world . The year 1965 saw the creation of the first Alternative Trading Organization ( ATO ) : that year , British NGO Oxfam launched `` Helping - by - Selling '' , a program which sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail - order catalogues . By 1968 , the oversized newsprint publication , the Whole Earth Catalog , was connecting thousands of specialized merchants , artisans , and scientists directly with consumers who were interested in supporting independent producers , with the goal of bypassing corporate retail and department stores . The Whole Earth Catalog sought to balance the international free market by allowing direct purchasing of goods produced primarily in USA and Canada , but also in Central and South America . In 1969 , the first worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands . The initiative aimed at bringing the principles of fair trade to the retail sector by selling almost exclusively goods produced under fair trade terms in `` underdeveloped regions '' . The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries , Germany , and other Western European countries . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , important segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons . Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angolaaa and Nicaragua in worldshops , in the back of churches , from their homes , and from stands in public places , using the products as an and vehicle to deliver their message : give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world 's market . Handicrafts vs. agricultural goods ( edit ) In the early 1980s , Alternative Trading Organizations faced major challenges : the novelty of some fair trade products began to wear off , demand reached a plateau , and some handicrafts began to look `` tired and old fashioned '' in the marketplace . The decline of segments of the handicrafts market forced fair trade supporters to rethink their business model and their goals . Moreover , several fair trade supporters during this period were worried by the contemporary effect on small farmers of structural reforms in the agricultural sector as well as the fall in commodity prices . Many of them came to believe it was the movement 's responsibility to address the issue and remedies usable in the ongoing crisis in the industry . In the subsequent years , fair trade agricultural commodities played an important role in the growth of many ATOs : successful on the market , they offered a much - needed , renewable source of income for producers and provided Alternative Trading Organizations a complement to the handicrafts market . The first fair trade agricultural products were tea and coffee , quickly followed by : dried fruits , cocoa , sugar , fruit juices , rice , spices and nuts . While in 1992 , a sales value ratio of 80 % handcrafts to 20 % agricultural goods was the norm , in 2002 handcrafts amounted to 25 % of fair trade sales while commodity food lines were up at 69 % . Rise of labeling initiatives ( edit ) Early Fairtrade Certifications Marks Sales of fair trade products only really took off with the arrival of the first Fairtrade certification initiatives . Although buoyed by ever growing sales , fair trade had been generally contained to relatively small worldshops scattered across Europe and to a lesser extent , North America . Some felt that these shops were too disconnected from the rhythm and the lifestyle of contemporary developed societies . The inconvenience of going to them to buy only a product or two was too high even for the most dedicated customers . The only way to increase sale opportunities was to start offering fair trade products where consumers normally shop , in large distribution channels . The problem was to find a way to expand distribution without compromising consumer trust in fair trade products and in their origins . A solution was found in 1988 , when the first Fairtrade certification initiative , Max Havelaar , was created in the Netherlands under the initiative of Nico Roozen , Frans Van Der Hoff , and Dutch development NGO Solidaridad . The independent certification allowed the goods to be sold outside the worldshops and into the mainstream , reaching a larger consumer segment and boosting fair trade sales significantly . The labeling initiative also allowed customers and distributors alike to track the origin of the goods to confirm that the products were really benefiting the producers at the end of the supply chain . The concept caught on : in the ensuing years , similar non-profit Fairtrade labelling organizations were set up in other European countries and North America . In 1997 , a process of convergence among labelling organizations -- or `` LIs '' ( for `` Labeling Initiatives '' ) -- led to the creation of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International ( FLO ) . FLO is an umbrella organization whose mission is to set the Fairtrade standards , support , inspect and certify disadvantaged producers , and harmonize the Fairtrade message across the movement . In 2002 , FLO launched for the first time an International Fairtrade Certification Mark . The goals of the launch were to improve the visibility of the Mark on supermarket shelves , facilitate cross border trade , and simplify procedures for both producers and importers . At present , the certification mark is used in over 50 countries and on dozens of different products , based on FLO 's certification for coffee , tea , rice , bananas , mangoes , cocoa , cotton , sugar , honey , fruit juices , nuts , fresh fruit , quinoa , herbs and spices , wine , footballs , etc . With the rise of ethical labeling , consumers are able to take moral responsibility for their economic decisions and actions . This supports the notion of fair trade practices as `` moral economies . '' The presence of labeling give consumers the feeling of `` doing the right thing '' with a simple purchase . These labeling practices place the burden of getting certification on the producers in the Global South , furthering inequality between the Global North and the Global South . The process of securing certification is excessively burdensome and expensive . Northern consumers are able to just make a simple choice without these burdens and expenses . Psychology ( edit ) Consumers of Fair Trade products usually make the intentional choice to purchase Fair Trade goods based on attitude , moral norms , perceived behavioral control , and social norms . It is useful to include of measure of moral norms to improve the predictive power of intentions to buy Fair Trade over the basic predictors , like attitude and perceived behavioral control . University students have significantly increased their consumption of Fair Trade products over the last several decades . Women college students have a more favorable attitude than men toward buying Fair Trade products and they feel more morally obligated to do so . Women are also reported to have stronger intentions to buy fair trade products . When it comes to the intentions to buy Fair Trade products , gender had no direct effect . Producers organize and strive for Fair Trade certification for several reasons , either through religious ties , wants for social justice , wants for autonomy , political liberalization , or simply because they want to be paid more for their labor efforts and products . Farmers are more likely to identify with organic farming than Fair Trade farming practices because organic farming is a very visible way that these farmers are different than their neighbors and it actually influences the way they farm . They place a significant importance on natural growing methods . Fair Trade farmers are also more likely to attribute their higher paid prices to the quality of their products rather than fair market prices . Product certification ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade certification Note : Customary spelling of Fairtrade is one word when referring to the FLO product labeling system , see Fairtrade certification International Fairtrade Certification Mark Fairtrade labelling ( usually simply Fairtrade or Fair Trade Certified in the United States ) is a certification system designed to allow consumers to identify goods which meet agreed standards . Overseen by a standard - setting body ( FLO International ) and a certification body ( FLO - CERT ) , the system involves independent auditing of producers and traders to ensure the agreed standards are met . For a product to carry either the International Fairtrade Certification Mark or the Fair Trade Certified Mark , it must come from FLO - CERT inspected and certified producer organizations . The crops must be grown and harvested in accordance with the international Fair trade standards set by FLO International . The supply chain must also have been monitored by FLO - CERT , to ensure the integrity of the labelled product . Fairtrade certification purports to guarantee not only fair prices , but also the principles of ethical purchasing . These principles include adherence to ILO agreements such as those banning child and slave labour , guaranteeing a safe workplace and the right to unionise , adherence to the United Nations charter of human rights , a fair price that covers the cost of production and facilitates social development , and protection and conservation of the environment . The Fairtrade certification system also attempts to promote long - term business relationships between buyers and sellers , crop prefinancing , and greater transparency throughout the supply chain and more . The Fairtrade certification system covers a growing range of products , including bananas , honey , coffee , oranges , Cocoa bean , cocoa , cotton , dried and fresh fruits and vegetables , juices , nuts and oil seeds , quinoa , rice , spices , sugar , tea , and wine . Companies offering products that meet the Fairtrade standards may apply for licences to use one of the Fairtrade Certification Marks for those products . The International Fairtrade Certification Mark was launched in 2002 by FLO , and replaced twelve Marks used by various Fairtrade labelling initiatives . The new Certification Mark is currently used worldwide ( with the exception of the United States ) . The Fair Trade Certified Mark is still used to identify Fairtrade goods in the United States . There is widespread confusion because the fair trade industry standards provided by Fairtrade International ( The Fairtrade Labelling Organization ) use the word `` producer '' in many different senses , often in the same specification document . Sometimes it refers to farmers , sometimes to the primary cooperatives they belong to , to the secondary cooperatives that the primary cooperatives belong to , or to the tertiary cooperatives that the secondary cooperatives may belong to but `` Producer ( also ) means any entity that has been certified under the Fairtrade International Generic Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations , Generic Fairtrade Standard for Hired Labour Situations , or Generic Fairtrade Standard for Contract Production . '' The word is used in all these meanings in key documents . In practice , when price and credit are discussed , `` producer '' means the exporting organization , `` For small producers ' organizations , payment must be made directly to the certified small producers ' organization '' . and `` In the case of a small producers ' organization ( e.g. for coffee ) , Fairtrade Minimum Prices are set at the level of the Producer Organization , not at the level of individual producers ( members of the organization ) '' which means that the `` producer '' here is halfway up the marketing chain between the farmer and the consumer . The part of the standards referring to cultivation , environment , pesticides and child labour has the farmer as `` producer '' . WFTO fair trade organization membership ( edit ) In an effort to complement the Fairtrade product certification system and allow most notably handcraft producers to also sell their products outside worldshops , the World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ) launched in 2004 a new Mark to identify fair trade organizations ( as opposed to products in the case of FLO International and Fairtrade ) . Called the FTO Mark , it allows consumers to recognize registered Fair Trade Organizations worldwide and seeks to guarantee that standards are being implemented regarding working conditions , wages , child labour , and the environment . The FTO Mark offers Fair Trade Organizations ( including handcrafts producers ) definable standards which inform consumers , business partners , governments , and donors of the applicable trading standard . in 2014 the Fairtrade Program Mark was introduced to create new sales opportunities , initially for cocoa , sugar and cotton producers . It has the same round logo alongside the word FAIRTRADE in black and underneath the program title in turquoise . Alternative trading organizations ( edit ) Main article : Alternative trading organization Cafedirect coffee shop on Regent Street in central London . An alternative trading organization ( ATO ) is usually a non-governmental organization ( NGO ) or mission - driven business aligned with the Fair Trade movement , aiming `` to contribute to the alleviation of poverty in developing regions of the world by establishing a system of trade that allows marginalized producers in developing regions to gain access to developed markets '' . Alternative trading organizations have Fair Trade at the core of their mission and activities , using it as a development tool to support disadvantaged producers and to reduce poverty , and combine their marketing with awareness - raising and campaigning . Alternative trading organizations are often , but not always , based in political and religious groups , though their secular purpose precludes sectarian identification and evangelical activity . Philosophically , the grassroots political - action agenda of these organizations associates them with progressive political causes active since the 1960s : foremost , a belief in collective action and commitment to moral principles based on social , economic and trade justice . According to EFTA , the defining characteristic of alternative trading organizations is that of equal partnership and respect -- partnership between the developing region producers and importers , shops , labelling organizations , and consumers . Alternative trade `` humanizes '' the trade process -- making the producer - consumer chain as short as possible so that consumers become aware of the culture , identity , and conditions in which producers live . All actors are committed to the principle of alternative trade , the need for advocacy in their working relations and the importance of awareness - raising and advocacy work . Examples of such organisations are Ten Thousand Villages , Greenheart Shop , Equal Exchange and SERRV International in the US and Equal Exchange Trading , Traidcraft , Oxfam Trading , Twin Trading and Alter Eco in Europe as well as Siem Fair Trade Fashion in Australia . Universities ( edit ) The concept of a Fair Trade school or Fair Trade university emerged from the United Kingdom , where the Fairtrade Foundation now maintains a list of colleges and schools that comply with the needed requirements to be labeled such a university . In order to be considered a Fair Trade University , a school or university must have established a Fairtrade School Steering Group . They must have a written and implemented a school - wide Fair Trade Policy . The school or university must be dedicated to selling and using Fair Trade products . They have to learn and educate about Fair Trade issues . Finally , the Fairtrade Foundation requires that schools promote Fair Trade not only within the school , but throughout the wider community . A Fair Trade University is one that develops all aspects of Fair Trade practices in their coursework . In 2007 , the Director of the Environmental Studies program at the University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh , David Barnhill , started a push to become the first Fair Trade University . This push received positive reactions from faculty and students . To begin the process , the University as a whole agreed that it would need support from four institutional groups -- faculty , staff , support staff , and students -- to maximize support and educational efforts . The University officially endorsed the Earth Charter and created a Campus Sustainability Plan to align with the efforts of becoming a Fair Trade University . The University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh also offers many courses in many different disciplines that implement fair trade learning . They offer a business course with a trip to Peru to visit coffee farmers , an environmental science class that discusses fair trade as a way for cleaner food systems , an English course that focuses on the Earth Charter and the application of fair trade principles , and several upper - level anthropology courses make fair trade the center of the class . In the spring of 2010 , the University of California , San Diego became the second Fair Trade University in the United States . The University of California at San Diego understood the efforts of the Fairtrade Foundation in the UK , but they recognized they wanted to be more detailed about how their declaration as a Fair Trade University would make an actual change in the way on - campus franchises do business with the university . They also required constant assessment and improvement . The main premise of being a Fair Trade University for the University of California at San Diego is the promise between the university and the students about the continual effort by the university to increase the accessibility of Fair Trade Certified food and drinks and to encourage sustainability in other ways , such as buying from local , organic farmers and decreasing waste . Fair Trade Universities have been successful because they are a `` feel good '' movement . The movement also has an established history , making it a true movement rather just a fad . Thirdly , Fair Trade Universities are effective because they raise awareness about an issue and offer a solution . The solution is an easy one for college students to handle , just paying about five cents more for a cup of coffee or tea can make a real difference . Worldshops ( edit ) Main article : Worldshop Oxfam shop on Drury Lane in Covent Garden , London Worldshops or fair trade shops are specialized retail outlets offering and promoting fair trade products . Worldshops also typically organize various educational fair trade activities and play an active role in trade justice and other North - South political campaigns . Worldshops are often not - for - profit organizations and run by locally based volunteer networks . Although the movement emerged in Europe and a vast majority of worldshops are still based on the continent , worldshops can also be found today in North America , Australia and New Zealand . Worldshops ' aim is to make trade as direct and fair with the trading partners as possible . Usually , this means a producer in a developing country and consumers in industrialized countries . The worldshops ' target is to pay the producers a fair price that guarantees substinence and guarantees positive social development . They often cut out any intermediaries in the import chain . A web movement has begun in the 2000s to provide fair trade items at fair prices to the consumers . One popular one is Fair Trade a Day where a different fair trade item is featured each day . World wide ( edit ) Every year the sales of Fair Trade products grow close to 30 % and in 2004 were worth over $500 million USD . In the case of coffee , sales grow nearly 50 % per year in certain countries . In 2002 , 16,000 tons of Fairtrade coffee was purchased by consumers in 17 countries . `` Fair trade coffee is currently produced in 24 countries in Latin America , Africa and Asia '' . The 165 FLO associations in Latin America and Caribbean are located in 14 countries and together export over 85 % of the world 's Fair Trade coffee . There is a North / South divide of fair trade products with producers in the South and consumers in the North . Discrepancies in the perspectives of these southern producers and northern consumers are often the source of ethical dilemmas such as how the purchasing power of consumers may or may not promote the development of southern countries . Amidst the continuous growth , `` ( p ) urchasing patterns of fairtrade products have remained strong despite the global economic downturn . In 2008 , global sales of fairtrade products exceeded US $ 3.5 billion . '' Africa ( edit ) Africa 's exports come from the places such as South Africa , Ghana , Uganda , Tanzania and Kenya . These exports are valued at $24 million USD . Between the years of 2004 and 2006 Africa quickly expanded their number of FLO certified producer groups , rising from 78 to 171 ; nearly half of which reside in Kenya , following closely behind are Tanzania and South Africa . The FLO products Africa is known for are tea , cocoa , flowers and wine . In Africa there are smallholder cooperatives and plantations which produce Fair Trade certified tea . Cocoa - producing countries in West Africa often form cooperatives that produce fair trade cocoa such as Kuapa Kokoo in Ghana . West African countries without strong fair trade industries are subject to deterioration in cocoa quality as they compete with other countries for a profit . These countries include Cameroon , Nigeria , and the Ivory Coast . Latin America ( edit ) Studies in the early 2000s show that the income , education and health of coffee producers involved with Fair Trade in Latin America were improved , versus producers who were not participating . Brazil , Nicaragua , Peru and Guatemala , having the biggest population of coffee producers , make use of some of the most substantial land for coffee production in Latin America and do so by taking part in Fair Trade . Countries in Latin America are also large exporters of fair trade bananas . The Dominican Republic is the largest producer of fair trade bananas , followed by Mexico , Ecuador , and Costa Rica . Producers in the Dominican Republic have set up associations rather than cooperatives so that individual farmers can each own their own land but meet regularly . Fundación Solidaridad was created in Chile to increase the earnings and social participation of handicraft producers . These goods are marketed locally in Chile and internationally . Fair trade handicraft and jewellery production has also shown a significant uplift over recent years , aided by North American and European online retailers developing direct relationships to import and sell the products online . The sale of fair trade handicrafts online has been of particular importance in aiding the development of female artisans in Latin America Asia ( edit ) The Asia Fair Trade Forum aims to increase the competency of fair trade organizations in Asia so they can be more competitive in the global market . Garment factories in Asian countries including China , Burma , and Bangladesh consistently receive charges of human rights violations , including the use of child labour . These violations conflict with the principles outlined by fair trade certifiers . In India , Trade Alternative Reform Action ( Tara ) Projects formed in the 1970s have worked to increase production capacity , quality standards , and entrance into markets for home - based craftsmen that were previously unattainable due to their lower caste identity . Australia ( edit ) The Fair Trade Association of Australia and New Zealand ( FTAANZ ) is a member - based organization that supports two systems of fair trade . The first is the Australia and New Zealand member of FLO International , which unites Fairtrade producer and labelling initiatives across Europe , Asia , Latin America , North America , Africa , Australia and New Zealand . The second , is the World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ) , of over 450 worldwide members , to which FTAANZ is one . Fairtrade ( one word ) refers to FLO certified commodity and associated products . Fair trade ( two words ) encompasses the wider Fair Trade movement , including the Fairtrade commodities and other artisan craft products . Commodities ( edit ) Fair trade commodities are goods that have been exchanged from where they were grown or made to where they are purchased , and have been certified by a fair trade certification organization , such as Fair Trade USA or World Fair Trade Organization . Such organizations are typically overseen by Fairtrade International . Fairtrade International sets international fair trade standards and supports fair trade producers and cooperatives . Sixty percent of the fair trade market revolves around food products such as coffee , tea , cocoa , honey , and bananas . Non-food commodities include crafts , textiles , and flowers . It has been suggested by Shima Baradaran of Brigham Young University that fair trade techniques could be productively applied to products which might involve child labor . Although fair trade represents only . 01 % of the food and beverage industry in the United States , it is growing rapidly and may become a significant portion of the national food and beverage industry . Coffee ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade coffee Fair trade coffee beans being sorted Coffee is the most well - established fair trade commodity . Most Fair Trade coffee is Coffea arabica , a type of coffee known to be grown at high altitudes . A lot of emphasis is put on the quality of the coffee when dealing in Fair Trade markets because Fair Trade markets are usually specialized markets that appeal to customers who are motivated by taste rather than price . The Fair Trade movement fixated on coffee first because it is a highly traded commodity for most producing countries and almost half the world 's coffee is produced by smallholder farmers . While initially sold at small scale , currently multinationals like Starbucks and Nestlé use fair trade coffee . Internationally recognized Fair Trade coffee standards have been outlined by FLO and are as follows : small producers are grouped in democratic cooperatives or groups , buyers and sellers establish long - term , stable relationships , buyers must pay the producers at least the minimum Fair Trade price or when the market price is higher , they must pay the market price , and finally , buyers must also pay a social premium of 20 cents per pound of coffee to the producers . The current minimum Fair Trade price for high - grade , washed Arabica coffee $1.40 per pound ; the price increases to $1.70 per pound if the coffee is also organic . Locations ( edit ) The largest sources of fair trade coffee are Uganda and Tanzania , followed by Latin American countries such as Guatemala and Costa Rica . As of 1999 , major importers of fair trade coffee included Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . There is a North / South divide between fair trade consumers and producers . North American countries are not yet among the top importers of fair trade coffee . Labour ( edit ) Starbucks began to purchase more fair trade coffee in 2001 because of charges of labor rights violations in Central American plantations . Several competitors , including Nestlé , followed suit . Large corporations that sell non-fair trade coffee take 55 % of what consumers pay for coffee while only 10 % goes to the producers . Small growers dominate the production of coffee , especially in Latin American countries such as Peru . Coffee is the fastest expanding fairly traded commodity , and an increasing number of producers are small farmers that own their own land and work in cooperatives . Even the incomes of growers of fair trade coffee beans depend on the market value of coffee where it is consumed , so farmers of fair trade coffee do not necessarily live above the poverty line or get completely fair prices for their commodity . Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers . Unsustainable practices such as using chemicals and unshaded growing are risky . Small growers who put themselves at economic risk by not having diverse farming practices could lose money and resources due to fluctuating coffee prices , pest problems , or policy shifts . The effectiveness of Fairtrade is questionable ; workers on Fairtrade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the Fairtrade system . Sustainability ( edit ) As coffee becomes one of the most important export crops in certain regions such as northern Latin America , nature and agriculture are transformed . Increased productivity requires technological innovations , and the coffee agroecosystem has been changing rapidly . In the nineteenth century in Latin America , coffee plantations slowly began replacing sugarcane and subsistence crops . Coffee crops became more managed ; they were put into rows and unshaded , meaning diversity of the forest was decreased and Coffea trees were shorter . As plant and tree diversity decreased , so did animal diversity . Unshaded plantations allow for a higher density of Coffea trees , but negative effects include less protection from wind and more easily eroded soil . Technified coffee plantations also use chemicals such as fertilizers , insecticides , and fungicides . Fair trade certified commodities must adhere to sustainable agro-ecological practices , including reduction of chemical fertilizer use , prevention of erosion , and protection of forests . Coffee plantations are more likely to be fair trade certified if they use traditional farming practices with shading and without chemicals . This protects the biodiversity of the ecosystem and ensures that the land will be usable for farming in the future and not just for short - term planting . In the United States , 85 % of fair trade certified coffee is also organic . Consumer attitudes ( edit ) Consumers typically have positive attitudes for products that are ethically made . These products may include promises of fair labor conditions , protection of the environment , and protection of human rights . All fair trade products must meet standards such as these . Despite positive attitudes toward ethical products including fair trade commodities , consumers often are not willing to pay the higher price associated with fair trade coffee . The attitude - behavior gap can help explain why ethical and fair trade products take up less than 1 % of the market . Coffee consumers can say they would be willing to pay a higher premium for fair trade coffee , but most consumers are actually more concerned with the brand , label , and flavor of the coffee . However , socially conscious consumers with a commitment to buying fair trade products are more likely to pay the premium associated with fair trade coffee . Once enough consumers begin purchasing fair trade , companies are more likely to carry fair trade products . Safeway Inc. began carrying fair trade coffee after individual consumers dropped off postcards asking for it . Coffee companies ( edit ) Following are coffee roasters and companies that offer fair trade coffee or some roasts that are fair trade certified : Anodyne Coffee Roasting Company Breve Coffee Company Cafedirect Counter Culture Coffee Equal Exchange GEPA Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Just Us ! Peace Coffee Pura Vida Coffee Cocoa ( edit ) Many countries that export cocoa rely on cocoa as their single export crop . In Africa in particular , governments tax cocoa as their main source of revenue . Cocoa is a permanent crop , which means that it occupies land for long periods of time and does not need to be replanted after each harvest . Locations ( edit ) Cocoa is farmed in the tropical regions of West Africa , Southeast Asia , and Latin America . In Latin America , cocoa is produced in Costa Rica , Panama , Peru , Bolivia , and Brazil . Much of the cocoa produced in Latin America is an organic and regulated by an Internal control system . Bolivia has fair trade cooperatives that permit a fair share of money for cocoa producers . African cocoa - producing countries include Cameroon , Madagascar , São Tomé and Príncipe , Ghana , Tanzania , Uganda , and Côte d'Ivoire . Côte d'Ivoire exports over a third of the world 's cocoa beans . Southeast Asia accounts for about 14 % of the world 's cocoa production . Major cocoa - producing countries are Indonesia , Malaysia , and Papua New Guinea . Labour ( edit ) One suggestion for the reason that laborers in Africa are marginalized in world trade is because the colonial division of labor kept Africa from developing its own industries . Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa , which caused poverty to abound . Fair trade seeks to establish a system of direct trade from developing countries to counteract this unfair system . Most cocoa comes from small family - run farms in West Africa . These farms have little market access and thus rely on middlemen to bring their products to market . Sometimes middlemen are unfair to farmers . Farmers do not get a fair price for their product despite relying on cocoa sales for the majority of their income . One solution for fair labor practices is for farmers to become part of an Agricultural cooperative . Cooperatives pay farmers a fair price for their cocoa so farmers have enough money for food , clothes , and school fees . One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price , but this does not mean that the larger amount of money paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers . In reality , much of this money goes to community projects such as water wells rather than to individual farmers . Nevertheless , cooperatives such as fair trade - endorsed Kuapa Kokoo in Ghana are often the only Licensed Buying Companies that will give farmers a fair price and not cheat them or rig sales . Farmers in cooperatives are frequently their own bosses and get bonuses per bag of cocoa beans . These arrangements are not always assured and fair trade organizations ca n't always buy all of the cocoa available to them from cooperatives . Marketing ( edit ) The marketing of fair trade cocoa to European consumers often portrays the cocoa farmers as dependent on western purchases for their livelihood and well - being . Showing African cocoa producers in this way is problematic because it is reminiscent of the imperialistic view that Africans can not live happily without the help of westerners . It puts the balance of power in favor of the consumers rather than the producers . Consumers often are n't willing to pay the extra price for fair trade cocoa because they do not know what fair trade is . Activist groups are vital in educating consumers about the unethical aspects of unfair trade and promoting demand for fairly traded commodities . Activism and ethical consumption not only promote fair trade but also act against powerful corporations such as Mars , Incorporated that refuse to acknowledge the use of forced child labor in the harvesting of their cocoa . Sustainability ( edit ) Smallholding farmers not only frequently lack access to markets , they lack access to resources that lead to sustainable cocoa farming practices . Lack of sustainability can be due to pests , diseases that attack cocoa trees , lack of farming supplies , and lack of knowledge about modern farming techniques . One issue pertaining to cocoa plantation sustainability is the amount of time it takes for a cocoa tree to produce pods . A solution to this is to change the type of cocoa tree being farmed . In Ghana , a hybrid cocoa tree yields two crops after three years rather than the typical one crop after five years . Cocoa companies ( edit ) Following are chocolate companies that use all or some fair trade cocoa in their chocolate : Alter Eco Ben & Jerry 's Cadbury Chocolove Dagoba Chocolate Divine Chocolate Equal Exchange GEPA Green & Black 's Guittard Chocolate Company Theo Chocolate Harkin - Engel Protocol ( edit ) The Harkin - Engel Protocol , also commonly known as the Cocoa Protocol , is an international agreement that was created to end some of the world 's worst forms of child labor , as well as forced labor in the cocoa industry . It was first negotiated by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative Eliot Engel after watching a documentary that showed the cocoa industry 's widespread issue of child slavery and trafficking . The parties involved agreed to a six - article plan : 1 . Public statement of the need for and terms of an action plan -- The cocoa industry acknowledged the problem of forced child labor and will commit `` significant resources '' to address the problem . 2 . Formation of multi-sectoral advisory groups -- By 1 October 2001 , an advisory group will be formed to research labor practices . By 1 December 2001 , industry will form an advisory group and formulate appropriate remedies to address the worst forms of child labor . 3 . Signed joint statement on child labor to be witnessed at the ILO -- By 1 December 2001 , a statement must be made recognizing the need to end the worst forms of child labor and identify developmental alternatives for the children removed from labor . 4 . Memorandum of cooperation -- By 1 May 2002 , Establish a joint action program of research , information exchange , and action to enforce standards to eliminate the worst forms of child labor . Establish a monitor and compliance with the standards . 5 . Establish a joint foundation -- By 1 July 2002 , industry will form a foundation to oversee efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor . It will perform field projects and be a clearinghouse on best practices . 6 . Building toward credible standards -- By 1 July 2005 , the industry will develop and implement industry - wide standards of public certification that cocoa has been grown without any of the worst forms of child labor . Textiles ( edit ) Fair trade textiles are primarily made from fair trade cotton . By 2015 , almost 75,000 cotton farmers in developing countries have obtained Fairtrade certification . The minimum price that Fair trade pays allows cotton farmers to sustain and improve their livelihoods . Fair trade textiles are frequently grouped with fair trade crafts and goods made by artisans in contrast to cocoa , coffee , sugar , tea , and honey , which are agricultural commodities . Locations ( edit ) India , Pakistan and West Africa are the primary exporters of fair trade cotton , although many countries grow fair trade cotton . Textiles and clothing are exported from Hong Kong , Thailand , Malaysia , and Indonesia . Labour ( edit ) Labour is different for textile production than for agricultural commodities because textile production takes place in a factory , not on a farm . Children provide a source of cheap labor , and child labor is prevalent in Pakistan , India , and Nepal . Fair trade cooperatives ensure fair and safe labor practices , including disallowing child labor . Fair trade textile producers are most often women in developing countries . They struggle with meeting the consumer tastes in North America and Europe . In Nepal , textiles were originally made for household and local use . In the 1990s , women began joining cooperatives and exporting their crafts for profit . Now handicrafts are Nepal 's largest export . It is often difficult for women to balance textile production , domestic responsibilities , and agricultural work . Cooperatives foster the growth of democratic communities in which women have a voice despite being historically in underprivileged positions . For fair trade textiles and other crafts to be successful in western markets , World Fair Trade Organizations require a flexible workforce of artisans in need of stable income , links from consumers to artisans , and a market for quality ethnic products . However , making cotton and textiles fair trade does not always benefit laborers . Burkina Faso and Mali export the largest amount of cotton in Africa . Although many cotton plantations in these countries attained fair trade certification in the 1990s , participation in fair trade further ingrains existing power relations and inequalities that cause poverty in Africa rather than challenging them . Fair trade does not do much for farmers when it does not challenge the system that marginalizes producers . Despite not empowering farmers , the change to fair trade cotton has positive effects including female participation in cultivation . Textiles and garments are intricate and require one individual operator , in contrast to the collective farming of coffee and cocoa beans . Textiles are not a straightforward commodity because to be fairly traded , there must be regulation in cotton cultivation , dyeing , stitching , and every other step in the process of textile production . Fair trade textiles must not be confused with the sweat - free movement although the two movements intersect at the worker level . Forced or unfair labor in textile production is not limited to developing countries . Charges of use of sweatshop labor are endemic in the United States . Immigrant women work long hours and receive less than minimum wage . In the United States , there is more of a stigma against child labor than forced labor in general . Consumers in the United States are willing to suspend the importation of textiles made with child labor in other countries but do not expect their exports to be suspended by other countries , even when produced using forced labor . Clothing and textile companies ( edit ) Following are companies that use fair trade production and / or distribution techniques for clothing and textiles : American Apparel BeGood Clothing Champa Craft Cherie Amie Maggie 's Organics MUD Jeans Patagonia Oliberté Seafood ( edit ) With increasing media scrutiny of the conditions of fishermen , particularly Southeast Asia , the lack of transparency and traceability in the seafood industry prompted new efforts . In 2014 , Fair Trade USA created its Capture Fisheries Program that led to the first instance of Fair Trade fish being sold globally in 2015 . The program `` requires fishermen to source and trade according to standards that protect fundamental human rights , prevent forced and child labor , establish safe working conditions , regulate work hours and benefits , and enable responsible resource management . '' Large companies and commodities ( edit ) Large transnational companies have begun to use fair trade commodities in their products . In April 2000 , Starbucks began offering fair trade coffee in all of their stores . In 2005 , the company promised to purchase ten million pounds of fair trade coffee over the next 18 months . This would account for a quarter of the fair trade coffee purchases in the United States and 3 % of Starbucks ' total coffee purchases . The company maintains that increasing its fair trade purchases would require an unprofitable reconstruction of the supply chain . Fair trade activists have made gains with other companies : Sara Lee Corporation in 2002 and Procter & Gamble ( the maker of Folgers ) in 2003 agreed to begin selling a small amount of fair trade coffee . Nestlé , the world 's biggest coffee trader , began selling a blend of fair trade coffee in 2005 . In 2006 , The Hershey Company acquired Dagoba , an organic and fair trade chocolate brand . Much contention surrounds the issue of fair trade products becoming a part of large companies . Starbucks is still only 3 % fair trade -- enough to appease consumers , but not enough to make a real difference to small farmers , according to some activists . The ethics of buying fair trade from a company that is not committed to the cause are questionable ; these products are only making a small dent in a big company even though these companies ' products account for a significant portion of global fair trade . Types of businesses engaged in fair trade Business type Engagement with fair trade products Highest Fair trade organizations Equal Exchange Global Crafts Ten Thousand Villages Values - driven organizations The Body Shop Green Mountain Coffee Pro-active socially responsible businesses Starbucks Whole Foods Defensive socially responsible businesses Procter & Gamble Lowest Luxury commodities ( edit ) There have been efforts to introduce fair trade practices to the luxury goods industry , particularly for gold and diamonds . Diamonds and sourcing ( edit ) In parallel to efforts to commoditize diamonds , some industry players have launched campaigns to introduce benefits to mining centers in the developing world . Rapaport Fair Trade was established with the goal `` to provide ethical education for jewelry suppliers , buyers , first time or seasoned diamond buyers , social activists , students , and anyone interested in jewelry , trends , and ethical luxury . '' The company 's founder , Martin Rapaport , as well as Kimberley Process initiators Ian Smillie and Global Witness , are among several industry insiders and observers who have called for greater checks and certification programs among many other programs that would ensure protection for miners and producers in developing countries . Smillie and Global Witness have since withdrawn support for the Kimberley Process . Other concerns in the diamond industry include working conditions in diamond cutting centers as well as the use of child labor . Both of these concerns come up when considering issues in Surat , India . Gold ( edit ) Brilliant Earth has committed itself to using fair - trade - certified gold . In February 2011 , the United Kingdom 's Fairtrade Foundation became the first NGO to begin certifying gold under the fair trade rubric . Politics ( edit ) See also : Protectionism and Dumping ( pricing policy ) European Union ( edit ) Display of Fairtrade products at the Derbyshire County Council head office In 1994 , the European Commission prepared the `` Memo on alternative trade '' in which it declared its support for strengthening Fair Trade in the South and North and its intention to establish an EC Working Group on Fair Trade . Furthermore , the same year , the European Parliament adopted the `` Resolution on promoting fairness and solidarity in North South trade '' ( OJ C 44 , 14 February 1994 ) , a resolution voicing its support for fair trade . In 1996 , the Economic and Social Committee adopted an `` Opinion on the European ' Fair Trade ' marking movement '' . A year later , in 1997 , the document was followed by a resolution adopted by the European Parliament , calling on the European Commission to support Fair Trade banana operators . The same year , the European Commission published a survey on `` Attitudes of EU consumers to Fair Trade bananas '' , concluding that Fair Trade bananas would be commercially viable in several EU Member States . In 1998 , the European Parliament adopted the `` Resolution on Fair Trade '' ( OJ C 226 / 73 , 20 July 1998 ) , which was followed by the Commission in 1999 that adopted the `` Communication from the Commission to the Council on ' Fair Trade ' '' COM ( 1999 ) 619 final , 29 November 1999 . In 2000 , public institutions in Europe started purchasing Fairtrade Certified coffee and tea . Furthermore , that year , the Cotonou Agreement made specific reference to the promotion of Fair Trade in article 23 ( g ) and in the Compendium . The European Parliament and Council Directive 2000 / 36 / EC also suggested promoting Fair Trade . In 2001 and 2002 , several other EU papers explicitly mentioned fair trade , most notably the 2001 Green Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility and the 2002 Communication on Trade and Development . In 2004 , the European Union adopted the `` Agricultural Commodity Chains , Dependence and Poverty -- A proposal for an EU Action Plan '' , with a specific reference to the Fair Trade movement which has `` been setting the trend for a more socio - economically responsible trade . '' ( COM ( 2004 ) 0089 ) . In 2005 , in the European Commission communication `` Policy Coherence for Development -- Accelerating progress towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals '' , ( COM ( 2005 ) 134 final , 12 April 2005 ) , fair trade is mentioned as `` a tool for poverty reduction and sustainable development '' . On July 6 , 2006 , the European Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution on fair trade , recognizing the benefits achieved by the Fair Trade movement , suggesting the development of an EU - wide policy on Fair Trade , defining criteria that need to be fulfilled under fair trade to protect it from abuse and calling for greater support to Fair Trade ( EP resolution `` Fair Trade and development '' , 6 July 2006 ) . `` This resolution responds to the impressive growth of Fair Trade , showing the increasing interest of European consumers in responsible purchasing , '' said Green MEP Frithjof Schmidt during the plenary debate . Peter Mandelson , EU Commissioner for External Trade , responded that the resolution will be well received at the European Commission . `` Fair Trade makes the consumers think and therefore it is even more valuable . We need to develop a coherent policy framework and this resolution will help us . '' France ( edit ) In 2005 , French parliament member Antoine Herth issued the report `` 40 proposals to sustain the development of Fair Trade '' . The report was followed the same year by a law , proposing to establish a commission to recognize fair trade Organisations ( article 60 of law no . 2005 - 882 , Small and Medium Enterprises , 2 August 2005 ) . In parallel to the legislativents , also in 2006 , the French chapter of ISO ( AFNOR ) adopted a reference document on Fair Trade after five years of discussion . Italy ( edit ) In 2006 , Italian lawmakers started debating how to introduce a law on fair trade in Parliament . A consultation process involving a wide range of stakeholders was launched in early October . A common definition of fair trade was most notably developed . However , its adoption is still pending as the efforts were stalled by the 2008 Italian political crisis . Netherlands ( edit ) The Dutch province of Groningen was sued in 2007 by coffee supplier Douwe Egberts for explicitly requiring its coffee suppliers to meet fair trade criteria , most notably the payment of a minimum price and a development premium to producer cooperatives . Douwe Egberts , which sells a number of coffee brands under self - developed ethical criteria , believed the requirements were discriminatory . After several months of discussions and legal challenges , the province of Groningen prevailed in a well - publicized judgement . Coen de Ruiter , director of the Max Havelaar Foundation , called the victory a landmark event : `` it provides governmental institutions the freedom in their purchasing policy to require suppliers to provide coffee that bears the fair trade criteria , so that a substantial and meaningful contribution is made in the fight against poverty through the daily cup of coffee '' . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade debate This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( February 2013 ) While there have been studies claiming Fair Trade as beneficial and efficient , other studies have been less favourable ; showing limitations to Fair Trade benefits . Sometimes the criticism is intrinsic to Fair Trade , sometimes efficiency depends on the broader context such as the lack of government help or volatile prices in the global market . Ethical basis ( edit ) Studies have show a significant number of consumers were content to pay higher prices for Fairtrade products , in the belief that this helps the very poor . One main ethical criticism of Fairtrade is that this premium over non-Fairtrade products does not reach the producers and is instead collected by businesses , employees of co-operatives or used for unnecessary expenses . Furthermore , research has cited the implementation of certain Fairtrade standards as a cause for greater inequalities in markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market . What occurs with the money ( edit ) Little money may reach the developing countries ( edit ) The Fairtrade Foundation does not monitor how much extra retailers charge for Fairtrade goods , so it is rarely possible to determine how much extra is charged or how much reaches the producers , in spite of the Unfair Trading legislation . In four cases it has been possible to find out . One British café chain was passing on less than one percent of the extra charged to the exporting cooperative ; in Finland , Valkila , Haaparanta and Niemi found that consumers paid much more for Fairtrade , and that only 11.5 % reached the exporter . Kilian , Jones , Pratt and Villalobos talk of US Fairtrade coffee getting $5 per lb extra at retail , of which the exporter would have received only 2 % . Mendoza and Bastiaensen calculated that in the UK only 1.6 % to 18 % of the extra charged for one product line reached the farmer . All these studies assume that the importers paid the full Fairtrade price , which is not necessarily the case . Less money reaches farmers ( edit ) The Fairtrade Foundation does not monitor how much of the extra money paid to the exporting cooperatives reaches the farmer . The cooperatives incur costs in reaching the Fairtrade political standards , and these are incurred on all production , even if only a small amount is sold at Fairtrade prices . The most successful cooperatives appear to spend a third of the extra price received on this : some less successful cooperatives spend more than they gain . While this appears to be agreed by proponents and critics of Fairtrade , there is a dearth of economic studies setting out the actual revenues and what the money was spent on . FLO figures are that 40 % of the money reaching the developing world is spent on ' business and production ' which would include these costs , as well as costs incurred by any inefficiency and corruption in the cooperative or the marketing system . The rest is stated to be spent on social projects , rather than being passed on to farmers . There is no evidence that fair trade farmers get higher prices on average . Anecdotes state that farmers were paid more or less by traders than by Fairtrade cooperatives . Few of these anecdotes address the problems of price reporting in developing world markets , and few appreciate the complexity of the different price packages which may or may not include credit , harvesting , transport , processing , etc . Cooperatives typically average prices over the year , so they pay less than traders at some times , more at others . Bassett ( 2009 ) is able to compare prices only where Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade farmers have to sell cotton to the same monopsonistic ginneries which pay low prices . Prices would have to be higher to compensate farmers for the increased costs they incur to produce Fairtrade . For instance , Fairtrade encouraged Nicaraguan farmers to switch to organic coffee , which resulted in a higher price per pound , but a lower net income because of higher costs and lower yields . Effects of low barriers to entry ( edit ) A 2015 study concluded that the low barriers to entry in a competitive market such as coffee undermines any effort to give higher benefits to producers through Fair Trade . They used data from Central America , to establish that the producer benefits were close to zero . This is because there is an oversupply of certification , and only a fraction of produce classified as Fair Trade is actually sold on Fair Trade markets , just enough to recoup the costs of certification . Inefficient marketing system ( edit ) One reason for high prices is that Fairtrade farmers have to sell through a monopsonist cooperative , which may be inefficient or corrupt -- certainly some private traders are more efficient than some cooperatives . They can not choose the buyer who offers the best price , or switch when their cooperative is going bankrupt if they wish to retain fairtrade status . There are also complaints that Fairtrade deviates from the free market ideal of some economists . Brink Lindsey calls fair trade a `` misguided attempt to make up for market failures '' encouraging market inefficiencies and overproduction . Fairtrade harms other farmers ( edit ) Overproduction argument ( edit ) Critics argue that Fairtrade harms all non-Fairtrade farmers . Fairtrade claims that its farmers are paid higher prices and are given special advice on increasing yields and quality . Economists state that , if this is indeed so , Fairtrade farmers will increase production . As the demand for coffee is highly elastic , a small increase in supply means a large fall in market price , so perhaps a million Fairtrade farmers get a higher price and 24 million others get a substantially lower price . Critics quote the example of farmers in Vietnam being paid over the world price in the 1980s , planting lots of coffee , then flooding the world market in the 1990s . The Fairtrade minimum price means that when the world market price collapses , it is the non-Fairtrade farmers , particularly the poorest , who have to cut down their coffee trees . This argument is supported by mainstream economists , not just free marketers . Other ethical issues ( edit ) Secrecy ( edit ) Under EU law ( Directive 2005 / 29 / EC on Unfair Commercial Practices ) the criminal offence of Unfair Trading is committed if ( a ) ' it contains false information and is therefore untruthful or in any way , including overall presentation , deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer , even if the information is factually correct ' , ( b ) ' it omits material information that the average consumer needs ... and thereby causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise ' or ( c ) ' fails to identify the commercial intent of the commercial practice ... ( which ) causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise . ' Peter Griffiths ( 2011 ) points to false claims that Fairtrade producers get higher prices , the almost universal failure to disclose the extra price charged for Fairtrade products , to disclose how much of this actually reaches the developing world , to disclose what this is spent on in the developing world , to disclose how much , if any , reaches farmers , and to disclose the harm that Fairtrade does to non-Fairtrade farmers . He also points to the failure to disclose when ' the primary commercial intent ' is to make money for retailers and distributors in rich countries . Unethical selling techniques ( edit ) Philip Booth says that the selling techniques used by some sellers and some supporters of Fairtrade are bullying , misleading , and unethical . There are problems with the use of boycott campaigns and other pressure to force sellers to stock a product they think ethically suspect . However , the opposite has been argued , that a more participatory and multi-stakeholder approach to auditing might improve the quality of the process . Some people argue that these practices are justifiable : that strategic use of labeling may help embarrass ( or encourage ) major suppliers into changing their practices . They may make transparent corporate vulnerabilities that activists can exploit . Or they may encourage ordinary people to get involved with broader projects of social change . Failure to monitor standards ( edit ) There are complaints that the standards are inappropriate and may harm producers , sometimes making them work several months more for little return . Adherence to fair trade standards by producers has been poor , and enforcement of standards by Fairtrade is weak . Notably by Christian Jacquiau and by Paola Ghillani , who spent four years as president of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations There are many complaints of poor enforcement problems : labourers on Fairtrade farms in Peru are paid less than the minimum wage ; some non-Fairtrade coffee is sold as Fairtrade ' the standards are not very strict in the case of seasonally hired labour in coffee production . ' ' some fair trade standards are not strictly enforced ' Moore , G. , Gibbon , J. , & Slack , R. : 2006 , ' The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective ' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 , 329 - 52. In 2006 , a Financial Times journalist found that ten out of ten mills visited had sold uncertified coffee to co-operatives as certified . It reported that `` The FT was also handed evidence of at least one coffee association that received an organic , Fair Trade or other certifications despite illegally growing some 20 per cent of its coffee in protected national forest land . Trade justice and fair trade ( edit ) Segments of the trade justice movement have also criticized fair trade in the past years for allegedly focusing too much on individual small producer groups while stopping short of advocating immediate trade policy changes that would have a larger effect on disadvantaged producers ' lives . French author and RFI correspondent Jean - Pierre Boris championed this view in his 2005 book Commerce inéquitable . Political objections ( edit ) There have been largely political criticisms of fair trade from the left and the right . Some believe the fair trade system is not radical enough . French author Christian Jacquiau , in his book Les coulisses du commerce équitable , calls for stricter fair trade standards and criticizes the fair trade movement for working within the current system ( i.e. , partnerships with mass retailers , multinational corporations , etc . ) rather than establishing a new fairer , fully autonomous ( i.e. government monopoly ) trading system . Jacquiau also supports significantly higher fair trade prices in order to maximize the effect , as most producers only sell a portion of their crop under fair trade terms . It has been argued that the approach of the FairTrade system is too rooted in a Northern consumerist view of justice which Southern producers do not participate in setting . `` A key issue is therefore to make explicit who possesses the power to define the terms of Fairtrade , that is who possesses the power to determine the need of an ethic in the first instance , and subsequently command a particular ethical vision as the truth . 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( 2011 ) `` Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard , '' p11 Archived 2013 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . çPDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) , `` Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations '' , version : 01.05. 2011_v1. 1 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade International ( FLO ) ( 2011 ? ) , `` Explanatory Document for the Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) `` Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade International , ( 2011 ) `` Explanatory Document for the Fairtrade Trade Standard ( PDF ) Jump up ^ http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2011-12-29_Explan_Doc_GTS_EN.pdf Jump up ^ Fairtrade International ( FLO ) ( 2011 ) ; `` Fairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizations '' version : 1 April 2011 ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) `` Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard , p 16 '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Fairtrade International ( FLO ) : The Fairtrade Marks '' . Fairtrade.net. 2017 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fairtrade International ( FLO ) : Fairtrade International '' . Fairtrade.net. 2017 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : European Fair Trade Association ( 1998 ) . Fair Trade Yearbook : Towards 2000 . p. 23 & 25 ^ Jump up to : Feldman , James ; Barnhill ( 2013 ) . Sustainability in Higher Education . The MIT Press . pp. 241 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01949 - 1 . JSTOR j. ctt9qf6bw. 26 . Jump up ^ fairtradeday.com ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , Laura T ; Murray , Douglas ; Taylor , Peter Leigh ( 2004 ) , `` Fair Trade Coffee : Building Producers Capacity Via Global Networks '' , Journal of International Development : 1109 -- 121 Jump up ^ Moore , Geoff ( 2004 ) , `` The Fair Trade Movement : Parameters , Issues and Future Research '' , Journal of Business Ethics , 53 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 -- 86 , doi : 10.1023 / b : busi. 0000039400.57827. c3 Jump up ^ Towards a Green Economy : Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication , UNEP , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , Laura T. , and Siphelo Unathi Ngcwangu . `` Fair Trade Rooibos Tea : Connecting South African Producers and American Consumer Markets . '' Geoforum ( 2009 ) : 74 - 83 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Ransom , David . The No - nonsense Guide to Fair Trade . Oxford : New Internationalist Publications , 2001 ^ Jump up to : DeCarlo , Jacqueline . Fair Trade : A Beginner 's Guide . Oxford , England : Oneworld , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Geiger - Onteo , Stephanie , and Eric J. Arnould . `` Alternative Trade Organization and Subjective Quality of Life : The Case of Latin American Coffee Producers . '' Journal of Macromarketing ( 2011 ) : 276 - 290 . Print . Jump up ^ mixyfandino.com/empowering-the-female-artisan/ Jump up ^ `` Fairtrade International ( FLO ) : Fairtrade International '' . Fairtrade.net. 2017 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , Laura . `` Re-embedding Global Agriculture : The International Organic and Fair Trade Movements . '' Agriculture and Human Values 17.3 ( 2000 ) : 297 - 309 . Print . Jump up ^ Shima Baradaran ; Barclay , Stephanie H. ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Fair Trade and Child Labor '' . Columbia Human Rights Law Review , Forthcoming . SSRN 1823546 . fair trade should be considered as a proven alternative to current strategies to eliminate child labor Jump up ^ Raynolds , Laura T. , Douglas L. Murray , and John Wilkinson . Fair Trade : The Challenges of Transforming Globalization . London : Routledge , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jaffee , Daniel ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Weak Coffee : Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement '' . Social Problems . 59 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 116 . doi : 10.1525 / sp. 2012.59. 1.94 . ISSN 0037 - 7791 . Jump up ^ Jaffee , Daniel : `` Weak Coffee : Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement . '' Social Problems , Vol. 59 , No. 1 ( February 2012 ) , pp. 94 - 116 ^ Jump up to : Rice , Robert A ( 1999 ) . `` A Place Unbecoming : The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America . '' Geographical Review : 89 ( 4 ) : 554 - 579 . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda : Not so fair trade '' . The Economist . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pelsmacker , De ; Patrick ; Driesen , Liesbeth ; Rayp , Glenn . `` Do Consumers Care about Ethics ? Willingness to Pay for Fair - Trade Coffee '' . Journal of Consumer Affairs . 39 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 385 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6606.2005. 00019. x . ^ Jump up to : Jaffee , Daniel . Brewing Justice : Fair Trade Coffee , Sustainability , and Survival . Berkeley : University of California , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Erdo ? du , M.M. ; Arun , T. ; Ahmad , I.H. ( 2016 ) . Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies . Practice , Progress , and Proficiency in Sustainability . IGI Global . p. 565 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5225 - 0441 - 2 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Susan ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` World 's first Fairtrade nut - farming co-op celebrates tenth birthday '' . Co-operative News . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haarstad , H. ; Amen , M. ; Clair , A.L.S. ( 2016 ) . Social Movements , the Poor and the New Politics of the Americas . Rethinking Globalizations . Taylor & Francis . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 92255 - 0 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langen , N. ( 2012 ) . Ethics in Consumer Choice : An Empirical Analysis based on the Example of Coffee . SpringerLink . Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 658 - 00759 - 1 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jedlicka , W. ( 2015 ) . Packaging Sustainability : Tools , Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design . EBL - Schweitzer . Wiley . pp. pt118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 10386 - 8 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willer , Helga ; Yussefi - Menzler , Minou und Sorensen , Neil , ( Hrsg . ) ( 2008 ) `` The World of Organic Agriculture -- Statistics and Emerging Trends 2008 . '' IFOAM , Bonn and FiBL , Frick ^ Jump up to : Brown , Michael Barratt . `` ' Fair Trade ' with Africa . '' Review of African Political Economy 34.112 ( 2007 ) : 267 - 77 Jump up ^ `` Where We Work '' . World Cocoa Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Houston , Holly , and Terry Wyer . `` Why Sustainable Cocoa Farming Matters for Rural Development . '' Center for Strategic and International Studies , 6 Sept. 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Michael K ( 2004 ) . `` Reading fairtrade : political ecological imaginary and the moral economy of fairtrade foods '' . Political Geography. 23 ( 7 ) : 891 -- 915 . doi : 10.1016 / j. polgeo. 2004.05. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Berlan , Amanda ( 2008 ) . `` Making or Marketing a Difference ? An Anthropological Examination of the Marketing of Fair Trade Cocoa from Ghana '' . Research in Economic Anthropology. 28 : 171 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Deep Dive into Ethical Label Claims '' . HuffPost. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fair trade for college students '' . The Collegian . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Chocolate Bars For Valentines ' '' . Consumer Reports ( in Indonesian ) . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robbins , J. ( 2012 ) . No Happy Cows : Dispatches from the Frontlines of the Food Revolution . EBL - Schweitzer . Red Wheel Weiser . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60925 - 579 - 4 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Of Gods and Goblins '' . HuffPost . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , M. ( 2015 ) . A History of Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain : From Civil Society Campaigns to Corporate Compliance . Palgrave Macmillan UK . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 31330 - 0 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Short List / Chocolat , Voilà ! '' . Observer . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Elizabeth ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Your ethical chocolate might be only 20 percent ' ethical ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Singh Anup Kumar . in E + Z / D + C ( 2 ) February , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Bassett , Thomas J. `` Slim pickings : Fairtrade cotton in West Africa . '' Geoforum , 2010 . 41 ( 1 ) : 44 - 55 ^ Jump up to : Littrell , M.A. , and M.A. Dickson . `` Fair Trade Performance in a Competitive Market . '' Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 16.4 ( 1998 ) : 176 - 89 ^ Jump up to : Grimes , Kimberly M. , and B. Lynne Milgram . Artisans and Cooperatives : Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy . Tucson : University of Arizona , 2000 . Jump up ^ Bhagwati , Jagdish . `` Trade Liberalisation And ' Fair Trade ' Demands : Addressing The Environmental And Labour Standards Issues . '' World Economy 18.6 ( 1995 ) : 745 - 759 ^ Jump up to : Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies . Practice , Progress , and Proficiency in Sustainability . IGI Global . 2016 . p. 566 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5225 - 0441 - 2 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hipster Icon American Apparel Buys Honduras Sweatshop Shirts '' . teleSUR English . April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The secrets of going sustainable : ' It 's hard to go back to business as usual ' '' . The Guardian . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muthu , S.S. ( 2014 ) . Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing : Environmental and Social Aspects of Textiles and Clothing Supply Chain . Textile Science and Clothing Technology . Springer Singapore . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 287 - 110 - 7 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , L.D. ; Mullet , K.K. ; Bryant , N.O. ( 2016 ) . The Business of Fashion : Designing , Manufacturing , and Marketing . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5013 - 1521 - 3 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , K. ( 2015 ) . Magnifeco : Your Head - to - Toe Guide to Ethical Fashion and Non-toxic Beauty . New Society Publishers . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55092 - 590 - 6 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Social Responsibility in the Global Seafood Industry '' ( PDF ) . FishWise . FishWise . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Kate ( 2007 ) . `` Globalising Justice within Coffee Supply Chains ? Fair Trade , Starbucks and the Transformation of Supply Chain Governance '' . Third World Quarterly . 28 ( 4 ) : 793 -- 812 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590701336663 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Rapaport Fair Trade . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rough Cut Foreign Policy , 2 Jan 2013 Jump up ^ Couple 's ringing endorsement of ethical jewelry SFGate Jump up ^ `` Fairtrade Gold Shaping Sustainable Markets '' . Shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : FINE ( 2006 ) . Business Unusual . Brussels : Fair Trade Advocacy Office Jump up ^ http://www.frithjof-schmidt.de/Parliament_in_suppor.163.0.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Max Havelaar Foundation ( 2007 ) . ( 85.82. 218.199 / fileadmin / Bruger_filer / Dokument_database / IKAvaerktoej / EU_siden / Max_Havalaar. pdf Dutch Province of Groningen wins summary brought by Doug Egberts and can continue specifying fair trade coffee ) Jump up ^ Bacon , Christopher . `` Confronting the Coffee Crisis : Can Fair Trade , Organic , and Specialty Coffees Reduce Small - Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua ? '' . World Development . 33 : 497 -- 511 . doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2004.10. 002 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Utting - chamorro , Karla . `` Does fair trade make a difference ? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua '' . Development in Practice. 15 : 584 -- 599 . doi : 10.1080 / 09614520500075706 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Coffee Hosts National ' Foundation Day ' To Encourage Ethical Coffee Consumption '' . Franchising.com. 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Niemi , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 97 : 257 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Trudel , R. ; Cotte , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Does it pay to be good ? '' . MIT Sloan Management Review . Jump up ^ Winter , Arnot C. ; Boxall , P. ; & Cash , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Do ethical consumers care about price ? A revealed preference analysis of Fair Trade coffee purchases '' . 54 . Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics : 555 -- 565 . Jump up ^ Booth , Philip `` Do n't bully the faithful into buying Fairtrade '' , The Catholic Herald , 20 February 2009 Jump up ^ Valkila , J. ; Haaparanta , P. ; Niemi , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 97 : 257 -- 270 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 010 - 0508 - z . Jump up ^ Kilian , B. ; Jones , C. ; Pratt , L. ; Villalobos , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America ? A Case Study on Coffee '' . Journal of Business Research . 59 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 330 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jbusres. 2005.09. 015 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , R. ; Bastiaensen , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Fair Trade and the Coffee Crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias '' . Small Enterprise Development . 14 ( 2 ) : 36 -- 46 . doi : 10.3362 / 0957 - 1329.2003. 020 . Jump up ^ Raynolds , L.T. ( 2009 ) . `` Mainstreaming Fair Trade Coffee : from Partnership to Traceability '' . World Development . 37 ( 6 ) : 1083 -- 1093 ( 1089 ) . doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2008.10. 001 . Jump up ^ Valkila , J. ; Haaparanta , P. ; Niemi , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 97 ( 257 -- 270 ) : 264 . Jump up ^ Barrientos , S. , Conroy , M.E. , & Jones , E. ( 2007 ) . Northern Social Movements and Fair Trade . In L. Raynolds , D.D. Murray , & J. Wilkinson , Fair Trade : The Challenges of Transforming Globalization ( pp. 51 -- 62 ) . London and New York : Routledge . Quoted by Reed , D ( 2009 ) . `` What do Corporations have to do with Fair Trade ? Positive and normative analysis from a value chain perspective '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 86 : 3 -- 26 ( 21 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 008 - 9757 - 5 . Jump up ^ e.g. Utting - Chamorro , K ( 2005 ) . Does Fairtrade make a difference ? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua . Development in Practice , Volume 15 , Numbers 3 and 4 , June 2005 , Berndt , C.E. ( 2007 ) . Is Fair Trade in coffee production fair and useful ? Evidence from Costa Rica and Guatemala and implications for policy . Washington DC. : Mercatus 65 Policy Series , Policy Comment 11 , Mercatus Centre , George Mason University . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2009 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International . 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See Bowbrick , P , `` Are price reporting systems of any use ? '' , British Food Journal . 90 ( 2 ) 65 - 69 March / April . 1988 . Current international research on developing world market information systems is given at sim2.org Jump up ^ Bassett , T. ( 2009 ) . Slim pickings : Fairtrade cotton in West Africa . Geoforum . Jump up ^ Kilian , B. , Jones , C. , Pratt , L. , & Villalobos , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America ? A Case Study on Coffee '' . Journal of Business Research 59 ( 3 ) , 322 -- 330. ; Valkila , J. ( 2009 ) . Fair Trade organic coffee production in Nicaragua -- Sustainable development or a poverty trap ? Ecological Economics 68 3018 - 3025 ; Wilson , B.R. ( 2009 ) . Indebted to Fair Trade ? Coffee and Crisis in Nicaragua . Geoforum . Jump up ^ Mendoza , R. , & J. Bastiaensen , J. ( 2003 ) . Fair Trade and the Coffee Crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias . Small Enterprise Development , 14 ( 2 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Booth , P. and L. Whetstone ( 2007 ) ' Half a Cheer for Fair Trade ' , Economic Affairs , 27 , 2 , 29 -- 36 ; Sidwell , M. ( 2008 ) Unfair Trade , London : Adam Smith Institute . Jump up ^ Harford , T : `` The Undercover Economist . '' , 2005 Jump up ^ Sam Bowman ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Markets , poverty , and Fair Trade '' . Adam Smith Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Voting with your trolley '' . The Economist . Dec 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.iea.org.uk/record.jsp?type=book&ID=437 Jump up ^ `` IDS Bookshop -- Item details '' . Ntd.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Julie Guthman ( 2007 ) . `` The Polanyian Way ? Voluntary Food Labels as Neoliberal Governance '' . Antipode. 39 ( 3 ) : 456 -- 478 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8330.2007. 00535. x . Jump up ^ Utting - Chamorro , K ( 2005 ) . `` Does Fairtrade make a difference ? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua '' . Development in Practice. 15 ( 3 , 4 ) . Jump up ^ Moberg M ( 2005 ) . `` Fairtrade and Eastern Caribbean Banana Farmers : Rhetoric and Reality in the Anti-Globalization Movement . '' Human Organization 64 : 4 - 16 , Cited in Nelson and Pound ( 2009 ) p 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fair trade firm accused of foul play - SWI '' . Swissinfo.ch. 2006 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , H. ( 2006 , August 9 ) . ' Fair ' coffee workers paid below minimum wage . Financial Times ; Weitzman , H. ( 2006 , September 9 ) . Ethical - coffee ' workers paid below legal minimum . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Weitzman , H. : 2006 , The bitter cost of ' Fair Trade ' coffee . Financial Times , September 8 . Jump up ^ `` The bitter cost of ' fair trade ' coffee '' , FT , Americas Jump up ^ Boris , Jean - Pierre ( 2005 ) , Commerce inéquitable , Paris : Hachette Littératures Jump up ^ Catherine S. Dolan ( 2008 ) , Research in Economic Anthropology , `` Arbitrating risk through moral values : the case of Kenyan fairtrade '' , volume 28 , pages 271 -- 96 . Bibliography ( edit ) Berndt , CE ( 2007 ) , Is Fair Trade in coffee production fair and useful ? Evidence from Costa Rica and Guatemala and implications for policy , Policy Series , Policy Comment , 65 ( 11 ) , Washington , DC : Mercatus Centre , George Mason University . Ballet , Jérôme ; Carimentrand , Aurélie ( April 2010 ) , `` Fair Trade and the Depersonalization of Ethics '' , Journal of Business Ethics , Springer , 92 ( 2 Supplement ) : 317 -- 30 , doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 010 - 0576 - 0 . Hamel , I ( 2006 ) , `` Fairtrade Firm Accused of Foul Play '' , Swiss info . Jacquiau , C ( 2006 ) , Les Coulisees du Commerce Équitable ( The columns of the equitable commerce ) ( in French ) , Paris : Mille et Une Nuits . Kilian , B ; Jones , C ; Pratt , L ; Villalobos , A ( 2006 ) , `` Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America ? A Case Study on Coffee '' , Journal of Business Research , 59 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 30 , doi : 10.1016 / j. jbusres. 2005.09. 015 . Kohler , P ( 2006 ) , The economics of Fair Trade : for whose benefit ? An investigation into the limits of Fair Trade as a development tool and the risk of clean - washing , HEI Working Papers ( 06 -- 2007 ) , Geneva : Economics Section , Graduate Institute of International Studies , October . Mohan , S ( 2010 ) , Fair Trade Without the Froth -- a dispassionate economic analysis of ' Fair Trade ' , London : Institute of Economic Affairs . Moore , G ; Gibbon , J ; Slack , R ( 2006 ) , `` The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective '' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 : 329 -- 52 , doi : 10.1080 / 09652540600947961 . Riedel , CP ; Lopez , FM ; Widdows , A ; Manji , A ; Schneider , M ( 2005 ) , `` Impacts of Fair Trade : trade and market linkages '' , Proceedings of the 18th International Farming Symposium , 31 October -- 3 November , Rome : Food and Agricultural Organisation . Weitzman , H ( September 8 , 2006 ) , `` The bitter cost of ' Fair Trade ' coffee '' , The Financial Times . 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-1,044,359,678,601,907,000 | how long has the british monarchy been in power | Monarchy of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Monarchy of the United Kingdom This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom . For information on the other countries which share the same person as monarch , see Commonwealth realm . For the current monarch of the United Kingdom , see Elizabeth II . `` British sovereign '' redirects here . For the coin , see Sovereign ( British coin ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Queen of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Royal coat of arms <Th_colspan="2"> Incumbent <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Elizabeth II since 6 February 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 06 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Details Heir apparent Charles , Prince of Wales Residence List Appointer Hereditary Website royal.uk United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament relating to the EU Statutory Instruments English law Reserved matters Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Legislative Consent Motion Scotland Government Parliament Act of the Scottish Parliament Scottish statutory instrument Scottish law Wales Government National Assembly Act of the National Assembly for Wales Welsh law Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly Northern Ireland law London Executive Mayor Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The monarchy of the United Kingdom , commonly referred to as the British monarchy , is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom , its dependencies and its overseas territories . The current monarch and head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , ascended the throne on the death of her father , King George VI , on 6 February 1952 . The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official , ceremonial , diplomatic and representational duties . As the monarchy is constitutional , the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister . The monarch is commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces . Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch 's royal prerogative , these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and , in practice , within the constraints of convention and precedent . The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo - Saxon England , which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD . In 1066 , the last crowned Anglo - Saxon monarch , Harold Godwinson , was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans ' victorious leader , William the Conqueror , and his descendants . From the 1080s , the lordships of South Wales were held by a succession of Norman families inter-married with older Welsh houses loyal to the English throne , with many lordships also held by the English King in his own right . The process was completed in the 13th century when the north of Wales , as a principality , became a client state of the English kingdom , while Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch 's political powers . From 1603 , when the Scottish monarch James VI inherited the English throne as James I , both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign . From 1649 to 1660 , the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England , which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics , or those who married Catholics , from succession to the English throne . In 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain , and in 1801 , the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire , which covered a quarter of the world 's surface at its greatest extent in 1921 . In the early 1920s , five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State , and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate , self - governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations . After the Second World War , the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent , effectively bringing the empire to an end . George VI and his successor , Elizabeth II , adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states . The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms . The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution ; however , each country is sovereign and independent of the others , and the monarch has a different , specific , and official national title and style for each realm . Contents 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Appointment of the Prime Minister 1.2 Dissolution of Parliament 1.3 Royal Prerogative 2 History 2.1 English monarchy 2.2 Scottish monarchy 2.3 Personal union and republican phase 2.4 After the 1707 Acts of Union 2.5 Shared monarchy 2.6 Monarchy in Ireland 2.7 Modern status 3 Religious role 4 Succession 4.1 Restrictions by gender and religion 4.2 Regency 5 Finances 6 Residences 7 Style 8 Arms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Constitutional role ( edit ) In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom , the Monarch ( otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or `` His / Her Majesty '' , abbreviated H.M. ) is the Head of State . Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors . `` God Save the Queen '' ( or `` God Save the King '' ) is the British national anthem , and the monarch appears on postage stamps , coins and banknotes . The Monarch takes little direct part in Government . The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch , either by statute or by convention , to Ministers or officers of the Crown , or other public bodies , exclusive of the Monarch personally . Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown , such as Crown Appointments , even if personally performed by the Monarch , such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament , depend upon decisions made elsewhere : Legislative power is exercised by the Queen - in - Parliament , by and with the advice and consent of Parliament , the House of Lords and the House of Commons . Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty 's Government , which comprises Ministers , primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet , which is technically a committee of the Privy Council . They have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown , the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services ( the Queen receives certain foreign intelligence reports before the Prime Minister does ) . Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary , who by constitution and statute have judicial independence of the Government . The Church of England , of which the Monarch is the head , has its own legislative , judicial and executive structures . Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council , Royal Commission or otherwise . The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 curtailed the monarch 's governmental power . Appointment of the Prime Minister ( edit ) Whenever necessary , the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister ( who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown , and thereby constitutes and controls the government ) . In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions , the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons , usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House . The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience , and after `` kissing hands '' that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument . In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority , the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support , though it would usually be the leader of the largest party . Since 1945 , there have only been three hung parliaments . The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition . Although Wilson 's Labour Party did not have a majority , they were the largest party . The second followed the May 2010 general election , in which the Conservatives ( the largest party ) and Liberal Democrats ( the third largest party ) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II . The third occurred shortly thereafter , in June 2017 , when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election , though the party remained in power as a minority government . Dissolution of Parliament ( edit ) In 1950 the King 's Private Secretary Sir Alan `` Tommy '' Lascelles , writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention : according to the Lascelles Principles , if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position , the monarch could refuse , and would do so under three conditions . When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974 , the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition . The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority . The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister , but a Prime Minister 's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat , death , or resignation . The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV , who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834 . The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch 's authority to dissolve Parliament ; the Act specifically retained the monarch 's power of prorogation however , which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar . Royal prerogative ( edit ) Main article : Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom Some of the government 's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative . The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent , exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament , often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council . In practice , prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister 's advice -- the Prime Minister , and not the Sovereign , has control . The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister . No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential . The monarch may express his or her views , but , as a constitutional ruler , must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet ( providing they command the support of the House ) . In Bagehot 's words : `` the Sovereign has , under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights -- the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn . '' Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise , it is limited . Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament . For example , the monarch can not impose and collect new taxes ; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament . According to a parliamentary report , `` The Crown can not invent new prerogative powers '' , and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation . The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers , regulate the civil service , issue passports , declare war , make peace , direct the actions of the military , and negotiate and ratify treaties , alliances , and international agreements . However , a treaty can not alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom ; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases . The monarch is the Head of the Armed Forces ( the Royal Navy , the British Army , and the Royal Air Force ) , and accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors , and receives heads of missions from foreign states . It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament . Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch 's summons . The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament , during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords , outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins , and formally concludes the session . Dissolution ends a parliamentary term , and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons . A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence , or if two - thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election . Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law , the royal assent ( the monarch 's approval ) is required . In theory , assent can either be granted ( making the bill law ) or withheld ( vetoing the bill ) , but since 1707 assent has always been granted . The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament , and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales . In Scottish matters , the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government . However , as devolution is more limited in Wales , in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom . The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly , if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The Sovereign is deemed the `` fount of justice '' ; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases , judicial functions are performed in his or her name . For instance , prosecutions are brought on the monarch 's behalf , and courts derive their authority from the Crown . The common law holds that the Sovereign `` can do no wrong '' ; the monarch can not be prosecuted for criminal offences . The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity ( that is , lawsuits against the government ) , but not lawsuits against the monarch personally . The Sovereign exercises the `` prerogative of mercy '' , which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences . The monarch is the `` fount of honour '' , the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom . The Crown creates all peerages , appoints members of the orders of chivalry , grants knighthoods and awards other honours . Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister , some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign , and are not granted on ministerial advice . The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit . History ( edit ) English monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century , the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom . Alfred the Great secured Wessex , achieved dominance over western Mercia , and assumed the title `` King of the English '' . His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England , though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities . The 11th century saw England become more stable , despite a number of wars with the Danes , which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation . The conquest of England in 1066 by William , Duke of Normandy , was crucial in terms of both political and social change . The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo - Saxon period , while the Feudal System continued to develop . William was succeeded by two of his sons : William II , then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda ( his only surviving child ) as his heir . Following Henry 's death in 1135 , one of William I 's grandsons , Stephen , laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons . Matilda challenged his reign ; as a result , England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy . Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda 's son Henry would succeed him . Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154 . The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility . Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons , the future monarchs Richard I and John . Nevertheless , Henry managed to expand his kingdom , forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire . Upon Henry 's death , his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne ; he was absent from England for most of his reign , as he left to fight in the Crusades . He was killed besieging a castle , and John succeeded him . John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons , particularly over the limits of royal power . In 1215 , the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta ( Latin for `` Great Charter '' ) to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility . Soon afterwards , further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War . The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216 , leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III . Later in Henry 's reign , Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion , beginning the Second Barons ' War . The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels , but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265 . The next monarch , Edward Longshanks , was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales . He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland . However , gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor , Edward II , who also faced conflict with the nobility . In 1311 , Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial `` ordainers '' ; however , military victories helped him regain control in 1322 . Nevertheless , in 1327 , Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella . His 14 - year - old son became Edward III . Edward III claimed the French Crown , setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France . His campaigns conquered much French territory , but by 1374 , all the gains had been lost . Edward 's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament , which came to be divided into two Houses . In 1377 , Edward III died , leaving the Crown to his 10 - year - old grandson Richard II . Like many of his predecessors , Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands . In 1399 , while he was campaigning in Ireland , his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power . Richard was deposed , imprisoned , and eventually murdered , probably by starvation , and Henry became king as Henry IV . Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster ; hence , his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster . For most of his reign , Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions ; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son , the future Henry V. Henry V 's own reign , which began in 1413 , was largely free from domestic strife , leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years ' War in France . Although he was victorious , his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule . The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort , Margaret of Anjou , as well as his own ineffectual leadership , led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster . The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York , so called because its head , a descendant of Edward III , was Richard , Duke of York . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460 , his eldest son , Edward IV , led the Yorkists to victory in 1461 . The Wars of the Roses , nevertheless , continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III . Edward V disappeared , presumably murdered by Richard . Ultimately , the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor , in 1485 , when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field . Now King Henry VII , he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces , partly by marrying Elizabeth of York , a Yorkist heir . Through skill and ability , Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm , and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end . The reign of the second Tudor king , Henry VIII , was one of great political change . Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England ( the Anglican Church ) . Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier , but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Henry VIII 's son and successor , the young Edward VI , continued with further religious reforms , but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis . He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed , and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress . Jane 's reign , however , lasted only nine days ; with tremendous popular support , Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign . Mary I married Philip of Spain , who was declared king and co-ruler , pursued disastrous wars in France and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism , burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process . Upon her death in 1558 , the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World . Scottish monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs In Scotland , as in England , monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century . The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east , the Britons in the south , including the Kingdom of Strathclyde , and the Gaels or Scotti ( who would later give their name to Scotland ) , of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west . Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland ( known as Scotia to writers in Latin , or Alba to the Scots ) . The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries , as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed . Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly ; instead the custom of tanistry was followed , where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin . As a result , however , the rival dynastic lines clashed , often violently . From 942 to 1005 , seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle . In 1005 , Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals . He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition , and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson , Duncan I , instead of a cousin , as had been usual . In 1040 , Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth , who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm . The following year , after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach , Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III . With a further series of battles and deposings , five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king . Eventually , the Crown came to his youngest son , David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV , and then by William the Lion , the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns . William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed , William was captured by the English . In exchange for his release , William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord . The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189 , in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades . William died in 1214 , and was succeeded by his son Alexander II . Alexander II , as well as his successor Alexander III , attempted to take over the Western Isles , which were still under the overlordship of Norway . During the reign of Alexander III , Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland ; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas . Alexander III 's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis . Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir . Edward chose Alexander 's three - year - old Norwegian granddaughter , Margaret . On her way to Scotland in 1290 , however , Margaret died at sea , and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne . A court was set up and after two years of deliberation , it pronounced John Balliol to be king . Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal , and tried to exert influence over Scotland . In 1295 , when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England , Edward I invaded . During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence , Scotland had no monarch , until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306 . Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success , and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328 . However , only one year later , Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son , David II . On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir , Edward Balliol , the English again invaded in 1332 . During the next four years , Balliol was crowned , deposed , restored , deposed , restored , and deposed until he eventually settled in England , and David remained king for the next 35 years . David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart . The reigns of both Robert II and his successor , Robert III , were marked by a general decline in royal power . When Robert III died in 1406 , regents had to rule the country ; the monarch , Robert III 's son James I , had been taken captive by the English . Having paid a large ransom , James returned to Scotland in 1424 ; to restore his authority , he used ruthless measures , including the execution of several of his enemies . He was assassinated by a group of nobles . James II continued his father 's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty , and a council of regents again assumed power . James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488 , leading to another boy - king : James IV . In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England , attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII . His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field ; the King , many senior noblemen , and hundreds of soldiers were killed . As his son and successor , James V , was an infant , the government was again taken over by regents . James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542 , and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter , Mary I. Once again , a regency was established . Mary , a Roman Catholic , reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland . As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox , a Protestant ascendancy was established . Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin , Lord Darnley , in 1565 . After Lord Darnley 's assassination in 1567 , Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell , who was widely suspected of Darnley 's murder . The nobility rebelled against the Queen , forcing her to abdicate . She fled to England , and the Crown went to her infant son James VI , who was brought up as a Protestant . Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I . Personal Union and republican phase ( edit ) In 1603 James VI and I became the first monarch to rule over England , Scotland , and Ireland together . Elizabeth I 's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England . Since she had no children , she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI , who was the great - grandson of Henry VIII 's older sister and hence Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed . James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the `` Union of the Crowns '' . Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch -- James I became the first monarch to style himself `` King of Great Britain '' in 1604 -- they remained two separate kingdoms . James I 's successor , Charles I , experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers , especially the power to impose taxes . He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640 , unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies ( many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans ) . His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland ( the `` Bishops ' Wars '' ) and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . In 1642 , the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began . The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649 , the overthrow of the English monarchy , and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England . Charles I 's son , Charles II , was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland , but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell , the most prominent military and political leader in the nation , seized power and declared himself Lord Protector ( effectively becoming a military dictator , but refusing the title of king ) . Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 , when he was succeeded by his son Richard . The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing ; he soon resigned . The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest , and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy . In 1660 , the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain . Charles II 's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England . Charles had no legitimate children , and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother , James , Duke of York . A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose ; the `` Petitioners '' , who supported exclusion , became the Whig Party , whereas the `` Abhorrers '' , who opposed exclusion , became the Tory Party . The Exclusion Bill failed ; on several occasions , Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass . After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681 , Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685 . When James succeeded Charles , he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics , thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects . Many opposed James 's decisions to maintain a large standing army , to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices , and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies . As a result , a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II 's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king . William obliged , arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support . Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials , James fled the realm and William and Mary ( rather than James II 's Catholic son ) were declared joint Sovereigns of England , Scotland and Ireland . James 's overthrow , known as the Glorious Revolution , was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power . The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy , and declared that the English people held certain rights , including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent . The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants , and provided that , after any children of William and Mary , Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown . Mary died childless in 1694 , leaving William as the sole monarch . By 1700 , a political crisis arose , as all of Anne 's children had died , leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession . Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters , known as Jacobites , might attempt to reclaim the throne . Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations , the family of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne . Soon after the passage of the Act , William III died , leaving the Crown to Anne . After the 1707 Acts of Union ( edit ) England and Scotland were united as Great Britain under Queen Anne in 1707 . See also : List of British monarchs After Anne 's accession , the problem of the succession re-emerged . The Scottish Parliament , infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia 's family as the next heirs , passed the Act of Security 1704 , threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland . The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705 , threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade . The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707 , under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain , with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement . In 1714 , Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin , and Sophia 's son , George I , Elector of Hanover , who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 . The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors , but retained control over his German kingdoms , with which Britain was now in personal union . Power shifted towards George 's ministers , especially to Sir Robert Walpole , who is often considered the first British prime minister , although the title was not then in use . The next monarch , George II , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated . During the long reign of his grandson , George III , Britain 's American colonies were lost , the former colonies having formed the United States of America , but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800 . The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 during the reign of King George III . From 1811 to 1820 , George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria , an illness rendering him incapable of ruling . His son , the future George IV , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent . During the Regency and his own reign , the power of the monarchy declined , and by the time of his successor , William IV , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power . In 1834 , William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne , and appointed a Tory , Sir Robert Peel . In the ensuing elections , however , Peel lost . The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne . During William IV 's reign , the Reform Act 1832 , which reformed parliamentary representation , was passed . Together with others passed later in the century , the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament . The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV 's successor , Victoria . As a woman , Victoria could not rule Hanover , which only permitted succession in the male line , so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end . The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change , technological progress , and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world 's foremost powers . In recognition of British rule over India , Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876 . However , her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement , due in part to Victoria 's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861 . Victoria 's son , Edward VII , became the first monarch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha in 1901 . In 1917 , the next monarch , George V , changed `` Saxe - Coburg and Gotha '' to `` Windsor '' in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War . George V 's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom , and the Irish Free State , an independent nation , in 1922 . Shared monarchy ( edit ) Map of the British Empire in 1921 Map of the Commonwealth realms today During the twentieth century , the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire . Prior to 1926 , the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively ; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom . The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self - government to the Dominions , effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion . The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which has been likened to `` a treaty among the Commonwealth countries '' . The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution , although it is often still referred to as `` British '' for legal and historical reasons and for convenience . The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom , monarch of Canada , monarch of Australia , and so forth . The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union . George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII , who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson , even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées . Accordingly , Edward announced his intention to abdicate ; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request . Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession , and the Crown went to his brother , George VI . George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II , making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany . In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India , although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India . At first , every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950 , it would no longer share in a common monarchy . Instead , the British monarch was acknowledged as `` Head of the Commonwealth '' in all Commonwealth member states , whether they were realms or republics . The position is purely ceremonial , and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government . Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms . Monarchy in Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland In 1155 the only English pope , Adrian IV , authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship . The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome , despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155 . An all - island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid . His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , who had become King of Ireland in early 1166 , and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada , King of Leinster . Diarmait asked Henry II for help , gaining a group of Anglo - Norman aristocrats and adventurers , led by Richard de Clare , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , to help him regain his throne . Diarmait and his Anglo - Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again . De Clare married Diarmait 's daughter , and when Diarmait died in 1171 , de Clare became King of Leinster . Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom , so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded , forcing de Clare and the other Anglo - Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord . English lords came close to colonising the entire island , but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic - Irish and Anglo - Irish lords by 1400 . Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised , and did not recognise England 's kings except perhaps nominally . Some , such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill , 1st Earl of Tyrone , were kings themselves . By 1541 , King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England . The pope 's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid , so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland . However much of the island was beyond English control , resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603 , at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) . Nevertheless , Ireland retained its own parliament , becoming an independent state in 1642 - 1649 ( Confederate Ireland ) , and again in 1688 - 91 . Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692 , and successive British states from 1707 , to retain the country . In 1800 , as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 , when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State , a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth . The Irish Free State was renamed Éire ( or `` Ireland '' ) in 1937 , and in 1949 declared itself a republic , left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy . Northern Ireland remained within the Union . In 1927 , the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became `` of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' . Modern status ( edit ) In the 1990s , republicanism in the United Kingdom grew , partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family ( for instance , immediately following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales ) . However , polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70 -- 80 % of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy . Religious role ( edit ) The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England . Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission . The Crown 's role in the Church of England is titular ; the most senior clergyman , the Archbishop of Canterbury , is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church 's General Assembly , but otherwise plays no part in its governance , and exerts no powers over it . The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland . Succession ( edit ) Main articles : Succession to the British throne and Coronation of the British monarch The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms . Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689 , the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 . The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament ; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession . The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) , a granddaughter of James I . Upon the death of a sovereign , his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds ( hence the phrase `` The king is dead , long live the king ! '' ) , and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James 's Palace . Upon their accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths : the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights , and an oath that they will `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union . The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey , normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; indeed , the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning . After an individual ascends the throne , he or she reigns until death . The only voluntary abdication , that of Edward VIII , had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament , His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution . Restrictions by gender and religion ( edit ) See also : Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Succession was largely governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture , under which sons inherit before daughters , and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Cameron , announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom , had agreed to abolish the gender - preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting , 28 October 2011 . They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic -- a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701 . However , since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains . The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms . Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown . Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding . An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed `` naturally dead '' for succession purposes , and the disqualification does not extend to the individual 's legitimate descendants . Regency ( edit ) Main articles : Regency Acts and Counsellor of State The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated . When a regency is necessary , the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent , unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated . Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953 , which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh ( the Queen 's husband ) could act as regent in these circumstances . During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom , the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State , the monarch 's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession . The present Counsellors of State are : the Duke of Edinburgh , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Cambridge , the Duke of Sussex and the Duke of York . Finances ( edit ) Main article : Finances of the British royal family Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted until 2012 . An annual Property Services grant - in - aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences , and an annual Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid paid for travel . The Civil List covered most expenses , including those for staffing , state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years ; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10 - year period . From 2012 until 2020 , the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant , which will be set at 15 % of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . It is held in trust , and can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity . In modern times , the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid . For example , the Crown Estate produced £ 200 million in the financial year 2007 -- 8 , whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £ 40 million during the same period . Like the Crown Estate , the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued at £ 383 million in 2011 , are held in trust . The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse , and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants . The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch 's eldest son . The Royal Collection , which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust , as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle . The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value - added tax , and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income . Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure . Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy , including security and potential income not claimed by the state , such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , is £ 334 million a year . Estimates of the Queen 's wealth vary , depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included . Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US $450 million in 2010 , but no official figure is available . In 1993 , the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £ 100 million were `` grossly overstated '' . Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million ( the equivalent of about £ 26 million today ) . Residences ( edit ) Buckingham Palace , the monarch 's principal residence Holyrood Palace , the monarch 's official Scottish residence Main article : List of British royal residences The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace . It is the site of most state banquets , investitures , royal christenings and other ceremonies . Another official residence is Windsor Castle , the largest occupied castle in the world , which is used principally at weekends , Easter and during Royal Ascot , an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar . The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year , and when visiting Scotland on state occasions . Historically , the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall . Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698 , leading to a shift to St James 's Palace . Although replaced as the monarch 's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837 , St James 's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence . For example , foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James 's , and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council . It is also used by other members of the Royal Family . Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace . The palaces belong to the Crown ; they are held in trust for future rulers , and can not be sold by the monarch . Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen . Style ( edit ) Main article : Style of the British sovereign The present Sovereign 's full style and title is `` Elizabeth the Second , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith '' . The title `` Head of the Commonwealth '' is held by the Queen personally , and is not vested in the British Crown . Pope Leo X first granted the title `` Defender of the Faith '' to King Henry VIII in 1521 , rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation , particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments . After Henry broke from the Roman Church , Pope Paul III revoked the grant , but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use . The Sovereign is known as `` His Majesty '' or `` Her Majesty '' . The form `` Britannic Majesty '' appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers . The monarch chooses his or her regnal name , not necessarily his or her first name -- King George VI , King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names . If only one monarch has used a particular name , no ordinal is used ; for example , Queen Victoria is not known as `` Victoria I '' , and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England . The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of `` Elizabeth II '' , on the grounds that there had never been an `` Elizabeth I '' in Scotland . In MacCormick v Lord Advocate , the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs , finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative . The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals , which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal . The Prime Minister confirmed this practice , but noted that `` neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors '' . Future monarchs will apply this policy . Traditionally , the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal , followed by the letter R , which stands for rex or regina ( Latin for king and queen , respectively ) . The present monarch 's signature is `` Elizabeth R '' . From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures , for imperator or imperatrix ( emperor or empress in Latin ) , from their status as Emperor or Empress of India . For example , Queen Victoria signed as `` Victoria RI '' from 1877 . Arms ( edit ) Main article : Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are `` Quarterly , I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) '' . The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn ; the motto is `` Dieu et mon droit '' ( French : `` God and my Right '' ) . Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name ; `` Honi soit qui mal y pense '' . ( Old French : `` Shame be to him who thinks evil of it '' ) . In Scotland , the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland , II England , and III Ireland . The mottoes are `` In Defens '' ( an abbreviated form of the Scots `` In My Defens God Me Defend '' ) and the motto of the Order of the Thistle ; `` Nemo me impune lacessit '' . ( Latin : `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' ) ; the supporters are the unicorn and lion , who support both the escutcheon and lances , from which fly the flags of Scotland and England . The coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom . The design , in use since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 , features the arms of England in the first and fourth quarters , Scotland in the second , and Ireland in the third . In Scotland a separate version is used ( shown right ) whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence . The monarch 's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard , which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form . It is flown only from buildings , vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present . The Royal Standard is never flown at half - mast because there is always a sovereign : when one dies , his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly . The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom : The Monarch 's official flag The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland When the monarch is not in residence , the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle and Sandringham House , whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle . Union Flag of the United Kingdom The Royal Standard of Scotland See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Monarchy portal United Kingdom portal States headed by Elizabeth II List of monarchies House of Windsor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. Citizenship ceremonies , Home Office : UK Border Agency , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : National Anthem , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 September 2014 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : Coinage and bank notes , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Crown Appointments Act 1661 c. 6 Jump up ^ `` In London , the revelations from ( 1989 Soviet defector Vladimir ) Pasechnik were summarized into a quick note for the Joint Intelligence Committee . The first recipient of such reports is always Her Majesty , The Queen . The second is the prime minister , who at the time was ( Margaret ) Thatcher . '' Hoffman , David E. ( Emanuel ) , The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( N.Y. : Doubleday , 1st ed. ( 1st printing ? ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52437 - 7 ) 2009 ) , p. 336 ( author contributing editor & formerly U.S. White House , diplomatic , & Jerusalem correspondent , Moscow bureau chief , & foreign news asst . managing editor for The Wash . Post ) . Jump up ^ s3 . Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Brazier , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Waldron , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Queen and Prime Minister , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Results and analysis : General election , 10 October 1974 , Political Science Resources , 11 March 2008 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . 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Canada , 2003 CanLII 41404 ( ON S.C. ) Jump up ^ Zines , Leslie ( 2008 ) . The High Court and the Constitution , 5th ed . Annandale , New South Wales : Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 691 - 0 . p. 314 Jump up ^ Corbett , P.E. ( 1940 ) , `` The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law '' , The University of Toronto Law Journal , 3 ( 2 ) : 348 -- 359 , doi : 10.2307 / 824318 , JSTOR 824318 Jump up ^ Scott , F.R. ( January 1944 ) , `` The End of Dominion Status '' , The American Journal of International Law , 38 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 49 , doi : 10.2307 / 2192530 , JSTOR 2192530 Jump up ^ R v Foreign Secretary ; Ex parte Indian Association , ( 1982 ) . QB 892 at 928 ; as referenced in High Court of Australia : Sue v Hill HCA 30 ; 23 June 1999 ; S179 / 1998 and B49 / 1998 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ) , `` Edward VIII '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. 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Castor , Helen ( 2010 ) . She - Wolves : the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth . Faber and Faber . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1988 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 Crabbe , V.C.R.A.C. ( 1994 ) . Understanding Statutes . Cavendish Publishing . Flanagan , M.T. ( 2004 ) . `` Mac Murchada , Diarmait ( c. 1110 -- 1171 ) '' and Clare , Richard fitz Gilbert de , second earl of Pembroke ( c. 1130 -- 1176 ) `` . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Fraser , Antonia ( Editor ) ( 1975 ) . The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76911 - 1 . Ives , E.W. ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Edward VIII ( later Prince Edward , duke of Windsor ) ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' and `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Pimlott , Ben . The Queen : A Biography of Elizabeth II . ( 1998 ) Sayers , Jane E. ( 2004 ) . `` Adrian IV ( d . 1159 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Tomkins , Adam ( 2003 ) . Public Law . N.Y. : Oxford University Press ( Clarendon Law ser . ) . Waldron , Jeremy ( 1990 ) . The Law . Routledge . Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) . Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy . ( Revised edition ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 . 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7,402,629,272,273,966,000 | how many times has the volcano kilauea erupted | Kīlauea - wikipedia Kīlauea For the town of Kilauea on Kauai , see Kilauea , Hawaii . <Th_colspan="2"> Kīlauea <Td_colspan="2"> Pu ʻu ' Ō'ō , a vent on the east rift zone of the Hawaiian volcano Kīlauea <Th_colspan="2"> Highest point Elevation 4,091 ft ( 1,247 m ) Prominence 50 ft ( 15 m ) Coordinates 19 ° 25 ′ 16 '' N 155 ° 17 ′ 12 '' W / 19.421097472 ° N 155.286762433 ° W / 19.421097472 ; - 155.286762433 Coordinates : 19 ° 25 ′ 16 '' N 155 ° 17 ′ 12 '' W / 19.421097472 ° N 155.286762433 ° W / 19.421097472 ; - 155.286762433 <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Kīlauea Location Hawai ʻi , United States <Th_colspan="2"> Geology Age of rock 300,000 to 600,000 years old Mountain type Shield volcano , hotspot volcano Volcanic arc / belt Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Last eruption January 3 , 1983 -- present Kīlauea ( / ˌkiːlaʊˈeɪə / , US : / ˌkɪləˈweɪə / ; Hawaiian : ( tiːlɐwˈwɛjə ) ) is a currently active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands , and the most active of the five volcanoes that together form the island of Hawai ʻi . Located along the southern shore of the island , the volcano is between 300,000 and 600,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago . It is the second youngest product of the Hawaiian hotspot and the current eruptive center of the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain . Because it lacks topographic prominence and its activities historically coincided with those of Mauna Loa , Kīlauea was once thought to be a satellite of its much larger neighbor . Structurally , Kīlauea has a large , fairly recently formed caldera at its summit and two active rift zones , one extending 125 km ( 78 mi ) east and the other 35 km ( 22 mi ) west , as an active fault of unknown depth moving vertically an average of 2 to 20 mm ( 0.1 to 0.8 in ) per year . Kīlauea has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983 and has caused considerable property damage , including the destruction of the town of Kalapana in 1990 , and the destruction of Vacationland Hawaii in 2018 . The 2018 lower Puna eruption , which began May 3 , over several weeks opened two dozen lava vents downrift from the summit in Puna . The eruption was accompanied by a strong earthquake on May 4 of M 6.9 , and nearly 2,000 residents were evacuated from the rural Leilani Estates subdivision and nearby areas . On May 17 , 2018 at 4 : 17 AM , the volcano explosively erupted at the summit in Halemaumau Crater , throwing ash 30,000 feet into the air . Summit explosions have caused the long - term closure of the Kīlauea section of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , and vigorous eruptive activity is ongoing in lower Puna , where lava entered the ocean in three places , destroyed Hawaii 's largest freshwater lake , covered substantial portions of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens , completely inundated Vacationland Hawaii and all but three houses in the Kapoho Beach Lots . Lava also filled Kapoho Bay and extended new land nearly a mile into the sea . The total number of houses taken by lava since May 3 , 2018 was officially announced on June 7 as approximately 600 . On July 9 the official total had increased to 700 houses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Geology 2.1 Setting 2.2 Structure 3 Eruptive history 3.1 Prehistoric eruptions 3.2 1790 to 1934 3.3 1952 to 1982 3.4 1983 -- 2017 3.5 2018 eruptive episodes 3.6 Effect of the 2018 lower Puna eruption on Kīlauea 's summit 4 Volcanic Explosivity Index 5 Ecology 5.1 Background 5.2 Ecosystems 6 Human history 6.1 Ancient Hawaiian 6.2 Modern era 7 Tourism 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Kīlauea 's eruptive history has been a long and active one ; its name means `` spewing '' or `` much spreading '' in the Hawaiian language , referring to its frequent outpouring of lava . The earliest lavas from the volcano date back to its submarine preshield stage , samples having been recovered by remotely operated underwater vehicles from its submerged slopes ; samples of other flows have been recovered as core samples . Lavas younger than 1,000 years cover 90 percent of the volcano 's surface . The oldest exposed lavas date back 2,800 years . The first well - documented eruption of Kīlauea occurred in 1823 ( Western contact and written history began in 1778 ) . Since then , the volcano has erupted repeatedly . Most historical eruptions occurred at the volcano 's summit or its eastern rift zone , and were prolonged and effusive in character . The geological record shows , however , that violent explosive activity predating European contact was extremely common ; in 1790 one such eruption killed more than 400 people , making it the deadliest volcanic eruption in what is now the United States . Should explosive activity start anew , the volcano would become much more of a danger to humans . Kīlauea 's current eruption dates back to January 3 , 1983 , and is by far its longest - duration historical period of activity , as well as one of the longest - duration eruptions in the world ; as of January 2011 , the eruption has produced 3.5 km ( 1 cu mi ) of lava and resurfaced 123.2 km ( 48 sq mi ) of land . Kīlauea 's high state of activity has a major impact on its mountainside ecology , where plant growth is often interrupted by fresh tephra and drifting volcanic sulfur dioxide , producing acid rains particularly in a barren area south of its southwestern rift zone known as the Kaʻū Desert . Nonetheless , wildlife flourishes where left undisturbed elsewhere on the volcano and is highly endemic thanks to Kīlauea 's ( and the island of Hawai ʻi 's ) isolation from the nearest landmass . Historically , the five volcanoes on the island were considered sacred by the Hawaiian people , and in Hawaiian mythology Kīlauea 's Halema ʻumaʻu Crater served as the body and home of Pele , goddess of fire , lightning , wind , and volcanoes . William Ellis , a missionary from England , gave the first modern account of Kīlauea and spent two weeks traveling along the volcano ; since its foundation by Thomas Jaggar in 1912 , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , located on the rim of Kīlauea caldera , has served as the principal investigative and scientific body on the volcano and the island in general . In 1916 , a bill forming the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson ; since then , the park has become a World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination , attracting roughly 2.6 million people annually . Geology ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Location of Kīlauea on Hawai ʻi island Like all Hawaiian volcanoes , Kīlauea was created as the Pacific tectonic plate moved over the Hawaiian hotspot in the Earth 's underlying mantle . The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that , over 70 million years , has created the 6,000 km ( 3,700 mi ) - long Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain . The prevailing , though not completely settled , view is that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet 's mantle for much , if not all of the Cenozoic Era . However , while the Hawaiian mantle plume is well understood and extensively studied , the nature of hotspots themselves remains fairly enigmatic . Kīlauea is one of five subaerial volcanoes that make up the island of Hawai ʻi , created by the Hawaii hotspot . The oldest volcano on the island , Kohala , is more than a million years old , and Kīlauea , the youngest , is believed to be between 300,000 and 600,000 years of age ; Lōʻihi Seamount , on the island 's flank , is younger and has yet to breach the surface . Thus Kilauea is the second youngest volcano in the Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain , a chain of shield volcanoes and seamounts extending from Hawaii to the Kuril -- Kamchatka Trench in Russia . Following the pattern of Hawaiian volcano formation , Kīlauea started as a submarine volcano , gradually building itself up through underwater eruptions of alkali basalt lava before emerging from the sea with a series of explosive eruptions about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago . Since then , the volcano 's activity has likely been as it is now , a continual stream of effusive and explosive eruptions of roughly the same pattern as its activity in the last 200 or 300 years . At most 600,000 years old , Kīlauea is still quite young for a Hawaiian volcano ; the oldest volcano on the island , the northwestern Kohala , experienced almost 900,000 years of activity before going extinct . The volcano 's foreseeable future activity will likely be much like it has been for the past 50,000 to 100,000 years ; Hawaiian and explosive activity will make Kīlauea taller , build up its rift zones , and fill and refill its summit caldera . Structure ( edit ) Simulated true - color Landsat mosaic . Kīlauea 's summit caldera ; volcanic gas can be seen rising out of Halema ʻumaʻu Crater , within the caldera Kīlauea has been active throughout its history . Since 1918 , Kīlauea 's only prolonged period of rest was an 18 - year pause between 1934 and 1952 . The bulk of Kīlauea consists of solidified lava flows , intermittent with scattered volcanic ash and tephra sourced from relatively lower - volume explosive eruptions . Much of the volcano is covered in historical flows , and 90 percent of its surface dates from the last 1,100 years . Kīlauea built itself up from the seafloor over time , and thus much of its bulk remains underwater ; its subaerial surface is in the form of a gently sloping , elongate , decentralized shield with a surface area of approximately 1,500 km ( 579 sq mi ) , making up 13.7 percent of the island 's total surface area . Kīlauea lacks a topographical prominence , appearing only as a bulge on the southeastern flank of the nearby Mauna Loa ; because of this , both native Hawaiians and early geologists considered it an active satellite of its more massive neighbor . However , analysis of the chemical composition of lavas from the two volcanoes shows that they have separate magma chambers , and are thus distinct . Nonetheless , their proximity has led to a historical trend in which high activity at one volcano roughly coincides with low activity at the other . When Kīlauea lay dormant between 1934 and 1952 , Mauna Loa became active , and when the latter remained quiet from 1952 to 1974 , the reverse was true . This is not always the case ; the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa started during an eruption at Kīlauea , but had no discernible effect on the Kīlauea eruption , and the ongoing inflation of Mauna Loa 's summit , indicative of a future eruption , began the same day as new lava flows at Kīlauea 's Pu ʻu ʻŌʻō crater . In 2002 , Kilauea experienced a high - volume effusive episode at the same time that Mauna Loa began inflating . This unexpected communication is evidence of crustal - level interactions between Mauna Loa and Kīlauea , even though these two volcanoes are thought to be fairly independent of each other . Geologists have suggested that `` pulses '' of magma entering Mauna Loa 's deeper magma system may have increased pressure inside Kīlauea and triggered the concurrent eruptions . Kīlauea has a large summit caldera , measuring 4 by 3.2 km ( 2.5 by 2.0 mi ) with walls up to 120 m ( 400 ft ) high , breached by lava flows on the southwestern side . It is unknown if the caldera was always there or if it is a relatively recent feature , and it is possible that it has come and gone throughout Kīlauea 's eruptive history . What is known is that the summit caldera likely formed over several centuries , with its construction estimated to have begun about 500 years ago , and its present form was finalized by a particularly powerful eruption in 1790 . A major feature within the caldera is Halema ʻumaʻu Crater , a large pit crater and one of Kīlauea 's most historically active eruption centers . The crater is approximately 920 m ( 3,018 ft ) in diameter and 85 m ( 279 ft ) deep , but its form has varied widely through its eruptive history ; the floor of the Halema ʻumaʻu Crater is now mostly covered by flows from its 1974 eruption . Kīlauea has two rift zones radiating from its summit , one leading 125 km ( 78 mi ) out to the east , the other 35 km ( 22 mi ) long and trending towards the southwest . A series of fault scarps connecting the two rift zones form the Koa'e Fault Zone . Tectonic extension along both rift zones is causing Kīlauea 's bulk to slowly slide seaward off its southern flank at a rate of about 6 to 10 cm ( 2 to 4 in ) per year , centered on a basal décollement fault 7 to 9 km ( 4 to 6 mi ) beneath the volcano 's surface . The eastern rift zone in particular is a dominant feature on the volcano ; it is almost entirely covered in lava erupted in the last 400 years , and at its crest near the summit is 2 to 4 km ( 1 to 2 mi ) wide . Non-localized eruptions , typical of rift zone activity , have produced a series of low - lying ridges down the majority of the east rift zone 's length . Its upper segment is the most presently active section of the volcano , and is additionally the site of a number of large pit craters ; its lower extremity reaches down Kīlauea 's submerged flank to a depth of more than 5,000 m ( 16,400 ft ) . By contrast , the much smaller southwestern rift has been quiet since a rifting episode in 1974 , and to date , has not been involved in the current eruptive cycle at all . The southwestern rift zone 's extremity is also underwater , although its submarine length is more limited . The southwestern rift zone also lacks a well - defined ridge line or a large number of pit craters , evidence that it is also geologically less active than the eastern rift zone . A prominent structure on Kīlauea 's southern flank is the Hilina fault system , a highly active fault slipping vertically an average of 2 to 20 mm ( ⁄ to ⁄ in ) per year along the system . Its physiographic province is 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) deep , but it is unknown whether it is a shallow listric fault or if it penetrates to the very base of the volcano . In connection with the 2018 lower Puna eruption the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory published some facts leading to the conclusion , that a catastrophic collapse would be incredibly remote . A number of cinder cones , satellite shields , lava tubes , and other eruptive structures also dot the volcano , evidence of its recent activity . Kīlauea has some interactions with Mauna Loa , its larger neighbor and only other recently active volcano on the island ; interspersed lava flows and ash deposits belonging to its neighbor have been found on its flanks , and some of Mauna Loa 's flows are , in turn , blanketed in Kīlauea tephra . In particular , the saddle between the two volcanoes is currently depressed , and is likely to fill over in the future . All historical eruptions at Kīlauea have occurred at one of three places : its summit caldera , its eastern rift zone , or its southwestern rift zone . Half of Kīlauea 's historical eruptions have occurred at or near Kīlauea 's summit caldera . Activity there was nearly continuous for much of the 19th century , capped by a massive explosive eruption in 1924 , before petering out by 1934 . Recent activity has mostly shifted to Kīlauea 's eastern rift zone , the site of 24 historical eruptions , located mostly on its upper section ; by contrast , the volcano 's southwestern rift zone has been relatively quiet , and has only been the site of five events to date . Eruptive history ( edit ) Graph summarizing the eruptions of Kïlauea during the past 200 years . The Pu'u ' Ö'ö - Kupaianaha eruption has continued into the 21st century . Information is sketchy for eruptions before 1823 , when the first missionaries arrived on the Island of Hawai'i . The total duration of eruptive activity in a given year , shown by the length of the vertical bar , may be for a single eruption or a combination of several separate eruptions . Prehistoric eruptions ( edit ) Rainbow and volcanic ash with sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halema ʻumaʻu Crater Geologists have dated and documented dozens of major eruptions over the volcano 's long history , bridging the long gap between Kīlauea 's oldest known rock and only extremely recent written records and historical observation . Historical lava flows from the volcano are generally recovered by scientists in one of three ways . The oldest flows , dating back 275,000 to 225,000 years , have been recovered from Kīlauea 's submerged southern slope by ship - towed remotely operated vehicles . These lavas exhibit forms characteristic of early , submerged preshield - stage eruptive episodes , from when the volcano was still a rising seamount that had not yet breached the ocean surface , and their surface exposure is unusual , as in most other volcanoes such lavas would have since been buried by more recent flows . The second method of recovering older rock is through the drilling of deep core samples ; however , the cores have proved difficult to date , and several samples from depths of around 1,700 m ( 5,600 ft ) that suggested dates as old as 450,000 years have since been found erroneous . More reliable paleomagnetic dating , limited to rocks dating from after Kīlauea 's emergence from the sea , has suggested ages of around 50,000 years . Exposed flows above sea level have proved far younger . Some of the oldest reliably dated rock , 43,000 years old , comes from charcoal sandwiched beneath an ash layer on a fault scarp known as Hilina Pali ; however , sampled dated from higher up the scarp indicate ash deposition at an average rate of 6 m ( 20 ft ) per thousand years , indicating the oldest exposed flows , from the base of the feature , could date back as far as 70,000 years . This date is similar to that of the oldest dated extant lava flow , a southwestern rift zone flow with an uncorrected radiocarbon dating of approximately 4650 BC . The oldest well - studied eruptive product from Kīlauea is the Uwēkahuna Ash Member , the product of explosive eruptions between 2,800 and 2,100 years ago . Although it has since been largely buried by younger flows , it remains exposed in some places , and has been traced more than 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the volcano 's caldera , evidence of very powerful eruptions . Evidence suggests the existence of an active eruptive center at this time , termed the Powers Caldera , 2 km ( 1 mi ) away from the modern one . At least 1,200 years ago , lava from the Powers Caldera overtopped its rim and solidified the structure ; this was followed by a period of very voluminous tube - fed pāhoehoe flows from the summit . Following cessation of activity around 400 years ago , eruptions re-centered on the eastern part of Kīlauea 's summit , and concurrently activity increased at the northern end of the eastern rift zone . 1790 to 1934 ( edit ) Painting of the 1891 eruption The earliest reliable written records of historical activity date back to about 1820 , and the first well - documented eruption occurred in 1823 , when the volcano was first put under observation ; although Native Hawaiians are thought to have first settled on the island around 1,500 years ago , oral records predating European arrival on the island are few and difficult to interpret . One pre-contact eruption in particular , a phreatomagmatic event in 1790 , was responsible for the death of a party of warriors , part of the army of Keōua Kuahu ʻula , the last island chief to resist Kamehameha I 's rule ; their death is evidenced by a set of footprints preserved within the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Kīlauea has been the site of 61 separate eruptions since 1823 , easily making it one of the most active volcanoes on Earth . During its observed history , the volume of lava erupted by Kīlauea has varied widely . In 1823 Kīlauea 's summit caldera was far deeper than it is today , but was in the process of filling up under nearly continuous summit eruption , with 3 km ( 1 cu mi ) of lava erupted there alone by 1840 . The period between 1840 and 1920 saw approximately half that in eruptive volume , and in the thirty years between then and about 1950 , the volcano was unusually quiet and exhibited very little activity ; Kīlauea 's eruptive volume has increased steadily since then , with present activity comparable to that of the early 1800s . The length and origin these eruptions has also varied . Events last anywhere between days and years , and occur at a number of different sites . Half of all eruptions occur at or near Kīlauea 's summit caldera . Activity there was nearly continuous for much of the 19th century , and after a reprieve between 1894 and 1907 , continued onwards until 1924 . There have been five historical eruptions at the volcano 's relatively quiet southwestern rift zone , and 24 along its more active eastern rift zone , mostly along its upper section . The volcano 's observed history has mostly been one of effusive eruptions ; however , this is a relatively recent occurrence . Prior to the arrival of the first Europeans on the island , Kīlauea was the site of regular explosive activity , evidenced then by tribal chants referencing the volcano 's fickle nature , and today by geological records of an explosively active mode of past activity . Although explosive activity still occurs at the volcano , it is not as intense as it once was , and the volcano would become much more dangerous to the general public if it returned to its old phase of activity once more . Kīlauea erupted in 1823 and 1832 , but the first major eruption since the 1790 event occurred in 1840 , when its eastern rift zone became the site of a large , effusive Hawaiian eruption over 35 km ( 22 mi ) of its length , unusually long even for a rift eruption . The eruption lasted for 26 days and produced an estimated 205 to 265 million cubic meters of lava ; the light created by the event was so intense that one could reportedly read a newspaper in Hilo at night , 30 km ( 19 mi ) away . The volcano was active again in 1868 , 1877 , 1884 , 1885 , 1894 , and 1918 , before its next major eruption in 1918 -- 1919 . Halema ʻumaʻu , then a small upwelling in the caldera floor , was topped by a lava lake that then drained , before refilling again , forming an enormous lava lake and nearly reaching the top edge of the caldera before draining once more . This activity eventually gave way to the construction of Mauna Iki , building up the large lava shield within the caldera over a period of eight months . The eruption also featured concurrent rift activity and a large amount of lava fountaining . Activity in 1921 -- 1923 followed . The next major eruption occurred in 1924 . Halema ʻumaʻu Crater , a fully formed pit crater after the 1919 event and the site of a sizable lava lake , first drained , then quickly began sinking into the ground , deepening to nearly 210 m ( 689 ft ) beneath a thick cloud of volcanic ash . Explosive activity began on May 10 of that year , blowing rock chunks weighing as much as 45 kg ( 99 lb ) 60 m ( 197 ft ) out , and smaller fragments weighing about 9 kg ( 20 lb ) out as far as 270 m ( 886 ft ) , and , after a brief reprieve , intensified through a major blast on May 18 , when an enormous explosive event caused the eruption 's only fatality . The eruption continued and formed numerous eruption columns up to and beyond 9 km ( 6 mi ) in height , before slowly petering down and ending by May 28 . Volcanic activity was soon confined to the summit , and ceased completely after 1934 . 1952 to 1982 ( edit ) The Mauna Ulu eruption of 1969 generated a 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) - high lava fountain After the Halema ʻumaʻu event , Kīlauea remained relatively quiet , and for a time , completely silent , with all activity confined to the summit . The volcano came alive again in 1952 , with an enormous lava fountain 245 m ( 800 ft ) high at the Halema ʻumaʻu Crater . Multiple continuous lava fountains between 15 and 30 m ( 50 and 100 ft ) persisted , and the eruption lasted 136 days . Eruptions occurred soon after in 1954 , 1955 , and 1959 , capped by a large event in 1960 , when fissure - based phreatic eruption and earthquake activity gave way to a massive ʻaʻā flow that overran multiple evacuated communities and resorts ; the resulting summit deflation eventually caused the ever - active Halema ʻumaʻu to collapse even further . Following the event , eruptive events yearly and nearly continuous , a state of activity that remains today . The period 1967 -- 1968 saw a particularly large , 80 - million - cubic - meter , 251 - day event from Halema ʻumaʻu Crater . This event was superseded the very next year by the marathon Mauna Ulu eruption , a large effusive eruption which lasted from May 24 , 1969 to July 24 , 1974 and added 230 acres ( 93 ha ) of new land to the island . After eruptive activity had died down , there was a magnitude 7.2 earthquake that caused a partial summit collapse , after which activity did not resume at Kīlauea until 1977 . At the time , Mauna Ulu was the longest flank eruption of any Hawaiian volcano in recorded history . The eruption created a new vent , covered a large area of land with lava , and added new land to the island . The eruption started as a fissure between two pit craters , ʻĀloʻi and ʻAlae , where the Mauna Ulu shield would eventually form . Both pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava erupted from the volcano . Early on , fountains of lava burst out as much as 540 meters ( 1772 ft ) high . In early 1973 , an earthquake occurred that caused Kīlauea to briefly stop erupting near the original Mauna Ulu site and instead erupt near the craters Pauahi and Hi ʻiaka . 1983 -- 2017 ( edit ) Main articles : Puʻu ʻŌʻō and Halemaumau Crater Puʻu ʻŌʻō at dusk , June 1983 The most recent major eruption at Kīlauea has been the longest duration of any observed eruption . The current Kīlauea eruption began on January 3 , 1983 , along the eastern rift zone . The vent produced vigorous lava fountains that quickly built up into the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone , sending lava flows down the volcano 's slope . In 1986 , activity shifted down the rift to a new vent , named Kūpa ʻianahā , where it took on a more effusive character . Kūpa ʻianahā built up a low , broad volcanic shield , and lava tubes fed flows extending 11 to 12 km ( about 7 mi ) to the sea . Between 1986 and 1991 , the connection between Chain of Craters Road and Hawaii Route 130 was cut , and the community of Kapa'ahu , the village of Kalapana , and the subdivisions of Kālapana Gardens and Royal Gardens were lost to the lava . A black sand beach at Kaimū was also engulfed . In 1992 , the eruption moved back to Puʻu ʻŌʻō , but continued in the same manner , covering nearly all of the 1983 -- 86 lava flows and large areas of coastline . As of the end of 2016 , the east rift zone eruption had produced 4.4 km ( 1 cu mi ) of lava , covered 144 km ( 56 sq mi ) of land , added 179 ha ( 442 acres ) of land to the island , destroyed 215 structures , and buried 14.3 km ( 9 mi ) of highway under lava as thick as 35 m ( 115 ft ) . In addition to the nearly continuous activity at Pu ʻu ʻOʻo and other vents on the east rift zone , a separate eruption began at Kilauea 's summit in March 2008 . On March 19 , 2008 , following several months of increased sulfur dioxide emissions and seismic tremor , a new vent opened at Halema ʻumaʻu Crater at Kilauea 's summit in an explosive eruption . Following this event , the new crater formed in the explosion , informally named the `` Overlook Crater , '' emitted a thick gas plume that obscured views into the vent . Several other explosive events occurred at the vent throughout 2008 . On September 5 , 2008 , scientists observed a lava pond deep within the Overlook Crater for the first time . Beginning in February 2010 , a lava pond was visible at the bottom of the crater almost continuously through the beginning of May 2018 . Lava briefly overflowed the vent onto the floor of Halema ʻumaʻu Crater in April and May 2015 , October 2016 , and April 2018 . 2018 eruptive episodes ( edit ) Main article : 2018 lower Puna eruption Lava from a fissure slowly advanced to the northeast on Hoʻokupu Street in Leilani Estates subdivision ( May 5 , 2018 ) Beginning in March 2018 , Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began to detect rapid inflation at Pu'u ' Ō'ō , leading scientists to warn that the increased pressure could lead to the formation of a new vent at Kilauea . Following weeks of increased pressure , the crater floor of the cone of Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed on April 30 , 2018 , as magma migrated underground into the lower Puna region of Kilauea 's lower east rift zone . Over the next few days , hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea 's East rift zone , leading officials to issue evacuation warnings . On May 3 , 2018 , lava began erupting in lower Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day , causing evacuations of the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions . A seemingly related 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on May 4 . By May 9 , 27 houses had been destroyed in Leilani Estates . A massive Puna lava flow heads seaward on May 19 , 2018 By May 21 , two lava flows had reached the Pacific Ocean , creating thick clouds of laze ( a toxic lava and haze cloud ) , which is made up of hydrochloric acid and glass particles . By May 31 , 87 houses in Leilani Estates and nearby areas had been destroyed by lava . Advancing lava flows caused additional evacuation orders , including the town of Kapoho . By June 4 , with the lava having crossed through Kapoho and entered the ocean , the confirmed number of houses lost had reached 159 . Two weeks later , the confirmed number of homes lost was 533 , and as of June 25 it had risen to 657 . Effect of the 2018 lower Puna eruption on Kīlauea 's summit ( edit ) In conjunction with the outbreak of lava in lower Puna , a lava lake at Halema ʻumaʻu Crater at Kilauea 's summit began to drop on May 2 , 2018 . The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory warned that the lowering of the lava lake increased the potential for phreatic ( steam ) explosions at the summit caused by interaction of magma with the underground water table , similar to the explosions that occurred at Halema ʻumaʻu in 1924 . These concerns prompted the closure of Hawai ʻi Volcanoes National Park . On May 17 , at approximately 4 : 15 a.m. , an explosive eruption occurred at Halema ʻumaʻu , creating a plume of ash 30,000 feet into the air . This marked the beginning of a series of vigorous explosions that have produced significant ash plumes from Halema ʻumaʻu . These explosions , accompanied by large earthquakes and inward slumping and collapse within and around Halema ʻumaʻu Crater , continue as of June 27 , 2018 . Volcanic Explosivity Index ( edit ) The Global Volcanism Program has assigned a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ; the higher the number , the more explosive ) to all except five of Kīlauea 's ninety - five known eruptions of the last 11,700 years . The eruption of 1790 has a VEI of 4 . The eruptions of 1820 , 1924 , 1959 and 1960 have a VEI of 2 . The eruptions of 680 , 1050 , 1490 , 1500 , 1610 , 1868 , four eruptions in 1961 and the current eruption since 1983 have a VEI of 1 . The other seventy - four eruptions have a VEI of 0 . Volcanic Explosivity Index for Kīlauea VEI Number of Holocene eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned ( total = 90 ) VEI 0 74 VEI 1 11 VEI 2 VEI 3 0 VEI 4 Ecology ( edit ) Background ( edit ) ʻŌhiʻa ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) growing on a barren lava field dating from 1986 , formerly the village of Kalapana , Hawaii . The myrtle in this picture , taken in 2009 , may have since been covered over -- fresh flows in 2010 partially re-covered the area . Because of its position more than 3,000 kilometers ( 2,000 mi ) from the nearest continental landmass , the island of Hawai ʻi is one of the most geographically isolated landmasses on Earth ; this in turn has strongly influenced its ecology . The majority of the species present on the island are endemic to it and can be found nowhere else on Earth , the result of an isolated evolutionary lineage sheltered from external biotic influence ; this makes its ecosystem vulnerable both to invasive species and human development , and an estimated third of the island 's natural flora and fauna has already gone extinct . Kīlauea 's ecological community is additionally threatened by the activity of the volcano itself ; lava flows often overrun sections of the volcano 's forests and burn them down , and volcanic ash distributed by explosive eruptions often smothers local plant life . Layers of carbonized organic material at the bottom of Kīlauea ash deposits are evidence of the many times the volcano has wrought destruction on its own ecosystem and that of its neighbor Mauna Loa , and parts of the volcano present a dichotomy between pristine montane forest and recently buried volcanic `` deserts '' yet to be recolonized . Kīlauea 's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominately from the northeast , which , when squeezed upwards by the volcano 's height , results in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank . The volcano 's ecology is further complicated by height , though not nearly as much as with its other , far taller neighbors , and by the local distribution of volcanic products , making for varied soil conditions . The northern part of Kīlauea is mostly below 1,000 m ( 3,281 ft ) and receives more than 75 in ( 191 cm ) mean annual rainfall , and can mostly be classified as a lowland wet community ; farther south , the volcano has squeezed out much of the precipitation and receives less than 50 in ( 127 cm ) mean annual rainfall , and is considered mostly a lowland dry environment . Ecosystems ( edit ) The ' amakihi ( Chlorodrepanis virens ) is one of the many birds that live on the volcano 's flanks . Much of Kīlauea 's southern ecosystem lies within the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park , where a'e ferns , ʻōhiʻa trees ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) , and hapu'u of the genus Cibotium are common . The park hosts a large variety of bird species , including the ' apapane ( Himatione sanguinea ) ; the ' amakihi ( Hemignathus virens ) ; the ' i'iwi ( Vestiaria coccinea ) ; the ' ōma'o ( Myadestes obscurus ) , the ʻelepaio ( Chasiempis sp . ) ; and the endangered ' akepa ( Loxops coccineus ) , ' akiapola'au ( Hemignathus munroi ) , nēnē ( Branta sandvicensis ) , ʻuaʻu ( Pterodroma sandwichensis ) , and ʻio ( Buteo solitarius ) species . The Kīlauea coast also hosts three of the nine known critically endangered hawksbill sea turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) nesting sites on the island . Some of the area alongside Kīlauea 's southwestern rift zone takes the form of the unusual Kaʻū Desert . Although not a `` true '' desert ( rainfall there exceeds the maximum 1,000 mm ( 39 in ) a year ) , precipitation mixing with drifting volcanic sulfur dioxide forms acid rain with a pH as low as 3.4 , greatly hampering regional plant growth . The deposited tephra particulates make the local soil very permeable . Plant life in the region is practically nonexistent . Kīlauea 's northern lowland wet - forest ecosystem is partially protected by the Puna Forest Reserve and the Kahauale ` a Natural Area Reserve . At 27,785 acres ( 11,244 ha ) , Wao Kele in particular is Hawai ʻi 's largest lowland wet forest reserve , and is home to rare plant species including hāpu ʻu ferns ( Cibotium spp . ) , ' ie'ie vines ( Freycinetia arborea ) , and kōpiko ( Psychotria mariniana ) , some of which play a role in limiting invasive species ' spread . ʻOpeʻapeʻa ( Lasiurus cinereus semotus ) ʻio ( Buteo solitarius ) , common ʻamakihi ( Hemignathus virens ) , and nananana makaki ʻi ( Theridion grallator ) live in the trees . There are thought to be many more as - yet - undocumented species within the forest . Wao Kele 's primary forest tree is ʻōhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha ) . Human history ( edit ) Ancient Hawaiian ( edit ) The first Ancient Hawaiians to arrive on Hawaii island lived along the shores , where food and water were plentiful . Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source . Early settlements had a major impact on the local ecosystem , and caused many extinctions , particularly amongst bird species , as well as introducing foreign plants and animals and increasing erosion rates . The prevailing lowland forest ecosystem was transformed from forest to grassland ; some of this change was caused by the use of fire , but the main reason appears to have been the introduction of the Polynesian rat ( Rattus exulans ) . The summits of the five volcanoes of Hawaii are revered as sacred mountains . Hawaiians associated elements of their natural environment with particular deities . In Hawaiian mythology , the sky father Wākea marries the earth mother Papa , giving birth to the Hawaiian Islands . Kīlauea itself means `` spewing '' or `` much spreading '' in Hawaiian , referencing its high state of activity , and in Hawaiian mythology , Kīlauea is the body of the deity Pele , goddess of fire , lightning , wind , and volcanoes . It is here that the conflict between Pele and the rain god Kamapua ʻa was centered ; Halema ʻumaʻu , `` House of the ʻamaʻumaʻu fern '' , derives its name from the struggle between the two gods . Kamapua ʻa , hard - pressed by Pele 's ability to make lava spout from the ground at will , covered the feature , a favorite residence of the goddess , with fern fronds . Choked by trapped smoke , Pele emerged . Realizing that each could threaten the other with destruction , the other gods called a draw and divided the island between them , with Kamapua ʻa getting the moist windward northeastern side , and Pele directing the drier Kona ( or leeward ) side . The rusty singed appearance of the young fronds of the ʻamaʻumaʻu is said to be a product of the legendary struggle . This early era was followed by peace and cultural expansion between the 12th and late 18th century . Land was divided into regions designed for both the immediate needs of the populace and the long - term welfare of the environment . These ahupua ʻa generally took the form of long strips of land oriented from the mountain summits to the coast . Modern era ( edit ) A view from Kīlauea 's eastern rift zone captured during a USGS expedition . The first foreigner to arrive at Hawaii was James Cook in 1778 . The first non-native to observe Kīlauea in detail was William Ellis , an English missionary who in 1823 spent more than two weeks trekking across the volcano . He collated the first written account of the volcano and observed many of its features , establishing a premise for future explorations of the volcano . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Volcano of Ki - Rau - E-A , a poem by L.E.L. Another missionary , C.S. Stewart , U.S.N. , wrote of it in his journal ' A Residence in the Sandwich Islands ' , which Letitia Elizabeth Landon quoted from in the notes to her poem ' The Volcano of Ki - Rau - E-A ' in Fisher 's Drawing Room Scrap Book , 1832 . One of the earliest and most important surveyors of Kīlauea was James Dwight Dana , who , staying with the missionary Titus Coan , studied the island 's volcanoes in detail for decades first - hand . Dana visited Kīlauea 's summit and described it in detail in 1840 . After publishing a summary paper in 1852 , he directed a detailed geological study of the island in 1880 and 1881 but did not consider Kīlauea a separate volcano , instead referring to it as a flank vent of Mauna Loa ; it was not until another geologist , C.E. Dutton , had elaborated on Dana 's research during an 1884 expedition that Kīlauea came to be generally accepted as a separate entity . The next era of Kīlauea 's history began with the establishment of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory on the volcano 's rim in 1912 . The first permanent such installation in the United States , the observatory was the brainchild of Thomas Jaggar , head of geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; after witnessing the devastation of the 1908 Messina earthquake near Mount Etna in Italy , he declared that something must be done to support systematic volcanic and seismic study , and chose Kīlauea as the site of the first such establishment . After securing initial funding from MIT and the University of Hawaii , Jaggar took directorship of the observatory and , whilst its head between 1912 and 1940 , pioneered seismological and observational study and observation of active volcanoes . After initial funding ran out , the Observatory was successively funded by the National Weather Service , the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) , and the National Park Service , before settling on the USGS , under whose banner the observatory has been operating since 1947 . The main building has been moved twice since establishment , and today is positioned on the northwest rim of Kīlauea 's caldera . Tourism ( edit ) View from the edge of Kilauea Iki : across the caldera , Halemaumau Crater lies smoking on the left , and Mauna Loa towers above in the background The volcano has been a tourist attraction since the 1840s , and local businessmen such as Benjamin Pitman and George Lycurgus ran a series of hotels at the rim , including Volcano House which is still the only hotel or restaurant located within the borders of the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park . In 1891 , Lorrin A. Thurston , grandson of the American missionary Asa Thurston and investor in hotels along the volcano 's rim , began campaigning for a park on the volcano 's slopes , an idea first proposed by William Richards Castle , Jr. in 1903 . Thurston , who owned the Honolulu Advertiser newspaper , printed editorials in favor of the idea ; by 1911 Governor Walter F. Frear had proposed a draft bill to create `` Kilauea National Park '' . Following endorsements from John Muir , Henry Cabot Lodge , and former President Theodore Roosevelt ( in opposition to local ranchers ) and several legislative attempts introduced by delegate Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole , House Resolution 9525 was signed into law by Woodrow Wilson on August 1 , 1916 . It was the 11th National Park in the United States , and the first in a Territory ; a few weeks later , the National Park Service Organic Act was signed into law , creating the National Park Service and tasking it with running the expanding system . Originally called `` Hawaii National Park '' , it was split from the Haleakala National Park on September 22 , 1960 . Today , the park , renamed the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park , is a major conservatory agency and tourist attraction , and , since 1987 , a World Heritage Site . In its early days , tourism was a relatively new concept , but grew slowly before exploding with the advent of air travel around 1959 , the year Hawai ʻi became a state . Today , tourism is driven by the island 's exotic tropical locations , and Kīlauea , being one of the few volcanoes in the world in a more or less constant state of moderate eruption , was a major part of the island 's tourist draw . Until its closure on May 11 due to the danger and damage associated with the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone and summit events , Kīlauea was visited by roughly 2.6 million people annually , most of whom proceeded to visit the volcano from the Kilauea Visitor Center near the park entrance . The Thomas A. Jaggar Museum was also a popular tourist stop ; located at the edge of Kīlauea caldera , the museum 's observation deck offered the best sheltered view on the volcano of the activity at Halema'uma'u Crater . The Volcano House provided the nearest lodging , and the nearby Volcano Village the most numerous ; visitors associated with the military could find lodging at the Kilauea Military Camp . A number of hiking trails , points of interest , and guided ranger programs existed , and the Chain of Craters Road , Hilina Pali Road , and Crater Rim Drive provided access . In 2008 , a Lava Viewing Area was opened by the county for tourists in Kalapana , on the southeastern side of the National Park , accessible only from State Route 130 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 4088 '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Jump up ^ `` Kilauea Prominence '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kīlauea -- Perhaps the World 's Most Active Volcano '' . 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Jump up ^ Facts on the stability of Kilauea 's south flank , past and present ( May 14 , 2018 ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 May 2018 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kilauea : Eruptive history '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest radiometric ages from Kilauea about 275,000 years '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : D.A. Swanson ; J. Rausch ( 2008 ) . `` Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Kīlauea '' . Eos , Transactions , American Geophysical Union . American Geophysical Union . 89 ( 53 ) : 2022 . Bibcode : 2008AGUFM. V11B2022S . ^ Jump up to : `` Kilauea : an explosive volcano in Hawai'i '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . July 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1840 Kilauea eruption was big , spectacular , and made the Sand Hills '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . September 3 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Revisiting the 1919 -- 1920 Mauna Iki eruption '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1924 explosions of Kilauea '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 23 July 2001 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The beginning of a new era -- Kilauea 's 1952 summit eruption '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1960 Kapoho Eruption of Kilauea Volcano , Hawai'i '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 24 May 2000 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mauna Ulu Eruption : 1969 -- 1974 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 26 March 1998 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Program , Volcano Hazards . `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program HVO Kilauea '' . hvo.wr.usgs.gov . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Volcano Observatory -- Thirteen Years of Puʻu ʻŌʻō Erupting '' . USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . 26 March 1998 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Surges Interspersed Among Steady - state Activity '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 2010 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puʻu ʻŌʻō and the Current Eruption of Kīlauea '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Kīlauea 's summit eruption , 2008 - 2017 '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory - US Geological Survey . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Global Volcanism Program , 2017 . Report on Kilauea ( United States ) . In : Venzke , E ( ed . ) , Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network , 42 : 8 . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Volcano Watch : A busy time at Kīlauea Volcano 's summit and East Rift Zone '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volcano Watch : Do recent changes herald the opening of a new vent on Pu'u ' Ō'ō ? '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Timothy ( 18 April 2018 ) . `` Scientists warn of possible new vent and lava flow at Kilauea volcano '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volcano Watch : What a day ! Eruptions , earthquakes , and a lower lava lake '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kilauea volcano in Hawaii could erupt after hundreds of small earthquakes '' . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ige signs emergency proclamation following Leilani lava eruption '' . www.hawaiitribune-herald.com . Hawaii Tribune - Herald . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` M 6.9 -- 16km SW of Leilani Estates , Hawaii '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 26 Leilani Estates homes destroyed by lava , county officials say '' . Star Advertiser. 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/05/09/hawaii-news/new-vents-destroy-another-leilani-estates-home/ Jump up ^ `` Hawaiians warned of toxic fumes threat '' . BBC News . 2018 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/05/31/hawaii-news/lava-threatens-a-key-escape-route-forces-evacuations/ Jump up ^ Hawaii News Now , `` Number of homes destroyed by lava grows to 87 '' Jump up ^ Hawaii News Now , ' No stopping it ' : Lava claims dozens of homes as it flows to the ocean Jump up ^ Hawaii County Civil Defense , `` East Rift Zone Eruption - 6 / 18 / 18 6AM '' Jump up ^ Hawaii County Civil Defense bulletin Jump up ^ `` Volcano Watch : It 's an extraordinary time on Kīlauea Volcano ! '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Explosive eruption at Kilauea summit sends ash 30,000 feet into air '' . Hawaii News Now . May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volcano Watch : How to protect yourself from volcanic ash produced by Halema'uma'u explosions '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kilauea Volcano -- 2018 Summit and Lower East Rift Zone Brief '' ( PDF ) . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program : Kilauea '' . Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ann K. Sakai ; Warren L. Wagner ; Loyal A. Mehrhoff ( 2002 ) . `` Patterns of Endangerment in the Hawaiian Flora '' ( PDF ) . Systematic Biology . Oxford University Press . 51 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 302 . doi : 10.1080 / 10635150252899770 . PMID 12028733 . Jump up ^ H.L. Carson ; J.P. Lockwood ; E.M. Craddock ( 1990 ) . `` Extinction and recolonization of local populations on a growing shield volcano '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . United States National Academy of Sciences . 87 ( 18 ) : 7055 -- 57 . Bibcode : 1990PNAS ... 87.7055 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 87.18. 7055 . PMC 54681 . PMID 11607102 . Jump up ^ `` Three Mountain Alliance Management Plan December 31 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Three Mountain Alliance . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park : Plants '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park : Animals '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park : Turtles '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Joy Culver ; Michael E. Steinhaus , eds. ( 2006 ) . Let 's Go Hawaii : On a Budget ( 4 ed . ) . Macmillan Publishers . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 36090 - 0 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Craddock ; Matthew Golombek ; Alan D. Howard ( 2000 ) . `` Analyses of Rock Size - Frequency Distributions and Morphometry of Modified Hawaiian Lava Flows : Implications for Future Martian Landing Sites '' ( PDF ) . 31st Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . Lunar and Planetary Institute . 31 . Bibcode : 2000LPI ... 31.1649 C. Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Timothy Egan ( 26 January 1990 ) . `` Energy Project Imperils a Rain Forest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ashley Tindall ( 1 September 2007 ) . `` Wao Kele O Puna '' . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Ruel ( 4 April 2001 ) . `` Campbell Estate selling half of land holdings '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final Environmental Statement for the Outrigger Telescopes Project : Volume II '' ( PDF ) . NASA . February 2005 . p. C -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Culture : The First Arrivals : Native Hawaiian Uses '' ( PDF ) . Mauna Kea Mountain Reserve Master Plan . University of Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirch , Patrick V. ( January 1982 ) . `` The Impact of the Prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian Ecosystem '' . Pacific Science . University of Hawai'i Press . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Athens , Stephen ; Tuggle , H. David ; Ward , Jerome V. ; Welch , David J. ( 2002 ) . `` Avifaunal Extinctions , Vegetation Change and Polynesian Impacts in Prehistoric Hawai'i '' . Archaeology in Oceania. 37 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Edwin Bernbaum ( November 2006 ) . `` Sacred Mountains : Themes and Teachings '' . Mountain Research and Development . International Mountain Society . 26 ( 4 ) : 304 -- 09 . doi : 10.1659 / 0276 - 4741 ( 2006 ) 26 ( 304 : SMTAT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Martha B. Luomala ( February 1977 ) . Hawaiian Mythology . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824805143 . Jump up ^ Institute for Astronomy -- University of Hawaii ( January 2009 ) . `` Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan : UH Management Areas '' . Hawaiʻi State Department of Land and Natural Resources . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The first written account of Kilauea '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . 1 August 1997 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ E.A. Kay ( 1997 ) . `` Missionary Contributions to Hawaiian Natural History : What Darwin Did n't Know '' . Hawaiian Journal of History . Hawaiian Historical Society , Honolulu . 31 : 27 -- 51 . hdl : 10524 / 170 . Jump up ^ James D. Dana ( 1929 ) . `` Classics of Science : Dana Describes Kilauea '' . The Science News - Letter . Society for Science and the Public . 15 ( 426 ) : 359 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 3905498 . JSTOR 3905498 . Jump up ^ Various authors ( 1987 ) . R.W. Decker ; et al. , eds . Volcanism in Hawaii : papers to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Hawaii Volcano Observatory ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1350 . 1 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ John Dvorak ( May 2011 ) . `` The origin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory '' . Physics Today -- American Institute of Physics . Archived from the original on 23 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Russell A. Apple ( January 4 , 2005 ) . `` Thomas A. Jaggar , Jr. , and the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory '' . Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Volcano House '' . National Park Service . 24 March 2006 ( Originally published November 1953 ) . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Thrust '' . National Park Service . November 1953 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The National Park Service Organic Act '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 25 August 1916 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Volcanoes National Park '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 19 November 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton & Company . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park : Hawai'i Island , Hawai'i '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kilauea Visitor Center '' . National Park Service . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park : Trip Planner '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lava Viewing Guide for the Big Island -- DIY Activities -- Hawaii '' . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) MacQueen , P ( 2011 ) . `` Forward modeling to access and improve gravity network geometry at Kilauea Volcano , Hawai'i '' . Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal . 1 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 44 . doi : 10.5399 / uo / ourj. 1.1. 1551 . Geologic map of the summit region of Kīlauea Volcano , Hawai ( Map ) . 1 : 24,000 . Geologic Investigations Series I - 2759 . United States Geological Survey . 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone of Kīlauea Volcano , Hawaii ( PDF ) ( Map ) ( 1.0 ed . ) . 1 : 24,000 . Geologic Investigations Series I - 2614 . United States Geological Survey . 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4113 - 0659 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kīlauea . Kilauea at Encyclopædia Britannica Hawaii Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center by the University of Hawaii at Manoa The Geothermal Collection by UH Manoa Hawai ʻi Volcanoes National Park website Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 's Kīlauea website Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 's Kīlauea eruption update website ( updated daily ) `` Kilauea '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Live webcam of Halema ` uma ` u Crater Littoral lava fountains at ocean entry 18 and 21 Aug 2008 Kilauea Visitor Center Video footage of the March 2011 Kamoamoa Fissure Eruption and the collapse of Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater <Th_colspan="3"> Hawaiian volcanism topics ( list ) Windward Isles Lō ʻihi Māhukona Hawai ʻi Kīlauea ( Kīlauea Iki , Puʻu ʻŌʻō ) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Ka ʻula Lāna ʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Moloka ʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Ka ʻena Ko ʻolau Wai ʻanae Leeward Isles French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll Emperor Seamounts Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingū Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku Notable eruptions and vents 1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption 2018 lower Puna eruption Halemaʻumaʻu Crater Kīlauea Iki Mauna Ulu Puʻu ʻŌʻō Topics ʻAʻā ( lava ) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian -- Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Lava fountain Limu o Pele Pāhoehoe ( lava ) Pele 's hair Pele 's tears Puna Geothermal Venture <Th_colspan="2"> National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Historic districts Puna - Ka'u Historic District NRHP properties 1790 Footprints Ainahou Ranch Ainapo Trail Kilauea Crater Old Volcano House No. 42 Whitney Seismograph Vault No. 29 Wilkes Campsite <Td_colspan="2"> See also : National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Volcanoes portal Hawaii portal Mountains portal Geography portal GND : 4241215 - 8 LCCN : sh85072311 NARA : 10038372 VIAF : 242633136 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Kīlauea&oldid = 850492322 '' Categories : Kilauea Active volcanoes Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Mountains of Hawaii Shield volcanoes of the United States Calderas of Hawaii Polygenetic shield volcanoes Holocene volcanoes Holocene Oceania Cenozoic Hawaii VEI - 4 volcanoes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Date and year CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata M w Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles using GVP links in vnum format Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 06 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Kīlauea - an active shield volcano in Hawaii
2. Eruptive history of Kīlauea
3. Geology and structure of Kīlauea
4. Impact of Kīlauea's activity on the environment
5. Kīlauea's significance in Hawaiian mythology and tourism |
3,219,739,864,070,684,700 | what is the difference between coddled and poached eggs | Coddled egg - wikipedia Coddled egg Jump to : navigation , search Coddled egg <Td_colspan="2"> Coddled egg on hash Main ingredients Eggs <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Coddled egg Media : Coddled egg In cooking , coddled eggs are gently or lightly cooked eggs . They can be partially cooked , mostly cooked , or hardly cooked at all ( as in the eggs used to make Caesar salad dressing , which are only slightly poached for a thicker end - product ) . Poached eggs are eggs that , arguably , are coddled in a very specific way : they are very gently cooked , in simmering water . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methods 2 Manufacture 3 Possible risks 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Methods ( edit ) There are two methods of coddling eggs . The first is to cook the egg in its shell , by immersing it in near - boiling water . This can be done either in a pan where the water is kept below boiling point , or by pouring boiling water over the egg and letting it stand for 2 to 5 minutes , based on starting temperature of the eggs , number of eggs cooked at once and amount of boiling water used . The second method is to break the egg in an egg coddler , porcelain cup or ramekin with a lid , and cook using a bain - marie . The inside of the egg coddler is first buttered in order to flavor the egg and allow it to be removed more easily . A raw egg ( sometimes with additional flavorings ) is broken into the coddler , which is then placed in a pan of near - boiling water for 7 to 8 minutes to achieve a solid white and yolk . Manufacture ( edit ) Coddlers have been manufactured by Royal Worcester in Worcester , UK , since at least the 1890s , and may have been invented there . Many companies now make egg coddlers , some of which are collectors ' items . Possible risks ( edit ) Coddled eggs do not always reach temperatures required to sterilize potential contaminants and pathogens . In the United States , eggs have around a 1 in 30,000 risk of exposure to salmonella and other bacteria . Using fresh eggs that have been washed and kept refrigerated , or pasteurized eggs is recommended to minimize the risk . While according to the United States Department of Health and Human Services , eggs should be cooked until both the white and the yolk are firm , and the water temperature should be 74 -- 82 ° C ( 165 -- 180 ° F ) . Children , the elderly , and persons with compromised immune systems are advised against eating lightly cooked eggs because of the risk of exposure to salmonella infection . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of egg dishes Egg cup Boiled egg References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coddled Eggs . CooksInfo.com . Published 08 / 18 / 2004 . Updated 03 / 12 / 2010 . Web . Retrieved 11 / 27 / 2012 from http://www.cooksinfo.com/coddled-eggs Jump up ^ `` Royal Woercester Egg Coddlers '' . museumofroyalworcester.org. 15 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers of Egg Coddlers '' . Egg-Coddlers.com. 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Kimura , Akiko C. ; Reddy , V ; Marcus , R ; Cieslak , PR ; Mohle - Boetani , JC ; Kassenborg , HD ; Segler , SD ; Hardnett , FP ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Chicken Consumption Is a Newly Identified Risk Factor for Sporadic Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Infections in the United States : A Case - Control Study in FoodNet Sites '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 38 : S244 -- S252 . PMID 15095196 . doi : 10.1086 / 381576 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Little , C.L ; Surman - Lee , S ; Greenwood , M ; Bolton , FJ ; Elson , R ; Mitchell , RT ; Nichols , GN ; Sagoo , SK ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Public health investigations of Salmonella Enteritidis in catering raw shell eggs , 2002 -- 2004 '' . Letters in Applied Microbiology . Blackwell Publishing . 44 ( 6 ) : 595 -- 601 . PMID 17576219 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 765X. 2007.02131. x . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Stephens , N. ; Sault , C ; Firestone , SM ; Lightfoot , D ; Bell , C ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Large outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 135 infections associated with the consumption of products containing raw egg in Tasmania '' . Communicable diseases intelligence . Blackwell Publishing . 31 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 24 . PMID 17503652 . Jump up ^ the nutritional value , specifically Biotin in the yoke is destroyed . Solid Egg whites are mor nutritious and easier to digest . FoodSafety.gov Jump up ^ Poaching Eggs from the World 's Premier Culinary College - YouTube External links ( edit ) Collectors ' information <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Eggs <Td_colspan="3"> List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coddled_egg&oldid=796824320 '' Categories : Egg dishes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 07 : 57 . About Wikipedia | 1. Coddled eggs
2. Cooking methods for coddled eggs
3. Manufacture of egg coddlers
4. Risks and safety considerations for coddled eggs
5. Egg dishes and recipes |
-6,871,892,169,328,455,000 | all i want for christmas is a dog charlie brown | I Want a dog for Christmas , Charlie Brown - wikipedia I Want a dog for Christmas , Charlie Brown Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> I Want a Dog for Christmas , Charlie Brown Genre Animated TV special Created by Charles M. Schulz Directed by Bill Melendez Larry Leichliter Voices of Jimmy Bennett ( Rerun van Pelt ) Adam Taylor Gordon ( Charlie Brown ) Ashley Rose Orr ( Lucy van Pelt ) Corey Padnos ( Linus van Pelt ) Hannah Leigh Dworkin ( Sally Brown ) Nick Price ( Schroeder ) Jake Miner ( Franklin , Pig - Pen , and Shermy ) Kailtyn Maggio ( Little Pigtailed Girl , Violet , Patty , and Frieda ) Bill Melendez ( Snoopy , Woodstock , and Spike ) Composer ( s ) David Benoit Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Lee Mendelson Producer ( s ) Bill Melendez Running time 41 minutes Production company ( s ) United Feature Syndicate <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release December 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 09 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Lucy Must Be Traded , Charlie Brown Followed by He 's a Bully , Charlie Brown I Want a Dog for Christmas , Charlie Brown is one of Charles M. Schulz 's Peanuts made - for - television specials . The special first aired on ABC on December 9 , 2003 . It was released to DVD and VHS by Paramount on October 26 , 2004 , and Warner Home Video released it as a remastered deluxe edition on DVD on October 6 , 2009 . This special was re-released as part of the box set Snoopy 's Holiday Collection on October 1 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Notes 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Having seen the relationship between Snoopy and Charlie Brown , Rerun van Pelt is desperate for a dog of his own for Christmas . He asks Santa Claus for a dog . Unfortunately , his mother and older sister , Lucy do not believe that he is old enough to care for a dog . Frustrated , Rerun asks Charlie Brown if he can play with Snoopy . While initially cooperative , Snoopy quickly tires of Rerun 's idea of fun and games , and after a while Snoopy begins to snub Rerun . At Rerun 's request , Snoopy asks his brother Spike to leave his home in the desert near Needles , California and come to visit . When Spike arrives , Lucy is appalled at his skinny figure and takes him in to fatten him up . After a short stay , Spike gains significant weight , which he then loses from fear while riding with Rerun on his mother 's bike . Because Rerun 's mother still will not allow Rerun to have his own dog , Charlie Brown tries to find another home for Spike but to no avail , prompting Spike to return to his desert home . Rerun asks Charlie Brown if Snoopy can come out and pull him on his sled . Rerun finds himself pulling Snoopy on the sled instead , which makes him come to the conclusion that dogs can be troublesome . Charlie Brown breaks the fourth wall at the end of the special by saying , `` I always lie awake wondering , when will it ever end ? Then a voice tells me , ' Right after the credits . ' '' Cast ( edit ) Jimmy Bennett : Rerun van Pelt Ashley Rose Orr : Lucy van Pelt Corey Padnos : Linus van Pelt Adam Taylor Gordon : Charlie Brown Hannah Leigh Dworkin : Sally Brown Nick Price : Schroeder Jake Miner : Franklin / Pig - Pen Kaitlyn Maggio : Little Pigtailed Girl / Violet / Patty Bill Melendez : Snoopy , Spike , Woodstock Notes ( edit ) This special is the second time Snoopy 's brothers Marbles , Olaf , and Andy appear in a Peanuts special ; the first being 1991 's Snoopy 's Reunion . Also his sister Belle is mentioned , but not seen . The scene where Lucy fattens Spike up was previously used in the `` Snoopy 's Brother Spike '' episode of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show as well . External links ( edit ) I Want a Dog for Christmas , Charlie Brown on IMDb Detailed review by Michael Narkunski of 2009 DVD `` Remastered Deluxe Edition '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Characters Charlie Brown Sally Brown Eudora Franklin Frieda Great Pumpkin Kite - Eating Tree Little Red - Haired Girl Marcie Patty Peggy Jean Peppermint Patty Pig - Pen Schroeder Shermy Snoopy Snoopy 's siblings Linus van Pelt Lucy van Pelt Rerun van Pelt Violet Woodstock other characters Feature films A Boy Named Charlie Brown Snoopy , Come Home Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Do n't Come Back ! ! ) The Peanuts Movie soundtrack Television specials A Boy Named Charlie Brown ( documentary ) A Charlie Brown Christmas Charlie Brown 's All Stars ! It 's the Great Pumpkin ... You 're in Love ... He 's Your Dog ... Charlie Brown and Charles Schulz ( documentary ) It Was a Short Summer ... Play It Again ... You 're Not Elected ... There 's No Time for Love ... A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving It 's a Mystery ... It 's the Easter Beagle ... Be My Valentine ... You 're a Good Sport ... Happy Anniversary ... ( documentary ) It 's Arbor Day ... It 's Your First Kiss ... What a Nightmare ... Happy Birthday ... ( documentary ) You 're the Greatest ... She 's a Good Skate ... Life Is a Circus ... It 's Magic ... Someday You 'll Find Her ... A Charlie Brown Celebration Is This Goodbye ... ? It 's an Adventure ... What Have We Learned ... ? It 's Flashbeagle ... Snoopy 's Getting Married ... It 's Your 20th Television Anniversary ... ( documentary ) You 're a Good Man ... Happy New Year ... ! Snoopy ! ! ! The Musical It 's the Girl in the Red Truck ... This Is America ... ( 8 episodes miniseries ) You Do n't Look 40 ... ( documentary ) Why , Charlie Brown , Why ? Snoopy 's Reunion It 's Spring Training ... It 's Christmastime Again ... You 're in the Super Bowl ... It Was My Best Birthday Ever ... Good Grief ... : A Tribute to Charles Schulz ( documentary ) Here 's to You ... : 50 Great Years ( documentary ) It 's the Pied Piper ... The Making of `` A Charlie Brown Christmas '' ( documentary ) A Charlie Brown Valentine Charlie Brown 's Christmas Tales Lucy Must Be Traded ... I Want a Dog for Christmas ... He 's a Bully ... Happiness Is a Warm Blanket ... Animated series The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show Peanuts Motion Comics Peanuts Video games Snoopy and the Red Baron Snoopy Snoopy 's Magic Show Snoopy 's Silly Sports Spectacular Snoopy Concert Snoopy Tennis Snoopy vs. the Red Baron Snoopy Flying Ace The Peanuts Movie : Snoopy 's Grand Adventure Other media Music `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' A Charlie Brown Christmas soundtrack `` Christmas Time Is Here '' `` Linus and Lucy '' Musicals You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown Snoopy the Musical Book series Charlie Brown 's Super Book of Questions and Answers The Complete Peanuts Educational films Tooth Brushing It 's Dental Flossophy , Charlie Brown Charlie Brown Clears the Air Related Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center Unofficial adaptations Dog Sees God : Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead Bring Me the Head of Charlie Brown Other Schulz comics It 's Only a Game Li'l Folks Young Pillars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_a_Dog_for_Christmas,_Charlie_Brown&oldid=810387105 '' Categories : Peanuts television specials Christmas television specials American Broadcasting Company television specials Films directed by Bill Melendez 2003 television specials 2000s American television specials Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown
2. Animated TV special
3. Charles M. Schulz
4. Peanuts
5. Snoopy and Charlie Brown |
7,153,706,729,116,921,000 | nice work you did you're gonna go far kid | You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid - wikipedia You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid <Th_colspan="2"> `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Offspring <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Released September 4 , 2008 Format Digital download , CD single , CD maxi Recorded November 2006 -- April 2008 in Maui , Hawaii and Orange County , California Genre Punk rock Length 2 : 58 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dexter Holland Producer ( s ) Bob Rock <Th_colspan="2"> The Offspring singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hammerhead '' ( 2008 ) `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' ( 2008 ) `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hammerhead '' ( 2008 ) `` ' You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid ' '' ( 2008 ) `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 're Gonna Go Far Kid '' ( Explicit ) on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' is a song by American punk rock band the Offspring . It is the third track on the band 's eighth studio album Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace ( 2008 ) and was released as the second single from the album on September 4 , 2008 . The song had previously impacted radio on August 12 . This is the band 's 3rd No. 1 single on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart after `` Come Out and Play '' and `` Hit That '' . The song stayed at No. 1 for 11 weeks , making it the longest consecutive run for any Offspring single at No. 1 . `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' is certified Gold by the RIAA ; despite this , Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace has never been certified by the RIAA . It also reached No. 1 on KROQ 's Top 106.7 songs of 2008 countdown list . It is the band 's most successful hit of the 2000s and overall one of the most popular songs by the band . On the album Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace , it appears as the third track after Trust in You . `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' along with `` Hammerhead '' was performed live before the release of Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace at X-Fest in San Diego in promotion for the album . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' ( Radio edit ) 2 : 58 <Th_colspan="3"> CD maxi No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' ( Explicit album version ) 3 : 00 2 . `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' ( Live ) 2 : 59 3 . `` Hammerhead '' ( Live ) 4 : 36 4 . `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' ( Video ) 4 : 36 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this single was directed by Chris Hopewell , who has also directed videos for several other bands . It was the first time that Hopewell and the Offspring had collaborated on a music video . On October 16 , 2008 , it was announced on the Offspring 's official website that the video would debut Friday , October 17 at 3 : 00 pm Eastern / 12 noon Pacific on Myspace.com . As in the videos for `` Hammerhead '' and `` Hit That '' , the video contains large amounts of CGI and does not include any footage of the band performing the song . However , unlike `` Hammerhead '' and `` Hit That '' , the video also contains live actors recorded by camera mixed in with the CGI effects . The plot follows a peasant working in a garden in a dystopian future . Suddenly , a nymph appears and gives the peasant a magical , golden acoustic guitar and he begins strumming to the song . He enters town and plays for the locals . The magical abilities of the guitar make the peasant a sensation , earning him much needed money and causes various townsfolk to start dancing uncontrollably . The peasant then plays for plague infested townspeople and they are cured by the magic of the guitar . In return , he demands from one of them her expensive necklace while the nymph looks upon him disapprovingly . The peasant moves onto a very expensive hotel , but is denied entry based on his appearance . He plays more to earn money for a nice suit . He buys the suit , enters the restaurant and begins to play his guitar for the wealthy socialites , for more money . The nymph appears and punishes the peasant for his selfishness by first forcing him to dance alone to the music , then dragging him into the ground through a whirlpool . The guitar lands onto the floor and dissolves into leaves at the end of the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 54 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 28 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 63 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) The song appears on the `` hard '' level in the 2008 video game Tap Tap Revenge . The song was featured in the opening credits of Van Wilder : Freshman Year . The song is a playable track on the rhythm game Power Gig : Rise of the SixString . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Offspring -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offspring , The -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly '' . AllAccess . August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KROQ Top 106.7 Songs of 2008 Countdown List '' . Radiohitlist.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring - You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . MTV . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid Video Premiere ! '' . Offspring.com . October 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ARIA Report - issue 968 - September 15 2008 pandora.nla.gov.au . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Offspring -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Offspring -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Offspring -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Offspring -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Offspring -- You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Tap Tap Revenge '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from Van Wilder : Freshman Year '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quillen , Dustin ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Full Power Gig : Rise of the SixString Tracklist Announced '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> The Offspring <Td_colspan="2"> Dexter Holland Greg K . Noodles Pete Parada Jim Benton Doug Thompson Marcus Parrish James Lilja Ron Welty Atom Willard Studio albums The Offspring Ignition Smash Ixnay on the Hombre Americana Conspiracy of One Splinter Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Days Go By Compilations Collection Greatest Hits Happy Hour ! EPs Baghdad They Were Born to Kill Club Me A Piece of Americana Summer Nationals Demos 6 songs cassette Tehran Singles `` I 'll Be Waiting '' `` Come Out and Play '' `` Self Esteem '' `` Gotta Get Away '' `` Smash It Up '' `` All I Want '' `` Gone Away '' `` The Meaning of Life '' `` I Choose '' `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` She 's Got Issues '' `` Original Prankster '' `` Want You Bad '' `` Million Miles Away '' `` Defy You '' `` Hit That '' `` ( Ca n't Get My ) Head Around You '' `` Spare Me the Details '' `` Ca n't Repeat '' `` Hammerhead '' `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' `` Half - Truism '' `` Days Go By '' `` Cruising California ( Bumpin ' in My Trunk ) '' `` Turning Into You '' `` Coming for You '' Video albums Americana Huck It Complete Music Video Collection Tours Warped Tour 2005 Smash : 20th Anniversary Tour World Tour 2016 World Tour 2017 World Tour 2018 Related articles Discography List of songs Awards List of the Offspring band members Nitro Records Related bands Angels & Airwaves Face to Face Saves the Day Steady Ground <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_Gonna_Go_Far,_Kid&oldid=856777527 '' Categories : 2008 singles The Offspring songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Songs written by Dexter Holland Song recordings produced by Bob Rock 2008 songs Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Chris Hopewell Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 13 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "You're Gonna Go Far, Kid" - The Offspring's hit song
2. Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace - The Offspring's eighth studio album
3. Music video directed by Chris Hopewell
4. Chart success and certifications of the song
5. The Offspring's discography and related bands |
-5,160,136,616,698,581,000 | which country in the eastern asian population cluster has the largest population | List of African countries by population density - wikipedia List of African countries by population density Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of African countries by population density This is a list of African countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants / km2 . Saint Helena , being closest to Africa , has been included . Rank Country or territory Density ( inh. / km2 ) Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2015 est . ) -- Mayotte ( France ) 641.7 374 240,000 Mauritius 624.0 2,040 1,273,000 Rwanda 440.8 26,338 11,610,000 Burundi 401.7 27,830 11,179,000 Comoros 363.1 2,170 788,000 -- Réunion ( France ) 342.8 2,512 861,000 Seychelles 211.0 455 96,000 6 Nigeria 197.2 923,768 182,202,000 7 São Tomé and Príncipe 189.8 1,001 190,000 8 Gambia 176.2 11,300 1,991,000 9 Uganda 165.4 236,040 39,032,000 10 Malawi 145.3 118,480 17,215,000 11 Cape Verde 129.2 4,033 521,000 12 Togo 128.6 56,785 7,305,000 13 Ghana 114.5 239,460 27,410,000 14 Benin 96.6 112,620 10,880,000 15 Egypt 91.4 1,001,450 91,508,000 16 Sierra Leone 89.9 71,740 6,453,000 17 Ethiopia 88.2 1,127,127 99,391,000 18 Kenya 79.0 582,650 46,050,000 19 Senegal 77.1 196,190 15,129,000 20 Morocco 77.0 446,550 34,378,000 21 Swaziland 74.1 17,363 1,287,000 22 Côte d'Ivoire 70.4 322,460 22,702,000 23 Lesotho 70.3 30,355 2,135,000 24 Tunisia 68.8 163,610 11,254,000 25 Burkina Faso 66.0 274,200 18,106,000 26 Tanzania 56.6 945,087 53,470,000 27 Guinea 51.3 245,857 12,609,000 28 Guinea - Bissau 51.1 36,120 1,844,000 29 Cameroon 49.1 475,440 23,344,000 30 South Africa 44.7 1,219,912 54,490,000 31 Eritrea 43.1 121,320 5,228,000 32 Madagascar 41.3 587,040 24,235,000 33 Liberia 40.4 111,370 4,503,000 34 Zimbabwe 39.9 390,580 15,603,000 35 Djibouti 38.6 23,000 888,000 36 Mozambique 34.9 801,590 27,978,000 37 Democratic Republic of the Congo 32.9 2,345,410 77,267,000 38 Equatorial Guinea 30.1 28,051 845,000 39 Sudan 21.6 1,861,484 40,235,000 40 Zambia 21.5 752,614 16,212,000 41 Angola 20.1 1,246,700 25,022,000 42 South Sudan 19.2 644,329 12,340,000 43 Somalia 16.9 637,657 10,787,000 44 Algeria 16.7 2,381,740 39,667,000 45 Niger 15.7 1,267,000 19,899,000 46 Mali 14.2 1,240,000 17,600,000 47 Republic of the Congo 13.5 342,000 4,620,000 48 Chad 10.9 1,284,000 14,037,000 -- Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( UK ) 19.6 394 7,729 49 Central African Republic 7.9 622,984 4,900,000 50 Gabon 6.4 267,667 1,725,000 51 Mauritania 3.9 1,030,700 4,068,000 52 Botswana 3.8 600,370 2,262,000 53 Libya 3.6 1,759,540 6,278,000 54 Namibia 3.0 825,418 2,459,000 -- Western Sahara 266,000 573,000 AVERAGE / TOTAL 39.1 30,360,301 1,186,178,255 See also ( edit ) List of African countries by population List of African countries by GDP Demographics of Africa <Th_colspan="2"> Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economic Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society <Td_colspan="2"> Caste systems Circumcision Etiquette Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division Total Population Both sexes , July , 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African_countries_by_population_density&oldid=777126448 '' Categories : Lists of countries by population density Countries in Africa Africa - related lists Lists by population density Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017 , at 11 : 16 . About Wikipedia | 1. List of African countries by population density
2. Population density in African countries
3. African countries with highest population density
4. Comparison of population density in African countries
5. Demographics of Africa: population density |
-1,796,417,548,358,688,500 | who won the champions league final last year | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Jump to : navigation , search List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals <Td_colspan="2"> European Cup / Champions League trophy Founded 1955 Region Europe ( UEFA ) Number of teams 32 ( group stage ) 2 ( finalists ) Current champions Real Madrid ( 12th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Real Madrid ( 12 titles ) <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal association football competition established in 1955 . The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA ( Union of European Football Associations ) member associations ( except Liechtenstein , which has no league competition ) , as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues . Prior to the 1992 -- 93 season , the tournament was named the European Cup . Originally , only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate . However , this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners - up of the stronger leagues to compete as well . The defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition . Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row , or five times overall , receive a multiple - winner badge . Six teams have earned this privilege : Real Madrid , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Milan , Liverpool and Barcelona . Until 2009 , clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup and a new one was commissioned ; since 2009 , the winning team each year has received a full - size replica of the trophy , while the original is retained by UEFA . A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League / European Cup . Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 12 times , including the inaugural competition . They have also won the competition the most times in a row , winning it five times from 1956 to 1960 . Juventus have been runners - up the most times , losing seven finals . Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Stade de Reims and Valencia have finished as runners - up twice without winning . Spain has provided the most champions , with 17 wins from two clubs . Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs . English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who beat Juventus in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of finals 2 Performances 2.1 By club 2.2 By nation 3 Venues 4 Notes 5 References List of finals ( edit ) Key Match was won during extra time * Match was won on a penalty shoot - out & Match was won after a replay The `` Season '' column refers to the season the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The wikilinks in the `` Score '' column point to the article about that season 's final game . List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals Season Nation Winners Score Runners - up Nation Venue Attendance 1955 -- 56 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 3 Stade de Reims France Parc des Princes , Paris 38,239 1956 -- 57 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 124,000 1957 -- 58 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium , Brussels 67,000 1958 -- 59 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Stade de Reims France Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 72,000 1959 -- 60 Spain Real Madrid 7 -- 3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 127,621 1960 -- 61 Portugal Benfica 3 -- 2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 26,732 1961 -- 62 Portugal Benfica 5 -- 3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 61,257 1962 -- 63 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 45,715 1963 -- 64 Italy Internazionale 3 -- 1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium , Vienna 71,333 1964 -- 65 Italy Internazionale 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal San Siro , Milan 89,000 1965 -- 66 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium , Brussels 46,745 1966 -- 67 Scotland Celtic 2 -- 1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 45,000 1967 -- 68 England Manchester United 4 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 92,225 1968 -- 69 Italy Milan 4 -- 1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 31,782 1969 -- 70 Netherlands Feyenoord 2 -- 1 Celtic Scotland San Siro , Milan 53,187 1970 -- 71 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium , London 83,179 1971 -- 72 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip , Rotterdam 61,354 1972 -- 73 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 89,484 1973 -- 74 West Germany Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium , Brussels 72,047 1974 -- 75 West Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes , Paris 48,374 1975 -- 76 West Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 Saint - Étienne France Hampden Park , Glasgow 54,864 1976 -- 77 England Liverpool 3 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico , Rome 52,078 1977 -- 78 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium , London 92,500 1978 -- 79 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion , Munich 57,500 1979 -- 80 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 51,000 1980 -- 81 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes , Paris 48,360 1981 -- 82 England Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip , Rotterdam 46,000 1982 -- 83 West Germany Hamburg 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium , Athens 73,500 1983 -- 84 England Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico , Rome 69,693 1984 -- 85 Italy Juventus 1 -- 0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium , Brussels 58,000 1985 -- 86 Romania Steaua București 0 -- 0 * Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 70,000 1986 -- 87 Portugal Porto 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,500 1987 -- 88 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 * Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 68,000 1988 -- 89 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou , Barcelona 97,000 1989 -- 90 Italy Milan 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,558 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 * Marseille France Stadio San Nicola , Bari 56,000 1991 -- 92 Spain Barcelona 1 -- 0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium , London 70,827 1992 -- 93 France Marseille 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 64,400 1993 -- 94 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium , Athens 70,000 1994 -- 95 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 49,730 1995 -- 96 Italy Juventus 1 -- 1 * Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico , Rome 70,000 1996 -- 97 Germany Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 59,000 1997 -- 98 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 48,500 1998 -- 99 England Manchester United 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou , Barcelona 90,245 1999 -- 2000 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Valencia Spain Stade de France , Saint - Denis 80,000 2000 -- 01 Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 * Valencia Spain San Siro , Milan 71,500 2001 -- 02 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 50,499 2002 -- 03 Italy Milan 0 -- 0 * Juventus Italy Old Trafford , Manchester 62,315 2003 -- 04 Portugal Porto 3 -- 0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen 53,053 2004 -- 05 England Liverpool 3 -- 3 * Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 69,000 2005 -- 06 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal England Stade de France , Saint - Denis 79,610 2006 -- 07 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium , Athens 63,000 2007 -- 08 England Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 67,310 2008 -- 09 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico , Rome 62,467 2009 -- 10 Italy Internazionale 2 -- 0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 73,490 2010 -- 11 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium , London 87,695 2011 -- 12 England Chelsea 1 -- 1 * Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena , Munich 62,500 2012 -- 13 Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium , London 86,298 2013 -- 14 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 60,976 2014 -- 15 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Berlin 70,442 2015 -- 16 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 1 * Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro , Milan 71,942 2016 -- 17 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 65,842 <Th_colspan="8"> Upcoming finals Season Nation Finalist Match Finalist Nation Venue 2017 -- 18 -- NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 -- 19 -- Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Performances ( edit ) See also : European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances By club ( edit ) Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 12 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich * 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 Ajax * 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Manchester United * 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Juventus * 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea * 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 , 2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 * Club has won all three major UEFA competitions By nation ( edit ) Performance by nation Nation Winners Runners - up Spain 17 11 Italy 12 16 England 12 7 Germany 7 10 Netherlands 6 Portugal 5 France 5 Scotland Romania Yugoslavia Greece 0 Belgium 0 Sweden 0 Venues ( edit ) Multiple guest and neutral hosts Ground Hosts Years Wembley Stadium , London 7 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1978 , 1992 , 2011 , 2013 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 1957 , 1969 , 1980 , 2010 King Baudouin Stadium , Brussels 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1985 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 1964 , 1987 , 1990 , 1995 San Siro , Milan 1965 , 1970 , 2001 , 2016 Stadio Olimpico , Rome 1977 , 1984 , 1996 , 2009 Parc des Princes , Paris 1956 , 1975 , 1981 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1960 , 1976 , 2002 Olympiastadion , Munich 1979 , 1993 , 1997 Olympic Stadium , Athens 1983 , 1994 , 2007 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart 1959 , 1988 De Kuip , Rotterdam 1972 , 1982 Camp Nou , Barcelona 1989 , 1999 Stade de France , Saint - Denis 2000 , 2006 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 1961 Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 1962 Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 1967 Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 1973 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 1986 Stadio San Nicola , Bari 1991 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 1998 Old Trafford , Manchester 2003 Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 2005 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 2008 Allianz Arena , Munich 2012 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 2014 Olympiastadion , Berlin 2015 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 2017 Notes ( edit ) A . The first final , played two days earlier , ended 1 -- 1 after extra time . B. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . C. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Steaua București won the penalty shoot - out 2 -- 0 . D. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . E. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . F. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Juventus won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . G. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 . H. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Milan won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . I. Score was 3 -- 3 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . J. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Manchester United won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . K. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Chelsea won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 3 . L. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Real Madrid won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . References ( edit ) General `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . `` European Champion Clubs ' Cup -- History '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 64 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Football 's top club competition '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 / 98 : Seventh heaven for Madrid '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Museum '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vieli , André , ed . ( October 2005 ) . `` A brand - new trophy '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Direct . Union of European Football Associations ( 42 ) : 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007 / 08 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions ' League 2009 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Spain savour European pre-eminence '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 : English teams banned after Heysel '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 May 1985 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League -- Statistics Handbook 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 141 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 / 74 : Muller ends Bayern wait '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 / 84 : Kennedy spot on for Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 / 86 : Steaua stun Barcelona '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 / 88 : PSV prosper from Oranje boom '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 / 91 : Crvena Zvezda spot on '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 / 96 : Juve hold their nerve '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 / 01 : Kahn saves day for Bayern '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 / 03 : Shevchenko spot on for Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 / 05 : Liverpool belief defies Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 / 08 : Fate favours triumphant United '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot - out win ends Chelsea 's long wait for glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League <Th_colspan="2"> European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Inter Milan 1964 -- 65 : Inter Milan 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Inter Milan 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid <Td_colspan="2"> Finals Winning managers Winning players <Th_colspan="2"> European Cup and UEFA Champions League <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 <Td_colspan="2"> History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=801586887 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals UEFA Champions League European Champion Clubs ' Cup Lists of association football matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals
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7,208,962,388,516,534,000 | when did sarah coventry go out of business | Sarah Coventry - wikipedia Sarah Coventry Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sarah Coventry jewelry was named after the granddaughter of Lyman K. Stuart , the founder of the company . Established in 1949 , it is recognized as the oldest direct selling jewelry company in the world . They did not design their own jewelry but used other manufacturers to produce their jewelry . Most of the production happened in the state of Rhode Island . In the mid-1980s a subsidiary of Playboy Enterprises . Inc ( the publishers of Playboy magazine ) owned the company , as it was planning on diversifying into a brand management company . It later sold the company in the 90 's ; Sarah Coventry jewelry was purchased at home jewelry parties by `` fashion directors '' throughout the country . However , Sarah Coventry jewelry was re-opened years later by new owners and was . being distributed by representatives via catalogs , the Internet , home shopping networks , and other means . The company has since gone out of business . Marks ( edit ) Some marks seen on vintage jewelry include : `` SC '' `` Sarah Cov . '' `` Sarah '' `` SaC '' `` Coventry '' There is usually but not always a copyright symbol accompanying the mark . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Judith ( 2010 ) . Miller 's Costume Jewelry . Great Britain : Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84533 - 563 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Oshel , Kay ( 2003 ) . Sarah Coventry jewelry . A Schiffer book for collectors . Schiffer Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 1704 - 0 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Coventry&oldid=784185123 '' Categories : Jewelry retailers of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2017 , at 23 : 09 . About Wikipedia | 1. Sarah Coventry jewelry
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1,784,213,862,197,992,400 | who are all the characters that died in romeo and juliet | Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Romeo and Juliet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet Capulet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo Montague is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had snuck into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , finding Romeo dead , stabs herself with his dagger . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising queer theory in Queering the Renaissance ( 1994 ) , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equivalent to $1,103,000 in 2017 ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two families as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 24 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues , with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues , while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio here quotes Karl A. Menninger 's Man Against Himself ( 1938 ) . Jump up ^ The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Levenson provides the quote from the 1960 interview with Zeffirelli in The Times . Jump up ^ Levenson credits this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ Brode quotes Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Brode cites Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker as examples . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . References All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Moore 1930 , pp. 264 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Higgins 1998 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins 1998 , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Hosley 1965 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 33 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : da Porto 1831 . Jump up ^ Prunster 2000 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 1937 , pp. 38 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Muir 1998 , pp. 86 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci 1993 -- 1994 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1902 , pp. 41 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 32 , 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 26 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1967 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Wells 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bowling 1949 , pp. 208 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger 2006 , pp. 73 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , pp. 68 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Siegel 1961 , pp. 371 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2007 , pp. 22 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans 1950 , pp. 841 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1939 , pp. 16 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Nevo 1972 , pp. 241 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1968 , pp. 663 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle 1964 , pp. 349 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lucking 2001 , pp. 115 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Driver 1964 , pp. 363 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1987 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , pp. 411 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 1964 , pp. 498 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bonnard 1951 , pp. 319 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 20 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Levin 1960 , pp. 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 52 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Wells 2004 , pp. 11 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Menninger 1938 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum 1997 , pp. 251 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 81 , 83 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1977 , pp. 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 25 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein 1989 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 , pp. 221 -- 7 . Jump up ^ da Porto 1868 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Leveen 2014 . Jump up ^ OED : balcony . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 100 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Branam 1984 , pp. 170 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stone 1964 , pp. 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Pedicord 1954 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Gay 2002 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 125 , 365 , 420 . Jump up ^ The Times 1845 . Jump up ^ Potter 2001 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winter 1893 , pp. 46 -- 7 , 57 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Mosel 1978 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 105 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 107 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Levenson 2000 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Holland 2001 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ The Times 1960 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pappe 1997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Quince 2000 , pp. 121 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Munro 2016 , pp. 68 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 2000 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Edgar 1982 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Marks 1997 . Jump up ^ Houlihan 2004 . Jump up ^ Barranger 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 1977 . Jump up ^ Hetrick & Gans 2013 . Jump up ^ Nestyev 1960 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winn 2007 . Jump up ^ Curnow 2010 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Meyer 1968 , pp. 38 . Jump up ^ Huebner 2002 . Jump up ^ Holden 1993 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Collins 1982 , pp. 532 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Levi 2002 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 43 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stites 1995 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 42 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 187 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Swift 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 75 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ehren 1999 . Jump up ^ Arafay 2005 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ OED : romeo . Jump up ^ Bly 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 352 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 126 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Orgel 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews 2017 . Jump up ^ Sabur 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson 2017 . Jump up ^ Pells 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 218 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Symonds 2017 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lanier 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Howard 2000 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Goyal 2013 . Jump up ^ International Business Times 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. vii . Sources Editions of Romeo and Juliet Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Spencer , T.J.B. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's I Capuleti ed i Montecchi '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Curnow , Robyn ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Wells , Stanley , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet 's Open Rs '' . In Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 218 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Ram Leela box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Hetrick , Adam ; Gans , Andrew ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . Translated by Sisson , C.H. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Grazia , Margreta de . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Houlihan , Mary ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Wherefore art thou , Romeo ? To make us laugh at Navy Pier '' . The Second City . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Huebner , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` Roméo et Juliette '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O006772 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Ram - leela Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Kennedy , Maev ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet get Twitter treatment '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . `` Juliet 's Nurse by Lois Leveen '' . Kirkus Reviews . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lee , Ashley ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Orlando Bloom 's Broadway Debut Released in Theaters for Valentine 's Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Levi , Erik ( 2002 ) . `` Romeo und Julia '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O007781 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . Marsh , Sarah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Menninger , Karl A. ( 1938 ) . Man Against Himself . New York : Harcourt Brace and Company . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and ' Clizia ' '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Mosel , Tad ( 1978 ) . Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0316585378 . Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801858499 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Munro , Ian ( 2016 ) . `` Performance History '' . In Lupton , Julia Reinhard . Romeo and Juliet : A Critical Reader . Arden Early Modern Drama Guides . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 53 -- 78 . ISBN 9781474216371 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Weekender Guide : Shakespeare on The Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . p. 46 . `` balcony '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) `` romeo '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL9780521844291 . ISBN 9781139001526 -- via Cambridge Core . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Pappe , Ilan ( 1997 ) . `` Post-Zionist Critique on Israel and the Palestinians Part III : Popular Culture '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . University of California Press . 26 ( 4 ) : 60 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 2537907 . eISSN 1533 - 8614 . ISSN 0377 - 919X . JSTOR 2537907 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Pells , Raquel ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . da Porto , Luigi ( 1831 ) ( first published c. 1531 ) . Istoria Novellamente Ritrovata di Due Nobili Amanti ( in Italian ) . Venice . da Porto , Luigi ( 1868 ) . `` The Original Story of Romeo and Juliet '' . In Pace - Sanfelice , G . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Translated by Pace - Sanfelice , G. Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . hdl : 2027 / mdp. 39015082232961 . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Prunster , Nicole , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Renaissance and reformation texts in translation . 8 . Translated by Prunster , Nicole . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ISSN 0820 - 750X . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Richardson , Hannah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Roberts , Arthur J. 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Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 -- 15 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism : Excerpts from the Criticism of William Shakespeare 's Plays & Poetry , from the First Published Appraisals to Current Evaluations . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 9780810361294 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . JSTOR 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 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Symonds , Dominic ( 2017 ) . `` ' We 're All in This Together ' : Being Girls and Boys in High School Musical ( 2006 ) '' . In Rodosthenous , George . The Disney Musical on Stage and Screen : Critical Approaches from ' Snow White ' to ' Frozen ' . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 169 -- 84 . ISBN 9781474234191 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . JSTOR 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . `` Haymarket Theatre '' . 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External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) <Td_colspan="3"> * Shakespeare and other authors Lost <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Romeo and Juliet <Th_colspan="2"> Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Romeo and Juliet - tragedy by William Shakespeare
2. Star-crossed lovers - theme of the play
3. Feuding families - Capulets and Montagues
4. Adaptations of Romeo and Juliet - stage, film, and literature
5. Love, fate, and time - major themes in the play |
-3,460,460,089,443,151,000 | who played the mother on the cosby show | List of the Cosby show characters - wikipedia List of the Cosby show characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby , which aired for eight seasons on NBC from 1984 until 1992 . The show focuses on the Huxtable family , an upper middle - class African - American family living in Brooklyn , New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Cliff Huxtable 1.2 Clair Huxtable 1.3 Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux 1.4 Denise Huxtable Kendall 1.5 Theo Huxtable 1.6 Vanessa Huxtable 1.7 Rudy Huxtable 1.8 Elvin Tibideaux 1.9 Martin Kendall 1.10 Olivia Kendall 1.11 Pam Tucker 2 Recurring characters 3 Notable guest stars 4 References Main characters Cliff Huxtable Main article : Cliff Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Bill Cosby All 202 ( all ) Dr. Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable is known for his comical antics , playful admonishments , and relentless teasing humor . He lives in Brooklyn Heights , New York . Cliff had a brother , James Theodore Huxtable , who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7 . In his high school and college years , he was an athlete who wrestled , played football , and ran track . He later served in the Navy before going to medical school . He is an OB / GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home . In the show , most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as `` Dr. Huxtable '' , and he is well - respected in the community . Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable . Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional Hillman College . Together , they have five children : Sondra , Denise , Theodore ( Theo ) , Vanessa , and Rudith ( Rudy ) . Cliff enjoys live jazz , has an extensive collection of albums , and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it . Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him , especially his family , however he is very kind - hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor . Although he and his wife fostered a tight - knit , loving family , a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house . Very playful , Cliff enjoys competition , often making bets with Clair over various things , such as the date a certain jazz song was released , or having a `` Smooth Contest '' to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town , as judged by the children . He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends , which sometimes gets very passionate . Unfortunately , Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games , as , for example , he has never beaten his father - in - law at chess . However , Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster ( played by Roscoe Lee Browne ) , an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair 's literary professor at Hillman College . In the pilot episode , Cosby 's character 's full name is Clifford , as shown on a sign on the exterior of the house . His full name was subsequently changed to Heathcliff , even though in one episode Clair called him `` Heathclifford '' , and he is commonly called `` Cliff '' throughout the series . Originally , Cliff was to have worked as a chauffeur , with most of the humor coming from his interactions with customers . However , the show was changed before airing to have Cliff be a medical doctor , and the humor to come from his interactions with his family . Cliff also appears in three episodes of A Different World : the pilot ( with Rudy ) , `` Rudy and the Snow Queen '' ( also with Rudy ) and `` If Chosen , I May Not Run '' . He is the only character to appear in every episode . Clair Huxtable Main article : Clair Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Phylicia Rashād All 193 Clair Olivia Huxtable ( née Hanks ) is the elegantly tough , eloquent , and engaging wife of Cliff , who is known for her relaxed confidence and striking emphasis as shown . Aside from her deep and decorated self - expression , Clair can also be playful and silly . She is an intelligent , classy , and successful businesswoman . A great debater , Clair rarely if ever loses an argument on the show , a testament to her career as lawyer . She is also highly skilled in areas of recall about facts and dates , which she uses during discussions and debates : in one episode she is shown quoting a passage and even the page number of a book during an appearance at a television roundtable . Clair is bilingual but is only shown speaking Spanish on a couple of occasions . Several episodes also showcased her singing talent . Despite her elegant brand of toughness and strictness , Clair is a very loving mother and wife . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's wife , Camille Olivia Hanks - Cosby . Her age is directly stated only once during the series , and two separate episodes provide contradictory information on the age difference between herself and Cliff . He celebrates his 50th birthday during season three ( `` Cliff 's 50th Birthday '' ) , while she celebrates her 46th during season five ( `` Birthday Blues , '' two years later ) , indicating that she is six years younger . However , in the season four episode `` The Locker Room , '' it is stated that Clair is four years younger . Her character was originally supposed to be a housewife , but when the show finally aired , she became a lawyer . During the series , she becomes a partner in her law firm . As an attorney she helps her family with legal issues , and she successfully represents her eldest daughter , Sondra , in a case over dishonest car repairs . When it came to the Huxtable household , she was in charge , even though she let Cliff think he was in charge ( although Cliff was known to lay down the law when he had to ) . She was the chief disciplinarian of the children , as shown in an episode where Vanessa and her friends sneak off to Baltimore to see a rock concert and Clair delivers a memorable and scathing diatribe to her . Another memorable moment came when the normally composed Clair lost her temper when Sondra announced she was n't going to law school after paying her tuition to attend Princeton . Clair also appears in four episodes of A Different World : `` Clair 's Last Stand '' , `` Risky Business '' ( with Theo and Vanessa ) , `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Martin and Olivia ) and `` Success , Lies and Videotapes '' . Clair Huxtable has been ranked highly in several lists of the top television mothers . She was voted as television 's `` Favorite TV Mom '' in a poll conducted by the Opinion Research Company in 2004 . In 2009 , she was included in the Top 5 Classic TV Moms by Film.com . In May 2012 , Clair was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of `` Mommy Dearest : The TV Moms You Love '' . AOL named her the ninth Most Memorable Female TV Character . Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux Main article : Sondra Huxtable -- Tibideaux Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Sabrina LeBeauf 2 -- 8 ; recurring in 1 53 `` Bonjour Sondra '' Sondra Tibideaux ( née Huxtable ) , the eldest daughter of Cliff and Clair , did not appear on screen until mid-way through season one . She did not exist in the pilot episode ( Clair : `` Why do we have four children ? '' Cliff : `` Because we did not want five . '' ) In her first appearance , she is a sophomore in college , and Cliff notes her to be 20 years old ( episode 10 ) , making her birth year 1964 . She earned a degree from Princeton University and had intentions of pursuing a career as a lawyer , like her mother . She married her boyfriend , Elvin Tibideaux , in season four , and later gave birth to twins -- a boy and a girl -- named after Nelson and Winnie Mandela . More serious , earnest and responsible than the other children , Sondra fits many of the characteristics of the first born from a large family . Though she had her moments of bizarre thinking ( e.g. dropping out of law school to open up a wilderness store with Elvin ) , she 'd usually snap out of them relatively quickly . Because of her intelligence level and overachieving nature , she is looked upon by her parents proudly , but also is held to a higher standard than the rest of the children . Sondra appeared sporadically in early seasons of the series due to the character being off at college at the time . Sondra was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child ( e.g. a college graduate ) . Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable . Sabrina LeBeauf almost missed out on the role because she is only 10 years younger ( b . 1958 ) than Phylicia Rashad ( b . 1948 ) . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's eldest daughter , Erika , who was approximately the same age as Sondra . Denise Huxtable Kendall Main article : Denise Huxtable -- Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Final appearance Lisa Bonet 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ; recurring in 4&5 119 `` Cliff and Jake '' Denise Kendall ( née Huxtable ) is the second daughter of Cliff and Clair Huxtable . At the beginning of the series , she is sixteen years old , putting her year of birth in 1968 . She loves fashion and music , but did not want to attend school to pursue either interest . She is noted as being an individual who usually wishes to march to the beat of her own drum , and often learns lessons up front for herself rather than based off the experiences of others . A two - year stint at Hillman College ends with Denise wishing to see what she can accomplish on her own , which leads her to Africa as a photographer 's assistant . While there , she meets and marries Navy Lt. Martin Kendall , and also becomes stepmother to Martin 's three - year - old daughter Olivia , his child from a previous marriage . Denise eventually decides to become a special education teacher and makes arrangements to attend Medgar Evers College to this effect , but that idea does not work out as Denise eventually leaves New York again when Martin is posted to Singapore on a long - term assignment . It is revealed in the series finale that she is pregnant . During the first two seasons , Denise was portrayed as a very popular high - schooler , with many friends , who seemingly had a different boyfriend every episode . Along with her constantly fluctuating love life , were her various hairstyles and choices of clothing , which were occasionally made fun of by Cliff . In later seasons , however , she exhibited a more flighty nature , often expressing ideas that left Cliff and Clair greatly puzzled . In season three , Denise left home to attend Hillman College , a fictional , historically African - American college , of which her mother , father and grandfather were all alumni . The Cosby Show 's producers created a spin - off series , entitled A Different World , which initially dealt with the life of Denise at college . Denise was written out of the series following its inaugural season ( which aired concurrently with season four of The Cosby Show ) , after actress Lisa Bonet became pregnant . Shortly after the start of season five , Denise traveled to Africa for a year , and there she fell in love with and married Martin . In the season six premiere , she returned home , shocking her parents with the news of her surprise marriage to a divorced single father . However , Cliff and Clair accepted the couple when they met Olivia , who immediately won their hearts and was welcomed into the family . She appears regularly during the first three seasons , and is in only four episodes each of seasons four and five ( a picture of her can be seen in the opening credits of season four ) , she appears regularly in season six , but only appears in a handful of episodes during season seven . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's daughter , Erinn , who was approximately the same age as Denise . Additionally , Denise attended Hillman College , whereas Erinn attended Spelman College , the university that Hillman is believed to be modeled after . Theo Huxtable Main article : Theodore Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Malcolm - Jamal Warner All 176 Theodore Aloysius `` Theo '' Huxtable is the middle child and only son of Cliff and Clair Huxtable , and is athletic and obsessed with impressing girls , and obtaining a sports car or motorcycle . He is fourteen years old when the series begins , making his birth year 1970 . In the pilot episode , he is lectured by his father for not applying himself at school ( `` I brought you in this world , and I 'll take you out '' ) . Also in the early seasons , he was somewhat of a troublemaker , as illustrated through incidents both alluded to and explicitly portrayed in the series , such as letting his best friend 's younger sister pierce his ear , resulting in an infected earlobe , but his behavior had improved by the time he left high school . A running theme of the early seasons revolved around Theo 's academic struggles , especially in his sophomore - year geometry class , taught by Mrs. Westlake ( Sonia Braga ) . As the seasons progressed , Theo gradually evolved from being an under - achiever to a successful high school -- and college -- student ( in interviews , Cosby noted a similar change in his real - life son , Ennis ) . While Theo was a student at NYU , it was revealed that he suffered from dyslexia , a learning disability that inspired him to work harder , and as a result overcame it . By the final season , Theo was a student teacher , helping other children with dyslexia at a local education center . In the show 's final episode , he graduated from NYU with a degree in psychology . In the pilot , and once more in season one ( the episode `` Bad Dreams '' ) , he is referred to by Vanessa as `` Teddy '' , instead of `` Theo . '' Theo has a long - running , but on - and - off relationship with a girl named Justine , who is mentioned many times throughout the series , but appears in only nine episodes . During his high school years , Theo 's best friend was Walter Bradley ( Carl Anthony Payne II ) , better known as `` Cockroach '' , who was more of a scholastic underachiever than Theo . The two of them would occasionally compose rap songs for various school assignments . When Theo got tickets to `` Dance Mania '' ( a `` Soul Train '' - like television dance show ) , and only one of them was allowed into the studio , Theo let Cockroach have the spot , but did not feel good about it when he saw Cockroach on TV , and as the center of their friends ' attention the next day at school . This episode marked the final appearance of the character , and Cockroach was rarely mentioned in subsequent episodes . Theo appears in the series the most out of the Huxtable children . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's only son Ennis , who was approximately the same age as Theo ( and was also dyslexic ) . Theo also appears in two episodes of A Different World : `` My Dinner With Theo '' ( with Rudy ) and `` Risky Business '' ( with Clair and Vanessa ) . Vanessa Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Tempestt Bledsoe All 157 Vanessa Huxtable is the fourth child and third daughter of Cliff and Clair . In season one , she is eleven years old , making her birth year 1973 . As Vanessa grew up , she faced typical teenage problems and heartbreaks , such as wearing make - up before her 15th birthday in violation of her parents ' rules and spending a lot of time talking on the phone with her friends . Unlike her older brother , she was an excellent student and seemed to enjoy school ; at the beginning of season seven , she went off to college one year early . She became engaged in the final season to Dabnis Brickey , a man in his late twenties . Dabnis was the head of maintenance at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania , where Vanessa was enrolled . However , Vanessa realized that she was not ready to get married , and they broke off the engagement . They maintained they were `` just friends '' by the end of the season . In the early seasons , Vanessa is usually considered to be nosy , as she usually -- sneakily -- tries to find out what goes on in the Huxtable house , especially when it involves someone ( usually Theo ) in trouble with their parents . But , in a later episode , the tables are turned , as Theo catches Vanessa 's friends smoking cigarettes in her room , although Vanessa herself did not take part , and even tried to dissuade her friends from doing so . She often fought with her younger sister , Rudy , over typical childish issues . At one point , their fighting caused damage to both their bedrooms and the kitchen ceiling , driving Cliff to declare their rooms off limits because of `` World War Five '' and exile them to the basement until repairs were finished . But , on one occasion , Vanessa got into a physical tussle with Denise over a sweater that Vanessa stole from Denise 's closet after Denise did not allow her to borrow it . One of Vanessa 's best friends in high school was a girl named Kara ( played by Elizabeth Narvaez ) , who could ramble on about nothing in particular at high speed . Whenever Cliff -- who once referred to Kara as `` Turbo Tongue '' -- was on the receiving end of her babbling , he would always reply with a bewildered `` Thank you . '' Vanessa appeared sporadically in the final two seasons of the series due to the character being away at college . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's daughter , Ensa , who was approximately the same age as Vanessa . Vanessa also appears in the A Different World episode `` Risky Business '' ( with Clair and Theo ) . Rudy Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Keshia Knight Pulliam All 177 Rudith Lillian `` Rudy '' Huxtable is the youngest of the Huxtable children . She is only five years old at the beginning of the series , making her birth year 1979 . She comes of age during the course of the show . A number of Rudy 's friends appear in episodes as the series progresses . Among the best known are the taciturn Peter Chiara who repeatedly ran out the Huxtables ' front door when frightened ; and the chauvinist , blues - loving Kenny , whom she nicknames `` Bud '' , and who always gets advice from his ( unseen ) older brother about basically everything . This unfortunately gives him the wrong conception about certain things and gets him in trouble , although he seemed to grow out of it as the series reached its end . Keshia Knight Pulliam was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in season two , becoming the youngest nominee ever . One of her fellow nominees that year was Phylicia Rashad . Neither won . The Huxtable family was originally going to be two boys and two girls . The youngest child , Rudy , was initially supposed to be a boy , but the character was re-written for a girl ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) when no boys auditioned . Jaleel White , later known for his role as Steve Urkel on Family Matters , revealed in a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair that he had auditioned for the role of Rudy . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's youngest daughter , Evin , who was approximately the same age as Rudy . Rudy also appears in three episodes of A Different World : the pilot ( with Cliff ) , `` Rudy and the Snow Queen '' ( also with Cliff ) and `` My Dinner with Theo '' ( with Theo ) . Elvin Tibideaux Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Geoffrey Owens 4 -- 8 ; recurring in 2&3 44 `` Cliff in Love '' Elvin Tibideaux is Sondra 's boyfriend , and later , husband . They met at Princeton , where they both earned degrees . The two constantly bickered during early episodes , until his interactions with the Huxtables , particularly Clair , challenged him to confront his `` male - chauvinist '' attitudes . When they return from their honeymoon , they shock Cliff and Clair by announcing their intentions to forego medical school and law school , and start a wilderness supply store in Brooklyn . When his children are born , Elvin then announces that he will re-apply to medical school . This decision later convinces Sondra to resume her studies at law school . Elvin was a wrestler in high school and for one year at Princeton , but had to quit after injuring his hip . During season three , he helped Theo with some strategy and moves . Martin Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Joseph C. Phillips 6 and 7 , recurring in 8 21 `` Denise : The Saga Continues '' Lt. Martin Kendall is a Navy officer , husband of Denise Huxtable , and father of Olivia . Phillips ' role as Martin Kendall came about when Denise unexpectedly married him in Africa , unbeknownst to her parents and family . When the newlyweds arrive back home , Martin learns that Denise 's family not only does not know about their marriage , they do not know about him at all , so he wants to introduce himself to the Huxtables now that he has married into their family and to show his intentions of marrying his daughter were honorable . This does not go over smoothly at first , as Clair and Cliff are uneasy with the whirlwind marriage of Martin , however in due time they become accustomed to this blended family . Kendall also had an ex-wife , named Paula ( played by Victoria Rowell of The Young and the Restless ) . In the finale , it is revealed that he and Denise are expecting a baby together . Joseph C. Phillips played Sondra 's date in a season two episode , before coming back as a new character , and playing the husband of Denise . Martin appears frequently in the sixth season but is only seen in a handful episodes of the seventh season , Joseph C. Phillips 's final season as a regular . Martin makes his final appearance in an episode of season eight , `` Olivia Comes Out of the Closet . '' Martin also appears in the Different World episode `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Clair and Olivia ) . Olivia Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Raven - Symoné 6 -- 8 63 `` Denise : The Saga Continues '' Olivia Kendall is Denise Huxtable 's precocious stepdaughter , who is three years old when she first appears in the series . Olivia is the only child of Martin and Paula Kendall . After a few years of marriage , her parents divorced , and her mother , Paula , gave Martin full custody , as she felt overwhelmed by marriage and motherhood . Olivia was then raised by her grandparents and father . When Olivia was almost four years old , her father Martin married Denise Huxtable , whom he met in Africa . The new family moved in with Denise 's parents , Clair and Cliff Huxtable , who are now Olivia 's step - grandparents . Martin , as a Naval officer , is required to travel a lot , so for a while , Olivia was unable to spend time with him . During his absences , her stepmother , Denise , raised her . Olivia continued to live with her step - grandparents while her parents were in Singapore during the final season . The character was named after Bill Cosby 's wife , Camille Olivia Hanks - Cosby . Olivia also appears in the Different World episode `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Clair and Martin ) . Pam Tucker Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Erika Alexander 7 -- 8 21 `` Period of Adjustment '' Pam Tucker is Clair Huxtable 's distant cousin . The daughter of a single mother , Pam comes to live with the Huxtables after her mother moved to California to take care of Pam 's grandmother . Upon moving in , Pam is a high school junior -- younger than Vanessa , but older than Rudy . At first , she is not used to the Huxtables ' upper - middle - class lifestyle or close - knit family relationships . Eventually , she fits in , and becomes just another one of the Huxtable clan . Pam makes her first appearance in the fourth episode , `` A Period of Adjustment , '' Tin season seven . Frequently , Pam is shown interacting with her best friend , Charmaine Brown ( Karen Malina White ) , and Charmaine 's boyfriend , Lance Rodman ( Allen Payne ) . The character had a mixed reception . Recurring characters Russell Huxtable ( Earle Hyman ) Cliff 's father ( 40 episodes ) Kenny , aka `` Bud '' ( Deon Richmond ) Rudy 's longtime friend ( 32 episodes ) Anna Huxtable ( Clarice Taylor ) Cliff 's mother ( 19 episodes ) Charmaine Brown ( Karen Malina White ) Pam 's best friend ( 13 episodes ) ( later became a regular on the final season of A Different World ) Winnie Tibideaux ( Domonique & Monique Reynolds , Jalese & Jenelle Grays , Jessica Ann Vaughn ) daughter of Sondra and Elvin ( 18 episodes ) Peter Chiara ( Peter Costa ) Rudy 's friend ( 13 episodes ) Walter Bradley , aka `` Cockroach '' ( Carl Anthony Payne II ) Theo 's best friend in high school ( 12 episodes ) Nelson Tibideaux ( Christopher & Clayton Griggs , Darrian & Donovan Bryant , Gary LeRoi Gray ) son of Sondra and Elvin ( 7 episodes ) Denny ( Troy Winbush ) Theo 's high school , college friend ( 11 episodes ) Lance Rodman ( Allen Payne ) Charmaine 's boyfriend ( 11 episodes ) Janet Meiser ( Pam Potillo ) Vanessa 's friend ( 10 episodes ) Howard ( Reno Wilson Theo 's college friend ( 10 episodes ) Justine Phillips ( Michelle Thomas ) Theo 's longtime girlfriend ( 8 episodes ) Kara ( Elizabeth Narvaez ) Vanessa 's friend ( 8 episodes ) Stanley ( Merlin Santana ) Rudy 's boyfriend ( 7 episodes ) Kim Ogawa ( Naoka Nakagawa ) Rudy 's friend ( 7 episodes ) Carrie Hanks ( Ethel Ayler ) Clair 's mother ( 6 episodes ) Robert Foreman ( Dondre T. Whitfield ) Vanessa 's boyfriend ( 6 episodes ) Lou Hernandez ( Alex Ruiz ) Theo 's college friend ( 6 episodes ) Dabnis Brickey ( William Thomas Jr . ) Vanessa 's fiance ( 6 episodes ) Jeffry Engels ( Wallace Shawn ) the Huxtables ' neighbor ( 5 episodes ) Smitty ( Adam Sandler ) Theo 's high school friend ( 4 episodes ) Arthur Bartell a.k.a. `` Slide '' ( Mushond Lee ) Pam 's ex-boyfriend ( 4 episodes ) Al Hanks ( Joe Williams ) Clair 's father ( 4 episodes ) Aaron Dexter ( Seth Gilliam ) Pam 's boyfriend ( 3 episodes ) Mrs. McGee ( Elaine Stritch ) Rudy 's teacher ( 3 episodes ) Jade ( Vanessa A. Williams ) Theo 's friend ( 2 episodes , season 5 ) Cheryl ( Vanessa A. Williams ) Theo 's friend ( 2 episodes , season 7 ) Notable guest stars Debbie Allen as Emma ( `` If the Dress Fits , Wear It '' , season 5 ) John Amos as Dr. Herbert ( `` The Physical '' , season 5 ) Tichina Arnold as Delores ( `` Theo 's Women '' , season 5 ) Angela Bassett as Mrs. Mitchell ( `` Mr. Quiet '' , season 1 ) , and Paula ( `` Bookworm '' , season 4 ) Norman Beaton as Carleton ( `` There 's Still No Joy in Mudville '' season 7 ) U.S. Senator Bill Bradley as Cliff 's teammate # 1 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Sônia Braga as Anna Maria Westlake ( `` Mrs. Westlake '' and `` An Early Spring '' , season 2 ) Valerie Brisco - Hooks as herself ( `` Off to the Races '' , season 2 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as Dr. Foster ( `` Shakespeare '' , season 4 ) Red Buttons as Jake , owner of Jake 's Appliances ( `` Cliff and Jake '' , season 7 ) Naomi Campbell as Julia ( `` The Birth '' and `` Cyranoise de Bergington '' , season 5 ) Betty Carter as Amanda Woods ( `` How Do You Get to Carnegie Hall '' , season 5 ) Robert Culp as Scott Kelly ( `` Bald and Beautiful '' , season 3 ) Sammy Davis , Jr. as Ray Palomino ( `` No Way , Baby '' , season 5 ) Dave DeBusschere as Cliff 's teammate # 2 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Plácido Domingo as Alberto Santiago ( `` Birthday Blues '' , season 5 ) Teresa Edwards as Opponent # 2 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Yvonne Irvin as Clair 's Sister ( `` Clair 's Sister '' , season 2 ) Al Freeman , Jr. as Ernie Scott ( `` Back to the Track , Jack '' , season 1 ) Minnie Gentry as Gramtee ( `` The Storyteller '' , season 6 ) Dizzy Gillespie as Mr. Hampton ( `` Play It Again Vanessa '' , season 1 ) Erica Gimpel as Jennifer ( `` Waterworks '' , season 4 ) Robin Givens as Susanne ( `` Theo and the Older Woman '' , season 2 ) Pam Grier as Samantha ( `` Planning Parenthood '' , season 3 ) Moses Gunn as Joe Kendall ( `` Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables '' , season 6 ) Walt Hazzard as Cliff 's teammate # 3 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Lena Horne as herself ( `` Cliff 's Birthday '' , season 1 ) Iman as Mrs. Montgomery ( `` Theo and the Joint '' , season 1 ) Danny Kaye as Dr. Burns ( `` The Dentist '' , season 2 ) , in one of his last TV appearances Alicia Keys as Maria ( `` Slumber Party '' , season 1 ) B.B. King as Riley Jackson ( `` Not Everybody Loves the Blues '' , season 6 ) LaChanze as Sylvia ( `` The Prom '' , season 4 ) Audrey Landers as Cookie Bennett ( `` Cliff and Jake '' , season 7 ) Sheldon Leonard as Dr. Wexler ( `` Physician of the Year , '' season 1 ) Nancy Lieberman as Opponent # 1 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Miriam Makeba as herself ( `` Olivia Comes Out of the Closet '' , season 8 ) S. Epatha Merkerson as Book Club Member 5 ( `` Bookworm '' , season 4 ) Melba Moore as Patricia Abbott ( `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' , season 4 ) Rita Moreno as Mrs. Granger ( `` You Only Hurt the One You Love '' , season 3 ) Lou Myers as Mr. Davis ( `` You Only Hurt the One You Love '' , & `` Andalusian Flu '' , season 3 ) Tony Orlando as Tony Castillo ( `` Mr. Quiet '' , season 1 ) Tito Puente as timbal player ( `` Play It Again , Russell '' , season 2 ) Christopher Plummer as Professor Jonathan Lawrence ( `` Shakespeare '' , season 4 ) Patricia Richardson as Mrs. Schrader ( `` Calling Doctor Huxtable '' , season 3 ) John Ritter as Ray Evans ( `` Total Control '' , season 7 ) Frank Robinson as Frank Potter ( `` There 's Still No Joy in Mudville '' , season 7 ) Victoria Rowell as Paula Kendall ( `` Cliff 's Wet Adventure '' , season 6 ) Howard `` Sandman '' Sims as himself ( `` Mr. Sandman '' , season 6 ) Special Ed as J.T. Freeze ( `` Warning : A Double - Lit Candle Can Cause a Meltdown '' , season 8 ) Bern Nadette Stanis as Carolyn Thompson ( `` Adventures in Babysitting '' , season 7 ) Leslie Uggams as Kris Temple ( `` The Return of the Clairettes '' , season 7 ) Blair Underwood as Denise 's boyfriend ( uncredited ) ( `` Jitterbug Break '' , season 1 ) , and Mark ( `` Theo and the Older Woman '' , season 2 ) Mario Van Peebles as Garvin ( `` Clair 's Sister '' , season 2 ) Jim Valvano as John Velarde ( `` The Getaway '' , season 8 ) Dick Vitale as Dan Vicente ( `` The Getaway '' , season 8 ) Malinda Williams as Althea Logan ( `` Calling Doctor Huxtable '' , season 3 ) and Shana ( `` Denise Kendall : Singles Counselor '' , season 6 ) Nancy Wilson as Lorraine Kendall ( `` Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables '' , season 6 ) Stevie Wonder as himself ( `` A Touch of Wonder '' , season 2 ) Amy Yasbeck as Alicia Evans ( `` Total Control '' , season 7 ) References ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Top 10 Favorite TV Couples '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Race : Television and the Struggle for Blackness -- Herman Gray -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Polls > Maybe It 's the Sweaters ; Cliff Huxtable is the TV Dad Americans Would Have Wanted Growing Up '' . Harris Interactive . 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women Watching Television : Gender , Class , and Generation in the American ... -- Andrea L. Press -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Babies : Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic -- Mark Anthony Neal -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` With Amusement for All : A History of American Popular Culture Since 1830 -- LeRoy Ashby -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Huxtable Top 10 TV Dads TIME.com '' . Entertainment.time.com. 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Television Studies -- Jonathan Bignell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Huxtable named best TV mom -- today > entertainment -- today > entertainment > tv - TODAY.com '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stacey ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Film.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel , Jacki ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Mommy Dearest : The TV Moms You Love '' . iVillage . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jet -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk. 1988 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Why I wish ' Rudy ' had skipped Cosby 's trial '' . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Mark ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Cosby : His Life and Times '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Television Series of the 1980s : Essential Facts and Quirky Details '' . Rowman & Littlefield . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ McCann , Bob ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television '' . McFarland . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mike Ryan ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Jaleel White on His 31 - Year Career '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Playbook : Let 's Add a Kid ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television -- Bob McCann '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shaded Lives : African - American Women and Television -- Beretta E. Smith - Shomade '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 58 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cosby : His Life and Times -- Mark Whitaker '' . Books.google.co.uk. 2014 - 09 - 16 . p. 341 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Dictionary of African American Television -- Kathleen Fearn - Banks , Anne Burford - Johnson '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 113 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show : Where are they now ? -- Erika Alexander -- Pam Tucker '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Replaced Classic TV Characters We Never Got Over ( Aunt Viv , Brenda Walsh , & More ! ) '' . 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Joe Reid and Kevin . `` Celebrating 30 Years of ' The Cosby Show ' by Debating Four Key ' Cosby ' Questions '' . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Cosby Show Characters Cliff Huxtable Clair Huxtable Sondra Huxtable Denise Huxtable Theodore Huxtable Rudy Huxtable Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Goodbye Mr. Fish '' Seasons 6 7 8 Related A Different World episodes characters Dwayne Cleofis Wayne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Cosby_Show_characters&oldid=820890464 '' Categories : The Cosby Show Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from New York City Lists of sitcom television characters The Cosby Show characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Cosby Show characters
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4. Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux
5. Denise Huxtable Kendall |
8,292,897,985,176,010,000 | list of the planet of the apes movies | Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics <Th_colspan="2"> Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity <Td_colspan="5"> Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide <Td_colspan="9"> Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million <Td_colspan="9"> Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million <Td_colspan="9"> Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,288,952 $324,620,270 $470,909,222 # 343 # 198 $150 million <Th_colspan="2"> Total $793,197,282 $1,283,407,873 $2,185,566,577 <Th_colspan="2"> $567.5 million <Td_colspan="9"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore <Td_colspan="4"> Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) <Td_colspan="4"> Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - <Td_colspan="4"> Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 268 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - <Td_colspan="4"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character <Th_colspan="5"> Original series <Th_colspan="1"> Remake <Th_colspan="3"> Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes <Td_colspan="1"> 1968 <Td_colspan="1"> 1970 <Td_colspan="1"> 1971 <Td_colspan="1"> 1972 <Td_colspan="1"> 1973 <Td_colspan="1"> 2001 <Td_colspan="1"> 2011 <Td_colspan="1"> 2014 <Td_colspan="1"> 2017 <Th_colspan="10"> Humans ( edit ) George Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nova <Td_colspan="2"> Linda Harrison <Td_colspan="6"> Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus <Td_colspan="7"> Mendez Paul Richards <Td_colspan="7"> Albina Natalie Trundy <Td_colspan="7"> Skipper Tod Andrews <Td_colspan="7"> Dr. Lewis Dixon <Td_colspan="2"> Bradford Dillman <Td_colspan="6"> Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton <Td_colspan="2"> Natalie Trundy <Td_colspan="6"> Dr. Otto Hasslein <Td_colspan="2"> Eric Braeden <Td_colspan="6"> Armando <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ricardo Montalbán <Td_colspan="5"> Governor Breck <Td_colspan="3"> Don Murray <Td_colspan="5"> MacDonald <Td_colspan="3"> Hari Rhodes <Td_colspan="5"> Kolp <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Severn Darden <Td_colspan="4"> MacDonald <Td_colspan="4"> Austin Stoker <Td_colspan="4"> Mendez <Td_colspan="4"> Paul Stevens <Td_colspan="4"> Jake <Td_colspan="4"> Michael Stearns <Td_colspan="4"> Leo Davidson <Td_colspan="5"> Mark Wahlberg <Td_colspan="3"> Daena <Td_colspan="5"> Estella Warren <Td_colspan="3"> Birn <Td_colspan="5"> Luke Eberl <Td_colspan="3"> Will Rodman <Td_colspan="6"> James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha <Td_colspan="6"> Freida Pinto <Td_colspan="2"> John Landon <Td_colspan="6"> Brian Cox <Td_colspan="2"> Steven Jacobs <Td_colspan="6"> David Oyelowo <Td_colspan="2"> Charles Rodman <Td_colspan="6"> John Lithgow <Td_colspan="2"> Dodge Landon <Td_colspan="6"> Tom Felton <Td_colspan="2"> Dreyfus <Td_colspan="7"> Gary Oldman Malcolm <Td_colspan="7"> Jason Clarke Ellie <Td_colspan="7"> Keri Russell Alexander <Td_colspan="7"> Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver <Td_colspan="7"> Kirk Acevedo Werner <Td_colspan="7"> Jocko Sims McVeigh <Td_colspan="7"> Kevin Rankin Finney <Td_colspan="7"> Keir O'Donnell The Colonel <Td_colspan="8"> Woody Harrelson Preacher <Td_colspan="8"> Gabriel Chavarria <Th_colspan="11"> Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall <Td_colspan="1"> Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) <Td_colspan="2"> Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira <Td_colspan="3"> Kim Hunter <Td_colspan="1"> Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) <Td_colspan="4"> Dr. Zaius <Td_colspan="2"> Maurice Evans <Td_colspan="3"> Charlton Heston <Td_colspan="3"> General Ursus James Gregory <Td_colspan="7"> Caesar <Td_colspan="2"> Walker Edmiston ( voice ) <Td_colspan="2"> Roddy McDowall <Td_colspan="3"> Andy Serkis Lisa <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Natalie Trundy <Td_colspan="4"> General Aldo <Td_colspan="3"> David Chow Claude Akins <Td_colspan="4"> Virgil <Td_colspan="4"> Paul Williams <Td_colspan="4"> Nova <Td_colspan="5"> Lisa Marie <Td_colspan="3"> Ari <Td_colspan="5"> Helena Bonham Carter <Td_colspan="3"> General Thade <Td_colspan="5"> Tim Roth <Td_colspan="3"> Rocket <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Terry Notary Maurice <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Karin Konoval Cornelia <Td_colspan="6"> Devyn Dalton <Td_colspan="2"> Judy Greer Koba <Td_colspan="6"> Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes <Td_colspan="7"> Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash <Td_colspan="7"> Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey <Td_colspan="7"> Lee Ross Bad Ape <Td_colspan="8"> Steve Zahn Red Donkey <Td_colspan="8"> Ty Olsson Lake <Td_colspan="8"> Sara Canning Luca <Td_colspan="8"> Michael Adamthwaite Winter <Td_colspan="8"> Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail <Th_colspan="12"> Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes <Td_colspan="1"> 1968 <Td_colspan="1"> 1970 <Td_colspan="1"> 1971 <Td_colspan="1"> 1972 <Td_colspan="1"> 1973 <Td_colspan="1"> 2001 <Td_colspan="1"> 2011 <Td_colspan="1"> 2014 <Td_colspan="1"> 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) <Td_colspan="5"> Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck <Td_colspan="3"> Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle <Td_colspan="2"> Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling <Td_colspan="3"> Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor <Td_colspan="9"> 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=804924404 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Planet of the Apes franchise
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-5,273,616,891,498,195,000 | is there a bronze medal in the world cup | Third place playoff - wikipedia Third place playoff This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A third place playoff , match / game for third place , bronze medal game or consolation game is a single match that is included in many sporting knockout tournaments to decide which competitor or team will be credited with finishing third and fourth . The teams that compete in the third place playoff game are usually the two losing semi-finalists in a particular knockout tournament . Many tournaments use the third place playoff to determine who wins the bronze medal . In some tournaments , a third place playoff is necessary for seeding purposes if three or all four semi-finalists advance to another tournament . In tournaments that do not award medals or have the third place finisher advance to something else , a third place playoff is a classification match that serves little more than as a consolation to the losing semi-finalists . A consolation game also allows teams to play more than one game after having invested time , effort and money in the quest for a championship . Third place playoffs held as such consolation games are subject to debate . Many sports tournaments do not have a third place playoff due to a lack of interest . It has been criticised by some who feel that the match serves little purpose , but others see this game as an occasion for the losing semi-finalists to salvage some pride . How seriously the competitors or teams take a third place playoff , may also be mixed : a heavily favoured team that lost in an upset in the semi-final round may not have as much incentive to win as would a `` Cinderella '' team who was not expected to advance that far . Contents 1 Olympics 2 IRB Rugby World Cup 3 FIFA World Cup and other association football tournaments 4 Little League World Series 5 Early season College Basketball Tournaments 6 Defunct third place playoff games 7 See also 8 References Olympics ( edit ) Most sports using a knockout format in the Olympic Games have a third place game to determine who wins the bronze medal , with the exception being boxing which awards two bronze medals ( judo , taekwondo , and wrestling , which also award two bronze medals , both feature two bronze medal matches , between the losing semi-finalists and the winners of the repechage ) . As the difference between a bronze medal and no medal is quite significant , competitors still take this game seriously . IRB Rugby World Cup ( edit ) The Rugby World Cup used to give automatic qualification to all teams in the top three of the ongoing tournament to the one that would follow it four years later thus making the third place playoff game important , but this was later scrapped after the 1999 edition of the tournament allowing teams outside the top three to automatically qualify depending on their IRB co-efficient in the rankings . FIFA World Cup and other association football tournaments ( edit ) The 1980 edition was the last UEFA European Football Championship to have a third place match . That was one of the few third place football matches ever to be decided by a penalty shootout , where Czechoslovakia defeated hosts Italy 9 - 8 . The FIFA World Cup features a third place playoff , usually on the day before the final . It is often there to provide a spectacle as there is often a gap of a few days between the semi-finals and the final . The third place playoff is considered a lower - priority match to organizers , as it is frequently scheduled in one of the smaller stadia ; the largest stadium ( usually located in the host nation 's capital city ) is reserved for the final , while the semi-finals occupy the second and third - largest stadia . However , the third place match in the 1994 World Cup did use the Rose Bowl stadium , the same venue that would later host the tournament final , setting a record attendance of 91,500 for a third place playoff in FIFA World Cup history . The third - place match in the FIFA Women 's World Cup has been somewhat more important to the organizers -- the 1999 , 2003 , and 2007 matches were all held in the same stadium as the final . In fact , the 1999 and 2007 third - place matches were both held as the first half of a doubleheader that culminated in the final . The 2011 third - place match returned to the more traditional scheduling of the day before the final in a different stadium . Notably , the 1999 third - place match was the curtain - raiser to the most - attended women 's sporting event in history , the 1999 final also held in the Rose Bowl . The third place match is generally a high - scoring affair , as no men 's match has seen fewer than two goals scored since Poland 's 1 - 0 win over Brazil in 1974 , while all bronze - medal games since 1994 ( except for 1998 , 2014 and 2018 ) have seen four goals or more . For tournament top scorers , the third place match 's tendency of attacking football is a great opportunity to win the Golden Shoe , with players such as Salvatore Schillaci ( 1990 ) , Davor Šuker ( 1998 ) , and Thomas Müller ( 2010 ) getting the goal they needed to take sole possession of the lead . The FIFA Women 's World Cup has had only seven editions to date , therefore creating less opportunity for a pattern to form . However , two of the third - place games in that competition have seen fewer than three goals . In 1995 , the USA defeated China 2 -- 0 . In 1999 , the third - place match between Brazil and Norway ended in a scoreless draw and penalty shootout ( won by Brazil ) , as did the final between the USA and China ( won by the USA ) . In 2015 , the third place match between Germany and England was the first to go to extra time , and in the second period of extra time , England scored a single penalty kick goal and held on to the lead to upset Germany . How seriously the competing teams take this match is subject to debate . Certain teams , especially ones which had been expected to reach the final , will rest some of their starters to allow some of their reserve team players to participate in a World Cup game . For instance French team captain Michel Platini did not play in either the 1982 or 1986 third place matches , while German goalkeeper Hans - Jörg Butt received his only competitive international appearance in a third place playoff , and Michel Vorm came on during injury time of the 3 -- 0 third place play - off win against Brazil in Brasília thus ensuring that all 23 Dutch squad members played at the tournament . By contrast , teams that are not expected to get this far usually take this match seriously , as third place can be a historical achievement . In the 1994 World Cup , the Sweden national team branded the game as `` the bronze match '' and after victory they landed at Arlanda with a fighter escort and were then paraded through the streets of Stockholm to millions live on national TV . Another example of a high - profile third place match was in 1998 , when the recently established Croatian football team upset the Netherlands . If the host nation is involved in the third place match , the team generally uses the match to thank the support of their fans ( such as the South Korean football team in 2002 , and the German football team in 2006 . German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn , who had been a reserve to Jens Lehmann during the 2006 tournament , was allowed to retire in the third place playoff by then manager Jürgen Klinsmann . Germany and Portugal fielded strong lineups in that match , after both were narrowly eliminated in their respective semi-finals ( Germany and Italy nearly went to a penalty shootout , while Portugal was defeated by the lower - ranked France ) . For Brazil , the dismal 3 -- 0 loss to the Netherlands in the 2014 third place match , along with the 7 - 1 semi-final defeat to Germany , led to coach Luiz Felipe Scolari being dismissed . For the Dutch , this was their first bronze medal in the FIFA World Cup . Germany currently holds the most third - place finishes in the ( men 's ) World Cup , with four , their most recent in 2010 . The U.S. has the most third - place finishes in the Women 's World Cup , with three ; they have never finished outside the top three . Little League World Series ( edit ) For most of its history , the Little League World Series has featured either a consolation bracket , or consolation games . Currently , the tournament features a single consolation game between the United States runner - up and the International runner - up . Like the championship , the game allows an American team to compete against an International team . All other games are played within their respective American or International pool of eight teams each , except two exhibition games which match the United States teams and International teams which went 0 - 2 in their respective brackets . Early season college basketball tournaments ( edit ) Third place games ( and consolation games for lower placings ) are common in early season college basketball tournaments , as it gives each team an opportunity to play more games before the conference games start in earnest . It also provides the tournament venue with additional games . Defunct third place playoff games ( edit ) Many sports tournaments do not have a third place playoff , mostly due to a lack of interest from the competitors and also from the fans . Two of the most celebrated knockout tournaments -- the FA Cup Third - fourth place matches ( 1970 -- 1974 ) and the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship ( 1946 -- 1981 ) -- did feature the third place game for a period of time , but later abandoned it . For most of its years , the NCAA consolation game held interest because it usually featured two nationally ranked teams in which only a few teams qualified for the tournament . However , as the field expanded beyond 32 teams , the game lost significance . In addition , eliminating the game allowed the losing teams to return home rather than remaining in the Final Four city for an additional two days to play a game many believed was irrelevant . Relevancy aside , others supported the game for competitive reasons because it typically featured a match between two of the best college teams in the nation ; and , it allowed each of those teams to be honored as a Final Four team for the entire weekend . The National Football League had a consolation game , the Playoff Bowl , from 1960 to 1969 , which pitted the second - place team in each of the two conferences ( based on regular season record from 1960 to 1966 ) against each other in Miami , Florida . Through the 1966 season , the only scheduled NFL playoff game was the Championship Game ( with unscheduled conference tie - breaker games as necessary ; only in 1965 during the 1960s ) . In 1967 , the NFL playoff field expanded to four ( division champions ) , and its first round losers went to the Playoff Bowl , increasingly unpopular with the participating players . With interest declining for a third - place game and an eight - team playoff field arriving with the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , the Playoff Bowl was abandoned with little objection . Third place playoffs are especially controversial when they are used in tournaments that use a Page playoff system since there is only one `` semi-final '' game in this format . Critics argue that in such a formula , the loser of the semi-final should simply be awarded third place . Proponents of the third place game argue that without it , the importance of the medal round is cheapened since the top two teams heading into the Page playoff would otherwise be `` guaranteed '' a medal - this argument carries less weight in tournaments where medals are not awarded or where they are considered of relatively minor importance in comparison to winning the tournament . See also ( edit ) Classification match Knockout tournament Single - elimination tournament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fogarty , Eugene . `` 2010 FIFA World Cup : Third Place Play - Off Preview Germany vs. Uruguay '' . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Uruguay to bronze '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 3 - 1 Portugal '' . BBC . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 0 -- 3 Netherlands '' . BBC . 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last - gasp Italy knock Germany out '' . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 0 - 1 France '' . 5 July 2006 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/28173517 ) Jump up ^ Scott , Andy ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup disaster leaves Scolari reputation tainted '' . AFP . Retrieved 10 July 2018 -- via Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Third - place magic for Germany '' . 10 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 -- via The Globe and Mail . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_place_playoff&oldid=854588773 '' Categories : Sports terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Third place playoff in sports tournaments
2. Importance and controversy of third place playoffs
3. Third place playoffs in Olympic Games
4. Third place playoffs in FIFA World Cup and other football tournaments
5. Third place playoffs in college basketball tournaments |
-1,285,920,522,252,478,200 | why do you get ashes on your head | Ash Wednesday - wikipedia Ash Wednesday Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the day of fasting . For other uses , see Ash Wednesday ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ash Wednesday <Td_colspan="2"> A cross of ashes / dust on a worshiper 's forehead Observed by Many Western Christians Observances Holy Mass , Service of worship , Divine Service , Divine Liturgy Placing of ashes on the head Date Wednesday in seventh week before Easter 2017 date March 1 2018 date February 14 2019 date March 6 2020 date February 26 Frequency Annual Related to Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras Carnival Lent Easter Ash Wednesday is a Christian holy day of prayer , fasting and repentance . It is preceded by Shrove Tuesday and falls on the first day of Lent , the six weeks of penitence before Easter . Ash Wednesday is observed by many Western Christians , including Anglicans , Lutherans , Old Catholics , Methodists , Presbyterians , Roman Catholics , and some Baptists . Ash Wednesday derives its name from the placing of repentance ashes on the foreheads of participants to either the words `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' or the dictum `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The ashes may be prepared by burning palm leaves from the previous year 's Palm Sunday celebrations . Because it is the first day of Lent , many Christians , on Ash Wednesday , often begin marking a Lenten calendar , praying a Lenten daily devotional , and abstaining from a luxury that they will not partake in until Easter Sunday arrives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observances 1.1 Fasting and abstinence 1.2 Ashes 1.2. 1 Ashes to Go 1.3 Commination Office 1.4 Low church ceremonies 1.5 Regional customs 2 Biblical significance of ashes 3 Christian use of ashes 4 Lent 5 Dates 6 Observing churches 7 National No Smoking Day 8 Notes 9 References Observances ( edit ) Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Many Christian denominations emphasize fasting , as well as abstinence during the season of Lent and in particular , on its first day , Ash Wednesday . The First Council of Nicæa spoke of Lent as a period of fasting for forty days , in preparation for Eastertide . In many places , Christians historically abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which is often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . In the Roman Catholic Church , Ash Wednesday is observed by fasting , abstinence from meat , and repentance -- a day of contemplating one 's transgressions . On Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , Roman Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59 ( whose health enables them to do so ) are permitted to consume only one full meal , which may be supplemented by two smaller meals , which together should not equal the full meal . Some Catholics will go beyond the minimum obligations demanded by the Church and undertake a complete fast or a bread and water fast until sunset . Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also days of abstinence from meat ( mammals and fowl ) , as are all Fridays during Lent . Some Roman Catholics continue fasting throughout Lent , as was the Church 's traditional requirement , concluding only after the celebration of the Easter Vigil . Where the Ambrosian Rite is observed , the day of fasting and abstinence is postponed to the first Friday in the Ambrosian Lent , nine days later . Many Lutheran parishes teach communicants to fast on Ash Wednesday , with some people choosing to continue doing so throughout the entire season of Lent , especially on Good Friday . A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends the Lutheran guideline to `` Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat '' . In the Anglican Communion , the entire forty days of Lent are designated days of fasting and abstinence in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , with the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defining `` Fasting , usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent . '' The same text defines abstinence as refraining from flesh meat on all Fridays of the Church Year , except for those during Christmastide . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . The Reformed Church in America describes Ash Wednesday as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance . '' The liturgy for Ash Wednesday thus contains the following `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety , although it was made voluntary , rather than obligatory . Ashes ( edit ) A priest marks a cross of ashes on a worshipper 's forehead , the prevailing form in English - speaking countries . Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday , either by being sprinkled over their heads or , in English - speaking countries , more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross . The words ( based on Genesis 3 : 19 ) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are , `` Memento , homo , quia pulvis es , et in pulverem reverteris . '' ( `` Remember , man , that thou art dust , and to dust thou shalt return . '' ) This custom is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great ( c. 540 -- 604 ) . In the 1969 revision of the Roman Rite , an alternative formula ( based on Mark 1 : 15 ) was introduced and given first place `` Repent , and believe in the Gospel '' and the older formula was translated as `` Remember that you are dust , and to dust you shall return . '' The old formula , based on the words spoken to Adam and Eve after their sin , reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus , implicitly , of their need to repent in time . The newer formula makes explicit what was only implicit in the old . Various manners of placing the ashes on worshippers ' heads are in use within the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , the two most common being to use the ashes to make a cross on the forehead and sprinkling the ashes over the crown of the head . Originally , the ashes were strewn over men 's heads , but , probably because women had their heads covered in church , were placed on the foreheads of women . In the Catholic Church the manner of imposing ashes depends largely on local custom , since no fixed rule has been laid down . Although the account of Ælfric of Eynsham shows that in about the year 1000 the ashes were `` strewn '' on the head , the marking of the forehead is the method that now prevails in English - speaking countries and is the only one envisaged in the Occasional Offices of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea , a publication described as `` noticeably Anglo - Catholic in character '' . In its ritual of `` Blessing of Ashes '' , this states that `` the ashes are blessed at the beginning of the Eucharist ; and after they have been blessed they are placed on the forehead of the clergy and people . '' The Ash Wednesday ritual of the Church of England , Mother Church of the Anglican Communion , contains `` The Imposition of Ashes '' in its Ash Wednesday liturgy . On Ash Wednesday , the Pope , the Bishop of Rome , traditionally takes part in a penitential procession from the Church of Saint Anselm to the Basilica of Santa Sabina , where , in accordance with the custom in Italy and many other countries , ashes are sprinkled on his head , not smudged on his forehead , and he places ashes on the heads of others in the same way . A woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Episcopal church The Anglican ritual , used in Papua New Guinea states that , after the blessing of the ashes , `` the priest marks his own forehead and then the foreheads of the servers and congregation who come and kneel , or stand , where they normally receive the Blessed Sacrament . '' The corresponding Catholic ritual in the Roman Missal for celebration within Mass merely states : `` Then the Priest places ashes on the head of those present who come to him , and says to each one ... '' Pre-1970 editions had much more elaborate instructions about the order in which the participants were to receive the ashes , but again without any indication of the form of placing the ashes on the head . The 1969 revision of the Roman Rite inserted into the Mass the solemn ceremony of blessing ashes and placing them on heads , but also explicitly envisaged a similar solemn ceremony outside of Mass . The Book of Blessings contains a simple rite . While the solemn rite would normally be carried out within a church building , the simple rite could appropriately be used almost anywhere . While only a priest or deacon may bless the ashes , laypeople may do the placing of the ashes on a person 's head . Even in the solemn rite , lay men or women may assist the priest in distributing the ashes . In addition , laypeople take blessed ashes left over after the collective ceremony and place them on the head of the sick or of others who are unable to attend the blessing . ( In 2014 , Anglican Liverpool Cathedral likewise offered to impose ashes within the church without a solemn ceremony . ) In addition , those who attend such Catholic services , whether in a church or elsewhere , traditionally take blessed ashes home with them to place on the heads of other members of the family , and it is recommended to have envelopes available to facilitate this practice . At home the ashes are then placed with little or no ceremony . Unlike its discipline regarding sacraments , the Catholic Church does not exclude from receiving sacramentals , such as the placing of ashes on the head , those who are not Catholics and perhaps not even baptized . Even those who have been excommunicated and are therefore forbidden to celebrate sacramentals are not forbidden to receive them . After describing the blessing , the rite of Blessing and Distribution of Ashes ( within Mass ) states : `` Then the Priest places ashes on the heads of all those present who come to him . '' The Catholic Church does not limit distribution of blessed ashes to within church buildings and has suggested the holding of celebrations in shopping centres , nursing homes , and factories . Such celebrations presume preparation of an appropriate area and include readings from Scripture ( at least one ) and prayers , and are somewhat shorter if the ashes are already blessed . The Catholic Church and the Methodist Church say that the ashes should be those of palm branches blessed at the previous year 's Palm Sunday service , while a Church of England publication says they `` may be made '' from the burnt palm crosses of the previous year . These sources do not speak of adding anything to the ashes other than , for the Catholic liturgy , a sprinkling with holy water when blessing them . An Anglican website speaks of mixing the ashes with a small amount of holy water or olive oil as a fixative . Where ashes are placed on the head by smudging the forehead with a sign of the cross , many Christians choose to keep the mark visible throughout the day . The churches have not imposed this as an obligatory rule , and the ashes may even be wiped off immediately after receiving them ; but some Christian leaders , such as Lutheran pastor Richard P. Bucher and Catholic bishop Kieran Conry , recommend it as a public profession of faith . Morgan Guyton , a Methodist pastor and leader in the Red - Letter Christian movement , encourages Christians to wear their ashed cross throughout the day as an exercise of religious freedom . Ashes to Go ( edit ) Two Anglican priests distribute ashes to passerby in the American city of Boca Raton as part of the Ashes to Go movement Since 2007 , some members of major Christian Churches , including Anglicans , Catholics , Lutherans , and Methodists , have participated in the Ashes to Go program , in which clergy go outside of their churches to public places , such as downtowns , sidewalks and train stations , to distribute ashes to passersby , even to people waiting in their cars for a stoplight to change . The Anglican priest Emily Mellott of Calvary Church in Lombard took up the idea and turned it into a movement , stated that the practice was also an act of evangelism . Anglicans and Catholics in parts of the United Kingdom such as Sunderland , are offering Ashes to Go together : Marc Lyden - Smith , the priest of Saint Mary 's Church , stated that the ecumenical effort is a `` tremendous witness in our city , with Catholics and Anglicans working together to start the season of Lent , perhaps reminding those who have fallen away from the Church , or have never been before , that the Christian faith is alive and active in Sunderland . '' The Catholic Student Association of Kent State University , based at the University Parish Newman Center , offered ashes to university students who were going through the Student Center of that institution in 2012 , and Douglas Clark of St. Matthew 's Roman Catholic Church in Statesboro , among others , have participated in Ashes to Go . On Ash Wednesday 2017 , Father Paddy Mooney , the priest of St Patrick 's Roman Catholic Church in the Irish town of Glenamaddy , set up an Ashes to Go station through which commuters could drive and receive ashes from their car ; the parish church also had `` drive - through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car '' . Reverend Trey Hall , pastor of Urban Village United Methodist Church , stated that when his local church offered ashes in Chicago `` nearly 300 people received ashes -- including two people who were waiting in their car for a stoplight to change . '' In 2013 , churches not only in the United States , but also at least one church each in the United Kingdom , Canada and South Africa , participated in Ashes to Go . Outside of their church building , Saint Stephen Martyr Lutheran Church in Canton offered Ashes to Go for `` believers whose schedules make it difficult to attend a traditional service '' in 2016 . In the United States itself 34 states and the District of Columbia had at least one church taking part . Most of these churches ( parishes ) were Episcopal , but there were also several Methodist churches , as well as Presbyterian and Catholic churches . Commination Office ( edit ) The chancel of Palmer Memorial Episcopal Church on Ash Wednesday 2015 ( the veiled altar cross and purple paraments are customary during Lent ) Robin Knowles Wallace states that the traditional Ash Wednesday church service includes Psalm 51 ( the Miserere ) , prayers of confession and the sign of ashes . No single one of the traditional services contains all of these elements . The Anglican church 's traditional Ash Wednesday service , titled A Commination , contains the first two elements , but not the third . On the other hand , the Catholic Church 's traditional service has the blessing and distribution of ashes but , while prayers of confession and recitation of Psalm 51 ( the first psalm at Lauds on all penitential days , including Ash Wednesday ) are a part of its general traditional Ash Wednesday liturgy , they are not associated specifically with the rite of blessing the ashes . The rite of blessing has acquired an untraditional weak association with that particular psalm only since 1970 , when it was inserted into the celebration of Mass , at which a few verses of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm . Coincidentally , it was only about the same time that in some areas Anglicanism resumed the rite of ashes . In the mid-16th century , the first Book of Common Prayer removed the ceremony of the ashes from the liturgy of the Church of England and replaced it with what would later be called the Commination Office . In that 1549 edition , the rite was headed : `` The First Day of Lent : Commonly Called Ash - Wednesday '' . The ashes ceremony was not forbidden , but was not included in the church 's official liturgy . Its place was taken by reading biblical curses of God against sinners , to each of which the people were directed to respond with Amen . The text of the `` Commination or Denouncing of God 's Anger and Judgments against Sinners '' begins : `` In the primitive Church there was a godly discipline , that , at the beginning of Lent , such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance , and punished in this world , that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord ; and that others , admonished by their example , might be the more afraid to offend . Instead whereof , until the said discipline may be restored again , ( which is much to be wished , ) it is thought good that at this time ( in the presence of you all ) should be read the general sentences of God 's cursing against impenitent sinners '' . In line with this , Joseph Hooper Maude wrote that the establishment of The Commination was due to a desire of the reformers `` to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church '' . He further stated that `` the sentences of the greater excommunication '' within The Commination corresponded to those used in the ancient Church . The Anglican Church 's Ash Wednesday liturgy , he wrote , also traditionally included the Miserere , which , along with `` what follows '' in the rest of the service ( lesser Litany , Lord 's Prayer , three prayers for pardon and final blessing ) , `` was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday '' . From the Sarum Rite practice in England the service took Psalm 51 and some prayers that in the Sarum Missal accompanied the blessing and distribution of ashes . In the Sarum Rite , the Miserere psalm was one of the seven penitential psalms that were recited at the beginning of the ceremony . In the 20th century , the Episcopal Church introduced three prayers from the Sarum Rite and omitted the Commination Office from its liturgy . Low Church Ceremonies ( edit ) In some of the low church traditions , other practices are sometimes added or substituted , as other ways of symbolizing the confession and penitence of the day . For example , in one common variation , small cards are distributed to the congregation on which people are invited to write a sin they wish to confess . These small cards are brought forth to the altar table where they are burned . Regional customs ( edit ) In Victorian era , theatres refrained from presenting costumed shows on Ash Wednesday , so they provided other entertainment , as mandated by the Church of England ( Anglican Church ) . Also , `` in Iceland , on Ash Wednesday children pin small bags of ashes on the back of some unsuspecting person '' . Biblical significance of ashes ( edit ) Ashes were used in ancient times to express grief . When Tamar was raped by her half - brother , `` she sprinkled ashes on her head , tore her robe , and with her face buried in her hands went away crying '' ( 2 Samuel 13 : 19 ) . The gesture was also used to express sorrow for sins and faults . In Job 42 : 3 -- 6 , Job says to God : `` I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear : but now mine eye seeth thee . Wherefore I abhor myself , and repent in dust and ashes . '' The prophet Jeremiah calls for repentance by saying : `` O daughter of my people , gird on sackcloth , roll in the ashes '' ( Jer 6 : 26 ) . The prophet Daniel recounted pleading to God : `` I turned to the Lord God , pleading in earnest prayer , with fasting , sackcloth and ashes '' ( Daniel 9 : 3 ) . Just prior to the New Testament period , the rebels fighting for Jewish independence , the Maccabees , prepared for battle using ashes : `` That day they fasted and wore sackcloth ; they sprinkled ashes on their heads and tore their clothes '' ( 1 Maccabees 3 : 47 ; see also 4 : 39 ) . Examples of the practice among Jews are found in several other books of the Bible , including Numbers 19 : 9 , 19 : 17 , Jonah 3 : 6 , Book of Esther 4 : 1 , and Hebrews 9 : 13 . Jesus is quoted as speaking of the practice in Matthew 11 : 21 and Luke 10 : 13 : `` If the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon , they would have repented long ago ( sitting ) in sackcloth and ashes . '' Christian use of ashes ( edit ) An 1881 Polish painting of a Roman Catholic priest sprinkling ashes on the heads of worshippers , the form prevailing in , for instance , Italy , Spain , and parts of Latin America Christians continued the practice of using ashes as an external sign of repentance . Tertullian ( c. 160 -- c. 225 ) said that confession of sin should be accompanied by lying in sackcloth and ashes . The historian Eusebius ( c. 260 / 265 -- 339 / 340 ) recounts how a repentant apostate covered himself with ashes when begging Pope Zephyrinus to readmit him to communion . John W. Fenton writes that `` by the end of the 10th century , it was customary in Western Europe ( but not yet in Rome ) for all the faithful to receive ashes on the first day of the Lenten fast . In 1091 , this custom was then ordered by Pope Urban II at the council of Benevento to be extended to the church in Rome . Not long after that , the name of the day was referred to in the liturgical books as `` Feria Quarta Cinerum '' ( i.e. , Ash Wednesday ) . '' The public penance that grave sinners underwent before being admitted to Holy Communion just before Easter lasted throughout Lent , on the first day of which they were sprinkled with ashes and dressed in sackcloth . When , towards the end of the first millennium , the discipline of public penance was dropped , the beginning of Lent , seen as a general penitential season , was marked by sprinkling ashes on the heads of all . This practice is found in the Gregorian Sacramentary of the late 8th century . About two centuries later , Ælfric of Eynsham , an Anglo - Saxon abbot , wrote of the rite of strewing ashes on heads at the start of Lent . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes to a communicant during a Divine Service The article on Ash Wednesday in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says that , after the Protestant Reformation , the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the Church of England , a statement that may explain the research by Blair Meeks that the Anglican tradition `` never lapsed in this observance '' . It was even prescribed under King Henry VIII in 1538 and under King Edward VI in 1550 , but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600 . In 1536 , the Ten Articles issued by authority of Henry VIII commended `` the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable , such as clerical vestments , sprinkling of holy water , bearing of candles on Candlemas - day , giving of ashes on Ash - Wednesday '' . After Henry 's death in January 1547 , Thomas Cranmer , within the same year , `` procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas - day , and the use of ashes on Ash - Wednesday , and of palms on Palm - Sunday , as superstitious ceremonies '' , an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury , of which Cranmer was archbishop . The Church Cyclopædia states that the `` English office had adapted the very old Salisbury service for Ash - Wednesday , prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal , and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood . '' The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore , in England as a whole , `` soon after the Reformation , the use of ashes was discontinued as a ' vain show ' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity , with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners '' . The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America , in the 19th century , observed Ash Wednesday : `` as a day of fasting and humiliation , wherein we are publicly to confess our sins , meekly to implore God 's mercy and forgiveness , and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour '' . In the 20th century , the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes . An Episcopal priest has an Ashes to Go station for commuters at the Metro - North Railroad in the American state of Connecticut Monte Canfield and Blair Meeks state that after the Protestant Reformation , Anglicans and Lutherans kept the rite of blessing and distributing ashes to the faithful on Ash Wednesday , and that the Protestant denominations that did not keep it encouraged its use `` during and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations '' . Jack Kingsbury and Russell F. Anderson likewise state that the practice was continued among some Anglicans and Lutherans . On the other hand , Edward Traill Horn wrote : `` The ceremony of the distribution of the ashes was not retained by the reformers , whether Lutheran , Anglican or Reformed '' , although these denominations honored Ash Wednesday as the first day of Lent . Frank Senn , a liturgical scholar , has been quoted as saying : `` How and why the use of ashes fell out of Lutheran use is difficult to discern from the sources ... ( C ) hurch orders do n't specifically say not to use ashes ; they simply stopped giving direction for blessing and distributing them and eventually the pastors just stopped doing it . '' As part of the liturgical revival ushered in by the ecumenical movement , the practice was encouraged in Protestant churches , including the Methodist Church . It has also been adopted by Anabaptist and Reformed churches and some less liturgical denominations . The Eastern Orthodox churches generally do not observe Ash Wednesday , although in recent times , the creation of the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate has led to the observance of Ash Wednesday among Western Orthodox parishes . In this tradition , ashes `` may be distributed outside of the mass or any liturgical service '' although `` commonly the faithful receive their ashes immediately before the Ash Wednesday mass '' . In Orthodoxy , historically , `` serious public sinners in the East also donned sackcloth , including those who made the Great Fast a major theme of their entire lives such as hermits and desert - dwellers . '' Byzantine Catholics , although in the United States use `` the same Gregorian calendar as the Roman Catholic rite '' , do not practice the distribution of ashes as it is `` not part of their ancient tradition '' . In the Ambrosian Rite , ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday , but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday , which in that rite inaugurates Lent , with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday , the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent . Lent ( edit ) Ash Wednesday by Carl Spitzweg : the end of Carnival Ash Wednesday marks the start of a 40 - day period which is an allusion to the separation of Jesus in the desert to fast and pray . During this time he was tempted . Matthew 4 : 1 -- 11 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , and Luke 4 : 1 -- 13 . While not specifically instituted in the Bible text , the 40 - day period of repentance is also analogous to the 40 days during which Moses repented and fasted in response to the making of the Golden calf. ( Exo. 34 : 27 -- 28 ) ( Jews today follow a 40 - day period of repenting in preparation for and during the High Holy Days from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur . ) Dates ( edit ) Ash Wednesday is exactly 46 days before Easter Sunday , a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon . The earliest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 4 February ( which is only possible during a common year with Easter on 22 March ) , which happened in 1598 , 1693 , 1761 and 1818 and will next occur in 2285 . The latest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 10 March ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) which occurred in 1666 , 1734 , 1886 and 1943 and will next occur in 2038 . Ash Wednesday has never occurred on Leap Year Day ( 29 February ) , and it will not occur as such until 2096 . The only other years of the third millennium that will have Ash Wednesday on 29 February are 2468 , 2688 , 2840 and 2992 . ( Ash Wednesday falls on 29 February only if Easter is on 15 April in a leap year starting on a Sunday . ) Observing churches ( edit ) A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails Ash Wednesday in 2016 A Lutheran clergyman distributes ashes during the Holy Mass at Nazareth Evangelical Lutheran Church in Cedar Falls , Iowa on Ash Wednesday ( 2017 ) These Christian Churches are among those that mark Ash Wednesday with a particular liturgy or service . African Methodist Episcopal Church African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Anglican Communion Church of England Church of North India Church of South India Episcopal Church ( United States ) Anglican Continuum Traditional Anglican Communion Anglican Catholic Church Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) Christian Methodist Episcopal Church Some congregations of the Church of the Nazarene Community of Christ Ecclesia Gnostica Evangelical Covenant Church Independent Catholic denominations Liberal Catholic Church Old Catholic Church Lutheran Churches Church of Sweden Some Mennonite congregations Methodist Church in Great Britain Metropolitan Community Churches Moravian Church Reformed churches ( Presbyterian , United Church of Christ , etc . ) Roman Catholic Church United Church of Christ Congregations United Methodist Church Wesleyan Church The Eastern Orthodox Church does not , in general , observe Ash Wednesday ; instead , Orthodox Great Lent begins on Clean Monday . There are , however , a relatively small number of Orthodox Christians who follow the Western Rite ; these do observe Ash Wednesday , although often on a different day from the previously mentioned denominations , as its date is determined from the Orthodox calculation of Pascha , which may be as much as a month later than the Western observance of Easter . National no Smoking day ( edit ) In the Republic of Ireland , Ash Wednesday is National No Smoking Day . The date was chosen because quitting smoking ties in with giving up luxury for Lent . In the United Kingdom No Smoking Day was held for the first time on Ash Wednesday 1984 but is now fixed as the second Wednesday in March . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not all Catholics observe Ash Wednesday . Eastern Catholic Churches , who do not count Holy Week as part of Lent , begin the penitential season on Clean Monday , the Monday before Ash Wednesday , and Catholics who follow the Ambrosian Rite begin it on the First Sunday in Lent . Ashes are blessed and ceremonially distributed at the start of Lent throughout the Latin Church and in the Maronite Catholic Church and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Church . In the Ambrosian Rite , this is done at the end of the Sunday Mass or on the following day ( see Il Sussidiario , Giorno delle Ceneri : Cos'è il rito delle Ceneri Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . & Sapere , Perché il Carnevale ambrosiano si festeggia in ritardo rispetto al resto d'Italia ? Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Katie ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions '' . Daily American Reporter . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Koonse , Emma ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` Ash Wednesday Today , Christians Observe First Day of Lent '' . The Christian Post . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Although some denominations do not practice the application of ashes to the forehead as a mark of public commitment on Ash Wednesday , those that do include Catholics , Anglicans , Lutherans , Methodists , Presbyterians , and some Baptist followers . Jump up ^ `` The Roman Missal ( Third Typical Edition , Chapel Edition ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ International Journal of Religious Education , Volume 27 . National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. 1950 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . The Council of Nicea ( 325 ) mentions for the first time Lent as a period of 40 days of fasting in preparation for Easter . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ 1983 Code of Canon Law , canon 1251 Jump up ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law , canon 1252 § § 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( The time of Lent in the Ambrosian rite ) ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Il rito di Imposizione delle ceneri andrebbe celebrato il Lunedì della prima settimana di Quaresima , ma da sempre viene celebrato al termine delle Messe della prima domenica di Quaresima ... I venerdì di Quaresima sono di magro , ed il venerdì che segue la I Domenica di Quaresima è anche di digiuno . Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 . The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Colin ( 22 October 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 256 . ISBN 9781442250161 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : ZENIT Staff . `` Laypeople Distributing Ashes '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Ted ( August 2008 ) . `` The Beginning of Lent '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ The biblical text does not have the words `` remember that '' , nor the vocative noun `` homo '' ( human being ) that is included in the pre-1970 Latin version of the formula . ^ Jump up to : Richard P. Bucher , `` The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday '' Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` Ashes and How to Impose Them '' . ZENIT News Agency . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Lives of the Saints : `` We read in the books both in the Old Law and in the New that the men who repented of their sins bestrewed themselves with ashes and clothed their bodies with sackcloth . Now let us do this little at the beginning of our Lent that we strew ashes upon our heads to signify that we ought to repent of our sins during the Lenten fast . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday Blessing of Ashes '' . Occasional Office . Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Church of England , Lent Material Archived 29 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , p. 230 Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : Pope Francis Celebrates at Santa Sabina '' . Order of preachers . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Missal , Ash Wednesday Jump up ^ Tridentine Roman Missal , `` Feria IV Cinerum '' ^ Jump up to : `` Responses to frequently asked questions regarding Lenten practices '' . Catholics United for the Faith . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cathedral offers visitors ' Ashes to Go ' this Ash Wednesday '' . Liverpool Cathedral ( Anglican ) . 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernd Biege . `` Ash Wednesday in Ireland : End of the Good Times , Start of Lent '' . About.com Travel . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Website of the ( ( Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin . ) Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 1331 § 1 2 ° Archived 29 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Order for the Blessing and Distribution of Ashes Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ford , Penny . `` Lent 101 '' . Upper Room Ministries . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . On what we now call Palm Sunday , Jesus rode a donkey into Jerusalem while people waved palms and cheered him on . Less than a week later , Jesus was killed . The palms that were waved in joy became ashes of sorrow . We get ashes for Ash Wednesday by saving the palms from Palm Sunday , burning them , and mixing them with a little water ( like tears ) . It 's symbolic . Jump up ^ `` Lent and Easter '' . The Diocese of London . 17 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Ash Wednesday marks the first day of Lent , the period of forty days before Easter . It is so called because of the Church 's tradition of making the sign of the cross on people 's foreheads , as a sign of penitence and of Christian witness . The ash is made by burning palm crosses from the previous year and is usually mixed with a little holy water or oil . Jump up ^ Scott P. Richert . `` Should Catholics Keep Their Ashes on All Ash Wednesday ? '' . About.com Religion & Spirituality . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Akin , Jimmy . `` 9 things to know and share about Ash Wednesday '' . National Catholic Register . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . There is no rule about this . It is a matter of personal decision based on the individual 's own inclinations and circumstances . Jump up ^ Bucher , Richard P . `` The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday '' . Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Many Christians choose to leave the ashes on their forehead for the remainder of the day , not to be showy and boastful ( see Matthew 6 : 16 -- 18 ) . Rather , they do it as a witness that all people are sinners in need of repentance AND that through Jesus all sins are forgiven through faith . Jump up ^ Arco , Anna ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Do n't rub off your ashes , urges bishop '' . The Catholic Herald . Catholic Herald . Archived from the original on 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Catholics should try not to rub their ashes off after Ash Wednesday Mass , an English bishop has said . Bishop Kieran Conry of Arundel and Brighton , who heads the department of evangelization and catechesis , urged Catholics across Britain to wear `` the outward sign of our inward sorrow for our sins and for our commitment to Jesus as Our Lord and Savior '' . He said : `` The wearing of the ashes provides us with a wonderful opportunity to share with people how important our faith is to us and to point them to the cross of Christ . I invite you where possible to attend a morning or lunchtime Mass . Jump up ^ Guyton , Morgan ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` Like Religious Freedom ? Wear Ashes on Wednesday ! '' . Red Letter Christians . Archived from the original on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . I strongly believe that wearing ashes on our foreheads on Ash Wednesday is the best way to 1 ) assert our religious freedom as citizens and 2 ) remember that our call as Christians is to be witnesses first and foremost . ^ Jump up to : `` Catholics and Anglicans to distribute ashes to shoppers in Sunderland city centre '' . The Catholic Herald . 4 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . On Wednesday St Mary 's Catholic church and Sunderland Minster , an Anglican church , will be working together to offer `` Ashes to Go '' -- a new approach to a centuries - old Christian tradition . Jump up ^ Grossman , Cathy Lynn . `` Episcopal priests offer ' Ashes to Go ' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Dubbed Ashes to Go , it 's a contemporary spin on the Ash Wednesday practice followed chiefly in Episcopal , Anglican , Catholic and Lutheran denominations . Jump up ^ Banks , Adelle M. ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` ' Ashes to Go ' meets commuters in Washington , D.C. '' Religion News Service . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde , leader of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington , and members of St. Paul 's Parish in Washington , D.C. , imposed ashes on commuters and other passers - by on Ash Wednesday ( 5 March ) near the Foggy Bottom Metro station in the nation 's capital . ^ Jump up to : `` Got ashes ? Chicago church takes Lent to the streets '' . The United Methodist Church . 27 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Ashes to Go '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Cathy Lynn . `` Episcopal priests offer ' Ashes to Go ' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Anyone can accept the ashes although , Mellott says , non-Christians tend not to seek them . Still , she says , `` if anyone does , we view it as an act of evangelism , and we make it clear this is a part of the Christian tradition . '' Jump up ^ Anthony Ezzo ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Students make time to get ashes '' . TV2 . Kent Wired . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Loretta . `` A modern way to begin the Lenten season '' . Statesboro Herald . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Ministers participating in Ashes to Go include the Rev. Dan Lewis from First Presbyterian Church , the Rev. Joan Kilian from Trinity Episcopal Church , the Rev. Bill Bagwell and the Rev. Jonathan Smith from Pittman Park United Methodist Church , the Rev. Douglas Clark of St. Matthew 's Roman Catholic Church , and the Rev. James Byrd , from St. Andrew 's Chapel Church . Jump up ^ `` Catholics Who Ca n't Make it to Church can Get ' Ashes to Go ' '' . KFBK News and Radio . 5 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Some Catholics who could n't make it to church this morning got their `` Ashes on the Go . '' Father Tony Prandini with Good Shepherd Catholic Parish was conducting Ash Wednesday rituals -- marking foreheads -- outside of the State Capitol . Jump up ^ Farley , Harry ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` # AshesToGo At Start Of Lent As Clergy Offer Commuters ' Ash n ' Dash ' '' . Christian Today . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Commuters can drive in the gate of St Patrick 's Church , in Glenmady , receive ashes from their car and drive out the other side . ' We looked at the situation on the ground . People and families are on the move all the time , ' parish priest Father Paddy Mooney told the Irish Catholic . ' It 's about meeting people where they are . ' The same church will also offer drive - through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car . Jump up ^ `` What Is ' Ashes To Go ' ? Where To Get ' ATG ' In New York '' . International Business Times . 4 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . In 2012 , that initiative , `` Ashes to Go , '' caught on nationally , and a year later the idea went international , with churches in the United Kingdom , Canada and South Africa also practicing the easy penitence method . Jump up ^ Coffey , Tim ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Jackson Township church offers ' Ashes to Go ' '' . WKYC . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to find Ashes to Go This Year '' . Ashes to Go . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robin Knowles ( 1 October 2010 ) . The Christian Year : A Guide for Worship and Preaching . Abingdon Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9781426731303 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . The service for Ash Wednesday has traditionally included Psalm 51 , prayers of confession and the sign of ashes , often in the shape of a cross . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1825 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : And Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David , Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches ; and the Form and Manner of Making , Ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons ; and the Thirty - nine Articles of Religion : with Notes Explanatory , Practical and Historical , from Approved Writers of the Church of England . W. Baxter . p. 510 . ^ Jump up to : Sylvia A. Sweeney , An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( Peter Lang 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 43310739 - 9 ) , pp. 107 -- 110 Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer : A Worldwide Survey '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mant , Richard ( 1825 ) . The Book of Common Prayer : And Administration of the Sacraments , and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church , According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David , Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches ; and the Form and Manner of Making , Ordaining , and Consecrating of Bishops , Priests , and Deacons ; and the Thirty - nine Articles of Religion : with Notes Explanatory , Practical and Historical , from Approved Writers of the Church of England . Oxford : W. Baxter . p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Ash Wednesday '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 734 . Jump up ^ John Brand , Sir Henry Ellis , James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain ( Bell & Daldy , 1873 ) , vol. 1 , p. 98 Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commination '' Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . in Elizabeth A. Livingstone ( editor ) , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19965962 - 3 ) Jump up ^ Full text at the website of the Church of England Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Maude , Joseph Hooper ( 1901 ) . The History of the Book of Common Prayer . E.S. Gorham . p. 110 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . The Commination . This service was composed in 1549 . In the ancient services there was nothing that corresponded at all nearly to the first part of this service , except the sentences of the greater excommunication , which were commonly read in parish churches three or four times a year . Some of the reformers were very anxious to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church , which was indeed occasionally practiced , at least until the latter part of the eighteenth century , and they put forward this service as a sort of substitute . The Miserere and most of what follows was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday . Jump up ^ Bernard Reynolds , Handbook to the Book of Common Prayer Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( Рипол Классик ISBN 978 - 58 - 7386158 - 3 ) , p. 431 Jump up ^ `` The Sarum Missal in English '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ashes on Ash Wednesday ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Richard . Church and Stage in Victorian Britain . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Lacy , Terry G. ( 2000 ) . Ring of Seasons : Iceland -- Its Culture and History . University of Michigan Press . p. 109 . ISBN 9780472086610 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , On Repentance , chapter 9 Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CHURCH FATHERS : Church History , Book V ( Eusebius ) '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fenton , John W ( 2013 ) . `` Orthodox Ash Wednesday '' . Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fr . Saunders '' . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Lives of the Saints : https://archive.org/details/aelfricslivesof01aelf . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Blair Gilmer ( 2003 ) . Season of Ash and Fire : Prayers and Liturgies for Lent and Easter . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780687044542 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . In recent years Christians from the Reformed branch of the Protestant tradition have begun to recover a practice that dates in the Western church at least to the tenth century . That is to begin Lent on the Wednesday before the First Sunday in Lent with a service of repentance and commitment , including the imposition of ashes . The Lutheran and Anglican traditions , of course , never lapsed in this observance , and the liturgical reforms of Vatican II have made Roman Catholic prayers and rubrics more accessible to other traditions through ecumenical dialogues . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1877 ) . A History of the Creeds of Christendom . London : Hodder and Stoughton . p. 612 . Jump up ^ Joseph Towers , British Biography ( Goadby 1766 ) , vol. 2 , p. 275 Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Strype , Memorials of Thomas Cranmer ( London , Chiswell 1694 ) , p. 159 Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Foxe , John Milner , Ingram Cobbin , Foxe 's Book of Martyrs ( Knight and Son 1856 ) , p. 500 Archived 1 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Benton , Angelo Ames ( 1883 ) . The Church Cyclopaedia : A Dictionary of Church Doctrine , History , Organization , and Ritual , and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics , Written Expressly for this Work by Bishops , Presbyters , and Laymen ; Designed Especially for the Use of the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America . L.R. Hamersly . p. 163 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Chambers , The Book of Days ( 1862 ) , p. 240 Archived 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Fowler , Episcopal Church , An Exposition of the Book of Common Prayer , and Administration of the Sacraments ( 1805 ) , p. 119 Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church : Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David According to the Use of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc. 1979 . p. 265 . ISBN 9780898690613 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Monte Canfield ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : What is it About ? '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . After the Reformation most Protestant church denominations , while recognizing Ash Wednesday as a holy day , did not engage in the imposition of ashes . Many Anglican , Episcopal and some Lutheran churches did continue the rite but it was mostly reserved for use in the Roman Catholic Church . During and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations , many of the Protestant denominations encouraged a liturgical revival in their churches and the Ash Wednesday imposition of ashes was encouraged . Jump up ^ Kingsbury , Jack D. ; Pennington , Chester ( 11 December 1980 ) . Lent . Fortress Press . ISBN 9780800640934 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . The imposition of ashes symbolizes the penitential nature of the season of Lent . While this custom is still observed in the Roman Catholic church , and in some Lutheran and Anglican parishes , it has not been retained in Reformed churches . Jump up ^ Anderson , Russell F. ( 1996 ) . Lectionary Preaching Workbook . CSS Publishing . p. 104 . ISBN 9780788008214 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Ashes are a traditional symbol of penitence and remorse . The practice of imposing ashes on the first day of Lent continues to this day in the church of Rome as well as in many Lutheran and Episcopalian quarters . Jump up ^ Edward Traill Horn , The Christian Year ( Muhlenberg Press 1957 ) , p. 106 Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ashes on Ash Wednesday '' . Gloria Christi Lutheran Church . 12 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ William P. Lazarus , Mark Sullivan ( 31 January 2011 ) . Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies . p. 98 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads . The ashes draw on an ancient tradition and represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . Jump up ^ The United Methodist Church website : `` When did United Methodists start the `` imposition of ashes '' on Ash Wednesday ? '' retrieved 1 March 2014 `` While many think of actions such as the imposition of ashes , signing with the cross , footwashing , and the use of incense as something that only Roman Catholics or high church Episcopalians do , there has been a move among Protestant churches , including United Methodists to recover these more multisensory ways of worship . '' Jump up ^ Baptists mark Ash Wednesday Jeff Brumley Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 13 February 2013 While long associated with Catholic and various liturgical Protestant denominations , its observance has spread in recent years to traditions known more for avoiding liturgical seasons than embracing them . Jump up ^ Ash Wednesday . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Roman , Alexander . `` on Fasting '' . Ukrainian Orthodoxy . Archived from the original on 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Lou ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Lenten practices differ for Byzantine Catholics '' . The Catholic Standard and Times . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Il Rito Ambrosiano '' ( in Italian ) . Parrocchie.it . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . la Quaresima inizia la domenica successiva al `` mercoledì delle ceneri '' con l'imposizione delle ceneri al termine della Messa festiva ... Una delle pecularità di questo rito , con profili non soltanto strettamente religiosi , è l'inizio della Quaresima , che non parte dal Mercoledì delle Ceneri , ma dalla domenica immediatamente successiva . Jump up ^ `` Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Dipippo , Gregory ( 16 February 2014 ) . `` Septuagesima in the Ambrosian Rite '' . New Liturgical Movement . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . The Ambrosian Rite still to this day has no Ash Wednesday ; it is therefore Quinquagesima that forms the prelude to Lent , properly so - called , which the Roman Rite has in Ash Wednesday and the ferias `` post Cineres '' . Jump up ^ `` Lent with Jesus in the desert to fight the spirit of evil '' . Asia News.it. 3 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Turning to the gospel of the day , which is about Jesus ' 40 days in the desert , `` where he overcame the temptations of Satan '' ( cfr Mk 1 : 12 -- 13 ) , Pope Benedict XVI exhorted Christians to follow `` their Teacher and Lord to face together with Him ' the struggle against the spirit of evil ' . '' He said : `` The desert is rather an eloquent metaphor of the human condition . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cultural Resources : Ash Wednesday '' . The African American Lectionary . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anglicans Observe Ash Wednesday '' . Anglican Communion News Service . 5 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . The Church of England . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Member Church -- North India '' . Anglican Communion . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Member Church -- South India '' . Anglican Communion . Archived from the original on 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Episcopal Church . 5 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sturdy , Rob ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : An Anglican Tradition ? '' . The Ridley Institute . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , David L. ; Taylor , Barbara Brown ( 12 October 2009 ) . Feasting on the Word : Year C , Volume 2 : Lent through Eastertide . Presbyterian Publishing Corporation . p. 22 . ISBN 9781611641189 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jethani , Skye ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` March 5 , 2014 -- Ash Wednesday '' ( PDF ) . Patchogue Church of the Nazarene . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday Ideas '' . Community of Christ . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lectionary of the Ecclesia Gnostica '' . gnosis.org . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Day of Lent , Ash Wednesday '' . The Evangelical Covenant Church of Canada . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Abp . Wynn ( 6 February 2011 ) . A Catechism of the Liberal Catholic Church ( 4th ed . ) . BookBaby . p. 53 . ISBN 9781609849306 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cabie , Honor Blanco ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Ash Wednesday ushers in time of remorse '' . Manila Standard . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Askonsdag '' ( in Swedish ) . Church of Sweden . Archived from the original on 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahlgrim , Ryan ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` ' Remember that you are dust ' '' . Mennonite World Review . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Harader , Joanna ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Preparing to enter Lent -- thoughts on Ash Wednesday '' . Mennonite World Review . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday '' . The Methodist Church . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday 2018 Worship Resources '' . Metropolitan Community Churches . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lent for Everyone : Matthew , Year A : A Daily Devotional '' . Moravian Church in North America . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Moravian Women 's Association ( March 2017 ) . `` Lent around the world '' ( PDF ) . The Moravian Church British Province . Jump up ^ Scanlon , Leslie ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Ash Wednesday : What do Presbyterians do ? '' . The Presbyterian Outlook . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/events/day.dir.html/2018/2/14.html Jump up ^ Blain , Susan A. `` Lent -- Ash Wednesday '' . United Church of Christ . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sleeth , Nancy ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` How do you observe Lent ? '' . The Wesleyan Church . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers . -- Cigarette Smoking '' . Dáil Éireann. 18 February 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Chronic long - term costs of COPD Archived 10 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Dr Jarlath Healy , Irish Medical Times , 2008 Jump up ^ Ban on smoking in cars gets Minister 's support Archived 11 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Alison Healy , The Irish Times , 2009 Jump up ^ 20 % of smokers light up around their children every day Archived 25 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Claire O'Sullivan , Irish Examiner , 2006 Jump up ^ The History of No Smoking Day Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , No Smoking Day website Jump up ^ FAQ : When is No Smoking Day 2010 ? 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-5,579,703,490,192,397,000 | which of the following is not a way that two populations of the same species | Introduced species - wikipedia Introduced species Jump to : navigation , search `` Alien species '' redirects here . For life on planets other than Earth , see Extraterrestrial life . Cattle Bos primigenius taurus introduced worldwide Sweet clover ( Melilotus sp . ) , introduced and naturalized to the Americas from Europe as a forage and cover crop . An introduced species ( alien species , exotic species , non-indigenous species , or non-native species ) is a species living outside its native distributional range , which has arrived there by human activity , either deliberate or accidental . Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem . Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species . The impact of introduced species is highly variable . Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem , while other introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact . Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests . They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example . In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown . The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists , governments , farmers and others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology : introduced species and subsets 1.1 Invasive species 2 Nature of introductions 2.1 Intentional introductions 2.1. 1 Motivations for intentional introductions 2.1. 2 Human enjoyment 2.1. 3 Addressing environmental problems 2.2 Unintentional introductions 3 Introduced plants 4 Introduced animals 4.1 Most commonly introduced species 5 Genetics 6 On a planetary body 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Terminology : introduced species and subsets ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Formal definition from the United States Environmental Protection Agency : A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area . Also called an exotic or non-native species . There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species , and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons . Examples of these terms are acclimatized , adventive , naturalized , and immigrant species but those terms refer to a subset of introduced species . The term `` invasive '' is used to describe introduced species when the introduced species causes substantial damage to the area in which it was introduced . Subset descriptions : Acclimatized species : Introduced species that have changed physically and / or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment . Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically / behaviorally sufficient for the new environment . Adventive species Naturalized species ( plants ) : A naturalized plant species refers to a non-native plant that does not need human help to reproduce and maintain its population in an area that it is not native to . General description of introduced species : In the broadest and most widely used sense , an introduced species is synonymous with non-native and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms ; these adequately fit the basic definition given above . However , some sources add to that basic definition `` and are now reproducing in the wild '' , which removes from consideration as introduced species that were raised or grown in gardens or farms that do not survive without tending by people . With respect to plants , these latter are in this case defined as either ornamental or cultivated plants . Invasive species ( edit ) Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an `` introduced species '' such that one can distinguish between introduced species that may not occur except in cultivation , under domestication or captivity whereas others become established outside their native range and reproduce without human assistance . Such species might be termed `` naturalized '' , `` established '' , `` wild non-native species '' . If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species , they are called `` invasive '' . The transition from introduction , to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants . Introduced species are essentially `` non-native '' species . Invasive species are those introduced species that spreadwidely or quickly and cause harm , be that to the environment , human health , other valued resources or the economy . There have been calls from scientists to consider a species `` invasive '' only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause . According to a practical definition , an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location , spreading ( invading ) by natural means . The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm . For example , U.S. Executive Order 13112 ( 1999 ) defines `` invasive species '' as `` an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health '' . The biological definition of invasive species , on the other hand , makes no reference to the harm they may cause , only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction . Although some argue that `` invasive '' is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define , the fact of the matter is that organisms have and continue to be introduced to areas in which they are not native , sometimes with but usually without much regard to the harm that could result . From a regulatory perspective , it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species ( although the State of Hawaii has adopted an approach that comes close to this ) . Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others . Introduced pest species that are officially listed as invasive , best fit the definition of an invasive species . Early detection and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction In Great Britain , the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive . Nature of introductions ( edit ) By definition , a species is considered `` introduced '' when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated . Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental . Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either ( 1 ) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or , ( 2 ) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact . Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements , and are thus unbound to human motivations . Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity . Wheat Triticum introduced worldwide from its place of origin Mesopotamia . Intentional introductions ( edit ) Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways . In the first case , organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild . It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release , and if not initially successful , humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild . In these cases it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires . Male Lophura nycthemera ( silver pheasant ) , a native of East Asia that has been introduced into parts of Europe for ornamental reasons . In the second case , species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations . Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated . Motivations for intentional introductions ( edit ) Economic : Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain . Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment , culture , and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin . For example , soybeans , kiwi fruit , wheat , honey bees , and all livestock except the American bison and the turkey are non-native species to North America . Collectively , non-native crops and livestock comprise 98 % of US food . These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that , according to the Congressional Research Service , they probably exceed the costs . Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting agriculture , aquaculture or other economic activities are widespread . Eurasian carp was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source . The apple snail was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source , and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry . In Alaska , foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade . About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the Australian Dung Beetle Project in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure . The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata ) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop . These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests . The rise in the use of genetically modified organisms has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new / modified species into different environments . Companies such as Monsanto that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species . The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today , however the rise of genetically modified organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species . Human enjoyment ( edit ) Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment . Numerous fish and game animals have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting ( earthworms as invasive species ) . The introduced amphibian ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) that threatens the endemic California salamander ( Ambystoma californiense ) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen . Pet animals have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans , and their escapes have resulted in several successful introductions , such as those of feral cats and parrots . Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties . The introduced Norway maple for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada 's parks . The transport of ornamental plants for landscaping use has and continues to be a source of many introductions . Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive . Notable examples include water hyacinth , salt cedar , and purple loosestrife In other cases , species have been translocated for reasons of `` cultural nostalgia , '' which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms . Famous examples include the introduction of starlings to North America by Englishman Eugene Schieffelin , a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the American Acclimatization Society , who , it is rumoured , wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare 's plays into the United States . He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890 , and another forty in 1891 . Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the European rabbit in Australia . Thomas Austin , a British landowner had rabbits released on his estate in Victoria because he missed hunting them . A more recent example is the introduction of the common wall lizard to North America by a Cincinnati boy , George Rau , around 1950 after a family vacation to Italy . Addressing environmental problems ( edit ) Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems . A number of fast spreading plants such as kudzu have been introduced as a means of erosion control . Other species have been introduced as biological control agents to control invasive species and involves the purposeful introduction of a natural enemy of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread . A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct , done in the interests of conservation . Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , and the red kite to parts of England and Scotland . Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of genetic conservation , which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species . The above examples highlight the intent of humans to introduce species as a means of incurring some benefit . While these benefits have in some cases been realized , introductions have also resulted in unforeseen costs , particularly when introduced species take on characteristics of invasive species . Unintentional introductions ( edit ) Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors . Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native . For example , three species of rat ( the black , Norway and Polynesian ) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships . There are also numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water , one being the zebra mussel . Over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world . There is also the accidental release of the Africanized honey bees ( AHB ) , known colloquially as `` killer bees '' or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carps to the United States . The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania . Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it . Some become invasive , for example the oleander aphid , accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant , oleander . Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above . For instance Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada ; about 27 of these non-native species have become established , and only a handful can be considered invasive , including the intentionally introduced Harmonia axyridis , multicolored Asian lady beetle . However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes . In North America Harmonia axyridis has become the most abundant lady beetle and probably accounts for more observations than all the native lady beetles put together . Introduced plants ( edit ) Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories , initially as either ornamental plants or for erosion control , stock feed , or forestry . Whether an exotic will become an invasive species is seldom understood in the beginning , and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly naturalizing and becoming invasive . Peaches , for example , originated in China , and have been carried to much of the populated world . Tomatoes are native to the Andes . Squash ( pumpkins ) , maize ( corn ) , and tobacco are native to the Americas , but were introduced to the Old World . Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment . Others may become feral , but do not seriously compete with natives , but simply increase the biodiversity of the area . Dandelions are also introduced species to North America . A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia . Caulerpa was first observed in the Mediterranean Sea in 1984 , off the coast of Monaco . By 1997 , it had covered some 50 km2 . It has a strong potential to overgrow natural biotopes , and represents a major risk for sublittoral ecosystems . The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea , or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium . Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant Phyla canescens , which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North America , Europe , and Africa as an ornamental plant . This species has become invasive in Australia , where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks . It has also become invasive in France where it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the Mediterranean region , where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats . Japanese knotweed grows profusely in many nations . Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century . It is a source of resveratrol , a dietary supplement . Chickens Gallus gallus domesticus , from Asia , introduced in the rest of the world Introduced animals ( edit ) Bear in mind that most introduced species do not become invasive . Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the gypsy moth in eastern North America , the zebra mussel and alewife in the Great Lakes , the Canada goose and gray squirrel in Europe , the muskrat in Europe and Asia , the cane toad and red fox in Australia , nutria in North America , Eurasia , and Africa , and the common brushtail possum in New Zealand . In Taiwan , the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size ; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes . Most commonly introduced species ( edit ) Some species , such as the brown rat , house sparrow , ring - necked pheasant and European starling , have been introduced very widely . In addition there are some agricultural and pet species that frequently become feral ; these include rabbits , dogs , goats , fish , pigs and cats . Genetics ( edit ) When a new species is introduced , the species could potentially breed with members of native species , producing hybrids . The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect , a negative effect , to having devastating effects on native species . Potential negative effects include hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease . This was seen in the Atlantic Salmon population when high levels of escape from Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival . Potential positive effects include adding to the genetic diversity of the population which can increase the adaptation ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population . This was seen in the introduction of guppies in Trinidad to encourage population growth and introduce new alleles into the population . The results of this introduction included increased levels of heterozygosity and a larger population size . On a planetary body ( edit ) Main article : Interplanetary contamination It has been hypothesized that invasive species of microbial life could contaminate a planetary body after the former is introduced by a space probe or spacecraft , either deliberately or unintentionally . See also ( edit ) Avian range expansion Biodiversity Biological contamination Biological dispersal Burmese pythons in Florida Directed panspermia Genetic pollution Introduced mammals on seabird breeding islands Introduced species in Australia Introduced species of the British Isles Introduced species in New Zealand Invasion biology terminology Invasive species List of introduced bird species List of introduced mammal species List of introduced species Native ( indigenous ) species Terraforming Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dov Sax , Aug 2008 . The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Archived July 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment . September 16 , 2003 . Introduced species . Web site at US EPA ^ Jump up to : Carlton , James T. 2002 . Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters . Pew Oceans Commission . Jump up ^ Richardson et al. 2000 Jump up ^ biodiversity Jump up ^ Colautti and MacIsaac 2004 Jump up ^ CEQ ( 1999 ) . Web site page with Executive Order 13112 Archived 2008 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . text . Jump up ^ 2013 . Invasive Species Program . Clemson University -- DPI . http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/ . Accessed 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ David Pimentel , Lori Lach , Rodolfo Zuniga , and Doug Morrison , Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Non-Indigenous Species in the United States , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , Cornell University ( Ithaca , New York ) , June 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Corn ; Tim Johnson , `` Invasive Species , '' The Burlington Free Press , November 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ Naylor , R.L. , S.L. Williams , and D.R. Strong . 2001 . Aquaculture -- a gateway for exotic species . Science 294 : 1655 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Riley , SPD , H.B. Shaffer , S.R. Voss , B.M. Fitzpatrick . Hybridization between a rare , native tiger salamander and its introduced congener. 2003 . Ecological Applications 13 : 1263 -- 1275 . Jump up ^ Foster , J. and A. Sandberg . Friends or foe ? Invasive species and public green space in Toronto . 2004 . The Geographical Review 94 : 178 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Deichsel , G. & Gist , D.H. On the Origin of the Common Wall Lizards Podarcis muralis ( Reptilia : Lacertidae ) in Cincinnati , Ohio Archived 2009 - 09 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Shirey , P.D. and G.A. Lamberti. 2010 . Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act . Conservation Letters 3 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Craig . 1999 . Conservation units and translocations : Strategies for conserving evolutionary processes . Hereditas 130 : 217 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Cohen , A.N. And J.T. Carlton. 1998 . Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary . Science 279 : 555 -- 558 . Jump up ^ Field guide to recently introduced species of coccinellidae ( Coleoptera ) in North America , with a revised key to north American genera of coccinellini Jump up ^ http://www.lostladybug.org/summary-page-555.php Lost Ladybug Project Jump up ^ Kennedy , K. 1992 . A systematic study of the genus Phyla Lour ( Verbenaceae : Verbenoideae , Lantanae ) . University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , USA . Jump up ^ Xu , Cheng - Yuan ; Tang , Shaoqing ; Fatemi , Mohammad ; Gross , Caroline L. ; Julien , Mic H. ; Curtis , Caitlin ; van Klinken , Rieks D. ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens : implications for the evolutionary potential '' . Ecosphere. 6 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.1890 / ES14 - 00374.1 . ISSN 2150 - 8925 . Jump up ^ Whalley , R.D.B. ; Price , J.N. ; Macdonald , M.J. ; Berney , P.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Drivers of change in the Social - Ecological Systems of the Gwydir Wetlands and Macquarie Marshes in northern New South Wales , Australia '' . The Rangeland Journal . 33 ( 2 ) : 109 . doi : 10.1071 / rj11002 . Jump up ^ Olivier , L. , J.P. Galland , and H. Maurin , editors. 1995 . Livre Rouge de la flore menacée de France. Tome I. Espèces prioritaires . SPN - IEGB / MNHN , DNP / Ministère Environnement , CBN Porquerolles , Paris , France Jump up ^ Su , S. ; Cassey , P. ; Dyer , E.E. ; Blackburn , T.M. ( 2017 ) . `` Geographical range expansion of alien birds and environmental matching '' . Ibis. 159 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 203 . doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12418 . Jump up ^ McGinnity , Philip ; Prodöhl , Paulo ; Ferguson , Andy ; Hynes , Rosaleen ; Maoiléidigh , Niall ó ; Baker , Natalie ; Cotter , Deirdre ; O'Hea , Brendan ; Cooke , Declan ( 2003 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon , Salmo salar , as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 270 ( 1532 ) : 2443 -- 2450 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2003.2520 . ISSN 0962 - 8452 . PMC 1691531 . PMID 14667333 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Sarah W. ; Gerberich , Jill C. ; Angeloni , Lisa M. ; Bailey , Larissa L. ; Broder , Emily D. ; Torres - Dowdall , Julian ; Handelsman , Corey A. ; López - Sepulcre , Andrés ; Reznick , David N. ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Gene flow from an adaptively divergent source causes rescue through genetic and demographic factors in two wild populations of Trinidadian guppies '' . Evolutionary Applications. 9 ( 7 ) : 879 -- 891 . doi : 10.1111 / eva. 12356 . ISSN 1752 - 4571 . PMC 4947150 . PMID 27468306 . Jump up ^ Assessment of Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Future Planetary Science Missions , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , January 24 , 2011 3.1. 1 Microbial Reduction Methodologies : `` This protocol was defined in concert with Viking , the first mission to face the most stringent planetary protection requirements ; its implementation remains the gold standard today . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Invasive plants by country . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Immigrations , Animal and Vegetal . GB Non-native Species Secretariat GB Non-native Species -- information , ID sheets , risk assessments , case studies , resources , free photos , videos and more . Alien Plants in Ireland Database of Alien plants in Ireland Introduced species in the British Isles Alien species in Poland Introduced Species in Eastern United States Pathways for Invasive Species Introduction Species Profile - Invasive Species , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for invasive species . Nonindigenous Species Database Network The Naked Scientists Invasive Species Articles Ecologists challenge the categories that identify some species as natives and others as invaders . Bugguide.net List of non-native arthropods in North America <Th_colspan="2"> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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9 NDL : 00565774 Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Environment portal Gardening portal Sustainable development portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Introduced_species&oldid=811845957 '' Categories : Introduced species Invasive species Biology terminology Ecology Ecology terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 11 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Introduced species
2. Invasive species
3. Intentional introductions
4. Unintentional introductions
5. Impact on ecosystems |
-7,493,356,074,929,115,000 | we five you were on my mind album | You Were on My Mind ( album ) - wikipedia You Were on My Mind ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> You Were on My Mind <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by We Five Released 1965 Genre Folk Length 29 : 36 Label A&M Producer Frank Werber <Th_colspan="2"> We Five chronology <Td_colspan="2"> You Were on My Mind ( 1965 ) Make Someone Happy ( 1967 ) Make Someone Happy 1967 You Were on My Mind is the first studio album by the folk band We Five which was released in 1965 . The title track hit # 1 on the adult contemporary chart and # 3 on The Billboard Hot 100 . The album landed on the Billboard 200 , reaching # 32 . The single also marked a musical transition because the single was one of the first to feature drums and the electric guitar on a folk composition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 References Reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Writing for Allmusic , music critic Richie Unterberger wrote of the album `` The harmonies are nice , and an overlooked influence upon the early San Francisco rock scene . But the album as a whole is pretty lightweight , with nothing else in the same league as `` You Were on My Mind . '' Track listing ( edit ) `` Love Me Not Tomorrow '' ( John Stewart ) `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' ( Charles Trenet , Jack Lawrence ) `` My Favorite Things '' ( Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein II ) `` If I Were Alone '' ( Mike Stewart , John Stewart ) `` Tonight '' ( Stephen Sondheim , Leonard Bernstein ) `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' ( Vince Guaraldi , Carel Werber ) `` You Were on My Mind '' ( Sylvia Fricker ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( George David Weiss , Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore ) `` Small World '' ( Jule Styne , Stephen Sondheim ) `` I Got Plenty O ' Nuttin ' '' ( Dorothy Heyward , Ira Gershwin , George Gershwin ) `` Softly , as I Leave You '' ( Antonio De Vita , Hal Shaper ) `` I Can Never Go Home Again '' ( John Stewart ) Charts ( edit ) Album Year Chart Peak Position 1965 Billboard 200 32 Singles Year Single Chart Peak Position 1965 `` You Were on My Mind '' Adult Contemporary Chart 1965 `` You Were on My Mind '' Billboard Hot 100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ We Five 's charting singles Retrieved March 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ We Five 's charting albums Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ We Five Interview Retrieved February 2 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` You Were on My Mind > Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) We Five <Td_colspan="2"> Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan ' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let 's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B - Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Were_on_My_Mind_(album)&oldid=811921514 '' Categories : 1965 debut albums A&M Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 25 . About Wikipedia | 1. "You Were on My Mind" album by We Five
2. Folk music
3. Chart-topping single
4. Musical transition in folk composition
5. Track listing and chart positions |
-2,099,932,898,059,569,400 | james and the giant peach pasek and paul | James and the Giant peach ( musical ) - wikipedia James and the Giant peach ( musical ) <Th_colspan="2"> James and the Giant Peach <Td_colspan="2"> Music Theatre International Poster Music Justin Paul Lyrics Benj Pasek Book Timothy Allen McDonald Basis Book `` James and the Giant Peach '' by Roald Dahl Premiere September 2010 : Goodspeed Musicals James and the Giant Peach is a musical with music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and book by Timothy Allen McDonald based on Roald Dahl 's children 's book of the same name . After McDonald and Leslie Bricusse successfully developed Charlie and the Chocolate Factory into a musical , using songs from the 1971 film adaptation , Dahl 's widow Liccy granted the rights to develop James and the Giant Peach to McDonald . McDonald started assembling the creative team in 2005 . Lynn Ahrens , Freddie Gershon and Michael Kerker recommended the songwriting team of Benj Pasek and Justin Paul in 2008 . After an audition where Pasek and Paul wrote three potential songs in a week , including two that would be worked into the show ( James 's first solo , `` On Your Way Home '' and `` Property of Spiker and Sponge '' ) , McDonald hired the duo . The show was first staged at Goodspeed Musicals directed by Graciela Danielle featuring an all star cast . This production was in talks to go to Broadway following the run . However , due to mixed critical response , it was further developed by the team . It has been re-worked since then and in 2015 , the new version became available for licensing through McDonald 's company Music Theatre International and is a popular show in youth and regional theatre . A cast recording of this new version was released in 2015 . Two other versions ( a Theatre For Young Audiences version and a Junior version ) are also available and are utilized commonly by children 's theatres . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act One 1.2 Act Two 2 Characters and original casts 3 Musical numbers 4 Productions 4.1 2010 Broadway Tryout ( Goodspeed ) 4.2 2012 Kennedy Center 4.3 2013 Seattle 4.4 2014 Toronto 5 Cast Recording 6 Other Versions 6.1 Theatre For Young Audiences 6.2 Junior Version 7 References Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) Ladahlord sets the stage by introducing the characters and setting the stage right in front of the audience ( `` Right Before Your Eyes '' ) . The story starts with James having a nightmare while sleeping at the orphanage , remembering his parents getting eaten by a rhino at the London zoo . He wakes up in a cold sweat . He then explains to a ladybug and grasshopper on the ground his life problems ( `` On Your Way Home '' ) . The next morning , James is informed that he is leaving the orphanage to live with his two aunts in Dover . The audience meets Spiker and Sponge who are told they have to take care of a child . They pick James up at the train station and decide to use him as a slave ( `` Property of Spiker and Sponge '' ) . They take James back to their house . Spiker walks into a spider - web and instructs James to cut down the old tree it was hanging from . The two aunts leave for the beach . Before James can cut down the tree , he pauses to save an earthworm from a centipede . He then raises his ax but is stopped by a mysterious man named Ladahlord . Ladahlord assists James in fixing his life by giving James access to one spell in Ladahlord 's book of spells ( `` Shake it Up '' ) . The potion is made , and on James ' way back to Spiker and Sponge 's house , he trips , spilling the potion all over the old tree . The next morning , Spiker and Sponge take James back out to the garden to do more work . The three of them are surprised as they see a gigantic peach has grown on the tree . Spiker realizes that she and Sponge can use the peach to make money , and make deals with companies , allowing the peach to be used for lots of commercial use and media ( `` There 's Money on That Tree '' ) . James tells the aunts that he made the peach grow . They call him a liar and force him to sleep outside . James decides that he 'd rather live on his own than with Spiker and Sponge ( `` Middle of a Moment '' ) . James enters the peach and meets the five insects he saw earlier : The grasshopper , ladybug , earthworm , spider , and centipede , who were also grown by Ladahlord 's spell . The insects have also been harmed by the aunts and want to escape too . Centipede cuts the stem of the peach and the peach rolls into the ocean and starts floating in the direction of France . Grasshopper assures everyone that they will be safe and they can rely on the current to get them to France ( `` Floatin ' Along '' ) . Act two ( edit ) Time has passed and all six of our characters are hungry . They decide to ration out the peach so they wo n't starve and wo n't sink . With new energy , the insects decide to entertain James with some personal facts ( `` Have You Even Begun to Wonder ? '' ) . Back at the aunts ' house , the aunts realize they are going to get in trouble for not being able to keep all the promises they made because they lost the peach . They are chased away by an angry mob ( `` A Getaway For Spiker and Sponge '' ) . Back on the Peach , James has another nightmare . He wakes up and the insects tell him about the troubles they had with the aunts . Centipede reveals he hates all humans , including James . The other four insects try to comfort James by telling him his parents ' memory will always be with him ( `` Everywhere That You Are '' ) . Spiker and Sponge have escaped Dover and are now riding a cruise ship to who knows where . They long over the money they could have had , but remember they still have each other ( `` I Got You '' ) . They then spot the peach and redirect the cruise ship to follow it . The peach gets attacked by sharks . Worried that it will sink , James devises a plan to use Spider 's web to attach seagulls to the peach and fly out of the water . They use Earthworm as bait to attract the seagulls ( `` Plump and Juicy '' ) . Centipede is frusturated that the rest of the insects are accepting of James - a human . He falls off the peach . James ties himself to Spider 's web and jumps off to save Centipede . Centipede realizes that maybe not all humans are so bad , but does n't know how to apologize . They arrive in New York City and are attacked by Spiker and Sponge ( who have heat seeking missiles and attack helicopters for some reason ) , and the peach lands on the top of the Empire State building ( `` Empire State / The Attack '' ) . Once the insects and James climb down the building and are on the ground , the aunts try to take James back and exterminate the insects but are squished by the peach falling off the top of the empire state building . Centipede apologizes for his actions and decides to leave , but the other insects and James want him to stay ( `` On Your Way Home ( Reprise ) '' ) . The show ends with all the insects becoming a family and living inside the peach pit in New York ( `` Welcome Home '' ) . Characters and original casts ( edit ) Character Broadway Tryout ( 2010 ) Seattle ( 2013 ) Toronto ( 2014 ) Cast Album ( 2015 ) Columbus Childrens ' Theatre ( 2017 ) James Trotter Ellis Gage Justin Lawrence Hall Mike Spee Alessandro Constantini Luca Padovan Carson Kittaka Aunt Spiker Ruth Gotchall Jayne Muirhead Nicole Robert Jackie Hoffman Kelsey Hopkins Aunt Sponge Denny Dillon Julie Briskman Karen Wood Mary Testa Jenna Lee Shively Ladahlord * Steve Rosen Marc Kudisch Justin King Grasshopper Jim Stanek Greg McCormick Allen Stewart Adam McKensy Christian Borle Ryan Patrick Jones Ladybug Chelsea Packard Kendra Kassebaum Lana Carillo Megan Hilty Jenny Boyd Hare Spider Kate Wetherhead Diana Huey Saccha Dennis Sarah Stiles Bailey Maholm Earthworm Destan Owens Heath Saunders Jacob MacInnis Daniel Breaker Ricardo Locci Centipede Nick Gaswirth Rich Gray Dale Miller Brian d'Arcy James Mark Schuligar * In the Connecticut Pre-Broadway production , the role of `` Ladahlord '' existed as `` Marvo The Magician '' . Both characters served as partial narrators . Musical numbers ( edit ) The following is the song list from the version currently available for licensing through Music Theatre International : Act I `` Right Before Your Eyes '' - Company `` On Your Way Home '' - James `` Property of Spiker and Sponge '' - Spiker and Sponge `` Shake It Up '' - Ladahlord and Company `` There 's Money On That Tree '' - Spiker , Sponge , and Company `` Middle of a Moment '' - James `` Floatin ' Along '' - Insects and James Act II `` Have You Even Begun to Wonder ? '' - Insects and James `` A Getaway for Spiker and Sponge '' - Spiker and Sponge `` Everywhere That You Are '' - Ladybug , Grasshopper , Earthworm , and Spider `` I Got You '' - Spiker , Sponge , and Company `` Plump and Juicy '' Insects , James , and Company `` Empire State / The Attack '' Ladahlord and Company `` On Your Way Home ( reprise ) '' - James `` Welcome Home '' - Company Shake it Up ( Reprise ) where they repeat the second half of the chorus immediately after Shake it Up . There are also four reprises of Right Before Your Eyes that are about four measures long each sprinkled throughout the show . The Goodspeed Broadway tryout production opened with the song `` Perfectly Perfect '' during which James 's life with his parents and their subsequent death is shown and was followed by `` Shuffle On Through '' in which James experiences being put through the system as a orphan . Beyond the other songs changing significantly in content and order , the other most notable difference is that `` Right Before Your Eyes '' had not yet been implemented . Productions ( edit ) 2010 Broadway tryout ( Goodspeed ) ( edit ) The musical premiered from 21 October 2010 to 21 November 2010 at Goodspeed Musicals in East Haddam , Connecticut . The musical itself was quite different from its source material , but honored it . Throughout the two - month run , the show was revised . The cast featured young actors Ellis Gage and Justin Lawrence Hall playing James , Steve Rosen as Marvo The Magician , Ruth Gotschall as Aunt Spiker and Denny Dillon as Aunt Sponge . The show also featured Jim Stanek as the Grasshopper , Chelsea Packard ( credited as Chelsea Krombach ) as the Ladybug , Kate Wetherhead as the Spider , Destan Owens as the Earthworm , Nick Gaswirth as the Centipede , also with Nicholas Park , Minami Yusi , Marissa Palley , and Jessica Fontana ( credited as Jessica Hershberg ) in the Ensemble . The dance troupe `` Pilobolus '' were a large part of the production bringing an innovative theatrical technique of using their bodies to create most of the set , specifically using shadow technique to create a majority of the special effects . The production featured musical direction by Chris Fenwick and Dance arrangements by Sam Davis . The production was initially expected to go to Broadway but received mixed critical feedback and more room for development was seen . Pasek and Paul stated during the Goodspeed staging `` we decided from the beginning that we were not writing a show for children ( ... ) we are taking some of Dahl 's darkness and expanding it even more . '' 2012 Kennedy Center ( edit ) A work - in - progress version of the musical played at the 2012 New Visions / New Voices festival , held at the Kennedy Center in May 2012 for plays in development written for young audiences . The 2012 Kennedy Center production was directed by Marty Johnson and Timothy Allen McDonald . 2013 Seattle ( edit ) In November 2013 , a reworked version of the musical was presented at the Seattle Children 's Theatre . After the 2010 production , the show underwent much revision , altering plot aspects and songs to appeal to a younger audience , the most notable of which were the omitting of its former title song , `` Perfectly Perfect '' , and the discontinuation of the use of `` Pilobolus '' . Also , the character of Marvo , who , at times , was the narrator , is gone , and the introduction of `` sophisticated '' and `` innovative '' puppetry to depict some events , `` including the show 's title character , the Giant Peach . '' The set was also more elaborate than at Goodspeed . Justin Paul said of the revised version : `` It 's certainly changed -- and hopefully evolved -- since we ( premiered ) the show at Goodspeed . Obviously , that was the first time we 'd ever seen the show in front of an audience , so we learned a lot just from that ... Now , we sort of put ( a different ) lens on it and said , ' It needs to be a show that is going to be engaging a young audience -- targeted for all ages , ' ( ... ) '' Mike Spee , an adult , played James , Kendra Kassebaum played the Ladybug , and Julie Briskman and Jayne Muirhead played Sponge and Spiker , respectively . The cast also featured Rich Gray as Centipede , Heath Saunders as Earthworm , Greg McCormick Allen as Grasshopper , Diana Huey as Spider , with Vickielee Wohlbach , Ian Lindsay and Auston James in the Ensemble . 2014 Toronto ( edit ) In 2014 , the musical made its Canadian premiere at the Young People 's Theatre in Toronto , Ontario . Directed by Sue Miner , choreographed by Jen Shuber and musically directed by Jason Jestadt , it featured Alessandro Constantini as James , Lana Carillo as Ladybug , Saccha Dennis as Spider , Stewart Adam McKensy as Grasshopper , Jacob MacInnis as Earthworm , Dale Miller as Centipede , Nicole Robert as Spiker and Karen Wood as Sponge . The show was adapted into James and The Giant Peach Jr. , meant for actors ages 8 - 18 . Its premiere was 14 October 2016 , at the Kum & Go Theater in Des Moines , Iowa . Cast recording ( edit ) When the new Seattle version of the show was made available for licensing by McDonald 's company , Music Theatre International , a cast album was recorded and released in 2015 as a permanently free download along . With young actor Luca Padovan as James , this cast featured Marc Kudisch as Ladahord , Jackie Hoffman and Mary Testa as Spiker and Sponge , respectively , Christian Borle as the Grasshopper , Megan Hilty as the Ladybug , Sarah Stiles as the Spider , Daniel Breaker as the Earthworm , and Brian d'Arcy James as the Centipede . This included bonus tracks of Megan Hilty 's solo arrangement of `` Everywhere That You Are '' and Skylar Astin performing `` Middle Of A Moment '' . Other versions ( edit ) When Music Theatre International started to license the new version of the show in 2015 , they put two other versions on the market ; the Theatre For Young Audiences ( TYA ) version and a Junior version . Theatre for young Audiences ( edit ) This version is like the full show but trimmed down to one act , most notably cutting `` Middle Of A Moment '' and `` Have You Even Begun To Wonder ? '' . Junior version ( edit ) Like the TYA version , this is one act , omitting `` Middle Of A Moment '' and `` Have You Even Begin To Wonder ? '' . This , however , adds characters and features much larger cast and larger ensemble . It is rated G unlike the full and TYA versions which are rated PG . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Etten , Allison ( 2014 ) . `` About : The Musical '' . James and the Giant Peach . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Megan Hilty , Christian Borle & More Record Pasek & Paul 's James and the Giant Peach '' . Broadway Buzz . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` James and the Giant Peach , the Musical , Blossoms with the Help of Pilobolus , Oct. 21 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul Talk About Biting Into a Giant Peach of a Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Visions / New Voices : Past Projects '' . John F. Kennedy Center . 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` James and the Giant Peach Will Get Seattle Premiere '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` A Giant Peach Ripens : Benj Pasek , Justin Paul and Timothy Allen McDonald Freshen Up James for Seattle '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' James and the Giant Peach ' Listing '' mtishows.com , accessed 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ Berson , Misha ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Seattle Children 's Theatre stages yummy ' James and the Giant Peach ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Crew , Robert ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` James the Giant Peach gives kids something tasty to chew on : review '' . The Star . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Watch Skylar Astin and Megan Hilty Record Pasek and Paul 's James and the Giant Peach ! ( Video ) '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Download the full James and the Giant Peach cast album for free '' . James and the Giant Peach. 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/roald-dahls-james-and-the-giant-peach-tya Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/roald-dahls-james-and-the-giant-peach-jr <Th_colspan="2"> Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_and_the_Giant_Peach_(musical)&oldid=856363807 '' Categories : 2010 musicals Musicals based on novels Hidden categories : Pages with timeline metadata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. James and the Giant Peach musical
2. Roald Dahl's children's book
3. Music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
4. Characters and original casts
5. Productions and cast recording |
5,879,897,257,422,776,000 | what is a us 11.5 in uk sizes | Shoe size - wikipedia Shoe size Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World 's largest pair of shoes , Riverbank Center , Philippines -- 5.29 metres ( 17.4 ft ) long and 2.37 metres ( 7.75 ft ) wide , equivalent to a French shoe size of 753 A shoe size is an indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person . There are a number of different shoe - size systems used worldwide . While all of them use a number to indicate the length of the shoe , they differ in exactly what they measure , what unit of measurement they use , and where the size 0 ( or 1 ) is positioned . Some systems also indicate the shoe width , sometimes also as a number , but in many cases by one or more letters . Some regions use different shoe - size systems for different types of shoes ( e.g. men 's , women 's , children 's , sport , and safety shoes ) . This article sets out several complexities in the definition of shoe sizes . In practice , shoes should be tried on for size and fit before they are purchased . Contents ( hide ) 1 Deriving the shoe size 1.1 Foot versus shoe and last 1.2 Length 1.3 Zero point 1.4 Width 2 Common sizing systems 2.1 Mondopoint 2.2 United Kingdom and Ireland 2.3 Australia / New Zealand 2.4 United States and Canada 2.4. 1 Customary 2.4. 2 Children 's 2.4. 3 Brannock Device 2.4. 4 Foot Scanner 2.5 Europe 2.6 Asia 2.7 Mexico 2.8 USSR ( Russia / CIS ) 3 Difficulties in shoe size comparison 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Deriving the shoe size ( edit ) Foot versus shoe and last ( edit ) The length of a foot is commonly defined as ( a ) the distance between two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the foot and ( b ) in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel . Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed between both feet . The sizes of the left and right feet are often slightly different . In this case , both feet are measured , and purchasers of mass - produced shoes are advised to purchase a shoe size based on the larger foot , as most retailers do not sell pairs of shoes in non-matching sizes . Each size of shoe is considered suitable for a small interval of foot lengths . The inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15 -- 20 mm longer than the foot , but this varies between different types of shoes . A shoe - size system can refer to three characteristic lengths : The median length of feet for which a shoe is suitable . For customers , this measure has the advantage of being directly related to their body measures . It applies equally to any type , form , or material of shoe . However , this measure is less popular with manufacturers , because it requires them to test carefully for each new shoe model , for which range of foot sizes it is recommendable . It puts on the manufacturer the burden of ensuring that the shoe will fit a foot of a given length . The length of the inner cavity of the shoe . This measure has the advantage that it can be measured easily on the finished product . However , it will vary with manufacturing tolerances and only gives the customer very crude information about the range of foot sizes for which the shoe is suitable . The length of the `` last '' , the foot - shaped template over which the shoe is manufactured . This measure is the easiest one for the manufacturer to use , because it identifies only the tool used to produce the shoe . It makes no promise about manufacturing tolerances or for what size of foot the shoe is actually suitable . It leaves all responsibility and risk of choosing the correct size with the customer . Further , the last can be measured in several different ways resulting in different measurements . All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe . Length ( edit ) Sizing systems also differ in what units of measurement they use . This also results in different increments between shoe sizes , because usually only `` full '' or `` half '' sizes are made . The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe - size systems : The Paris point equates to ⁄ centimetre ( about 6.7 mm or 0.26 in ) . That is the increment between whole sizes , and about 3.3 mm or 0.13 in between half sizes . This unit is commonly used in Continental Europe . The barleycorn is an old English unit that equates to ⁄ inch ( 8.47 mm ) . This is the basis for current UK and US shoe sizes , with the largest shoe size taken as twelve inches ( a size 12 ) i.e. 30.5 cm , and then counting backwards in barleycorn units , so a size 11 is 11.67 inches or 29.6 cm . metric measurements in centimetres ( cm ) or millimetres ( mm ) are used in the international Mondopoint system and in the Asian system . Zero point ( edit ) The sizing systems also place size 0 ( or 1 ) at different locations : Size 0 as a foot 's length of 0 . The shoe size is directly proportional to the length of the foot in the chosen unit of measurement . Sizes of children 's , men 's , and women 's shoes , as well as sizes of different types of shoes , can be compared directly . This is used with the Mondopoint and the Asian system . Size 0 as the length of the shoe 's inner cavity of 0 . The shoe size is then directly proportional to the inner length of the shoe . This is used with systems that also take the measurement from the shoe . While sizes of children 's , men 's and women 's shoes can be compared directly , this is not necessarily true for different types of shoes that require a different amount of `` wiggle room '' in the toe box . This is used with the Continental European system . Size 0 ( or 1 ) can just be simply a shoe of a given length . Typically this will be the shortest length deemed practical ; but this can be different for children 's , teenagers ' , men 's , and women 's shoes - making it impossible to compare sizes . For example , a women 's shoe at size 8 is a different length from a men 's shoe at size 8 in the US system , but not the British . Width ( edit ) Some systems also include the width of a foot , but do so in a variety of ways : Measured width in millimetres ( mm ) . This is done with the Mondopoint system . Measured width as a letter ( or combination of letters ) , which is taken from a table ( indexed to length and width ) or just assigned on an ad - hoc basis : Examples are ( each starting with the narrowest width ) : A , B , C , D , E , EE , EEE , EEEE , F , G ( typical North American system , with the unlettered norm being D for men and B for women ) 4A , 3A , 2A , A , B , C , D , E , 2E , 3E , 4E , 5E , 6E ( variant North American ) C , D , E , F , G , H ( common UK ; `` medium '' is usually F , but varies by manufacturer -- makers Edward Green and Crockett & Jones , among others , use E instead , but one maker 's E is not necessarily the same size as another 's ) . N ( narrow ) , M ( medium ) or R ( regular ) , W ( wide ) The width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers . The A -- E width indicators used by most American , Canadian , and some British shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot , and common step sizes are ⁄ inch ( 4.8 mm ) . Common sizing systems ( edit ) Mondopoint ( edit ) The International Standard is ISO 9407 : 1991 , `` Shoe sizes -- Mondopoint system of sizing and marking '' , which recommends a shoe - size system known as Mondopoint . It is based on the mean foot length and width for which the shoe is suitable , measured in millimetres . A shoe size of 280 / 110 indicates a mean foot length of 280 millimetres ( 11.0 in ) and width of 110 millimetres ( 4.3 in ) . Because Mondopoint also takes the foot width into account , it allows for better fitting than most other systems . It is , therefore , used by NATO and other military services . Mondopoint is also used for ski boots . United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Shoe size in the United Kingdom and Ireland is based on the length of the last used to make the shoes , measured in barleycorn ( ⁄ inch ) starting from the smallest size deemed practical , which is called size zero . It is not formally standardised . Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by about 1 / 2 to 2⁄3 inch ( 13 to 17 mm ) . A child 's size zero is equivalent to 4 inches ( a hand = 12 barleycorns = 10.16 cm ) , and the sizes go up to size 13 ⁄ ( 8 ⁄ in , 25 ⁄ barleycorns or 21.59 cm ) . Thus , the calculation for a children 's shoe size in the UK is : child shoe size = ( 3 × last length in inches ) − 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( child shoe size ) ) = ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) ) - 12 ) equivalent to child shoe size ≈ ( 3 × heel to toe length in inches ) − 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( child shoe size ) ) \ approx ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( heel to toe length in inches ) ) ) - 10 ) An adult size one is then the next size up ( 8 ⁄ in or 22.01 cm ) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns . The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus : adult shoe size = ( 3 × last length in inches ) − 25 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( adult shoe size ) ) = ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) ) - 25 ) equivalent to adult shoe size ≈ ( 3 × heel to toe length in inches ) − 23 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( adult shoe size ) ) \ approx ( 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( heel to toe length in inches ) ) ) - 23 ) Note : some manufacturers choose to use a constant other than 25 , so sizes do vary in either direction e.g. A shoe marked as a European size 40 may also be marked as a UK : 6 by Jimmy Choo , Nike ; a 6 ⁄ by Adidas , Clarks , Dr Martens , Fred Perry , Karrimor , Monsoon , New Balance , Reebok , and Slazenger ; a 7 by Converse , Gap , Pavers , and Timberland ; and a 7 ⁄ by Crocs . Some retailers mark a larger size on women 's European compatible which can cause confusion with the UK unisex sizes . A size 8 should be a European 42 in both male and female shoes , but this is often marked as a 9 for women . Australia / new zealand ( edit ) For men and children 's footwear the UK system is followed . Women 's footwear has a slightly different sizing that is unique . It is in between the UK and US 's sizings . United states and Canada ( edit ) In North America , there are different systems that are used concurrently . The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes . The most common is the customary , described in more detail below , which for men 's shoes is one barleycorn shorter than the UK equivalent . ( so a men 's 13 in the US or Canada is the same size as a men 's 12 in the UK ) Customary ( edit ) The traditional system is similar to English sizes but start counting at one rather than zero , so equivalent sizes are one greater . So the calculation for a male shoe size in the USA or Canada is : male shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 24 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( male shoe size ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 24 ) Women 's sizes are almost always determined with the `` common '' scale , in which women 's sizes are equal to men 's sizes plus 1.5 ( for example , a men 's 10.5 is a women 's 12 ) . In other words : female shoe size ( common ) = 3 × last length in inches − 22 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( female shoe size ( common ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 22 ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) In the less popular scale , known as the `` standard '' or `` FIA '' ( Footwear Industries of America ) scale , women 's sizes are men 's sizes plus 1 ( so a men 's 10.5 is a women 's 11.5 ) . female shoe size ( FIA ) = 3 × last length in inches − 23 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( female shoe size ( FIA ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 23 ) Children 's ( edit ) Children 's sizes are equal to men 's sizes plus 12 ⁄ . Children 's sizes do not differ by gender even though adults ' do . Child shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 11 2 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Child shoe size ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 11 ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) Children 's shoe stores in the United States and Canada use a sizing scheme which ends at 13 , after which the adult range starts at 1 : U.S. shoe sizes <Th_colspan="4"> Size <Th_colspan="2"> Last length Children 's <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's Men 's Inches Millimetres ( appr . ) Common FIA 5 5 ⁄ 141 6 5 ⁄ 150 7 6 ⁄ 158 8 6 ⁄ 167 9 6 ⁄ 175 10 7 ⁄ 183 11 7 ⁄ 192 7 ⁄ 199 12 7 ⁄ 200 8 203 8 ⁄ 207 13 8 ⁄ 209 8 ⁄ 212 8 ⁄ 216 8 ⁄ 220 8 ⁄ 224 9 229 5 9 ⁄ 233 5 9 ⁄ 237 6 9 ⁄ 241 6 5 9 ⁄ 246 7 9 ⁄ 250 7 6 10 254 8 7 10 ⁄ 262 Alternatively , a scale running from K4 to K13 and then 1 to 7 is in use . K4 to K9 are toddler sizes , K10 to 3 are pre-school and 1 to 7 are grade school sizes . Brannock Device ( edit ) Drawing of a Brannock Device ( from U.S. Patent 1,725,334 ) A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device , a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores . The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length 2⁄3 inch ( 1.7 cm ) less than the length of the last ; thus , men 's size 1 is equivalent to a foot 's length of 7 2⁄3 inches . Women 's sizes are one size up . male shoe size ( Brannock ) = 3 × foot length in inches − 22 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( male shoe size ( Brannock ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( foot length in inches ) ) - 22 ) female shoe size ( Brannock ) = 3 × foot length in inches − 21 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( female shoe size ( Brannock ) ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( foot length in inches ) ) - 21 ) The method also measures the length of the distance of the heel and the widest point of the foot . For that purpose , the device has another , shorter scale at the side of the foot . If this scale indicates a larger size , it is taken in place of the foot 's length . For children 's sizes , additional wiggle room is added to allow for growth . The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA , AA , A , B , C , D , E , EE , or EEE . The widths are 3 / 16 in apart and differ by shoe length . Foot Scanner ( edit ) Some shoe stores use optical devices to precisely measure the length and width of both feet and recommend the appropriate shoe model and size . ( 1 ) Europe ( edit ) The Continental European system is used in Portugal , France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and most other continental European countries . It is also used in Middle Eastern countries ( such as Iran ) , Brazil -- which uses the same method but subtracts 2 from the final result -- and , commonly , Hong Kong . In this system , the shoe size is the length of the last , expressed in Paris points , for both sexes and for adults and children alike . Because a Paris point is 2⁄3 of a centimetre , the formula is as follows : s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × l a s t l e n g t h ( c m ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( shoe ~ size ~ ( ( Paris ~ points ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( last ~ length ) \ left ( ( cm ) \ right ) ) ) To compute the size based on actual foot length , one must first add a length of about 1.5 to 2 cm . For instance , for a shoe having an internal length 1.5 cm longer than the foot : s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × ( f o o t l e n g t h ( c m ) + 1.5 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( shoe ~ size ~ ( ( Paris ~ points ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( \ left ( ~ foot ~ length \ left ( ( cm ) \ right ) + 1.5 ~ \ right ) ) ) ) This gives the relationships : European size = 1.27 × UK size + 31.75 UK size = European size / 1.27 - 25 = 0.7874 × European size - 25 Asia ( edit ) The Asian system is based on metric measurements and standardised as JIS S 5037 : 1998 , CNS 4800 , S 1093 , or KS M 6681 . Foot length and girth are taken into account . The foot length is indicated in centimetres ; an increment of 5 mm is used . This system was also used in the GDR . The length is followed by designators for girth ( A , B , C , D , E , EE , EEE , EEEE , F , G ) , which is taken from a table indexed to girth and length . There are different tables for men 's , women 's , and children 's ( less than 12 years of age ) shoes . The tables also include the width as supplemental indications . Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries . For example , the largest girth for women in China is EEEE , whereas in Japan , it is F . Mexico ( edit ) Shoes are sized either according to the foot length they are intended to fit , in cm , or alternatively to another variation of the barleycorn system , with sizes calculated approximately as : adult shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 25.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( adult shoe size ) ) = 3 \ times ( \ mbox ( last length in inches ) ) - 25.5 ) USSR ( russia / cis ) ( edit ) Historically the USSR used the European ( Paris point ) system but an alternative metric system ( State Standard 3927 -- 64 ) was devised , with shoe sizes increasing in 1⁄2 rather than the 2⁄3 cm intervals found in the European scheme . This system has been refined by later standards : GOST 9133 - 1978 Determination of linear dimensions of footwear GOST 24382 - 1980 sneakers size GOST R 54592 - 2011 Footwear . Methods for determination of linear dimensions . Where used this system is sometimes described as a Pointe ( ballet shoe ) or Stych size : Pointe / Stych Shoe Sizes Foot Length ( mm ) 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 Children 's 17 18 19 191⁄2 20 21 22 221⁄2 23 24 25 251⁄2 26 27 28 281⁄2 29 30 31 311⁄2 32 33 34 341⁄2 35 36 37 371⁄2 38 39 40 Women 's 34 35 36 37 371⁄2 38 381⁄2 39 40 41 411⁄2 42 421⁄2 Men 's 381⁄2 39 40 41 411⁄2 42 421⁄2 43 44 45 46 47 471⁄2 Difficulties in shoe size comparison ( edit ) Please note that the following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above . Differences between various shoe size tables , makers ' tables or other tables found on the Web are usually due to the following factors : The systems are not fully standardised . Differences between shoes from different makers , which are due to different methods of measuring the shoes , different manufacturing processes , or different allowances are sometimes related to different countries . A `` German '' size may then differ from a `` French '' size , although both countries use the Continental European system . Different widths may have the result that for wide feet , a shoe multiple sizes larger ( and actually too long ) may be required . This may also result in different size indications , especially if different typical widths are attributed to different sizing systems or countries . Some tables for children take future growth into account . The shoe size is then larger than what would correspond to the actual length of the foot . An indication in centimetres or inches can mean the length of the foot or the length of the shoe 's inner cavity . This relation is not constant but varies due to different amounts of wiggle room required for different sizes of shoes . There are several U.S. systems , which differ substantially for sizes far above or below medium sizes . Further , some tables available on the Web simply contain errors . For example , the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account , or tables based on different U.S. systems ( traditional and athletic ) are simply combined although they are incompatible . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal List of shoe styles Shoes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Bendt . `` Recommendations to suppliers and manufacturers of orthopedic footwear concerning sizes of shoes and lasts '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ International Standard ISO 9407 : 1991 , Shoe sizes -- Mondopoint system of sizing and marking Jump up ^ Cairns , Warwick . About the Size of It . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 01628 - 6 . Jump up ^ ASICS Oceania Pty Lyd. , Asics Shoe Sizes , stating `` Shoe sizes on product details pages are in US shoe size '' ; accessed 16 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : Brannock Device Co . `` History '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Brannock Device Co . `` Size Conversion Chart '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Brannock Device Co . `` Instructions '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ German Standard DIN 66074 : 1975 , Shoe sizes Jump up ^ Spanish Standard UNE 59850 : 1998 , Shoes : Size designation Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) Rakuten.co.jp External links ( edit ) Chart of US shoe widths by size <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) ISO standards by standard number <Td_colspan="2"> List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards 1 -- 9999 5 6 7 9 16 31 - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 269 302 306 428 518 519 639 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 646 690 732 764 843 898 965 1000 1004 1007 1073 - 1 1413 1538 1745 2014 2015 2022 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2709 2711 2788 2848 2852 3029 3103 3166 - 1 - 2 - 3 3297 3307 3602 3864 3901 3977 4031 4157 4217 4909 5218 5428 5775 5776 5800 5964 6166 6344 6346 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 7001 7002 7098 7185 7200 7498 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 8000 8178 8217 8571 8583 8601 8632 8652 8691 8807 8820 - 5 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 8 - I - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 8879 9000 / 9001 9075 9126 9293 9241 9362 9407 9506 9529 9564 9594 9660 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000 -- 19999 10005 10006 10007 10116 10118 - 3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10303 - 11 - 21 - 22 - 28 - 238 10383 10487 10585 10589 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11898 11940 ( - 2 ) 11941 11941 ( TR ) 11992 12006 12182 12207 12234 - 2 13211 - 1 - 2 13216 13250 13399 13406 - 2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 - 2 - 3 - 6 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 14 - 17 - 20 14644 14649 14651 14698 14750 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 - 3 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 - 2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 16023 16262 16612 - 2 16750 16949 ( TS ) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17799 18000 18004 18014 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 ( - 1 - 2 ) 19114 19115 19125 19136 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 : 2014 19752 19757 19770 19775 - 1 19794 - 5 19831 20000 + 20000 20022 20121 20400 21000 21047 21500 21827 : 2002 22000 23270 23271 23360 24517 24613 24617 24707 25178 25964 26000 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 : 2005 27001 : 2013 27002 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199 - 2 29500 30170 31000 32000 38500 40500 42010 55000 80000 - 1 - 2 - 3 <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe_size&oldid=804880333 '' Categories : Anthropometry Footwear Mechanical standards Sizes in clothing Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Shoe size systems worldwide
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4. Difficulties in shoe size comparison
5. Foot measurement and width in shoe sizing |
7,987,209,725,741,037,000 | why do they sing sweet caroline at penn state games | Sweet Caroline - wikipedia Sweet Caroline Jump to : navigation , search For the Prison Break episode , see Sweet Caroline ( Prison Break episode ) . For the Status Quo song , see Caroline ( Status Quo song ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Sweet Caroline '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Neil Diamond B - side `` Dig In '' Released June 1969 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Uni / MCA Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Tommy Cogbill Neil Diamond Chips Moman <Th_colspan="2"> Neil Diamond singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee . The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16 , 1969 , and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1969 for sales of one million singles . `` Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular , and as of November 2014 has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Versions 3 Use at sporting events 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Germany 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 16 UK ( OCC ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 37 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box 26 Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` Bap Bap Bah '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Bert Kaempfert released an instrumental version in 1969 Pierre Lalonde in 1969 made a French cover of this song as `` Caroline '' . Andy Williams released a version in 1969 on his album , Get Together with Andy Williams . Elvis Presley covered it in 1970 . Checkmates , Ltd. released a version of the song on their 1971 album , Life . Bobby Womack covered this song in his 1972 album Understanding . Roy Orbison covered it Live on Australian television in 1973 . Frank Sinatra recorded a big band cover of `` Sweet Caroline '' for his 1974 LP Some Nice Things I 've Missed . Neil Diamond has stated this is one of his favorite covers . Julio Iglesias covered this song in Spanish as `` Dulce Carolina '' on his 1972 album Por una mujer . Waylon Jennings performed a version on his 1977 album Ol ' Waylon . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . The third full - length release from the punk band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes , entitled `` Have a Ball '' , released July 29 , 1997 , features a punk - rock cover of `` Sweet Caroline '' . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . David Archuleta performed the song during the Final Five American Idol Episode on April 29 , 2008 and later recorded a studio version . On July 7 - 8th 2006 , the Dave Matthews Band performed a cover of the song at their 2 - day concert at Fenway Park , which was released as their album `` Live Trax Vol. 6 : Fenway Park '' . In 2009 , Mark Salling covered the song on the Fox TV show Glee . In 2009 , South African singer Steve Hofmeyr covered the song on his album , Tribute . In 2009 , the Boston Pops Orchestra and Keith Lockhart recorded it on their live album The Red Sox Album . Also , on July 4 , 2009 , Neil Diamond performed it with them on the Hatch Shell stage . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . Bertín Osborne covered the song in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , Hot 100 , August 16 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . www.riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , August 30 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sweet Caroline '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 27 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2017/march/a-song-for-wembley/ Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley - Sweet Caroline ( 1970 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Checkmates , Ltd. , Life Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Orbison : `` Sweet Caroline '' from Live in Australia `` . Jump up ^ `` Singer / songwriter Neil Diamond here , AMA ! '' . Reddit. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DMB Live Trax Vol. 6 : Fenway Park '' . Dave Matthews Band . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute '' . Last.fm . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' <Th_colspan="2"> Boston Red Sox <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Carolina Panthers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Playoff appearances ( 8 ) 2003 2005 2008 2013 2014 2015 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 23 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=820215656 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1971 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Baseball music Neil Diamond songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Bobby Womack songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Football songs and chants Boston Red Sox Carolina Panthers Uni Records singles MCA Records singles 1969 songs Schlager songs Songs about women Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 18 : 33 . 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-5,961,657,083,613,377,000 | when did north sea oil first come ashore | North Sea oil - wikipedia North Sea oil Jump to : navigation , search `` North Sea Gas '' redirects here . For the band , see North Sea Gas ( band ) . North Sea Oil and Gas Fields An oil platform in Mittelplate , Wadden Sea North Sea oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons , comprising liquid petroleum and natural gas , produced from petroleum reservoirs beneath the North Sea . In the petroleum industry , the term `` North Sea '' often includes areas such as the Norwegian Sea and the area known as `` West of Shetland '' , `` the Atlantic Frontier '' or `` the Atlantic Margin '' that is not geographically part of the North Sea . Brent crude is still used today as a standard benchmark for pricing oil , although the contract now refers to a blend of oils from fields in the northern North Sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1851 -- 1963 1.2 1964 -- present 2 Licensing 3 Reserves and production 4 Carbon dioxide sequestration 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) 1851 -- 1963 ( edit ) Commercial extraction of oil on the shores of the North Sea dates back to 1851 , when James Young retorted oil from torbanite ( boghead coal , or oil shale ) mined in the Midland Valley of Scotland . Across the sea in Germany , oil was found in the Wietze field near Hanover in 1859 , leading to the discovery of seventy more fields , mostly in Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs , producing a combined total of around 1340 m3 ( 8,400 barrels ) per day . Gas was found by chance in a water well near Hamburg in 1910 , leading to minor gas discoveries in Zechstein dolomites elsewhere in Germany . In England , BP discovered gas in similar reservoirs in the Eskdale anticline in 1938 , and in 1939 they found commercial oil in Carboniferous rocks at Eakring in Nottinghamshire . Discoveries elsewhere in the East Midlands lifted production to 400 m3 ( 2,500 barrels ) per day , and a second wave of exploration from 1953 to 1961 found the Gainsborough field and ten smaller fields . The Netherlands ' first oil shows were seen in a drilling demonstration at De Mient during the 1938 World Petroleum Congress at The Hague . Subsequent exploration led to the 1943 discovery by Exploratie Nederland , part of the Royal Dutch / Shell company Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij , of oil under the Dutch village of Schoonebeek , near the German border . NAM found the Netherlands ' first gas in Zechstein carbonates at Coevorden in 1948 . 1952 saw the first exploration well in the province of Groningen , Haren - 1 , which was the first to penetrate the Lower Permian Rotliegendes sandstone that is the main reservoir for the gas fields of the southern North Sea , although in Haren - 1 it contained only water . The Ten Boer well failed to reach target depth for technical reasons , but was completed as a minor gas producer from the Zechstein carbonates . The Slochteren - 1 well found gas in the Rotliegendes in 1959 , although the full extent of what became known as the Groningen gas field was not appreciated until 1963 -- it is currently estimated at ≈ 96 × 10 ^ cu ft ( 2,700 km ) recoverable gas reserves . Smaller discoveries to the west of Groningen followed . 1964 -- present ( edit ) The UK Continental Shelf Act came into force in May 1964 . Seismic exploration and the first well followed later that year . It and a second well on the Mid North Sea High were dry , as the Rotliegendes was absent , but BP 's Sea Gem rig struck gas in the West Sole Field in September 1965 . The celebrations were short - lived because the Sea Gem sank with the loss of 13 lives after part of the rig collapsed as it was moved away from the discovery well . The Viking Gas Field was discovered in December 1965 with the Conoco / National Coal Board well 49 / 17 - 1 , finding the gas - bearing Permian Rotliegend Sandstone at a depth of 2,756 m subsea . Helicopters were first used to transport workers . Larger gas finds followed in 1966 -- Leman Bank , Indefatigable and Hewett , but by 1968 companies had lost interest in further exploration of the British sector , a result of a ban on gas exports and low prices offered by the only buyer , British Gas . West Sole came onstream in May 1967 . Licensing regulations for Dutch waters were not finalised until 1967 . The situation was transformed in December 1969 , when Phillips Petroleum discovered oil in Chalk of Danian age at Ekofisk , in Norwegian waters in the central North Sea . The same month , Amoco discovered the Montrose Field about 217 km ( 135 mi ) east of Aberdeen . BP had been awarded several licences in the area in the second licensing round late in 1965 , but had been reluctant to work on them . The discovery of Ekofisk prompted them to drill what turned out to be a dry hole in May 1970 , followed by the discovery of the giant Forties Oil Field in October 1970 . The following year , Shell Expro discovered the giant Brent oilfield in the northern North Sea east of Shetland in Scotland and the Petronord Group discovered the Frigg gas field . The Piper oilfield was discovered in 1973 and the Statfjord Field and the Ninian Field in 1974 , with the Ninian reservoir consisting of Middle Jurassic sandstones at a depth of 3000 m subsea in a `` westward tilted horst block '' . Off shore production , like that in the North Sea , became more economical after the 1973 oil crisis caused the world oil price to quadruple , followed by the 1979 energy crisis causing another tripling in the oil price . Oil production started from the Argyll & Duncan Oilfields ( now Ardmore ) in June 1975 followed by Forties Oil Field in November of that year . The inner Moray Firth Beatrice Field , a Jurassic sandstone / shale reservoir 1829 m deep in a `` fault - bounded anticlinal trap '' , was discovered in 1976 with well 11 / 30 - 1 , drilled by the Mesa Petroleum Group ( named after T. Boone Pickens ' wife Bea , `` the only oil field in the North Sea named for a woman '' ) in 49 m of water . A ' Statfjord ' gravity base structure under construction in Norway . Almost all of the structure was submerged . Volatile weather conditions in Europe 's North Sea have made drilling particularly hazardous , claiming many lives ( see Oil platform ) . The conditions also make extraction a costly process ; by the 1980s , costs for developing new methods and technologies to make the process both efficient and safe , far exceeded NASA 's budget to land a man on the moon . The exploration of the North Sea has been a story of continually pushing the edges of the technology of exploitation ( in terms of what can be produced ) and later the technologies of discovery and evaluation ( 2 - D seismic , followed by 3 - D and 4 - D seismic ; sub-salt seismic ; immersive display and analysis suites and supercomputing to handle the flood of computation required ) . The Gullfaks oil field was discovered in 1978 . The Snorre Field was discovered in 1979 , producing from the Triassic Lunde Formation and the Triassic - Jurassic Statfjord Formation , both fluvial sandstones in a mudstone matrix . The Oseberg oil field and Troll gas field were also discovered in 1979 . The Miller oilfield was discovered in 1983 . The Alba Field produces from sandstones in the middle Eocene Alba Formation at 1860 m subsea and was discovered in 1984 in UKCS Block 16 / 26 . The Smorbukk Field was discovered in 1984 in 250 -- 300 m of water that produces from Lower to Middle Jurassic sandstone formations within a fault block . The Snohvit Gas Field and the Draugen oil field were discovered in 1984 . The Heidrun oil field was discovered in 1985 . The largest UK field discovered in the past 25 years is Buzzard also located off Scotland , found in June 2001 with producible reserves of almost 64 × 10 m3 ( 400m bbl ) and an average output of 28,600 m3 to 30,200 m3 ( 180,000 - 190,000 bbl ) per day . The largest field found in the past five years on the Norwegian part of the North Sea , is the Johan Sverdrup oil field which was discovered in 2010 , with further oil of the same field was discovered the next year . Total reserves of the field are estimated at 1.7 to 3.3 billion barrels of gross recoverable oil and Johan Sverdrup is expected to produce 120,000 to 200,000 barrels of oil per day . Production start is planned to happen in 2018 . It is one of the largest discoveries made in the Norwegian Continental Shelf . As of January 2015 , the North Sea was the world 's most active offshore drilling region with 173 active rigs drilling . By May 2016 , the North Sea oil&gas industry was financially stressed by the reduced oil prices , and called for government support . The distances , number of workplaces and fierce weather push the 290,000 square miles ( 750,000 square kilometers ) North Sea area to operate the world 's largest fleet of heavy instrument flight rules ( IFR ) helicopters , some specifically developed for the North Sea . They carry about two million passengers per year from 16 onshore bases , of which Aberdeen Airport is the world 's busiest with 500,000 passengers per year . Licensing ( edit ) The Exclusive Economic Zones in the North Sea Following the 1958 Continental shelf convention and after some disputes on the rights to natural resource exploitation the national limits of the exclusive economic zones were ratified . Five countries are involved in oil production in North Sea . All operate a tax and royalty licensing regime . The respective sectors are divided by median lines agreed in the late 1960s : United Kingdom -- Exploration and production licences are regulated by the Oil and Gas Authority following the 2014 Wood Review on maximising UKCS oil and gas recovery . Licences were formerly granted by the Department of Energy and Climate Change ( DECC -- formerly the Department of Trade and Industry ) . The UKCS ( United Kingdom Continental Shelf ) is divided into quadrants of 1 degree latitude and one degree longitude . Each quadrant is divided into 30 blocks measuring 10 minutes of latitude and 12 minutes of longitude . Some blocks are divided further into part blocks where some areas are relinquished by previous licensees . For example , block 13 / 24a is located in quad 13 and is the 24th block and is the ' a ' part block . The UK government has traditionally issued licences via periodic ( now annual ) licensing rounds . Blocks are awarded on the basis of the work programme bid by the participants . The UK government has actively solicited new entrants to the UKCS via `` promote '' licensing rounds with less demanding terms and the fallow acreage initiative , where non-active licences have to be relinquished . Norway -- The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate ( NPD Website in English ) grants licences . The NCS is also divided into quads of 1 degree by 1 degree . Norwegian licence blocks are larger than British blocks , being 15 minutes of latitude by 20 minutes of longitude ( 12 blocks in a quad ) . Like in Britain , there are numerous part blocks formed by re-licensing relinquished areas . Denmark -- The Danish Energy Authority ( website in English ) administers the Danish sector . The Danes also divide their sector of the North Sea into 1 degree by 1 degree quadrants . Their blocks , however , are 10 minutes latitude by 15 minutes longitude . Part blocks exist where partial relinquishment has taken place . Germany -- Germany and the Netherlands share a quadrant and block grid -- quadrants are given letters rather than numbers . The blocks are 10 minutes latitude by 20 minutes longitude . Germany has the smallest sector in the North Sea . Netherlands -- The Dutch sector is located in the Southern Gas Basin and shares a grid pattern with Germany . Reserves and production ( edit ) The British and Norwegian sections hold most of the remainder of the large oil reserves . It is estimated that the Norwegian section alone contains 54 % of the sea 's oil reserves and 45 % of its gas reserves . More than half of the North Sea oil reserves have been extracted , according to official sources in both Norway and the UK . For Norway , the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate gives a figure of 4,601 million cubic metres of oil ( corresponding to 29 billion barrels ) for the Norwegian North Sea alone ( excluding smaller reserves in Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea ) of which 2,778 million cubic metres ( 60 % ) has already been produced prior to January 2007 . UK sources give a range of estimates of reserves , but even using the most optimistic `` maximum '' estimate of ultimate recovery , 76 % had been recovered at end 2010 . Note the UK figure includes fields which are not in the North Sea ( onshore , West of Shetland ) . United Kingdom Continental Shelf production was 137 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion m3 of gas in 1999 . ( 1 tonne of crude oil converts to 7.5 barrels ) . The Danish explorations of Cenozoic stratigraphy , undertaken in the 1990s , showed petroleum rich reserves in the northern Danish sector , especially the Central Graben area . The Dutch area of the North Sea followed through with onshore and offshore gas exploration , and well creation . Exact figures are debatable , because methods of estimating reserves vary and it is often difficult to forecast future discoveries . Peaking in 1999 , production of North Sea oil was nearly 950,000 m3 ( 6 million barrels ) per day . Natural gas production was nearly 280 × 10 m3 ( 10 trillion cubic feet ) in 2001 and continues to increase , although British gas production is in sharp decline . UK oil production has seen two peaks , in the mid 1980s and late 1990s , with a decline to around 300 × 10 m3 ( 1.9 million barrels ) per day in the early 1990s . Monthly oil production peaked at 13.5 × 10 m3 ( 84.9 million barrels ) in January 1985 although the highest annual production was seen in 1999 , with offshore oil production in that year of 407 × 10 m3 ( 398 million barrels ) and had declined to 231 × 10 m3 ( 220 million barrels ) in 2007 . This was the largest decrease of any other oil exporting nation in the world , and has led to Britain becoming a net importer of crude for the first time in decades , as recognized by the energy policy of the United Kingdom . The production is expected to fall to one - third of its peak by 2020 . Norwegian crude oil production as of 2013 is 1.4 mbpd . This is a more than 50 % decline since the peak in 2001 of 3.2 mbpd . Carbon dioxide sequestration ( edit ) In the North Sea , Norway 's Statoil natural - gas platform Sleipner strips carbon dioxide out of the natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide by geological sequestration ( `` Carbon sequestration '' ) while keeping up gas production pressure . Sleipner reduces emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately one million tonnes a year - about one 9000th of total emissions . The cost of geological sequestration is minor relative to the overall running costs . As of April 2005 , BP is considering a trial of large - scale sequestration of carbon dioxide stripped from power plant emissions in the Miller oilfield as its reserves are depleted . See also ( edit ) Norway portal Energy portal List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea Commercial offshore diving in the North Sea Carbon sink Category of Oil fields in Norway Economy of Norway Economy of Scotland Economy of the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Geology of the United Kingdom Geography of the United Kingdom List of oil fields Oil platform Subsea United Kingdom Climate Change Programme It 's Scotland 's oil References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glennie , KW ( 1998 ) . Petroleum Geology of the North Sea : Basic Concepts and Recent Advances . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 03845 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` About NAM '' . NAM . ^ Jump up to : Stauble , AJ ; Milius , G ( 1970 ) . `` Geology of Groningen Gas Field , Netherlands '' . M 14 : Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields . AAPG A009 . pp. 359 -- 369 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrier , RW ; Bamberg , JH ( 1982 ) . The History of the British Petroleum Company . Cambridge University Press . pp. 201 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78515 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gage , M. , 1980 , `` A Review of the Viking Gas Field , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade : 1968 -- 1978 , AAPG Memoir 30 , Halbouty , M.T. editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813063 , p. , 39 ^ Jump up to : Swartz , Kenneth I. ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Setting the Standard '' . Vertical Magazine . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Albright , W.A. , Turner , W.L. , and Williamson , K.R. , `` Ninian Field , U.K. sector , North Sea , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade : 1968 -- 1978 , AAPG Memoir 30 , Halbouty , M.T. editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813063 , p. 173 Jump up ^ `` Key Dates in UK Offshore Oil & Gas Production '' . UK Offshore Operators Association . Jump up ^ `` 1975 : North Sea oil begins to flow '' . BBC . 1975 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pickens , T. Boone , 2000 , The Luckiest Guy in the World , Washington : Beard Books , ISBN 1587980193 , pp. 112 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Linsley , P.N. , Potter , H.C. , McNab , G. , and Racher , D. , 1980 , `` The Beatrice Field , Inner Moray Firth , U.K. , North Sea , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade : 1968 -- 1978 , AAPG Memoir 30 , Halbouty , M.T. editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813063 , p. , 117 Jump up ^ `` High costs , high stakes on the North Sea '' . Time . 1975 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Petterson , O. , Storli , A. , Ljosland , E. , Nygaard , O. , Massie , I. , and Carlsen , H. , 1992 `` The Gullfaks Field , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 429 -- 446 Jump up ^ Jorde , K. , and Diesen , G.W. , `` The Snorre Field , 1992 , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 407 -- 416 Jump up ^ Hagen , J. , and Kvalheim , B. , `` Oseberg Field , 1992 , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 417 -- 428 Jump up ^ Bolle , L. , 1992 , `` Troll Field , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 447 -- 458 Jump up ^ McClure , N.M. , and Brown , A.A. , 1992 , `` Miller Field , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 307 -- 322 Jump up ^ Mattingly , G.A. , Bretthauer , H.H. , 1992 , `` The Alba Field , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 297 -- 305 Jump up ^ Ehrenberg , S.N. , Gjerstad , H.M. , and Hadler - Jacobsen , F. , 1992 , `` Smorbukk Field , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 323 -- 348 Jump up ^ Linjordet , A. , Grung Olsen , R. , 1992 , `` The Jurassic Snohvit Gas Field , Hammerfest Basin , Offshore Northern Norway , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 349 -- 370 Jump up ^ Provan , D.M. , 1992 , `` Draugen Oil Field , Haltenbanken Province , Offshore Norway , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 371 -- 382 Jump up ^ Whitley , P.K. , 1992 , `` The Geology of Heidrun , '' in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0891813330 , pp. 383 -- 406 Jump up ^ Rigzone Oilfield Database Jump up ^ `` Johan Sverdrup Field , North Sea '' . Offshore Technology . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mark Lammey . `` North Sea industry heading for Lehman Brothers magnitude crash '' 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Douglas M. ( 1976 ) . Marine Policy and the Coastal Community : The Impact of the Law of the Sea ( Digitized online by Google books ) ( illustrated ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85664 - 158 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jan Hagland , , Director of Information for the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate . `` Oil & Gas in the North Sea - ExploreNorth '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Norwegian `` Facts 2007 '' official report , available freely here , ( 1 ) , page 82 ^ Jump up to : Trewin , N.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Hydrocarbons '' . The Geology of Scotland : Edited by N.H. Trewin ( Digitized by Google Books online ) . Geological Society of London . p. 463 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86239 - 126 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oil & Gas UK - Education - Key Dates '' . The United Kingdom Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Association trading as Oil & Gas UK . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 29 . `` Oil and gas production peaked at a record 125 million tonnes of oil and 105 billion cubic metres of gas . '' Jump up ^ Morton , Glenn R. `` An Analysis of the UK North Sea Production '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Konradi , P. ( February 2005 ) . `` Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Danish North Sea Basin '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland . Netherlands Journal of Geosciences -- Geologie en Mijnbouw. 84 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 111 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gas exploration in Dutch sector North Sea - Ascent Resources plc '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hanze F2A , Dutch North Sea , Netherlands '' . offshore-technology.com is a product of SPG Media Limited . SPG Media Limited , a subsidiary of SPG Media Group PLC . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UK Oil Production ( m3 ) '' . BERR . ( multiply figures by 0.98 to convert cubic metres to barrels ) Jump up ^ `` UK National Accounts 2011 edition ( The Blue Book ) , section 13.1 '' ( PDF ) . BERR . ( multiply figures by 6.841 to convert tonnes of oil to barrels ) Jump up ^ `` Global Carbon Emissions '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Kemp , Alex . The Official History of North Sea Oil and Gas . Volume I : The Growing Dominance of the State ; Volume 2 : Moderating the State 's Role ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Kemp , Alexander G. , C. Paul Hallwood , and Peter Woods Wood . `` The benefits of North Sea oil . '' Energy Policy 11.2 ( 1983 ) : 119 - 130 . Noreng , Oystein . The oil industry and government strategy in the North Sea ( 1980 ) Page , S.A.B. `` The Value and Distribution of the Benefits of North Sea Oil and Gas , 1970 -- 1985 . '' National Institute Economic Review 82.1 ( 1977 ) : 41 - 58 . Toye , Richard . `` The New Commanding Height : Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas , 1964 - 74 . '' Contemporary British History 16.1 ( 2002 ) : 89 - 118 . External links ( edit ) Energy Voice Norway 2015 North Sea oil at the ( US ) Energy Information Administration UK Department for Business , Enterprise & Regulatory Reform Danish North Sea oil and gas production , Danish Energy Authority OLF Norwegian Operators association Oil & Gas UK Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain The OilCity Project , stories and anecodotes from people involved in the North Sea Oil & Gas industry . Interactive Map over the Norwegian Continental Shelf , live information , facts , pictures and videos . 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-451,967,788,066,542,460 | what is a good number of citations for an article | Citation impact - wikipedia Citation impact `` Citation metric '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Citation index . Citation impact quantifies the citation usage of scholarly works . It is a result of citation analysis or bibliometrics . Among the measures that have emerged from citation analysis are the citation counts for an individual article , an author , and an academic journal . Contents 1 Article - level 1.1 Most - cited papers 2 Journal - level 3 Author - level 4 Alternatives 5 Open Access publications 6 Recent developments 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Article - level ( edit ) Main article : Article - level metrics One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles , books , or other sources ( such as theses ) . Citation rates are heavily dependent on the discipline and the number of people working in that area . For instance , many more scientists work in neuroscience than in mathematics , and neuroscientists publish more papers than mathematicians , hence neuroscience papers are much more often cited than papers in mathematics . Similarly , review papers are more often cited than regular research papers because they summarize results from many papers . This may also be the reason why papers with shorter titles get more citations , given that they are usually covering a broader area . Most - cited papers ( edit ) The most - cited paper of all time is the paper by Oliver Lowry describing an assay to measure the concentration of proteins . By 2014 it had accumulated more than 305,000 citations . The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations . To reach the top - 100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014 . Of Thomson Reuter 's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers ( ~ 0.026 % ) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014 . Journal - level ( edit ) Main article : Journal - level metrics Journal impact factors are influenced heavily by a small number of highly cited papers . In general , most papers published in 2013 -- 14 received many fewer citations than indicated by the impact factor . Two journals ( Nature ( blue ) , PLOS One ( orange ) ) are shown to represent a highly cited and less cited journal , respectively . Note that the high citation impact of Nature is derived from relatively few highly cited papers . Modified after Callaway 2016 . Journal impact factors ( JIFs ) are a measure of the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year . However , journals with very high impact factors are often based on a small number of very highly cited papers . For instance , most papers in Nature ( impact factor 38.1 , 2016 ) were `` only '' cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year ( see figure ) . Journals with a `` low '' impact ( e.g. PLOS One , impact factor 3.1 ) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles . JIFs are often mis - interpreted as a measure for journal quality or even article quality . The JIF is a journal - level metric , not an article - level metric , hence its use to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid . Citation distribution is skewed for journals because a very small number of articles is driving the vast majority of citations ( see figure ) . Therefore , some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor , e.g. the journals of the American Society for Microbiology . Author - level ( edit ) Main article : Author - level metrics Total citations , or average citation count per article , can be reported for an individual author or researcher . Many other measures have been proposed , beyond simple citation counts , to better quantify an individual scholar 's citation impact . The best - known measures include the h - index and the g - index . Each measure has advantages and disadvantages , spanning from bias to discipline - dependence and limitations of the citation data source . Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics . Alternatives ( edit ) Main article : Altmetrics An alternative approach to measure a scholar 's impact relies on usage data , such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance , often at article level . As early as 2004 , the BMJ published the number of views for its articles , which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations . In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets . These `` tweetations '' proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles , leading the author to propose a `` Twimpact factor '' , which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication , as well as a Twindex , which is the rank percentile of an article 's Twimpact factor . In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves , Université de Montréal , Imperial College London , PLOS , eLife , EMBO Journal , The Royal Society , Nature and Science proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors . Open Access publications ( edit ) Main article : Open Access Open access publications are available without cost to readers , hence they should be cited more frequently . While this has been contradicted by some experimental and observational studies recent evidence suggests that OA journals were indeed found to have significantly more citations overall compared to non-OA journals ( median 15.5 vs 12 ) . Thus , it is better to publish in an OA journal for more citations . Recent developments ( edit ) Further information : Citation analysis An important recent development in research on citation impact is the discovery of universality , or citation impact patterns that hold across different disciplines in the sciences , social sciences , and humanities . For example , it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication , once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year , follows a universal log - normal distribution that is the same in every discipline . This finding has suggested a universal citation impact measure that extends the h - index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications , however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year . Social crowdsourcing tools such as Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need . Kaur et al. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics , i.e. , their capability to compare impact fairly across fields . Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics , such as the field - normalized h - index . Research suggests the impact of an article can be , partly , explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article . Field - dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made , but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared . For instance in Medicine among other factors the number of authors , the number of references , the article length , and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact . Whilst in Sociology the number of references , the article length , and title length are among the factors . Also it is suggested scholars engage in ethical questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive . Automated citation indexing has changed the nature of citation analysis research , allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for large scale patterns and knowledge discovery . The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer , later to be followed by Google Scholar . More recently , advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed . The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications . According to Mario Biagioli : `` All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused . Goodhart 's law ( ... ) states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy , then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it . '' See also ( edit ) H - index , also applied to journals Impact factor , the average citation count for a journal Eigenfactor Altmetrics SCImago Journal Rank References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garfield , E. ( 1955 ) . `` Citation Indexes for Science : A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas '' . Science . 122 ( 3159 ) : 108 . Bibcode : 1955Sci ... 122 ... 108G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 122.3159. 108 . PMID 14385826 . Jump up ^ Garfield , E. ( 1973 ) . `` Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance '' ( PDF ) . Essays of an Information Scientist. 1 : 406 -- 408 . Jump up ^ Garfield , E. ( 1988 ) . `` Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis ? '' ( PDF ) . Essays of an Information Scientist. 11 : 354 . Jump up ^ Garfield , E. ( 1998 ) . `` The use of journal impact factors and citation analysis in the evaluation of science '' . 41st Annual Meeting of the Council of Biology Editors . Jump up ^ Moed , Henk F. ( 2005 ) . Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3713 - 9 . Jump up ^ de Solla Price , D.J. ( 1963 ) . Little Science , Big Science . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Larsen , P.O. ; von Ins , M. ( 2010 ) . `` The rate of growth in scientific publication and the decline in coverage provided by Science Citation Index '' . Scientometrics. 84 ( 3 ) : 575 -- 603 . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 010 - 0202 - z . Jump up ^ Deng , B. ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Papers with shorter titles get more citations '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2015.18246 . Jump up ^ Lowry , O.H. ; Rosebrough , N.J. ; Farr , A.L. ; Randall , R.J. ( 1951 ) . `` Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 193 ( 1 ) : 265 -- 275 . PMID 14907713 . ^ Jump up to : van Noorden , R. ; Maher , B. ; Nuzzo , R. ( 2014 ) . `` The top 100 papers '' . Nature . 514 ( 7524 ) : 550 -- 553 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 514 ... 550V . doi : 10.1038 / 514550a . PMID 25355343 . ^ Jump up to : Callaway , E. ( 2016 ) . `` Beat it , impact factor ! Publishing elite turns against controversial metric '' . Nature . 535 ( 7611 ) : 210 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 535 ... 210C . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2016.20224 . PMID 27411614 . Jump up ^ Casadevall , A. ; Bertuzzi , S. ; Buchmeier , M.J. ; Davis , R.J. ; Drake , H. ; Fang , F.C. ; Gilbert , J. ; Goldman , B.M. ; Imperiale , M.J. ( 2016 ) . `` ASM Journals Eliminate Impact Factor Information from Journal Websites '' . mSphere. 1 ( 4 ) : e00184 -- 16 . doi : 10.1128 / mSphere. 00184 - 16 . PMC 4941020 . PMID 27408939 . Jump up ^ Belikov , A.V. ; Belikov , V.V. ( 2015 ) . `` A citation - based , author - and age - normalized , logarithmic index for evaluation of individual researchers independently of publication counts '' . F1000Research. 4 : 884 . doi : 10.12688 / f1000research. 7070.1 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , J.E. ( 2005 ) . `` An index to quantify an individual 's scientific research output '' . PNAS. 102 ( 46 ) : 16569&ndash , 16572 . arXiv : physics / 0508025 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 10216569H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0507655102 . PMC 1283832 . PMID 16275915 . Jump up ^ Egghe , L. ( 2006 ) . `` Theory and practise of the g - index '' . Scientometrics. 69 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 152 . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 006 - 0144 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gálvez RH ( March 2017 ) . `` Assessing author self - citation as a mechanism of relevant knowledge diffusion '' . Scientometrics . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 017 - 2330 - 1 . Jump up ^ Couto , F.M. ; Pesquita , C. ; Grego , T. ; Veríssimo , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Handling self - citations using Google Scholar '' . Cybermetrics. 13 ( 1 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ Serenko , A. ; Dumay , J. ( 2015 ) . `` Citation classics published in knowledge management journals . Part I : Articles and their characteristics '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Knowledge Management . 19 ( 2 ) : 401 -- 431 . doi : 10.1108 / JKM - 06 - 2014 - 0220 . Jump up ^ Bollen , J. ; Van de Sompel , H. ; Smith , J. ; Luce , R. ( 2005 ) . `` Toward alternative metrics of journal impact : A comparison of download and citation data '' . Information Processing and Management . 41 ( 6 ) : 1419 -- 1440 . arXiv : cs. DL / 0503007 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ipm. 2005.03. 024 . Jump up ^ Brody , T. ; Harnad , S. ; Carr , L. ( 2005 ) . `` Earlier Web Usage Statistics as Predictors of Later Citation Impact '' . Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology . 57 ( 8 ) : 1060 . arXiv : cs / 0503020 . Bibcode : 2005cs ... 3020B . doi : 10.1002 / asi. 20373 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , M.J. ; Eichhorn , G. ; Accomazzi , A. ; Grant , C. ; Demleitner , M. ; Murray , S.S. ( 2004 ) . `` The Effect of Use and Access on Citations '' . Information Processing and Management . 41 ( 6 ) : 1395 -- 1402 . arXiv : cs / 0503029 . Bibcode : 2005IPM ... 41.1395 K . doi : 10.1016 / j. ipm. 2005.03. 010 . Jump up ^ Moed , H.F. ( 2005b ) . `` Statistical Relationships Between Downloads and Citations at the Level of Individual Documents Within a Single Journal '' . Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology . 56 ( 10 ) : 1088 -- 1097 . doi : 10.1002 / asi. 20200 . Jump up ^ Perneger , T.V. ( 2004 ) . `` Relation between online `` hit counts '' and subsequent citations : Prospective study of research papers in the BMJ `` . BMJ. 329 ( 7465 ) : 546 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 329.7465. 546 . PMC 516105 . PMID 15345629 . Jump up ^ Eysenbach , G. ( 2011 ) . `` Can Tweets Predict Citations ? Metrics of Social Impact Based on Twitter and Correlation with Traditional Metrics of Scientific Impact '' . Journal of Medical Internet Research . 13 ( 4 ) : e123 . doi : 10.2196 / jmir. 2012 . PMC 3278109 . PMID 22173204 . Jump up ^ Veronique Kiermer ( 2016 ) . `` Measuring Up : Impact Factors Do Not Reflect Article Citation Rates '' . The Official PLOS Blog . Jump up ^ `` Ditching Impact Factors for Deeper Data '' . The Scientist . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific publishing observers and practitioners blast the JIF and call for improved metrics '' . Physics Today . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bibliography of Findings on the Open Access Impact Advantage Jump up ^ Brody , T. ; Harnad , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Comparing the Impact of Open Access ( OA ) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals '' . D - Lib Magazine . 10 : 6 . Jump up ^ Eysenbach , G. ; Tenopir , C. ( 2006 ) . `` Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles '' . PLoS Biology . 4 ( 5 ) : e157 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040157 . PMC 1459247 . PMID 16683865 . Jump up ^ Eysenbach , G. ( 2006 ) . `` The Open Access Advantage '' . Journal of Medical Internet Research . 8 ( 2 ) : e8 . doi : 10.2196 / jmir. 8.2. e8 . Jump up ^ Hajjem , C. ; Harnad , S. ; Gingras , Y. ( 2005 ) . `` Ten - Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How It Increases Research Citation Impact '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin . 28 ( 4 ) : 39 -- 47 . arXiv : cs / 0606079 . Bibcode : 2006cs ... 6079H . Jump up ^ Lawrence , S. ( 2001 ) . `` Free online availability substantially increases a paper 's impact '' . Nature . 411 ( 6837 ) : 521 -- 521 . doi : 10.1038 / 35079151 . PMID 11385534 . Jump up ^ MacCallum , C.J. ; Parthasarathy , H. ( 2006 ) . `` Open Access Increases Citation Rate '' . PLoS Biology . 4 ( 5 ) : e176 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040176 . Jump up ^ Gargouri , Y. ; Hajjem , C. ; Lariviere , V. ; Gingras , Y. ; Brody , T. ; Carr , L. ; Harnad , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Self - Selected or Mandated , Open Access Increases Citation Impact for Higher Quality Research '' . PLOS One . 5 ( 10 ) : e13636 . arXiv : 1001.0361 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 513636G . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0013636 . PMC 2956678 . PMID 20976155 . Jump up ^ Davis , P.M. ; Lewenstein , B.V. ; Simon , D.H. ; Booth , J.G. ; Connolly , M.J.L. ( 2008 ) . `` Open access publishing , article downloads , and citations : randomised controlled trial '' . BMJ. 337 : a568 -- a568 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a568 . PMC 2492576 . PMID 18669565 . Jump up ^ Davis , P.M. ( 2011 ) . `` Open access , readership , citations : a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing '' . The FASEB Journal . 25 ( 7 ) : 2129 -- 2134 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 11 - 183988 . PMID 21450907 . Jump up ^ Chua , SK ; Qureshi , Ahmad M ; Krishnan , Vijay ; Pai , Dinker R ; Kamal , Laila B ; Gunasegaran , Sharmilla ; Afzal , MZ ; Ambawatta , Lahiru ; Gan , JY ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) . `` The impact factor of an open access journal does not contribute to an article 's citations '' . F1000Research. 6 : 208 . doi : 10.12688 / f1000research. 10892.1 . Jump up ^ Radicchi , F. ; Fortunato , S. ; Castellano , C. ( 2008 ) . `` Universality of citation distributions : Toward an objective measure of scientific impact '' . PNAS. 105 ( 45 ) : 17268 -- 17272 . arXiv : 0806.0974 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10517268R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0806977105 . PMC 2582263 . PMID 18978030 . Jump up ^ Hoang , D. ; Kaur , J. ; Menczer , F. ( 2010 ) . `` Crowdsourcing Scholarly Data '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the WebSci10 : Extending the Frontiers of Society On - Line . Jump up ^ Kaur , J. ; Hoang , D. ; Sun , X. ; Possamai , L. ; JafariAsbagh , M. ; Patil , S. ; Menczer , F. ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarometer : A Social Framework for Analyzing Impact across Disciplines '' . PLOS One . 7 ( 9 ) : e43235 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 743235K . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043235 . Jump up ^ Kaur , J. ; Radicchi , F. ; Menczer , F. ( 2013 ) . `` Universality of scholarly impact metrics '' . Journal of Informetrics. 7 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 932 . doi : 10.1016 / j. joi. 2013.09. 002 . Jump up ^ Bornmann , L. ; Daniel , H.D. ( 2008 ) . `` What do citation counts measure ? A review of studies on citing behavior '' . Journal of Documentation. 64 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 80 . doi : 10.1108 / 00220410810844150 . Jump up ^ Anauati , M.V. ; Galiani , S. ; Gálvez , R.H. ( 2014 ) . `` Quantifying the Life Cycle of Scholarly Articles Across Fields of Economic Research '' . SSRN 2523078 . Jump up ^ van Wesel , M. ; Wyatt , S. ; ten Haaf , J. ( 2014 ) . `` What a difference a colon makes : how superficial factors influence subsequent citation '' . Scientometrics. 98 ( 3 ) : 1601 -- 1615 . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 013 - 1154 - x . Jump up ^ van Wesel , M. ( 2016 ) . `` Evaluation by Citation : Trends in Publication Behavior , Evaluation Criteria , and the Strive for High Impact Publications '' . Science and Engineering Ethics. 22 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s11948 - 015 - 9638 - 0 . PMC 4750571 . Jump up ^ Giles , C.L. ; Bollacker , K. ; Lawrence , S. ( 1998 ) . `` CiteSeer : An Automatic Citation Indexing System '' . DL'98 Digital Libraries , 3rd ACM Conference on Digital Libraries . pp. 89 -- 98 . doi : 10.1145 / 276675.276685 . Jump up ^ Yu , G. ; Li , Y. - J. ( 2010 ) . `` Identification of referencing and citation processes of scientific journals based on the citation distribution model '' . Scientometrics. 82 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 261 . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 009 - 0085 - z . Jump up ^ Bouabid , H. ( 2011 ) . `` Revisiting citation aging : A model for citation distribution and life - cycle prediction '' . Scientometrics. 88 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 211 . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 011 - 0370 - 5 . Jump up ^ Biagioli , M. ( 2016 ) . `` Watch out for cheats in citation game '' . Nature . 535 ( 7611 ) : 201 -- 201 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 535 ... 201B . doi : 10.1038 / 535201a . PMID 27411599 . Further reading ( edit ) Chanson , Hubert ( 2007 ) . `` Research Quality , Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century . Publish or Perish , Commercial versus Open Access , Internet versus Libraries ? '' . Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering . 34 ( 8 ) : 946 -- 951 . doi : 10.1139 / l07 - 027 . Panaretos , J. ; Malesios , C. ( 2009 ) . `` Assessing Scientific Research Performance and Impact with Single Indices '' . Scientometrics. 81 ( 3 ) : 635 -- 670 . arXiv : 0812.4542 . doi : 10.1007 / s11192 - 008 - 2174 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Citation impact at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&oldid=865428972 '' Categories : Research and development Academic publishing Citation metrics Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 21 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Citation impact
2. Scholarly works
3. Citation analysis
4. Article-level metrics
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26,275,813,060,230,770 | who had the most power under the articles | Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on September 13 , 1788 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Operation 4 Ratification 5 Article summaries 6 End of the Revolutionary War 7 Function 7.1 The Army 7.2 Foreign policy 7.3 Taxation and commerce 7.4 Accomplishments of the Confederation 8 The United States of America under the Articles 9 Signatures 9.1 Signers 10 Presidents of the Congress 11 Gallery 12 Revision and replacement 12.1 Legitimacy of closing down 12.2 Final months 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . In practice , the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress ( `` the United States in Congress assembled '' ) until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1 , 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the United States government . It was made capable of making war and peace , negotiating diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and deciding disputes between the states , including their additional and contested western territories . Article XIII stipulated that `` their provisions shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . John Dickinson 's and Benjamin Franklin 's handwritten drafts of the Articles of Confederation are housed at the National Archives in Washington , DC . Operation The Articles were created by delegates from the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a need to have `` a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom , sovereignty , and independence of the United States . '' After the war , nationalists , especially those who had been active in the Continental Army , complained that the Articles were too weak for an effective government . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . In 1788 , with the approval of Congress , the Articles were replaced by the United States Constitution and the new government began operations in 1789 . Ratification Congress began to move for ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1777 : Permit us , then , earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states . Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities , under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength , to maintain and defend our common liberties ... The document could not become officially effective until it was ratified by all 13 states . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; the thirteenth state to ratify was Maryland on February 2 , 1781 . A ceremonial confirmation of this thirteenth , final ratification took place in the Congress on March 1 , 1781 , at high noon . Twelve states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . Maryland , however , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland legislature became satisfied that they would follow through , and voted to ratify . The various states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : <Th_colspan="2"> State Date 13 ! 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 12 ! 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 08 ! 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 11 ! 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 01 ! 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 03 ! 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 06 ! 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 10 ! 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 05 ! 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 09 ! 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 07 ! 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 02 ! 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 04 ! 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The preamble declares that the states `` agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union . '' What follows here summarizes the purpose and content of each of the thirteen articles . Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . While still at war with Britain , the revolution 's leaders were divided between forming a national government with powers either strong and centralized ( the `` federalists '' ) , or strictly limited ( the `` anti federalists '' ) . The Continental Congress compromised by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . It empowered Congress to regulate military and monetary affairs , for example , but provided no mechanism to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , or even food . End of the Revolutionary war The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for months because several state representatives failed to attend sessions of the national legislature to ratify it . Yet Congress had no power to enforce attendance . In September 1783 , George Washington complained that Congress was paralyzed . Many revolutionaries had gone to their respective home countries after the war , and local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . Function The army The Articles supported the Congressional direction of the Continental Army , and allowed the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers . As a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure : Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy Even after peace had been achieved in 1783 , the weakness of the Confederation government frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1789 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote to James Monroe , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . The states must see the rod . '' Furthermore , the Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain in 1789 also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty -- which was never ratified due to its immense unpopularity -- the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was superseded by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 under the new U.S. Constitution . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments of the Confederation This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For more details on this topic , see Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation . Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in said territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . The United states of America under the Articles The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president and no national court . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also did n't sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Presidents of the Congress The following list is of those who led the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation as the Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled . Under the Articles , the president was the presiding officer of Congress , chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the successor President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . President of Congress Office Start Office Exit Samuel Huntington March 1 , 1781 July 9 , 1781 Thomas McKean July 10 , 1781 November 4 , 1781 John Hanson November 5 , 1781 November 3 , 1782 Elias Boudinot November 4 , 1782 November 2 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin November 3 , 1783 October 31 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee November 30 , 1784 November 6 , 1785 John Hancock November 23 , 1785 May 29 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham June 6 , 1786 November 5 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair February 2 , 1787 November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin January 22 , 1788 November 2 , 1788 For a full list of Presidents of the Congress Assembled and Presidents under the two Continental Congresses before the Articles , see President of the Continental Congress . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy America 's Critical Period Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1782 -- 1789 . HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 245 -- 66 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , November 17 , 1777 '' . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Congress have come to no determination yet respecting the Peace Establishment nor am I able to say when they will . I have lately had a conference with a Committee on this subject , and have reiterated my former opinions , but it appears to me that there is not a sufficient representation to discuss Great National points. Letter George Washington to George Clinton , September 11 , 1783 . The George Washington Papers , 1741 -- 1799 Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ellis 92 Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleave , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Wikimedia Commons has media related to Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union . 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Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott <Th_colspan="2"> Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin <Td_colspan="2"> * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny VIAF : 175396367 LCCN : n83300226 GND : 4328865 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_Confederation&oldid=818498224 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1781 in law Defunct constitutions Ordinances of the Continental Congress Political charters United States historical documents 1777 in the United States 1781 in the United States Federalism in the United States Legal history of the United States History of York County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania in the American Revolution York , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 22 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Articles of Confederation
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2,872,679,694,438,620,000 | when was the first elephant brought to america | Old Bet - wikipedia Old Bet Statue of Old Bet in front of the Elephant Hotel , in Somers , New York . Marker of site in Alfred , ME where Old Bet was killed . Old Bet ( died July 24 , 1816 ) was the first circus elephant and the second elephant brought to the United States . There are reports of an elephant brought to the United States in 1796 , but it is not known for certain that this was the elephant that was later named Old Bet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Legacy 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Biography ( edit ) The first elephant brought to the United States was in 1796 , aboard the America which set sail from Calcutta for New York on December 3 , 1795 . However , it is not certain that this was Old Bet . The first references to Old Bet start in 1804 in Boston as part of a menagerie . In 1808 , while residing in Somers , New York , Hachaliah Bailey purchased the menagerie elephant for $1,000 and named it `` Old Bet '' . On July 24 , 1816 , Old Bet was killed while on tour near Alfred , Maine by local farmer Daniel Davis who shot her , and was later convicted of the crime . While many people believe that the farmer thought it was sinful for people to pay to see an animal , another suspected reason is jealousy . Legacy ( edit ) In 1821 , the Barnum 's American Museum in New York announced that they had bought the hide and bones of Old Bet and would mount the remains at the museum . The elephant was memorialized in 1825 with a statue and the Elephant Hotel in Somers , New York . In 1922 the elephant John L. Sullivan walked 53 miles to lay a wreath for the memory of Old Bet at her memorial statue . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hershenson , Roberta ( December 8 , 2002 ) . `` Under the Big Top '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Old Bet , called the second elephant in America by the Somers Historical Society , was also one of the most important elephants in America . The Elephant Hotel in Somers was built in 1825 to honor her , and her owner , Hachaliah Bailey of Somers , and is now in its third century of circus fame . Old Bet was part of the new tradition of menageries -- elephants , tigers , giraffes , rhinos and other exotic animals imported from abroad -- that traveled the countryside with circuses beginning about 1804 . Now an exhibition and a theatrical production recall those early circus days . ^ Jump up to : `` Setting The Record Straight On Old Bet '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . It is not an established fact that Old Bet was the first elephant to arrive in America , and quite possibly she was second . An April , 1796 , publication , Greenleaf 's New York , mentions an elephant journeying to our shores aboard the ship America . A few days later an elephant was exhibited around Beaver Street and Broadway , according to an advertisement in The Argus , April 23 , 1796 . This area was the location of the Bull 's Head Tavern , a place frequented by ships ' captains , drovers , and a variety of businessmen . Hachaliah Bailey of Somers , New York , regularly stayed at the Bull 's Head when he took his cattle to the abattoir , which was located nearby . The newspaper reports that the first elephant was sold to a ' Mister Owen . ' Unfortunately , they gave no other information about the man , nor did they tell what he did with the elephant he bought , but Hachaliah Bailey 's business partner and brother - in - law was named Owen . Jump up ^ Crowninshield , Bowdoin Bradlee ( 1901 ) . An Account of the Private Armed Ship `` America '' of Salem . um.bookprep.com . XXXVII . The Essex Institute Historical Collection . p. 1 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , George G. ( October 1951 ) . `` The Crowninshield Elephant : The surprising story of Old Bet , the first elephant ever to be brought to America '' . Pick from the Past . Natural History . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Bet '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wiegold , Marilyn ( May 15 , 1977 ) . `` The Beast That Put Somers on the Map '' . Archives . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 ... Jump up ^ Winship , Kihm ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Elephants '' . Faithful Readers : The writing of Kihm Winship . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Elephant Comes to America '' . HistoryBuff.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . In 1821 , the American Museum in New York announced that they had bought Old Bet and she would now be on permanent display at the museum . Jump up ^ `` Namesake of ' John L . ' Will Lay Wreath on Grave of Pioneer Sister Performer '' . New York Times . April 9 , 1922 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . An old , old elephant will start out this afternoon from Madison Square Garden on a pilgrimage to the grave of the first elephant that ever came to the United States . Jump up ^ `` Town Heaps Honors on Old Bet 's Grave . But Pap Fellowes and His Cornet Inject a Little Discord in Memorial to an Elephant . But the Youngsters All Enjoy It and Feed Peanuts to Old John , Who Lays Wreath on Monument '' . New York Times . April 14 , 1922 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . The memorial services for Old Bet in Somers , N.Y. , yesterday , solemn except for the part which old Pap Fellowes and the cornet played , were all that anybody , even Old Bet herself , might have wished . But it is true that Pap sort of gummed things up . Pap did something to the cornet out behind ... Further reading ( edit ) Collins , Kate Irish ( 31 Aug 2011 ) . `` Elephant named Old Bet not forgotten '' . Keep ME Current . Current Publishing ; Waterboro Reporter . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . `` Old Bet 's Miserable Summer '' . Old Berwick Historical Society . 17 Nov 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` First Circus Elephant '' ( video ) -- Old Bet , featured on a segment of Monumental Mysteries , ( originally aired : 25 July 2013 on Travel Channel ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Bet&oldid=828343348 '' Categories : 1816 animal deaths Individual elephants Circus performers Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 00 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Old Bet - the first circus elephant in the United States
2. Legacy of Old Bet - including a statue and the Elephant Hotel in Somers, New York
3. Killing of Old Bet - shot by a local farmer in Maine
4. Uncertainty about Old Bet's arrival in the United States
5. Old Bet's remains - bought by Barnum's American Museum in New York |
-2,902,267,311,098,507,300 | lamb chop song that doesn't end lyrics | The song That Never Ends - wikipedia The song That Never Ends Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article or section contains close paraphrasing of one or more non-free copyrighted sources . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Song That Never Ends '' ( originally , `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) is a self - referential and infinitely iterative children 's song . The song appears in the album Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along by puppeteer Shari Lewis . It is a single verse long song , written in an infinite - loop motif in a march style , such that it naturally flows in a cyclical fashion , repeating the same verse over and over . It is still a very popular tune , typically sung during long car journeys . The song was written by writer / composer Norman Martin in 1988 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Notable appearances and recordings 3 See also 4 References Lyrics ( edit ) Original version Classical variation This is the song that does n't end Yes , it goes on and on my friend Some people started singing it not knowing what it was And they 'll continue singing it forever just because This is the song that does n't end This is the song that never ends It just goes on and on my friends Some people started singing it , not knowing what it was And they 'll continue singing it forever just because This is the song that never ends ... Notable appearances and recordings ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) The most notable appearance of the song in the US was as the closing theme of Lamb Chop 's Play - Along , a 1992 televised puppet show on PBS , though with slightly different lyrics and a slightly different title ( known as `` The Song That Does n't End '' ) . At the end of each episode , the puppets and children would sing several verses of the song while hostess Shari Lewis would try in vain to stop them . They would eventually leave ( on her urging ) , even while beginning a sixth verse ( which eventually fades out ) . Then the puppet character Charlie Horse would return and try to get to sing the song again . But Shari however stops him successfully by grabbing his mouth and persuading him to `` go away '' . A short rendition of the song appeared in a skit on the animated TV show Cartoon Planet ( the skit is also featured on the companion album , Space Ghost 's Musical Bar - B - Que ) . Brak sings the song until he is asked to stop by Zorak , who finds it annoying . Brak explains that he is unable to because it 's the `` song that does n't end . '' He attempts to continue until Zorak loses his temper , causing Brak to cease , remarking , `` I guess it just ended . '' The song has been adopted as an unofficial anthem by disparate groups . The Discordian organization ( or disorganization ) known as POEE has listed the song in their material with claims that it was written by a member , while fans of the rock band Styx adopted a variation , `` The Tour That Never Ends '' , to describe Styx 's 400 - plus date tour in the late 1990s in support of their album Brave New World . It was also the subject of a single strip in Dave Kellett 's Sheldon webcomic . A series of Canadian Motrin pain killer ads featured kids singing the song in the back of a car , during a traffic jam , while eating chocolate - covered coffee beans . In the Smart Guy episode `` Love Bug '' , Mo and Yvette ( Omar Gooding and Essence Atkins ) perform `` The Song That Never Ends '' variant in order to annoy a fellow contestant to see if he will exit the car they are supposed to stay in for an entire weekend in order to win it . The two eventually ( and suddenly ) stop singing , driving the man crazy as to whether they will start singing the song once again , leading to him escaping the car and automatically eliminating himself from the contest . See also ( edit ) `` John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discogs `` Discogs ' Entry for Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AllMusic `` AllMusic 's Entry for Lamb Chop 's Sing - Along , Play - Along '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shari Lewis ( Author ) , Marty Gold ( Author , Editor ) , Debbie Cavalier ( Editor ) Lamb Chop 's Play - Along : Piano / Vocal / Chords . Warner Brothers Publications , 1996 , p. 108 . ISBN 1576233545 <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_That_Never_Ends&oldid=813750682 '' Categories : Children 's songs Playground songs Metasongs 1988 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with close paraphrasing from April 2016 All articles with close paraphrasing Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "The Song That Never Ends"
2. Children's song
3. Lamb Chop's Sing-Along, Play-Along
4. Infinite loop motif
5. Popular tune for long car journeys |
-4,577,815,246,734,348,300 | who is the fbi agent in the wolf of wall street | The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 film ) - wikipedia The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Wolf of Wall Street <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Scorsese Produced by Martin Scorsese Leonardo DiCaprio Riza Aziz Joey McFarland Emma Tillinger Koskoff Screenplay by Terence Winter Based on The Wolf of Wall Street by Jordan Belfort Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Jonah Hill Margot Robbie Matthew McConaughey Kyle Chandler Rob Reiner Jon Bernthal Jon Favreau Jean Dujardin Cinematography Rodrigo Prieto Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker Production companies Red Granite Pictures Appian Way Productions Sikelia Productions EMJAG Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 180 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $392 million The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American black comedy directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Terence Winter , based on the memoir of the same name by Jordan Belfort . It recounts Belfort 's perspective on his career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm Stratton Oakmont engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street that ultimately led to his downfall . Leonardo DiCaprio ( who was also a producer ) stars as Belfort , with Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff , Margot Robbie as his wife Naomi Lapaglia and Kyle Chandler as Patrick Denham , the FBI agent who tries to bring him down . Matthew McConaughey , Rob Reiner , Jon Favreau , Joanna Lumley and Jean Dujardin also star . The film marks the director 's fifth collaboration with DiCaprio , after Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) , The Aviator ( 2004 ) , The Departed ( 2006 ) and Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , as well as his second collaboration with Winter after the television series Boardwalk Empire ( 2010 -- 14 ) . The Wolf of Wall Street premiered in New York City on December 17 , 2013 and was released in the United States on December 25 , 2013 , distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film was the first to be released entirely through digital distribution . It was a major commercial success , grossing more than $392 million worldwide during its original theatrical run to become Scorsese 's highest - grossing film and the 17th - highest - grossing film of 2013 . The film was controversial for its morally ambiguous depiction of events , explicit sexual content , profanity , depiction of hard drug use and the use of animals during production . The film also caused controversy due to accusations that it was financed by illegally obtained funds from 1Malaysia Development Berhad ( 1MDB ) . The film received mostly positive reviews from critics , with praise for Scorsese 's direction , the comedic performance of DiCaprio and the fast - paced and consistent humor . The film was nominated for several awards including five nominations at the 86th Academy Awards ceremony : Best Picture , Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay , as well as Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor nominations for DiCaprio and Hill , respectively . The film did not win in any category , although DiCaprio did win Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy at the 71st Golden Globe Awards , where the film was also nominated for Best Picture -- Musical or Comedy . It was also recognized by numerous other awards ceremonies , as well as guilds and critics ' associations . The word `` fuck '' and its numerous conjugations are said between 506 and 569 times , making this the film with the most uses of the word in a mainstream , non-documentary film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Use of animals 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 File sharing 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Top ten lists 5.3 Audience response 5.4 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1987 , Jordan Belfort procures a job as a Wall Street stockbroker for L.F. Rothschild , employed under Mark Hanna , who quickly entices him with the sex and drugs fueled stockbroker culture and teaches him that a stockbroker 's only job is to make money for himself . Jordan soon finds his career terminated following Black Monday and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks . Thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions , Jordan makes a small fortune . Jordan befriends his neighbor , Donnie Azoff , and the two found their own company . They recruit several of Jordan 's friends , whom Jordan trains in the art of the `` hard sell '' . The basic method of the firm is a pump and dump scam . To cloak this , Jordan gives the firm the respectable - sounding name of Stratton Oakmont . After an exposé in Forbes , hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company . Jordan becomes immensely successful and slides into a decadent lifestyle full of prostitutes and drugs . He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia . When his wife finds out , they divorce , and he marries Naomi . Meanwhile , the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont . Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours upon securing the IPO of Steve Madden . This brings him and his firm to the attention of the FBI . To hide his money , Jordan opens a Swiss bank account with corrupt banker Jean - Jacques Saurel in the name of Naomi 's Aunt Emma , who is a British national and thus outside the reach of American authorities . He uses the wife and in - laws of his friend Brad Bodnick , who have European passports , to smuggle the cash into Switzerland . Donnie gets into a public brawl with Brad , and , while Donnie escapes , Brad is arrested . Jordan also learns from his private investigator that the FBI is wiretapping his phones . Fearing for his son , Jordan 's father advises him to leave Stratton Oakmont and lie low while Jordan 's lawyer negotiates a deal to keep him out of prison . Jordan , however , can not bear to quit and talks himself into staying in the middle of his farewell speech . Jordan , Donnie , and their wives are on a yacht trip to Italy when they learn that Aunt Emma has died of a heart attack . Jordan decides to travel to Switzerland immediately to settle the bank account . In order to bypass border controls , he forces his yacht captain to sail to Monaco , but the ship is capsized in a storm . After their rescue , the plane sent to take them to Geneva is destroyed when a seagull flies into the engine . Jordan takes this as a sign from God and decides to sober up . Two years later , the FBI arrests Jordan because Saurel , arrested in Florida on an unrelated charge , has also informed on Jordan . Since the evidence against him is overwhelming , Jordan agrees to gather evidence on his colleagues in exchange for leniency . Fed up with Jordan 's lifestyle , Naomi tells Jordan she is divorcing him and wants full custody of their children . Jordan loses his mind and tries to run off with his daughter Skylar in his car , but he ends up crashing in the driveway . The next morning , Jordan wears a wire to work but slips a note to Donnie warning him . Donnie keeps the note and rats out on Jordan to the FBI . Jordan is arrested for breaching his co-operation deal . The FBI raids and shuts down Stratton Oakmont . Despite this one breach , Jordan receives a reduced sentence for his testimony and serves three years in a minimum security prison . After his release , Jordan makes a living hosting seminars on sales technique . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as Jordan Belfort Jonah Hill as Donnie Azoff Margot Robbie as Naomi Lapaglia Kyle Chandler as Patrick Denham Rob Reiner as Max Belfort Jon Bernthal as Brad Bodnick Matthew McConaughey as Mark Hanna Jon Favreau as Manny Riskin Jean Dujardin as Jean - Jacques Saurel Joanna Lumley as Aunt Emma Cristin Milioti as Teresa Petrillo Christine Ebersole as Leah Belfort Shea Whigham as Captain Ted Beecham Katarina Čas as Chantalle Bodnick P.J. Byrne as Nicky Koskoff Kenneth Choi as Chester Ming Brian Sacca as Robbie Feinberg Henry Zebrowski as Alden Kupferberg Ethan Suplee as Toby Welch Jake Hoffman as Steve Madden Mackenzie Meehan as Hildy Azoff Bo Dietl as himself Jordan Belfort as Auckland Straight Line Host Production ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio attending the film 's London premiere in January 2014 Development ( edit ) In 2007 , Leonardo DiCaprio / Warner Bros. won a bidding war against Brad Pitt / Paramount Pictures for the rights to Jordan Belfort 's memoir The Wolf of Wall Street , and Martin Scorsese was considered to direct the film . During pre-production , Scorsese worked on the film 's script before working on Shutter Island . He describes having `` wasted five months of ( his ) life '' without getting a green light on production dates by the Warner Bros. studio . Jordan Belfort made $1 million on the movie rights . In 2010 , Warner Bros. had offered Ridley Scott to direct the film , with Leonardo DiCaprio playing the male lead , but the studio eventually dumped the project . In 2012 , a green light was given by the independent company Red Granite Pictures allowing no restrictions to the content development . Scorsese knew that there were no limits to the content that he would produce and therefore came back on board , resulting in an R rating . Red Granite Pictures also asked Paramount Pictures to distribute the film ; Paramount Pictures agreed to distribute the film in North America and Japan , but passed on the rest of the international market . The FBI has issued subpoenas to several past and present employees of Red Granite Pictures in regards to allegations that US $155 million was diverted from the Malaysian wealth fund 1MDB to help finance The Wolf of Wall Street . This relates to the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . A civil lawsuit initiated by the U.S. Department of Justice has sought to claim `` any rights to profits , royalties and distribution proceeds '' from The Wolf of Wall Street . In the film , most of the real - life characters ' names have been changed from Belfort 's original memoir . Donnie Azoff is based on Danny Porush . The name was changed after Porush threatened to sue the filmmakers . Porush maintains that much of the film was fictional and that Donnie Azoff was not in fact an accurate depiction of him . The FBI agent known as Patrick Denham is the stand - in for real - life Gregory Coleman , and lawyer Manny Riskin is based on Ira Sorkin . Belfort 's first wife Denise Lombardo is renamed Teresa Petrillo , while second wife Nadine Caridi became Naomi Lapaglia on - screen . In contrast , Mark Hanna 's name remains the same as the LF Rothschild stockbroker who , like Belfort , was convicted of fraud and served time in prison . Belfort 's parents Max and Leah Belfort 's names remained the same for the film . The role of Aunt Emma was initially offered to Julie Andrews , who refused it as she was recovering from an ankle injury , and she was replaced by Joanna Lumley . In January 2014 , Jonah Hill revealed in an interview with Howard Stern that he made only $60,000 on the film ( the lowest possible SAG - AFTRA rate for his amount of work ) , while his co-star Leonardo DiCaprio ( who also produced ) received $10 million . Hill did n't care about his settlement though , and wanted to play Donnie Azoff so badly that he was willing to do whatever it took to get the part as it was his dream to be in a Scorsese film . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on August 8 , 2012 , in New York . Jonah Hill announced that his first day of shooting was September 4 , 2012 . Filming also took place in Closter , New Jersey and Harrison , New York . In January 2013 , additional scenes were shot at a set built in an abandoned office building in Ardsley , New York . Scenes at the beach house were filmed in Sands Point , New York . Scorsese 's longtime editor Thelma Schoonmaker stated that the film would be shot digitally instead of on film . Scorsese had been a proponent of shooting on film but decided to shoot Hugo digitally because it was being photographed in 3D ; however , The Wolf of Wall Street was originally planned to be shot digitally despite being filmed in 2D . Schoonmaker expressed her disappointment with the decision : `` It would appear that we 've lost the battle . I think Marty just feels it 's unfortunately over , and there 's been no bigger champion of film than him . '' After extensive comparison tests during pre-production , eventually the majority of the film was shot on film stock while scenes that used green screen effects or low light were shot with the digital Arri Alexa . The film contains 400 -- 450 VFX shots . Use of animals ( edit ) The Wolf of Wall Street uses animals including a chimpanzee , a lion , a snake , a fish , and dogs . The chimpanzee and the lion were provided by the Big Cat Habitat wildlife sanctuary in Sarasota County , Florida . The four - year - old chimpanzee Chance spent time with actor Leonardo DiCaprio and learned to roller skate over the course of three weeks . The sanctuary also provided a lion named Handsome because the film 's trading company used a lion for its symbol . Danny Porush , Jordan Belfort 's real - life partner , denied that there were any animals in the office , although he admitted to eating an employee 's goldfish . In December 2013 , before the film 's premiere , the organization Friends of Animals criticized the use of the chimpanzee and organized a boycott of the film . Variety reported , `` Friends of Animals thinks the chimp ... suffered irreversible psychological damage after being forced to act . '' The Guardian said , `` Criticism of The Wolf of Wall Street 's use of a chimpanzee arrives as Hollywood comes under ever - increasing scrutiny for its employment of animals on screen , '' referring to a November 2013 report in The Hollywood Reporter that was critical of the American Humane Association 's treatment of animals in films . PETA also launched a campaign to highlight mistreatment of ape `` actors '' and to petition for DiCaprio not to work with great apes . Release ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio and Martin Scorsese in Paris at the film 's French premiere , December 2013 . The Wolf of Wall Street premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 17 , 2013 , followed by a wide release on December 25 , 2013 . It was previously slated to be released on November 15 , 2013 , but the date was pushed back after film cuts were made to reduce the run time . On October 22 , 2013 , it was reported that the film was set for a Christmas 2013 release . Paramount officially confirmed the Christmas Day 2013 release date on October 29 , 2013 , with a running time of 165 minutes . On November 25 , 2013 , the length was announced to be 179 minutes . It was officially rated R for `` sequences of strong sexual content , graphic nudity , drug use and language throughout , and for some violence '' . Scorsese had to edit sexual content and nudity to avoid an NC - 17 rating . By different counts , the film contains between 506 and 569 uses of the word `` fuck '' , and currently holds the record for the most uses of the word in a mainstream non-documentary film . The film is banned in Malaysia , Nepal , Zimbabwe , and Kenya because of its scenes depicting sex , drugs and excessive use of swear words , and additional scenes have been cut in the versions playing in India . In Singapore , after cuts were made to an orgy and threesome scene as well as some religiously profane or denigrating language , the film was passed R21 . The film marks a change in film history when Paramount became the first major studio to distribute movies to theaters in digital format , eliminating 35mm film entirely . Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues was the last Paramount production to include a 35mm film version , while The Wolf of Wall Street was the first major movie distributed entirely digitally . Box Office ( edit ) The Wolf of Wall Street grossed $116.9 million in North America and $275.1 million internationally , for a total gross of $392 million , making it Scorsese 's highest - grossing film worldwide . In North America , the film opened at number five in its first weekend , with $18.4 million in 3,387 theaters , behind The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , Frozen , Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues , and American Hustle . In Australia , it is the highest grossing R - rated film , earning $12.96 million . File sharing ( edit ) According to copyright infringement tracking site Excipio , the film was the most illegally downloaded film of 2014 , as it was shared over 30 million times via torrent sites . Home media ( edit ) The Wolf of Wall Street was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 25 , 2014 . On January 27 , 2014 , it was revealed that a four - hour director 's cut would be attached to the home release . It was later revealed by Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures that the home release would feature only the theatrical release . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Wolf of Wall Street received positive reviews , with critics praising DiCaprio and Hill 's performances , Scorsese 's direction , and Winter 's screenplay . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 78 % approval rating , based on 262 reviews , with an average score of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Funny , self - referential , and irreverent to a fault , The Wolf of Wall Street finds Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio at their most infectiously dynamic . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine named The Wolf of Wall Street as the third best film of 2013 , behind 12 Years a Slave and Gravity at numbers one and two , respectively . The movie was chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said `` it is the best and most enjoyable American film to be released this year . '' The Chicago Sun - Times 's Richard Roeper gave the film a `` B + '' score , saying the film was `` good , not great Scorsese '' . Dana Stevens , a member of the New York Film Critics Circle , wrote that the movie did not work for her after labeling the film `` Epic in size , claustrophobically narrow in scope . '' According to Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post the story `` wants us to be interested in characters who are dull people to start with , made duller by their delusions of being interesting because they are high . '' Some critics viewed the movie as an irresponsible glorification rather than a satirical takedown . DiCaprio responded that in his opinion the film does not glorify the excessive lifestyle it depicts . In 2016 , the film was ranked # 78 on the BBC 's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century list . In June 2017 , Richard Brody of The New Yorker named The Wolf of Wall Street as the 2nd best film of the 21st century so far , behind Jean - Luc Godard 's In Praise of Love ( 2001 ) . Top ten lists ( edit ) The Wolf of Wall Street was listed on many critics ' top ten lists . 1st -- Richard Brody , The New Yorker ( tied with To the Wonder ) 1st -- Stephen Schaefer , Boston Herald 2nd -- Wesley Morris , Grantland 2nd -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle 2nd -- Ben Kenigsberg , The A.V. Club 3rd -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews 3rd -- MTV 3rd -- Glenn Kenny , RogerEbert.com 3rd -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 4th -- Scott Feinberg , The Hollywood Reporter 4th -- Drew McWeeny , HitFix 4th -- Yahoo ! Movies 4th -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 4th -- Barbara Vancheri , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5th -- Caryn James , Indiewire 5th -- Stephen Holden , The New York Times 5th -- Rex Reed , The New York Observer 5th -- Katey Rich , Vanity Fair 5th -- David Chen , / Film 6th -- TV Guide 7th -- Matt Zoller Seitz , RogerEbert.com 7th -- Film School Rejects 7th -- Todd McCarthy , The Hollywood Reporter 7th -- Scott Tobias , The Dissolve 7th -- Scott Mantz , Access Hollywood 7th -- Mark Mohan , The Oregonian 7th -- Sam Adams , The A.V. Club 8th -- Nathan Rabin , The Dissolve 8th -- Bill Goodykoontz , Arizona Republic 8th -- Randy Myers , San Jose Mercury News 9th -- Joe Neumaier , New York Daily News 10th -- Andrew O'Hehir , Salon.com 10th -- Jessica Kiang and Katie Walsh , Indiewire 10th -- A.O. Scott , The New York Times 10th -- Rene Rodriguez , Miami Herald 10th -- Marjorie Baumgarten , Austin Chronicle 10th -- Keith Uhlich , Time Out New York Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- James Verniere , Boston Herald Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Stephen Whitty , The Star - Ledger Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Joe Williams , St. Louis Post-Dispatch Audience response ( edit ) The film received a `` C '' rating from audiences surveyed by CinemaScore , a rating lower than anything else in theaters the opening week of the film . The Los Angeles Times argues that the film attracted conservative viewers by depicting a more moral tone in its marketing than the film itself depicted . Christina McDowell , daughter of Tom Prousalis , who worked closely with the real - life Belfort at Stratton Oakmont , wrote an open letter addressing Scorsese , DiCaprio , and Belfort himself , criticizing the film for insufficiently portraying the victims of the financial crimes created by Stratton Oakmont , for disregarding the damage that was done to her family as a result , and for giving celebrity to persons ( Belfort and his partners , including her father ) who do not deserve it . Steven Perlberg of Business Insider saw an advance screening of the film at a Regal Cinemas near the Goldman Sachs building , with an audience of financial workers . Perlberg reported cheers from the audience at all the wrong moments -- `` When Belfort -- a drug addict attempting to remain sober -- rips up a couch cushion to get to his secret coke stash , there were cheers . '' The former Assistant United States Attorney who prosecuted the real Belfort criticized both the movie and the book on which it is based . He said he believes some of Belfort 's claims were `` invented '' , as for instance `` ( Belfort ) aggrandized his importance and reverence for him by others at his firm . '' He strongly criticizes the film for not depicting the `` thousands of ( scam ) victims who lost hundreds of millions of dollars , '' not accepting the filmmakers ' argument in which that would detract attention from the wrongdoers . Furthermore , he deplores the ending -- `` beyond an insult '' to his victims -- in which the real Belfort appears , while showing `` a large sign advertising the name of Mr. Belfort 's real motivational speaking company , '' and a positive depiction of Belfort uttering `` variants of the same falsehoods he trained others to use against his victims . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 film ) The film was nominated for five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director for Scorsese , Best Adapted Screenplay for Winter , Best Actor for DiCaprio , and Best Supporting Actor for Hill . It was also nominated for four BAFTAs , including Best Director , Best Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay , and two Golden Globe Awards , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . DiCaprio won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Wolf of Wall Street : Music from the Motion Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released December 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) ( Digital download ) Length 56 : 30 Label Virgin Records The soundtrack to The Wolf of Wall Street features both original as well as existing music tracks , and was released on December 17 , 2013 for digital download . More than sixty songs were used in the film , but only sixteen were included on the official soundtrack . Notably , among the exceptions are original compositions by Theodore Shapiro . <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Track listing No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Mercy , Mercy , Mercy '' Cannonball Adderley 5 : 11 2 . `` Dust My Broom '' Elmore James 2 : 53 3 . `` Bang ! Bang ! '' Joe Cuba 4 : 06 4 . `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' Billy Joel 3 : 29 5 . `` C'est si bon '' Eartha Kitt 2 : 58 6 . `` Goldfinger '' Sharon Jones & The Dap - Kings 2 : 30 7 . `` Pretty Thing '' Bo Diddley 2 : 49 8 . `` Moonlight in Vermont '' ( Live at the Pershing Lounge ) Ahmad Jamal 3 : 10 9 . `` Smokestack Lightning '' Howlin ' Wolf 3 : 07 10 . `` Hey Leroy , Your Mama 's Callin ' You '' The Jimmy Castor Bunch 2 : 26 11 . `` Double Dutch '' Malcolm McLaren 3 : 56 12 . `` Never Say Never '' Romeo Void 5 : 54 13 . `` Meth Lab Zoso Sticker '' 7horse 3 : 42 14 . `` Road Runner '' Bo Diddley 2 : 46 15 . `` Mrs. Robinson '' The Lemonheads 3 : 44 16 . `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' Allen Toussaint 3 : 19 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 56 : 30 See also ( edit ) Boiler Room Gordon Gekko Microcap stock fraud Decadence Hedonism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horne , Philip ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Wolf of Wall Street is the modern equivalent of a Shakespearean history play '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WSJ : US $155 m of 1MDB funds went to ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Malaysiakini.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Patrick Hipes , Anita ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Red Granite Settles With U.S. Government Over 2 Films As Part Of 1MDB Case '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2014 : Leonardo DiCaprio wins Best Actor for The Wolf of '' . The Independent . 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Scorsese , DiCaprio cry ' Wolf ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` It 's Official : Martin Scorsese 's ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Gets Holiday Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Saravia , Jerry ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Raging Bull of Cinema Part II '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Charlie Gasparino ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) . `` ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Gets $1 M Pay Day for Movie Rights '' . Fox Business . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ridley Scott Eyeing Reteam With Leo DiCaprio On ' The Wolf Of Wall Street ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Cannes : Red Granite Acquires Leonardo DiCaprio Pic ' The Wolf Of Wall Street ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mary Kaye ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio and Martin Scorsese Explore the Funny Side of Financial Depravity in The Wolf of Wall Street '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` OSCARS Q&A : ' Wolf Of Wall Street ' Producer Emma Tillinger Koskoff On ' Sexy , Scary , Infuriating ' Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ; Barnes , Brooks . `` Strong Profit Margin at Paramount Pictures Underlines a Hollywood Shift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hope , Bradley ; Fritz , John R. Emshwiller And Ben ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` The Secret Money Behind ' The Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's 1MDB refutes report that it financed ' Wolf of Wall Street ' : Statement '' . Channelnewsasia.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FBI probes 1MDB - Red Granite US $155 m financing claim '' . Theedgemarkets.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Wolf of Wall Street ' Financed By Wolf of Malaysia ? '' . Inquistr.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Feds want ' Wolf of Wall Street ' profits as part of $3.5 billion fraud allegations '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Real ' Wolf of Wall Street ' exec 's son slams movie 's ' inaccurate ' characterization of his father '' . Daily News . New York . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf of Wall Street : The True Story '' . Time . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I saw him morph from nice guy into showy narcissist ' : Ex wife of former Wolf of Wall St. reveals what it was like to be married to Danny Porush '' . Daily Mail . London . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Napier , Jim . `` Kyle Chandler Joins Martin Scorsese 's THE WOLF OF WALL STREET '' . Geektyrant.com . Geektyrant Industries LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paur , Joey . `` Jon Favreau Joins Martin Scorsese 's THE WOLF OF WALL STREET '' . Geektyrant.com . Geektyrant Industries LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt of ' The Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . USA Today . October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Dungan , Isabelle . `` The Real Wolf of Wall Street '' . YouTube . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Peyser , Andrea . `` ' Wolf of Wall Street ' ca n't shake Queens roots '' . nypost.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ankle injury made Julie Andrews miss Wolf Of Wall Street '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Joseph ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Jonah Hill Made $60,000 On The Wolf Of Wall Street '' . Wegotthiscovered.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Arienne ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Jonah Hill made just $60 K for ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Jonah Hill Says He Was Paid $60 K for ' The Wolf of Wall Street ' ( Audio ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cavan Sieczkowski ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Jonah Hill Paid Paltry $60,000 For ' Wolf Of Wall Street ' '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berov , David ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Screenwriter Terence Winter Talks The Wolf Of Wall Street '' . AfterTheCut.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jonah ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Jonah Hill announces completion of first day of shooting Wolf of Wall Street '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simone , Stephanie ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Leo and crew converge on Closter for latest Martin Scorsese film '' . NorthJersey.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street Jordan 's House on the beach '' . MovieLoci.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Phil ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Scorsese Goes Digital , Abandons Film '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Michael ( December 2013 ) . `` Rodrigo Prieto , ASC , AMC and Martin Scorsese discuss their approach to The Wolf of Wall Street , the true story of a stockbrocker run amok '' . theasc.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Neil ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : The Wolf of Wall Street 's VFX producer '' . Digitalartsonline.co.uk . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tadeo , Maria ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Chimpanzee dressed in a suit roller - skating through prostitutes and dwarves in Wolf of Wall Street prompts boycott calls '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Ian ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sarasota chimp and lion have roles in ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Scorsese 's The Wolf of Wall Street : animal rights group calls for boycott '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Animal Rights Group Boycotting ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio Slammed by PETA Over ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Monkey Business '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News , Inc . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morfoot , Addie ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Terence Winter : Leo ' Brave Enough ' for Candle Scene in ' Wolf of Wall Street ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Wolf of Wall Street Avoids NC - 17 After Sex Cuts '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Scorsese 's ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Will Open on Christmas Day '' . Ropeofsilicon.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Scorsese 's ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Will Open on Christmas Day '' . ew.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` THE WOLF OF WALL STREET Could Be Martin Scorsese 's Longest Film Yet at 179 Minutes ; 3 New Posters Released '' . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street Official Trailer '' . Paramount Pictures . YouTube . 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Feldberg , Isaac ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Wolf Of Wall Street Was Nearly Rated NC - 17 For Nudity And Sex '' . WeGotThisCovered.com . We Got This Covered . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Forrest Wickman ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Is Wolf of Wall Street Really the Sweariest Movie of All Time ? A Slate Investigation '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf Of Wall Street Breaks Full Content Review '' . screenit.com. 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Wolf Of Wall Street Breaks The Record For Most Profanity In A Movie '' . wegotthiscovered.com. 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street Breaks Profanity Record '' . junkiemonkeys.com. 2013 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Adam Holz ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Wolf of Wall Street '' . Plugged In . a handful more than 525 are f - words Jump up ^ `` Gay Orgy , Gone ! ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Censored , Banned Overseas '' . MovieThatMatters . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Capital lifestyle ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Scorsese 's ' The Wolf of Wall Street ' banned in Kenya '' . Jump up ^ Megan Geuss ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Anchorman 2 was Paramount 's final release on 35mm film '' . Ars Technica ( via Los Angeles Times ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) . `` End of film : Paramount first studio to stop distributing film prints '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Becomes Martin Scorsese 's Top - Grossing Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 27 -- 29 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street sets Australian record for an R - rated film '' . Smh.com.au . Jump up ^ Todd Spangler ( December 28 , 2014 ) . `` Top 20 Most Pirated Movies of 2014 Led by ' Wolf of Wall Street , ' ' Frozen , ' ' Gravity ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ann ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Wolf of Wall Street DVD will be 4 hours long with more sex and swearing '' . Metro . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Desborough , James ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Wolf of Wall Street DVD will be an HOUR longer -- with even more F - bombs and longer sex scenes '' . Mail Online . London . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` THE WOLF OF WALL STREET Blu - ray / DVD May Include an Extended Cut with an Extra Hour of Sex and Swearing ( UPDATED ) '' . Collider . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Outstanding Motion Pictures and Television Programs Inducted into the AFI Almanac of the Art Form '' . American Film Institute . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) . `` ' Wolf of Wall Street ' review : Scorsese right on the money '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolf of Wall Street '' . RichardRoeper.com . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana . `` The Wolf of Wall Street '' . Slate . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : The Wolf of Wall Street '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio Defends ' Wolf of Wall Street ' Amid Controversy '' . MovieThatMatters.com . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zagano , Phyllis ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The ' culture of prosperity ' '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` My Twenty - Five Best Films of the Century So Far '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) . `` BEST FILMS OF 2013 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Obvious Reasons Why Audiences Hate The Wolf Of Wall Street '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2013 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Katey Rich ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` The Wolf of Wall Street Is Enraging Moviegoers , Thrilling Bankers , And Making Tons Of Cash '' . meaning audiences liked it less than everything else currently in theaters Jump up ^ Steven Zeitchik ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Wolf of Wall Street : ' Is it too polarizing for the mainstream ? ( 2013 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christina McDowell ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to the Makers of The Wolf of Wall Street , and the Wolf Himself '' . LA Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Banker Pros Cheer At Wolf Of Wall Street '' . Business Insider. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Joel M. ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` The Real Belfort Story Missing From ' Wolf ' Movie '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin . `` All The Songs In ' The Wolf Of Wall Street ' Including Devo , Cypress Hill , Foo Fighters & More '' . Indiewire . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 film ) . Official website The Wolf of Wall Street on IMDb The Wolf of Wall Street at AllMovie The Wolf of Wall Street at Box Office Mojo The Wolf of Wall Street at Metacritic The Wolf of Wall Street at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Martin Scorsese filmography Feature films Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1967 ) Boxcar Bertha ( 1972 ) Mean Streets ( 1973 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) New York , New York ( 1977 ) Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The King of Comedy ( 1982 ) After Hours ( 1985 ) The Color of Money ( 1986 ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Lessons '' , 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) Cape Fear ( 1991 ) The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) Casino ( 1995 ) Kundun ( 1997 ) Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) Silence ( 2016 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Short films What 's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1963 ) It 's Not Just You , Murray ! ( 1964 ) The Big Shave ( 1967 ) `` Bad '' ( 1987 ) Made in Milan ( 1990 ) The Key to Reserva ( 2007 ) The Audition ( 2015 ) Television `` Boardwalk Empire '' ( Boardwalk Empire ) ( 2010 ) Vinyl ( 2016 ) Documentaries Street Scenes ( 1970 ) Italianamerican ( 1974 ) American Boy : A Profile of Steven Prince ( 1978 ) The Last Waltz ( 1978 ) A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies ( 1995 ) My Voyage to Italy ( 1999 ) The Blues : Feel Like Going Home ( 2003 ) No Direction Home ( 2005 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) A Letter to Elia ( 2010 ) Public Speaking ( 2010 ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World ( 2011 ) The 50 Year Argument ( 2014 ) Related Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio <Th_colspan="2"> Leonardo DiCaprio <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Awards Screenwriter The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) Greensburg ( 2008 ) Producer Gardener of Eden ( 2007 ) The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) Orphan ( 2009 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) Runner Runner ( 2013 ) Out of the Furnace ( 2013 ) The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) Before the Flood ( 2016 ) Live by Night ( 2016 ) Related articles Appian Way Productions George DiCaprio Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)&oldid=834564995 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s comedy films 2010s legal films American black comedy films American business films American films American legal films Fiction with unreliable narrators Films about drugs Biographical films about fraudsters Biographical films about businesspeople Films about financial crises Films directed by Martin Scorsese Films produced by Leonardo DiCaprio Comedy films based on actual events Films based on non-fiction books Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1987 Films set in Italy Films set in London Films set in New York City Films set in New Zealand Films set in Switzerland Films set in the 1990s Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New York City Appian Way Productions films Wall Street films Red Granite Pictures films Films about con artists Self - reflexive films Trading films Films produced by Martin Scorsese Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 12 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
2. Martin Scorsese
3. Jordan Belfort
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3,778,504,433,118,961,700 | when did yu yu hakusho anime come out | Yu Yu Hakusho - wikipedia Yu Yu Hakusho Jump to : navigation , search `` YYH '' redirects here . For the Canadian airport with IATA code YYH , see Taloyoak Airport . <Td_colspan="2"> Yu Yu Hakusho <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of Yu Yu Hakusho volume 1 as released by Shueisha <Th_colspan="2"> 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 ( Yū Yū Hakusho ) Genre Action , Mystery , Supernatural <Td_colspan="2"> Manga Written by Yoshihiro Togashi Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump English magazine Shonen Jump Original run December 3 , 1990 -- July 25 , 1994 Volumes 19 ( List of volumes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series Directed by Noriyuki Abe Produced by Ken Hagino Kenji Shimizu Koji Kaneda Kyotaro Kimura Written by Yukiyoshi Ōhashi Music by Yusuke Honma Studio Studio Pierrot Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation MVM Films Original network Fuji TV English network Cartoon Network Animax Asia Adult Swim , Cartoon Network ( Toonami ) , Funimation Channel Original run October 10 , 1992 -- December 17 , 1994 Episodes 112 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Original video animation <Th_colspan="2"> Eizou Hakusho Directed by Noriyuki Abe Written by Yukiyoshi Ōhashi Music by Yusuke Honma Studio Studio Pierrot Licensed by Funimation Released September 21 , 1994 -- February 7 , 1996 Episodes 6 <Td_colspan="2"> Related <Td_colspan="2"> List of Yu Yu Hakusho films <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal Yu Yu Hakusho ( Japanese : 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 , Hepburn : Yū Yū Hakusho ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi . The series tells the story of Yusuke Urameshi , a yankii ( teenage delinquent ) who is struck and killed by a car while attempting to save a child 's life . After a number of tests presented to him by Koenma , the son of the ruler of the afterlife Underworld , Yusuke is revived and appointed the title of `` Underworld Detective '' , with which he must investigate various cases involving demons and apparitions in the human world . The manga becomes more focused on martial arts battles and tournaments as it progresses . Togashi began creating Yu Yu Hakusho around November 1990 , basing the series on his interests in the occult and horror films and an influence of Buddhist mythology . The manga was originally serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 1990 to July 1994 . The series consists of 175 chapters collected in 19 tankōbon volumes . In North America , the manga ran completely in Viz 's Shonen Jump from January 2003 to January 2010 . An anime adaptation consisting of 112 television episodes was directed by Noriyuki Abe and co-produced by Fuji Television , Yomiko Advertising , and Studio Pierrot . The television series originally aired on Japan 's Fuji TV network from October 10 , 1992 to December 17 , 1994 . It was later licensed in North America by Funimation in 2001 , where it aired on popular Cartoon Network blocks including Adult Swim and later Toonami . The television series has also been broadcast in various other countries around the world . The Yu Yu Hakusho franchise has spawned two animated films , a series of original video animations ( OVAs ) , audio albums , video games , and other merchandise . Yu Yu Hakusho has been well received , with the manga selling over 50 million copies in Japan alone and winning the prestigious Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga in 1993 . The animated series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize for best anime in 1994 and 1995 . Yu Yu Hakusho has been watched by a large number of television viewers in Japan and a wide range of age groups in the United States . The anime has been given mostly positive reviews by critics in North America , complimenting its writing , characters , and amount of action . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Anime 3.3 Films and original video animations 3.4 CDs 3.5 Video games 3.6 Other merchandise 4 Reception 4.1 Manga reception 4.2 Anime reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( Edit ) See also : List of Yu Yu Hakusho characters Yu Yu Hakusho follows Yusuke Urameshi , a 14 - year - old street - brawling delinquent who , in an uncharacteristic act of altruism , is hit by a car and killed in an attempt to save a young boy by pushing him out of the way . His ghost is greeted by Botan , a woman who introduces herself as the pilot of the River Styx , who ferries souls to the `` Underworld '' or Spirit World ( 霊界 , Reikai ) where they may be judged for the afterlife . Botan informs Yusuke that his act had caught even the Underworld by surprise and that there was not yet a place made for him in either heaven or hell . Thus Koenma , son of the Underworld 's ruler King Enma , offers Yusuke a chance to return to his body through a series of tests . Yusuke succeeds with the help of his friends Keiko Yukimura and Kazuma Kuwabara . After returning to life , Koenma grants Yusuke the title of `` Underworld Detective '' ( 霊界 探偵 , Reikai Tantei , lit . `` Spirit World Detective '' ) , charging him with investigating supernatural activity within the Human World ( 人間 界 , Ningen Kai ) . Soon Yusuke is off on his first case , retrieving three treasures stolen from the Underworld by a gang of demons : Hiei , Kurama and Goki . Yusuke collects the three treasures with the aid of his new technique , the `` Rei Gun '' , a shot of aura or Reiki ( 霊気 , Reiki , `` Spirit Energy '' ) fired mentally from his index finger . He then travels to the mountains in search of the aged , female martial arts master Genkai . Together with his rival Kuwabara , Yusuke fights through a tournament organized by Genkai to find her successor . Yusuke uses the competition as a cover to search for Rando , a demon who steals the techniques of martial arts masters and kills them . Yusuke defeats Rando in the final round of the tournament and trains with Genkai for several months , gaining more mastery over his aura . Yusuke is then sent to Maze Castle in the Demon Plane ( 魔界 , Makai , lit . `` Demon World '' ) , a third world occupied solely by demons , where Kuwabara and the newly reformed Kurama and Hiei assist him in defeating the Four Beasts , a quartet of demons attempting to blackmail Koenma into removing the barrier keeping them out of the human world . Yusuke 's next case sends him on a rescue mission , where he meets Toguro , a human turned into a demon . In order to test his strength , Toguro invites Yusuke to the Dark Tournament ( 暗黒 武術 会 , Ankoku Bujutsukai , `` Dark Martial Arts Association '' ) , an event put on by corrupt , rich humans in which teams of demons , and occasionally humans , fight fierce battles for the chance to receive any wish they desire . Team Urameshi , consisting of Yusuke , Kuwabara , Kurama , Hiei and a disguised Genkai , traverse through the strenuous early rounds to face Team Toguro in the finals and win the tournament . They learn that Team Toguro 's owner , Sakyo , was attempting to win in order to create a large hole from the human world to the Demon Plane and allow countless demons through . With his loss , Sakyo destroys the tournament arena , killing himself in the process . After the tournament , Yusuke returns home , but has little time to rest as he is challenged to a fight by three teenagers possessing superhuman powers and who end up taking the detective hostage . Kuwabara and the others rescue him and learn that the whole scenario was a test put on by Genkai . It is disclosed that Shinobu Sensui , Yusuke 's predecessor as Underworld Detective , has recruited six other powerful beings to help him take over where Sakyo left off , opening a hole to the Demon Plane in order to cause genocide of the human race . Yusuke and his friends challenge and defeat Sensui 's associates one - by - one , culminating in a final battle between the two detectives . Sensui kills Yusuke then retreats into the newly opened portal to the Demon Plane . Yusuke is reborn as a partial demon , discovering that his ancestor passed down a recessive gene that would hide until an heir with sufficient power surfaced , when his demonic lineage would be revealed . Yusuke travels to the Demon Plane and defeats Sensui with the aid of the spirit of his ancestor who takes control of Yusuke 's body to finish the fight . As they return to the human world , Yusuke is stripped of his detective title as King Enma orders he be captured and executed in fear that Yusuke 's demon blood could cause him to go on a rampage in the human world . Yusuke , unsettled at having been controlled by his ancestor Raizen , accepts an offer by Raizen 's followers to return to the Demon Plane . Raizen , desiring a successor to his territory , is on the brink of dying of starvation , a death that would topple the delicate political balance of the three ruling powers of the Demon Plane . Hiei and Kurama are summoned by the other two rulers , Mukuro and Yomi , respectively , to prepare for an inevitable war . The three protagonists train in the realm for one year , during which time Raizen dies and Yusuke inherits his territory . Yusuke takes initiative and proposes a fighting tournament to name the true ruler of the Demon Plane , which is agreed upon by Mukuro and Yomi . During the tournament , Yusuke and Yomi meet in the second elimination round where Yusuke is defeated and knocked unconscious . Yusuke awakens days later to find that the tournament has ended and that a similar competition is to be held every so often to determine the Demon Plane 's ruler . Yusuke stays in the Demon Plane for a while longer , but eventually returns to the human world after several years to be with Keiko . Production ( Edit ) Author Yoshihiro Togashi stated that he began working on Yu Yu Hakusho during a period of time around November 1990 , though he forgot the exact time . As a fan of the occult and horror films , he desired to write and illustrate a manga based on his interests . Togashi had previously published an occult detective fiction manga titled Occult Tanteidan , of which he referenced positive reception from readers as a reason for continuing to create manga . When first producing Yu Yu Hakusho , he did not have a clear idea of what he wanted to call it . He used the tentative title `` How to be a Ghost '' while presenting rough drafts to his editors . Once given the go - ahead to begin publication , Togashi proposed `` YuYu - Ki ( Poltergeist Chronicles ) '' for the title , as there would be battles with demons and it would be a play on the title SaiYu - Ki . Because a series with a similar name ( Chin - Yu - Ki ) had already begun publication , Togashi quickly created an alternative : `` YuYu Hakusho ( Poltergeist Report ) '' . He commented that he could have used `` Den ( Legend ) '' or `` Monogatari ( Story ) '' , but `` Hakusho ( Report ) '' was the first thing that came to his mind . He contiguously developed the names of the main characters by skimming through a dictionary and taking out kanji characters he found appealing . `` Yusuke Urameshi '' is a pun , `` Kazuma Kuwabara '' is a combination of two professional baseball players , and `` Hiei '' and `` Kurama '' are `` just names that popped into ( Togashi 's ) head '' . When he introduced the latter two characters in volume three , the author had early plans to make Kurama a main character but was not certain about Hiei . The manga 's shift from occult detective fiction to the martial arts genre after Yusuke 's death and revival in the early chapters was planned by Togashi from the beginning . The series borrows many elements from Asian folklore , particularly Buddhist beliefs in the afterlife . Togashi came up with the concept of the Ningenkai ( human world ) , Reikai ( Underworld ) , and Makai ( Demon Plane ) as being parallel planes of existence in the Yu Yu Hakusho universe . He thought of them as places that one could not easily travel between using modern technology , but rather as a spirit lacking a material body . However , the idea for the `` territory '' powers from the Sensui story arc was parodied from a separate , unnamed work by Yasutaka Tsutsui . For his drawing materials , Togashi used drafting ink and Kabura pens throughout the creation of the series . While his style of artwork began with screentone , he gradually developed into minimalism . As the series progressed , he would draw figures and faces very detailed or `` cartoony , sketchy and jumping with action '' whenever he desired such effects . During the years he worked on Yu Yu Hakusho , Togashi would calculate the personal time he had based on a formula of four hours per page without scripting and five hours of sleep per night . He wrote in his own dōjinshi Yoshirin de Pon ! that he stopped the production on Yu Yu Hakusho out of selfishness . The author had originally wanted to end the manga in December 1993 , at the climax of the Sensui arc . Although there was not a large demand from the editorial staff , Togashi was under a great deal of personal stress at certain points of the series ' run , particularly during its final six months of publication . He claimed that , beginning with the Dark Tournament arc , inconsistent sleep resulting from overwork was causing him health problems . He noted himself as being very ill while working on the color pages for Yusuke 's match with Chu . There were also many instances where he would create nearly entire manuscripts by himself , such as Yusuke 's meeting with Raizen and the battle between Kurama and Karasu . Togashi was relieved at the conclusion of the manga . The author claimed to not have been involved in the production of the Yu Yu Hakusho anime adaptation due to his own work schedule . He stated that he was greatly impressed by Shigeru Chiba 's voice depiction of Kuwabara , admitting that the voice actor understood the character better than Togashi himself . Media ( Edit ) Manga ( Edit ) Main article : List of Yu Yu Hakusho chapters The Yu Yu Hakusho manga series was written and drawn by Togashi and originally serialized by Shueisha in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 1990 to July 1994 . The manga consists of 175 chapters spanning 19 tankōbon with the first one being released on April 10 , 1991 and the last one released on December 12 , 1994 . Between August 4 , 2004 and March 4 , 2005 , Shueisha released the kanzenban ( complete ) editions of the manga . Each of the 15 kanzenban volumes features a new cover and more chapters than the tankōbon edition . YuYu Hakusho has also been published as part of the Shueisha Jump Remix series of magazine - style books . Nine volumes were released between December 22 , 2008 and April 27 , 2009 . A bunkobon version began publication on November 18 , 2010 and was finished on October 18 , 2011 . An English translation of the Yu Yu Hakusho manga was serialized in North America by Viz Media in the American Shonen Jump magazine , where it debuted in its inaugural January 2003 issue and ended in January 2010 . Viz released all 19 collected volumes of the English manga between May 13 , 2003 and March 2 , 2010 . A total of 176 chapters exist in this format due to Viz treating the extra non-numbered chapter `` YuYu Hakusho Tales : Two Shot '' found in volume seven ( which tells the story of how Hiei and Kurama first met ) as the 64th chapter . Viz later re-released the series digitally as part of their digital manga releases between 2013 - 2014 and later added it to ComiXology 's digital releases . The YuYu Hakusho manga has additionally been licensed and published across Asia and Europe . A French translation from Kana , for example , began publication in 1997 . Anime ( Edit ) Main article : List of Yu Yu Hakusho episodes The Yu Yu Hakusho anime adaptation was directed by Noriyuki Abe and co-produced by Fuji Television , Yomiko Advertising , and Studio Pierrot . The series , consisting of 112 episodes , aired from October 10 , 1992 to January 7 , 1995 on Fuji Television . The episodes were released on 23 video cassettes by Pony Canyon from January 1 , 1995 to December 6 , 1995 . They were also released on 28 DVD volumes by Beam Entertainment , with volumes 8 - 14 being released on March 25 , 2002 , volumes 15 - 21 being released on April 25 , 2002 and volumes 22 - 28 being released on May 25 , 2002 . The anime differed from its manga source material by containing different levels of violence and profanity , as well as minor variations in art style from one to the other . In early 2001 , the series was acquired by Funimation Entertainment for North American distribution as Yu Yu Hakusho : Ghost Files . Funimation 's production saw a significant contribution from voice actor Justin Cook , who not only directed the dub but also voiced the protagonist Yusuke . The American - produced English dubbed episodes aired from February 23 , 2002 to April 1 , 2006 on Cartoon Network . Initially , the series was shown on the channel 's Adult Swim programming block from February 2002 to April 2003 , but was later moved to Toonami . Some of the show 's original depictions of mature content including violence , sexual humor , and coarse language , as well as some controversial cultural discrepancies were edited out for broadcast . Yu Yu Hakusho was taken off Toonami around March 2005 and moved to an early Saturday morning time slot that October where the series finished its run . It was also aired uncut as part of the Funimation programming block on Colours TV in 2006 and the Funimation Channel in high - definition in 2011 . The series was distributed in the United Kingdom by MVM Films and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment . It is currently being aired by the satellite television network Animax across East Asia , Southeast Asia , the Indian subcontinent , and European countries such as Hungary and Romania . In India the English - language version of the series was released as Ghost Fighter . Yu Yu Hakusho was localized in the Philippines as Ghost Fighter and aired on IBC in the mid-1990s , as well as on GMA Network in 1999 . This version of the dub localized the characters ' names , such as changing `` Yusuke '' to `` Eugene . '' Funimation separated the series into four `` seasons '' , that each compose their own story arc , which they refer to as `` sagas '' . In North America , 32 DVD compilations have been released by Funimation for the four sagas , with the first released on April 16 , 2002 , and the last on July 19 , 2005 . The episodes have been released in both edited and uncut formats . In addition , DVD collection boxes have been released for all four sagas , each containing all the episodes of that particular saga , with the exception of the Dark Tournament Saga , which was split into two collection boxes . Funimation released season box sets of the anime starting with season one on July 8 , 2008 and ending with season four on January 13 , 2009 . Each set contains four DVDs which have 28 episodes , or one quarter of the whole series . Funimation began releasing the seasons on Blu - ray Disc on May 31 , 2011 . Cook has stated that the production staff made minor improvements to their recordings , such as redubbing certain lines , cleaning up the dialogue , and removing `` arrant anomalies '' . In Japan , three separate multidisc DVD box sets were released , as well as 28 DVDs totaling all 112 episodes of the series . Japanese home video distributor Bandai Visual began releasing the series on Blu - ray Disc on October 27 , 2009 , with the first set containing a picture drama set after the end of the series that saw cast members reunite to record new dialogue . Films and original video animations ( Edit ) See also : List of Yu Yu Hakusho films Two animated films based on Yu Yu Hakusho have been produced . Both films have original storyline content that is not canonical to the manga . The first , simply titled Yu Yu Hakusho was released in Japan on July 10 , 1993 as part of a seasonal film festival . In the movie , the protagonists Yusuke and Kuwabara are on a mission to rescue a kidnapped Koenma from a pair of demons who desire the Golden Seal , a stamp used for finalizing the sentencing of souls in the afterlife . AnimeWorks released an English dubbed version of the half - hour film for VHS in both English - dubbed and subtitled formats on May 5 , 1998 and on DVD on January 30 , 2001 . Yu Yu Hakusho : Chapter of Underworld 's Carnage -- Bonds of Fire ( 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 冥界 死闘 篇 炎 の 絆 , Yū Yū Hakusho : Meikai Shitō Hen -- Honō no Kizuna ) , was released in Japanese theaters on April 9 , 1994 . The plot revolves around Yusuke and his friends defending the human world against inhabitants of a fourth plane of existence called the `` Netherworld '' . This full - length feature received its first English dubbed version by Central Park Media , which released it on VHS on March 3 , 1998 and on DVD on October 8 , 2002 under the name Yu Yu Hakusho the Movie : Poltergeist Report . A series of Yu Yu Hakusho OVAs collectively titled Eizou Hakusho ( 映像 白書 , Eizō Hakusho , lit . `` Image Report '' ) was released in Japan in VHS format between 1994 and 1996 . The OVAs feature very short clips that take place after the end of the series . They also contain video montages from the anime , image songs , voice actor interviews , and satirical animated shorts focusing on the four protagonists . The OVAs consist of three volumes as well as an opening and ending encyclopedia . A four - DVD box set containing this series was released in Japan by Pony Canyon on December 15 , 2004 . Funimation dubbed the OVAs ( though not the anime montages ) and ( re ) dubbed the first theatrical film with their original cast from the anime , and released them both in North America in a two - disc DVD bundle titled Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie & Eizou Hakusho on December 13 , 2011 . This version splits up parts of the OVAs and does not include the Japanese voice actor interviews . CDs ( Edit ) The first volume of the Yū Yū Hakusho Original Soundtrack is one of many music CDs based on the series . The music for the Yu Yu Hakusho anime adaptation was composed by Yusuke Honma . The series has one opening theme , `` Hohoemi no Bakudan '' ( 微笑み の 爆弾 , Hohoemi no Bakudan , lit . `` Smile Bomb '' ) by Matsuko Mawatari , as well as five closing themes : `` Homework ga Owaranai '' ( ホーム ワーク が 終わら ない , Hōmuwāku ga Owaranai , lit . `` Homework Never Ends '' ) , `` Sayonara ByeBye '' ( さよなら ByeBye , Sayonara ByeBye , lit . `` Goodbye ByeBye '' ) and `` Daydream Generation '' also by Mawatari ; and `` Unbalance na Kiss o Shite '' ( アン バランス な Kiss を し て , Anbaransu na Kiss wo Shite , lit . `` Kiss the Unbalanced '' ) and `` Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki '' ( 太陽 が また 輝く とき , Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki , lit . `` The Sun Is Shining Again '' ) by Hiro Takahashi . When Funimation gained rights to the series , English language versions of each of these songs were produced and arranged by musician Carl Finch . The localized opening theme is sung by Sara White and the closing themes are sung by members of the English cast including Stephanie Nadolny , Jerry Jewell , and Meredith McCoy . A number of audio CDs have been released in Japan . The Yū Yū Hakusho Original Soundtrack was released in two separate volumes by Pony Canyon on January 18 , 1997 . The discs contain the show 's instrumental tracks and some vocal themes . Also released on that day is Yū Yū Hakusho : Music Battle , a series of three albums featuring vocal tracks sung by the Japanese voice actors as their corresponding characters . Compilations of vocal songs including Yū Yū Hakusho Super Covers , Yū Yū Hakusho Super Dance Mix , and Legend of Yu Yu Hakusho : `` Sai - Kyou '' Best Selection Album were released on December 16 , 1995 , March 21 , 1996 , and March 21 , 1997 respectively . Yū Yū Hakusho : Collective Songs and Yū Yū Hakusho : Collective Rare Trax , which contain covers of the theme songs performed by the series ' voice actors , were both released on March 17 , 1999 . Two drama albums have been released by Shueisha , the first of which has an audio adaptation of the chapter `` Yu Yu Hakusho Tales : Two Shot '' . A CD soundtrack for the second film and a maxi single with the vocal songs of Mawatari and Takahashi have also been published . Video games ( Edit ) Main article : List of Yu Yu Hakusho video games A number of video games have been developed that tie to the Yu Yu Hakusho series , most of which have been produced for and released exclusively in Japan . Prior to the launch of the franchise in North America , games were released on the Game Boy , Super Famicom , Sega consoles , and various platforms . North America only saw three video game releases . Two releases for the Nintendo 's Game Boy Advanced handheld console , and one release for Sony 's PlayStation 2 console . A single Mega Drive game , Yū Yū Hakusho : Makyō Tōitsusen , was published in Brazil by Tectoy in 1999 under the title Yu Yu Hakusho : Sunset Fighters . When Atari gained publishing rights to Yu Yu Hakusho video games in 2003 , the company created and released three games in these regions : Yu Yu Hakusho : Spirit Detective , an action - adventure game for the Game Boy Advance ; Yu Yu Hakusho : Tournament Tactics , a tactical role - playing game also for the Game Boy Advance ; and Yu Yu Hakusho : Dark Tournament , a 3D fighting game for the PlayStation 2 . Other merchandise ( Edit ) An encyclopedia titled Official Yū Yū Hakusho Who 's Who Underworld Character Book ( 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 公式 キャラクターズ ブック 霊界 紳士録 , Yū Yū Hakusho Koushiki Kyarakutāzubukku Reikai Shinshiroku ) was published by Shueisha on March 4 , 2005 . It contains extensive character profiles , story summaries , and an exclusive interview with Yoshihiro Togashi . An art book , Yu Yu Hakusho Illustrations ( 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 画集 , Yū Yū Hakusho Gashū ) , was published by Shueisha on April 27 , 2005 . It is composed of pieces of artwork from the series , including illustrations created for the kanzenban edition reprints and an index of print material where each image was first used . Shueisha has also released two volumes of a guide book titled Yū Yū Hakusho Perfect File ( 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 パーフェクト ファイル , Yū Yū Hakusho Pāfekutofairu ) and books based on both films , each containing screenshots organized in manga - style panels . In Japan , various collectables such as trading figures , plush dolls , and gashapon toys also exist . A collectable card game based on the franchise was released by Movic . In North America , the series saw licensing for apparel from ODM , lines of action figures by IF Labs and Jakks Pacific , a Skannerz electronic toy from Radica Games , and an activities book from Scholastic . Score Entertainment created the Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Game for release in the United States . An English guidebook to the series titled Yu Yu Hakusho Uncovered : The Unofficial Guide was published by Cocoro Books on October 12 , 2004 . Reception ( Edit ) Manga reception ( Edit ) Yu Yu Hakusho has sold more than 50 million copies in Japan alone , making it one of Weekly Shonen Jump 's best - selling manga series . Patricia Duffield , a columnist for Animerica Extra , acknowledged the manga as `` one of the kings of popularity in the mid-1990s '' in the region where it saw mass availability from large bookstore chains to small train station kiosks . Yu Yu Hakusho earned Yoshihiro Togashi the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen in 1993 . Towards the end of the series ' run , Togashi was publicly criticized for not meeting chapter deadlines and for lower quality art . In North America , several volumes of the manga have ranked within the weekly Nielsen BookScan graphic novels list , including volume five at both sixth and ninth in October 2004 , volume six at sixth in February 2005 , and volume seven at seventh in June 2005 . In 2004 , the Yu Yu Hakusho manga serialization sparked a controversy when a Florida grade school teacher issued a complaint about material found in an issue of the American Shonen Jump magazine purchased by a fifth - grade student at a Scholastic Book Fair . The complaint centered around portions of the manga containing violence , mild profanity , a character wearing a swastika , and another character smoking a cigarette . About 18,000 copies of the publication ( out of 120,000 ) were returned from the fairs as a result of the matter . A Viz spokesperson defended the manga , clarifying that it is intended for older teens and that the alleged swastika is actually a Buddhist manji . The Yu Yu Hakusho manga publication has received mixed criticism by reviewers in English - speaking regions . Martin Ouellette of the Canadian Protoculture Addicts compared the progression of the series to Dragon Ball Z and stated , `` Togashi 's art , while simple , is extremely efficient and the story is really fun . '' An older article by the same reviewer disagreed with the notion that Yu Yu Hakusho was similar to Dragon Ball , stating that the former franchise has better developed characters , more interesting action sequences , and more humor . Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania.com enjoyed the manga 's artwork and found that the supporting characters tend to be illustrated with more detail than the main characters . He praised Lillian Olsen 's English translation , but disliked Viz 's use of overlaying English words to translate the expression of sound effects . In later volumes Chavez was dismayed by the transition of the manga from the early detective cases to the Dark Tournament arc . He asserted , `` Seeing fight , after fight , after fight gets boring and this seriously is only the start of this trend . '' Dan Polley , a staff reviewer of Manga Life , gave an average grade to the fifth volume , which entails Yusuke 's battle with Suzaku , the leader of the Four Beasts . Although he found some the battle sequences to be engaging , Polley judged the chapters as lacking in characterization and development overall . Polley also discounted the manga 's comedy , considering the `` bit gags or fairly lame jokes '' to be `` too much '' at times . Anime reception ( Edit ) The Yu Yu Hakusho television series was voted the best anime of the year in the 1994 and 1995 Animage Anime Grand Prix and the second best in 1993 after Sailor Moon . Additionally , the publication declared the series number 53 on its top 100 anime listing in 2001 . In a 2006 web poll conducted in Japan by the network TV Asahi , Yu Yu Hakusho was voted as the 15th best anime of all time . The Japanese magazine Brutus voted it the sixth best anime of all time . The hit show garnered a large number of viewers during its run in Japan . Funimation president Gen Fukunaga remarked that Yu Yu Hakusho `` came ' out of nowhere ' to surprise people with huge ratings '' , which were just below those achieved by the popular series Dragon Ball Z . Yu Yu Hakusho was frequently watched by several age groups during its early run in North America . When it aired on Adult Swim , the anime , along with others such as Inuyasha and Cowboy Bebop , met with male audiences ages 18 -- 34 . During its Toonami debut in May 2003 , Yu Yu Hakusho placed in seven out of the top 111 Nielsen ratings for Cartoon Network telecasts , with the highest being number 30 on May 13 at a two percent share of all viewing televisions in the country . Atari stated in December 2003 that the anime was one of the top - rated television programs in North America for males ages 9 -- 14 . Nielsen additionally reported that Yu Yu Hakusho tied with Dragon Ball GT as the top - rated Cartoon Network program for the same demographic during the week of September 28 , 2004 . It was the second highest - rated show among ages 12 -- 17 the same week . Cartoon Network dropped the show from Toonami in March 2005 due to declining ratings . Yu Yu Hakusho proved to be popular in the Philippines , where it was rerun several times and managed to draw more viewers in the prime time slot than both local and foreign soap operas . The animated series received a generally positive reception in North America . In January 2004 , Yu Yu Hakusho was named the second best action - adventure anime by Anime Insider . It was voted by the users of IGN as the tenth best animated series of all time . Critical reviews focused on the series ' attempt at a versatile balance of narrative , character development , and action sequences . Animerica 's Justin Kovalsky defined Yu Yu Hakusho as a character - driven series and compared it to other anime like Phantom Quest Corp. , Rurouni Kenshin , and Flame of Recca in that it successfully combines different ideas such as martial arts battles , character dynamics , the supernatural , and mythology . Allen Divers of the Anime News Network identified Yu Yu Hakusho as `` one of the best action series out there '' , and noted consistently good storytelling and character development throughout his critique of key points of the series . Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk declared , `` It 's a fun show with a great cast , a sense of humor , and a lot of action so there 's no excuse not to at least give it a chance . '' He recommended the first three - season box sets of Yu Yu Hakusho , as well as the original boxset of the Three Kings Saga , but enjoyed the show 's third season more than the others because of its multiple plotlines . N.S. Davidson of IGN concluded that having several concurrent plot branches is not enough for an anime to succeed , but that good writing , interesting characters , and action are also necessary . He proclaimed in his review of the anime 's final episodes that Yu Yu Hakusho possesses all of these qualities . This was concurred upon by Joseph Luster of Otaku USA , who summed up his feelings about the universe of Yu Yu Hakusho by stating , `` Togashi 's world is eternally hellish and dark , but wildly varied . The only thing that does n't change throughout its run is the fact that you 'll still be rooting for the well - defined protagonists until the credits run on the last episode . '' Jeffrey Harris of IGN was more critical when looking at later episodes , and felt that the end of the show 's third arc involving the villain Sensui is too similar to the finale of the second arc with Toguro . He described the episodes as trying too hard to draw sympathy from the audience for anime 's villains . Despite his overall praise of Yu Yu Hakusho , Divers noted in a review about one DVD release that the show `` ( walks ) that fine line of a solid long running series or being a broken record '' . He also called the artwork of the first few episodes `` dated '' and pointed out questionable script choices regarding the English dub . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.funimation.com/shows/yu-yu-hakusho/home Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0185133/ ^ Jump up to : `` Yû Yû Hakusho : It 's Only Supernatural -- A Field Guide to Yû Yû Hakusho '' . Animerica . Viz Media . 6 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 6 , 24 -- 6 . February 1998 . ISSN 1067 - 0831 . ^ Jump up to : Ouellette , Martin ( April 1998 ) . `` Spotlight : Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Protoculture Addicts . No. 49 . Protoculture Inc . pp. 34 -- 40 . ISSN 0835 - 9563 . ^ Jump up to : Kovalsky , Justin ( November 2001 ) . `` Animerica Feature : Yû Yû Hakusho '' . Animerica . Viz Media . 9 ( 10 / 11 ) : 38 -- 43 . ISSN 1067 - 0831 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( May 2003 ) . `` Seisaku Hakusho ( '' The Production Report `` ) '' . YuYu Hakusho. 1 . Viz Media . p. 94 . ISBN 1 - 56931 - 904 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Yoshihiro Togashi '' . Shonen Jump . Vol. 1 no . 5 . San Francisco , CA : Viz Media . May 2003 . ISSN 1545 - 7818 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( October 1989 ) . 狼 なんて 怖く ない ! ! ( I 'm Not Afraid of the Wolf ! ! ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . p. 37 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 871336 - 2 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( May 2003 ) . YuYu Hakusho. 1 . Viz Media . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 56931 - 904 - 9 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( January 3 , 2006 ) . Hunter × Hunter . 6 . Viz Media . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0185 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 1994 ) . Assault Interview : Ask the Author ! . ヨシ りん で ポン ! ( Yoshirin de Pon ! ) ( in Japanese ) . pp. 10 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Kishimoto , Masashi ( December 4 , 2009 ) . NARUTO ― ナルト ― ( 秘伝 皆 の 書 ) オフィシャル プレミアム ファン BOOK . Naruto ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Shueisha . pp. 74 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874834 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jason ( 2007 ) . Manga : The Complete Guide . New York : Ballantine Books & Del Rey Books . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 48590 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Togashi , Yoshihiro ( 1994 ) . Yoshihiro Togashi Speaks . ヨシ りん で ポン ! ( Yoshirin de Pon ! ) ( in Japanese ) . pp. 13 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Fujimaki Tadatoshi ( July 4 , 2012 ) . Kuroko no Basuke Characters Bible . Shueisha . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870574 - 3 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( December 1990 ) . さよなら 現世 ! ! の 巻 ( Goodbye Material World ! ! ) . Weekly Shōnen Jump . YuYu Hakusho ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha ( 51 ) . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( July 1994 ) . それから ・ ・ ・ ( And So ... ) . Weekly Shōnen Jump . YuYu Hakusho ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha ( 32 ) . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 1 ( Yū Yū Hakusho 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 19 ( Yū Yū Hakusho 19 ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 完全 版 1 ( Yū Yū Hakusho Complete 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 完全 版 15 ( Yū Yū Hakusho Complete 15 ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 其 之 一 ( 1 ) 霊界 死闘 編 ( SHUEISHA JUMP REMIX ) ( 単行本 ) '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho ( 1 ) Spiritual Guide : Deathmatch ( SHUEISHA JUMP REMIX ) ( Paperback ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . ISBN 4081097011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 其 之 九 ( 9 ) 魔界 統一 トーナメント 編 ( SHUEISHA JUMP REMIX ) ( ムック ) trans_title = Yū Yū Hakusho ( 9 ) Makai Unification Tournament ( SHUEISHA JUMP REMIX ) ( Mook ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . ISBN 4081097186 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 1 ( YuYu Hakusho 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 12 ( YuYu Hakusho 12 ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho , Yu - Gi - Oh ! GX End in Shonen Jump USA '' . Anime News Network . November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VIZ Media . products - YuYu Hakusho , Vol. 19 '' . Viz Media . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( May 2005 ) . Chapter Index . YuYu Hakusho. 7 . Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 59116 - 812 - 0 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( October 2005 ) . Chapter Index . YuYu Hakusho. 8 . Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0026 - 4 . Jump up ^ Togashi , Yoshihiro ( March 2010 ) . Chapter Index . YuYu Hakusho. 19 . Viz Media . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 2450 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` VIZ MANGA : Online Manga '' . Jump up ^ `` YuYu Hakusho Digital Comics - Comics by comiXology '' . ^ Jump up to : 幽 遊 白書 ( スタッフ & キャスト ) ( YuYu Hakusho ( Staff & Cast ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` studio ぴえろ 作品 年 表 ( テレビ シリーズ / テレビ スペシャル ) '' ( Studio Pierrot Works Chronology ( TV series / TV special ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` studio ぴえろ 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 FAN CATALOG '' ( Studio Pierrot Yu Yu Hakusho FAN CATALOG ) ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mylonas , Eric ( 2004 ) . Yu Yu Hakusho : Dark Tournament Prima Official Game Guide . Roseville , CA : Prima Games . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 4513 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Anime Series Acquired '' . Anime News Network . January 11 , 2001 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Justin ( July 19 , 2005 ) . Yu Yu Hakusho Volume 32 : Yusuke Rediscovered Director Commentary ( DVD ) . Funimation . ASIN B0009CTTQK . Jump up ^ Kidzworld staff . `` Voice Actor Justin Cook Interview '' . Kidzworld . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Word on Adult Swim Action - Anime News Network '' . Anime News Network . January 22 , 2002 . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Program Changeup at Cartoon Network - Anime News Network '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2003 . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Majeski , Mike ( September 30 , 2003 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho 09 & 10 - The Edit List '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Majeski , Mike ( September 30 , 2003 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho 43 & 44 - The Edit List '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yu Yu Hakusho Back on Cartoon Network '' . ICv2 . October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( September 7 , 2006 ) . `` FUNimation Doubles the FUN '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Funimation Channel ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` FUNimation Channel -- Weekend Roudup ( 7 / 1 -- 7 / 3 ) The Uber Late Edition '' . Funimation Entertainment . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moure , Dani ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho Vol. # 01 '' . Mania.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho Asia Animax '' . Animax . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho Hungary India '' . Animax . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - A szellemfiú Hungary Animax '' ( in Hungarian ) . Animax . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho Romania Animax '' ( in Romanian ) . Animax . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Fighter '' ( Archive ) . Animax India . February 27 , 2007 . Retrieved on June 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Almo , Nerisa ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Animations that hit Philippine television '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sicam , Edmund L. ( September 4 , 1999 ) . `` GMA to spend P40 M on millennium show - Saturday Special '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2000 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - Spirit Detective - Yusuke Lost , Yusuke Found ( Vol. 1 ) : DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - Yusuke Rediscover ( Vol. 32 ) - Uncut : DVD : Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Spirit Detective Saga : DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - Chapter Black Saga Set : DVD : Yu Yu Hakusho Chapter Black Saga Set '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - The Saga of the Three Kings : DVD : Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - Dark Tournament Saga Gift Set ( Vola. 1 - 6 ) : DVD : Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Dark Tournament Saga , Part 2 : DVD : Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Season One Box Set : Yu Yu Hakusho : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Season Four Set : Yu Yu Hakusho : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Season One ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Justin ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho Blu - Ray Production Blog '' . Funimation Entertainment . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 幽 遊 白書 ( ファン カタロ ) ( Yū Yū Hakusho ( Fan Catalog ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho Cast Reunites for New Picture Drama '' . Anime News Network . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Camp , Brian ; Davis , Julie ( 2007 ) . Anime Classics Zettai ! : 100 Must - See Japanese Animation Masterpieces . Stone Bridge Press . pp. 403 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 22 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` studio ぴえろ 作品 年 表 ( 劇場 作品 ) '' ( Studio Pierrot Works Chronology ( Theater Works ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Animexpress : Yû Yû Hakusho '' . Animerica . Viz Media . 6 ( 2 ) : 19 . February 1998 . ISSN 1067 - 0831 . Jump up ^ `` Ninku / Yu Yu Hakusho ( 2002 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Stuart ( 2008 ) . The Toho Studios Story : A History and Complete Filmography . Scarecrow Press . p. 386 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6004 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho - The Movie - Poltergeist Report ( 2002 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2006 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( Revised and Expanded edition ) . p. 499 . ISBN 1 - 933330 - 10 - 4 . Jump up ^ Camp , Brian ; Davis , Julie ( 2007 ) . Anime Classics Zettai ! : 100 Must - See Japanese Animation Masterpieces . Stone Bridge Press . p. 404 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 22 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` studio ぴえろ 作品 年 表 ( オリジナル ビデオ アニメーション ) '' ( Studio Pierrot Works Chronology ( Original Video Animation ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oppliger , John ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ask John : Where are the Yu Yu Hakusho OVAs ? '' . AnimeNation . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie & Eizou Hakusho '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Eizou Hakusho OVA '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finch , Carl ( September 2001 ) . `` Volume 4 -- # 9 -- September 2001 '' . Brave Combo . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 ― オリジナル ・ サウンド トラック ( Yū Yū Hakusho Original Soundtrack ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 幽 遊 白書 ― オリジナル ・ サウンド トラック 2 ( Yū Yū Hakusho Original Soundtrack 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 「 幽 遊 白書 」 ~ ミュージック バトル 編 ( Yū Yū Hakusho Music Battle Volume ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 「 幽 遊 白書 」 ~ ミュージック バトル 編 2 ( Yū Yū Hakusho Music Battle Volume 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 「 幽 遊 白書 」 ミュージック バトル 編 3 ( Yū Yū Hakusho Music Battle Volume 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 「 幽 遊 白書 」 スーパー カヴァー ズ ( Yū Yū Hakusho Super Covers ) ( in Japanese ) . CDJournal . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 「 幽 遊 白書 」 ~ スーパー ダンス ミックス ( Yū Yū Hakusho Super Dance Mix ) ( in Japanese ) . CDJournal . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 「 幽 遊 白書 」 ・ 最強 ベスト セレクション ( Yū Yū Hakusho The Strongest Best Selection ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 ~ collective songs ~ '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho ~ Collective Songs ~ ) ( in Japanese ) . Pony Canyon . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ポニーキャニ オン - 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 ~ collective rare trax ~ '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho ~ Collective Rare Trax ~ ) ( in Japanese ) . Pony Canyon . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 ドラマ CD の お知らせ '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho Drama CD News ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 幽 遊 白書 ドラマ CD の お知らせ '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho Drama CD News ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 冥界 死闘 篇 炎 の 絆 サウンド トラック ( Yū Yū Hakusho Edge of the Netherworld Bonds of Fire Soundtrack ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 微笑み の 爆弾 / アン バランス な kiss を し て 馬渡 松子 / 高橋 ひろ '' ( Smile Bomb / Kissing the Unbalanced / Mawatari Matsuko / Takahashi Hiro ) ( in Japanese ) . Team Entertainment . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mylonas , Eric ( 2004 ) . Yu Yu Hakusho : Dark Tournament Prima Official Game Guide . Roseville , CA : Prima Games . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 4513 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Drive : : Jogos '' ( in Portuguese ) . Tectoy . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Sunset Fighters '' . Retro Gamer . No. 66 . Imagine Publishing . pp. 46 -- 7 . ISSN 1742 - 3155 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Steven ( December 2 , 2003 ) . `` Yu Yu Ships for Game Boy '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Funky Zealot ( November 18 , 2004 ) . `` Atari Ships Yu Yu Hakusho : Tournament Tactics for GBA '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Dark Tournament Released '' . Gamers Hell . September 28 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 公式 キャラクターズ ブック 霊界 紳士録 ( Official Yū Yū Hakusho Who 's Who Underworld Character Book ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 冨樫 義博 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 画集 ( Yoshihiro Togashi Yū Yū Hakusho Illustrations ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 幽 遊 白書 アニメ コミックス Jr ― パーフェクト ファイル No. 1 ( ジャンプ コミックス セレクション ) '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho Perfect File No. 1 Jr - Anime Comics ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 幽 遊 白書 パーフェクト ファイル No. 2 ( ジャンプ コミックス セレクション ) '' ( Yū Yū Hakusho Perfect File No. 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon . ISBN 4834214427 . Jump up ^ 幽 ・ 遊 ・ 白書 冥界 死闘 編 炎 の 絆 3 ( ジャンプ コミックス セレクション ) ( Yū Yū Hakusho : Edge of the Netherworld Bonds of Fire 3 Jump Comics ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . ISBN 4834212009 . Jump up ^ `` GIANT APE '' . Right Stuf . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho Plush : Yusuke ( 9 in ) '' . Right Stuf . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ミニ ビッグ ヘッド フィギュア アニメ ヒーローズ 幽 遊 白書 ノーマル 19 種 セット ( Normal set of Yū Yū Hakusho 19 Mini Bighead Anime Heroes ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ガシャポン 幽 遊 白書 幽 ☆ 遊 ☆ 白書 ストラップ 全 6 種 セット ( Yū Yū Hakusho All Strap Gashapon Set of 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cipolla , Lorin ( January 13 , 2004 ) . `` Carl 's Jr. , Hardee 's To Give Away Three Million - Plus Toys '' . Promo Magazine . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Irwin Toy and IF Labs Expand Offerings '' . ICv2 . February 25 , 2002 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baisley , Sarah ( February 18 , 2003 ) . `` JAKKS Pacific Gets To Toy With Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Radica Games to produce Yu Hakusho and Dragon Ball GT Games '' . Anime News Network . December 1 , 2003 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Files Yu Yu Hakusho '' . Mattel . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho Challenge ( Ghost Files ) '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0439649862 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( April 17 , 2003 ) . `` Score Ent . Scores Yu Yu Hakusho Trading Card Rights '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Yu Hakusho : The Complete Guide ( 192 pgs ) ( Book ) '' . Right Stuf . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shueisha Media Guide 2013 : Boy 's & Men 's Comic Magazines '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duffield , Patricia ( September 2001 ) . `` Yû Yû Hakusho '' . Animerica Extra . Viz Media . 4 ( 10 ) . ISSN 1533 - 1822 . Jump up ^ 小学館 漫画 賞 : 歴代 受賞 者 ( Shogakukan Manga Award : Past winners ) ( in Japanese ) . Shogakukan . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Amano , Masanao ; Wiedemann , Julius ( 2004 ) . Manga Design . Taschen . pp. 366 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 2591 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fruits Basket ' Stays on Top '' . ICv2 . October 14 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Negima Tops Bookstore GN Chart '' . ICv2 . November 1 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` D.N. Angel Tops BookScan List '' . ICv2 . February 18 , 2005 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fruits Basket ' Tops Bookstore Sales '' . ICv2 . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reid , Calvin ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` Viz manga pulled from some Scholastic Fairs ( Cultural Clash ) '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manga Reviews : Yu Yu Hakusho , Vol. 1 '' . Protoculture Addicts . No. 79 . Protoculture Inc . November -- December 2003 . ISSN 0835 - 9563 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Eduardo M. ( May 24 , 2005 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho Vol. # 05 '' . Mania.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Polley , Dan . `` Yuyu Hakusho v5 Review '' . Manga Life . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 第 16 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1994 年 5 月 号 ) ( 16th Anime Grand Prix since ( 1994 May issue ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 第 17 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1995 年 5 月 号 ) ( 17th Anime Grand Prix since ( 1995 May issue ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 第 15 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1993 年 5 月 号 ) ( 15th Anime Grand Prix since ( 1993 May issue ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Animage Top - 100 Anime Listing '' . Anime News Network . January 15 , 2001 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Favorite TV Anime '' ( Poll Results ) . TV Asahi 2006 Poll . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anime in America '' . Play Things . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ADULT SWIM to Air Five Times Weekly on Cartoon Network Starting January 12 ; Successful Late - Night Block of Animation for Adults to Air 11 p.m. - 1 a.m. ET , PT Sunday - Thursday '' . Business Wire . October 22 , 2002 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Meteo ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Top Toonami Ratings - May 2003 '' . Toonami Infolink . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Judy ( September 28 , 2004 ) . `` ' Yu Yu Hakusho : Dark Tournament ' ( PS2 ) In Stores NOW '' . Worth Playing . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jose Benjamin R. Perez ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Weekender Lifestyle : Staying In '' . BusinessWorld . Asia Africa Intelligence Wire . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Insider 's Best of Action - Adventure '' . Anime Insider . Wizard Entertainment ( 11 ) . January 2004 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Readers ' Choice : IGN 's Top Animated Series '' . IGN . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Divers , Allen ( April 16 , 2002 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho DVD 1 - Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Divers , Allen ( April 21 , 2002 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho DVD 2 - Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Divers , Allen ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho DVD 16 - 17 - Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Divers , Allen ( February 18 , 2004 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho DVD - Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Douglass Jr. , Todd ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Season One Box Set : DVD Talk Review '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass Jr. , Todd ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Season Two Set : DVD Talk Review '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass Jr. , Todd ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Season Three Set : DVD Talk Review '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass Jr. , Todd ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho - The Saga of the Three Kings '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davidson , N.S. ( January 22 , 2008 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Ghost Files : Eight Finalists DVD Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luster , Joseph ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Eight Finalists '' . Otaku USA . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jeffrey ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Yu Yu Hakusho : Ghost Files - Seven Sins '' . IGN . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . External links ( Edit ) Anime and manga portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Yu Yu Hakusho Official website ( in Japanese ) Official Studio Pierrot website ( in Japanese ) Official Studio Pierrot website ( in English ) Official Viz website ( in English ) Official Funimation website ( in English ) Yu Yu Hakusho ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Yu Yu Hakusho on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Yu Yu Hakusho by Yoshihiro Togashi Media Characters Chapters Episodes Season 1 Films Other media Music Sai - Kyou Best Selection Album `` Hohoemi no Bakudan '' `` Unbalance na Kiss o Shite '' `` Taiyō ga Mata Kagayaku Toki '' Games Video games Spirit Detective Dark Tournament Tournament Tactics J - Stars Victory VS Trading Card Game <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Weekly Shōnen Jump : 1990 -- 1999 Hana no Keiji Shin Jungle King Tar - chan Slam Dunk Yu Yu Hakusho Silent Knight Shō Kyūkyoku ! ! Hentai Kamen Ninku Tottemo ! 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5,579,432,904,467,775,000 | who is the voice of the two headed giant | Jack the Giant Slayer - wikipedia Jack the Giant Slayer Jump to : navigation , search For similar titles , see Jack the Giant Killer ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Jack the Giant Slayer <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Bryan Singer Produced by Neal H. Moritz David Dobkin Bryan Singer Patrick McCormick Ori Marmur Screenplay by Darren Lemke Christopher McQuarrie Dan Studney Story by Darren Lemke David Dobkin Based on `` Jack the Giant Killer '' `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' Starring Nicholas Hoult Eleanor Tomlinson Stanley Tucci Ian McShane Bill Nighy Ewan McGregor Music by John Ottman Cinematography Newton Thomas Sigel Edited by John Ottman Bob Ducsay Production company New Line Cinema Legendary Pictures Original Film Big Kid Pictures Bad Hat Harry Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) ( Hollywood ) March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $195 million Box office $197.7 million Jack the Giant Slayer ( previously titled Jack the Giant Killer ) is a 2013 American heroic fantasy adventure film based on the British fairy tales `` Jack the Giant Killer '' and `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' . The film is directed by Bryan Singer with a screenplay written by Darren Lemke , Christopher McQuarrie and Dan Studney and stars Nicholas Hoult , Eleanor Tomlinson , Stanley Tucci , Ian McShane , Bill Nighy , and Ewan McGregor . The film tells the story of Jack , a young farmhand who must rescue a princess from a race of giants after inadvertently opening a gateway to their land in the sky . Development of Jack the Giant Slayer began in 2005 , when Lemke first pitched the idea . D.J. Caruso was hired to direct the film in January 2009 , but in September of that year , Caruso was replaced by Singer , who hired McQuarrie and Studney to rework the script . The main characters were cast between February and March 2011 , and principal photography began in April 2011 in England with locations in Somerset , Gloucestershire and Norfolk . Release of the film was moved back in post-production to allow more time for special effects and marketing . Jack the Giant Slayer premiered on February 26 , 2013 in Hollywood and was released theatrically in the United States on March 1 , 2013 in 2D and 3D . The film received mixed reviews from critics and is considered a box office failure , losing between $125 million and $140 million for Legendary Pictures . Jack the Giant Slayer was released on home media on June 18 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Kingdom of Cloister , Jack , a young farm boy , is fascinated by the legend of Erik , an ancient king who defeated an army of invading giants from a realm in the sky by controlling them with a magical crown . At the same time , Princess Isabelle becomes fascinated with the same legend . Ten years later , Jack goes into town to sell his horse to support his uncle 's farm . There , Jack spots Isabelle and becomes enamored with her after defending her honor from a group of hooligans . Meanwhile , Lord Roderick returns to his study , only to find that a monk has robbed him . The monk offers Jack some magic beans he stole from Roderick as collateral for Jack 's horse . Back at the castle , Isabelle quarrels with her father King Brahmwell as she wants to explore the kingdom , but he wants her to stay and marry Roderick . Likewise , Jack 's uncle scolds him for being foolish before throwing the beans on the floor and leaving the house . Determined to be free , Isabelle sneaks out of the castle and seeks shelter from the rain in Jack 's house . As it rains , one of the beans takes root and grows into a massive beanstalk that carries the house and Isabelle into the sky as Jack falls to the ground . Jack , Roderick , and Roderick 's attendant Wicke volunteer to join the king 's knights , led by Elmont and his second in - command , Crawe , and climb the beanstalk in search of Isabelle . As they climb , Roderick and Wicke cut the safety rope , intentionally killing some of the knights . At the top , they discover the giants ' realm and decide to split into two groups : one with Jack , Elmont , and Crawe , and the other including Roderick and Wicke , but not before Roderick forcibly takes the remaining beans from Jack ( although Jack manages to save one for himself ) . Jack 's group is trapped by a giant , who takes everyone prisoner except Jack . Meanwhile , Roderick 's group encounters two other giants ; one eats Wicke , but before the other can do the same to Roderick , Roderick dons the magical crown . Jack follows the giant to their stronghold , where the two - headed giant leader , Fallon , has killed Crawe . Jack finds Isabelle and Elmont imprisoned there . As the giants prepare to kill their remaining prisoners , Roderick walks in and enslaves the giants with the crown . He tells the giants they will attack Cloister at dawn and gives them permission to eat Isabelle and Elmont . Jack rescues Isabelle and Elmont as one of the giants prepares to cook Elmont as a pig - in - a-blanket . The trio makes for the beanstalk , where Jack causes the giant guarding the beanstalk to fall off the realm 's edge . Seeing the giant 's body , Brahmwell orders the beanstalk cut down to avoid an invasion by the giants . Jack and Isabelle head down the beanstalk , while Elmont stays to confront Roderick . Elmont kills Roderick , but Fallon takes the crown before Elmont can claim it , and Elmont is forced to escape down the beanstalk . Jack , Isabelle , and Elmont all survive the fall after the beanstalk is cut down . As everyone returns home , Jack warns that the giants are using Roderick 's beans to create beanstalks to descend down to Earth and attack Cloister . The giants chase Jack , Isabelle , and Brahmwell into the castle , where Elmont fills the moat with oil and sets it on fire . Fallon falls in the moat and breaks into the castle from below . As the siege continues , Fallon captures Jack and Isabelle , but Jack throws the final bean down Fallon 's throat , causing a beanstalk to rip apart his body . Jack takes the crown and sends the giants back to their realm . Jack and Isabelle marry and tell the story of the giants to their children . As time passes , the magic crown is crafted into St Edward 's Crown and is secured in the Tower of London . Cast ( edit ) Nicholas Hoult as Jack , a young farmhand who leads the quest to rescue the princess . Eleanor Tomlinson as Isabelle , the princess who is abducted by giants . Stanley Tucci as Lord Roderick , the king 's advisor who plans on taking over the kingdom . Ian McShane as King Brahmwell , the princess 's father , who wants his daughter to marry Lord Roderick . Bill Nighy and John Kassir as General Fallon , the two - headed leader of the giants . Nighy plays the bigger head and Kassir plays the smaller head . Ewan McGregor as Elmont , the captain of the king 's guard , who joins the quest to rescue the princess . Additionally , Eddie Marsan plays Crawe , Elmont 's second - in - command , and Ewen Bremner plays Wicke , Lord Roderick 's attendant . Production ( edit ) It 's a very traditional fairytale , probably the most traditional thing I 've ever done . But it 'll also be a fun twist on the notion of how these tales are told ... Fairytales are often borne of socio - political commentary and translated into stories for children . But what if they were based on something that really happened ? ... What if we look back at the story that inspired the story that you read to your kids ? That 's kind of what this movie 's about . Bryan Singer , director of Jack the Giant Slayer , about the film Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Darren Lemke first proposed the idea of contemporizing the `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' fairy tale with CGI in 2005 before the release of other contemporary films based on fairy tales such as Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) and Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Lemke described the script as `` a male - oriented story of a boy becoming a man '' and drew a parallel between Jack and Luke Skywalker of Star Wars . In January 2009 , New Line Cinema hired D.J. Caruso to direct the script , which was subsequently rewritten by Mark Bomback . By August 2009 , it was reported that Bryan Singer might be replacing Caruso ; this became official in September 2009 . In April 2010 , Singer re-teamed with screenwriter Christopher McQuarrie to rework the screenplay . Singer and McQuarrie had previously collaborated on Public Access , The Usual Suspects , Apt Pupil , and Valkyrie . Singer stated , `` Chris McQuarrie did a significant re-write for me . He brought a different structure . It was very much a page - one situation ; a different storyline . It involved the same characters , but some we juggled around and switched around . He just brought a very different perspective '' . McQuarrie 's re-write included a deeper back story for the giants and explanation of their relationship with the humans , which Singer considered a `` vast improvement '' ; it also upped the budget . To get the budget back in line , Singer brought in television writer Dan Studney to work on the project . In May 2010 , ReelzChannel reported that production of the film would be delayed until February 2011 . The report cited Singer 's interest in being able to pre-visualize scenes with the digital giants in - camera with the live - action actors ( a la James Cameron 's Avatar ) and the need for more time to work out the complex process as reasons for the delay . Pre-production ( edit ) In October 2010 , New Line gave Bryan Singer the green - light to begin pre-production work on Jack the Giant Killer , with production scheduled to begin the following spring . In November 2010 , Singer began screen - testing for the male and female leads . Aaron Johnson , Nicholas Hoult , and Aneurin Barnard were considered for the role of the young farmhand , and Adelaide Kane , Lily Collins , and Juno Temple tested for the princess role . In December 2010 , Singer said , `` I 'm very much looking forward to using the EPIC Red for my next movie Jack the Giant Killer which will be shot in , what else , 3D . The camera 's incredibly compact size and extraordinary resolution are ideal for the 3D format . But more importantly Jack the Giant Killer is my first movie set in a time before electricity . The EPIC 's extraordinary exposure latitude will allow me to more effectively explore the use of natural light '' . In February 2011 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Stanley Tucci had been cast as the antagonist , the king 's advisor who plans on taking over the kingdom , and Bill Nighy and John Kassir were cast as Fallon , the two - headed leader of the giants ; Nighy would play the big head and Kassir would play the smaller head . Also in February , Nicholas Hoult was offered the lead role . Singer said he had liked him since Skins and was very supportive of his casting in X-Men : First Class . Later that month , Ewan McGregor joined the cast as the leader of the king 's elite guard , who helps fight giants . In March 2011 , Eleanor Tomlinson was cast opposite Nicholas Hoult as the princess and Ian McShane was cast to play her father , King Brahmwell . Two days later , New Line and Warner Bros. announced a release date of June 15 , 2012 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on April 12 , 2011 , in the British countryside . In May 2011 , production moved to Somerset , England for two weeks with filming scheduled in Wells , Cheddar and secret locations in the county including scenes filmed at Wells Cathedral . Also in May , scenes were shot at Puzzlewood in the Forest of Dean near Coleford , Gloucestershire . Puzzlewood , which features unusual tree and rock formations , has previously been used for filming of the BBC TV series Doctor Who and Merlin . The same forest is said to have inspired J.R.R. Tolkien to write The Hobbit . Later that month , filming took place at Norwich Cathedral in Norwich , Norfolk . About the performance - capture process Singer stated , `` It 's fascinating ... It takes you back to play - acting as a kid in your living room because you are running around and having to imagine that you are in Gantua and imagine that there are these weapons and all these giant things . But there 's nothing when you are there other than styrofoam and blocks . It forces the actors to regress to when they would play - act as kids or do minimalist theatre . But in that way it 's fascinating - I can see why Robert Zemeckis and James Cameron have started to shoot pictures this way '' . Post-production ( edit ) The giant beanstalk , before and after it was rendered with computer graphics . In January 2012 , Warner Bros. moved back the release date by nine months , from June 15 , 2012 , to March 22 , 2013 . The Hollywood Reporter stated : `` Warner can likely afford the move because of Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises , which opened in July . And moving the film back gives the studio more time for special effects , as well as a chance to attach trailers for it to Peter Jackson 's Christmas tentpole The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey '' . In October 2012 , Warner Bros. again moved the release date , this time to March 1 , 2013 , three weeks earlier than the previous date . Warner Bros also changed the title of the film from Jack the Giant Killer to Jack the Giant Slayer . The film 's special effects were completed by seven different visual effects houses : Digital Domain , Giant Studios , The Third Floor , MPC , Soho VFX , Rodeo FX and Hatch Productions . Creating the giants took four main steps . The first step was Pre-Capture , in which performance capture was used to capture the actor 's facial and body movements and render them in a real - time virtual environment . The second step took place during principal photography , where Simulcam technology was used to help the human characters virtually interact with the giants that were rendered earlier in Pre-Capture . The third step was Post-Capture , a second performance capture shoot to adjust giants ' movements to seamlessly fit the live - action performances . The final step involved putting the finishing touches on the giant 's animation , skin , hair and clothing , and composition in the shots . Creating the beanstalk involved two main requirements : set extension for shots of the actors interacting with the beanstalk , which were shot against a bluescreen , and complete CG renderings for shots of the beanstalk growing and extending from Earth into the world of the giants . Singer stated that he had to tone down the special effects to keep the film age - appropriate for children . He said , `` This movie probably has a bigger on - screen body count than any movie I 've done before . It 's done in a way that 's fun , but it was a challenge to get away with that without it becoming upsetting to people ... It was about creating a tone like Raiders of the Lost Ark or Star Wars that allows you to get away with a lot of stuff because it feels like a movie . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jack The Giant Slayer : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by John Ottman Released February 26 , 2013 Genre Classical Length 1 : 12 : 51 Label WaterTower Music The film 's soundtrack features music by John Ottman , who also served as an editor and associate producer on the film . Jack the Giant Slayer marks Ottman 's seventh collaboration with director Bryan Singer ; they previously worked together on Public Access , The Usual Suspects , Apt Pupil , X2 : X-Men United , Superman Returns , and Valkyrie . The soundtrack album was released on February 26 , 2013 , by WaterTower Music . <Th_colspan="3"> Jack The Giant Slayer : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Jack and Isabelle ( Theme from Jack the Giant Slayer ) '' 3 : 56 2 . `` Logo Mania '' 1 : 00 3 . `` To Cloister '' 1 : 28 4 . `` The Climb '' 2 : 41 5 . `` Fee Appears '' 3 : 16 6 . `` How Do You Do '' 2 : 23 7 . `` Why Do People Scream ? '' 3 : 17 8 . `` Story of the Giants '' 3 : 22 9 . `` Welcome to Gantua '' 4 : 12 10 . `` Power of the Crown '' 1 : 21 11 . `` Not Wildly Keen on Heights '' 2 : 19 12 . `` Top of the World '' 2 : 30 13 . `` The Legends Are True / First Kiss '' 3 : 43 14 . `` Roderick 's Demise / The Beanstalk Falls '' 5 : 36 15 . `` Kitchen Nightmare '' 3 : 24 16 . `` Onward and Downward ! '' 3 : 19 17 . `` Waking a Sleeping Giant '' 2 : 21 18 . `` Chase to Cloister '' 5 : 19 19 . `` Goodbyes '' 2 : 29 20 . `` The Battle '' 5 : 31 21 . `` Sniffing Out Fear / All is Lost '' 5 : 07 22 . `` The New King / Stories '' 4 : 17 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 1 : 12 : 51 Release ( edit ) Jack the Giant Slayer premiered on Tuesday , February 26 , 2013 at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood , California . Box office ( edit ) Pre-release tracking showed that Jack the Giant Slayer was projected to gross $30 million to $35 million in its opening weekend , a disappointing figure considering it cost at least $185 million to produce . The film grossed $400,000 from Thursday night and midnight runs , ahead of its wide release open on Friday , March 1 , 2013 . Through the weekend , the film grossed $28.01 million in North America at 3,525 locations , taking first place at the box office . The audience was 55 % male and 56 % were over the age of 25 , despite the studio 's efforts to target families . At the same time , the film took in an additional $13.7 million in 10 Asian markets at 1,824 locations . Four weeks into its theatrical run , The Hollywood Reporter reported that the film was on track to lose between $125 million and $140 million for Legendary Pictures , suggesting that the film would likely close at $200 million worldwide , short of its combined production and marketing budget . Jack the Giant Slayer closed in theaters on June 13 , 2013 , grossing a total of $65,187,603 in North America and $197,687,603 worldwide . In explaining its box office failure , analysts pointed to the conflict between the director 's darker , more adult - themed vision with the studio 's desire for a family - friendly product , leading to the final compromise of a PG - 13 film that did not sufficiently appeal to adults or children . Critical reception ( edit ) Jack the Giant Slayer received a mixed response from film critics . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 51 % , based on an aggregation of 195 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's enthusiastically acted and reasonably fun , but Jack the Giant Slayer is also overwhelmed by digital effects and a bland , impersonal story . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted mean , assigned a score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Simply in terms of efficient storytelling , clear logistics and consistent viewer engagement , Jack is markedly superior to the recent Hobbit . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Jack the Giant Slayer is a rousing , original and thoroughly entertaining adventure . '' Conversely , Justin Chang of Variety said , `` Jack the Giant Slayer feels , unsurprisingly , like an attempt to cash in on a trend , recycling storybook characters , situations and battle sequences to mechanical and wearyingly predictable effect . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` This finally is just a digitally souped - up , one - dimensional take on ' Jack and the Beanstalk ' . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Bryan Singer 's take on the old fairy tale has all things money can buy -- except a good script . '' Accolades <Th_colspan="6"> Awards Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2013 Phoenix Film Critics Society The Overlooked Film of the Year Jack the Giant Slayer Nominated Best Visual Effects Jack the Giant Slayer Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award John Ottman Won 2014 Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Jack the Giant Slayer Nominated Home media ( edit ) In April 2013 , Warner Bros. Home Entertainment announced the release of Jack the Giant Slayer on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray Disc and DVD . The discs were released on June 18 , 2013 in two editions ; a three - disc 3D / Blu - ray / DVD combo pack , and a two - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack . Both sets include the `` Become a Giant Slayer '' featurette , deleted scenes , gag reel and a digital copy of the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jack the Giant Killer '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack the Giant Slayer '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Flemming , Mike ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nicholas Hoult To Star In ' Jack The Giant Killer ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Staff ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Singer 's Jack Starts Killing Giants '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Eleanor Tomlinson joins ' Killer ' cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Set for Villain in ' Jack the Giant Killer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ian McShane Joins Bryan Singer 's ' Jack the Giant Killer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Joining ' Jack the Giant Killer ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is n't as much fun as being a Jedi ! Ewan McGregor swaps Obi - Wan Kenobi robes for another knight 's costume on set of new movie '' . Daily Mail . April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack the Giant Killer reunites Scottish Trainspotting stars and adds Avatar effects team '' . STV . July 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leyland , Matthew ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Bryan Singer spills the beans on Jack The Giant Killer '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' director faced some towering challenges '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) , `` You do n't know beans about this daring ' Jack ' '' , USA Today ( paper ) format = requires url = ( help ) , pp. D1 -- D2 Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` D.J. Caruso lands ' Killer ' gig '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Warner Bros. securing rights to the 1981 film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rappe , Elizabeth ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Bryan Singer to Direct ' Jack and the Giant Killer ' '' . Cinematical . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Bryan Singer and Christopher McQuarrie Reunite for ' Jack the Giant Killer ' '' . Cinematical . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Staff ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Bryan Singer Talks Jack the Giant Killer '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BrentJS ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Bryan Singer 's Jack the Giant Killer Start Pushed Back to February 2011 '' . ReelzChannel . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Mike ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Bryan Singer Gets ' Jack The Giant Killer ' Green Light ; Who 'll Climb Beanstalk ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Bryan Singer Lining up Actors to Test for ' Jack the Giant Killer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( December 25 , 2010 ) . `` Bryan Singer Reveals Something Of His Giant Killer Cinematography Plans '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock of Ages and Jack the Giant Killer Release Dates Set '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . March 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Giant killer ' film brings Hollywood names to Somerset '' . BBC News . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack the Giant Killer filming in the Forest of Dean '' . BBC News . May 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich Cathedral used in Jack the Giant Killer movie '' . BBC News . May 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Warner Bros. Takes ' Arthur & Lancelot ' Off Calendar , Pushes ' Giant Killer ' to 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` WB 's Retitled ' Jack The Giant Slayer ' Now Opens March 1 , 2013 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` No small feat : making Jack the Giant Slayer '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Theatres - Recent Premieres '' . TCL Chinese Theatre . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big - Budget ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' Faces Soft Tracking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Box office preview : ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' hopes to climb higher than ' 21 And Over ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . New Line claims the Bryan Singer - directed picture cost $185 million to produce , though chatter among insiders suggests the budget actually climbed to at least $200 million . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' Grosses Tepid $400 K in Midnight Runs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Jack ' Not Very ' Giant ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contrino , Phil ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) . `` GLOBAL : ' A Good Day To Die Hard ' Passes $200 Million ; ' Jack The Giant Slayer ' Posts Healthy Numbers In Asian Countries ; ' Life of Pi ' Nears $600 Million '' . Boxoffice . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' Could Lose up to $140 Million for Warner Bros. , Legendary '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Your Box Office Explained : Why Did Jack the Giant Slayer Bomb ? '' . New York . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack the Giant Slayer '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Jack the Giant Slayer : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Jack the Giant Slayer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Jack the Giant Slayer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` A Mighty Beanstalk Grows a New Twist '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Nothing magic about ' Jack the Giant Slayer ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2013 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Martinez and Top Composers Honored at the 2013 BMI Film & TV Awards '' . BMI . May 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity , ' ' The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ' Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jack the Giant Slayer Blu - ray '' . Blu - ray . April 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jack the Giant Slayer on Facebook Jack the Giant Slayer on IMDb Jack the Giant Slayer at the TCM Movie Database Jack the Giant Slayer at AllMovie Jack the Giant Slayer at Rotten Tomatoes Jack the Giant Slayer at Box Office Mojo Jack the Giant Slayer at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller <Th_colspan="2"> Bryan Singer Films directed Lion 's Den ( 1988 ) Public Access ( 1993 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Valkyrie ( 2008 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) Films written Lion 's Den ( 1988 ) Public Access ( 1993 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Films produced Lion 's Den ( 1988 ) Public Access ( 1993 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Burn ( 1998 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Look , Up in the Sky ! The Amazing Story of Superman ( 2006 ) Color Me Olsen ( 2007 ) Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ) Valkyrie ( 2008 ) X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Uwantme2killhim ? ( 2013 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) The Taking of Deborah Logan ( 2014 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) X-Men : Dark Phoenix ( 2018 ) Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) Television House ( 2004 -- 12 ) The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Science of Superman ( 2006 ) Football Wives ( 2007 ) Dirty Sexy Money ( 2007 -- 09 ) Valkyrie : The Plot to Kill Hitler ( 2008 ) Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Battle Creek ( 2015 ) Legion ( 2017 ) The Gifted ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_the_Giant_Slayer&oldid=815922575 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films Films scored by John Ottman Films based on Jack and the Beanstalk Films based on multiple works Films directed by Bryan Singer Films produced by Thomas Tull Films set in a fictional European country Films set in London Films set in the Middle Ages Films set in 2013 Films shot in England Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Norfolk Films shot in Somerset Giant monster films IMAX films Jack the Giant Killer Legendary Pictures films New Line Cinema films Original Film films Warner Bros. films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Christopher McQuarrie Sword and sorcery films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 02 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jack the Giant Slayer - film overview
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4,380,981,373,155,907,000 | president addresses joint session of two houses of indian parliament on | Joint session of Indian Parliament - wikipedia Joint session of Indian Parliament Jump to : navigation , search The Parliament of India is bicameral . Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill . However , the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha . Therefore , the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock . The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or , in his absence , by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence , the Deputy - Chairman of the Rajya Sabha . If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions of Constitution 2 Exception to joint sittings 3 Bills referred to joint session 4 References Provisions of Constitution ( edit ) As per Article 108 of Constitution , a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations . If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House -- ( a ) the Bill is rejected by the other House ; or ( b ) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill ; or ( c ) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it , the President may , unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People , notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting , his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill However , in calculating period of six months , those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days . If the above conditions are satisfied , the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament . Exception to joint sittings ( edit ) Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament . There are two exception . 1 . Money Bill Under the Constitution of India , money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only . Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha , which it is not required to accept . Even if Rajya Sabha does n't pass a money bill within 14 days , it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period . Therefore , a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill . 2 . Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2 / 3 majority . In case of disagreement between both houses , there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament . Bills referred to joint session ( edit ) Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act , 1960 , banking service commission act , 1977 and POTA , 2002 . As per a senior member of NDA government they are considering for a joint session on Triple Talaq Bill ( 2018 ) . BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION : 1 . Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2 . Banking Service Commission ( Repeal ) Bill , 1978 3 . Prevention of Terrorism Bill , 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=821255595 '' Categories : Parliament of India Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 09 : 41 . About Wikipedia | 1. Joint session of Indian Parliament
2. Bicameral Parliament of India
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7,960,274,803,738,902,000 | haydn's most important contributions to vocal music were his | Joseph Haydn - wikipedia Joseph Haydn Jump to : navigation , search `` Haydn '' redirects here . For other uses , see Haydn ( disambiguation ) . Portrait of Joseph Haydn by Thomas Hardy ( 1791 ) ( Franz ) Joseph Haydn ( / ˈhaɪdən / ; German : ( ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdən ) ( listen ) ; 31 March 1732 -- 31 May 1809 ) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period . He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the piano trio and his contributions to musical form have earned him the epithets `` Father of the Symphony '' and `` Father of the String Quartet '' . Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family at their remote estate . Until the later part of his life , this isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was , as he put it , `` forced to become original '' . Yet his music circulated widely and for much of his career he was the most celebrated composer in Europe . He was a friend and mentor of Mozart , a teacher of Beethoven , and the older brother of composer Michael Haydn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Struggles as a freelancer 1.3 The years as Kapellmeister 1.4 The London journeys 1.5 Years of celebrity in Vienna 1.6 Retirement , illness , and death 2 Character and appearance 3 Works 3.1 Structure and character of his music 3.2 Evolution of Haydn 's style 3.3 Identifying Haydn 's works 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Scores and recordings Biography ( edit ) Map showing locations where Haydn lived or visited ( see List of residences of Joseph Haydn ) Early life ( edit ) Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau , Austria , a village that at that time stood on the border with Hungary . His father was Mathias Haydn , a wheelwright who also served as `` Marktrichter '' , an office akin to village mayor . Haydn 's mother Maria , née Koller , had previously worked as a cook in the palace of Count Harrach , the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau . Neither parent could read music ; however , Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician , who during the journeyman period of his career had taught himself to play the harp . According to Haydn 's later reminiscences , his childhood family was extremely musical , and frequently sang together and with their neighbours . Haydn 's parents had noticed that their son was musically gifted and knew that in Rohrau he would have no chance to obtain serious musical training . It was for this reason that , around the time Haydn turned six , they accepted a proposal from their relative Johann Matthias Frankh , the schoolmaster and choirmaster in Hainburg , that Haydn be apprenticed to Frankh in his home to train as a musician . Haydn therefore went off with Frankh to Hainburg 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) away ; he never again lived with his parents . Life in the Frankh household was not easy for Haydn , who later remembered being frequently hungry and humiliated by the filthy state of his clothing . He began his musical training there , and could soon play both harpsichord and violin . The people of Hainburg heard him sing treble parts in the church choir . There is reason to think that Haydn 's singing impressed those who heard him , because in 1739 he was brought to the attention of Georg von Reutter , the director of music in St. Stephen 's Cathedral in Vienna , who happened to be visiting Hainburg and was looking for new choirboys . Haydn passed his audition with Reutter , and after several months of further training moved to Vienna ( 1740 ) , where he worked for the next nine years as a chorister . St. Stephen 's Cathedral . In the foreground is the Kapellhaus ( demolished 1804 ) where Haydn lived as a chorister . Haydn lived in the Kapellhaus next to the cathedral , along with Reutter , Reutter 's family , and the other four choirboys , which after 1745 included his younger brother Michael . The choirboys were instructed in Latin and other school subjects as well as voice , violin , and keyboard . Reutter was of little help to Haydn in the areas of music theory and composition , giving him only two lessons in his entire time as chorister . However , since St. Stephen 's was one of the leading musical centres in Europe , Haydn learned a great deal simply by serving as a professional musician there . Like Frankh before him , Reutter did not always bother to make sure Haydn was properly fed . As he later told his biographer Albert Christoph Dies , Haydn was motivated to sing well , in hopes of gaining more invitations to perform before aristocratic audiences -- where the singers were usually served refreshments . Struggles as a freelancer ( edit ) By 1749 , Haydn had matured physically to the point that he was no longer able to sing high choral parts . Empress Maria Theresa herself complained to Reutter about his singing , calling it `` crowing '' . One day , Haydn carried out a prank , snipping off the pigtail of a fellow chorister . This was enough for Reutter : Haydn was first caned , then summarily dismissed and sent into the streets . He had the good fortune to be taken in by a friend , Johann Michael Spangler , who shared his family 's crowded garret room with Haydn for a few months . Haydn immediately began his pursuit of a career as a freelance musician . Haydn struggled at first , working at many different jobs : as a music teacher , as a street serenader , and eventually , in 1752 , as valet -- accompanist for the Italian composer Nicola Porpora , from whom he later said he learned `` the true fundamentals of composition '' . He was also briefly in Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz 's employ , playing the organ in the Bohemian Chancellery chapel at the Judenplatz . While a chorister , Haydn had not received any systematic training in music theory and composition . As a remedy , he worked his way through the counterpoint exercises in the text Gradus ad Parnassum by Johann Joseph Fux and carefully studied the work of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach , whom he later acknowledged as an important influence . As his skills increased , Haydn began to acquire a public reputation , first as the composer of an opera , Der krumme Teufel , `` The Limping Devil '' , written for the comic actor Johann Joseph Felix Kurz , whose stage name was `` Bernardon '' . The work was premiered successfully in 1753 , but was soon closed down by the censors due to `` offensive remarks '' . Haydn also noticed , apparently without annoyance , that works he had simply given away were being published and sold in local music shops . Between 1754 and 1756 Haydn also worked freelance for the court in Vienna . He was among several musicians who were paid for services as supplementary musicians at balls given for the imperial children during carnival season , and as supplementary singers in the imperial chapel ( the Hofkapelle ) in Lent and Holy Week . With the increase in his reputation , Haydn eventually obtained aristocratic patronage , crucial for the career of a composer in his day . Countess Thun , having seen one of Haydn 's compositions , summoned him and engaged him as her singing and keyboard teacher . In 1756 , Baron Carl Josef Fürnberg employed Haydn at his country estate , Weinzierl , where the composer wrote his first string quartets . Fürnberg later recommended Haydn to Count Morzin , who , in 1757 , became his first full - time employer . The years as Kapellmeister ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Morzin palace in Dolní Lukavice , Czech Republic Haydn 's wife Anna . Unauthenticated miniature attributed to Ludwig Guttenbrunn Schloss Esterhazy , the ancestral home of the Esterházy family Haydn 's job title under Count Morzin was Kapellmeister , that is , music director . He led the count 's small orchestra and wrote his first symphonies for this ensemble . In 1760 , with the security of a Kapellmeister position , Haydn married . His wife was the former Maria Anna Theresia Keller ( 1730 -- 1800 ) , the sister of Therese ( b . 1733 ) , with whom Haydn had previously been in love . Haydn and his wife had a completely unhappy marriage , from which the laws of the time permitted them no escape . They produced no children . Both took lovers . Count Morzin soon suffered financial reverses that forced him to dismiss his musical establishment , but Haydn was quickly offered a similar job ( 1761 ) by Prince Paul Anton , head of the immensely wealthy Esterházy family . Haydn 's job title was only Vice-Kapellmeister , but he was immediately placed in charge of most of the Esterházy musical establishment , with the old Kapellmeister , Gregor Werner , retaining authority only for church music . When Werner died in 1766 , Haydn was elevated to full Kapellmeister . View of Eszterháza Portrait by Ludwig Guttenbrunn , painted c. 1791 -- 2 , depicts Haydn c. 1770 As a `` house officer '' in the Esterházy establishment , Haydn wore livery and followed the family as they moved among their various palaces , most importantly the family 's ancestral seat Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt and later on Esterháza , a grand new palace built in rural Hungary in the 1760s . Haydn had a huge range of responsibilities , including composition , running the orchestra , playing chamber music for and with his patrons , and eventually the mounting of operatic productions . Despite this backbreaking workload , the job was in artistic terms a superb opportunity for Haydn . The Esterházy princes ( Paul Anton , then from 1762 -- 1790 Nikolaus I ) were musical connoisseurs who appreciated his work and gave him daily access to his own small orchestra . During the nearly thirty years that Haydn worked at the Esterházy court , he produced a flood of compositions , and his musical style continued to develop . Prince Nikolaus Esterházy , Haydn 's most important patron Much of Haydn 's activity at the time followed the specific musical interest of his patron Prince Nikolaus . Thus , in about 1765 the Prince obtained , and began to learn to play , the baryton , an uncommon musical instrument similar to the bass viol but with a set of plucked sympathetic strings . Haydn was commanded to provide music for the Prince to play , and over the next ten years produced about 200 works for this instrument in various ensembles , of which the most notable are the 126 baryton trios . Around 1775 the Prince abandoned the baryton and took up a new hobby : opera productions , previously a sporadic event for special occasions , became the focus of musical life at court , and the opera theater the Prince had built at Esterháza came to host a major season , with multiple productions each year . Haydn served as director of the company , recruiting and training the singers and preparing and leading the performances . He also wrote several of the operas performed ( see List of operas by Joseph Haydn ) and wrote substitution arias to insert into the operas of other composers . 1779 was a watershed year for Haydn , as his contract was renegotiated : whereas previously all his compositions were the property of the Esterházy family , he now was permitted to write for others and sell his work to publishers . Haydn soon shifted his emphasis in composition to reflect this ( fewer operas , and more quartets and symphonies ) and he negotiated with multiple publishers , both Austrian and foreign . Of Haydn 's new employment contract Jones writes , This single document acted as a catalyst in the next stage in Haydn 's career , the achievement of international popularity . By 1790 Haydn was in the paradoxical , if not bizarre , position of being Europe 's leading composer , but someone who spent his time as a duty - bound Kapellmeister in a remote palace in the Hungarian countryside . The new publication campaign resulted in the composition of a great number of new string quartets ( the six - quartet sets of Op. 33 , 50 , 54 / 55 , and 64 ) . Haydn also composed in response to commissions from abroad : the Paris symphonies ( 1785 -- 1786 ) and the original orchestral version of The Seven Last Words of Christ ( 1786 ) , a commission from Cádiz , Spain . The remoteness of Esterháza , which was farther from Vienna than Eisenstadt , led Haydn gradually to feel more isolated and lonely . He longed to visit Vienna because of his friendships there . Of these , a particularly important one was with Maria Anna von Genzinger ( 1754 -- 93 ) , the wife of Prince Nikolaus 's personal physician in Vienna , who began a close , platonic , relationship with the composer in 1789 . Haydn wrote to Mrs. Genzinger often , expressing his loneliness at Esterháza and his happiness for the few occasions on which he was able to visit her in Vienna ; later on , Haydn wrote to her frequently from London . Her premature death in 1793 was a blow to Haydn , and his F minor variations for piano , Hob . XVII : 6 , may have been written in response to her death . Portrait of Mozart by Joseph Lange Another friend in Vienna was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , whom Haydn had met sometime around 1784 . According to later testimony by Michael Kelly and others , the two composers occasionally played in string quartets together . Haydn was hugely impressed with Mozart 's work and praised it unstintingly to others . Mozart evidently returned the esteem , as seen in his dedication of a set of six quartets , now called the `` Haydn '' quartets , to his friend . For further details see Haydn and Mozart . The London journeys ( edit ) The Hanover Square Rooms , principal venue of Haydn 's performances in London Haydn as portrayed by John Hoppner in England in 1791 In 1790 , Prince Nikolaus died and was succeeded as prince by his son Anton . Following a trend of the time , Anton sought to economize by dismissing most of the court musicians . Haydn retained a nominal appointment with Anton , at a reduced salary of 400 florins , as well as a 1000 - florin pension from Nikolaus . Since Anton had little need of Haydn 's services , he was willing to let him travel , and the composer accepted a lucrative offer from Johann Peter Salomon , a German violinist and impresario , to visit England and conduct new symphonies with a large orchestra . The choice was a sensible one because Haydn was already a very popular composer there . Since the death of Johann Christian Bach in 1782 , Haydn 's music had dominated the concert scene in London ; `` hardly a concert did not feature a work by him '' ( Jones ) . Haydn 's work was widely distributed by publishers in London , including Forster ( who had their own contract with Haydn ) and Longman & Broderip ( who served as agent in England for Haydn 's Vienna publisher Artaria ) . Efforts to bring Haydn to London had been undertaken since 1782 , though Haydn 's loyalty to Prince Nikolaus had prevented him from accepting . After fond farewells from Mozart and other friends , Haydn departed Vienna with Salomon on 15 December 1790 , arriving in Calais in time to cross the English Channel on New Year 's Day of 1791 . It was the first time that the 58 - year - old composer had seen the ocean . Arriving in London , Haydn stayed with Salomon in Great Pulteney Street ( London , near Picadilly Circus ) working in a borrowed studio at the Broadwood piano firm nearby . It was the start of a very auspicious period for Haydn ; both the 1791 -- 1792 journey , along with a repeat visit in 1794 -- 1795 , were greatly successful . Audiences flocked to Haydn 's concerts ; he augmented his fame and made large profits , thus becoming financially secure . Charles Burney reviewed the first concert thus : `` Haydn himself presided at the piano - forte ; and the sight of that renowned composer so electrified the audience , as to excite an attention and a pleasure superior to any that had ever been caused by instrumental music in England . '' Haydn made many new friends and , for a time , was involved in a romantic relationship with Rebecca Schroeter . Musically , Haydn 's visits to England generated some of his best - known work , including the Surprise , Military , Drumroll and London symphonies ; the Rider quartet ; and the `` Gypsy Rondo '' piano trio . The great success of the overall enterprise does not mean that the journeys were free of trouble . Notably , his very first project , the commissioned opera L'anima del filosofo was duly written during the early stages of the trip , but the opera 's impresario John Gallini was unable to obtain a license to permit opera performances in the theater he directed , the King 's Theatre . Haydn was well paid for the opera ( 300 pounds ) but much time was wasted . Thus only two new symphonies , no . 95 and no . 96 `` Miracle '' , could be premiered in the 12 concerts of Salomon 's spring concert series . Another problem arose from the jealously competitive efforts of a senior , rival orchestra , the Professional Concerts , who recruited Haydn 's old pupil Ignaz Pleyel as a rival visiting composer ; the two composers , refusing to play along with the concocted rivalry , dined together and put each other 's symphonies on their concert programs . The end of Salomon 's series in June gave Haydn a rare period of relative leisure . He spent some of the time in the country ( Hertingfordbury ) , but also had time to travel , notably to Oxford , where he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University . The symphony performed for the occasion , no . 92 has since come to be known as the Oxford Symphony , although it had been written in 1789 . Beethoven in 1801 While traveling to London in 1790 , Haydn had met the young Ludwig van Beethoven in his native city of Bonn . On Haydn 's return , Beethoven came to Vienna and during the time up to the second London visit was Haydn 's pupil . Haydn took Beethoven with him to Eisenstadt for the summer ( where Haydn found he had rather little to do ) and also taught Beethoven some counterpoint . For discussion of their relationship , see Beethoven and his contemporaries . While in Vienna , Haydn purchased a house for himself and his wife in the suburbs and started remodeling it . He also arranged for the performance of some of his London symphonies in local concerts . By the time he arrived on his second journey to England , ( 1794 -- 1795 ) , Haydn had become a familiar figure on the London concert scene . The 1794 season was dominated by Salomon 's ensemble , as the Professional Concerts had abandoned their efforts . The concerts included the premieres of the 99th , 100th , and 101st symphonies . For 1795 , Salomon had abandoned his own series , citing difficulty in obtaining ' vocal performers of the first rank from abroad ' , and Haydn joined forces with the Opera Concerts , headed by the violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti . These were the venue of the last three symphonies , 102 , 103 , and 104 . The final benefit concert for Haydn ( `` Dr. Haydn 's night '' ) at the end of the 1795 season was a great success and was perhaps the peak of his English career . Haydn 's biographer Griesinger wrote that Haydn ' considered the days spent in England the happiest of his life . He was everywhere appreciated there ; it opened a new world to him ' . Years of celebrity in Vienna ( edit ) Haydn returned to Vienna in 1795 . Prince Anton had died , and his successor Nikolaus II proposed that the Esterházy musical establishment be revived with Haydn serving again as Kapellmeister . Haydn took up the position on a part - time basis . He spent his summers with the Esterházys in Eisenstadt , and over the course of several years wrote six masses for them . Haydn wax sculpture by Franz Thaler , c. 1800 The house in Vienna ( now a museum ) where Haydn lived in the last years of his life By this time Haydn had become a public figure in Vienna . He spent most of his time in his home , a large house in the suburb of Windmühle , and wrote works for public performance . In collaboration with his librettist and mentor Gottfried van Swieten , and with funding from van Swieten 's Gesellschaft der Associierten , he composed his two great oratorios , The Creation ( 1798 ) and The Seasons ( 1801 ) . Both were enthusiastically received . Haydn frequently appeared before the public , often leading performances of The Creation and The Seasons for charity benefits , including Tonkünstler - Societät programs with massed musical forces . He also composed instrumental music : the popular Trumpet Concerto , and the last nine in his long series of string quartets , including the Fifths , Emperor , and Sunrise . A brief work , `` Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser '' ( the `` Emperor 's Hymn '' ; 1797 ) , achieved great success and became `` the enduring emblem of Austrian identity right up to the First World War '' ( Jones ) ; in modern times it became ( with different words ) the national anthem of Germany . During the later years of this successful period , Haydn faced incipient old age and fluctuating health , and he had to struggle to complete his final works . His last major work , from 1802 , was the sixth mass for the Esterházys , the Harmoniemesse . Retirement , illness , and death ( edit ) By the end of 1803 , Haydn 's condition had declined to the point that he became physically unable to compose . He suffered from weakness , dizziness , inability to concentrate and painfully swollen legs . Since diagnosis was uncertain in Haydn 's time , it is unlikely that the precise illness can ever be identified , though Jones suggests arteriosclerosis . The illness was especially hard for Haydn because the flow of fresh musical ideas waiting to be worked out as compositions ( something he could no longer do ) continued unabated . His biographer Dies reported a conversation from 1806 : ( Haydn said ) `` I must have something to do -- usually musical ideas are pursuing me , to the point of torture , I can not escape them , they stand like walls before me . If it 's an allegro that pursues me , my pulse keeps beating faster , I can get no sleep . If it 's an adagio , then I notice my pulse beating slowly . My imagination plays on me as if I were a clavier . '' Haydn smiled , the blood rushed to his face , and he said `` I am really just a living clavier . '' The winding down of Haydn 's career was gradual . The Esterházy family kept him on as Kapellmeister to the very end ( much as they had with his predecessor Werner long before ) , but they appointed new staff to lead their musical establishment : Johann Michael Fuchs in 1802 as Vice-Kapellmeister and Johann Nepomuk Hummel as Konzertmeister in 1804 . Haydn 's last summer in Eisenstadt was in 1803 , and his last appearance before the public as a conductor was a charity performance of The Seven Last Words on 26 December 1803 . As debility set in , he made largely futile efforts at composition , attempting to revise a rediscovered Missa brevis from his teenage years and complete his final string quartet . The latter project was abandoned for good in 1805 , and the quartet was published with just two movements . Haydn was well cared for by his servants , and he received many visitors and public honors during his last years , but they could not have been very happy years for him . During his illness , Haydn often found solace by sitting at the piano and playing his Emperor 's hymn . A final triumph occurred on 27 March 1808 when a performance of The Creation was organized in his honour . The very frail composer was brought into the hall on an armchair to the sound of trumpets and drums and was greeted by Beethoven , Salieri ( who led the performance ) and by other musicians and members of the aristocracy . Haydn was both moved and exhausted by the experience and had to depart at intermission . Bergkirche in Eisenstadt , site of Haydn 's tomb Haydn lived on for 14 more months . His final days were hardly serene , as in May 1809 the French army under Napoleon launched an attack on Vienna and on 10 May bombarded his neighborhood . According to Griesinger , `` Four case shots fell , rattling the windows and doors of his house . He called out in a loud voice to his alarmed and frightened people , ' Do n't be afraid , children , where Haydn is , no harm can reach you ! ' . But the spirit was stronger than the flesh , for he had hardly uttered the brave words when his whole body began to tremble . '' More bombardments followed until the city fell to the French on 13 May . Haydn , was , however , deeply moved and appreciative when on 17 May a French cavalry officer named Sulémy came to pay his respects and sang , skillfully , an aria from The Creation . On 26 May Haydn played his `` Emperor 's Hymn '' with unusual gusto three times ; the same evening he collapsed and was taken to what proved to be to his deathbed . He died peacefully at 12 : 40 a.m. on 31 May 1809 , aged 77 . On 15 June , a memorial service was held in the Schottenkirche at which Mozart 's Requiem was performed . Haydn 's remains were interred in the local Hundsturm cemetery until 1820 , when they were moved to Eisenstadt by Prince Nikolaus . His head took a different journey ; it was stolen shortly after burial by phrenologists , and the skull was reunited with the other remains only in 1954 ; for details see Haydn 's head . Character and appearance ( edit ) Haydn 's signature on a work of music : di me giuseppe Haydn ( `` by me Joseph Haydn '' ) . He writes in Italian , a language he often used professionally . James Webster writes of Haydn 's public character thus : `` Haydn 's public life exemplified the Enlightenment ideal of the honnête homme ( honest man ) : the man whose good character and worldly success enable and justify each other . His modesty and probity were everywhere acknowledged . These traits were not only prerequisites to his success as Kapellmeister , entrepreneur and public figure , but also aided the favorable reception of his music . '' Haydn was especially respected by the Esterházy court musicians whom he supervised , as he maintained a cordial working atmosphere and effectively represented the musicians ' interests with their employer ; see Papa Haydn and the tale of the `` Farewell '' Symphony . Haydn had a robust sense of humor , evident in his love of practical jokes and often apparent in his music , and he had many friends . For much of his life he benefited from a `` happy and naturally cheerful temperament '' , but in his later life , there is evidence for periods of depression , notably in the correspondence with Mrs. Genzinger and in Dies 's biography , based on visits made in Haydn 's old age . `` Laus Deo '' ( `` praise be to God '' ) at the conclusion of a Haydn manuscript . Haydn was a devout Catholic who often turned to his rosary when he had trouble composing , a practice that he usually found to be effective . He normally began the manuscript of each composition with `` in nomine Domini '' ( `` in the name of the Lord '' ) and ended with `` Laus Deo '' ( `` praise be to God '' ) . Haydn 's primary character flaw was greed as it related to his business dealings . Webster writes : `` As regards money , Haydn was so self - interested as to shock ( both ) contemporaries and many later authorities ... He always attempted to maximize his income , whether by negotiating the right to sell his music outside the Esterházy court , driving hard bargains with publishers or selling his works three and four times over ; he regularly engaged in ' sharp practice ' and occasionally in outright fraud . When crossed in business relations , he reacted angrily . '' Webster notes that Haydn 's ruthlessness in business might be viewed more sympathetically in light of his struggles with poverty during his years as a freelancer -- and that outside of the world of business , in dealings , for example , with relatives and servants and in volunteering his services for charitable concerts , Haydn was a generous man . Haydn was short in stature , perhaps as a result of having been underfed throughout most of his youth . He was not handsome , and like many in his day he was a survivor of smallpox ; his face was pitted with the scars of this disease . His biographer Dies wrote : `` ... he could n't understand how it happened that in his life he had been loved by many a pretty woman . ' They could n't have been led to it by my beauty ' '' . His nose , large and aquiline , was disfigured by the polyps he suffered during much of his adult life , an agonizing and debilitating disease that at times prevented him from writing music . Original copy of `` Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser '' in Haydn 's hand Works ( edit ) James Webster summarizes Haydn 's role in the history of classical music as follows : `` He excelled in every musical genre ... He is familiarly known as the ' father of the symphony ' and could with greater justice be thus regarded for the string quartet ; no other composer approaches his combination of productivity , quality and historical importance in these genres . '' Structure and character of his music ( edit ) A central characteristic of Haydn 's music is the development of larger structures out of very short , simple musical motifs , often derived from standard accompanying figures . The music is often quite formally concentrated , and the important musical events of a movement can unfold rather quickly . Haydn 's work was central to the development of what came to be called sonata form . His practice , however , differed in some ways from that of Mozart and Beethoven , his younger contemporaries who likewise excelled in this form of composition . Haydn was particularly fond of the so - called `` monothematic exposition '' , in which the music that establishes the dominant key is similar or identical to the opening theme . Haydn also differs from Mozart and Beethoven in his recapitulation sections , where he often rearranges the order of themes compared to the exposition and uses extensive thematic development . Haydn 's formal inventiveness also led him to integrate the fugue into the classical style and to enrich the rondo form with more cohesive tonal logic ( see sonata rondo form ) . Haydn was also the principal exponent of the double variation form -- variations on two alternating themes , which are often major - and minor - mode versions of each other . Perhaps more than any other composer 's , Haydn 's music is known for its humor . The most famous example is the sudden loud chord in the slow movement of his `` Surprise '' symphony ; Haydn 's many other musical jokes include numerous false endings ( e.g. , in the quartets Op. 33 No. 2 and Op. 50 No. 3 ) , and the remarkable rhythmic illusion placed in the trio section of the third movement of Op. 50 No. 1 . Much of the music was written to please and delight a prince , and its emotional tone is correspondingly upbeat . This tone also reflects , perhaps , Haydn 's fundamentally healthy and well - balanced personality . Occasional minor - key works , often deadly serious in character , form striking exceptions to the general rule . Haydn 's fast movements tend to be rhythmically propulsive and often impart a great sense of energy , especially in the finales . Some characteristic examples of Haydn 's `` rollicking '' finale type are found in the `` London '' symphony No. 104 , the string quartet Op. 50 No. 1 , and the piano trio Hob XV : 27 . Haydn 's early slow movements are usually not too slow in tempo , relaxed , and reflective . Later on , the emotional range of the slow movements increases , notably in the deeply felt slow movements of the quartets Op. 76 Nos. 3 and 5 , the Symphonies No. 98 and 102 , and the piano trio Hob XV : 23 . The minuets tend to have a strong downbeat and a clearly popular character . Over time , Haydn turned some of his minuets into `` scherzi '' which are much faster , at one beat to the bar . Evolution of Haydn 's style ( edit ) Haydn 's early work dates from a period in which the compositional style of the High Baroque ( seen in Bach and Handel ) had gone out of fashion . This was a period of exploration and uncertainty , and Haydn , born 18 years before the death of Bach , was himself one of the musical explorers of this time . An older contemporary whose work Haydn acknowledged as an important influence was Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach . Tracing Haydn 's work over the six decades in which it was produced ( roughly from 1749 to 1802 ) , one finds a gradual but steady increase in complexity and musical sophistication , which developed as Haydn learned from his own experience and that of his colleagues . Several important landmarks have been observed in the evolution of Haydn 's musical style . In the late 1760s and early 1770s , Haydn entered a stylistic period known as `` Sturm und Drang '' ( `` storm and stress '' ) . This term is taken from a literary movement of about the same time , though it appears that the musical development actually preceded the literary one by a few years . The musical language of this period is similar to what went before , but it is deployed in work that is more intensely expressive , especially in the works in minor keys . James Webster describes the works of this period as `` longer , more passionate , and more daring . '' Some of the most famous compositions of this time are the `` Trauer '' ( Mourning ) Symphony No. 44 , `` Farewell '' Symphony No. 45 , the piano sonata in C minor ( Hob . XVI / 20 , L. 33 ) , and the six string quartets of Op. 20 ( the `` Sun '' quartets ) , all from c. 1771 -- 72 . It was also around this time that Haydn became interested in writing fugues in the Baroque style , and three of the Op. 20 quartets end with a fugue . Following the climax of the `` Sturm und Drang '' , Haydn returned to a lighter , more overtly entertaining style . There are no quartets from this period , and the symphonies take on new features : the scoring often includes trumpets and timpani . These changes are often related to a major shift in Haydn 's professional duties , which moved him away from `` pure '' music and toward the production of comic operas . Several of the operas were Haydn 's own work ( see List of operas by Joseph Haydn ) ; these are seldom performed today . Haydn sometimes recycled his opera music in symphonic works , which helped him continue his career as a symphonist during this hectic decade . In 1779 , an important change in Haydn 's contract permitted him to publish his compositions without prior authorization from his employer . This may have encouraged Haydn to rekindle his career as a composer of `` pure '' music . The change made itself felt most dramatically in 1781 , when Haydn published the six string quartets of Opus 33 , announcing ( in a letter to potential purchasers ) that they were written in `` a new and completely special way '' . Charles Rosen has argued that this assertion on Haydn 's part was not just sales talk , but meant quite seriously ; and he points out a number of important advances in Haydn 's compositional technique that appear in these quartets , advances that mark the advent of the Classical style in full flower . These include a fluid form of phrasing , in which each motif emerges from the previous one without interruption , the practice of letting accompanying material evolve into melodic material , and a kind of `` Classical counterpoint '' in which each instrumental part maintains its own integrity . These traits continue in the many quartets that Haydn wrote after Opus 33 . In the 1790s , stimulated by his England journeys , Haydn developed what Rosen calls his `` popular style '' , a method of composition that , with unprecedented success , created music having great popular appeal but retaining a learned and rigorous musical structure . An important element of the popular style was the frequent use of folk or folk - like material , as discussed in the article Haydn and folk music . Haydn took care to deploy this material in appropriate locations , such as the endings of sonata expositions or the opening themes of finales . In such locations , the folk material serves as an element of stability , helping to anchor the larger structure . Haydn 's popular style can be heard in virtually all of his later work , including the twelve London symphonies , the late quartets and piano trios , and the two late oratorios . The return to Vienna in 1795 marked the last turning point in Haydn 's career . Although his musical style evolved little , his intentions as a composer changed . While he had been a servant , and later a busy entrepreneur , Haydn wrote his works quickly and in profusion , with frequent deadlines . As a rich man , Haydn now felt that he had the privilege of taking his time and writing for posterity . This is reflected in the subject matter of The Creation ( 1798 ) and The Seasons ( 1801 ) , which address such weighty topics as the meaning of life and the purpose of humankind , and represent an attempt to render the sublime in music . Haydn 's new intentions also meant that he was willing to spend much time on a single work : both oratorios took him over a year to complete . Haydn once remarked that he had worked on The Creation so long because he wanted it to last . The change in Haydn 's approach was important in the history of classical music , as other composers were soon following his lead . Notably , Beethoven adopted the practice of taking his time and aiming high . Identifying Haydn 's works ( edit ) Haydn 's works are listed in a comprehensive catalogue prepared by Anthony van Hoboken . This Hoboken catalogue provides each work with an identifying number , called its Hoboken number ( abbreviation : H. or Hob . ) . The string quartets also have Hoboken numbers , but are usually identified instead by their opus numbers , which have the advantage of indicating the groups of six quartets that Haydn published together ; thus for example the string quartet Opus 76 , No. 3 is the third of the six quartets published in 1799 as Opus 76 . See also ( edit ) Classical music portal Opera portal Book : Joseph Haydn Works Hoboken catalogue List of concertos by Joseph Haydn List of masses by Joseph Haydn List of operas by Joseph Haydn List of piano trios by Joseph Haydn List of solo piano compositions by Joseph Haydn List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn List of symphonies by Joseph Haydn Baryton trios ( Haydn ) `` Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser '' ( `` God save Franz , the Emperor '' ) , whose melody later became that of Das Lied der Deutschen , Germany 's national anthem . The Creation The Seasons The Seven Last Words of Christ Contemporaries Haydn and Mozart Beethoven and his contemporaries Marianne von Martines -- as a child , one of Haydn 's first students ; as an adult , a friend and eminent musician . Johann Peter Salomon , who organized Haydn 's journeys to London . Gottfried van Swieten , The Creation and The Seasons ' librettist . List of Austrians in music Other topics Haydn 's name , addressing the status of `` Franz '' and other names used by Haydn . Haydn and folk music Haydn 's head , stolen after his death . Joseph Haydn 's ethnicity -- was Haydn a Croatian ? Haydn 's birthplace List of Haydn 's residences `` Papa '' Haydn Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge , visited by Haydn during the summer of 1753 . Haydn 's writing for timpani Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Haydn 's name . Haydn was baptized `` Franciscus Josephus '' ( Franz Joseph ) , but `` Franz '' was not used during Haydn 's lifetime and is avoided by scholars today ( `` Haydn , Joseph '' by James Webster in Grove Music Online , accessed 18 January 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The date is uncertain . Haydn told others he was born on this day ( Geiringer ( 1982 , 9 ) ; Jones ( 1810 , 8 ) ) , but some of his family members reported 1 April instead ( Geiringer ) . The difficulty arises from the fact that in Haydn 's day official records recorded not the birth date but the date of baptism , which , in Haydn 's case , was 1 April ( Wyn Jones 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Haydn made the remark to his friend and biographer Georg August Griesinger ; cited from English version by Vernon Gotwals ( Griesinger 1963 : 17 ) . Jump up ^ Haydn reported this in his 1776 Autobiographical sketch . Jump up ^ Finscher 2000 , p. 12 . Jones ( 2009 : 7 ) dates the visit to early summer , i.e. cherry season , since during the visit Reutter plied the child with fresh cherries as a means of inducing him to learn to sing a trill . Jump up ^ Various individuals bore the title `` Countess Thun '' over time . Candidates for the countess who engaged Haydn are ( a ) `` the elder Countess Maria Christine Thun '' , ( Webster 2002 ) ; ( b ) Maria Wilhelmine Thun ( later a famous salon hostess and patroness of Mozart ) , ( Volkmar Braunbehrens , 1990 , Mozart in Vienna ) . Jump up ^ Webster 2002 , p. 8 . Webster expresses doubts , since the source is the early biography of Nicolas - Étienne Framery , judged ( Webster 2002 , p. 1 ) the least reliable of Haydn 's early biographers . Jump up ^ This date is uncertain , since the early biography of Griesinger ( 1963 ) gives 1759 . For the evidence supporting the earlier date see Landon & Jones ( 1988 , p. 34 ) and Webster ( 2002 , p. 10 ) . Jump up ^ Mrs. Haydn 's paramour ( 1770 ) was Ludwig Guttenbrunn , an artist who produced the portrait of Haydn seen above ( Landon & Jones 1988 , p. 109 ) . Joseph Haydn had a long relationship , starting in 1779 , with the singer Luigia Polzelli , and was probably the father of her son Antonio ( Landon & Jones 1988 , p. 116 ) . Jump up ^ Robbins Landon and Jones ( 1988 , 100 ) write : `` Haydn 's duties were crushing . We can notice the effect in his handwriting , which becomes hastier as the 1770s turn to the 1780s : the notation starts to become ever more careless in the scores and the abbreviations multiply . '' Jump up ^ This view is given , for instance , by Webster ( 2002 , p. 13 ) and Landon & Jones ( 1988 , p. 37 ) . Jump up ^ According to Jones , the London visits yielded a net profit of 15,000 florins . Haydn continued to prosper after the visits and at his death left an estate valued at 55,713 florins . These were substantial sums ; for comparison , the house he bought in Gumpendorf in 1793 ( and then remodeled ) cost only 1370 florins ( all figures from Jones 2009 : 144 -- 46 ) . Jump up ^ From Burney 's memoirs ; quoted from Landon & Jones ( 1988 , p. 234 ) Jump up ^ The premier performance did not take place until 1951 , during the Florence May Festival . Maria Callas sang the role of Euridice . The opera and its history are discussed in Geiringer 1982 , pp. 342 -- 43 . Jump up ^ The house , at Haydngasse 19 , has since 1899 been a Haydn museum ( 16 Top - Rated Museums and Art Galleries in Vienna -- 16 . Haydn House by Bryan Dearsley ; Haydnhaus , Vienna Museum ) . Jump up ^ Dies ( 1810 : 141 ) . `` Clavier '' in the original German is ambiguous ; literally `` keyboard , '' it is used by extension to denote a keyboard instrument such as the piano or harpsichord . Jump up ^ Of Haydn 's plight Rosen ( 1971 / 1997 ) wrote , `` The last years of Haydn 's life , with all his success , comfort , and celebrity , are among the saddest in music . More moving than the false pathos of a pauper 's grave for Mozart ... is the figure of Haydn filled with musical ideas which were struggling to escape , as he himself said ; he was too old and weak to go to the piano and submit to the discipline of working them out . '' Jump up ^ This is the view of Geiringer ( cited below , p. 198 ) , who gives the testimony of Haydn 's early biographer Giuseppe Carpani . Jump up ^ The inscription continues ( in abbreviations ) `` et Beatae Virgini Mariae et omnibus sanctis '' ( `` and to the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the saints '' ) . The image is taken from the 1900 edition of Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians ; it does not identify the work in question . Jump up ^ The date of Haydn 's bout with smallpox is not preserved . It was prior to the time he was hired by Countess Thun ( i.e. as a young adult ; see above ) , since it is recorded that when she first encountered Haydn she observed his scars as part of the generally poor impression his appearance made on her . See Geiringer ( 1983 : 34 ) Jump up ^ Sutcliffe ( 1989 , p. 343 ) mentions this in a criticism of contemporary Haydn performance practice : `` ( Haydn 's ) music sometime seems to ' live on its nerves ' ... It is above all in this respect that Haydn performances often fail , whereby most interpreters lack the mental agility to deal with the ever - changing ' physiognomy ' of Haydn 's music , subsiding instead into an ease of manner and a concern for broader effects that they have acquired in their playing of Mozart . '' Jump up ^ Hughes ( 1970 , p. 112 ) writes : `` Having begun to ' develop ' , he could not stop ; his recapitulations begin to take on irregular contours , sometimes sharply condensed , sometimes surprisingly expanded , losing their first tame symmetry to regain a balance of a far higher and more satisfying order . '' Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1997 , p. 57 ) writes , `` the period from 1750 to 1775 was penetrated by eccentricity , hit - or - miss experimentation , resulting in works which are still difficult to accept today because of their oddities . '' Similar remarks are made by Hughes ( 1970 , pp. 111 -- 12 ) Jump up ^ See Webster ( 2002 , p. 18 ) : `` the term has been criticized : taken from the title of a play of 1776 by Maximilian Klinger , it properly pertains to a literary movement of the middle and late 1770s rather than a musical one of about 1768 -- 1772 . '' Jump up ^ Original German `` Neu , gantz besonderer Art '' ; Sisman ( 1993 , 219 ) Jump up ^ Rosen 's case that Opus 33 represents a `` revolution in style '' ( 1971 and 1997 , 116 ) can be found in chapter III. 1 of ( Rosen 1971 and 1997 ) . For dissenting views , see Larsen ( 1980 , p. 102 ) and Webster ( 1991 ) . For discussion of the development of the same trend in Haydn 's style in the symphonies that preceded the Opus 33 quartets see Rosen ( 1988 : 181 -- 86 ) . Jump up ^ Rosen discusses the popular style in ch . VI. 1 of Rosen ( 1971 and 1997 ) . Jump up ^ For discussion , see Antony Hopkins ( 1981 ) The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven , Heinemann , London , pp. 7 -- 8 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ For date of portrait see Jones2009a , p. vi . Jump up ^ Smallman , Basil ( 1992 ) . The Piano Trio : Its History , Technique , and Repertoire . Oxford University Press . pp. 16 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 318307 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rosen 1997 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , pp. 80 -- 81 ) . Jump up ^ Griesinger 1963 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , p. 82 ) . Jump up ^ Jones2009a , pp. 12 -- 13 . A third brother , Johann Evangelist Haydn also pursued a musical career as a tenor , but achieved no distinction and was for some time supported by Joseph . Jump up ^ Finscher 2000 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Griesinger 1963 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Landon & Jones 1988 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , p. 87 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , p. 89 ) . Jump up ^ Geiringer 1982 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Larsen 1980 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Rita Steblin , ' Haydns Orgeldienste `` in der damaligen Gräfl . Haugwitzischen Kapelle '' ' , in : Wiener Geschichtsblätter 65 / 2000 , pp. 124 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Geiringer 1982 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Tom Beghin ; Sander M. Goldberg ( 2007 ) . Haydn and the Performance of Rhetoric . University of Chicago Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780226041292 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Griesinger 1963 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Dexter Edge , ' New Sources for Haydn 's Early Biography ' , unpublished paper given at the AMS Montréal , 7 November 1993 , ( see The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( 2001 ) , vol. 11 , p. 265 ) . Jump up ^ Source for this paragraph : Geiringer 1982 , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Michael Lorenz , `` Joseph Haydn 's Real Wife '' ( Vienna 2014 ) . As Lorenz notes , the identity of Haydn 's wife was mistaken for most of the history of Haydn scholarship . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Geiringer 1982 , pp. 36 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jones 2009b , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Geiringer 1982 , p. 60 Jump up ^ For details see Geiringer 1982 , Chapter 6 Jump up ^ Geiringer 1982 , p. 316 , citing Robbins Landon . Jump up ^ Jones 2009a . Jump up ^ Geiringer ( 1982 , 96 ) ^ Jump up to : Jones 2009b , p. 325 . Jump up ^ For narratives of Haydn 's last days in Mozart 's company , see Haydn and Mozart ^ Jump up to : Jones 2009b , p. 137 Jump up ^ `` Oxford Symphony , article by Jane Holland in Jones ( 2009b : 266 ) Jump up ^ Geiringer 1982 , pp. 131 -- 35 Jump up ^ Source for this paragraph : Webster , New Grove Jump up ^ For symptoms see Jones 2009a , p. 146 ; for the arteriosclerosis hypothesis see Jones 2009b , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2009a , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Jones 2009a , pp. 214 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Jones 2009a , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Geiringer 1982 , pp. 186 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Griesinger 1963 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2009b , p. 142 Jump up ^ `` Mit Würd ' und Hoheit angetan '' , the aria narrating the creation of humankind ; Griesinger ( 1810 : 51 ) : . According to the less - reliable Dies , the date was 25 May , the officer 's name was Sulimi , and he sang an aria from The Seasons ( Dies 1810 , in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , p. 193 ) . Jump up ^ Webster 2002 , p. 44 . These same traits , and his connection to the aristocracy contributed to the decline in his reputation in the nineteenth century : Proksch 2015 Jump up ^ Griesinger 1963 , p. 20 ; Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , pp. 92 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Gotwals 1963 , p. 91 ) . Jump up ^ Griesinger 1963 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Larsen 1980 , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : New Grove , online edition , `` Haydn , Joseph '' , section 6 Jump up ^ Dies 1810 , ( in the English translation from Robbins Landon and Jones 1988 , p. 157 ) . Jump up ^ Hadden 2010 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Cohen , Jack ( 1998 ) , `` The agony of nasal polyps and the terror of their removal 200 years ago '' , The Laryngoscope 108 ( 9 ) : 1311 -- 13 ( September 1998 ) . Jump up ^ New Grove , online edition , article `` Joseph Haydn '' ; accessed 3 February 2007 Jump up ^ Stephen Isserlis calls him `` the funniest of the great composers '' ( preface to Richard Wigmore , The Faber Pocket Guide to Haydn ( Faber , 2011 ) ) . Brendel ( 2001 ) focuses on the humor of both Haydn and Beethoven . Rosen ( 1997 : 111 ) attributes to Haydn `` an aptitude for the facetious that no other composer enjoyed . '' Jump up ^ Webster 2002 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Webster and Feder 2001 , section 3. iii Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1997 and 2001 ) , 333 -- 37 Jump up ^ Geiringer 1982 , p. 158 References ( edit ) Biographical sources Dies , Albert Christoph ( 1810 ) . Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben ( Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn , written and edited from his own spoken narratives ) . Vienna : Camesinaische Buchhandlung . English translation in : Dies , Albert Christoph ( 1963 ) . `` Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn '' . In Gotwals , Vernon . Haydn : Two Contemporary Portraits . ( translation by Vernon Gotwals ) . Milwaukee : Univ. of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 02791 - 0 . One of the first biographies of Haydn , written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer 's old age . Finscher , Ludwig ( 2000 ) . Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit . Laaber : Laaber - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 921518 - 94 - 6 . Highly detailed discussion of life and work ; in German . Geiringer , Karl ; Geiringer , Irene ( 1982 ) . Haydn : A Creative Life in Music ( 3rd ed . ) . University of California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04316 - 2 . The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author . Griesinger , Georg August ( 1963 ) . `` Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn '' . In Gotwals , Vernon , translator and editor . Haydn : Two Contemporary Portraits . Milwaukee : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 02791 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) A translation from the original German : `` Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn '' ( 1810 ) . Leipzig . Like Dies 's , a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn . Hadden , James ( 1902 ) Haydn. J. Dent . A very old but thoughtful biography ; reissued 2010 by Cambridge University Press . Hughes , Rosemary ( 1970 ) . Haydn ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 460 - 02281 - 4 . Originally published in 1950 . Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydn 's life , along with a survey of the music . Jones , David Wyn ( 2009a ) . The Life of Haydn . Oxford University Press . Focuses on biography rather than musical works ; an up - to - date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydn 's life and times . Jones , David Wyn ( 2009b ) . Oxford Composer Companions : Haydn . Oxford University Press . A comprehensive one - volume collection of detailed contributions by Haydn scholars . Landon , H.C. Robbins ( 1976 -- 1980 ) . Haydn : Chronicle and Works . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 37003 - 5 . An extensive compilation of original sources in five volumes . Landon , H.C. Robbins ; Jones , David Wyn ( 1988 ) . Haydn : His Life and Music . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 37265 - 9 . Biography chapters by Robbins Landon , excerpted from Robbins Landon ( 1976 -- 1980 ) and rich in original source documents . Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones . Larsen , Jens Peter ( 1980 ) . `` Joseph Haydn '' . New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Published separately as The New Grove : Haydn . New York : Norton . 1982 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01681 - 1 . Webster , James ; Feder , Georg ( 2001 ) . `` Joseph Haydn '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Published separately as a book : The New Grove Haydn . New York : Macmillan . 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516904 - 2 . Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation ; covers both life and music , and includes a very detailed list of works . Criticism and analysis sources Brendel , Alfred ( 2001 ) . `` Does classical music have to be entirely serious ? '' . In Margalit , Edna ; Margalit , Avishai . Isaiah Berlin : A Celebration . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 193 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84096 - 4 . On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven . Celestini , Federico ( 2010 ) . `` Aspekte des Erhabenen in Haydns Spätwerk '' . In Celestini , Federico ; Dorschel , Andreas . Arbeit am Kanon . Vienna : Universal Edition . pp. 16 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7024 - 6967 - 2 . On the sublime in Haydn 's later works ; in German . Clark , Caryl , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Haydn . Cambridge Companions to Music . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83347 - 7 . Covers each of the genres Haydn composed in as well as stylistic and interpretive contexts and performance and reception . Griffiths , Paul ( 1983 ) . The String Quartet . New York : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 01311 - X . Hughes , Rosemary ( 1966 ) . Haydn String Quartets . London : BBC . A brief ( 55 page ) introduction to Haydn 's string quartets . Proksch , Bryan ( 2015 ) . Reviving Haydn : New Appreciations in the Twentieth Century . Rochester , New York : University of Rochester Press . ISBN 9781580465120 . Surveys the decline in Haydn 's reputation in the nineteenth century before examining the factors that led to a resurgence in the twentieth . Rosen , Charles ( 1997 ) . The classical style : Haydn , Mozart , Beethoven ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31712 - 9 . First edition published in 1971 . Covers much of Haydn 's output and seeks to explicate Haydn 's central role in the creation of the classical style . The work has been influential , provoking both positive citation and work ( e.g. , Webster 1991 ) written in reaction . Rosen , Charles ( 1988 ) Sonata forms ( 2nd ed . ) New York : Norton . Further discussion of Haydn 's style and technique as it relates to sonata form . Sisman , Elaine ( 1993 ) Haydn and the classical variation . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 38315 - X . Sutcliffe , W. Dean ( 1989 ) . `` Haydn 's Musical Personality '' . The Musical Times . 130 ( 1756 ) : 341 -- 44 . JSTOR 966030 . doi : 10.2307 / 966030 . Sutcliffe , W. Dean ( 1992 ) . Haydn , string quartets , op . 50 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39103 - 2 . Covers not just Op. 50 but also its relevance to Haydn 's other output as well as his earlier quartets . Webster , James ( 1991 ) . Haydn 's `` Farewell '' symphony and the idea of classical style : through - composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38520 - 2 . This book focuses on a single work , but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Haydn . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Joseph Haydn Wikisource has the text of an Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article about Joseph Haydn . Joseph Haydn at Encyclopædia Britannica `` Haydn material '' . BBC Radio 3 archives . Haydn Festival Eisenstadt Albert Christoph Dies : ( German ) Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn . Wien : Camesinaische Buchhandlung , 1810 . Haydn 's Late Oratorios : The Creation and The Seasons by Brian Robins Full text of the biography Haydn by J. Cuthbert Hadden , 1902 , from Project Gutenberg . The end of book contains documentary material including a number of Haydn 's letters . Alternatively scanned copy Haydn at archive.org . No Royal Directive : Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet by Ron Drummond musicologie.org , with biography ( in French ) `` Haydn -- Quartet in F minor , Op. 20 No. 5 '' , lecture by Professor Roger Parker , with the Badke Quartet , Gresham College , 8 April 2008 ( available for video , audio and text download ) Haydn anniversary page on Bachtrack , includes lists of live performances Joseph Haydn on IMDb Joseph Haydn ( character ) on IMDb Scores and recordings ( edit ) Free scores by Joseph Haydn at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Free scores by Joseph Haydn in the Choral Public Domain Library ( ChoralWiki ) www.kreusch-sheet-music.net -- Free scores by Haydn Free scores at the Mutopia Project Works by Joseph Haydn at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Joseph Haydn at Internet Archive Kunst der Fuge : Franz Joseph Haydn , MIDI files Haydn 's page at Classical Archives Haydn Symphonies from the British Library Sound Archive Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Walther Pianoforte Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Steinway D <Th_colspan="2"> Joseph Haydn Lists of works by form Symphonies London symphonies Paris symphonies String quartets Piano trios Baryton trios Masses Solo piano Concertos Operas Hoboken catalogue Other works The Creation The Seasons The Seven Last Words of Christ Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser Associated people Family Mathias Haydn Michael Haydn Johann Evangelist Haydn Friends and lovers Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf Luigia Polzelli Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Maria Anna von Genzinger Johann Peter Salomon Rebecca Schroeter Employers and patrons Count Morzin Paul II Anton Esterházy Nikolaus I Esterházy Anton Esterházy Nikolaus II Esterházy Gottfried van Swieten Pupils Marianne von Martinez Ignaz Pleyel Ludwig van Beethoven Biography and scholarship Autobiographical sketch Albert Christoph Dies Georg August Griesinger Anthony van Hoboken James Webster Named for Haydn Joseph Haydn Kammerphilharmonie Haydn ( crater ) Haydn Inlet Haydn Quartet Haydn Quartets Related articles Beethoven - Haydn - Mozart Memorial Double variation Eszterháza Haydn and folk music Haydn 's birthplace Haydn 's ethnicity Haydn 's head Haydn 's name Haydn 's residences Papa Haydn Sturm und Drang <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Compositions by Joseph Haydn <Th_colspan="2"> Operas by Joseph Haydn Operas Der krumme Teufel ( 1751 ) La canterina ( 1766 ) Lo speziale ( 1768 ) Le pescatrici ( 1770 ) L'infedeltà delusa ( 1773 ) L'incontro improvviso ( 1775 ) Il mondo della luna ( 1777 ) La vera costanza ( 1779 ) L'isola disabitata ( 1779 ) La fedeltà premiata ( 1781 ) Orlando paladino ( 1782 ) Armida ( 1784 ) L'anima del filosofo ( 1791 ) <Th_colspan="2"> First Viennese School <Td_colspan="2"> Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven ( Franz Schubert ) VIAF : 95146280 LCCN : n79091193 ISNI : 0000 0001 2144 1049 GND : 118547356 SELIBR : 206792 SUDOC : 030260868 BNF : cb13895053m ( data ) BIBSYS : 90062900 ULAN : 500330864 MusicBrainz : c130b0fb - 5dce - 449d - 9f40 - 1437f889f7fe NLA : 35180854 NDL : 00551751 NKC : jn19990003267 BNE : XX838634 IATH : w60w7w6w Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Haydn&oldid=803739222 '' Categories : Joseph Haydn 1732 births 1809 deaths 18th - century Austrian people 18th - century classical composers Age of Enlightenment Austrian classical composers Austrian Classical - period composers Austrian classical pianists Austrian expatriates in Hungary Austrian male classical composers Austrian opera composers Austrian Roman Catholics Composers for piano Esterházy Harrach family Male opera composers National anthem writers Oratorio composers People from Bruck an der Leitha District Pupils of Nicola Porpora String quartet composers Viennese composers Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with French - language external links Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Chamoru Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 09 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Joseph Haydn - Austrian composer
2. Father of the Symphony and String Quartet
3. Career as a court musician for the Esterházy family
4. Friendship with Mozart and mentorship of Beethoven
5. Successful visits to London and musical achievements |
6,165,534,462,790,458,000 | where does the swimming contest story take place | Swimming ( sport ) - wikipedia Swimming ( sport ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about competitive swimming as a recreational activity . For the general article on human movement in the water , see Human swimming . `` Swimmer '' redirects here . For other uses , see Swimmer ( disambiguation ) . Swimming <Td_colspan="2"> Start of the 4 × 100 meters relay during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Highest governing body FINA First competitions 1930s <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics Contact No Team members Teams or individuals Venue Swimming pools or open - water <Th_colspan="2"> Presence Country or region Worldwide Olympic 1896 World Championships 1973 Paralympic 1960 Swimming is an individual or team sport that requires the use of ones arms and legs to move the body through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques , and in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport -- such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees -- there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Competitive swimming 2.1 Open water 2.2 Swim styles 2.3 Dolphin kick 3 Competition pools 4 Seasons 5 Officials 6 Swimwear 6.1 Common Swimwear 6.1. 1 Men 6.1. 2 Women 6.1. 3 Use of drag wear 7 Elite and international swimming 7.1 Professionalism 8 Open - water swimming 9 Changes to the sport 10 Records 10.1 Historical breakthroughs 11 Health benefits 12 Common injuries 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of swimming Leander swimming across the Hellespont . Detail from a painting by Bernard Picart . Evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found , with the earliest evidence dating to Stone Age paintings from around 10,000 years ago . Written references date from 2000 BC , with some of the earliest references to swimming including the Iliad , the Odyssey , the Bible , Beowulf , the Quran and others . In 1538 , Nikolaus Wynmann , a German professor of languages , wrote the first book about swimming , The Swimmer or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming ( Der Schwimmer oder ein Zweigespräch über die Schwimmkunst ) . Swimming emerged as a competitive recreational activity in the 1830s in England . In 1828 , the first indoor swimming pool , St George 's Baths was opened to the public . By 1837 , the National Swimming Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six artificial swimming pools , built around London . The recreational activity grew in popularity and by 1880 , when the first national governing body , the Amateur Swimming Association was formed , there were already over 300 regional clubs in operation across the country . The routes taken by Webb and T.W. Burgess across the English Channel , in 1875 and 1911 , respectively . In 1844 two Native American participants at a swimming competition in London introduced the front crawl to a European audience . Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the hand - over stroke from some South American natives and successfully debuted the new stroke in 1873 , winning a local competition in England . His stroke is still regarded as the most powerful to use today . Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel ( between England and France ) , in 1875 . Using the breaststroke technique , he swam the channel 21.26 miles ( 34.21 km ) in 21 hours and 45 minutes . His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years , until T.W. Burgess made the crossing in 1911 . Other European countries also established swimming federations ; Germany in 1882 , France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896 . The first European amateur swimming competitions were in 1889 in Vienna . The world 's first women 's swimming championship was held in Scotland in 1892 . Men 's swimming became part of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens . In 1902 , the Australian Richmond Cavill introduced freestyle to the Western world . In 1908 , the world swimming association , Fédération Internationale de Natation ( FINA ) , was formed . Women 's swimming was introduced into the Olympics in 1912 ; the first international swim meet for women outside the Olympics was the 1922 Women 's Olympiad . Butterfly was developed in the 1930s and was at first a variant of breaststroke , until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952 . Competitive swimming ( edit ) See also : List of swimming competitions Katie Ledecky set the Olympic records in 2016 for the 400 m and 800 m freestyle . Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century . The goal of high level competitive swimming is to break personal or world records while beating competitors in any given event . Swimming in competition should create the least resistance in order to obtain maximum speed . However , some professional swimmers who do not hold a national or world ranking are considered the best in regard to their technical skills . Typically , an athlete goes through a cycle of training in which the body is overloaded with work in the beginning and middle segments of the cycle , and then the workload is decreased in the final stage as the swimmer approaches competition . The practice of reducing exercise in the days just before an important competition is called tapering . A final stage is often referred to as `` shave and taper '' : the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair for the sake of reducing drag and having a sleeker and more hydrodynamic feel in the water . Additionally , the `` shave and taper '' method refers to the removal of the top layer of `` dead skin '' , which exposes the newer and richer skin underneath . This also helps to `` shave '' off mere milliseconds on your time . World record holder and Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps in the 400 IM . Swimming is an event at the Summer Olympic Games , where male and female athletes compete in 16 of the recognized events each . Olympic events are held in a 50 - meter pool , called a long course pool . There are forty officially recognized individual swimming events in the pool ; however the International Olympic Committee only recognizes 32 of them . The international governing body for competitive swimming is the Fédération Internationale de Natation ( `` International Swimming Federation '' ) , better known as FINA . Open water ( edit ) In open water swimming , where the events are swum in a body of open water ( lake or sea ) , there are also 5 km , 10 km and 25 km events for men and women . However , only the 10 km event is included in the Olympic schedule , again for both men and women . Open - water competitions are typically separate to other swimming competitions with the exception of the World Championships and the Olympics . Swim styles ( edit ) In competitive swimming , four major styles have been established . These have been relatively stable over the last 30 -- 40 years with minor improvements . They are : Butterfly Backstroke Breaststroke Freestyle In competition , only one of these styles may be used except in the case of the individual medley , or IM , which consists of all four . In this latter event , swimmers swim equal distances of butterfly , then backstroke , breaststroke , and finally , freestyle . In Olympic competition , this event is swum in two distances -- 200 and 400 meters . Some short course competitions also include the 100 - yard or 100 - meter IM -- particularly , for younger or newer swimmers ( typically under 14 years ) involved in club swimming , or masters swimming ( over 18 ) . Dolphin kick ( edit ) Since the 1990s , the most drastic change in swimming has been the addition of the underwater dolphin kick . This is used to maximize the speed at the start and after the turns in all styles . The first successful use of it was by David Berkoff . At the 1988 Olympics , he swam most of the 100 m backstroke race underwater and broke the world record in the distance during the preliminaries . Another swimmer to use the technique was Denis Pankratov at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , where he completed almost half of the 100 m butterfly underwater to win the gold medal . In the past decade , American competitive swimmers have shown the most use of the underwater dolphin kick to gain advantage , most notably Olympic and World medal winners Michael Phelps and Ryan Lochte ; however currently swimmers are not allowed to go any further than fifteen metres underwater due to rule changes by FINA . In addition , FINA announced in 2014 that a single dolphin kick can be added to the breaststroke pullout prior to the first breaststroke kick . While the dolphin kick is mostly seen in middle - distance freestyle events and in all distances of backstroke and butterfly , it is not usually used to the same effect in freestyle sprinting . That changed with the addition of the so - called `` technical '' suits around the European Short Course Championships in Rijeka , Croatia in December 2008 . There , Amaury Leveaux set new world records of 44.94 seconds in the 100 m freestyle , 20.48 seconds in the 50 m freestyle and 22.18 in the 50 m butterfly . Unlike the rest of the competitors in these events , he spent at least half of each race submerged using the dolphin kick . Competition pools ( edit ) A simplified diagram of the FINA long course swimming pool standard , used at the World Championships and Summer Olympics World Championship pools must be 50 metres ( 160 ft ) ( long course ) long and 25 metres ( 82 ft ) wide , with ten lanes labelled zero to nine ( or one to ten in some pools ; zero and nine ( or one and ten ) are usually left empty in semi-finals and finals ) ; the lanes must be at least 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) wide . They will be equipped with starting blocks at both ends of the pool and most will have Automatic Officiating Equipment , including touch pads to record times and sensors to ensure the legality of relay takeovers . The pool must have a minimum depth of two metres . Other pools which host events under FINA regulations are required to meet some but not all of these requirements . Many of these pools have eight , or even six , instead of ten lanes and some will be 25 metres ( 82 ft ) long , making them Short course . World records that are set in short course pools are kept separate from those set in long course pools because it may be an advantage or disadvantage to swimmers to have more or less turns in a race . Seasons ( edit ) Competitive swimming , from the club through to international level , tends to have an autumn and winter season competing in short course ( 25 metres or yards ) pools and a spring and summer season competing in long course ( 50 metre ) pools and in open water . In international competition and in club swimming in Europe , the short course ( 25m ) season lasts from September to December , and the long course ( 50m ) season from January to August with open water in the summer months . These regulations are slowly being brought to competition in North America . As of right now , in club , school , and college swimming in the United States and Canada , the short course ( 25 yards ) season is much longer , from September to March . The long - course season takes place in 50 - meter pools and lasts from April to the end of August with open water in the summer months . In club swimming in Australasia , the short course ( 25m ) season lasts from April to September , and the long course ( 50m ) season from October to March with open water in the summer months . Outside the United States , meters is the standard in both short and long course swimming , with the same distances swum in all events . In the American short course season , the 500 yard , 1000 yard , and 1650 - yard freestyle events are swum as a yard is much shorter than a meter ( 100 yards equals 91.44 meters ) , while during the American long course season the 400 meter , 800 meter , and 1500 - meter freestyle events are swum instead . Beginning each swimming season racing in short course allows for shorter distance races for novice swimmers . For example , in the short course season if a swimmer wanted to compete in a stroke they had just learned , a 25 - yard / meter race is available to them , opposed to the long course season when they would need to be able to swim at least 50 meters of that new stroke in order to compete . Officials ( edit ) There are several types of officials , which are needed to manage the competition . Referee : The referee has full control and authority over all officials . The referee will enforce all rules and decisions of FINA and shall have the final answer to all questions relating to the actual conduct of anything regarding the meet , as well as the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules . The referee takes overall responsibility for running the meet and makes the final decisions as to who wins each race . Referees call swimmers to the blocks with short blasts of his or her whistle . This is the signal for the swimmers to stand next to their blocks . Then the referee will blow a long whistle that will tell the swimmers to step on the block . For backstroke events , the long whistle is the signal for the swimmers to jump into the water . The referee will then blow another long whistle , signalling the swimmers to grab the gutter or the provided block handle . Finally the referee will hand over the rest to the starter by directing his or her hand to the starter . Starter : The starter has full control of the swimmers from the time the referee turns the swimmers over to him / her until the race commences . A starter begins the race by saying , `` Take your mark . '' At this point , the swimmers will get into stationary positions in which they would like to start their race . After all swimmers have assumed their stationary position , the starter will push a button on the starting system , signaling the start of a race with a loud noise ( usually a beep or a horn ) and flash from a strobe light . A starter sends the swimmers off the blocks and may call a false start if a swimmer leaves the block before the starter sends them . A starter may also choose to recall the race after the start for any reason or request the swimmers to `` stand '' , `` relax '' or `` step down '' if he or she believes that ( a ) particular swimmer ( s ) has gotten an unfair advantage at the start . Clerk of course : The clerk of course ( also called the `` bullpen '' ) assembles swimmers prior to each event , and is responsible for organizing ( `` seeding '' ) swimmers into heats based on their times . Heats are generally seeded from slowest to fastest , where swimmers with no previous time for an event are assumed to be the slowest . The clerk of the course is also responsible for recording and reporting swimmers who have chosen to `` scratch '' ( not swim ) their events after they have signed up or qualified to a semifinal or final . The clerk is also responsible for enforcing rules of the swim meet if a swimmer chooses to not show up ( `` No show '' - NS ) his or her events . Timekeepers : Each timekeeper takes the time of the swimmers in the lane assigned to him / her . Unless a video backup system is used , it may be necessary to use the full complement of timekeepers even when automatic officiating equipment is used . A chief timekeeper assigns the seating positions for all timekeepers and the lanes for which they are responsible . In most competitions there will be one or more timekeepers per lane . In international competitions where full automatic timing and video placing equipment is in use timekeepers may not be required . Inspectors of turns : One inspector of turns is assigned to one or more lanes at each end of the pool . Each inspector of turns ensures that swimmers comply with the relevant rules for turning , as well as the relevant rules for start and finish of the race . Inspectors of turns shall report any violation on disqualification reports detailing the event , lane number , and the infringement delivered to the chief inspector of turns who will immediately convey the report to the referee . Judges of Stroke : Judges of stroke are located on each side of the pool . They follow the swimmers during their swim back and forth across the pool . They ensure that the rules related to the style of swimming designated for the event are being observed , and observe the turns and the finishes to assist the inspectors of turns . Finish judges : Finish judges determine the order of finish and make sure the swimmers finish in accordance with the rules ( two hands simultaneously for breaststroke and butterfly , on the back for backstroke , etc . ) If an official observes a swimmer breaking a rule concerning the stroke he or she is swimming , the official will report what they have seen to the referee . The referee can disqualify ( or DQ ) any swimmer for any violation of the rules that he / she personally observes or for any violation reported to them by other authorised officials . All disqualifications are subject to the decision and discretion of the referee . Those who are disqualified may choose to protest their disqualification . Protests are reviewed by a panel of officials instead of the deck referee or stroke judges who may have made the initial disqualification report . Swimwear ( edit ) Main article : Competitive swimwear Australian Swim Team in their swimsuits , 1996 Swimsuit Competitive swimwear seeks to improve upon bare skin for a speed advantage and coverage . In 2009 , FINA rules and regulations were altered and suits made with polyurethane were banned because they made athletes more buoyant . These rules also banned suits which go above the navel or below the knee for men and suits which extend past the shoulders or cover the neck for women . Swim cap A swim cap ( a.k.a. cap ) keeps the swimmer 's hair out of the way to reduce drag . Caps may be made of latex , silicone , spandex or lycra . Goggles Goggles keep water and chlorine out of swimmers ' eyes . Goggles may be tinted to counteract glare at outdoor pools . Prescription goggles may be used by swimmers who wear corrective lenses . Swim Fins Rubber fins are used to help kick faster and build strength and technique , but are illegal in a race . They also improve technique by keeping the feet in the proper position while kicking . Drag suit Swimmers use drag suits in training to increase resistance . This allows a swimmer to be challenged even more when practicing and let the swimmer feel less resistance when racing . Drag suits are not used in competitive races . Hand paddles Swimmers use these plastic devices to build arm and shoulder strength while refining hand - pulling technique . Hand paddles attach to the hand with rubber tubing or elastic material . They come in many different shapes and sizes , depending on swimmer preference and hand size . Kickboard A kickboard is a foam board that swimmers use to support the weight of the upper body while they focus on kicking . Kicking is the movement of the legs only which helps to increase leg muscle for future strength . Pull buoy Often used at the same time as hand paddles , pull buoys support swimmers ' legs ( and prevent them from kicking ) while they focus on pulling . Pull buoys are made of foam so they float in the water . Swimmers hold them in between the thighs . They can also be used as a kickboard to make kicking a little harder . Ankle bands Improving balance will minimize the need for this kick to provide an upward , instead of a forward vector , and in some cases completely corrects the kick . Using an ankle band will have the immediate effect of turning off your kick , which then forces you to make efforts to correct your balance . If you are successful in discovering these , then the ankle band has done part of its job . Snorkel A snorkel is a plastic device that helps swimmers breathe while swimming . This piece of equipment helps the swimmer practice keeping their head in one position , along with training them for the proper breathing technique of breathing in through the mouth and out the nose . This technique is the opposite of a common runner 's breathing pattern , which is in the nose and out the mouth . Tempo trainer A beeping clock attached to a swimmers cap or goggles helps maintain a certain arm tempo or speed . As each beep is heard , the next stroke , or cycles of strokes , should be taken . Zoomers A type of rubber swimming fins , zoomers are cut off fins with the holes in the bottom . They help make the swimmer kick faster , but at the cost of working harder . Common swimwear ( edit ) Brands such as Arena , Speedo , Nike , and Adidas are popular regular swimwear brands . The most durable material for regular swimming is Polyester . The main difference between competition and regular swimwear is that competition swimwear is tighter and compresses the muscles of the swimmers . Regular swimwear is easier to put on and more comfortable for leisure activities . Men ( edit ) Olympic gold medalist Tyler Clary of U.S. walks wearing men 's swim briefs , while an unidentified female swimmer wearing racerback one - piece swimsuit looks on , 2012 The most used practice swimwear for men includes briefs and jammers . Males generally swim barechested . There was controversy after the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 when many Olympic swimmers broke records an unprecedented number of times using revolutionary swimsuits that covered their entire legs . To highlight the issue , in 2008 , 70 world records were broken in one year , and 66 Olympic records were broken in one Olympic Games ( there were races in Beijing where the first five finishers were swimming faster than the old world record ) . As of January 1 , 2010 , men are only allowed to wear suits from the waist to the knees . They are also only permitted to wear one piece of swimwear ; they can not wear briefs underneath jammers . This rule was enacted after the controversy in the Beijing Olympics and Rome World Championships . Women ( edit ) Women wear one - piece suits with thicker and higher backs for competition , though two - piece suits can also be worn during practice . Backs vary mainly in strap thickness and geometric design . Most common styles include : racerback , axel back , corset , diamondback , and butterfly - back / Fly - Back . There are also different style lengths : three - quarter length ( reaches the knees ) , regular length ( shoulders to hips ) , and bikini style ( two - piece ) . As of January 1 , 2010 , in competition , women must wear suits that do not go past the shoulders or knees . Use of drag wear ( edit ) Drag suits are used to increase water resistance against the swimmer to help them train for competitions . Other forms of drag wear include nylons , old suits , and T - shirts : articles that increase friction in the water to build strength during training , and thus increase speed once drag items are removed for competition . Many swimmers also shave areas of exposed skin before end - of - season competitions to reduce friction in the water . The practice gained popularity after the 1956 Olympics , when Murray Rose and Jon Henricks came shaved and won gold medals for Australia . Freshly shaven skin is less resistant when in the water . In addition , a 1989 study demonstrated that shaving improves a swimmer 's overall performance by reducing drag . Wearing drag suits during training also improves mental performance during competitions . Drag makes a swimmer feel slower and more resistant during training with the added friction . Then on the day of the competition , a shaven swimmer wearing only a fast competition suit will feel an improvement in how fast and smooth they feel in the water . The disadvantages of using a drag suit include the depletion of proper stroke . This is caused by the swimmer 's own fatigue . When the swimmer becomes more fatigued , different muscle groups become more tired . Consequently , the swimmer will try to engage another group of muscle to do the same thing , which can cause the stroke efficiency to drop . Elite and international swimming ( edit ) Elite and international swimming comprises the highest level of competition available to swimmers , including competitions such as the Olympic Games and FINA World Aquatics Championships . Professionalism ( edit ) Swimming creates a mix of levels , including : fully professional , semi-professional , and amateur . Fully professional swimmers will typically get a salary both from their national governing body and from outside sponsors , semi-professionals a small stipend from their national governing body , and amateurs receive no funding . Outside of these major championships prize money is low -- the 2015 FINA World Cup series has a total prize fund of $3,000 per race shared between the top three and the 2014 -- 15 USA Grand Prix Series $1,800 compared to the 2015 World Aquatics Championships fund of $60,000 per race shared between the top eight . Open - water swimming ( edit ) Open water swimming is swimming outside a regular pool , usually in a lake , or sometimes ocean . Popularity of the sport has grown in recent years , particularly since the 10 km open water event was added as an Olympic event in 2005 , contested for the first time in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing . New recent technology has developed much faster swimsuits . Full body suits have been banned , but swimmers at the very top levels still wear suits that have been lasered together because stitching creates drag . The disadvantage of these suits is that they are often uncomfortable and tight , and can tear easily if not handled carefully . The largest Ocean Swim 's in terms of numbers of participants are in Australia , with the Pier to Pub , Cole Classic and Melbourne Swim Classic all with roughly 5000 swimming participants . Changes to the sport ( edit ) Swimming times have dropped over the years due to superior training techniques and new technical developments . The first four Olympics were not held in pools , but in open water ( 1896 -- the Mediterranean , 1900 -- the Seine river , 1904 -- an artificial lake , 1906 -- the Mediterranean ) . The 1904 Olympics ' freestyle race was the only one ever measured at 100 yards , instead of the usual 100 meters . A 100 - meter pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sat in the center of the main stadium 's track and field oval . The 1912 Olympics , held in the Stockholm harbor , marked the beginning of electronic timing . Male swimmers wore full - body suits until the 1940s , which caused more drag in the water than their modern swimwear counterparts experience . Competition suits now include engineered fabric and designs to reduce swimmers ' drag in the water and prevent athlete fatigue . In addition , over the years , pool designs have lessened the drag . Some design considerations allow for the reduction of swimming resistance , making the pool faster . These include proper pool depth , elimination of currents , increased lane width , energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters , and the use of other innovative hydraulic , acoustic , and illumination designs . There have been major changes in starting blocks over the past years . Starting blocks used to be small , narrow and straight but through time they have become bigger and wider and nowadays the surface of the block is angled towards the swimming pool . In addition , starting blocks now have a `` wedge '' which is a raised , slanting platform situated at the rear of the main block . This enables the swimmer to adopt a crouched position at a 90 degrees angle and push off quicker with the rear leg to increase their launch power . The 1924 Summer Olympics were the first to use the standard 50 - meter pool with marked lanes . In the freestyle , swimmers originally dove from the pool walls , but diving blocks were incorporated at the 1936 Summer Olympics . The tumble turn was developed by the 1950s and goggles were first used in the 1976 Olympics . There were also changes in the late 20th century in terms of technique . Breaststrokers are now allowed to dip their heads completely under water to glide , which allows for a longer stroke and faster time . However , the breaststrokers must bring their heads up at the completion of each cycle . In addition , a key hole pull in the breaststroke start and turns has been added to help speed up the stroke . There have been some other changes added recently as well . Now off the start and turns , breaststrokers are allowed one butterfly kick to help increase their speed . Backstrokers are now allowed to turn on their stomachs before the wall in order to perform a `` flip - turn '' . Previously , they had to reach and flip backwards and a variation of it , known as a `` bucket turn '' or a `` suicide turn '' , is sometimes used in individual medley events to transition from backstroke to breaststroke . Records ( edit ) The foundation of FINA in 1908 signaled the commencement of recording the first official world records in swimming . At that time records could be established in any swimming pool of length not less than 25 yards , and records were also accepted for intermediate distance split times from long distance events . Today World Records will only be accepted when times are reported by Automatic Officiating Equipment , or Semi-Automatic Officiating Equipment in the case of Automatic Officiating Equipment system malfunction . Records in events such as 300 yd , 300 m , 1000 yd , and 1000 m freestyle , 400 m backstroke , and 400 m and 500 m breaststroke were no longer ratified from 1948 . A further removal of the 500 yd and 500 m freestyle , 150 m backstroke , and 3 × 100 m medley relay from the record listings occurred in 1952 . In 1952 , the national federations of the United States and Japan proposed at the FINA Congress the separation of records achieved in long - course and short - course pools , however it was four more years before action came into effect with the Congress deciding to retain only records held in 50 m pools as the official world record listings . By 1969 there were thirty - one events in which FINA recognised official world records -- 16 for men , 15 for women -- closely resembling the event schedule that was in use at the Olympic Games . The increase in accuracy and reliability of electronic timing equipment led to the introduction of hundredths of a second to the time records from 21 August 1972 . Records in short course ( 25 m ) pools began to be officially approved as `` short course world records '' from 3 March 1991 . Prior to this date , times in short course ( 25 m ) pools were not officially recognised , but were regarded a `` world best time '' ( WBT ) . From 31 October 1994 times in 50 m backstroke , breaststroke , and butterfly were added to the official record listings . FINA currently recognises world records in the following events for both men and women . Freestyle : 50 m , 100 m , 200 m , 400 m , 800 m , 1500 m Backstroke : 50 m , 100 m , 200 m Breaststroke : 50 m , 100 m , 200 m Butterfly : 50 m , 100 m , 200 m Individual medley : 100 m ( short course only ) , 200 m , 400 m Relays : 4 × 50 m freestyle relay ( short course only ) , 4 × 100 m freestyle , 4 × 200 m freestyle , 4 × 50 m medley relay ( short course only ) , 4 × 100 m medley Mixed relays ( teams of two men and two women ) : 4 × 50 m mixed freestyle ( short course only ) , 4 × 100 m mixed freestyle ( long course only ) , 4 × 50 m mixed medley ( short course only ) , 4 × 100 m mixed medley ( long course only ) Historical breakthroughs ( edit ) -- denotes instances that can not be determined <Th_colspan="2"> Distance <Th_colspan="10"> Styles <Th_colspan="2"> Freestyle <Th_colspan="2"> Backstroke <Th_colspan="2"> Breaststroke <Th_colspan="2"> Butterfly <Th_colspan="2"> Medley 50m under 30 sec 50m pool -- -- -- -- -- 2009 . Jessica Hardy -- -- <Td_colspan="2"> 25m pool -- -- -- -- -- 2002 . Emma Igelström -- -- <Td_colspan="2"> 100m under 1 min 50m pool 1922 . Johnny Weissmuller 1962 . Dawn Fraser 1964 . Thompson Mann 2002 . Natalie Coughlin 2001 . Roman Sludnov + 4sec 1960 . Lance Larson 1977 . Christiane Knacke <Td_colspan="2"> 25m pool -- -- -- -- -- + 2.5 sec -- -- -- 1999 . Jenny Thompson 200m under 2 min 50m pool 1963 . Don Schollander 1976 . Kornelia Ender 1976 . John Naber + 4sec + 7sec + 19sec 1976 . Roger Pyttel + 2sec 1991 . Tamás Darnyi + 6sec 25m pool -- -- -- 2014 . Katinka Hosszú + 0.5 sec + 14.5 sec -- 2014 . Mireia Belmonte -- + 2sec 400m under 4 min 50m pool 1973 . Rick DeMont 2009 . Federica Pellegrini <Td_colspan="6"> + 4sec + 26sec 25m pool -- 2003 . Lindsay Benko <Td_colspan="6"> 2007 . László Cseh + 19sec 800m under 8 min 50m pool 1979 . Vladimir Salnikov + 5sec <Td_colspan="8"> 25m pool -- 2013 . Mireia Belmonte <Td_colspan="8"> 1500m under 15 min 50m pool 1980 . Vladimir Salnikov + 26sec <Td_colspan="8"> 25m pool -- + 20sec <Td_colspan="8"> 4x100m under 4 min 50m pool 1938 . United States 1972 . United States <Td_colspan="6"> 1964 . United States 2000 . United States 4x200m under 8 min 50m pool 1964 . United States 1986 . East Germany <Td_colspan="8"> Health benefits ( edit ) Swimming is a healthy workout that can be done for a lifetime . It is a low - impact workout that has several mental and bodily health benefits , and can be a recreational activity . Swimming builds endurance , muscle strength , and cardiovascular fitness . The US Census Bureau reports that two and a half hours per week of aerobic physical activity such as swimming can decrease the risk of chronic illnesses . Along with this , swimming is linked to better cognitive function , lower risk of type 2 diabetes , lower risk of high blood pressure , and lower risk of a stroke . People are typically able to exercise longer in water than on land without increased effort , and minimal joint or muscle pain . Common injuries ( edit ) Main article : Swimming injuries Due to continuous rotation and usage , the shoulder ( rotator cuff ) is the joint most susceptible to injury in swimmers . As opposed to a single incident , injury to the rotator cuff in swimmers is a result of repeated trauma and overuse . The joint is most prone to injury when the arm is repetitively used in a position above the horizontal . This position occurs in each of the four swimming strokes in every cycle of the arms . Of the four muscles and tendons of the rotator cuff , the injury , or tear , is most likely to occur in the tendon of the supraspinatus . Rotator cuff impingement is due to pressure on the rotator cuff from part of the scapula as the arm is raised . The best way to prevent injury is to diagnose the issue early . Typically , poor technique and excessive use without rest are the primary causes of injury . Through communication between swimmers , coaches , parents , and medical professionals , any issue can be diagnosed prior to more serious injury . Additionally , proper warm - up and strength training exercises should be completed before any rigorous movements . In treating a rotator cuff injury , the most important factor is time . Due to the nature of the joint being primarily stabilized by muscle and tendon , the injury must be fully healed to prevent recurrence . Returning to swimming or other demanding exercises too soon will likely result in degeneration of a tendon eventually resulting in a rupture . During the rehabilitation period , focus should be placed on rotator cuff and scapular strengthening . See also ( edit ) Diving FINA World Aquatics Championships Lifeguard List of swimming styles List of water sports List of world records in swimming Sports nutrition Swimming at the Summer Olympics Swimwear and hygiene U.S. Masters Swimming Georgian swimming Free Colchian Synchronized swimming Water aerobics Water polo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most Mentioned Olympic Sport in 2004 '' . www.topendsports.com . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA Swimming - Rules & Regulations '' . www.usaswimming.org . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Community of Worldwide Swimmers Latest News , Forums & Blog of Swimming World '' . Tidalwave.usswim.net . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Trudgen ( Gbr ) '' . ISHOF.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lisa Porter . `` The History of Competitive Swimming '' . Livestrong.Com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . 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Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 Arena Pro Swim Series Rules '' ( PDF ) . Usaswimming.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` RECORD $5.5 MILLION IN PRIZE MONEY AVAILABLE AT 2015 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS '' . SwimSwam. 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USA Swimming -- Open Water '' . usaswimming.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Swimming Block '' . Swimmaster . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Start track piscine castiglione 1. jpg '' . Piscine Castiglione . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Allain , Rhett . `` Olympics Physics : New Platform Is No Chip Off the Old Starting Block Playbook '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` FINA History '' . Fina.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` FINA World Record Rule 12.6 '' . Fina.org. 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` FINA Technical Rule SW12. 1 and 12.2 '' . Fina.org. 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swimming - health benefits - Better Health Channel '' . Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. 2013 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 - 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines '' . Health.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Swimmer 's Shoulder '' . physioworks.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . 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-149,214,750,409,527,230 | what is the oxidation state of the aluminum in kal(so4)2 12h2o | Potassium alum - wikipedia Potassium alum Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Potassium aluminium sulfate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Names <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate <Td_colspan="2"> Other names Potassium alum Potash alum Alum - ( K ) phitkari <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers CAS Number 10043 - 67 - 1 7784 - 24 - 9 ( dodecahydrate ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 86463 ECHA InfoCard 100.030. 116 E number E522 ( acidity regulators , ... ) PubChem CID 24856 UNII 09OXB01F3O <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / Al. K. 2H2O4S / c ; ; 2 * 1 - 5 ( 2 , 3 ) 4 / h ; ; 2 * ( H2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) / q + 3 ; + 1 ; ; / p - 4 <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) ( O - ) S ( = O ) ( = O ) ( O - ). ( O - ) S ( = O ) ( = O ) ( O - ). ( Al + 3 ). ( K+ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Properties Chemical formula KAl ( SO ) 12H O Molar mass 474.3884 g / mol Appearance white small crystals Odor watery metallic Density 1.725 g / cm Melting point 92 to 95 ° C ( 198 to 203 ° F ; 365 to 368 K ) Boiling point 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ; 473 K ) Solubility in water 14.00 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) 36.80 g / 100 mL ( 50 ° C ) Solubility insoluble in acetone Refractive index ( n ) 1.4564 <Th_colspan="2"> Hazards NFPA 704 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . <Td_colspan="2"> N verify ( what is ? ) <Td_colspan="2"> Infobox references Potassium alum , potash alum , or potassium aluminum sulfate is a chemical compound : the potassium double sulfate of aluminium . Its chemical formula is KAl ( SO ) and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as KAl ( SO ) 12H O. Alum is the common name for this chemical compound , given the nomenclature of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate . It is commonly used in water purification , leather tanning , dyeing , fireproof textiles , and baking powder . It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant , as an aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Mineral form and occurrence 3 Uses 3.1 Chemical 3.2 Medicinal 3.3 Culinary 3.4 Traditional 4 Toxicology and safety 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Characteristics ( edit ) Octahedral potassium alum crystal with unequal distribution of the face area Potassium alum crystallizes in regular octahedra with flattened corners and is very soluble in water . The solution reddens litmus and is an astringent . When heated to nearly a red heat , it gives a porous , friable mass , which is known as `` burnt alum '' . It fuses at 92 ° C ( 198 ° F ) in its own water of crystallization . `` Neutral alum '' is obtained by the addition of as much sodium carbonate to a solution of alum as will begin to cause the separation of alumina . Mineral form and occurrence ( edit ) Potassium alum or alum - ( K ) is a naturally occurring sulfate mineral , which typically occurs as encrustations on rocks in areas of weathering and oxidation of sulfide minerals and potassium - bearing minerals . In the past , alum was obtained from alunite , a mineral mined from sulfur - containing volcanic sediments source . Alunite is an associate and likely potassium and aluminium source . It has been reported at Vesuvius , Italy ; east of Springsure , Queensland ; Alum Cave , Tennessee ; Alum Gulch , Santa Cruz County , Arizona and the Philippine island of Cebu . A related mineral is kalinite , a fibrous mineral with formula KAl ( SO ) 11H O . Uses ( edit ) Chemical ( edit ) in tanning of leather to prepare the hide as a mordant for dyes in the clarifying of turbid liquids , including post-storm treatment of lakes to precipitate contaminants as a fire retardant in textile products ( historically ) as a hardener for photographic emulsions ( films and papers ) , usually as part of the fixer . Modern alternatives are superior . Medicinal ( edit ) as an astringent / styptic and antiseptic . as a natural deodorant by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria responsible for body odor . after shaving to prepare the skin to reduce bleeding in minor cuts and abrasions , nosebleeds , and hemorrhoids . to remove pimples and acne . topically to cauterize aphthous ulcers . Culinary ( edit ) As an additive to baking powder to provide a second leavening phase at high temperatures . To preserve and add crispness to fruit and vegetable especially when pickling . Traditional ( edit ) In Ayurveda , where it is called phitkari or saurashtri In traditional Chinese medicine it is called mingfan 明礬 . Toxicology and safety ( edit ) Potassium alum may be a weak irritant to the skin . See also ( edit ) Ammonium aluminium sulfate Alum References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alum - ( K ) Mineral Data '' . Mineralogy Database . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2005 ) . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ) . Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . Electronic version . Jump up ^ `` Aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate '' . ChemExper . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Editors , The . `` alum chemical compound '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Helmenstine , Anne Marie . `` What is Alum ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bottomley ( 2010 ) p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Alum - ( K ) mineral data and information '' . MinDat . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kalinite Mineral Data '' . MinDat . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Storm water treatment will strip phosphorus from Arboretum pond , College of Engineering @ The University of Wisconsin - Madison , initiatives in energy , health , nanotechnology , security , and information technology '' . Engr.wisc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gallego H , Lewis EJ , Crutchfield CE 3rd ( July 1999 ) . `` Crystal deodorant dermatitis : irritant dermatitis to alum - containing deodorant '' . Cutis. 64 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 6 . PMID 10431678 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Bottomley , L. ; Bottomley , L.A. ( 2010 ) . School of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Chemistry 1310 : Laboratory Manual . Plymouth , MI : Hayden - McNeil Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7380 - 3819 - 3 . <Th_colspan="2"> Potassium compounds <Td_colspan="2"> KAsO KBr KBrO KCN KCNO KCl KClO KClO KF KH KHCO KHCO KHF KHS KHSO KHSO KH AsO KH PO KH PO KI KIO KIO KMnO KN KNH KNO KNO KOCN KOH KO KPF KSCN KCH COO K Al O K CO K CrO K Cr O K FeO K HPO K MnO K O K O K PtCl K PtCl K SeO K SO K SO KHSO K S O K S O K S O K Po K SiO K ( Fe ( CN ) ) K ( Fe ( C O ) ) K ( Fe ( CN ) ) K PO K Mo Cl <Th_colspan="2"> Aluminium compounds Al ( I ) AlBr AlCl AlF AlI Al O Al ( II ) AlB AlB AlO Al ( III ) AlAs Al ( BH ) AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlN Al ( NO ) Al ( CO ) Al ( OH ) Al ( OH ) OAc Al ( OH ) ( OAc ) Al ( OAc ) Al SO ( OAc ) AlP AlPO AlSb Al ( C H O ) Al ( MnO ) Al ( MoO ) Al O Al S Al ( SO ) Al Se Al Te Al SiO Al C AlOHO Al ( OH ) CO C H NaAlH ( OC H OCH ) Alums ( NH ) Al ( SO ) KAl ( SO ) NaAl ( SO ) Organoaluminium ( III ) compounds ( Al ( CH ) ) ( Al ( C H ) ) Al ( CH CH ( CH ) ) Al ( C H ) Cl Al ( C H ) CN Al ( CH CH ( CH ) ) H Al ( C H ) Cl C H Cl Ti ( C H ) CH ClAl ( CH ) <Th_colspan="2"> Sulfur compounds <Td_colspan="2"> Al S As S As S As S As S Au S BaS BeS Bi S Br S CS CaS CdS CeS SCl S Cl CoS Cr S CuS Dy S Er S EuS SF SF FeS GaS HfS HgS InS LaS LiS MgS MoS NiS SO SO PbS PbS PtS ReS SrS TlS SV SeS S U WS Sb S Sb S Sm S Y S Ag SO SOBr CSTe CaSO CuFeS H SO H SO F OS NaHS K SO O S Sb Yb ( SO ) AlKO S CHCl S KSCN CdSO PSCl SOCl Cs O S Re S Na S H S O H SO NH S HgSO K SO RaSO SnSO SrSO Zr ( SO ) Ti ( SO ) Tm ( SO ) AlNa ( SO ) Er ( SO ) Eu ( SO ) CHNS Co ( SCN ) C H SN PSI ZrS SiS CSSe <Td_colspan="2"> Chemical formulas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassium_alum&oldid=798732117 '' Categories : Sulfate minerals Potassium compounds Aluminium compounds Water treatment Coordination compounds Potash Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers Chemical pages without ChemSpiderID Articles without KEGG source Articles with changed CASNo identifier Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles with changed FDA identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar मराठी 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi తెలుగు ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Potassium alum chemical compound
2. Uses of potassium alum
3. Properties of potassium alum
4. Potassium alum in water purification
5. Potassium alum as a deodorant |
-6,577,696,938,029,404,000 | when do the raiders become the las vegas raiders | Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas - wikipedia Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum before a football game . The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Paradise , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium , although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2015 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2015 : Exploring Las Vegas 3.2 2016 3.3 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 4.1 2018 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area and after a proposed move to Sacramento that involved Davis taking ownership of the Sacramento Kings fell apart the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 . The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum or replace it with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the three - decade - long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that the team had to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2020 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2015 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2015 : exploring Las Vegas ( edit ) On February 23 , 2015 , while still involved in the Carson project , Mark Davis attended a secret meeting at the UNLV International Gaming Research Center to look at Las Vegas sports betting , its effect on pro sports , how it could effect a pro sports team in Vegas and how the Raiders and the NFL could possibly work in Las Vegas . At the time Las Vegas was seen as a long shot candidate for the Raiders . The meeting was set up by Napoleon McCallum , former Raiders player and current Las Vegas Sands employee . McCallum approached Davis about moving the team to Las Vegas before a Broncos - Raiders game on November 9 , 2014 in Oakland . McCallum was the first to suggest meeting with UNLV about the idea . Previously Las Vegas officials notably Mayor Carolyn Goodman had suggested building a stadium near Las Vegas Motor Speedway . In attendance at the meeting was Davis and McCallum along with then UNLV president Don Snyder and Bo Bernhard , executive director of the International Gaming Institute . The meeting would not be known about until two years later . 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta . The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . '' In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2018 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room tax rate increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced . In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project . On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL . Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . The team expects the new stadium to open in 2020 . As of April 2018 they have not determined where they will play in 2019 . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . On November 13 , 2017 , the Raiders officially broke ground on Las Vegas Stadium . 2018 ( edit ) On January 2 , 2018 , the Henderson city council approved the sale of 55 vacant acres of land to the Raiders for their new headquarters and practice facility near Henderson Executive Airport . In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . As of April 2018 , more than 30 Raiders employees had already relocated to Las Vegas from Oakland . Popular culture ( edit ) In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers , which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017 , Spencer Strasmore ( Dwayne Johnson ) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums , from No. 1 ( Lambeau ) to 31 ( Soldier ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NFL 's Best and Worst Stadiums '' . Athlon Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good guys wear black '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( June 24 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Raiders ? ' It was a done deal ' '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2018 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ESPN film examines XFL 's short life , legacy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago , '' said Charlie Ebersol , son of Dick Ebersol , the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon . `` I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders relocation to Las Vegas : Timeline of events '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kukura , Joe ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` NFL May Bribe Raiders , 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding '' . KNTV . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Taylor ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium '' . San Francisco 49ers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Niners strike gold with new stadium '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers '' . National Football League . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : Levi 's might fit Raiders '' . ESPN . July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torres , Bianca ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baugh , Josh ; Orsborn , Tom ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Raiders look at potential home deep in heart of Texas '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . 2014 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis , San Antonio group meet '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ DailyNewsVinny ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` 2 . To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams . But A 's declined '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ J.T. the Brick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT `` the Brick '' `` . KGMZ . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Nathan Fenno ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium , sight unseen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NFL team in Duluth - Superior ? Proctor is going long '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Raiders got comfortable with sports betting '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland ' disrespect , ' has sole focus on Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 -- 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Davis : Raiders ' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK 'd '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boilard , Kevin ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : NFL against Las Vegas , wants to keep Raiders in Oakland '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland , Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders '' . KPIX - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Andre . `` Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland , Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland ? Negotiations on $1.3 - billion stadium OK 'd '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adelson no longer involved in Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders ' stadium deal '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skurski , Jay ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bills ' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders launch work on stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Sandy ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Henderson City Council votes to sell land to Raiders '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard . `` Financing , parking on to - do list for Las Vegas Raiders Stadium '' . ReviewJournal.com . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ballers ' recap : Meet Candace Brewer , the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website <Th_colspan="2"> Oakland Raiders <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. In the House Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ - FM KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Wild card berths ( 6 ) 1977 1980 1984 1991 1993 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Sports in Las Vegas Professional Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) Vegas Golden Knights Las Vegas Aces Las Vegas 51s Las Vegas Lights FC USA Sevens Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls National Finals Rodeo Collegiate UNLV Rebels CSN Coyotes Las Vegas Bowl <Th_colspan="3"> Sports teams based in Nevada Australian rules football USAFL Las Vegas Gamblers Baseball PCL Las Vegas 51s Reno Aces Basketball WNBA Las Vegas Aces NAPB Nevada Desert Dogs Football NFL Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) WFA Sin City Trojans Ice hockey NHL Vegas Golden Knights Roller derby WFTDA Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls Rugby SCRFU Las Vegas Blackjacks RFC Soccer USL Las Vegas Lights FC Reno 1868 FC College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Nevada UNLV ( NJCAA ) College of Southern Nevada Western Nevada College Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders_relocation_to_Las_Vegas&oldid=840411122 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders Las Vegas Raiders National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Nevada Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 18 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Oakland Raiders relocation
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5,534,344,934,335,307,000 | how many different types of electric motors are there | Electric motor - wikipedia Electric motor Jump to : navigation , search For other kinds of motors , see Motor ( disambiguation ) . For a railroad engine , see Electric locomotive . Various electric motors , compared with a 9 V battery . An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy . The reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator , which has much in common with a motor . Most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor 's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force . In certain applications , such as in regenerative braking with traction motors in the transportation industry , electric motors can also be used in reverse as generators to convert mechanical energy into electric power . Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans , blowers and pumps , machine tools , household appliances , power tools , and disk drives , electric motors can be powered by direct current ( DC ) sources , such as from batteries , motor vehicles or rectifiers , or by alternating current ( AC ) sources , such as from the power grid , inverters or generators . Small motors may be found in electric watches . General - purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use . The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion , pipeline compression and pumped - storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts . Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type , internal construction , application , type of motion output , and so on . Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force ( torque ) , and should be distinguished from devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable mechanical powers , which are respectively referred to as actuators and transducers . Cutaway view through stator of induction motor . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early motors 1.2 Success with DC motors 1.3 Emergence of AC motors 2 Motor construction 2.1 Rotor 2.2 Bearings 2.3 Stator 2.4 Air gap 2.5 Windings 2.6 Commutator 3 Motor supply and control 3.1 Motor supply 3.2 Motor control 4 Major categories 5 Self - commutated motor 5.1 Brushed DC motor 5.1. 1 Electrically excited DC motor 5.1. 2 Permanent magnet DC motor 5.2 Electronic commutator ( EC ) motor 5.2. 1 Brushless DC motor 5.2. 2 Switched reluctance motor 5.3 Universal AC - DC motor 6 Externally commutated AC machine 6.1 Induction motor 6.1. 1 Cage and wound rotor induction motor 6.1. 2 Torque motor 6.2 Synchronous motor 6.3 Doubly - fed electric machine 7 Special magnetic motors 7.1 Rotary 7.1. 1 Ironless or coreless rotor motor 7.1. 2 Pancake or axial rotor motor 7.1. 3 Servo motor 7.1. 4 Stepper motor 7.2 Linear motor 8 Comparison by major categories 9 Electromagnetism 9.1 Force and torque 9.2 Power 9.3 Back emf 9.4 Losses 9.5 Efficiency 9.6 Goodness factor 10 Performance parameters 10.1 Torque capability of motor types 10.2 Continuous torque density 10.3 Continuous power density 11 Acoustic noise and vibrations 12 Standards 13 Non-magnetic motors 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the electric motor Early motors ( edit ) Faraday 's electromagnetic experiment , 1821 Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s . The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field , Ampère 's force law , was discovered later by André - Marie Ampère in 1820 . The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the English scientist Michael Faraday in 1821 . A free - hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury , on which a permanent magnet ( PM ) was placed . When a current was passed through the wire , the wire rotated around the magnet , showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire . This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments , brine substituting for toxic mercury . Though Barlow 's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration , these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century . Jedlik 's `` electromagnetic self - rotor '' , 1827 ( Museum of Applied Arts , Budapest ) . The historic motor still works perfectly today . In 1827 , Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils . After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator , he called his early devices `` electromagnetic self - rotors '' . Although they were used only for teaching , in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors : the stator , rotor and commutator . The device employed no permanent magnets , as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings . Success with DC motors ( edit ) After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power . His motor set a world record , which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself . His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river . It was not until 1839 / 40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance . The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832 . Following Sturgeon 's work , a commutator - type direct - current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport , which he patented in 1837 . The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute , and powered machine tools and a printing press . Due to the high cost of primary battery power , the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt . Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues . No electricity distribution had been developed at the time . Like Sturgeon 's motor , there was no practical commercial market for these motors . In 1855 , Jedlik built a device using similar principles to those used in his electromagnetic self - rotors that was capable of useful work . He built a model electric vehicle that same year . A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864 , when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically - grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator , the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current . The first commercially - successful DC motors followed the invention by Zénobe Gramme who , in 1871 , reinvented Pacinotti 's design . In 1873 , Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor , which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other , one as a generator . ( See also 1873 : l'expérience décisive ( Decisive Workaround ) . ) In 1886 , Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor , a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads . Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution ( prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison ) , allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid , provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole , and provided controls systems for electric operations . This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887 -- 88 in Richmond VA , the electric elevator and control system in 1892 , and the electric subway with independently - powered centrally - controlled cars , which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway , where it became popularly known as the `` L '' . Sprague 's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry , while almost simultaneously , another great inventor was developing its primary competitor , which would become much more widespread . The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between the rotor and stator . Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap . The St. Louis motor , long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles , is extremely inefficient for the same reason , as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor . Application of electric motors revolutionized industry . Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts , belts , compressed air or hydraulic pressure . Instead , every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor , providing easy control at the point of use , and improving power transmission efficiency . Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water . Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience , comfort and safety possible . Today , electric motors stand for more than half of the electric energy consumption in the US . Emergence of AC motors ( edit ) In 1824 , the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields , termed Arago 's rotations , which , by manually turning switches on and off , Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor . In the 1880s , many inventors were trying to develop workable AC motors because AC 's advantages in long - distance high - voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC . The first alternating - current commutatorless induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla , a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887 . In 1888 , the Royal Academy of Science of Turin published Ferraris 's research detailing the foundations of motor operation while however concluding that `` the apparatus based on that principle could not be of any commercial importance as motor . '' In 1888 , Tesla presented his paper A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers to the AIEE that described three patented two - phase four - stator - pole motor types : one with a four - pole rotor forming a non-self - starting reluctance motor , another with a wound rotor forming a self - starting induction motor , and the third a true synchronous motor with separately excited DC supply to rotor winding . One of the patents Tesla filed in 1887 , however , also described a shorted - winding - rotor induction motor . George Westinghouse promptly bought Tesla 's patents , employed Tesla to develop them , and assigned C.F. Scott to help Tesla ; however , Tesla left for other pursuits in 1889 . The constant speed AC induction motor was found not to be suitable for street cars , but Westinghouse engineers successfully adapted it to power a mining operation in Telluride , Colorado in 1891 . Steadfast in his promotion of three - phase development , Mikhail Dolivo - Dobrovolsky invented the three - phase cage - rotor induction motor in 1889 and the three - limb transformer in 1890 . This type of motor is now used for the vast majority of commercial applications . However , he claimed that Tesla 's motor was not practical because of two - phase pulsations , which prompted him to persist in his three - phase work . Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 hertz induction motors in 1893 , these early Westinghouse motors were two - phase motors with wound rotors until B.G. Lamme developed a rotating bar winding rotor . The General Electric Company began developing three - phase induction motors in 1891 . By 1896 , General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar - winding - rotor design , later called the squirrel - cage rotor . Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that a 100 - horsepower ( HP ) induction motor currently has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5 HP motor in 1897 . Motor construction ( edit ) Electric motor rotor ( left ) and stator ( right ) Rotor ( edit ) Main article : Rotor ( electric ) In an electric motor , the moving part is the rotor , which turns the shaft to deliver the mechanical power . The rotor usually has conductors laid into it that carry currents , which interact with the magnetic field of the stator to generate the forces that turn the shaft . However , some rotors carry permanent magnets , and the stator holds the conductors . Bearings ( edit ) The rotor is supported by bearings , which allow the rotor to turn on its axis . The bearings are in turn supported by the motor housing . The motor shaft extends through the bearings to the outside of the motor , where the load is applied . Because the forces of the load are exerted beyond the outermost bearing , the load is said to be overhung . Stator ( edit ) Main article : Stator The stator is the stationary part of the motor 's electromagnetic circuit and usually consists of either windings or permanent magnets . The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets , called laminations . Laminations are used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used . Air gap ( edit ) The distance between the rotor and stator is called the air gap . The air gap has important effects , and is generally as small as possible , as a large gap has a strong negative effect on the performance of an electric motor . It is the main source of the low power factor at which motors operate . The air gap increases the magnetizing current needed . For this reason , the air gap should be minimal . Very small gaps may pose mechanical problems in addition to noise and losses . Salient - pole rotor Windings ( edit ) Main article : Windings Windings are wires that are laid in coils , usually wrapped around a laminated soft iron magnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized with current . Electric machines come in two basic magnet field pole configurations : salient - pole machine and nonsalient - pole machine . In the salient - pole machine the pole 's magnetic field is produced by a winding wound around the pole below the pole face . In the nonsalient - pole , or distributed field , or round - rotor , machine , the winding is distributed in pole face slots . A shaded - pole motor has a winding around part of the pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for that pole . Some motors have conductors that consist of thicker metal , such as bars or sheets of metal , usually copper , although sometimes aluminum is used . These are usually powered by electromagnetic induction . Commutator ( edit ) Main article : Commutator ( electric ) A toy 's small DC motor with its commutator A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip - ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor 's shaft . The motor 's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator , which causes required current reversal , and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole . In absence of such current reversal , the motor would brake to a stop . In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in the electronic - controller , sensorless - control , induction - motor , and permanent - magnet - motor fields , electromechanically - commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally - commutated induction and permanent - magnet motors . Motor supply and control ( edit ) Motor supply ( edit ) A DC motor is usually supplied through slip ring commutator as described above . AC motors ' commutation can be either slip ring commutator or externally commutated type , can be fixed - speed or variable - speed control type , and can be synchronous or asynchronous type . Universal motors can run on either AC or DC . Motor control ( edit ) Fixed - speed controlled AC motors are provided with direct - on - line or soft - start starters . Variable - speed controlled AC motors are provided with a range of different power inverter , variable - frequency drive or electronic commutator technologies . The term electronic commutator is usually associated with self - commutated brushless DC motor and switched reluctance motor applications . Major categories ( edit ) Electric motors operate on three different physical principles : magnetism , electrostatics and piezoelectricity . By far , the most common is magnetism . In magnetic motors , magnetic fields are formed in both the rotor and the stator . The product between these two fields gives rise to a force , and thus a torque on the motor shaft . One , or both , of these fields must be made to change with the rotation of the motor . This is done by switching the poles on and off at the right time , or varying the strength of the pole . The main types are DC motors and AC motors , the former increasingly being displaced by the latter . AC electric motors are either asynchronous or synchronous . Once started , a synchronous motor requires synchronism with the moving magnetic field 's synchronous speed for all normal torque conditions . In synchronous machines , the magnetic field must be provided by means other than induction such as from separately excited windings or permanent magnets . A fractional - horsepower ( FHP ) motor either has a rating below about 1 horsepower ( 0.746 kW ) , or is manufactured with a standard - frame size smaller than a standard 1 HP motor . Many household and industrial motors are in the fractional - horsepower class . Major Categories by Type of Motor Commutation <Th_colspan="3"> Self - Commutated <Th_colspan="2"> Externally Commutated <Th_colspan="2"> Mechanical - Commutator Motors Electronic - Commutator ( EC ) Motors Asynchronous Machines Synchronous Machines AC DC AC <Th_colspan="2"> AC * Universal motor ( AC commutator series motor or AC / DC motor ) * Repulsion motor Electrically excited DC motor : * Separately excited * Series * Shunt * Compound PM DC motor With PM rotor : * BLDC motor With ferromagnetic rotor : * SRM Three - phase motors : * SCIM * WRIM AC motors : * Capacitor * Resistance * Split * Shaded - pole Three - phase motors : * WRSM * PMSM or BLAC motor - IPMSM - SPMSM * Hybrid AC motors : * Permanent - split capacitor * Hysteresis * Stepper * SyRM * SyRM - PM hybrid Simple electronics Rectifier , linear transistor ( s ) or DC chopper More elaborate electronics <Th_colspan="2"> Most elaborate electronics ( VFD ) , when provided Notes : Rotation is independent of the frequency of the AC voltage . Rotation is equal to synchronous speed ( motor - stator - field speed ) . In SCIM , fixed - speed operation rotation is equal to synchronous speed , less slip speed . In non-slip energy - recovery systems , WRIM is usually used for motor - starting but can be used to vary load speed . Variable - speed operation . Whereas induction - and synchronous - motor drives are typically with either six - step or sinusoidal - waveform output , BLDC - motor drives are usually with trapezoidal - current waveform ; the behavior of both sinusoidal and trapezoidal PM machines is , however , identical in terms of their fundamental aspects . In variable - speed operation , WRIM is used in slip - energy recovery and double - fed induction - machine applications . A cage winding is a shorted - circuited squirrel - cage rotor , a wound winding is connected externally through slip rings . Mostly single - phase with some three - phase . Abbreviations : BLAC - Brushless AC BLDC - Brushless DC BLDM - Brushless DC motor EC - Electronic commutator PM - Permanent magnet IPMSM - Interior permanent - magnet synchronous motor PMSM - Permanent magnet synchronous motor SPMSM - Surface permanent magnet synchronous motor SCIM - Squirrel - cage induction motor SRM - Switched reluctance motor SyRM - Synchronous reluctance motor VFD - Variable - frequency drive WRIM - Wound - rotor induction motor WRSM - Wound - rotor synchronous motor LRA - Locked - Rotor Amps : The current you can expect under starting conditions when you apply full voltage . It occurs instantly during start - up . RLA - Rated - Load Amps : The maximum current a motor should draw under any operating conditions . Often mistakenly called running - load amps , which leads people to believe , incorrectly , that the motor should always pull these amps . FLA - Full - Load Amps : Changed in 1976 to `` RLA - Rated - Load Amps '' . Self - commutated motor ( edit ) Brushed DC motor ( edit ) Main article : DC motor By definition , all self - commutated DC motors run on DC electric power . Most DC motors are small permanent magnet ( PM ) types . They contain a brushed internal mechanical commutation to reverse motor windings ' current in synchronism with rotation . Electrically excited DC motor ( edit ) Main article : Brushed DC electric motor Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two - pole rotor and PM stator . ( `` N '' and `` S '' designate polarities on the inside faces of the magnets ; the outside faces have opposite polarities . ) A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft . The shaft also carries the commutator , a long - lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates . Thus , every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings . Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator ; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature . The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated , magnetically `` soft '' ferromagnetic core . Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature , making it a temporary magnet ( an electromagnet ) . The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding ( a field coil ) , as part of the motor frame . The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft . The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns , keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field , so that the rotor never stops ( like a compass needle does ) , but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied . Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator . This creates friction . Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections . Depending on the commutator design , this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections -- and hence coil ends -- momentarily while crossing the gaps . Furthermore , the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened , increasing the sparking of the brushes . This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine , as too - rapid sparking will overheat , erode , or even melt the commutator . The current density per unit area of the brushes , in combination with their resistivity , limits the output of the motor . The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise ; sparking generates RFI . Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement , and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance ( on larger motors ) or replacement ( on small motors ) . The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element , requiring precision assembly of many parts . On small motors , the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor , so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor . While most commutators are cylindrical , some are flat discs consisting of several segments ( typically , at least three ) mounted on an insulator . Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output , but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking . ( Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost . ) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed , but at the cost of greater friction losses ( lower efficiency ) and accelerated brush and commutator wear . Therefore , DC motor brush design entails a trade - off between output power , speed , and efficiency / wear . DC machines are defined as follows : Armature circuit - A winding where the load current is carried , such that can be either stationary or rotating part of motor or generator . Field circuit - A set of windings that produces a magnetic field so that the electromagnetic induction can take place in electric machines . Commutation : A mechanical technique in which rectification can be achieved , or from which DC can be derived , in DC machines . A : shunt B : series C : compound f = field coil There are five types of brushed DC motor : - DC shunt - wound motor DC series - wound motor DC compound motor ( two configurations ) : Cumulative compound Differentially compounded PM DC motor ( not shown ) Separately excited ( not shown ) . Permanent magnet DC motor ( edit ) Main article : Permanent - magnet electric motor A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame , instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque . Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load . Because this field is fixed , it can not be adjusted for speed control . PM fields ( stators ) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding . Most larger DC motors are of the `` dynamo '' type , which have stator windings . Historically , PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled ; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux . However , large PMs are costly , as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble ; this favors wound fields for large machines . To minimize overall weight and size , miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements ; most such are neodymium - iron - boron alloy . With their higher flux density , electric machines with high - energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly - fed synchronous and induction electric machines . Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration , except that they have at least three rotor poles ( to ensure starting , regardless of rotor position ) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets . Electronic commutator ( ec ) motor ( edit ) Brushless DC motor ( edit ) Main article : Brushless DC electric motor Some of the problems of the brushed DC motor are eliminated in the BLDC design . In this motor , the mechanical `` rotating switch '' or commutator is replaced by an external electronic switch synchronised to the rotor 's position . BLDC motors are typically 85 -- 90 % efficient or more . Efficiency for a BLDC motor of up to 96.5 % have been reported , whereas DC motors with brushgear are typically 75 -- 80 % efficient . The BLDC motor 's characteristic trapezoidal back - emf waveform is derived partly from the stator windings being evenly distributed , and partly from the placement of the rotor 's PMs . Also known as electronically commutated DC or inside out DC motors , the stator windings of trapezoidal BLDC motors can be with single - phase , two - phase or three - phase and use Hall effect sensors mounted on their windings for rotor position sensing and low cost closed - loop control of the electronic commutator . BLDC motors are commonly used where precise speed control is necessary , as in computer disk drives or in video cassette recorders , the spindles within CD , CD - ROM ( etc . ) drives , and mechanisms within office products , such as fans , laser printers and photocopiers . They have several advantages over conventional motors : Compared to AC fans using shaded - pole motors , they are very efficient , running much cooler than the equivalent AC motors . This cool operation leads to much - improved life of the fan 's bearings . Without a commutator to wear out , the life of a BLDC motor can be significantly longer compared to a DC motor using brushes and a commutator . Commutation also tends to cause a great deal of electrical and RF noise ; without a commutator or brushes , a BLDC motor may be used in electrically sensitive devices like audio equipment or computers . The same Hall effect sensors that provide the commutation can also provide a convenient tachometer signal for closed - loop control ( servo - controlled ) applications . In fans , the tachometer signal can be used to derive a `` fan OK '' signal as well as provide running speed feedback . The motor can be easily synchronized to an internal or external clock , leading to precise speed control . BLDC motors have no chance of sparking , unlike brushed motors , making them better suited to environments with volatile chemicals and fuels . Also , sparking generates ozone , which can accumulate in poorly ventilated buildings risking harm to occupants ' health . BLDC motors are usually used in small equipment such as computers and are generally used in fans to get rid of unwanted heat . They are also acoustically very quiet motors , which is an advantage if being used in equipment that is affected by vibrations . Modern BLDC motors range in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts . Larger BLDC motors up to about 100 kW rating are used in electric vehicles . They also find significant use in high - performance electric model aircraft . Switched reluctance motor ( edit ) 6 / 4 pole switched reluctance motor Main article : Switched reluctance motor The SRM has no brushes or PMs , and the rotor has no electric currents . Instead , torque comes from a slight misalignment of poles on the rotor with poles on the stator . The rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field of the stator , while the stator field windings are sequentially energized to rotate the stator field . The magnetic flux created by the field windings follows the path of least magnetic reluctance , meaning the flux will flow through poles of the rotor that are closest to the energized poles of the stator , thereby magnetizing those poles of the rotor and creating torque . As the rotor turns , different windings will be energized , keeping the rotor turning . SRMs are now being used in some appliances . Universal AC - DC motor ( edit ) Main article : Universal motor Modern low - cost universal motor , from a vacuum cleaner . Field windings are dark copper - colored , toward the back , on both sides . The rotor 's laminated core is gray metallic , with dark slots for winding the coils . The commutator ( partly hidden ) has become dark from use ; it is toward the front . The large brown molded - plastic piece in the foreground supports the brush guides and brushes ( both sides ) , as well as the front motor bearing . A commutated electrically excited series or parallel wound motor is referred to as a universal motor because it can be designed to operate on AC or DC power . A universal motor can operate well on AC because the current in both the field and the armature coils ( and hence the resultant magnetic fields ) will alternate ( reverse polarity ) in synchronism , and hence the resulting mechanical force will occur in a constant direction of rotation . Operating at normal power line frequencies , universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts . Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways . In this application , the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components , particularly the motor field pole - pieces that , for DC , would have used solid ( un-laminated ) iron and they are now rarely used . An advantage of the universal motor is that AC supplies may be used on motors that have some characteristics more common in DC motors , specifically high starting torque and very compact design if high running speeds are used . The negative aspect is the maintenance and short life problems caused by the commutator . Such motors are used in devices , such as food mixers and power tools , that are used only intermittently , and often have high starting - torque demands . Multiple taps on the field coil provide ( imprecise ) stepped speed control . Household blenders that advertise many speeds frequently combine a field coil with several taps and a diode that can be inserted in series with the motor ( causing the motor to run on half - wave rectified AC ) . Universal motors also lend themselves to electronic speed control and , as such , are an ideal choice for devices like domestic washing machines . The motor can be used to agitate the drum ( both forwards and in reverse ) by switching the field winding with respect to the armature . Whereas SCIMs can not turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency , universal motors can run at much higher speeds . This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders , vacuum cleaners , and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable . They are also commonly used in portable power tools , such as drills , sanders , circular and jig saws , where the motor 's characteristics work well . Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm , while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm . Externally commutated AC machine ( edit ) Main article : AC motor The design of AC induction and synchronous motors is optimized for operation on single - phase or polyphase sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal waveform power such as supplied for fixed - speed application from the AC power grid or for variable - speed application from VFD controllers . An AC motor has two parts : a stationary stator having coils supplied with AC to produce a rotating magnetic field , and a rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field . Induction motor ( edit ) Main article : Induction motor Large 4,500 HP AC Induction Motor . Cage and wound rotor induction motor ( edit ) An induction motor is an asynchronous AC motor where power is transferred to the rotor by electromagnetic induction , much like transformer action . An induction motor resembles a rotating transformer , because the stator ( stationary part ) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor ( rotating part ) is the secondary side . Polyphase induction motors are widely used in industry . Induction motors may be further divided into Squirrel Cage Induction Motors and Wound Rotor Induction Motors . SCIMs have a heavy winding made up of solid bars , usually aluminum or copper , joined by rings at the ends of the rotor . When one considers only the bars and rings as a whole , they are much like an animal 's rotating exercise cage , hence the name . Currents induced into this winding provide the rotor magnetic field . The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed - torque characteristics . At low speeds , the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to be in the outer parts of the rotor cage . As the motor accelerates , the slip frequency becomes lower , and more current is in the interior of the winding . By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage , effectively a variable resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit . However , the majority of such motors have uniform bars . In a WRIM , the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft . An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit . Resistors allow control of the motor speed , although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance . A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip - frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor - generator . The WRIM is used primarily to start a high inertia load or a load that requires a very high starting torque across the full speed range . By correctly selecting the resistors used in the secondary resistance or slip ring starter , the motor is able to produce maximum torque at a relatively low supply current from zero speed to full speed . This type of motor also offers controllable speed . Motor speed can be changed because the torque curve of the motor is effectively modified by the amount of resistance connected to the rotor circuit . Increasing the value of resistance will move the speed of maximum torque down . If the resistance connected to the rotor is increased beyond the point where the maximum torque occurs at zero speed , the torque will be further reduced . When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed , the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque . Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up , and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal . Operated in this manner , the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant . The speed regulation and net efficiency is also very poor . Torque motor ( edit ) Main article : Torque motor A torque motor is a specialized form of electric motor that can operate indefinitely while stalled , that is , with the rotor blocked from turning , without incurring damage . In this mode of operation , the motor will apply a steady torque to the load ( hence the name ) . A common application of a torque motor would be the supply - and take - up reel motors in a tape drive . In this application , driven from a low voltage , the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads . Driven from a higher voltage , ( and so delivering a higher torque ) , the torque motors can also achieve fast - forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches . In the computer gaming world , torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels . Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor . In this usage , the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor . The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and , depending on the speed , makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor . If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed , the current will be increased , the motor will develop more torque , pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle . Should the engine run too fast , the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor , causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle . Synchronous motor ( edit ) Main article : Synchronous motor A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the AC and resulting in a magnetic field that drives it . Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions . Contrast this with an induction motor , which must slip to produce torque . One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field . Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor . The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name synchronous motor . Another type , for low load torque , has flats ground onto a conventional squirrel - cage rotor to create discrete poles . Yet another , such as made by Hammond for its pre-World War II clocks , and in the older Hammond organs , has no rotor windings and discrete poles . It is not self - starting . The clock requires manual starting by a small knob on the back , while the older Hammond organs had an auxiliary starting motor connected by a spring - loaded manually operated switch . Finally , hysteresis synchronous motors typically are ( essentially ) two - phase motors with a phase - shifting capacitor for one phase . They start like induction motors , but when slip rate decreases sufficiently , the rotor ( a smooth cylinder ) becomes temporarily magnetized . Its distributed poles make it act like a PMSM . The rotor material , like that of a common nail , will stay magnetized , but can also be demagnetized with little difficulty . Once running , the rotor poles stay in place ; they do not drift . Low - power synchronous timing motors ( such as those for traditional electric clocks ) may have multi-pole PM external cup rotors , and use shading coils to provide starting torque . Telechron clock motors have shaded poles for starting torque , and a two - spoke ring rotor that performs like a discrete two - pole rotor . Doubly - fed electric machine ( edit ) Main article : Doubly - fed electric machine Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets , which contribute active ( i.e. , working ) power to the energy conversion process , with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation . Two independent multiphase winding sets ( i.e. , dual armature ) are the maximum provided in a single package without topology duplication . Doubly - fed electric motors are machines with an effective constant torque speed range that is twice synchronous speed for a given frequency of excitation . This is twice the constant torque speed range as singly - fed electric machines , which have only one active winding set . A doubly - fed motor allows for a smaller electronic converter but the cost of the rotor winding and slip rings may offset the saving in the power electronics components . Difficulties with controlling speed near synchronous speed limit applications . Special magnetic motors ( edit ) Rotary ( edit ) Ironless or coreless rotor motor ( edit ) A miniature coreless motor Nothing in the principle of any of the motors described above requires that the iron ( steel ) portions of the rotor actually rotate . If the soft magnetic material of the rotor is made in the form of a cylinder , then ( except for the effect of hysteresis ) torque is exerted only on the windings of the electromagnets . Taking advantage of this fact is the coreless or ironless DC motor , a specialized form of a PM DC motor . Optimized for rapid acceleration , these motors have a rotor that is constructed without any iron core . The rotor can take the form of a winding - filled cylinder , or a self - supporting structure comprising only the magnet wire and the bonding material . The rotor can fit inside the stator magnets ; a magnetically soft stationary cylinder inside the rotor provides a return path for the stator magnetic flux . A second arrangement has the rotor winding basket surrounding the stator magnets . In that design , the rotor fits inside a magnetically soft cylinder that can serve as the housing for the motor , and likewise provides a return path for the flux . Because the rotor is much lighter in weight ( mass ) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations , the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly , often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms . This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper . But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink , even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air . Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs . Modern software , such as Motor - CAD , can help to increase the thermal efficiency of motors while still in the design stage . Among these types are the disc - rotor types , described in more detail in the next section . The vibrating alert of cellular phones is sometimes generated by tiny cylindrical PM field types , but there are also disc - shaped types that have a thin multipolar disc field magnet , and an intentionally unbalanced molded - plastic rotor structure with two bonded coreless coils . Metal brushes and a flat commutator switch power to the rotor coils . Related limited - travel actuators have no core and a bonded coil placed between the poles of high - flux thin PMs . These are the fast head positioners for rigid - disk ( `` hard disk '' ) drives . Although the contemporary design differs considerably from that of loudspeakers , it is still loosely ( and incorrectly ) referred to as a `` voice coil '' structure , because some earlier rigid - disk - drive heads moved in straight lines , and had a drive structure much like that of a loudspeaker . Pancake or axial rotor motor ( edit ) A rather unusual motor design , the printed armature or pancake motor has the windings shaped as a disc running between arrays of high - flux magnets . The magnets are arranged in a circle facing the rotor with space in between to form an axial air gap . This design is commonly known as the pancake motor because of its extremely flat profile , although the technology has had many brand names since its inception , such as ServoDisc . The printed armature ( originally formed on a printed circuit board ) in a printed armature motor is made from punched copper sheets that are laminated together using advanced composites to form a thin rigid disc . The printed armature has a unique construction in the brushed motor world in that it does not have a separate ring commutator . The brushes run directly on the armature surface making the whole design very compact . An alternative manufacturing method is to use wound copper wire laid flat with a central conventional commutator , in a flower and petal shape . The windings are typically stabilized by being impregnated with electrical epoxy potting systems . These are filled epoxies that have moderate mixed viscosity and a long gel time . They are highlighted by low shrinkage and low exotherm , and are typically UL 1446 recognized as a potting compound insulated with 180 ° C , Class H rating . The unique advantage of ironless DC motors is that there is no cogging ( torque variations caused by changing attraction between the iron and the magnets ) . Parasitic eddy currents can not form in the rotor as it is totally ironless , although iron rotors are laminated . This can greatly improve efficiency , but variable - speed controllers must use a higher switching rate ( > 40 kHz ) or DC because of the decreased electromagnetic induction . These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan ( s ) of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry , where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical . Pancake motors are still widely used in high - performance servo - controlled systems , robotic systems , industrial automation and medical devices . Due to the variety of constructions now available , the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos . Servo motor ( edit ) Main article : Servo motor A servomotor is a motor , very often sold as a complete module , which is used within a position - control or speed - control feedback control system . Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools , pen plotters , and other process systems . Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well - documented characteristics for speed , torque , and power . The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor . Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important ; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop . Large , powerful , but slow - responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor . As dynamic response requirements increase , more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used . AC motors ' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous , BLDC , induction , and SRM drive applications . A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running . A stepper system inherently operates open - loop - relying on the motor not to `` miss steps '' for short term accuracy - with any feedback such as a `` home '' switch or position encoder being external to the motor system . For instance , when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up , its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left - hand limit , where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping . As long as power is on , a bidirectional counter in the printer 's microprocessor keeps track of print - head position . Stepper motor ( edit ) Main article : Stepper motor A stepper motor with a soft iron rotor , with active windings shown . In ' A ' the active windings tend to hold the rotor in position . In ' B ' a different set of windings are carrying a current , which generates torque and rotation . Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required . In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically . A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid . As each coil is energized in turn , the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding . Unlike a synchronous motor , in its application , the stepper motor may not rotate continuously ; instead , it `` steps '' -- starts and then quickly stops again -- from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence . Depending on the sequence , the rotor may turn forwards or backwards , and it may change direction , stop , speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time . Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings , leading the rotor to `` cog '' to a limited number of positions ; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings , allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly . This mode of operation is often called microstepping . Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems , particularly when part of a digital servo - controlled system . Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease , and hence stepper motors are used for read / write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives . They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives , where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read / write head of a hard disk drive . As drive density increased , the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives -- the precision limitation made them unusable , and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive -- thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil - based head actuator systems . ( The term `` voice coil '' in this connection is historic ; it refers to the structure in a typical ( cone type ) loudspeaker . This structure was used for a while to position the heads . Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount ; the coil swings back and forth , something like a blade of a rotating fan . Nevertheless , like a voice coil , modern actuator coil conductors ( the magnet wire ) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force . ) Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers , optical scanners , and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element , the print head carriage ( of dot matrix and inkjet printers ) , and the platen or feed rollers . Likewise , many computer plotters ( which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large - format inkjet and laser printers ) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement ; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed - loop analog control systems . So - called quartz analog wristwatches contain the smallest commonplace stepping motors ; they have one coil , draw very little power , and have a PM rotor . The same kind of motor drives battery - powered quartz clocks . Some of these watches , such as chronographs , contain more than one stepping motor . Closely related in design to three - phase AC synchronous motors , stepper motors and SRMs are classified as variable reluctance motor type . Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers , optical scanners , and computer numerical control ( CNC ) machines such as routers , plasma cutters and CNC lathes . Linear motor ( edit ) Main article : Linear motor A linear motor is essentially any electric motor that has been `` unrolled '' so that , instead of producing a torque ( rotation ) , it produces a straight - line force along its length . Linear motors are most commonly induction motors or stepper motors . Linear motors are commonly found in many roller - coasters where the rapid motion of the motorless railcar is controlled by the rail . They are also used in maglev trains , where the train `` flies '' over the ground . On a smaller scale , the 1978 era HP 7225A pen plotter used two linear stepper motors to move the pen along the X and Y axes . Comparison by major categories ( edit ) Comparison of motor types Type Advantages Disadvantages Typical application Typical drive , output <Th_colspan="5"> Self - commutated motors Brushed DC Simple speed control Low initial cost Maintenance ( brushes ) Medium lifespan Costly commutator and brushes Steel mills Paper making machines Treadmill exercisers Automotive accessories Rectifier , linear transistor ( s ) or DC chopper controller . Brushless DC motor ( BLDC ) or ( BLDM ) Long lifespan Low maintenance High efficiency Higher initial cost Requires EC controller with closed - loop control Rigid ( `` hard '' ) disk drives CD / DVD players Electric vehicles RC Vehicles UAVs Synchronous ; single - phase or three - phase with PM rotor and trapezoidal stator winding ; VFD typically VS PWM inverter type . Switched reluctance motor ( SRM ) Long lifespan Low maintenance High efficiency No permanent magnets Low cost Simple construction Mechanical resonance possible High iron losses Not possible : * Open or vector control * Parallel operation Requires EC controller Appliances Electric Vehicles Textile mills Aircraft applications PWM and various other drive types , which tend to be used in very specialized / OEM applications . Universal motor High starting torque , compact , high speed . Maintenance ( brushes ) Shorter lifespan Usually acoustically noisy Only small ratings are economical Handheld power tools , blenders , vacuum cleaners , insulation blowers Variable single - phase AC , half - wave or full - wave phase - angle control with triac ( s ) ; closed - loop control optional . <Th_colspan="5"> AC asynchronous motors AC polyphase squirrel - cage or wound - rotor induction motor ( SCIM ) or ( WRIM ) Self - starting Low cost Robust Reliable Ratings to 1 + MW Standardized types . High starting current Lower efficiency due to need for magnetization . Fixed - speed , traditionally , SCIM the world 's workhorse especially in low - performance applications of all types Variable - speed , traditionally , low - performance variable - torque pumps , fans , blowers and compressors . Variable - speed , increasingly , other high - performance constant - torque and constant - power or dynamic loads . Fixed - speed , low - performance applications of all types . Variable - speed , traditionally , WRIM drives or fixed - speed V / Hz - controlled VSDs . Variable - speed , increasingly , vector - controlled VSDs displacing DC , WRIM and single - phase AC induction motor drives . AC SCIM split - phase capacitor - start High power high starting torque Speed slightly below synchronous Starting switch or relay required Appliances Stationary Power Tools Fixed or variable single - phase AC , variable speed being derived , typically , by full - wave phase - angle control with triac ( s ) ; closed - loop control optional . AC SCIM split - phase capacitor - run Moderate power High starting torque No starting switch Comparatively long life Speed slightly below synchronous Slightly more costly Industrial blowers Industrial machinery AC SCIM split - phase , auxiliary start winding Moderate power Low starting torque Speed slightly below synchronous Starting switch or relay required Appliances Stationary power tools AC induction shaded - pole motor Low cost Long life Speed slightly below synchronous Low starting torque Small ratings low efficiency Fans , appliances , record players <Th_colspan="5"> AC synchronous motors Wound - rotor synchronous motor ( WRSM ) Synchronous speed Inherently more efficient induction motor , low power factor More costly Industrial motors Fixed or variable speed , three - phase ; VFD typically six - step CS load - commutated inverter type or VS PWM inverter type . Hysteresis motor Accurate speed control Low noise No vibration High starting torque Very low efficiency Clocks , timers , sound producing or recording equipment , hard drive , capstan drive Single - phase AC , two - phase capacitor - start , capacitor run motor Synchronous reluctance motor ( SyRM ) Equivalent to SCIM except more robust , more efficient , runs cooler , smaller footprint Competes with PM synchronous motor without demagnetization issues Requires a controller Not widely available High cost Appliances Electric vehicles Textile mills Aircraft applications VFD can be standard DTC type or VS inverter PWM type . <Th_colspan="5"> Specialty motors Pancake or axial rotor motors Compact design Simple speed control Medium cost Medium lifespan Office Equip Fans / Pumps , fast industrial and military servos Drives can typically be brushed or brushless DC type . Stepper motor Precision positioning High holding torque Some can be costly Require a controller Positioning in printers and floppy disc drives ; industrial machine tools Not a VFD . Stepper position is determined by pulse counting . Electromagnetism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2013 ) Force and torque ( edit ) The fundamental purpose of the vast majority of the world 's electric motors is to electromagnetically induce relative movement in an air gap between a stator and rotor to produce useful torque or linear force . According to Lorentz force law the force of a winding conductor can be given simply by : F = I l × B ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = I ( \ boldsymbol ( \ ell ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) \ , \ ! ) or more generally , to handle conductors with any geometry : F = J × B ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = \ mathbf ( J ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) ) The most general approaches to calculating the forces in motors use tensors . Power ( edit ) Where rpm is shaft speed and T is torque , a motor 's mechanical power output P is given by , in British units with T expressed in foot - pounds , P e m = r p m × T 5252 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( em ) = ( \ frac ( rpm \ times T ) ( 5252 ) ) ) ( horsepower ) , and , in SI units with shaft angular speed expressed in radians per second , and T expressed in newton - meters , P e m = a n g u l a r s p e e d × T ( \ displaystyle P_ ( em ) = ( angularspeed \ times T ) ) ( watts ) . For a linear motor , with force F expressed in newtons and velocity v expressed in meters per second , P e m = F × v ( \ displaystyle P_ ( em ) = F \ times ( v ) ) ( watts ) . In an asynchronous or induction motor , the relationship between motor speed and air gap power is , neglecting skin effect , given by the following : P a i r g a p = R r s ∗ I r 2 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( airgap ) = ( \ frac ( R_ ( r ) ) ( s ) ) * I_ ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , where R - rotor resistance I - square of current induced in the rotor s - motor slip ; ie , difference between synchronous speed and slip speed , which provides the relative movement needed for current induction in the rotor . Back emf ( edit ) Main article : Electromotive force Since the armature windings of a direct - current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field , they have a voltage induced in them . This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called `` back electromotive force ( emf ) '' . The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor . The back emf of the motor , plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes , must equal the voltage at the brushes . This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor . If the mechanical load increases , the motor slows down ; a lower back emf results , and more current is drawn from the supply . This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load . In AC machines , it is sometimes useful to consider a back emf source within the machine ; as an example , this is of particular concern for close speed regulation of induction motors on VFDs . Losses ( edit ) Motor losses are mainly due to resistive losses in windings , core losses and mechanical losses in bearings , and aerodynamic losses , particularly where cooling fans are present , also occur . Losses also occur in commutation , mechanical commutators spark , and electronic commutators and also dissipate heat . Efficiency ( edit ) To calculate a motor 's efficiency , the mechanical output power is divided by the electrical input power : η = P m P e ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( \ frac ( P_ ( m ) ) ( P_ ( e ) ) ) ) , where η ( \ displaystyle \ eta ) is energy conversion efficiency , P e ( \ displaystyle P_ ( e ) ) is electrical input power , and P m ( \ displaystyle P_ ( m ) ) is mechanical output power : P e = I V ( \ displaystyle P_ ( e ) = IV ) P m = T ω ( \ displaystyle P_ ( m ) = T \ omega ) where V ( \ displaystyle V ) is input voltage , I ( \ displaystyle I ) is input current , T ( \ displaystyle T ) is output torque , and ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega ) is output angular velocity . It is possible to derive analytically the point of maximum efficiency . It is typically at less than 1 / 2 the stall torque . Various regulatory authorities in many countries have introduced and implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher - efficiency electric motors . Goodness factor ( edit ) Main article : Goodness factor Professor Eric Laithwaite proposed a metric to determine the ' goodness ' of an electric motor : G = ω r e s i s t a n c e × r e l u c t a n c e = ω μ σ A m A e l m l e ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( \ omega ) ( resistance \ times reluctance ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ omega \ mu \ sigma A_ ( m ) A_ ( e ) ) ( l_ ( m ) l_ ( e ) ) ) ) Where : G ( \ displaystyle G ) is the goodness factor ( factors above 1 are likely to be efficient ) A m , A e ( \ displaystyle A_ ( m ) , A_ ( e ) ) are the cross sectional areas of the magnetic and electric circuit l m , l e ( \ displaystyle l_ ( m ) , l_ ( e ) ) are the lengths of the magnetic and electric circuits μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is the permeability of the core ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega ) is the angular frequency the motor is driven at From this , he showed that the most efficient motors are likely to have relatively large magnetic poles . However , the equation only directly relates to non PM motors . Performance parameters ( edit ) Torque capability of motor types ( edit ) This section only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject . Please help improve this article by adding more general information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( March 2012 ) All the electromagnetic motors , and that includes the types mentioned here derive the torque from the vector product of the interacting fields . For calculating the torque it is necessary to know the fields in the air gap . Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector . The current flowing in the winding is producing the fields and for a motor using a magnetic material the field is not linearly proportional to the current . This makes the calculation difficult but a computer can do the many calculations needed . Once this is done a figure relating the current to the torque can be used as a useful parameter for motor selection . The maximum torque for a motor will depend on the maximum current although this will usually be only usable until thermal considerations take precedence . When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current ( i.e. , torque current ) , voltage , pole - pair number , excitation frequency ( i.e. , synchronous speed ) , and air - gap flux density , all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque ( i.e. , operating torque ) within a given air - gap area with winding slots and back - iron depth , which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core . Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque , such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill . Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage , the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators . Capacity for bursts of torque should not be confused with field weakening capability . Field weakening allows an electric machine to operate beyond the designed frequency of excitation . Field weakening is done when the maximum speed can not be reached by increasing the applied voltage . This applies to only motors with current controlled fields and therefore can not be achieved with PM motors . Electric machines without a transformer circuit topology , such as that of WRSMs or PMSMs , can not realize bursts of torque higher than the maximum designed torque without saturating the magnetic core and rendering any increase in current as useless . Furthermore , the PM assembly of PMSMs can be irreparably damaged , if bursts of torque exceeding the maximum operating torque rating are attempted . Electric machines with a transformer circuit topology , such as induction machines , induction doubly - fed electric machines , and induction or synchronous wound - rotor doubly - fed ( WRDF ) machines , exhibit very high bursts of torque because the emf - induced active current on either side of the transformer oppose each other and thus contribute nothing to the transformer coupled magnetic core flux density , which would otherwise lead to core saturation . Electric machines that rely on induction or asynchronous principles short - circuit one port of the transformer circuit and as a result , the reactive impedance of the transformer circuit becomes dominant as slip increases , which limits the magnitude of active ( i.e. , real ) current . Still , bursts of torque that are two to three times higher than the maximum design torque are realizable . The brushless wound - rotor synchronous doubly - fed ( BWRSDF ) machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology ( i.e. , both ports independently excited with no short - circuited port ) . The dual ported transformer circuit topology is known to be unstable and requires a multiphase slip - ring - brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set . If a precision means were available to instantaneously control torque angle and slip for synchronous operation during motoring or generating while simultaneously providing brushless power to the rotor winding set , the active current of the BWRSDF machine would be independent of the reactive impedance of the transformer circuit and bursts of torque significantly higher than the maximum operating torque and far beyond the practical capability of any other type of electric machine would be realizable . Torque bursts greater than eight times operating torque have been calculated . Continuous torque density ( edit ) The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air - gap area and the back - iron depth , which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set , the speed of the machine , and the achievable air - gap flux density before core saturation . Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium - cobalt PMs , continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets . Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage . Continuous power density ( edit ) The continuous power density is determined by the product of the continuous torque density and the constant torque speed range of the electric machine . Acoustic noise and vibrations ( edit ) Acoustic noise and vibrations of electric motors are usually classified in three sources : mechanical sources ( e.g. due to bearings ) aerodynamic sources ( e.g. due to shaft - mounted fans ) magnetic sources ( e.g. due to magnetic forces such as Maxwell and magnetostriction forces acting on stator and rotor structures ) The latter source , which can be responsible for the `` whining noise '' of electric motors , is called electromagnetically - excited acoustic noise . Standards ( edit ) The following are major design , manufacturing , and testing standards covering electric motors : American Petroleum Institute : API 541 Form - Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors - 375 kW ( 500 Horsepower ) and Larger American Petroleum Institute : API 546 Brushless Synchronous Machines - 500 kVA and Larger American Petroleum Institute : API 547 General - purpose Form - Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors - 250 Hp and Larger Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers : IEEE Std 112 Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers : IEEE Std 115 Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers : IEEE Std 841 Standard for Petroleum and Chemical Industry - Premium Efficiency Severe Duty Totally Enclosed Fan - Cooled ( TEFC ) Squirrel Cage Induction Motors - Up to and Including 370 kW ( 500 Hp ) International Electrotechnical Commission : IEC 60034 Rotating Electrical Machines International Electrotechnical Commission : IEC 60072 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines National Electrical Manufacturers Association : MG - 1 Motors and Generators Underwriters Laboratories : UL 1004 - Standard for Electric Motors Non-magnetic motors ( edit ) Main articles : Electrostatic motor , Piezoelectric motor , and Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge . Usually , electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil - based motors . They typically require a high - voltage power supply , although very small motors employ lower voltages . Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion , and require high current at low voltages . In the 1750s , the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon . Today , the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-electro - mechanical systems ( MEMS ) where their drive voltages are below 100 volts , and where moving , charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores . Also , the molecular machinery that runs living cells is often based on linear and rotary electrostatic motors . A piezoelectric motor or piezo motor is a type of electric motor based upon the change in shape of a piezoelectric material when an electric field is applied . Piezoelectric motors make use of the converse piezoelectric effect whereby the material produces acoustic or ultrasonic vibrations in order to produce a linear or rotary motion . In one mechanism , the elongation in a single plane is used to make a series stretches and position holds , similar to the way a caterpillar moves . An electrically powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electric motor technology to propel spacecraft in outer space , most systems being based on electrically powering propellant to high speed , with some systems being based on electrodynamic tethers principles of propulsion to the magnetosphere . See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Energy portal Electric generator Goodness factor Motor capacitor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ganot provides a superb illustration of one such early electric motor designed by Froment . Jump up ^ The term ' electronic commutator motor ' ( ECM ) is identified with the heating , ventilation and air - conditioning ( HVAC ) industry , the distinction between BLDC and BLAC being in this context seen as a function of degree of ECM drive complexity with BLDC drives typically being with simple single - phase scalar - controlled voltage - regulated trapezoidal current waveform output involving surface PM motor construction and BLAC drives tending towards more complex three - phase vector - controlled current - regulated sinusoidal waveform involving interior PM motor construction . Jump up ^ The universal and repulsion motors are part of a class of motors known as AC commutator motors , which also includes the following now largely obsolete motor types : Single - phase - straight and compensated series motors , railway motor ; three - phase - various repulsion motor types , brush - shifting series motor , brush - shifting polyphase shunt or Schrage motor , Fynn - Weichsel motor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Faraday , Michael ( 1822 ) . `` On Some New Electro - Magnetical Motion , and on the Theory of Magnetism '' . Quarterly Journal of Science , Literature and the Arts . Royal Institution of Great Britain . XII : 74 -- 96 ( § IX ) . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom McInally , The Sixth Scottish University . The Scots Colleges Abroad : 1575 to 1799 ( Brill , Leiden , 2012 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ `` The Development of the Electric Motor , '' . Early Electric Motors . SparkMuseum . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The first dinamo ? '' . travelhungary.com . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Guillemin , Amédée ( 1891 ) . ' Le Magnétisme et l'Électricitée ' ( Electricity and Magnetism ) . trans. , ed. & rev. from the French by Sylvanus P. Thompson . McMillan and Co . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Heller , Augustus ( April 1896 ) . `` Anianus Jedlik '' . Nature . Norman Lockyer. 53 ( 1379 ) : 516 . Bibcode : 1896Natur ... 53 ... 516H . doi : 10.1038 / 053516a0 . Jump up ^ Blundel , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . Magnetism A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960120 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Thein , M. `` Elektrische Maschinen in Kraftfahrzeugen '' ( Electric Machines in Motor Vehicles ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elektrische Chronologie '' . Elektrisiermaschinen im 18 . und 19 . Jahrhundert -- Ein kleines Lexikon ( `` Electrical machinery in the 18th and 19th centuries -- a small thesaurus '' ) ( in German ) . University of Regensburg . March 31 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of Batteries ( inter alia ) '' . Electropaedia . June 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battery and Energy Technologies , Technology and Applications Timeline '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Richter , Jan . `` Jacobi 's Motor . '' Elektrotechnischen Instituts . Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 7 February 2013 . Web . 14 May 2017 . < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . > . Jump up ^ Gee , William ( 2004 ) . `` Sturgeon , William ( 1783 -- 1850 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 26748 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Ervan G. ( 1998 ) . A History of Engineering and Technology : Artful Methods ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9810 - X . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nye , David E. ( 1990 ) . Electrifying America : Social Meanings of a New Technology . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 64030 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition on the History of Hungarian Science '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Pacinotti '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Power Makers : Steam , Electricity , and the Men Who Invented Modern America '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Zénobe Théophile Gramme '' . Invent Now , Inc . Hall of Fame profile . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Ganot , Adolphe ( 1881 ) . Elementary Treatise in Physics . Trans . and ed. from the French by E. Atkinson ( 14th ed . ) . William Wood and Co. pp. 907 -- 908 , sec. 899 . Jump up ^ `` Photo of a traditional form of the St. Louis motor '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Buying an Energy - Efficient Electric Motor - Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . USDoE . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Babbage , C. ; Herschel , J.F.W. ( January 1825 ) . `` Account of the Repetition of M. Arago 's Experiments on the Magnetism Manifested by Various Substances during the Act of Rotation '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 115 ( 0 ) : 467 -- 496 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1825.0023 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Silvanus Phillips ( 1895 ) . Polyphase Electric Currents and Alternate - Current Motors ( 1st ed . ) . London : E. & F.N. Spon . p. 261 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Baily , Walter ( June 28 , 1879 ) . `` A Mode of Producing Arago 's Rotation '' . Philosophical magazine : A journal of theoretical , experimental and applied physics . Taylor & Francis . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vučković , Vladan ( November 2006 ) . `` Interpretation of a Discovery '' ( PDF ) . The Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineers . 3 ( 2 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jonnes , Jill ( 2004 ) . Empires of Light : Edison , Tesla , Westinghouse , and the Race to Electrify the World . Random House . p. 180 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ferraris , G. ( 1888 ) . `` Atti della Reale Academia delle Science di Torino '' . Atti della R. Academia delle Science di Torino . XXIII : 360 -- 375 . Jump up ^ The Case Files : Nikola Tesla . `` Two - Phase Induction Motor '' . The Franklin Institute . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo Ferraris Physicist , Pioneer of Alternating Current Systems ( 1847 -- 1897 ) Inventor of the Induction Motor `` Father of three - phase current '' - Electrotechnical Congress , Frankfurt 1891 `` . Edison Tech Center . Archived from the original on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2005 ) . Creating the Twentieth Century : Technical Innovations of 1867 -- 1914 and Their Lasting Impact . Oxford University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988341 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Froehlich , Fritz E. ; Kent , Allen ( 1 December 1998 ) . The Froehlich / Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications : Volume 17 - Television Technology . CRC Press . pp. 37 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 2915 - 8 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Drury , Bill ( 2001 ) . Control Techniques Drives and Controls Handbook . Institution of Electrical Engineers . p. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85296 - 793 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Langsdorf , Alexander Suss ( 1955 ) . Theory of Alternating - Current Machinery ( 2nd ed . ) . Tata McGraw - Hill . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 099423 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. 19 . 1977 . p. 518 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galileo Ferraris '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Galileo Ferraris '' . Incredible People - Biographies of Famous People . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Neidhöfer , Gerhard . `` Early Three - Phase Power ( History ) '' . IEEE Power and Energy Magazine . 5 ( 5 ) : 88 -- 100 . doi : 10.1109 / MPE. 2007.904752 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pansini , Anthony J. ( 1989 ) . Basic of Electric Motors . Pennwell Publishing Company . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 060070 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Alger , P.L. ; Arnold , R.E. ( 1976 ) . `` The History of Induction Motors in America '' . Proceedings of the IEEE. 64 ( 9 ) : 1380 -- 1383 . doi : 10.1109 / PROC. 1976.10329 . Jump up ^ Klooster , John W. ( 2009 ) . Icons of Invention : The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates . ABC - CLIO , LLC . p. 305 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34746 - 7 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Day , Lance ; McNeil , Ian , eds. ( 1996 ) . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . p. 1204 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 02829 - 5 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Froehlich , Fritz E. Editor - in - Chief ; Allen Kent Co-Editor ( 1992 ) . The Froehlich / Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications : Volume 17 - Television Technology to Wire Antennas ( First ed . ) . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 2902 - 1 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The Electrical Engineer ( 21 September 1888 ) ... a new application of the AC in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters , Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris , and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required ... Volume II . London : Charles & Co. p. 239 . Jump up ^ Ferraris , Galileo ( 1885 ) . `` Electromagnetic Rotation with an Alternating Current '' . Electrican. 36 : 360 -- 375 . Jump up ^ Tesla , Nikola ; AIEE Trans . ( 1888 ) . `` A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers '' . AIEE. 5 : 308 -- 324 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , William ( 2008 ) . `` How Did Nikola Tesla Change the Way We Use Energy ? '' . Howstuffworks.com . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mattox , D.M. ( 2003 ) . The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology . Random House . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 8155 - 1495 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Thomas Parke . Networks of Power : Electrification in Western society , 1880 -- 1930 . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2873 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Nikola Tesla '' . Tesla Society of USA and Canada . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbell , M.W. ( 2011 ) . The Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Generation Questions & Answers . Authorhouse . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4634 - 2441 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ VDE Committee History of Electrical Engineering IEEE German Chapter ( January 2012 ) . `` 150th Birthday of Michael von Dolivo - Dobrowolsky Colloquium '' . 13 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dolivo - Dobrowolsky , M. ( 1891 ) . ETZ. 12 : 149 , 161 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` How belt drives impact overhung load '' ( PDF ) . Gates Corporation . 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , S.H. ; Beckwith , S. ( 1949 ) . `` § 7 - 1 ' General Picture of a Synchronous Machine ' in Sec. 7 - Alternating - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 646 - 647 , figs. 7 - 1 & 7 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hameyer , § 5.1 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 83 , p. 812 Jump up ^ Lee , Norman C. ( 2006 ) . Practical Guide to Blow Moulding . iSmithers Rapra Publishing . ISBN 9781859575130 . Jump up ^ Kim , Sang - Hoon ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) . Electric Motor Control : DC , AC , and BLDC Motors . Elsevier . ISBN 9780128123195 . Jump up ^ `` Variable Speed Pumping , A Guide to Successful Applications , Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . USDOE - Europump - Hydraulic Institute . May 2004 . p. 9 , Fig . ES - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bose , Bimal K. ( 2006 ) . `` Chapters 6 , 7 & 8 '' . Power Electronics and Motor Drives : Advances and Trends . Academic Press . pp. see esp. 328 , 397 , 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088405 - 6 . Jump up ^ Knight , Andy . Electric Machines . U. of Alberta . Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hameyer , Kay ( 2001 ) . `` Electrical Machine I : Basics , Design , Function , Operation '' ( PDF ) . RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stölting , Hans - Dieter ( 2008 ) . `` § 1.3. 1.1 Motor Systematics in Chapter 1 - Introduction '' . In Stölting , H.D. ; Kallenbach , E. ; Amrhein , W. ( eds . ) . Handbook of Fractional - Horsepower Drives ( Online ed . ) . Springer . p. see esp . p. 5 , Table 1.1 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 73128 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ionel , D.M. ( 2010 ) . `` High - Efficiency Variable - Speed Electric Motor Drive Technologies for Energy Savings in the US Residential Sector '' . 12th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment ( OPTIM ) . IEEE . pp. 1403 -- 1414 . doi : 10.1109 / OPTIM. 2010.5510481 . ^ Jump up to : Alger , Philip L. ; et al. ( 1949 ) . `` § 274 - § 287 ' AC Commutator Motors ' sub-section of Sec. 7 - Alternating - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 755 -- 763 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , R. ( 2008 ) . Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Brushless DC Motor Drives . CRC . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 5384 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Weiβmantel , H ; Oesingmann , P. ; Möckel , A. ( 2008 ) . `` § 2.1 Motors with Commutator in Chapter 2 - Motors with Continuous Rotation '' . In Stölting , H.D. ; Kallenbach , E. ; Amrhein , W. ( eds . ) . Handbook of Fractional - Horsepower Drives ( Online ed . ) . Springer . pp. 13 -- 160 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 73128 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Liu , Chen - Ching ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` § 66.1 ' Generators ' in Chapter 66 - ' Electric Machines ' of Section 6 - ' Energy ' '' . In Dorf , Richard C. ( editor - in - chief ) . The Electrical Engineering Handbook ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 1456 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8574 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nozawa , Tetsuo ( 2009 ) . `` Tokai University Unveils 100W DC Motor with 96 % Efficiency '' . Tech - On -- Nikkei Electronics . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bush , Steve ( 2009 ) . `` Dyson vacuums 104,000 rpm brushless DC technology '' . Electronics Weekly Magazine . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lander , Cyril W. ( 1993 ) . `` § 9 -- 8 ' Slip Ring Induction Motor Control ' in Chapter 9 - A.C. Machine Control '' . Power electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill 480 pages . ISBN 0 - 07 - 707714 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Krishnan , R. ( March 1987 ) . `` Selection Criteria for Servo Motor Drives '' . IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications . IA - 23 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 275 . doi : 10.1109 / TIA. 1987.4504902 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Dale R. ; Fardo , Stephen W. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 11 '' . Rotating Electrical Machines and Power Systems ( 2nd ed . ) . Fairmont Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88173 - 239 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , pp. 569 -- 570 , 891 Jump up ^ Fenoglio , John A. ; Chin , Bessie W.C. ; Cobb , Terry R. ( February 1979 ) . `` A High - Quality Digital X-Y Plotter Designed for Reliability , Flexibility and Low Cost '' ( PDF ) . Hewlett - Packard Journal . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stölting , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Bose , pp. 480 -- 481 Jump up ^ Vukosavic , Slobodan ; Stefanovic , Victor R. ( November -- December 1991 ) . `` SRM Inverter Topologies : A Comparative Evaluation '' . IEEE Trans . on Industry Applications. 27 ( 6 ) : 1034 -- 1047 . doi : 10.1109 / IAS. 1990.152299 . Jump up ^ Roters , Herbert C. ( January 1947 ) . `` The hysteresis motor - Advances which permit economical fractional horsepower ratings '' . Trans . AIEE. 66 ( 1 ) : 1419 -- 1430 . doi : 10.1109 / T - AIEE. 1947.5059594 . Jump up ^ Bakshi , U.A. ; Bakshi , M.V. ( 2009 ) . `` § 9.3 ' Hysteresis Motors ' in Chapter 9 - Special Machines '' . Electrical Machines - II ( 4th ed . ) . Technical Publications Pune . ISBN 81 - 8431 - 189 - 3 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lendenmann , Heinz ; et al. `` Motoring Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stölting , p. 10 Jump up ^ Bose , p. 389 Jump up ^ Kirtley , James L. , Jr. ( 2005 ) . `` Class Notes 1 : Electromagnetic Forces '' ( PDF ) . 6.6585 - Electric Machines . MIT Dept of Electrical Engineering . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DC Motor Calculations , part 1 '' . National Instruments . 30 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dwight , Herbert B. ; Fink , D.G. ( 1949 ) . `` § 27 to § 35A Electromagnetic Induction of EMF in Sec. 2 - Electric and Magnetic Circuits '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 36 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Laithwaite , E.R. ( February 1975 ) . `` Linear electric machines - A personal view '' . Proceedings of the IEEE. 63 ( 2 ) : 250 -- 290 . doi : 10.1109 / PROC. 1975.9734 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Patterson , D.J. ; Brice , C.W. ; Dougal , R.A. ; Kovuri , D. ( 1 -- 4 June 2003 ) . `` The `` Goodness '' of Small Contemporary Permanent Magnet Electric Machines '' ( PDF ) . Electric Machines and Drives Conference , 2003 . IEMDC'03 . vol. 2 . IEEE . pp. 1195 -- 1200 . doi : 10.1109 / IEMDC. 2003.1210392 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Klatt , Frederick W. ( September 2012 ) . `` Sensorless Real Time Control ( RTC ) : Brushless Wound - Rotor ( Synchronous ) Doubly - Fed Machine '' . Sensorless Control for Electrical Drives - SLED 2012 . IEEE . doi : 10.1109 / SLED. 2012.6422811 . Jump up ^ Horn , Alexander ( 2009 - 07 - 30 ) . Ultra-fast Material Metrology . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9783527627936 . Jump up ^ Shafik , Amro ; Ben Mrad , Ridha ( 2016 ) . Nanopositioning Technologies : Fundamentals and Applications . Springer International Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 23853 - 1 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Assist Tethers '' . www.tethers.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fink , Donald G. ; Beaty , H. Wayne , Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers , ' 14th ed. , McGraw - Hill , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 022005 - 0 . Houston , Edwin J. ; Kennelly , Arthur , Recent Types of Dynamo - Electric Machinery , American Technical Book Company 1897 , published by P.F. Collier and Sons New York , 1902 Kuphaldt , Tony R. ( 2000 -- 2006 ) . `` Chapter 13 AC MOTORS '' . Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Volume II . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 11 . Rosenblatt , Jack ; Friedman , M. Harold , Direct and Alternating Current Machinery , 2nd ed. , McGraw - Hill , 1963 Further reading ( edit ) Bedford , B.D. ; Hoft , R.G. ( 1964 ) . Principles of Inverter Circuits . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 06134 - 4 . Bose , Bimal K. ( 2006 ) . Power Electronics and Motor Drives : Advances and Trends . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088405 - 6 . Chiasson , John ( 2005 ) . Modeling and High - Performance Control of Electric Machines ( Online ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 68449 - X . Fitzgerald , A.E. ; Kingsley , Charles , Jr. ; Umans , Stephen D. ( 2003 ) . Electric Machinery ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 688 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 366009 - 7 . Pelly , B.R. ( 1971 ) . Thyristor Phase - Controlled Converters and Cycloconverters : Operation , Control , and Performance . Wiley - Interscience . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67790 - 1 . Stölting , H.D. ( 2008 ) . Kallenbach , E. ; Amrhein , W. , eds . Handbook of Fractional - Horsepower Drives ( Online ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 73128 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electric motors . An Animated Explanation of How AC & DC Motors Work WeCanFigureThisOut.org SparkMuseum : Early Electric Motors The Invention of the Electric Motor 1800 to 1893 , hosted by Karlsrushe Institute of Technology 's Martin Doppelbauer Electric Motors and Generators , a U. of NSW Physclips multimedia resource An animated explanation of how AC & DC motors work WeCanFigureThisOut.org IEA 4E - Efficient Electrical End - Use Equipment . iPES Rotating Magnetic Field , animation <Th_colspan="2"> Electric motors <Td_colspan="2"> AC - Alternating current DC - Direct current PM - Permanent magnet SC - Self - commutated Fundamental types AC motor DC motor DC motors Homopolar Electrically - excited field or PM field brushed DC Unipolar AC SC mechanical commutator Repulsion Universal AC SC electronic commutator Brushless DC ( BLDC ) Switched reluctance ( SRM ) AC asynchronous ( induction ( IM ) ) Shaded - pole ( single - phase ) Dahlander pole changing motor Squirrel - cage rotor ( SCIM ) Wound - rotor ( WRIM ) Linear induction AC synchronous ( SM ) Hysteresis Interior / Surface PM ( IPMSM / SPMSM ) Reluctance ( SyRM ) Wound - rotor ( WRSM ) Special magnetic machines Doubly - fed Linear Servomotor Stepper Traction Non-magnetic Electrostatic Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Enclosure Type Hermetic TEFC Components and accessories Armature Braking chopper Brush Commutator DC injection braking Field coil Rotor Slip ring Stator Winding Motor controllers AC / AC converter Amplidyne Adjustable - speed drive ( ASD ) Cycloconverter Direct torque control ( DTC ) Metadyne Motor controller Motor soft starter Motor starter ( engine ) Power inverter Thyristor drive Variable - frequency drive ( VFD ) Vector control Voltage controller Ward Leonard control History , education , recreational use Timeline of the electric motor Ball bearing motor Barlow 's wheel Lynch motor Mendocino motor Mouse mill motor Experimental , futuristic Coilgun Railgun Superconducting machine Related topics Blocked - rotor test Circle diagram Closed - loop control Electromagnetism Open - circuit test Open - loop controller Power - to - weight ratio Torque and speed of a DC motor Two - phase system People Arago Baily Barlow Botto Cook Davenport Davidson Dolivo - Dobrovolsky Faraday Ferraris Froment Gramme Henry Jacobi Jedlik Lenz Maxwell Ørsted Park Pixii Saxton Siemens Sprague Steinmetz Stimpson Sturgeon Tesla See also Alternator Electric generator Inchworm motor SI electromagnetism units C - Capacitance ( F ) Q - Charge ( C ) G , B , Y - Conductance , susceptance , admittance ( S ) κ , γ , σ - Conductivity ( S / m ) I - Current ( A ) D - Electric displacement field ( C / m ) E - Electric field ( V / m ) Φ - Electric flux ( V m ) χ - Electric susceptibility U , ΔV , Δφ ; E - Emf ( V ) L , M - Inductance ( H ) H - Magnetic field ( A / m ) strength Φ - Magnetic flux ( Wb ) B - Magnetic flux density ( T ) χ - Magnetic susceptibility μ - Permeability ( H / m ) ε - Permittivity ( F / m ) P - Power ( W ) R , X , Z - Resistance , reactance , impedance ( Ω ) ρ - Resistivity ( Ω m ) LCCN : sh85041835 GND : 4014315 - 6 BNF : cb11938455s ( data ) NDL : 00561302 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_motor&oldid=828331749 '' Categories : Electric motors Electrical engineering Electromagnetic components Energy conversion British inventions Magnetic propulsion devices Hungarian inventions Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles needing context from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Patois Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof 粵語 中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 06 . 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839,812,262,251,906,600 | who sang the song a change is going to come | A Change Is Gonna Come - wikipedia A Change Is Gonna Come For other uses , see A Change Is Gonna Come ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sam Cooke <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Ai n't That Good News A-side `` Shake '' Released December 22 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 22 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded January 30 , 1964 Studio RCA , Hollywood , California Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 3 : 11 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Cooke singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Cousin of Mine '' ( 1964 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Got The Whole World Shakin ' '' ( 1965 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Cousin of Mine '' ( 1964 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Got The Whole World Shakin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' is a song by American recording artist Sam Cooke , released on December 22 , 1964 , by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Shake '' . The song was inspired by various personal events in Cooke 's life , most prominently an event in which he and his entourage were turned away from a whites - only motel in Louisiana . Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him , and he recorded the song for its first release on his final album , Ai n't That Good News . The song , released in 1964 , pertains to the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans , and contains the refrain , `` It 's been a long time coming , but I know a change is gon na come . '' Though only a modest hit for Cooke in comparison with his previous singles , `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' is widely considered Cooke 's best composition and has been voted among the best songs ever released by various publications . In 2007 , the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress , with the National Recording Registry deeming the song `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Personnel 5 Release 5.1 Cover versions 6 Media usage 7 Chart history ( Sam Cooke version ) 8 Bibliography 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) On October 8 , 1963 , en route to Shreveport , Louisiana , Cooke called ahead to the Holiday Inn North to make reservations for his wife , Barbara , and himself , but when he and his group arrived , the desk clerk glanced nervously and explained there were no vacancies . While his brother Charles protested , Sam was fuming , yelling to see the manager and refusing to leave until he received an answer . His wife nudged him , attempting to calm him down , telling him , `` They 'll kill you , '' to which he responded , `` They ai n't gon na kill me , because I 'm Sam Cooke . '' When they eventually persuaded Cooke to leave , the group drove away calling out insults and blaring their horns . When they arrived at the Castle Motel on Sprague Street downtown , the police were waiting for them , arresting them for disturbing the peace . The New York Times ran an AP report the following day headlined `` Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport , '' but African - Americans were outraged , leading to the creation of a myth surrounding the incident , exaggerating parts of the story and fabricating others . In addition , upon hearing Bob Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' in 1963 , Cooke was greatly moved that such a poignant song about racism in America could come from someone who was not black , and was also ashamed he had not yet written something like that himself . However , his image and fears of losing his largely white fan base prevented him from doing so . Cooke loved the song so much it was immediately incorporated into his repertoire . Recording and production ( edit ) Following Christmas 1963 , Cooke invited J.W. Alexander to his home to preview a new song he had just written , one Cooke was very excited about . When he arrived , Cooke ran through the number on his guitar twice , the second time going over it line by line . Both were very excited to record the song , with Alexander viewing it more personal and political than anything he had yet attempted . He warned Cooke that he may not profit off the song as he had with lighter , poppier songs , but Cooke did not care . He explained to Alexander that he hoped the song would make his father proud . `` It was less work than any song he 'd ever written , '' biographer Peter Guralnick says . `` It almost scared him that the song -- it was almost as if the song were intended for somebody else . He grabbed it out of the air and it came to him whole , despite the fact that in many ways it 's probably the most complex song that he wrote . It was both singular -- in the sense that you started out , ' I was born by the river ' -- but it also told the story both of a generation and of a people . '' Cooke handed the song to his arranger René Hall , with no specific instructions as to what he personally wanted , but to give it `` the kind of instrumentation and orchestration that it demanded . '' Previously , the duo had collaborated on arrangement , but this was the first occasion in which Hall was granted complete control of the eventual arrangement , and he composed it as he would a movie score , with lush , symphonic strings . `` I wanted it to be the greatest thing in my ( life ) -- I spent a lot of time , put out a lot of ideas , and then changed them and rearranged them , '' said Hall . Cooke was well known as a perfectionist and `` control freak '' in the recording studio , so giving Hall total latitude was unprecedented . AFO drummer John Boudreaux was intimidated by the orchestral arrangement and refused to leave the control room ; session player and close collaborator Earl Palmer was working next door and filled in for the song . Luigi Creatore asked Cooke to provide one more take , and the eighth take was `` nearly perfect . '' Luigi was very pleased with the song , considering it among his best , both very serious and still uniquely his own . Cooke had initially imagined that Luigi , first and foremost a pop hitmaker , would not respect the socially conscious song . Composition ( edit ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' A sound sample of `` A Change Is Gonna Come , '' emphasizing the song 's lush , orchestral accompaniment . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Each verse is a different movement , with the horns carrying the first , the strings the second , and the timpani carrying the bridge . The French horn present in the recording was intended to convey a sense of melancholy . Cooke incorporated his own personal experiences as well into the song , such as encounters in Memphis , Shreveport and Birmingham , to reflect the lives and struggles of all African - Americans of the time . The lines `` I do n't know what 's up there / Beyond the sky '' could refer to Cooke 's doubt for absolute true justice on earth . The final verse , in which Cooke pleads for his `` brother '' to help him , is a metaphor for what Alexander described as `` the establishment '' The verse continues , ' But he winds up knocking me / back down on my knees . ' '' Personnel ( edit ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' was recorded on January 30 , 1964 , at RCA Studios in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Wally Heider , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Falling in Love '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 . Sam Cooke -- lead vocals SR Crain -- backing vocals Paul Foster -- backing vocals Jimmie Outler -- backing vocals Richard Gibbs -- backing vocals JJ Farley -- backing vocals René Hall -- guitar Norman Bartold -- guitar Arnold Belnick -- guitar Clifton White -- guitar Chuck Badie -- bass guitar Earl Palmer -- drums Harold Battiste -- piano William Hinshaw -- French horn Emil Radocchia -- marimba , timpani , percussion William Kurasch -- trumpet Louis Blackburn -- trombone John Ewing -- trombone David Wells -- trombone Harry Hyams -- viola Alexander Neiman -- viola Israel Baker -- violin Irving Lipschultz -- violin Leonard Malarsky -- violin Jack Pepper -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Sidney Sharp -- violin Darrel Terwilliger -- violin Tibor Zelig -- violin Emmet Sargeant -- cello Release ( edit ) Cooke first performed `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on February 7 , 1964 . Cooke 's new manager , Allen Klein , was infatuated with the song and persuaded Cooke to do away with promoting his most recent single , `` Ai n't That Good News '' , and perform `` Change '' instead , feeling that that was the statement he needed to make before a national audience . Cooke objected , noting that the album 's release was a month away and that he had no time to pull together an arrangement within such a short time frame . Klein arranged for RCA to pay for a full string section and Cooke performed the song that Friday on The Tonight Show after performing `` Basin Street '' . An NBC timekeeper logged down the number as `` It 's a Long Time Coming , '' but the network did not save the tape of the performance . Klein and Alexander both felt it would become a milestone moment in Cooke 's career , but it was overshadowed by the Beatles ' performance on The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS just two days later . Cooke elected not to perform `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' again in his lifetime , both because of the complexity of the arrangement and because of the ominous nature of the song . When shown to his protégé Bobby Womack , his response was that it sounds `` like death . '' Cooke responded , `` Man , that 's kind of how it sounds like to me . That 's why I 'm never going to play it in public . '' Womack clarified his thoughts , that it was n't deathly , but rather `` spooky , '' but Cooke never performed the song again . Ten months later , `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' was prepared for single release , with the verse and chorus preceding the bridge ( `` I go to the movies ... '' ) deleted for radio airplay . The civil rights movement picked up on `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' with near immediacy . On December 11 , 1964 , two weeks before the song was released , Sam Cooke was fatally shot at a Los Angeles motel . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement , and is widely considered Cooke 's best composition . Over the years , the song has garnered significant praise and , in 2005 , was voted number 12 by representatives of the music industry and press in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , and voted number 3 in the webzine Pitchfork Media 's The 200 Greatest Songs of the 60s . The song is also among three hundred songs deemed the most important ever recorded by National Public Radio ( NPR ) and was recently selected by the Library of Congress as one of twenty - five selected recordings to the National Recording Registry as of March 2007 . The song is currently ranked as the 46th greatest song of all time , as well as the third best song of 1964 , by Acclaimed Music . NPR called the song `` one of the most important songs of the civil rights era . '' Despite its acclaim , legal troubles have haunted the single since its release . A dispute between Cooke 's music publisher , ABKCO , and record company , RCA Records , made the recording unavailable for much of the four decades since its release . Although the song was featured prominently in the 1992 film Malcolm X , it could not be included in the film 's soundtrack . By 2003 , however , the disputes had been settled in time for the song to be included on the remastered version of Ai n't That Good News , as well as the Cooke anthology Portrait of a Legend . A live rendition was included in the soundtrack to the 2001 Michael Mann film Ali . James Taylor recorded a version specially for an episode of the same title of the television drama The West Wing . The Allman Brothers Band captured their performance of the song on their 2003 DVD Live at the Beacon Theatre . Cover versions ( edit ) Other notable artists who have covered the song include : Gerald Alston 2008 Baby Huey on The Baby Huey Story 1971 The Band 1973 George Benson 1979 Wayne Brady 2008 Billy Bragg 2006 Brandy Solomon Burke 1986 John Boutte 2001 Tony Carey the Cold War Kids 2007 Terence Trent D'Arby Gavin DeGraw 2003 Matt Doyle Bob Dylan 1979 Everlast 2011 The 5th Dimension ( in a 1970 medley with The Rascals ' `` People Got to Be Free '' ) Aretha Franklin from `` I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You '' 1967 the Fugees 1996 Jeffrey Gaines The Gits Al Green 1996 Greta Van Fleet 2017 Deitrick Haddon Morten Harket Beth Hart jacksoul 2006 Leela James 2005 R. Kelly Evelyn Champagne King 1985 Patti LaBelle 1998 The Manhattans Allison Moorer The Neville Brothers 1989 Graham Parker 1989 Billy Preston 1981 James & Bobby Purify 1967 Prince Buster 2016 Otis Redding 1965 Michael Thompson featuring Bobby Womack 1976 The Righteous Brothers ( Bobby Hatfield solo ) 1966 Seal and Arcade Fire , who used the song in support of Barack Obama 's nomination for President of the United States . Ben Sollee Solo 1995 The Supremes 1965 Seal ( singer ) 2008 Three Dog Night 1969 Tina Turner 1988 Luther Vandross Cory Wells Canned Heat performed live at Woodstock , 1969 In recent years , the song has served as a sample for rappers Ghostface Killah ( 1996 ) , Ja Rule ( 2003 ) , Papoose ( 2006 ) , Lil Wayne ( 2007 ) `` Long Time Coming ( remix ) '' Charles Hamilton , Asher Roth , and B.o.B ( 2009 ) , and Nas 's It Was Written album also features a similar opening as the song . On their album The Reunion hip - hop artists Capone - N - Noreaga used an excerpt from the song on the opening track which shares the same title as the Cooke original . British soul singer Beverley Knight says the song is her all - time favorite and has performed it live many a time ; most notably on ' Later with Jools Holland ' . On May 6 , 2008 , during the seventh season of American Idol , the song was sung by contestant Syesha Mercado as the remaining top 4 . It was also sung by Joshua Ledet during the Top 7 episode of season 11 ( 2012 ) , for which he received a standing ovation from the audience . After winning the 2008 United States presidential election , Barack Obama referred to the song , stating to his supporters in Chicago , `` It 's been a long time coming , but tonight , change has come to America . '' A duet of the song by Bettye LaVette and Jon Bon Jovi was included in We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In Washington DC , in the days leading up to the Inauguration of Barack Obama , this song could be heard played constantly in the city centre . In 2004 , Patti LaBelle performed the song on the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert to a standing ovation . Julian Casablancas , lead singer of popular rock band The Strokes , has cited `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' as his favorite song of all time . In 2009 , Aaron Neville , along with the Mt . Zion Mass Choir , released a version of the song `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' on the compilation album Oh Happy Day . American Idol creator / producer Simon Fuller selected the song for contestant Adam Lambert to sing in the season 8 finale in May , 2009 . It was also covered by season 9 semifinalist Lilly Scott in March 2010 . In 2010 , one of the finalists of the British The X Factor , Rebecca Ferguson , sang the song for her audition , impressing judges Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and guest judge Nicole Scherzinger . The song was performed in the 2011 Miss America Pageant by Miss Kentucky , Djuan Trent . In 2011 , jazz group Afro - Blue performed the song on The Sing - off by request of the judges . The same year , Everlast recorded a version of the song for his album Songs of the Ungrateful Living . Maverick Sabre covered the song on his 2012 album Lonely Are the Brave On January 1 , 2012 , the song was the last single to be played on the New Zealand radio station Solid Gold FM before the station rebranded . On June 1 , 2013 Beyoncé Knowles sang the song during The Sound of Change Live concert in London , as part of Chime for Change , an organization which supports total equality between women and men in all areas of life . Mark Sutherland of Rolling Stone magazine noted that Knowles belted out the song , while Alice Vincent from The Daily Telegraph noted that the rendition of the song reflected the event 's purpose . Later , on July 20 , 2013 , Knowles performed the song during a stop in Detroit as part of her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . The performance followed the city 's recent file for bankruptcy . As Knowles performed , the screen behind her displayed photos of Detroit 's landmarks and icons including Aretha Franklin , Aaliyah , Eminem , Anita Baker , Bob Seger , Kid Rock , The White Stripes , Berry Gordy , Jr , Joe Louis . The montage ended with the declaration `` Nothing Stops Detroit ! '' and Knowles closed the performance by saying `` I love you , Detroit '' . A spokesperson for the singer described the performance as a `` unique tribute to the history of an incredible city and a celebration of the strong spirit of its people '' . A black - and - white video of the cover was uploaded on Knowles ' official YouTube channel on July 30 , 2013 . It closes with a quote from Henry Ford : `` Failure is simply the opportunity to start over , this time more intelligently . '' A reporter for The Huffington Post reported that the singer 's `` heartfelt '' cover of the song `` touched '' her fans and the people who loved Detroit . Latifah Muhammad of the Black Entertainment Television wrote that Knowles ' `` powerful '' rendition of the song came right on time . An editor for Essence described Knowles ' cover as a `` moving tribute to Detroit '' . Jordan Sargent of Spin wrote , `` It all might come off as a bit heavy - handed if it was n't for the fact that , well , Beyonce absolutely slays the cover . '' Lauren Moraski from CBS News described the tribute to the city as `` touching '' . In 2013 15 - year - old Dwayne Cooke released a video of himself singing `` A Change Gonna Come '' on YouTube which has gone viral on Facebook and other social networking sites ... Media usage ( edit ) Many stations have played this song to signal the moment of format change ( e.g. when KSOC 94.5 in Dallas / Fort Worth , TX changed from urban AC to urban oldies in July 2011 ) . Chart history ( Sam Cooke version ) ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Billboard R&B Singles Chart 9 Billboard Hot 100 31 Bibliography ( edit ) Portrait of a Legend 1951 - 1964 . Abkco Records , 2003 . Los Angeles , California . Werner , Craig ( 1999 ) . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race , and the Soul of America . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28065 - 6 . Wolff , Daniel J. ; S.R. Crain ; Clifton White & G. David Tenenbaum ( 1995 ) . You Send Me : The Life and Times of Sam Cooke . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12403 - 8 . Guralnick , Peter ( 2005 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0316013291 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannady , S. 2007 , Recordings by Historical Figures and Musical Legends Added To the 2006 National Recording Registry : Library of Congress Accepting Nominations for the 2007 Registry , viewed May 9 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 526 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 513 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke And The Song That ' Almost Scared Him ' '' . NPR ( National Public Radio ) . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 540 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 541 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 547 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 550 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 607 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs '' . 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDTei_wdm3U Jump up ^ Joshua Ledet Earns TWO Standing Ovations on American Idol ( VIDEO ) Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi , Queen Latifah go gospel for `` Day '' `` . Reuters . March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce Leads a Charge of Powerful Women at Sound of Change '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé , Sound of Change Live , Twickenham Stadium , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé dedicates ' A Change is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Rap - Up . July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Pays Tribute to Motor City : ' Nothing Stops Detroit ! ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Adam ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Grapevine : Beyonce 's ' Change ' hits online '' . The Detroit News . MediaNews Group . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Releases Powerful Detroit Dedication , Cover Of Sam Cooke 's ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Latifah ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Sings `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' in Detroit `` . Black Entertainment Television . BET Networks . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Must - See : Beyoncé Dedicates ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Essence . Essence Communications . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Jordan ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Beyonce Dedicate Moving Cover of ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Watch : Beyonce releases touching tribute to Detroit '' . CBS News . CBS . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Change Is Gonna Come , Sam Cooke Cover , 1963 - Done By Dwayne '' . Jump up ^ 94.5 KSoul Revamps As Old School 94.5 - Format Change Archive ( accessed October 4 , 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There ! I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Change_Is_Gonna_Come&oldid=841565121 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1964 singles 1970 singles 1960s ballads Songs written by Sam Cooke Sam Cooke songs Otis Redding songs The 5th Dimension songs James & Bobby Purify songs James Taylor songs Three Dog Night songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings RCA Victor singles Songs released posthumously Songs against racism and xenophobia Soul ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Sam Cooke
2. A Change Is Gonna Come
3. Civil Rights Movement
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1,301,933,443,496,534,300 | what does holding up your thumb and pinky mean | Shaka sign - wikipedia Shaka sign Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Shaka ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The `` shaka '' sign is a common greeting in the Hawaiian culture , subsequently also used in surfer culture . The shaka sign , sometimes known as `` hang loose '' by outsiders also used to say awesome , is a gesture of friendly intent often associated with Hawaii , and surf culture . It consists of extending the thumb and smallest finger while holding the three middle fingers curled , and gesturing in salutation while presenting the front or back of the hand ; the hand may be rotated back and forth for emphasis . The shaka sign was adopted from local Hawaiian culture and customs by visiting surfers in the 1960s , and its use has spread around the world . It is primarily used as a greeting gesture or one to express thanks , acknowledgement , or even praise from one individual to another . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning and use 1.1 Similar gestures 2 Origin 3 See also 4 References Meaning and use ( edit ) Hawaiians use the shaka to convey the `` Aloha Spirit '' , a concept of friendship , understanding , compassion , and solidarity among the various ethnic cultures that reside in Hawaii , lacking a direct semantic to literal translation . The shaka can also be used to express `` howzit ? '' , `` thanks , eh ? '' , and `` all right ! '' . Drivers will often use it on the road to communicate distant greetings and gratitude . In California , the shaka sign may be referred to as `` hang loose '' or `` hang ten '' , both associated with surfer culture . The gesture enjoys common use in American hang gliding culture , for both sentiment and word play , in part due to the simultaneous rise of surfing and hang gliding in California in the 1960s and 1970s . It is also widely used among skydivers , base jumpers , wakeboarders , scuba divers , paragliders , skateboarders , & speed - flyers . Along coastal Brazil , the shaka sign , known as the `` hang loose '' ( also derived from an eponymous clothing brand , which uses the shaka as a logo ) , is a common gesture ; Ronaldinho usually celebrated the goals he scored by giving the crowd a double shaka . It is also associated with the Brazilian jiu jitsu community internationally . There are several Emoticon representations of the shaka sign - \ , , , / , \ m / , and \ , , , _ . The earliest known use of the first two , with three commas or a lower case `` m '' corresponding to a hand 's three middle fingers , is from 2006 . The last , similar to the first except that it represents the thumb extended horizontally ( as if perpendicular to the wrist ) is reported , together with the first form , from Brigham Young University in 2016 . Similar gestures ( edit ) The sign can also be used to indicate the imbibing of a bottled drink , as attested to below , by placing the thumb to the mouth and motioning the little finger upward as if tipping up a bottle 's bottom end . A similar meaning can be achieved by pressing the thumb up against the tip of the nose with the little finger raised upwards parallel to the bridge of the nose . Referred to as `` schooies '' ( Australian slang for a schooner ) the sign is thought to have originated in Perth . With the thumb held near the ear and the little finger pointed at the mouth , the gesture is commonly understood to mean `` call me '' , as it resembles a hand held telephone . The Unicode 9.0 emoji 🤙 `` Call me hand '' can be mistaken for a shaka sign . With the fingers facing forward , the same gesture is the letter Y in the American manual alphabet . See also : ILY sign In China , this gesture means `` 6 '' . In Australia and Russia raising the thumb to the mouth while pointing the little finger to the air is seen as invitation for one to smoke marijuana , the posture resembling the use of a pipe . Similarly in New Zealand , this gesture symbolises smoking a `` P '' ( methamphetamine ) pipe , as well as variations of the shaka sign being the recognised gang salute for the Mongrel Mob . Since 2015 , fans of the Mormon - sponsored Brigham Young University ( also known colloquially as `` The Y '' ) have started using the gesture , in deference to newly hired Kalani Sitake , BYU 's Polynesian head football coach , and because of its similarity with the letter Y in the American manual alphabet that is used with American Sign Language . Perhaps most importantly there , it is used as a nod of respect to Hamana Kalili , a native Hawaiian Mormon who according to locals is the founder of the popular sign . Origin ( edit ) The shaka sign resembles the American Sign Language letter for Y . According to the Honolulu Star - Bulletin , prevailing local lore credits the gesture to Hamana Kalili of Laie , who lost the three middle fingers of his right hand while working at the Kahuku Sugar Mill . Kalili was then shifted to guarding the sugar train , and his all - clear wave of thumb and pinkie is said to have evolved into the shaka as children imitated the gesture . Another theory relates the origin of the shaka to the Spanish immigrants , who folded their middle fingers and took their thumbs to their lips as a friendly gesture to represent sharing a drink with the natives they met in Hawaii . Yet another theory relates the origin to visiting whalers who signaled a catch with a `` tails up '' shaka . Shaka and its very positive associations may simply derive from the popular World War II `` V for Victory '' hand sign , in Hawaii often held up and rotated rapidly back and forth , `` shaken '' , hence shaka . The late Lippy Espinda , a used car salesman and Oahu - based entertainer , has also been named as a possible creator of the shaka . Espinda , who frequently appeared as an extra in Hawaii Five - O as well as The Brady Bunch episodes shot in Hawaii , used the term and the sign during his television ads in the ' 60s . Though the claim that he is the originator of the shaka sign is debatable , he is credited with increasing its popularity and of Hawaiian Pidgin as well . The shaka has achieved great popularity in Australia , primarily among teenagers on social media sites such as Instagram and Facebook . The Oxford English Dictionary gives this etymology of ' shaka ' : Origin uncertain ; perhaps < Japanese shaka , a byname of the historical Buddha ( ultimately < Sanskrit śākyamuni , a byname of the Buddha , probably via Chinese ) , although if so the relationship with the hand gesture is unclear . U.S. colloq . ( orig. and chiefly regional ( Hawaii ) ) . The definition is given as : Used to express affirmation , approval , solidarity , etc. , often when greeting or parting from someone . Frequently in ' shaka brah ' . The significant quote from the Oxford Dictionary is from an article in the May 1986 issue of the now defunct `` Surfing '' Magazine . See also ( edit ) Sign of the horns Symbols Emojis Gestures List of gestures List of mudras Manual communication References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cam ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Cam in South America : Brazil and I celebrate our two - month anniversary : reflections on our relationship '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Geal , Alan ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Aux armes mottoes : clarere audere gaudere & ζητεῖν τὴν ἀλήθειαν '' . Pleiade.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 02 . an innocently hedonistic call of American West Coast youth in the 1960 's , Surf 's up ! : \ , , , / or \ m / Hang loose ! ^ Jump up to : Walker , Michael R. ( Summer 2016 ) . `` World - Famous Shaka Started By Hawaiian Latter - day Saint '' . BYU Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Schooie '' . Slang Dictionary . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Australian Slang : schooner of beer Jump up ^ `` Definition of Schooie '' . Babylon . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Australian Slang : schooner of beer Jump up ^ `` U + 1F919 : CALL ME HAND '' ( PDF ) . unicode.org . Jump up ^ Newbold , Greg ; Taonui , Rāwiri ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Gangs -- Māori gangs and Pacific youth gangs '' . Te Ara -- The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : Watanabe , June ( 31 March 2002 ) . `` Wherever it came from , shaka sign part of Hawaii '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Founder of the Shaka Hamana Kalili '' . This Week Hawaii . 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shaka '' . Polynesian Cultural Center . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The history of the famous surfing shaka sign '' . SurferToday . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dylan Heyden ( 15 June 2016 ) . `` Everything You Wanted to Know About the History of the Shaka '' . The Inertia . Jump up ^ Joe Kukura ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` How Four Small - Town Oahu Natives Went on to Change the World '' . Polynesian Cultural Center . Jump up ^ A Tribute to Hamana Kalili. 28 July 2001 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Shawn Young ( November 2008 ) . `` Shaka , Brah ! '' . The Surfer 's Journal . p. 135 . via Shawn Young . `` The Origin of the Shaka Sign '' . Jump up ^ `` Hamana Kalili , Originator of the Shaka Sign '' . hamanakalili.info . March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's shaka symbol '' . To-Hawaii.com . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bob Krauss ( 25 September 2005 ) . `` Theorizing about birth of shaka '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Jump up ^ https://magazine-dev.byu.edu/article/handy-way-rep-y/ Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the `` Shaka '' Sign `` . Archived from the original on 22 February 2003 . Jump up ^ Sean Reavis ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` The Shaka - History of the Hawaiian `` Hang Loose '' `` . Boarders . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Céline Nguyen . `` SURFIN ' USA '' . Surf Library . See Appendix . Jump up ^ `` The Funniest People in Hawaii '' . Honolulu Magazine . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Theorizing about birth of shaka '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katherine Connor Martin , Head of US Dictionaries ( December 2016 ) . `` Release notes : Bama and shaka : how two local words went global '' . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Nick Paumgarten ( 3 October 2016 ) . `` The Oxford English Dictionary 's Surf Consultant '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ http://www.surfer.com/surfing-magazine-archive/ Jump up ^ Ross Colvin ( 27 December 2008 ) . `` Hawaiian ' shaka ' greeting comes natural to Obama '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Ledger Live : Obama does the shaka . NJ.com. 21 January 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Katie Zezima ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` President Obama threw a shaka sign at the Wounded Warrior Project bike ride '' . The Washington Post The Fix blog . Jump up ^ `` USA - Presidential Inauguration - President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama give ' Shaka Sign ' to Band from Hawaii '' . Getty Images . January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Catalina Camia , ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Obama sends Hawaiian - style love to his alma mater '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Katharine Q. Seelye ( 20 January 2009 ) . `` Live Blog : The Inauguration of Barack Obama '' . The New York Times The Caucus blog . Jump up ^ `` US President Barack Obama gives the Hawa '' . Getty Images . 8 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Christina Wilkie ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` ' Shaka brah ' is ITK 's quote of the day '' . The Hill In The Know blog . Jump up ^ `` Obama hikes to top of Koko Crater with friends and family '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Associated Press . 22 December 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Añjali Mudrā Bow Curtsey Gadaw Genuflection Hand - kiss Kowtow Kuji - in Mano Mudra Namaste Pranāma Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three - finger salute Two - finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger - counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb / index - finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Awkward turtle Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand - in - waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Merkel diamond Pointing Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language Surya Namaskara <Th_colspan="2"> Surfing <Td_colspan="2"> Terminology Types Big wave Bellyboarding Bodyboarding Flowriding Kiteboarding Kneeboarding Lake surfing River surfing Shoulder surfing Skimboarding Standup paddleboarding Surf kayaking Tow - in Tube riding Windsurfing Women 's surfing Surfers American Argentine Australian Brazilian British Filipino French Irish Maldivian New Zealand Peruvian Portuguese South African Environment Closeout Hawaiian scale Ocean surface wave Surf break Surfline Tidal bore Wave pool Equipment Surfboard Fins Wax Wax comb Foilboard Boardshorts Leg rope Locations By country Australia Canada Chile Ecuador India Indonesia Ireland Madeira New Zealand Peru South Africa Turkey United Kingdom Scotland United States Sites Banzai Pipeline Cyclops La Libertad Mavericks Puerto Escondido Ship Stern Bluff Teahupo'o Competitions Australian Boardriders Battle Australian Open of Surfing Rip Curl Pro Billabong Pipeline Masters Billabong Pro Jeffreys Bay Billabong Pro Teahupoo Billabong Pro Teahupoo 2008 Copa Movistar Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship East Coast Surfing Championships ISA World Junior Surfing Games Ecuador Ku Ikaika Challenge Lion Foundation Surf League MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal Noosa Festival of Surfing O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro O'Neill World Cup of Surfing Pipeline Bodysurfing Classic Quiksilver Big Wave Invitational Quiksilver Pro France Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast Red Bull Big Wave Africa Red Bull Cape Fear Reef Hawaiian Pro Rip Curl Pro Shark Island Challenge Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships Stubbies Surfabout Surfest Triple Crown of Surfing US Open of Surfing World Surfing Championship World Surf League Organizations International Professional Surfers International Surfing Association International Surfing Day International Surfing Museum National Scholastic Surfing Association NYSurfFilmFestival Santa Cruz Surfing Museum SurfAid International Surfers Against Sewage Surfrider Foundation Surfing Australia Surfing South Africa The Moonshine Conspiracy Welsh Surfing Federation World Surf League Culture Art Fictional surfers Films Hair Music Shaka sign Hazards Shark attack Surfer 's eye Surfer 's ear Surfer 's myelopathy Related topics Surf lifesaving Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaka_sign&oldid=843602488 '' Categories : Greetings Hand gestures Hawaii culture Surf culture Symbols of Hawaii Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Shaka sign - a hand gesture of friendly intent associated with Hawaiian and surf culture
2. Meaning and use of the shaka sign - a gesture of friendship, thanks, and acknowledgement
3. Origin of the shaka sign - theories on its origins, including Hawaiian culture and visiting surfers
4. Similar gestures - other hand gestures with similar meanings or uses
5. Popularity and cultural associations of the shaka sign - its use in different countries and communities, including sports and entertainment figures |
-6,270,737,684,360,381,000 | who played tin man in the wizard of oz | Jack Haley - wikipedia Jack Haley For other people named Jack Haley , see Jack Haley ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Jack Haley <Td_colspan="2"> Haley in Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( 1938 ) John Joseph Haley Jr . ( 1897 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1897 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. June 6 , 1979 ( 1979 - 06 - 06 ) ( aged 81 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , comedian , singer , dancer Years active 1924 -- 1977 Known for The Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Spouse ( s ) Florence McFadden ( m . 1921 ) Children 2 , including Jack Haley Jr . John Joseph Haley Jr ( August 10 , 1897 -- June 6 , 1979 ) professionally Jack Haley , was an American vaudevillian , actor , radio host , comedian , singer and dancer best known for his portrayal of the Tin Man in the classic 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 `` The Tin Man '' in The Wizard of Oz 3 Personal life 3.1 Final years and death 4 Film 5 Short films 6 Broadway 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Haley was born in Boston , Massachusetts , to Canadian - born parents John Joseph Haley Sr. and Ellen Curley Haley . His father was a sailor by trade and died in a ship wreck off the coast of Nova Scotia on February 1 , 1898 , when Jack was only six months old . He had one older brother , Bill , who died of pneumonia in 1915 at the age of 20 after contracting tuberculosis . Career ( edit ) Haley ( far left ) in a trailer for Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( 1938 ) Haley headlined in vaudeville as a song - and - dance comedian . One of his closest friends was Fred Allen , who would frequently mention `` Mr. Jacob Haley of Newton Highlands , Massachusetts '' on the air . In the early 1930s , Haley starred in comedy shorts for Vitaphone in Brooklyn , New York . His wide - eyed , good - natured expression gained him supporting roles in musical feature films , including Poor Little Rich Girl with Shirley Temple , Higher and Higher with Frank Sinatra and the Irving Berlin musical Alexander 's Ragtime Band . Both Poor Little Rich Girl and Alexander 's Ragtime Band were released by Twentieth Century - Fox . Haley was under contract to them and appeared in the Fox films Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and Pigskin Parade , marking his first appearance with Judy Garland . Haley hosted a radio show from 1937 to 1939 known to many as The Jack Haley Show . The first season ( 1937 - 1938 ) , the show was sponsored by Log Cabin Syrup and was known as The Log Cabin Jamboree . The next season ( 1938 - 1939 ) , the show was sponsored by Wonder Bread and was known as The Wonder Show . During the second season the show featured Gale Gordon and Lucille Ball as regular radio performers . Haley returned to musical comedies in the 1940s . Most of his ' 40s work was for RKO Radio Pictures . He left the studio in 1947 when he refused to appear in a remake of RKO 's Seven Keys to Baldpate . Phillip Terry took the role . He subsequently went into real estate , taking guest roles in television series over the next couple of decades . `` The Tin Man '' in the Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton , Ray Bolger and Jack Haley reunited in 1970 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer hired Haley for the part of the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz after its contracted song - and - dance comedian Buddy Ebsen suffered an almost fatal allergic reaction . He had unwittingly inhaled some of the aluminum dust that composed the majority of the components that went into the creation of his silver face makeup . Bits of it instantly began to settle on his lungs and within a few days of principal photographic testing , he found himself preparing to sit down to dinner one night only to encounter difficulties taking a regular breath of oxygen . The dust was subsequently converted into a paste for Haley in the hope that the previous catastrophe that befell Ebsen would not be repeated . This time around , however , a different incident occurred . The application of the aluminum paste to Haley 's face resulted in an eye infection that led to his being off the set for four days of shooting . Appropriate surgical treatment was administered and any chance of serious or permanent eye damage averted . Haley also portrayed the Tin Man 's Kansas counterpart , Hickory , one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmhands . Haley did not remember the makeup or the costume fondly . Interviewed about the film years later by Tom Snyder , he related that many fans assumed making the film was a fun experience . Haley said , `` Like hell it was . It was work ! '' For his role as the Tin Woodman , Haley spoke in the same soft tone he used when reading bedtime stories to his children . Oz was one of only two films Haley made for MGM . The other was Pick a Star , a 1937 Hal Roach production distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Personal life ( edit ) Haley ( second from left ) at the National Film Society Convention on May 30 , 1979 , ( one week before his death ) Haley was raised Roman Catholic . He was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills , California . He married Florence McFadden ( 1902 -- 1996 ) , a native of Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania on February 25 , 1921 ; `` I met her casually '' Jack recalled . `` As show people often do , and we became inseparable . '' They remained married until his death . Flo Haley opened a successful beauty shop and had many film personalities among her clients . The couple had a son , Jack Haley Jr. ( 1933 -- 2001 ) , who became a successful film producer , and a daughter , Gloria ( 1923 -- 2010 ) . In 1974 , the younger Haley married entertainer Liza Minnelli , the daughter of his father 's Oz co-star Judy Garland . The marriage ended in divorce in 1979 . Jack Haley Jr. died on April 21 , 2001 . Gloria Haley - Parnassus died on May 1 , 2010 . His nephew Bob Dornan served as a Republican congressman from California . Final years and death ( edit ) Jack and Florence Haley 's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California . Their son , Jack Haley , Jr. , is buried next to them . Haley 's last film appearance was in 1977 's New York , New York -- in the lavish `` Happy Endings '' musical number , he played a host who introduces a top Broadway star at an award ceremony , played by his then - daughter - in - law , Liza Minnelli . On April 9 , 1979 he appeared at the 51st Academy Awards ceremony with his Oz co-star Ray Bolger to present the award for Best Costume Design . Bolger announced the nominees , Haley the winner . Before he could open the envelope , Bolger asked , `` How come you get to read the winner ? '' , to which Haley replied , `` When your son produces the show , you can announce the winner . '' Jack Jr. was the show 's producer that year . Haley remained active until a week before his death . On June 6 , 1979 , Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles , California at the age of 81 . He is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City , California . Haley 's autobiography , Heart of the Tin Man , was published in 2000 . Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director / Studio Notes 1927 Broadway Madness Radio Announcer Burton L. King Excellent Pictures Film debut 1930 Follow Thru Jack Martin Lloyd Corrigan and Laurence Schwab Paramount Performer : Button Up Your Overcoat 1933 Mr. Broadway Jack Haley Johnnie Walker and Edgar G. Ulmer Broadway - Hollywood Productions Sitting Pretty Pete Pendleton Harry Joe Brown Paramount Performer : You 're Such a Comfort to Me ; I Wanna Meander with Miranda and Good Morning Glory 1934 Here Comes the Groom Mike Scanlon Edward Sedgwick Paramount 1935 Spring Tonic Sykes Clyde Bruckman Fox Film Corporation Redheads on Parade Peter Mathews Norman Z . McLeod Fox Film Corporation The Girl Friend Henry H. Henry Edward Buzzell Columbia Pictures Performer : What is This Power and Two Together Coronado Chuck Hornbostel Norman Z . McLeod Paramount Performer : All 's Well in Coronado by the Sea and Keep Your Fingers Crossed 1936 F - Man Johnny Dime Edward F. Cline Paramount Poor Little Rich Girl Jimmy Dolan Irving Cummings 20th Century Fox Performer : You 've got to Eat your Spinach Baby and Military Man Mr. Cinderella Joe Jenkins / Aloysius P. Merriweather Edward Sedgwick MGM Pigskin Parade Winston ' Slug ' Winters David Butler 20th Century Fox Performer : You Do the Darndest Things Baby and The Balboa 1937 Pick a Star Joe Jenkins Edward Sedgwick MGM Performer : Pick A Star and I 've Got It Bad She Had to Eat Danny Decker Malcolm St. Clair 20th Century Fox Wake Up and Live Eddie Kane Sidney Lanfield 20th Century Fox Danger -- Love at Work Henry MacMorrow Otto Preminger 20th Century Fox Performer : Danger Love at Work Uncredited Ali Baba Goes to Town Himself - Cameo David Butler 20th Century Fox Uncredited 1938 Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm Orville Smithers Allan Dwan 20th Century Fox Performer : Alone With You Alexander 's Ragtime Band Davey Lane Henry King 20th Century Fox Performer : Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning ; That International Rag and In My Harem ( DVD extra only ) Hold That Co-ed Wilber Peters George Marshall 20th Century Fox Thanks for Everything Henry Smith William A. Seiter 20th Century Fox 1939 The Wizard of Oz The Tin Man / Hickory Victor Fleming MGM ( writer , uncredited ) Performer : If I Only Had a Heart and The Merry Old Land of Oz 1941 Moon Over Miami Jack O'Hara Walter Lang 20th Century Fox Performer : Is That Good ? Navy Blues ' Powerhouse ' Bolton Lloyd Bacon Warner Bros . Performer : When are we Going to Land Abroad 1942 Beyond the Blue Horizon Squidge Sullivan Alfred Santell Paramount 1944 Higher and Higher Mike O'Brien Tim Whelan RKO Pictures Performer : Today I 'm a Debutante and The Music Stopped Take It Big Jack North Frank McDonald Paramount Performer : Take It Big One Body Too Many Albert Tuttle Frank McDonald Paramount 1945 Scared Stiff Larry Elliot Frank McDonald Paramount George White 's Scandals Jack Evans Felix E. Feist RKO Pictures Sing Your Way Home Steve Kimball Anthony Mann RKO Pictures 1946 People Are Funny Pinky Wilson Sam White Paramount Performer : Hey Jose Vacation in Reno Jack Caroll Leslie Goodwins RKO Pictures Last major film before retirement from motion pictures 1970 Norwood Mr. Reese Jack Haley , Jr . Paramount Directed by his son producer / director Jack Haley Jr . 1977 New York , New York Master of Ceremonies Martin Scorsese United Artists This film marked Jack Haley 's final screen appearance . Uncredited , ( final film role ) Short films ( edit ) Year Movie title Role Notes 1928 Haleyisms Jack Haley Also stars his wife Flo McFadden ; Vitaphone production reel # 2269 1930 The 20th Amendment Wallace Moore Success Elmer Performer : `` Just a Gigolo '' ; Vitaphone production reel # 1257 - 1258 1932 The Imperfect Lover Vitaphone production reel # 1324 - 1325 Absent Minded Abner Abner Vitaphone production reel # 1372 - 1373 Sherlock 's Home Vitaphone production reel # 1441 - 1442 Then Came the Yawn 1933 The Build Up Vitaphone production reel # 1444 - 1445 Wrongorilla Elmer Vitaphone production reel # 1486 - 1484 Hollywood on Parade No . A-9 Himself An Idle Roomer Vitaphone production reel # 1531 - 1532 Nothing but the Tooth Smilie Jones Performer : `` Smiles '' ; Vitaphone production reel # 1542 - 1543 Salt Water Daffy Elmer Wagonbottom 1939 Screen Snapshots Series 18 , No. 9 Himself Documentary / News Reel 1946 Screen Snapshots : The Skolsky Party Himself Documentary / News Reel Screen Snapshots : Famous Fathers and Sons Himself Documentary / News Reel Broadway ( edit ) Title Role Run Theater Notes Round the Town Jack Haley May 21 , 1924 - May 31 , 1924 Century Promenade Theatre 15 performances Gay Paree Jack Haley August 18 , 1925 - January 30 , 1926 Shubert Theatre 181 performances Gay Paree Jack Haley November 9 , 1926 - April 9 , 1927 Winter Garden Theatre 192 performances Follow Thru Jack Martin January 9 , 1929 - December 21 , 1929 Chanin 's 46th Theatre 401 performances Sang : Button Up Your Overcoat with Zelma O'Neal In 1930 , he starred in Technicolor 's film version Free For All Steve Potter Jr . September 8 , 1931 - September 19 , 1931 Manhattan Theatre 15 performances Take a Chance Duke Stanley November 26 , 1932 - July 1 , 1933 Apollo Theatre 243 performances Higher and Higher Zachary Ash April 4 , 1940 - June 15 , 1940 Shubert Theatre 84 performances Higher and Higher Zachary Ash August 5 , 1940 - August 24 , 1940 Shubert Theatre 24 performances In 1943 , he starred with Frank Sinatra in film version Show Time Jack Haley September 16 , 1942 - April 3 , 1943 Broadhurst Theatre 342 performances Inside U.S.A. Jack Haley April 30 , 1948 - February 19 , 1949 New Century Theatre and Majestic Theatre 399 performances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TH - 266 - 12351 - 56802 - 28 ( 4537 × 3913 ) '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TH - 1971 - 25965 - 26184 - 7 ( 3078 × 1533 ) '' . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Haley '' . Social Security Death Index . FamilySearch.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://phw01.newsbank.com/cache/arhb/fullsize/pl_008272014_1253_31760_626.pdf Jump up ^ Haley , Jack ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` Heart of the Tin Man : The Collected Writings of Jack Haley '' . Seven Locks Pr . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ Reinehr , Robert ; Swartz , Jon ( 2007 ) . Historical Dictionary of Old Time Radio . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 137 . ISBN 9780810857803 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen '' . Snopes.com . July 26 , 1997 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Journal '' . www.news.google.com . Jump up ^ `` Our History - Church of the Good Shepherd '' . Church of the Good Shepherd . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Haley '' . www.NNDB.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.Y. ( June 7 , 1979 ) . `` Jack Haley Dies , Was Tin Man in ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jack Haley , 79 , who played the shy and diffident Tin Woodman in the film classic `` The Wizard of Oz , '' died yesterday at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles after a heart attack . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Haley . Jack Haley on IMDb Jack Haley at the Internet Broadway Database Jack Haley at Find a Grave BIBSYS : 5074814 BNE : XX4791972 BNF : cb13943369g ( data ) GND : 134608062 ISNI : 0000 0000 6310 3913 LCCN : n85376730 MusicBrainz : ecfbf9bc - 368b - 4077 - b716 - 2a997afc5087 SNAC : w6v72fws VIAF : 54337492 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Haley&oldid=854244342 '' Categories : 1897 births 1979 deaths American people of Irish descent American people of Canadian descent American male film actors American Roman Catholics Male actors from Boston Vaudeville performers 20th - century American male actors Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City People from Atlantic City , New Jersey Male actors from New Jersey Musicians from Atlantic City , New Jersey Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 23 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jack Haley - American actor, comedian, singer, and dancer
2. The Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz
3. Early life and career in vaudeville
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5. Final years and death |
6,077,962,929,606,365,000 | where does the sinner's prayer come from | Sinner 's prayer - wikipedia Sinner 's prayer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christian term . For other uses , see Sinner 's prayer ( disambiguation ) . William Holman Hunt 's The Light of the World is an allegory of Jesus knocking on the door of the sinner 's heart . The Sinner 's Prayer ( also called the Consecration Prayer and Salvation Prayer ) is an evangelical Christian term referring to any prayer of repentance , prayed by individuals who feel convicted of the presence of sin in their lives and have the desire to form or renew a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ . It is a popular phenomenon in evangelical circles . It is not intended as liturgical like a creed or a confiteor , but rather , is intended to be an act of initial conversion to Christianity . While some Christians see reciting the sinner 's prayer as the moment defining one 's salvation , others see it as a beginning step of one 's lifelong faith journey . It also may be prayed as an act of `` re-commitment '' for those who are already believers in the faith . Often , at the end of a worship service , in what is known as an altar call , a minister or other worship leader will invite those desiring to receive Christ ( thus becoming born again ) to repeat with him or her the words of some form of a sinner 's prayer . It also is frequently found on printed gospel tracts , urging people to `` repeat these words from the bottom of your heart '' . The `` Sinner 's Prayer '' takes various forms , all of which have the same general thrust . Since it is considered a matter of one 's personal will , it can be prayed silently , aloud , read from a suggested model , or repeated after someone modeling the prayer role . There is no formula of specific words considered essential , although it usually contains an admission of sin and a petition asking that Jesus enter into the person 's heart ( that is to say , the center of their life ) . The use of the sinner 's prayer is common within some Protestant denominations , such as Baptist Churches and Methodist Churches , as well as in movements that span several denominations , including evangelical , fundamental , and charismatic Christianity . It has also been used , though not as widely , by some Anglicans , Lutherans , and Roman Catholics . It is sometimes uttered by Christians seeking redemption or reaffirming their faith in Christ during a crisis or disaster , when death may be imminent . The `` Sinner 's Prayer '' is not without its critics . Because no such prayer or conversion is found in the Bible , some biblical scholars have even labeled the sinner 's prayer a `` cataract of nonsense '' and an `` apostasy '' . David Platt has raised questions over the authenticity of the conversions of people using the sinner 's prayer based on research by George Barna . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Typical examples 2.1 Billy Graham 2.2 Cru ( formerly Campus Crusade for Christ ) 2.3 St. Paul Street Evangelization 3 Support 4 Criticisms 4.1 `` Authentic Conversions ? '' 4.2 Possible shallow , or insincere commitment 4.3 Not Taught in Revelation 3 : 20 or Romans 10 : 9 - 10 , 13 4.4 Absence of the Sinner 's Prayer in historic Christianity 4.5 Doctrine of baptismal regeneration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) The Sinner 's Prayer , as popularly known today , has roots in Protestant Christianity . Some affirm that it evolved , in some form or another , during the early days of the Protestant Reformation , as a reaction against the Roman Catholic dogma of justification by means of meritorious works . Others believe it originated as late as the eighteenth century revival movement . However , Paul Harrison Chitwood , in his doctoral dissertation on the history of the Sinner 's Prayer , provides strong evidence that the Sinner 's Prayer originated in the early twentieth century . Evangelists such as Billy Graham and evangelistic organizations such as Campus Crusade for Christ brought the concept to prominence in the 20th century . Televangelists often ask viewers to pray a Sinner 's Prayer with them , one phrase at a time , to become a Christian . Quite commonly , such a prayer appears at the conclusion of a tract and is recited in a religious service or other public service as an invitation for congregants to affirm their faith , sometimes as part of an altar call . It is said to happen many times every day around the world -- in one - to - one conversations between friends , relatives , and even strangers ; in pastors ' offices ; via email ; in online chat rooms ; in addition to both small and large worship services . Typical examples ( edit ) An early proponent of the sinner 's prayer was the well - known American evangelist D.L. Moody . An early version of what some would consider the Sinners ' Prayer is found in Pilgrim 's Progress by John Bunyan , published in 1678 , Ninth Stage , Chapter 18 : Hopeful : He bid me go to him and see . Then I said it was presumption . He said , No ; for I was invited to come . Then he gave me a book of Jesus ' inditing , to encourage me the more freely to come ; and he said concerning that book , that every jot and tittle thereof stood firmer than heaven and earth . Then I asked him what I must do when I came ; and he told me I must entreat upon my knees , with all my heart and soul , the Father to reveal him to me . Then I asked him further , how I must make my supplications to him ; and he said , Go , and thou shalt find him upon a mercy - seat , where he sits all the year long to give pardon and forgiveness to them that come . I told him , that I knew not what to say when I came ; and he bid say to this effect : God be merciful to me a sinner , and make me to know and believe in Jesus Christ ; for I see , that if his righteousness had not been , or I have not faith in that righteousness , I am utterly cast away . Lord , I have heard that thou art a merciful God , and hast ordained that thy Son Jesus Christ should be the Savior of the world ; and moreover , that thou art willing to bestow him upon such a poor sinner as I am -- and I am a sinner indeed . Lord , take therefore this opportunity , and magnify thy grace in the salvation of my soul , through thy Son Jesus Christ . Amen . Billy Graham ( edit ) Dear Lord Jesus , I know that I am a sinner , and I ask for Your forgiveness . I believe You died for my sins and rose from the dead . I turn from my sins and invite You to come into my heart and life . I want to trust and follow You as my Lord and Savior . In Your Name . Amen . Cru ( formerly Campus Crusade for Christ ) ( edit ) Lord Jesus , I need You . Thank You for dying on the cross for my sins . I open the door of my life and receive You as my Savior and Lord . Thank You for forgiving my sins and giving me eternal life . Take control of the throne of my life . Make me the kind of person You want me to be . St. Paul Street Evangelization. ( edit ) God our Father , I believe that out of Your infinite love You have created me . In a thousand ways I have shunned Your love . I repent of each and every one of my sins . Please forgive me . Thank You for sending Your Son to die for me , to save me from eternal death . I choose this day to enter into ( renew my ) covenant with You and to place Jesus at the center of my heart . I surrender to Him as Lord over my whole life . I ask You now to flood my soul with the gift of the Holy Spirit so that my life may be transformed . Give me the grace and courage to live as a disciple in Your Church for the rest of my days . Amen . Support ( edit ) The Peace with God organization , and other evangelistic organizations and preachers , messengers ( delegates ) to the Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC ) 2012 annual meeting reaffirmed the `` Sinner 's Prayer '' after some debate : We affirm that repentance and faith involve a crying out for mercy and a calling on the Lord ( Rom. 10 : 13 ) , often identified as a `` Sinner 's Prayer '' , as a biblical expression of repentance and faith . A `` Sinner 's Prayer '' is not an incantation that results in salvation merely by its recitation and should never be manipulatively employed or utilized apart from a clear articulation of the gospel ( Matt . 6 : 7 , 15 : 7 -- 9 ) . Criticisms ( edit ) The absence of any specific examples of people praying the `` Sinner 's Prayer '' in the Bible is also used by some to argue against it . There are also no examples of conversions in the Bible with people praying such a prayer . Though a more prominent concern is voiced by those who say it creates within the sinner a false sense of security . `` Authentic conversions ? '' ( edit ) David Platt , a prominent Southern Baptist pastor in Birmingham , Alabama , has said that `` Many assume they are saved simply because of a prayer they prayed . It 's not that praying a prayer in and of itself is bad -- but the question in John 2 - 3 is what kind of faith are we calling people to ? '' Speaking at the Verge church leaders ' conference said the emphasis on the Sinner 's Prayer is `` unbiblical and damning . '' he continued , `` I 'm convinced that many people in our churches are simply missing the life of Christ , and a lot of it has to do with what we 've sold them as the gospel , i.e. pray this prayer , accept Jesus into your heart , invite Christ into your life . Should it not concern us that there is no such superstitious prayer in the New Testament ? Should it not concern us that the Bible never uses the phrase , ' accept Jesus into your heart ' or ' invite Christ into your life ' ? It 's not the gospel we see being preached , it 's modern evangelism built on sinking sand . And it runs the risk of disillusioning millions of souls . '' Platt says he is concerned that some people `` say they believe in Jesus , ... say they have accepted Jesus , ... say that they have received Jesus , but they are not saved and will not enter the kingdom of heaven '' . While he affirmed that people calling out to God with repentant faith is fundamental to attaining eternal life ( salvation ) , he said his comments about the `` sinner 's prayer '' have been deeply motivated `` by a concern for authentic conversions '' . Subsequently he has written : My comments about the sinner 's prayer have been deeply motivated by a concern for authentic conversion and regenerate church membership ... Do I believe it is `` wrong '' for someone to pray a `` prayer of salvation '' ? Certainly not . Calling out to God in prayer with repentant faith is fundamental to being saved ... . ( I ) urge us , as we go to all people among all nations with the good news of God 's love , to be both evangelistically zealous and biblically clear at the same time ( Matthew 28 : 18 - 20 ) . Francis Chan , a well - known evangelical Christian , has been making statements that contradict the sinner 's prayer and emphasizing baptism and the Holy Spirit Possible shallow , or insincere commitment ( edit ) A second and related criticism is that many believers fail to mature as Christians after their supposed conversion using the Sinner 's Prayer . An article in Christianity Today claims that `` mediocrity and hypocrisy characterize the lives of many avowed Christians '' . Anyone can , and most Americans do , `` believe '' in Jesus rather than some alternative savior . Anyone can , and many Americans sometimes do , say a prayer asking Jesus to save them . But not many embark on a life fully devoted to the love of God , the love of neighbor , the moral practice of God 's will , and radical , costly discipleship . -- David P. Gushee The writer encourages believers to go beyond a sinner 's prayer and `` embark on a life fully devoted to the love of God , the love of neighbor , the moral practice of God 's will , and radical , costly discipleship '' . `` Love of God '' and `` Love of neighbor '' are the Great Commandments . See also Disciple ( Christianity ) . Does the reciter truly understand what the commitment to Christ really means ? Praying a sinner 's prayer with someone who is n't genuinely repentant may create a false sense of security in the one reciting it . According to John 6 : 44 , if a sinner is ready to accept Jesus as Savior , a biblical prerequisite is that the sinner ( Christian prospect ) has been drawn by the Holy Spirit . Not taught in Revelation 3 : 20 or Romans 10 : 9 - 10 , 13 ( edit ) Another criticism of the Sinner 's Prayer is that passages used to support it actually are not about the lost repeating a prayer in order to become Christians . The Sinner 's Prayer is often employed in conjunction with Revelation 3 : 20 and Romans 10 : 9 - 10 , 13 . Revelation 3 : 20 is employed to teach that Christ is knocking at the door of one 's heart , and when a lost person asks Him to come inside , Jesus comes into the sinner 's heart . Romans 10 : 9 - 10 , 13 are employed to affirm that one must confess with his mouth , that is , say the sinner 's prayer , in order to become a Christian . However , the Baptist Greek professor Thomas Ross argues that Revelation 3 : 20 is about members of a church turning to the Lord , not about Christ entering into the heart of the lost . He provides 14 reasons that Revelation 3 : 20 is not about the lost asking Jesus into their hearts to become saved . He similarly argues that Romans 10 : 9 - 14 refers to Christians confessing Christ publicly before men and manifesting a life of prayer , rather than to the lost becoming saved by a one - time repetition of the Sinner 's Prayer . Another form of this criticism of the sinner 's prayer states that simply praying the sinner 's prayer does not actually grant salvation to the one praying . One essay on the topic from the `` Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry '' asserts that `` The ' Sinner 's Prayer ' is , today , an effective tool of Satan to dupe people into believing they are saved when they are not '' . Many Christians make the cataclysmic and unbiblical mistake of giving the other person a false sense of assurance of salvation , by asserting the person is saved because he prayed a prayer . So , many people walk away from such a conversation still dead in their sins , but believing what they 've been told . `` I believed what my friend told me , and I prayed a prayer . So , now I 'm a Christian ! '' -- Tony Miano Absence of the Sinner 's prayer in historic Christianity ( edit ) Other opponents of the Sinner 's Prayer point out that no classic Christian confession of faith from any evangelical denomination in Christendom affirms that one must say the Sinner 's Prayer to be saved ; on the contrary , Baptist , Presbyterian and other Reformed , and other evangelical groups unanimously teach justification by faith alone . They argue that the Sinner 's Prayer is a modern deviation from orthodox evangelicalism and a deviation from classic evangelical methods of evangelism . The Sinner 's Prayer was not practiced before the 1700s . Therefore , to say that it is the way to be saved is to say that prior to the 1700s no one was saved . Doctrine of baptismal regeneration ( edit ) Baptismal regenerationalists -- those Christians who believe that when one is baptized in water is the actual moment that an individual receives salvation include Roman Catholics , the Churches of Christ , International Churches of Christ , Christian churches and churches of Christ , and the United Pentecostal Church International . This is based on passages in the New Testament that some interpret to require water baptism for salvation . Examples of these may be found in Mark 16 : 16 , John 3 : 3 - 5 , Acts 2 : 38 , Acts 22 : 16 , 1 Peter 3 : 21 . In what is termed the Great Commission of Jesus just prior to his Ascension in Matt . 28 : 18 - 20 , he instructed his followers to go , make disciples , teach them , and baptize them . Jesus was baptized in water by John the Baptist . His disciples baptized converts , and Jesus personally baptized people , according to John 3 : 22 which says that `` Jesus ... spent some time with ( the disciples ) , and baptized . '' This is not in opposition to John 4 : 1 which says that `` Jesus Himself did not baptize , but His disciples '' did . Throughout the gospels we see Jesus teaching and training the disciples to be powerful and effective at converting people . He showed them how in John 3 , and by John 4 they were able to baptize on their own . Opponents of baptismal regeneration understand baptism to be a means of identifying with Christ , and that when performed by immersion it is symbolic of his death , burial and resurrection . Some dispensationalists believe the baptism that saves a person is the Baptism with the Holy Spirit that Jesus gives , and not water baptism . Many other evangelicals and fundamentalists recognize that texts such as Mark 16 : 16 , John 3 : 5 , and Acts 2 : 38 refer to baptism in water , but argue that such verses , interpreted in their context , provide no support whatsoever for baptismal regeneration . Historic or Landmark Baptists affirm that the baptism with the Holy Spirit was a completed event that took place in the first century and is not for today , arguing that texts employed to support baptismal regeneration are actually totally consistent with justification by faith alone . Roman Catholics , Lutherans , and Orthodox churches also teach that forgiveness is received in baptism ( although they practice this in the `` Christening '' with water of infants or adult converts ) . A leading Roman Catholic authority defines `` baptism '' in the following fashion : A sacrament of the New Law instituted by Jesus Christ , in which , as a result of washing with water accompanied by the words `` I baptize thee in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost , '' a human being is spiritually regenerated , and made capable of receiving the other sacraments ... . Baptism of the unborn . If there is not a probable hope that a child can be baptized after birth , Baptism may be administered in the womb : in the case of a head presentation , on the head ; in other presentations on the part presented , but then it has to be again baptized conditionally if it is living on complete delivery . Should the mother die in labour , the child is to be extracted from the womb and , if certainly living , baptized absolutely ; if life is doubtful , conditionally . An aborted fetus must also be baptized , unconditionally or conditionally according to the circumstances -- Donald Attwater Evidence presented to advocate baptism being necessary for salvation includes the conversion of Saul of Tarsus ( the Apostle Paul ) . After Christ had told Saul to enter Damascus where Saul would be told what he `` must '' do , Saul was blind for three days and was praying during this time . Ananias arrived , cured Paul of his blindness and baptized Saul . Others see it as an example of apparently instantaneous salvation coming through repentance without water baptism or any kind of work , citing the assurance Jesus gave to the penitent thief on a cross next to him during the crucifixion . An opposing position here is that the penitent thief was dying under the older Mosaic law which did not require baptism ( cf . Mikveh ) and that before Christ 's death He had authority and did forgive many without any of the salvation requirements found after His Death , Burial and Resurrection found in the rest of the New Testament . Additionally , it is unknown whether the thief had been baptized at a stage in life before being crucified . John the Baptist and Jesus ' disciples already had baptized many individuals . Baptismal regenerationalists refer to water baptism as the `` washing of regeneration '' , believing it to be part of the `` born again '' conversion experience in the Bible . The passage states , `` And now why tarriest thou ? Arise , and be baptized , and wash away thy sins , calling on the name of the Lord '' . Opponents of baptismal regeneration argue that vast numbers of texts in John 's Gospel , the only specifically evangelistic book of the New Testament ( John 20 : 31 ) , promise eternal life to every single believer ( John 1 : 12 ; 3 : 16 , 18 , 36 ; 5 : 24 ; 6 : 47 , etc . ) and so demonstrate that eternal life is received by faith alone before baptism . Similarly , while texts affirm that those who do not repent and believe are damned ( Luke 13 : 3 ; Jn 3 : 18 , 36 ) , no Biblical text affirms that the unbaptized are damned , so baptismal regeneration is false . Advocates of the Sinner 's Prayer also believe verses such as Romans 10 : 13 show that people are saved before baptism when they pray and ask to be saved , while evangelical and fundamentalist opponents of the Sinner 's Prayer believe that a defense of the Sinner 's Prayer plays into the hands of opponents of justification by faith alone by enshrining a human tradition over the Biblical mandate to repent and believe to receive eternal life ( Mr 1 : 15 ) . Moreover , opponents of the Sinner 's Prayer reference Romans 6 : 3 - 5 to assert that the audience of the book of Romans was already baptized , and , therefore , were being instructed to call on the name of the Lord after they had heard and believed the message being preached ( Acts 10 : 14 - 17 ) . Other verses such as Acts 22 : 16 suggest that baptism and `` calling on His name '' are complementary actions required for forgiveness of sins . See also ( edit ) Baptist portal Methodism portal Christian views on the old covenant Conversion to Christianity Decision theology Evangelism Jesus Prayer Journey Into Life , a widely - used tract ending with such a prayer Lord 's Prayer Ministry of Jesus Proselytism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Ted . `` Southern Baptists Debate the Sinner 's Prayer '' . Christianity Today . ( 1 ) 18 Mar 2013 Jump up ^ Burton - Edwards , Taylor . `` Is the concept `` saved , born - again '' unique to evangelicals or Baptists ? Does it apply to Methodists ? `` . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . We declare that good news with the expectation that it will lead persons to an experience of conversion , of `` entirely turning over '' their lives to God by becoming disciples of Jesus Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit . And we expect that all disciples of Jesus Christ are transforming the culture in which they find themselves , individually and collectively , as they bear witness to and become agents of the work of God 's kingdom in the world . We are evangelical ! Where we may be different from some other evangelicals ( including some , but not all Baptists ) is that we understand conversion to be a lifelong process , a continual turning of our lives and wills over to God for God 's use and purposes . And to begin that lifelong process , we must , as the scriptures teach and John Wesley reminds us , be `` born again . '' Jump up ^ Fortson , Nina . `` Salvation '' . Asbury United Methodist Church . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . You have to personally make the decision to follow Jesus on your own . Once you have decided to follow Jesus , you must admit that you are a sinner and repent ( turn away from ) of your sins and invite Jesus to come into your life as your personal Savior ... Know that this is an exciting new journey of a brand new life through Jesus Christ . Equip yourself with the Word of God , get into a believing bible - based church and surround yourself around other Christian believers . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Robert Glenn . `` A Theory of Vernacular Rhetoric : The Case of the ' Sinner 's Prayer ' Online '' . Folklore 116.2 ( 2005 ) : 175 - 91 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wayne . `` The `` Sinner 's Prayer '' -- Is It Biblical ? '' ( 2 ) 18 Mar 2013 Jump up ^ `` Know Jesus '' . Church Of The Resurrection ( ACNA. 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . If you would like to have a relationship with God and you are ready to say these three things , then here is a very simple prayer that you can pray and which will be the start of that relationship : Lord Jesus Christ , I am sorry for the things I have done wrong in my life ( take a few moments to ask His forgiveness for anything particular that is on your conscience ) . Please forgive me . I now turn from everything that I know is wrong . Thank You that You died on the cross for me so that I could be forgiven and set free . Thank You that You offer me forgiveness and the gift of Your Spirit . I now receive that gift . Please come into my life by Your Holy Spirit to be with me forever . Thank You , Lord Jesus . Amen . Jump up ^ `` Prayer of Salvation '' . Lowell , MA : St. Stephen 's Anglican Church . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . The `` prayer of salvation '' is the most important prayer we 'll ever pray . When we 're ready to become a Christian , we 're ready to have our first real conversation with God , and these are its components : We acknowledge that Jesus Christ is God ; that He came to earth as a man in order to live the sinless life that we can not live ; that He died in our place , so that we would not have to pay the penalty we deserve . We confess our past life of sin -- living for ourselves and not obeying God . We admit we are ready to trust Jesus Christ as our Savior and Lord . We ask Jesus to come into our heart , take up residence there , and begin living through us ... Welcome to the family of God ! We encourage you now to find a local church where you can be baptized and grow in the knowledge of God through His Word , the Bible . Jump up ^ `` Invite Jesus In '' . Bethel Lutheran Church ( ELCA ) . 2007 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Do you believe in Jesus and that he died for your sins ? If you would like to receive the Lord Jesus as your Savior , pray to him and tell him now . Prayer is just talking to God . God knows your heart and is not so much concerned with your words as He is with the attitude of your heart . So , the prayer does not have to have fancy religious - sounding words . It can be in your own words and as simple as : Lord , I believe in You . I believe you died for my sins . I am a sinner . I confess all my sins . Please forgive me . Come into my heart now and be Lord of my life . In Your Name I pray . Amen . Jump up ^ `` Steps to Peace with God '' . St. Mark 's Lutheran Church . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lobo , Simon ( 25 July 2014 ) . Charles Fox ; Maria Mellis ; Alex Colautti ; Eduardo Montemayor , eds . The Good News . Saint Paul Street Evangelization ( Roman Catholic ) . p. 5 . The following is a short prayer that provides words for you to make a heartfelt response to God . Anyone can pray this whether baptized of unbaptized . Read it over first and take the time to decide if this is truly how you desire to respond . It also helps if you have a friend who is already living as a disciple , who can pray for you and with you as you make this response to God . When you are ready , pray it slowly and out loud . Pause for a moment of silence at the end of each of the 3 sections to let it really sink in : God our Father , I believe that out of Your infinite love You have created me . In a thousand ways I have shunned Your love . I repent of each and every one of my sins . Please forgive me . Thank You for sending Your Son to die for me , to save me from eternal death . I choose this day to enter into ( renew my ) covenant with You and to place Jesus at the center of my heart . I surrender to Him as Lord over my whole life . I ask You now to flood my soul with the gift of the Holy Spirit so that my life may be transformed . Give me the grace and courage to live as a disciple in Your Church for the rest of my days . Amen . If you chose to respond to God with this prayer , believe that He has heard you . Just like exchanging wedding vows is only the beginning of a lifelong marriage , so too , this is just the start of a relationship that God wants to have with you , one that is meant to continue for all of eternity . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Prayer of Consecration '' . St. Paul Street Evangelization. 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Since we do not usually have immediate recourse to the Sacraments if we meet someone who is not a believer we can invite them , right then , to pray with us and invite Jesus Christ into their life ... Catholics would say that someone who prays sincerely to be forgiven their sins and resolves to enter the Church and receive the Sacraments may very well be saved even before baptism ( if they were killed ) by the `` baptism of desire '' or for certain reasons `` baptism by blood '' . Baptism is necessary for salvation ( it is when God washes away our sins and we die & rise with Christ ) , however prayer is a great place to start . It is never too soon to ask God to forgive us our sins and seek to be members of the Kingdom of God through the Catholic Church . Jump up ^ Steven Francis Staten . `` The Sinner 's Prayer '' . The Interactive Bible . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Barna Study of Religious Change Since 1991 Shows Significant Changes by Faith Group '' . ( 3 ) Accessed 3 May 2013 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wayne . `` The ' Sinner 's Prayer ' -- Is It Biblical ? '' Christian Courier. ( 4 ) Accessed 2 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : The Sinner 's Prayer : A Historical and Theological Analysis , Paul Harrison Chitwood . ( Ph . D. Diss , Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Miano , Tony . `` Why The Sinner 's Prayer Is Unbiblical '' . Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry ( CARM ) . ( 5 ) 18 Mar 2013 Jump up ^ Viola , F. & Barna , G. ( 2007 ) Pagan Christianity ? Exploring the roots of our church practices , Tyndale , p. 104 Jump up ^ Exod. 25 : 22 ; Lev. 16 : 2 ; Num. 7 : 89 ; Heb. 4 : 16 Jump up ^ Billy Graham Institute Jump up ^ The Four Spiritual Laws on the Campus Crusade for Christ website Jump up ^ http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2012/juneweb-only/baptists-sinners-prayer.html Jump up ^ Platt , David . `` David Platt : What I Really Think About the ' Sinner 's Prayer , ' Conversion , Mission , and Deception '' . Christianity Today . 6 / 28 / 2012 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Francis Chan . `` Baptism '' . Youtube . ^ Jump up to : David P. Gushee , `` Jesus and the Sinner 's Prayer : What Jesus says does n't match what we usually say '' . Christianity Today , March 2007 . http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/march/29.72.html Jump up ^ Will I Be Saved if I Ask Jesus to Come into my Heart or Repeat the Sinners Prayer ? Jump up ^ Is the `` Sinner 's Prayer '' in Romans 10 : 9 - 10 or Romans 10 : 13 ? An Exegesis and Application of Romans 10 : 9 - 14 for Soulwinning Churches and Christians , by Thomas Ross Jump up ^ For example , one scholar lists reason # 11 not to ask Jesus into one 's heart as : `` An examination of centuries of early Christian writings reveals no evidence that anyone thought that salvation came to those who aked Jesus into their hearts . Furthermore , no Baptist or evangelical Protestant confession of faith , or any other significant confession of faith of Christendom whatever , has affirmed that salvation comes by asking Jesus into one 's heart . Church history reveals that this idea is a modern innovation that would have been foreign to the vast majority of believers since Christ started His church in the first century . Someone who thinks that asking Jesus into his heart is proper because `` everyone does it '' ignores the position of vast numbers of modern Bible - believing churches who oppose this extrabiblical practice . Such a person also ignores the fact that for century after century not only was it false to say that everyone did it , but in fact absolutely nobody did it . '' Will I Be Saved if I Ask Jesus to Come into my Heart or Repeat the Sinners Prayer ? Jump up ^ Olson , Norman A. `` Did Jesus Ever Baptize Anyone ? '' Baptist Bulletin . ( 7 ) . Accessed 19 Mar 2013 Jump up ^ Compare the book Heaven Only for the Baptized ? The Gospel of Christ vs. Baptismal Regeneration , by Thomas Ross Jump up ^ Spirit Baptism : A Completed Historical Event ; An Exposition and Defense of the Historic Baptist View of Spirit Baptism Jump up ^ Walther , Carl Ferdinand Wilhelm ( 2008 ) . Sermons and prayers for Reformation and Luther commemorations . Joel Baseley . p. 27 . ISBN 9780982252321 . Furthermore , the Lutheran Church also thoroughly teaches that we are cleansed of our sins and born again and renewed in Holy Baptism by the Holy Ghost . Jump up ^ Attwater , Donald . A Catholic Dictionary . New York , NY : Macmillan . 1961 . p. 45 Jump up ^ Pohle , Joseph . `` Regeneration . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 12 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . Accessed 3 May 2013 ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Staten , Steven Francis . `` ' The Sinner 's Prayer : ' Modern apostasy and false teaching that prevents men from being saved '' . ( 9 ) Accessed 3 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` What about the thief on the cross ? Jump up ^ Heaven Only for the Baptized ? The Gospel of Christ vs. Baptismal Regeneration , by Thomas Ross Jump up ^ Compare the discussion at : http://faithsaves.net/baptismal-regeneration/ External links ( edit ) The Sinner 's Prayer : A Historical and Theological Analysis , by Paul Harrison Chitwood ( Ph . D. Dissertation , Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinner%27s_prayer&oldid=814111454 '' Categories : Christian prayer Christian terminology Conversion to Christianity Evangelicalism Protestantism - related controversies Salvation in Protestantism Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Sinner's Prayer
2. Repentance and Salvation
3. Evangelical Christianity
4. Criticisms of the Sinner's Prayer
5. Baptismal Regeneration |
-7,379,975,959,735,766,000 | who has played the maximum number of matches in the asia cup as a captain | Asia Cup - wikipedia Asia Cup This article is about the men 's cricket tournament . For other uses , see Asia Cup ( disambiguation ) . ACC Asia Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Logo of the ACC Asia Cup Administrator Asian Cricket Council Format One Day International Twenty20 International First tournament 1984 Next tournament 2020 Tournament format Round - robin tournament Number of teams ACC member nations Current champion India Most successful India ( 7 titles ) Most runs Sanath Jayasuriya ( 1220 ) Most wickets Lasith Malinga ( 33 ) Website Official website <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 Asia Cup The ACC Asia Cup is a mens One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket tournament . It was established in 1983 when the Asian Cricket Council was founded as a measure to promote goodwill between Asian countries . It was originally scheduled to be held every two years . The first Asia cup was held in 1984 in Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates where the council 's offices were based ( until 1995 ) . India boycotted the 1986 tournament due to strained cricketing relations with Sri Lanka . Pakistan boycotted the 1990 -- 91 tournament due to strained political relations with India . The 1993 tournament was cancelled due to strained political relations between India and Pakistan . The ACC has announced that the tournament will be held biennially from 2008 onwards . The ICC has ruled that all games played in the Asia Cup have official ODI status . After downsizing the Asian Cricket Council in 2015 , it was announced by the ICC that Asia Cup events from 2016 will be played on a rotation basis between One Day International and Twenty20 International format , on the basis of format of upcoming world events . As a result , the 2016 event was the first event played in the T20I format and functioned as a preparatory tournament ahead of the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 . India ( won 7 times ) is the most successful team in the ODI format of the tournament . Sri Lanka is the second most successful team with 5 titles . India is the most successful team in the T20I format having won the inaugural ( only ) version in 2016 . India is the most successful team in the tournament having won it seven times ( six times in ODI format and once in the T20 format ) . Sri Lanka has played the most Asia Cups ( 14 ) followed by India and Pakistan who have played 13 each . Contents 1 History 1.1 1984 -- 1988 1.2 1990 -- 1997 1.3 2000 -- 2010 1.4 2012 -- 2014 1.5 2016 1.6 2018 2 Results history 3 Results summary 3.1 ODIs 3.2 T20Is 4 Teams Performance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1984 -- 1988 ( edit ) Main articles : 1984 Asia Cup , 1986 Asia Cup , and 1988 Asia Cup The first edition of the Rothmans Asia Cup was held in 1984 in Sharjah , UAE , the location of the headquarters of the newly formed Asian Cricket Council . The tournament was a round - robin tournament among India , Sri Lanka and Pakistan . The first match was between Pakistan and the new ICC member Sri Lanka . India won this tournament with two victories , Sri Lanka were the runners up in the tournament with a single victory over Pakistan , while Pakistan went home without winning any of its two games . Sri Lanka was the host for the second edition in 1986 . India pulled out of the tournament due to soured cricketing relations with Sri Lanka after a controversial series in Sri Lanka the previous year . Bangladesh was included for the first time . Sri Lanka won the tournament beating Pakistan in the final . The third edition , in 1988 , was held in Bangladesh , the first time a multi-national cricket tournament was held there . In the final , India beat Sri Lanka by 6 wickets to win their second Asia Cup . 1990 -- 1997 ( edit ) Main articles : 1990 - 91 Asia Cup , 1993 Asia Cup , 1995 Asia Cup , and 1997 Asia Cup The fourth edition of the tournament was held in India in 1990 -- 91 . Pakistan had pulled out of the tournament due to strained political relations with India . India retained the Asia Cup defeating Sri Lanka in the final . In 1993 , the tournament was cancelled due to strained political relations between India and Pakistan . The fifth edition , in 1995 , took the series back to Sharjah , UAE after 11 years . India and Sri Lanka made it to the final by virtue of better run rate than Pakistan as all three teams had equal points after the preliminary round . For the third successive time , India defeated Sri Lanka in the final . The sixth edition was held in Sri Lanka in 1997 . Sri Lanka beat India in the final by 8 wickets to win its second Asia Cup . 2000 -- 2010 ( edit ) Main articles : 2000 Asia Cup , 2004 Asia Cup , 2008 Asia Cup , and 2010 Asia Cup The seventh edition took place in Bangladesh for the second time in 2000 . Pakistan and Sri Lanka made it to the final while India only won one match against Bangladesh and did not qualify for the final for the first time . In the final , Pakistan beat Sri Lanka to win the Asia Cup for the first time . Yousuf Youhana was the player of the Tournament . The eighth edition took place in Sri Lanka in 2004 . There was a change in the tournament format as UAE and Hong Kong were also included for the first time and the tournament was now divided into three stages -- the Group Stage , Super Fours and the final . The group stage was divided into two groups of 3 teams , each playing each other once . The top two teams from each group qualified for the Super Four stage where they played each other again once . The top two teams in the Super Four stage then qualified for the final . Hosts Sri Lanka , India and UAE were placed in Group A while the then defending champions Pakistan , Bangladesh and Hong Kong were placed in Group B. UAE and Hong Kong were knocked out in the group stage . Bangladesh had the distinction of reaching the second stage in a major tournament for the first time , but played poorly in the Super Fours and got eliminated . India and Sri Lanka topped the Super Four stage and reached the final . In the final , Sri Lanka defeated India by 25 runs to win the Asia Cup . Sanath Jayasuriya was the player of the Tournament . The ninth edition of the Asia Cup was held in Pakistan . Once again , the 2004 format was retained . The tournament started on 24 June 2008 and the Final was held on 6 July 2008 . Sri Lanka topped Group A and qualified for the second phase along with Bangladesh . In Group B , India came out on top and entered the Super Fours along with Pakistan in second place . Sri Lanka and India topped the Super Four stage and entered the final . Sri Lanka beat India in the final comfortably winning their fourth Asia Cup . Sanath Jayasuriya scored a quick 125 off 114 balls to rescue Sri Lanka from 66 / 4 earlier on when the top order collapsed . Sri Lanka 's new mystery spinner , Ajantha Mendis , took 6 / 13 bowling Sri Lanka to a 100 run victory . He also was adjudged as the Player of the Tournament . The tenth edition was held in Sri Lanka , between 15 -- 24 June 2010 hosting the Asia Cup for the fourth time . It only featured the four Test playing Asian nations , and seven matches were played in all ( including the final ) . Sri Lanka and India topped the group stages and entered the final . In the final , India beat Sri Lanka comfortably to become champions for the fifth time , winning the tournament for first time in 15 years . Shahid Afridi was the Player of the Tournament . 2012 -- 2014 ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Asia Cup and 2014 Asia Cup The eleventh edition of Asia Cup was held in Dhaka , Bangladesh from 11 to 22 March 2012 . Pakistan and Bangladesh qualified to play in the final of the eleventh edition , Bangladesh had beaten India and Sri Lanka to book its place in the final for the first time in the history of the tournament . Pakistan beat Bangladesh after a thrilling final over , winning their second Asia Cup . Shakib Al Hasan was adjudged the Player of the Tournament. Sachin Tendulkar scored his 100th international century in this tournament . The twelfth edition was held in Dhaka and Fatullah , Bangladesh from 25 February to 8 March 2014 . The tournament consisted of five teams with Afghanistan in it for the first time since its inception in 1984 . Sri Lanka defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets in the final to win the Asia Cup for the fifth time . Lahiru Thirimanne was adjudged the Player of the tournament scoring 279 runs . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Asia Cup After the Asian Cricket Council was downsized by the ICC in 2015 , it was announced that Asia Cup tournaments will be played on rotation basis in ODI and T20I format . As a result , 2016 events was the first tournament in T20I format and was played between five teams just ahead of 2016 ICC World Twenty20 . The 2016 edition of the Asia Cup tournament was held in Bangladesh for the third consecutive time from 24 February to 6 March . The final was held on 6 March 2016 . India won the final by beating Bangladesh by 8 wickets in the final held at the Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium situated in Mirpur locality , Dhaka , Bangladesh , M.S. Dhoni proved his effectiveness once again by smashing a couple of boundaries towards the end and putting a halt to the Bengali Campaign . It is for the sixth time that India won the Asia cup title in 2016 . Shikhar Dhawan of India was the man of the match for his 60 runs . Sabbir Rahman of Bangladesh was the player of the series . India won all of its matches played in Asia Cup 2016 beating Bangladesh 2 times , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and UAE . Virat Kohli showed his maturity in the game against Pakistan ; India was reeling at 8 runs for the loss of 3 wickets while chasing and the opposition started to believe that they were still in the game while defending a sub par total , only for Virat Kohli to come in and send the ball all over the ground and completely took away the game from them . 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Asia Cup On 29 October 2015 , following the Asian Cricket Council meeting in Singapore , BCCI secretary Anurag Thakur stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India . It will follow the ODI format . However , in April 2018 , the tournament was moved to the United Arab Emirates , due to political tensions between India and Pakistan . India were the defending champions , and retained their title , after beating Bangladesh by three wickets in the final . India did not suffer a single defeat in the tournament , with 2 wins each against Pakistan & Bangladesh , a solitary win against Hong Kong , and a tie with Afghanistan . Shikhar Dhawan was the top run getter with 342 runs in 5 matches , was awarded Man of the Series . Results history ( edit ) Year Format Host Nation Final Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Final Winner Result Runner - up 1984 Details ODI United Arab Emirates Sharjah CA Stadium , Sharjah India India won the tournament 2 -- 0 Sri Lanka 2 -- 1 1986 Details ODI Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Sri Lanka 195 / 5 ( 42.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets ( scorecard ) Pakistan 191 / 9 ( 45 overs ) 1988 Details ODI Bangladesh Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka India 180 / 4 ( 37.1 overs ) India won by 6 wickets ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 176 ( 43.5 overs ) 1990 / 91 Details ODI India Eden Gardens , Calcutta India 205 / 3 ( 42.1 overs ) India won by 7 wickets ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 204 / 9 ( 45 overs ) 1995 Details ODI United Arab Emirates Sharjah CA Stadium , Sharjah India 233 / 2 ( 41.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 230 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1997 Details ODI Sri Lanka R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Sri Lanka 240 / 2 ( 36.5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets ( scorecard ) India 239 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 2000 Details ODI Bangladesh Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka Pakistan 277 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 39 runs ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 238 ( 45.2 overs ) Details ODI Sri Lanka R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Sri Lanka 228 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 25 runs ( scorecard ) India 203 / 9 ( 50 overs ) 2008 Details ODI Pakistan National Stadium , Karachi Sri Lanka 273 ( 49.5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 100 runs ( scorecard ) India 173 ( 39.3 overs ) Details ODI Sri Lanka Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium , Dambulla India 268 / 6 ( 50 overs ) India won by 81 runs ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 187 ( 44.4 overs ) 2012 Details ODI Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Pakistan 236 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 2 runs ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 234 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 2014 Details ODI Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Sri Lanka 261 / 5 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets ( scorecard ) Pakistan 260 / 5 ( 50 overs ) 2016 Details T20I Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur India 122 / 2 ( 13.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 120 / 5 ( 15 overs ) 2018 Details ODI United Arab Emirates Dubai International Cricket Stadium , Dubai India 223 / 7 ( 50 overs ) India won by 3 wickets ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 222 ( 48.3 overs ) Results summary ( edit ) Odis ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past Asia Cup ODI tournaments . Team <Th_colspan="3"> Appearances Best result <Th_colspan="6"> Statistics Total First Latest Played Won Lost Tie NR Win % India 12 1984 2018 Champions ( 1984 , 1988 , 1990 -- 91 , 1995 , 2010 , 2018 ) 49 31 16 65.62 Sri Lanka 13 1984 2018 Champions ( 1986 , 1997 , 2004 , 2008 , 2014 ) 50 34 16 0 0 68.00 Pakistan 12 1984 2018 Champions ( 2000 , 2012 ) 45 26 18 0 59.09 Bangladesh 12 1986 2018 Runners - up ( 2012 , 2018 ) 43 7 36 0 0 16.27 Afghanistan 2014 2018 Super Four ( 2018 ) 9 5 0 38.88 Hong Kong 2018 Group stage ( 2004 , 2008 , 2018 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2008 Group stage ( 2004 , 2008 ) 0 0 0 0.00 T20is ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams in the solitary Asia Cup T20I tournament . Team <Th_colspan="3"> Appearances Best result <Th_colspan="8"> Statistics Total First Latest Played Won Lost Tie NR Win % India 2016 2016 Champions ( 2016 ) 5 5 0 0 0 100.00 Bangladesh 2016 2016 Runners - up ( 2016 ) 5 0 0 60.00 Pakistan 2016 2016 Group stage ( 2016 ) 0 0 50.00 United Arab Emirates 2016 2016 Group stage ( 2016 ) 7 0 0 42.85 Sri Lanka 2016 2016 Group stage ( 2016 ) 0 0 25.00 Afghanistan 2016 2016 Qualifiers ( 2016 ) 0 0 66.66 Oman 2016 2016 Qualifiers ( 2016 ) 0 0 33.33 Hong Kong 2016 2016 Qualifiers ( 2016 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Teams Performance ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every Asia Cup : Team \ Host 1984 ( 3 ) 1986 ( 3 ) 1988 ( 4 ) ( 3 ) 1995 ( 4 ) 1997 ( 4 ) 2000 ( 4 ) ( 6 ) 2008 ( 6 ) ( 4 ) 2012 ( 4 ) 2014 ( 5 ) 2016 ( 5 ) T20I 2018 ( 6 ) 2020 ( 6 ) T20I TBA Afghanistan -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- DNQ -- -- 4th DNQ 4th Q Bangladesh -- 3rd 4th 3rd 4th 4th 4th 4th 4th 4th 2nd 5th 2nd 2nd Q India 1st DNP 1st 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st 3rd 3rd 1st 1st Q Pakistan 3rd 2nd 3rd DNP 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd Q Hong Kong -- -- -- -- -- -- -- GP GP -- -- -- DNQ GP Sri Lanka 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 4th 1st 4th GP Q United Arab Emirates -- -- -- -- -- -- -- GP GP -- -- -- 5th DNQ See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Asian Test Championship List of Asia Cup records and statistics ( ODIs ) List of Asia Cup records and statistics ( T20Is ) Women 's Asia Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most runs in combined format '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Most wickes in combined format '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup to be held biennially '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asia Cup to continue under ICC '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Match : Pakistan v Sri Lanka at Sharjah , Apr 6 , 1984 -- Cricket Scorecard -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- Sri Lanka -- One - Day Internationals -- List of match results ( by year ) -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket Records -- Records -- 1984 -- Sri Lanka -- One - Day Internationals -- Match results -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket Records -- Records -- 1984 -- Pakistan -- One - Day Internationals -- Match results -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- 1984 -- India -- One - Day Internationals -- Match results -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup Cricket 2008 History '' . Cricket Circle . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to host ninth Asia Cup '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` India defeat Sri Lanka to win Asia Cup '' . Sahara Samay . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup : Pakistan beat Bangladesh in thrilling final '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Asia Cup played in T20 format '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup to switch T20 format every alternate edition '' . cricbuzz . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Asia Cup in Bangladesh , 2018 in India : Thakur '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Asia Cup moved from India to UAE '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India to host Asia Cup 2018 in UAE '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India creep home in final - over thriller to defend Asia Cup title '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . 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2,113,732,228,527,225,000 | who was all in we are the world | We Are the World - wikipedia We Are the World This article is about the original 1985 charity song . For other uses , see We Are the World ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` We Are the World '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by USA for Africa <Th_colspan="2"> from the album We Are the World B - side `` Grace '' Released March 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 07 ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' , VHS single , Cassette single Recorded January 28 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) A&M Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Pop , gospel Length 6 : 22 7 : 14 ( album version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Omartian `` We Are the World '' is a song and charity single originally recorded by the supergroup United Support of Artists ( USA ) for Africa in 1985 . It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie ( with arrangements by John Barnes ) and produced by Quincy Jones for the album We Are the World . With sales in excess of 20 million copies , it is one of the fewer than 30 all - time physical singles to have sold at least 10 million copies worldwide . Following Band Aid 's 1984 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' project in the United Kingdom , an idea for the creation of an American benefit single for African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte , who , along with fundraiser Ken Kragen , was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality . Several musicians were contacted by the pair , before Jackson and Richie were assigned the task of writing the song . The duo completed the writing of `` We Are the World '' seven weeks after the release of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' , and one night before the song 's first recording session , on January 21 , 1985 . The historic event brought together some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time . The song was released on March 7 , 1985 , as the first single from the album . A worldwide commercial success , it topped music charts throughout the world and became the fastest - selling American pop single in history . The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum , `` We Are the World '' received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Awarded numerous honors -- including three Grammy Awards , one American Music Award , and a People 's Choice Award -- the song was promoted with a critically received music video , a home video , a special edition magazine , a simulcast , and several books , posters , and shirts . The promotion and merchandise aided the success of `` We Are the World '' and raised over $63 million ( equivalent to $141 million today ) for humanitarian aid in Africa and the US . Following the devastation caused by the magnitude 7.0 M earthquake in Haiti on January 12 , 2010 , a remake of the song by another all - star cast of singers was recorded on February 1 , 2010 . Entitled `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' , it was released as a single on February 12 , 2010 , and proceeds from the record aided survivors in the impoverished country . Contents 1 Background and writing 2 Recording sessions 3 Music and vocal arrangements 4 USA for Africa musicians 5 Release and reception 6 Track listing 7 Marketing and promotion 8 Humanitarian aid 9 Notable live performances 10 25 for Haiti 11 Legacy 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Background and writing ( edit ) Michael Jackson in 1984 , several months before he and Lionel Richie completed the writing of `` We Are the World '' Before the writing of `` We Are the World '' , American entertainer and social activist Harry Belafonte had sought for some time to have a song recorded by the most famous artists in the music industry at the time . He planned to have the proceeds donated to a new organization called United Support of Artists for Africa ( USA for Africa ) . The non-profit foundation would then feed and relieve starving people in Africa , specifically Ethiopia , where around one million people died during the country 's 1983 -- 1985 famine . The idea followed Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' project in the UK , which Belafonte had heard about . In the activist 's plans , money would also be set aside to help eliminate hunger in the United States of America . Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte , who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers -- Kragen 's clients -- to participate in Belafonte 's musical endeavor . Kragen and the two musicians agreed to help with Belafonte 's mission , and in turn , enlisted the cooperation of Stevie Wonder , to add more `` name value '' to their project . Quincy Jones was drafted to co-produce the song , taking time out from his work on The Color Purple . Jones also telephoned Michael Jackson , who had just released the commercially successful Thriller album and had concluded a tour with his brothers . Quincy Jones was a key figure in the production and recording of `` We Are the World '' . Jackson revealed to Richie that he not only wanted to sing the song , but to participate in its writing as well . To begin with , `` We Are the World '' was to be written by Jackson , Richie , and Wonder . As Wonder had limited time to work on the project , Jackson and Richie proceeded to write `` We Are the World '' themselves . They began creating the song at Hayvenhurst , the Jackson family home in Encino . For a week , the two spent every night working on lyrics and melodies in the singer 's bedroom . They knew that they wanted a song that would be easy to sing and memorable . The pair wanted to create an anthem. Jackson 's older sister La Toya watched the two work on the song , and later contended that Richie only wrote a few lines for the track . She stated that her younger brother wrote 99 percent of the lyrics , `` but he 's never felt it necessary to say that '' . La Toya further commented on the song 's creation in an interview with the American celebrity news magazine People . `` I 'd go into the room while they were writing and it would be very quiet , which is odd , since Michael 's usually very cheery when he works . It was very emotional for them . '' Richie had recorded two melodies for `` We Are the World '' , which Jackson took , adding music and words to the song in the same day . Jackson stated , `` I love working quickly . I went ahead without even Lionel knowing , I could n't wait . I went in and came out the same night with the song completed -- drums , piano , strings , and words to the chorus . '' Jackson then presented his demo to Richie and Jones , who were both shocked ; they did not expect the pop star to see the structure of the song so quickly . The next meetings between Jackson and Richie were unfruitful ; the pair did not produce any additional vocals and got no work done . It was not until the night of January 21 , 1985 , that Richie and Jackson completed the lyrics and melody of `` We Are the World '' within two and a half hours , one night before the song 's first recording session . Recording sessions ( edit ) Cyndi Lauper , studio badge , and the sweatshirt given to all attendees at A&M Studios in Hollywood California on January 28 , 1985 The first night of recording , January 22 , 1985 , had tight security on hand , as Richie , Jackson , Wonder , and Jones started work on `` We Are the World '' at Kenny Rogers ' Lion Share Recording Studio . The studio , on Beverly Boulevard in California , was filled with musicians , technicians , video crews , retinues , assistants , and organizers as the four musicians entered . To begin the night , a `` vocal guide '' of `` We Are the World '' was recorded by Richie and Jackson and duplicated on tape for each of the invited performers . The guide was recorded on the sixth take , as Quincy Jones felt that there was too much `` thought '' in the previous versions . Following their work on the vocal guide , Jackson and Jones began thinking of alternatives for the line `` There 's a chance we 're taking , we 're taking our own lives '' : the pair was concerned that the latter part of the line would be considered a reference to suicide . As the group listened to a playback of the chorus , Richie declared that the last part of the line should be changed to `` We 're ' saving ' our own lives '' , which his fellow musicians agreed with . Producer Jones also suggested altering the former part of the line . `` One thing we do n't want to do , especially with this group , is look like we 're patting ourselves on the back . So it 's really , ' There 's a choice we 're making . ' '' Around 1 : 30 am , the four musicians ended the night by finishing a chorus of melodic vocalizations , including the sound `` sha - lum sha - lin - gay '' . Jones told the group that they were not to add anything else to the tape . `` If we get too good , someone 's gon na start playing it on the radio , '' he announced . On January 24 , 1985 , after a day of rest , Jones shipped Richie and Jackson 's vocal guide to all of the artists who would be involved in `` We Are the World '' 's recording . Enclosed in the package was a letter from Jones , addressed to `` My Fellow Artists '' : The cassettes are numbered , and I ca n't express how important it is not to let this material out of your hands . Please do not make copies , and return this cassette the night of the 28th . In the years to come , when your children ask , ' What did mommy and daddy do for the war against world famine ? ' , you can say proudly , this was your contribution . Back of the `` We Are the World '' sweater autographed by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie Ken Kragen chaired a production meeting at a bungalow off Sunset Boulevard on January 25 , 1985 . There , Kragen and his team discussed where the recording sessions with the supergroup of musicians should take place . He stated , `` The single most damaging piece of information is where we 're doing this . If that shows up anywhere , we 've got a chaotic situation that could totally destroy the project . The moment a Prince , a Michael Jackson , a Bob Dylan -- I guarantee you ! -- drives up and sees a mob around that studio , he will never come in . '' On the same night , Quincy Jones ' associate producer and vocal arranger , Tom Bahler , was given the task of matching each solo line with the right voice . Bahler stated , `` It 's like vocal arranging in a perfect world . '' Jones disagreed , stating that the task was like `` putting a watermelon in a Coke bottle '' . The following evening , Lionel Richie held a `` choreography '' session at his home , where it was decided who would stand where . The final night of recording was held on January 28 , 1985 , at A&M Recording Studios in Hollywood . Michael Jackson arrived at 9 pm , earlier than the other artists , to record his solo section and record a vocal chorus by himself . He was subsequently joined in the recording studio by the remaining USA for Africa artists , who included Ray Charles , Billy Joel , Diana Ross , Cyndi Lauper , Bruce Springsteen , and Smokey Robinson . Also in attendance were five of Jackson 's siblings : Jackie , La Toya , Marlon , Randy , and Tito . Many of the participants came straight from an American Music Award ceremony , which had been held that same night . Invited musician Prince , who would have had a part in which he and Michael Jackson sang to each other , did not attend the recording session . The reason given for his absence has varied . One newspaper claimed that the singer did not want to record with other acts . Another report , from the time of `` We Are the World '' 's recording , suggested that the musician did not want to partake in the session because organizer Bob Geldof called him a `` creep '' . Prince did , however , donate an exclusive track , `` 4 The Tears In Your Eyes '' , for the We Are the World album . In all , more than 45 of America 's top musicians participated in the recording , and another 50 had to be turned away . Upon entering the recording studio , the musicians were greeted by a sign pinned to the door which read , `` Please check your egos at the door . '' They were also greeted by Stevie Wonder , who proclaimed that if the recording was not completed in one take , he and Ray Charles , two blind men , would drive everybody home . I think what 's happening in Africa is a crime of historic proportions ... You walk into one of the corrugated iron huts and you see meningitis and malaria and typhoid buzzing around the air . And you see dead bodies lying side by side with the live ones . In some of the camps you see 15 bags of flour for 27,000 people . And I assume that 's why we 're all here tonight . Bob Geldof , addressing his fellow USA for Africa musicians during one of the recording session of `` We Are the World '' on January 28 , 1985 . Each of the performers took their position at around 10 : 30 pm and began to sing . Several hours passed before Stevie Wonder announced that he would like to substitute a line in Swahili for the `` sha - lum sha - lin - gay '' sound . At this point , Waylon Jennings left the recording studio for a short time when it was suggested by some that the song be sung in Swahili . A heated debate ensued , in which several artists also rejected the suggestion . The `` sha - lum sha - lin - gay '' sound ran into opposition as well and was subsequently removed from the song . Jennings returned to the studio and participated in the recording , which bears his name in the end credits . The participants eventually decided to sing something meaningful in English . They chose to sing the new line `` One world , Our children '' , which most of the participants enjoyed . In the early hours of the morning , two Ethiopian women , guests of Stevie Wonder , were brought into the recording studio -- it had been decided that a portion of the proceeds raised would be used to bring aid to those affected by the recent famine in Ethiopia . They thanked the singers on behalf of their country , bringing several artists to tears , before being led from the room . Wonder attempted to lighten the mood , by joking that the recording session gave him a chance to `` see '' fellow blind musician Ray Charles . `` We just sort of bumped into each other ! '' The solo parts of the song were recorded without any problems . The final version of `` We Are the World '' was completed at 8 am . Music and vocal arrangements ( edit ) `` We Are the World '' The structuring of `` We Are the World '' is said to `` create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Stevie Wonder was a featured soloist . `` We Are the World '' is sung from a first person viewpoint , allowing the audience to `` internalize '' the message by singing the word we together . It has been described as `` an appeal to human compassion '' . The first lines in the song 's repetitive chorus proclaim , `` We are the world , we are the children , we are the ones who make a brighter day , so let 's start giving '' . `` We Are the World '' opens with Lionel Richie , Stevie Wonder , Paul Simon , Kenny Rogers , James Ingram , Tina Turner , and Billy Joel singing the first verse . Michael Jackson and Diana Ross follow , completing the first chorus together . Dionne Warwick , Willie Nelson , and Al Jarreau sing the second verse , before Bruce Springsteen , Kenny Loggins , Steve Perry , and Daryl Hall go through the second chorus . Co-writer Jackson , Huey Lewis , Cyndi Lauper , and Kim Carnes follow with the song 's bridge . This structuring of the song is said to `` create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup '' . `` We Are the World '' concludes with Bob Dylan and Ray Charles singing a full chorus , Wonder and Springsteen duetting , and ad libs from Charles and Ingram . USA for Africa musicians ( edit ) Conductor Quincy Jones Soloists ( in order of appearance ) Lionel Richie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon Kenny Rogers James Ingram Tina Turner Billy Joel Michael Jackson Diana Ross Dionne Warwick Willie Nelson Al Jarreau Bruce Springsteen Kenny Loggins Steve Perry Daryl Hall Huey Lewis Cyndi Lauper Kim Carnes Bob Dylan Ray Charles Chorus ( alphabetically ) Dan Aykroyd Harry Belafonte Lindsey Buckingham Mario Cipollina Johnny Colla Sheila E . Bob Geldof Bill Gibson Chris Hayes Sean Hopper Jackie Jackson La Toya Jackson Marlon Jackson Randy Jackson Tito Jackson Waylon Jennings Bette Midler John Oates Jeffrey Osborne The Pointer Sisters Smokey Robinson Instrument players John Barnes - keyboards & arrangement David Paich -- synthesizers Michael Boddicker -- synthesizers , programming Paulinho da Costa -- percussion Louis Johnson -- synth bass Michael Omartian -- keyboards Greg Phillinganes -- keyboards John Robinson -- drums Bob Geldof sang as part of the chorus . Release and reception ( edit ) On March 8 , 1985 , `` We Are the World '' was released as a single , in both 7 '' and 12 '' format . The song was the only one released from the We Are the World album and became a chart success around the world . In the US , it was a number one hit on the R&B singles chart , the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and the Billboard Hot 100 , where it remained for a month . The single had initially debuted at number 21 on the Hot 100 , the highest entry since Michael Jackson 's `` Thriller '' entered the charts at number 20 the year before . It took four weeks for the song to claim the number one spot -- half the time a single would normally have taken to reach its charting peak . On the Hot 100 , the song moved from 21 to 5 to 2 and then number 1 . `` We Are the World '' might have reached the top of the Hot 100 chart sooner , if it were not for the success of Phil Collins ' `` One More Night '' , which received a significant level of support from both pop and rock listeners . `` We Are the World '' also entered Billboard 's Top Rock Tracks and Hot Country Singles charts , where it peaked at numbers 27 and 76 respectively . The song became the first single since The Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' to enter Billboard 's Top 5 within two weeks of release . Outside of the US , the single reached number one in Australia , France , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , The Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the UK . The song peaked at number 2 in only two countries : Germany and Austria . The single was also a commercial success : the initial shipment of 800,000 `` We Are the World '' records sold out within three days of release . The record became the fastest - selling American pop single in history . At one Tower Records store on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood , 1,000 copies of the song were sold in two days . Store worker Richard Petitpas commented , `` A number one single sells about 100 to 125 copies a week . This is absolutely unheard of . '' By the end of 1985 , `` We Are the World '' had become the best selling single of the year . Five years later it was revealed that the song had become the biggest single of the 1980s . `` We Are the World '' was eventually cited as the biggest selling single in both US and pop music history . The song became the first - ever single to be certified multi-platinum ; it received a 4 × certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . The estimated global sales of `` We Are the World '' are said to be 20 million . Despite the song 's commercial success , `` We Are the World '' received mixed reviews from journalists , music critics and the public following its release . American journalist Greil Marcus felt that the song sounded like a Pepsi jingle . He wrote , `` ... the constant repetition of ' There 's a choice we 're making ' conflates with Pepsi 's trademarked ' The choice of a new generation ' in a way that , on the part of Pepsi - contracted song writers Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie , is certainly not intentional , and even more certainly beyond the realm of serendipity . '' Marcus added , `` In the realm of contextualization , ' We Are the World ' says less about Ethiopia than it does about Pepsi -- and the true result will likely be less that certain Ethiopian individuals will live , or anyway live a bit longer than they otherwise would have , than that Pepsi will get the catch phrase of its advertising campaign sung for free by Ray Charles , Stevie Wonder , Bruce Springsteen , and all the rest . '' Author Reebee Garofalo agreed , and expressed the opinion that the line `` We 're saving our own lives '' was a `` distasteful element of self - indulgence '' . He asserted that the artists of USA for Africa were proclaiming `` their own salvation for singing about an issue they will never experience on behalf of a people most of them will never encounter '' . In contrast , Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the phrase `` There 's a choice we 're making , We 're saving our own lives '' . He commented that the line assumed `` an extra emotional dimension when sung by people with superstar mystiques '' . Holden expressed that the song was `` an artistic triumph that transcends its official nature '' . He noted that unlike Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' , the vocals on `` We Are the World '' were `` artfully interwoven '' and emphasized the individuality of each singer . Holden concluded that `` We Are the World '' was `` a simple , eloquent ballad '' and a `` fully - realized pop statement that would sound outstanding even if it were n't recorded by stars '' . The song proved popular with both young and old listeners . The public enjoyed hearing a supergroup of musicians singing together on one track , and felt satisfied in buying the record , knowing that the money would go towards a good cause . People reported they bought more than one copy of the single , some buying up to five copies of the record . One mother from Columbia , Missouri purchased two copies of `` We Are the World '' , stating , `` The record is excellent whether it 's for a cause or not . It 's fun trying to identify the different artists . It was a good feeling knowing that I was helping someone in need . '' According to music critic and Bruce Springsteen biographer Dave Marsh , `` We Are the World '' was not widely accepted within the rock music community . The author revealed that the song was `` despised '' for what it was not : `` a rock record , a critique of the political policies that created the famine , a way of finding out how and why famines occur , an all - inclusive representation of the entire worldwide spectrum of post-Presley popular music '' . Marsh revealed that he felt some of the criticisms were right , while others were silly . He claimed that despite the sentimentality of the song , `` We Are the World '' was a large - scale pop event with serious political overtones . `` We Are the World '' was recognized with several awards following its release . At the 1986 Grammy Awards , the song and its accompanying music video won four awards : Record of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Music Video , Short Form . The music video was awarded two honors at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards . It collected the awards for Best Group Video and Viewer 's Choice . People 's Choice Awards recognized `` We Are the World '' with the Favorite New Song award in 1986 . In the same year , the American Music Awards named `` We Are the World '' `` Song of the Year '' , and honored organizer Harry Belafonte with the Award of Appreciation . Collecting his award , Belafonte thanked Ken Kragen , Quincy Jones , and `` the two artists who , without their great gift would not have inspired us in quite the same way as we were inspired , Mr. Lionel Richie and Mr. Michael Jackson '' . Following the speech , the majority of USA for Africa reunited on stage , closing the ceremony with `` We Are the World '' . Track listing ( edit ) Vinyl single : `` We Are the World '' ( USA for Africa ) -- 7 : 14 `` Grace '' ( Quincy Jones ) -- 4 : 56 Marketing and promotion ( edit ) `` We Are the World '' was promoted with a music video , a video cassette , and several other items made available to the public , including books , posters , shirts and buttons . All proceeds from the sale of official USA for Africa merchandise went directly to the famine relief fund . All of the merchandise sold well ; the video cassette -- entitled We Are the World : The Video Event -- documented the making of the song , and became the ninth best - selling home video of 1985 . All of the video elements were produced by Howard G. Malley and Craig B. Golin along with April Lee Grebb as the production supervisor . The music video showed the recording of `` We Are the World '' , and drew criticism from some . Michael Jackson joked before filming , `` People will know it 's me as soon as they see the socks . Try taking footage of Bruce Springsteen 's socks and see if anyone knows who they belong to . '' Jackson was also criticized for filming and recording his solo piece privately , away from the other artists . The song was also promoted with a special edition of the American magazine Life . The publication had been the only media outlet permitted inside A&M Recording Studios on the night of January 28 , 1985 . All other press organizations were barred from reporting the events leading up to and during `` We Are the World '' 's recording . Life ran a cover story of the recording session in its April 1985 edition of the monthly magazine . Seven members of USA for Africa were pictured on the cover : Bob Dylan , Bruce Springsteen , Cyndi Lauper , Lionel Richie , Michael Jackson , Tina Turner and Willie Nelson . Inside the magazine were photographs of the `` We Are the World '' participants working and taking breaks . `` We Are the World '' received worldwide radio coverage in the form of an international simultaneous broadcast later that year . Upon spinning the song on their local stations , Georgia radio disc jockeys , Bob Wolf and Don Briscar came up with the idea for a worldwide simulcast . They called hundreds of radio and satellite stations asking them to participate . On the morning of April 5 , 1985 ( Good Friday of that year ) at 10 : 25 am , over 8000 radio stations simultaneously broadcast the song around the world . As the song was broadcast , hundreds of people sang along on the steps of St. Patrick 's Cathedral in New York . The simultaneous radio broadcast of `` We Are the World '' was repeated again the following Good Friday . `` We Are the World '' gained further promotion and coverage on May 25 , 1986 , when it was played during a major benefit event held throughout the US . Hands Across America -- USA for Africa 's follow - up project -- was an event in which millions of people formed a human chain across the US . The event was held to draw attention to hunger and homelessness in the United States . `` We Are the World '' 's co-writer , Michael Jackson , had wanted his song to be the official theme for the event . The other board members of USA for Africa outvoted the singer , and it was instead decided that a new song would be created and released for the event , titled `` Hands Across America '' . When released , the new song did not achieve the level of success that `` We Are the World '' did , and the decision to use it as the official theme for the event led to Jackson -- who co-owned the publishing rights to `` We Are the World '' -- resigning from the board of directors of USA for Africa . Humanitarian Aid ( edit ) Four months after the release of `` We Are the World '' , USA for Africa had taken in almost $10.8 million ( equivalent to $24 million today ) . The majority of the money came from record sales within the US . Members of the public also donated money -- almost $1.3 million within the same time period . In May 1985 , USA for Africa officials estimated that they had sold between $45 million and $47 million worth of official merchandise around the world . Organizer Ken Kragen announced that they would not be distributing all of the money at once . Instead , he revealed that the foundation would be looking into finding a long - term solution for Africa 's problems . `` We could go out and spend it all in one shot . Maybe we 'd save some lives in the short term but it would be like putting a Band - Aid over a serious wound . '' Kragen noted that experts had predicted that it would take at least 10 to 20 years to make a slight difference to Africa 's long - term problems . In June 1985 , the first USA for Africa cargo jet carrying food , medicine , and clothing departed for Ethiopia and Sudan . It stopped en route in New York , where 15,000 T - shirts were added to the cargo . Included in the supplies were high - protein biscuits , high - protein vitamins , medicine , tents , blankets and refrigeration equipment . Harry Belafonte , representing the USA for Africa musicians , visited Sudan in the same month . The trip was his last stop on a four - nation tour of Africa . Tanzanian Prime Minister Salim Ahmed Salim greeted and praised Belafonte , telling him , `` I personally and the people of Tanzania are moved by this tremendous example of human solidarity . '' A military aircraft dropping food during the 1984 -- 1985 Ethiopian famine One year after the release of `` We Are the World '' , organizers noted that $44.5 million had been raised for USA for Africa 's humanitarian fund . They stated that they were confident that they would reach an initial set target of $50 million ( equivalent to $112 million in 2018 ) . By October 1986 , it was revealed that their $50 million target had been met and exceeded ; CBS Records gave USA for Africa a check for $2.5 million , drawing the total amount of money to $51.2 million . USA for Africa 's Hands Across America event had also raised a significant amount of money -- approximately $24.5 million for the hungry in the US . Since its release , `` We Are the World '' has raised over $63 million ( equivalent to $141 million today ) for humanitarian causes . Ninety percent of the money was pledged to African relief , both long and short term . The long - term initiative included efforts in birth control and food production . The remaining 10 percent of funds was earmarked for domestic hunger and homeless programs in the US . From the African fund , over 70 recovery and development projects were launched in seven African nations . Such projects included aid in agriculture , fishing , water management , manufacturing and reforestation . Training programs were also developed in the African countries of Mozambique , Senegal , Chad , Mauritania , Burkina Faso , and Mali . Elias Kifle Maraim Beyene , a survivor from Ethiopia being asked about his memory of Michael Jackson after his death remembers : I wo n't ever forget Michael Jackson because his contribution to the song We are the World had a very significant effect on my life . I am 50 now but 25 years ago I was living in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , which at that time was suffering from a long drought and famine . It was a terrible situation . Lots of people became sick and many more died . Around one million people in all were killed by the famine . In 1984 Michael Jackson , along with a number of other leading musicians , made the song We are the World to raise money for Africa . We received a lot of aid from the world and I was one of those who directly benefitted from it . The wheat flour that was distributed to the famine victims was different to the usual cereal we bought at the market . We baked a special bread from it . The local people named the bread after the great artist and it became known as Michael Bread . It was soft and delicious . When you have been through such hard times you never forget events like this . If you speak to anyone who was in Addis Ababa at that time they will all know what Michael Bread is and I know I will remember it for the rest of my life . Notable live performances ( edit ) `` We Are the World '' has been performed live by members of USA for Africa on several occasions both together and individually . One of the earliest such performances came in 1985 , during the rock music concert Live Aid , which ended with more than 100 musicians singing the song on stage . Harry Belafonte and Lionel Richie made surprise appearances for the live rendition of the song . Michael Jackson would have joined the artists , but was `` working around the clock in the studio on a project that he 's made a major commitment to '' , according to his press agent , Norman Winter . An inaugural celebration was held for US President - elect Bill Clinton in January 1993 . The event was staged by Clinton 's Hollywood friends at the Lincoln Memorial and drew hundreds of thousands of people . Aretha Franklin , LL Cool J , Michael Bolton and Tony Bennett were among some of the musicians in attendance . Said Jones , `` I 've never seen so many great performers come together with so much love and selflessness . '' The celebration included a performance of `` We Are the World '' , which involved Clinton , his daughter Chelsea , and his wife Hillary singing the song along with USA for Africa 's Kenny Rogers , Diana Ross and Michael Jackson . The New York Times ' Edward Rothstein commented on the event , stating , `` The most enduring image may be of Mr. Clinton singing along in ' We Are the World ' , the first President to aspire , however futilely , to hipness . '' As a prelude to his song `` Heal the World '' , `` We Are the World '' was performed as an interlude during two of Michael Jackson 's tours , the Dangerous World Tour from 1992 to 1993 and the HIStory World Tour from 1996 to 1997 . Jackson briefly perform the song with a chorus at the 2006 World Music Award in London , in his last live public performance . Jackson planned to use the song for his This Is It comeback concerts at The O2 Arena in London from 2009 to 2010 , but the shows were cancelled due to his sudden death . Michael Jackson died in June 2009 , after suffering a cardiac arrest . His memorial service was held several days later on July 7 , and was reported to have been viewed by more than three billion people . The finale of the event featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems `` We Are the World '' and `` Heal the World '' . The singalong of `` We Are the World '' was led by Darryl Phinnessee , who had worked with Jackson since the late 1980s . It also featured co-writer Lionel Richie and Jackson 's family , including his children . Following the performance , `` We Are the World '' re-entered the US charts for the first time since its 1985 release . The song debuted at number 50 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs chart . 25 for Haiti ( edit ) Main articles : We Are the World 25 for Haiti , We Are the World 25 for Haiti ( YouTube edition ) , and Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti One of the hundreds of thousands of people who were injured or killed by the destructive earthquake in Haiti On January 12 , 2010 , Haiti was struck by a magnitude - 7.0 earthquake , the country 's most severe earthquake in over 200 years . The epicenter of the quake was just outside the Haitian capital Port - au - Prince . Over 230,000 civilians have been confirmed dead by the Haitian government because of the disaster and around 300,000 have been injured . Approximately 1.2 million people are homeless and it has been reported that the lack of temporary shelter may lead to the outbreak of disease . To raise money for earthquake victims , a new celebrity version of `` We Are the World '' was recorded on February 1 , 2010 , and released on February 12 , 2010 . Over 75 musicians were involved in the remake , which was recorded in the same studio as the 1985 original . The new version features revised lyrics as well as a rap segment pertaining to Haiti . Michael Jackson 's younger sister Janet duets with her late brother on the track , as per a request from their mother Katherine . In the video and on the track , archive material of Michael Jackson is used from the original 1985 recording . On February 20 , 2010 , a non-celebrity remake , `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti ( YouTube Edition ) '' , was posted to the video sharing website YouTube . Internet personality and singer - songwriter Lisa Lavie conceived and organized the Internet collaboration of 57 unsigned or independent YouTube musicians geographically distributed around the world . Lavie 's 2010 YouTube version , a cover of the 1985 original , excludes the rap segment and minimizes the Auto - tune that characterizes the 2010 celebrity remake . Another 2010 remake of the original is the Spanish - language `` Somos El Mundo '' . It was written by Emilio Estefan and his wife Gloria Estefan , and produced by Emilio , Quincy Jones and Univision Communications , the company that funded the project . Legacy ( edit ) `` We Are the World '' has been recognized as a politically important song , which `` affected an international focus on Africa that was simply unprecedented '' . It has been credited with creating a climate in which musicians from around the world felt inclined to follow . According to The New York Times ' Stephen Holden , since the release of `` We Are the World '' , it has been noted that movement has been made within popular music to create songs that address humanitarian concerns . `` We Are the World '' was also influential in subverting the way music and meaning were produced , showing that musically and racially diverse musicians could work together both productively and creatively . Ebony described the January 28 recording session , in which Quincy Jones brought together a multi-racial group , as being `` a major moment in world music that showed we can change the world '' . `` We Are the World '' , along with Live Aid and Farm Aid , demonstrated that rock music had become more than entertainment , but a political and social movement . Journalist Robert Palmer noted that such songs and events had the ability to reach people around the world , send them a message , and then get results . Since the release of `` We Are the World '' , and the Band Aid single that influenced it , numerous songs have been recorded in a similar fashion , with the intent to aid disaster victims throughout the world . One such example involved a supergroup of Latin musicians billed as `` Hermanos del Tercer Mundo '' , or `` Brothers of the Third World '' . Among the supergroup of 62 recording artists were Julio Iglesias , José Feliciano , and Sérgio Mendes . Their famine relief song was recorded in the same studio as `` We Are the World '' . Half of the profits raised from the charity single was pledged to USA for Africa . The rest of the money was to be used for impoverished Latin American countries . Another notable example is the 1989 cover of the Deep Purple song `` Smoke on the Water '' by a supergroup of hard rock , prog rock , and heavy metal musicians collaborating as Rock Aid Armenia to raise money for victims of the devastating 1988 Armenian earthquake . The 20th anniversary of `` We Are the World '' was celebrated in 2005 . Radio stations around the world paid homage to USA for Africa 's creation by simultaneously broadcasting the charity song . In addition to the simulcast , the milestone was marked by the release of a two - disc DVD called We Are the World : The Story Behind the Song . Ken Kragen asserted that the reason behind the simulcast and DVD release was not for USA for Africa to praise themselves for doing a good job , but to `` use it to do some more good ( for the original charity ) . That 's all we care about accomplishing . '' Harry Belafonte also commented on the 20th anniversary of the song . The entertainer acknowledged that `` We Are the World '' had `` stood the test of time '' ; anyone old enough to remember it can still at least hum along . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 76 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 27 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Black Singles Chart 37 US Cash Box Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 7,750 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 8,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Music portal Hunger relief portal Michael Jackson portal `` Cantaré , cantarás '' `` Chiquitita '' Music for UNICEF Concert `` Tears Are Not Enough '' We Con the World Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Are the World '' would later be cited as the American response to Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' . Jump up ^ Elton John 's 1997 version of `` Candle in the Wind '' -- a tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales -- later claimed the status of biggest selling pop single of all time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli , p. 341 Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ( September 14 , 1987 ) . `` Ethiopia Faces Famine Again , Requests Massive Food Relief '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( February 27 , 1985 ) . `` The pop life ; artists join in effort for famine relief '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jonathan ( March 17 , 1985 ) . `` A hit with a heart : ' We Are the World ' buoyed by brisk sales and curiosity '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli , p. 342 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , p. 110 Jump up ^ Breskin , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Breskin , p. 3 Jump up ^ Breskin , pp. 5 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : We Are the World tune brings out the best of America 's 46 stars . Jet . February 18 , 1985 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prince '' . CNN . December 20 , 1999 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parks , Kyle ( April 5 , 1985 ) . `` Only a bad album could dethrone Prince '' . The Evening Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` African relief '' . The Gainesville Sun . January 30 , 1985 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli , p. 343 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Breskin , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess ( January 24 , 1992 ) . `` They Were the World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Breskin , p. 7 Jump up ^ Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie 's song earns millions for charity . Jet. April 8 , 1985 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Braheny , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Bodus , Tom ( March 29 , 1985 ) . `` Famine - aid song sells well locally '' . Columbia Missourian . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , p. 518 ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli , p. 344 ^ Jump up to : `` We Are the World '' . Columbia Missourian. April 10 , 1985 . ^ Jump up to : George , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , p. 113 ^ Jump up to : DeKnock , Jan ( April 17 , 1985 ) . `` ' World ' rules the charts '' . The Ledger . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Singles Chart Archives '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Singles chart -- Searchable database '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SINGOLI -- I NUMERI UNO ( 1959 -- 2006 ) ( parte 3 : 1980 -- 1990 ) '' . It - Charts . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa -- Dutch Top 40 Chart '' . top40.nl . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Robert A. ( December 29 , 1985 ) . `` Whoever dreamed that up ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Worrell , Denise ( March 25 , 1985 ) . `` Forty - Five Voices '' . Time . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Music Award nominees named '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . January 4 , 1986 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 3 , 1989 ) . `` A Pop Virtuoso Who Can Do It All '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beatts , Anne ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` If It 's a Hit , Why Stop There ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Bob Geldof biography '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 27 , 1989 ) . `` In Pop , Whose Song Is It , Anyway ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ( June 5 , 1995 ) . `` Listen Up ! Quincy Jones Has a New Gig '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Popson , Tom ( January 31 , 1986 ) . `` Pointers , Prince and Pavarotti in platinum parade '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` The many faces of Michael Jackson '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Cocks , Jay ( April 22 , 1985 ) . `` Strike Up the Bandwagon We Are the World Raises Money , Spirits '' . Time . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , p. 519 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1985 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiPerio , Diane D. ( September 16 , 1985 ) . `` MTV Video Awards '' . The Daily Collegian . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Da Atley , Richard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` Awards honor year of charity '' . The Daily Collegian . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , p. 112 Jump up ^ May , Clifford D. ( June 27 , 1985 ) . `` Belafonte learns answers are n't easy '' . The Ledger . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . `` We are the World to be Played Worldwide '' . The Associated Press . The Associated Press . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Avenue Singalong Supports Relief Effort '' . The New York Times . April 6 , 1985 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hands '' . The Evening Independent . May 23 , 1986 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Jenni ( May 27 , 1986 ) . `` A 15 - minute handshake for the US '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Hunger song profits exceed expectation '' . Spokane Chronicle . October 9 , 1986 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinbreder , John ( November 25 , 1985 ) . `` Altruistic marketing '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Campbell , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Glave , Judie ( May 17 , 1985 ) . `` USA for Africa readies for first mercy mission '' . The Gainesville Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Record 's first profits will go to the hungry '' . The New York Times . May 19 , 1985 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Music group sends supplies '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1985 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Belafonte visits Sudan '' . Wilmington Morning Star . June 22 , 1985 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa nears goal '' . St. Petersburg Times . March 10 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Jeff ( October 9 , 1986 ) . `` ' We Are the World ' passes goal ; states getting ' Hands ' money '' . The Gainesville Sun . Jump up ^ Clark , Cindy ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` Moments of sex , drugs and rock ' n ' roll '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pike , Douglas ( April 28 , 1985 ) . `` USA for Africa : a hunger to share '' . The Spokesman - Review . Jump up ^ `` Jackson death : Global fans ' reaction '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kutner , Michael ( July 22 , 1985 ) . `` Live Aid '' . The Daily Collegian . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linder , Lee ( July 14 , 1985 ) . `` Live Aid touches hearts , pockets '' . The Gainesville Sun . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( July 15 , 1985 ) . `` Live Aid provided reunions of 60 's bands '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson project kept him from concert '' . The New York Times . July 17 , 1985 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Apple , R.W. ( January 18 , 1993 ) . `` A Grand Beginning ; Inaugural Week Begins With Pomp and Populism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( January 19 , 1993 ) . `` A Musical Smorgasbord ; 2 Concerts Gel Sounds Of America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Archerd , Army ( January 18 , 1993 ) . `` Jones says ' Whoopi ' as comic comes to rescue -- Entertainment News , Army Archerd , Media '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( February 14 , 1993 ) . `` Vox Pop , The Sound Of Politics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Michael Jackson dead at 50 - Legendary pop star had been preparing for London comeback tour '' . MSNBC . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Who Is Michael Jackson Memorial Performer Shaheen Jafargholi ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kyle ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Who Sang ' We Are The World ' At Michael Jackson Memorial ? '' . MTV . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Anne ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson memorial : ' We Are the World , ' ' Who 's Lovin ' You ' and the final performances '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' We are the World ' in charts after Jackson tribute '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 7.0 -- Haiti Region '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Major earthquake off Haiti causes hospital to collapse '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000 '' . BBC News . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFeely , Dan ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Purdue researchers saw potential for Haitian earthquake '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , Alan ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Stars gather for ' We Are the World ' recording '' . CNN . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Edna ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` New voices unite for ' We Are the World ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Quincy Jones , Lionel Richie pass ' We Are the World ' baton '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Josh Levs , CNN , `` YouTube Singers Rock for Haiti '' ( March 6 , 2010 ) ; Josh Levs , CNN , `` YouTubers do ' We Are the World ' '' ( March 7 , 2010 ) ; Rosemary Church , CNN International , `` We Are the World , part two '' , ( March 20 , 2010 ) . Textual transcripts of programs on which the CNN videos aired , are found at `` CNN SATURDAY MORNING NEWS '' ( March 6 , 2010 ) , `` CNN NEWSROOM '' Archived July 22 , 2010 , at WebCite ( March 6 , 2010 ) , and `` CNN SUNDAY MORNING '' ( March 7 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Cobo , Leila , `` 50 Latin Stars Gather to Record ' Somos El Mundo ' '' , Billboard.com , February 22 , 2010 ( downloaded May 26 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 27 , 1987 ) . `` Pop for Grown - Ups Gathers Momentum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Black music . Ebony . November 2005 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Robert ( December 26 , 1985 ) . `` Politics and a crossbreeding of forms were the trend '' . The Spokesman - Review . Jump up ^ `` Latin stars sing for hungry '' . Columbia Missourian. April 10 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` ' Smoke on the Water ' history `` , Rock Aid Armenia website . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Randy ( January 28 , 2005 ) . `` Stations pay tribute to ' We Are the World ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gangel , Jamie ( February 5 , 2005 ) . `` ' We Are the World ' song celebrates 20 years '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . p. 317 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0518 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 8321 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA For Africa : We Are the World '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- USA For Africa Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- USA For Africa '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` We are the world in South African Chart '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- USA For Africa -- We Are the World '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` USA For Africa : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA for Africa Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top Singles -- 1985 '' . Cash Box . Cash Box . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent ( 1993 ) . p. 437 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1985 - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 10 . 18 January 1986 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1986 ) . `` Top 100 singles : 1985 '' . BPI Year Book 1986 ( 8th ed . ) . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 07 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( December 28 , 1985 ) . `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard. 97 ( 52 ) : T - 21 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( December 28 , 1985 ) . `` Top Black Singles '' . Billboard. 97 ( 52 ) : T - 26 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Cash Box . Cash Box . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- USA for Africa -- We Are the World '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA For Africa '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- U.S.A. for Africa -- We Are the World '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Select U.S.A. FOR AFRICA and click OK Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- U.S.A. for Africa -- We Are the World '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- USA for Africa -- We are the World '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- U.S.A. for Africa -- We Are the World '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- USA for Africa -- We Are the World '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter We Are the World in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- USA for Africa -- We Are the World '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Bibliography Braheny , John ( 2006 ) . The Craft and Business of Songwriting . Writer 's Digest Books . ISBN 1 - 58297 - 466 - 7 . Breskin , David ( 2004 ) . We Are the World : The Story Behind the Song booklet . Image Entertainment , Inc . Campbell , Lisa ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop . Branden . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1957 - X . Davis , Sharon ( 2006 ) . Stevie Wonder : Rhythms of Wonder . Robson . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 965 - 5 . Garofalo , Reebee ( 1992 ) . Rockin ' the Boat . South End Press . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 427 - 2 . George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection booklet . Sony BMG . Marsh , Dave ( 2004 ) . Bruce Springsteen : Two Hearts . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96928 - X . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Official website of USA for Africa Official music video of the 1985 `` We Are the World '' on YouTube Official website for `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Official music video of `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' on YouTube Listen to USA for Africa 's `` We Are the World '' on Last.fm <Th_colspan="2"> USA for Africa Musicians Conductor Quincy Jones Soloists Kim Carnes Ray Charles Bob Dylan Daryl Hall James Ingram Michael Jackson Al Jarreau Billy Joel Cyndi Lauper Huey Lewis Kenny Loggins Willie Nelson Steve Perry Lionel Richie Kenny Rogers Diana Ross Paul Simon Bruce Springsteen Tina Turner Dionne Warwick Stevie Wonder Chorus Dan Aykroyd Harry Belafonte Lindsey Buckingham Mario Cipollina Johnny Colla Sheila E . Bob Geldof Bill Gibson Chris Hayes Sean Hopper Jackie Jackson La Toya Jackson Marlon Jackson Randy Jackson Tito Jackson Waylon Jennings Bette Midler John Oates Jeffrey Osborne The Pointer Sisters ( Anita Pointer and Ruth Pointer ) Smokey Robinson Band David Paich Michael Boddicker Paulinho da Costa Louis Johnson Michael Omartian Greg Phillinganes John Robinson Albums We Are the World Songs Side one USA for Africa - `` We Are the World '' Steve Perry - `` If Only for the Moment , Girl '' The Pointer Sisters - `` Just a Little Closer '' Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band - `` Trapped '' ( Live ) Side two Northern Lights - `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Prince & The Revolution - `` 4 the Tears in Your Eyes '' Chicago - `` Good for Nothing '' Tina Turner - `` Total Control '' Kenny Rogers - `` A Little More Love '' Huey Lewis and the News - `` Trouble in Paradise '' ( Live ) Related articles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' ( YouTube edition ) `` Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti '' 1983 -- 85 famine in Ethiopia Band Aid `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Live Aid <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Jackson songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Quincy Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards Albums Jazz Abroad This Is How I Feel About Jazz Go West , Man ! Quincy 's Home Again The Birth of a Band ! The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones I Dig Dancers Around the World Newport ' 61 The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones Live ( in Zurich ! ) The Quintessence Big Band Bossa Nova Quincy Jones Plays Hip Hits Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini Golden Boy I Had a Ball Quincy Plays for Pussycats Quincy 's Got a Brand New Bag Walking In Space Gula Matari Smackwater Jack You 've Got It Bad Girl Body Heat Mellow Madness I Heard That ! ! Roots Sounds ... and Stuff Like That ! ! Quincy Jones Live at the Budokan The Dude Back on the Block Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux Q 's Jook Joint Basie and Beyond The Original Jam Sessions 1969 Q : Soul Bossa Nostra Compilations Ndeda The Best From Q with Love Q The Musical Biography of Quincy Jones Singles `` Soul Bossa Nova '' `` Sanford and Son Theme ( The Streetbeater ) '' `` Stuff Like That '' `` Ai No Corrida '' `` Just Once '' `` One Hundred Ways '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' `` The Secret Garden ( Sweet Seduction Suite ) '' Other works With Michael Jackson Off the Wall E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Thriller Bad With Frank Sinatra It Might as Well Be Swing Sinatra at the Sands L.A. Is My Lady With USA for Africa `` We Are the World '' With Artists for Haiti `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' With Lesley Gore `` It 's My Party '' <Th_colspan="2"> Harry Belafonte <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Mark Twain and Other Folk Favorites ( 1954 ) Belafonte ( 1956 ) Calypso ( 1956 ) An Evening with Belafonte ( 1957 ) Belafonte Sings of the Caribbean ( 1957 ) To Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1958 ) Belafonte Sings the Blues ( 1958 ) Love Is a Gentle Thing ( 1959 ) My Lord What a Mornin ' ( 1959 ) Swing Dat Hammer ( 1960 ) Jump Up Calypso ( 1961 ) Midnight Special ( 1962 ) The Many Moods of Belafonte ( 1962 ) Streets I Have Walked ( 1963 ) Ballads , Blues and Boasters ( 1964 ) In My Quiet Room ( 1966 ) Calypso in Brass ( 1966 ) Belafonte on Campus ( 1967 ) Belafonte Sings of Love ( 1968 ) Homeward Bound ( 1970 ) Belafonte by Request ( 1970 ) The Warm Touch ( 1971 ) Calypso Carnival ( 1971 ) Play Me ( 1973 ) Turn the World Around ( 1977 ) Loving You Is Where I Belong ( 1981 ) Paradise in Gazankulu ( 1988 ) Live albums Belafonte at Carnegie Hall ( 1959 ) Belafonte Returns to Carnegie Hall ( 1960 ) Belafonte at The Greek Theatre ( 1964 ) En Gränslös Kväll På Operan ( 1966 ) Belafonte ... Live ! ( 1972 ) Belafonte Concert in Japan ( 1974 ) Belafonte ' 89 ( 1989 ) An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends ( 1997 ) Compilations Very Best of Harry Belafonte ( 2001 ) The Long Road to Freedom : An Anthology of Black Music ( 2001 ) The Essential Harry Belafonte ( 2005 ) Collaborations Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Mouskouri ( 1966 ) Harry & Lena : For the Love of Life ( 1970 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) Related articles Shari Belafonte ( daughter ) March on Washington Mississippi Freedom Summer <Th_colspan="2"> Stevie Wonder Studio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up - Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed , Sealed & Delivered Where I 'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness ' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Live albums Recorded Live : The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' The Woman in Red Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder 's Original Musiquarium I Song Review : A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century Ballad Collection The Definitive Collection 20th Century Masters The Complete Stevie Wonder Top ten singles `` Fingertips - Part 2 '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` A Place in the Sun '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I 'm Wondering '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` For Once in My Life '' `` My Cherie Amour '' `` Yester - Me , Yester - You , Yesterday '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` If You Really Love Me '' `` Superstition '' `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Living for the City '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' `` I Wish '' `` Sir Duke '' `` Send One Your Love '' `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Happy Birthday '' `` That Girl '' `` Do I Do '' `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' `` Love Light in Flight '' `` Part - Time Lover '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Go Home '' Other singles `` Hey Harmonica Man '' `` Hey Love '' `` I Do n't Know Why '' `` Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '' `` Superwoman ( Where Were You When I Needed You ) '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` As '' `` Another Star '' `` Lately '' `` Ribbon in the Sky '' `` Overjoyed '' `` Faith '' Other songs `` You and I ( We Can Conquer the World ) '' `` Golden Lady `` All in Love Is Fair '' `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' `` Pastime Paradise '' `` Is n't She Lovely '' `` Black Man '' Collaborations `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` We Are the World '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` California Roll '' Related articles Discography Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH Wonderin ' `` Wonder - ful '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> La Toya Jackson Albums La Toya Jackson My Special Love Heart Do n't Lie Imagination La Toya Bad Girl No Relations Formidable From Nashville to You Stop in the Name of Love Extended plays Starting Over Bibliography La Toya : Growing Up in the Jackson Family Starting Over Singles `` If You Feel The Funk '' `` Night Time Lover '' `` Stay the Night '' `` I Do n't Want You to Go '' `` Bet'cha Gonna Need My Lovin ' '' `` Heart Do n't Lie '' `` Hot Potato '' `` Private Joy '' `` Baby Sister '' `` He 's a Pretender '' `` Imagination '' `` Oops , Oh No ! '' with Cerrone `` Yes , I 'm Ready '' `` ( Ai n't Nobody Loves You ) Like I Do '' `` ( Tell Me ) She Means Nothing To You At All '' `` You 're Gonna Get Rocked '' `` Such a Wicked Love '' `` You Blew '' `` Bad Girl '' `` You and Me '' `` Sexual Feeling '' `` Why Do n't You Want My Love ? '' `` Oops , Oh No ! ( Remix ) '' `` Sexbox '' `` Let 's Rock the House '' `` Wild Side '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' `` Do n't Break My Heart '' with Tom Beser `` Just Wanna Dance '' `` Free the World '' `` Home '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Trouble '' Promotional singles `` I Do n't Play That '' Notable collaborations `` We Are the World '' `` Stop the Madness '' Related articles Discography The Jackson family The Jacksons Life With La Toya Jack Gordon Gordon v. Gordon Playboy Celebrity Centerfold <Th_colspan="2"> Bette Midler <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums The Divine Miss M Bette Midler Songs for the New Depression Broken Blossom Thighs and Whispers No Frills Some People 's Lives Bette of Roses Bathhouse Betty Bette Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook Cool Yule It 's the Girls ! Soundtracks The Rose Beaches For the Boys Gypsy Live albums Live at Last Divine Madness Mud Will Be Flung Tonight Compilations The Best of Bette The Best of Bette ( II ) Just Hits Experience the Divine : Greatest Hits ( Jackpot ! ) The Best Bette Memories of You A Gift of Love Video albums Divine Madness The Bette Midler Show Diva Las Vegas The Showgirl Must Go On Singles `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' `` Friends '' `` In the Mood '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Old Cape Cod '' `` Buckets of Rain '' `` Hang On in There Baby '' `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' `` The Rose '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` All I Need to Know '' `` Favorite Waste of Time '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' `` From a Distance '' `` Night and Day '' `` In My Life '' `` In This Life '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` I 'm Beautiful '' `` White Christmas '' `` Fever '' `` Be My Baby '' Other songs `` We Are the World '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' `` Somewhere Along the Way '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Greatest Ears in Town '' Tours Experience the Divine Diva Las Vegas Kiss My Brass The Showgirl Must Go On Divine Intervention Tour Books The Saga of Baby Divine <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Diana Ross singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography 1970s singles `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s singles `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s singles `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured singles `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Template <Th_colspan="2"> Julio Iglesias <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Amor ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) <Th_colspan="2"> Artists for Haiti musicians templates <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Janet Jackson singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Videography Awards and nominations 1980s songs `` Young Love '' `` Come Give Your Love to Me '' `` Say You Do '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Two to the Power of Love '' `` Fast Girls '' `` Dream Street '' `` What Have You Done for Me Lately '' `` Nasty '' `` When I Think of You '' `` Control '' `` Let 's Wait Awhile '' `` The Pleasure Principle '' `` Funny How Time Flies ( When You 're Having Fun ) '' `` Miss You Much '' `` Rhythm Nation '' ( music video ) 1990s songs `` Escapade '' `` Alright '' `` Come Back to Me '' `` Black Cat '' `` Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) '' `` State of the World '' `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' `` If '' `` Again '' `` Because of Love '' `` Any Time , Any Place '' `` Throb '' `` You Want This '' `` Whoops Now '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` Runaway '' `` Twenty Foreplay '' `` Got ' til It 's Gone '' `` Together Again '' `` I Get Lonely '' `` Go Deep '' `` You '' `` Every Time '' 2000s songs `` Does n't Really Matter '' `` All for You '' `` Someone to Call My Lover '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' `` Come On Get Up '' `` Just a Little While '' `` I Want You '' `` All Nite ( Do n't Stop ) '' `` R&B Junkie '' `` Call on Me '' `` So Excited '' `` Enjoy '' `` With U '' `` Feedback '' `` Rock with U '' `` Luv '' `` Ca n't B Good '' `` Make Me '' 2010s songs `` Nothing '' `` No Sleeep '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Burnitup ! '' `` Dammn Baby '' `` Made for Now '' Other singles `` Start Anew '' `` Ask for More '' `` Megamix 04 '' Featured singles `` Diamonds '' `` Making Love in the Rain '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` Scream '' `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' `` Girlfriend / Boyfriend '' `` Feel It Boy '' `` Do n't Worry '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Justin Bieber <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums My World 2.0 Under the Mistletoe Believe Purpose Extended plays My World Compilation albums My Worlds : The Collection Journals Remix albums My Worlds Acoustic Never Say Never : The Remixes Believe Acoustic Tours Urban Behavior Tour My World Tour Believe Tour Purpose World Tour Filmography Justin Bieber : Never Say Never Justin Bieber 's Believe Related articles Pattie Mallette Shots <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Nicole Scherzinger <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Killer Love Big Fat Lie Singles `` Whatever U Like '' `` Baby Love '' `` Poison '' `` Do n't Hold Your Breath '' `` Right There '' `` Wet '' `` Try with Me '' `` Boomerang '' `` Your Love '' `` Run '' `` On the Rocks '' Collaborations `` Coconut Tree '' `` Come to Me '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hotel Room Service '' `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' `` Lie About Us '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Scream '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Fino all'estasi '' Tour The Killer Love Tour Related articles The Pussycat Dolls Eden 's Crush Days of the New <Th_colspan="2"> Jonas Brothers <Td_colspan="2"> Kevin Jonas Joe Jonas Nick Jonas Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums It 's About Time Jonas Brothers A Little Bit Longer Lines , Vines and Trying Times Live albums Live : Walmart Soundcheck LiVe Soundtrack albums Camp Rock Music from the 3D Concert Experience Jonas L.A. Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam Extended plays Be Mine Concert tours Fall 2005 Promo Tour American Club Tour Marvelous Party Tour When You Look Me In The Eyes Tour Burnin ' Up Tour 2009 World Tour 2010 World Tour 2012 / 2013 World Tour 2013 Live Tour Television `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' Jonas Brothers : Living the Dream ( List of episodes ) Jonas ( List of episodes ) Married to Jonas Related articles Frankie Jonas Demi Lovato Nick Jonas & the Administration DNCE `` The Ring ( South Park ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Are_the_World&oldid=853468551 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1985 singles All - 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-7,091,875,580,223,393,000 | what season is the chocolate episode of spongebob | Chocolate with Nuts - Wikipedia Chocolate with Nuts Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Chocolate with Nuts '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Chocolate with Nuts '' <Td_colspan="2"> SpongeBob SquarePants episode <Td_colspan="2"> Title card Episode no . Season 3 Episode 22a ( 52a ) Directed by Nick Jennings ( art ) Andrew Overtoom ( animation ) Paul Tibbitt ( storyboard ) Kaz ( storyboard ) Alan Smart ( supervising ) Written by Paul Tibbitt Kaz Kent Osborne Merriwether Williams Narrated by Tom Kenny Original air date June 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Party Pooper Pants '' Next → `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V '' <Td_colspan="2"> SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 3 ) List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes `` Chocolate with Nuts '' is the 12th episode in the third season , and the 52nd overall episode of American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . It is written by the storyboard directors , Paul Tibbitt and Kaz , alongside Kent Osborne and Merriwether Williams , with Andrew Overtoom serving as animation director . It was produced in 2001 and aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 1 , 2002 . In this episode , SpongeBob and Patrick become entrepreneurs in an attempt to live the fancy life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In the episode , SpongeBob accidentally receives Squidward 's Fancy Living Digest magazine in the mail , inspiring him and Patrick to become entrepreneurs . At the suggestion of Patrick , the pair become door - to - door chocolate bar salesmen , which results in them purchasing large quantities of chocolate bars from the Barg ' n ' Mart . The first customer is a fish who just screams `` CHOCOLATE ! '' and chases the two away . Afterward , SpongeBob and Patrick attempt to sell chocolate to another fish , who cons them into buying chocolate - carrying bags twice in a row . They then try to sell to a woman who wants to buy a chocolate bar , but when SpongeBob is not able to find one because of all of the carrying bags , the customer loses her patience and slams the door . When SpongeBob finally finds a chocolate bar , him and Patrick get chased away again by the chocolate fanatic . After their disastrous results in their previous attempts , the two take a break at a diner , and decide to `` try being nice '' . However , this is unsuccessful , ending in Patrick buying pictures of a customer as an overweight child , as is their attempt to `` focus '' ( resulting in Patrick staring at a customer until the customer slams the door on Patrick 's eyes ) . Then , they decide that the only way to sell chocolate is to `` stretch the truth '' , which is successful when they convince a very old woman ( to the dismay of her daughter Mary ) that it `` makes you live forever '' . The lying continues , but after they attempt to help a seriously injured man ( who turns out to be the same man who sold SpongeBob and Patrick the carrying bags in disguise ) by buying his chocolate , their profit is lost . However , the chocolate fanatic catches up to them , and , in a turn of events , buys all of the chocolate that SpongeBob and Patrick have . They then use the money to rent out a fancy restaurant , allowing access only to themselves and their dates , the old lady and her daughter who they sold chocolate to earlier . Production ( edit ) `` Chocolate with Nuts '' was written by Paul Tibbitt , Kaz , Kent Osborne and Merriwether Williams , with Andrew Overtoom serving as animation director . Tibbitt and Kaz also functioned as storyboard directors , and Carson Kugler , William Reiss and Mike Roth worked as storyboard artists . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 1 , 2002 , with a TV - Y7 parental rating . `` Chocolate with Nuts '' was the last episode Kaz and Paul Tibbitt had written together since `` Nasty Patty '' . `` Chocolate with Nuts '' was released on the DVD compilation called SpongeBob SquarePants : Christmas on September 30 , 2003 . The episode was also included in the SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season DVD on September 27 , 2005 . On September 22 , 2009 , `` Chocolate with Nuts '' was released in the SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five . Reception ( edit ) `` Chocolate with Nuts '' has received acclaim from both critics and fans alike . Emily Estep of `` WeGotThisCovered.com '' rated the episode as the 10th best SpongeBob SquarePants episode , saying `` The reason ' Chocolate with Nuts ' is such a good episode is that it subtly and somewhat darkly hints at the concept of just how crazy the people who live around you are . SpongeBob and Patrick are mostly swindled into buying things from other people -- actually , a single con man who keeps appearing -- and nothing is more terrifying / hilarious than the man who simply starts screaming ' chocolate ' repeatedly until SpongeBob and Patrick run away . ' Chocolate with Nuts ' adds the complete absurdity of the program -- like the old lady and her even older mother who remembers when ' they first invented chocolate . Sweet , sweet chocolate . I always hated it ! ' -- and the aspects of SpongeBob 's undersea life that mirror our own lives on land -- like stranger danger . '' Nancy Basile of About.com ranked the episode No. 5 on her `` Best SpongeBob SquarePants Episodes '' list . She said `` I can relate to the customer who spends this entire episode running around Bikini Bottom , screaming for chocolate . ' Chocolate with Nuts ' is about Patrick and SpongeBob trying to get rich by selling chocolate bars door to door ... There are witty punchlines and silly sight gags throughout the episode . '' Her favorite scene was when `` Patrick focuses a little too hard on their unsuspecting customer . '' SpongeBob voice actor Tom Kenny considers this one of his favorite episodes . It was included in the iTunes collection `` SpongeBob SquarePants : Tom Kenny 's Top 20 '' , where he called it `` a very sick episode ( ... ) You can spend hours theorizing about what these eleven minutes says ( sic ) about truth , lies , Big Business , entrepreneurship , and consumerism . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season ( `` Chocolate with Nuts '' credits ) ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 27 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants : Chocolate With Nuts ; Superfriends '' . TV Listings . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : Christmas . DVD . Paramount Home Entertainment , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bovberg , Jason ( October 6 , 2003 ) . `` SpongeBob Squarepants : Christmas '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants - Christmas '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season . DVD . Paramount Home Entertainment , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants - Season 3 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pope , Bryan . `` SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete Third Season '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes . DVD . Paramount Home Entertainment , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants - The First 100 Episodes ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Review '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estep , Emily ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Episodes Of Spongebob Squarepants '' . WeGotThisCovered.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Basile , Nancy . `` Best ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Episodes '' . About.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants : Tom Kenny 's Top 20 '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) SpongeBob SquarePants portal Nickelodeon portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` Chocolate with Nuts '' `` Chocolate with Nuts '' on IMDb `` Chocolate with Nuts '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) SpongeBob SquarePants Characters SpongeBob SquarePants Patrick Star Squidward Tentacles Mr. Krabs Plankton and Karen Sandy Cheeks Mrs. Puff Pearl Krabs Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes `` Help Wanted '' `` Pizza Delivery '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Band Geeks '' `` Graveyard Shift '' `` Sailor Mouth '' `` Chocolate with Nuts '' `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Best Day Ever '' `` Friend or Foe '' `` Atlantis SquarePantis '' `` Pest of the West '' `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' `` Truth or Square '' `` The Clash of Triton '' `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' `` Extreme Spots '' `` SpongeBob , You 're Fired '' `` Squid Noir '' Films The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Untitled third SpongeBob film ( 2020 ) Miniseries Legends of Bikini Bottom SpongeBob 's Runaway Roadtrip Locations Krusty Krab Attractions Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast SpongeBob SquarePants 4 - D SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge SpongeBob SquarePants 4D : The Great Jelly Rescue Universal 's Superstar Parade Miscellaneous Merchandise SpongeBob Comics SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) Related articles 2015 SpongeBob SquarePants 400 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants Spongiforma squarepantsii United Plankton Pictures <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chocolate_with_Nuts&oldid=834525103 '' Categories : SpongeBob SquarePants episodes 2002 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 04 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Chocolate with Nuts"
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-5,657,884,515,106,731,000 | the capital of vietnam is ho chi minh city | Ho Chi Minh City - wikipedia Ho Chi Minh City Jump to : navigation , search `` HCMC '' and `` Saigon '' redirect here . For other uses , see HCMC ( disambiguation ) and Saigon ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ho Chi Minh City Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Saigon or Sài Gòn <Td_colspan="2"> Municipality <Td_colspan="2"> Thành phố trực thuộc trung ương <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise , from left to right : Bến Thành Market , Ho Chi Minh City Hall , District 1 view from Saigon river , Municipal Theatre , Notre - Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon , Independence Palace <Td_colspan="2"> Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Pearl of the Far East <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Vietnam and Southern Vietnam <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 10 ° 46 ′ 36.8 '' N 106 ° 42 ′ 02.9 '' E / 10.776889 ° N 106.700806 ° E / 10.776889 ; 106.700806 Coordinates : 10 ° 46 ′ 36.8 '' N 106 ° 42 ′ 02.9 '' E / 10.776889 ° N 106.700806 ° E / 10.776889 ; 106.700806 Country Vietnam Central district District 1 Founded as Gia Định 1698 Renamed to Ho Chi Minh City 1976 Founded by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh Divisions 19 Urban districts , 5 Suburban districts <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Special - class Secretary of Communist Party of Vietnam Nguyễn Thiện Nhân Chairman of People 's Committee Nguyễn Thành Phong Chairman of People 's Council Nguyễn Thị Quyết Tâm <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 2,096.56 km ( 809.23 sq mi ) Elevation 19 m ( 63 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2016 ) Total 8,426,100 Rank 1st Density 4,000 / km ( 10,000 / sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> GDP ( PPP ) ( 2015 estimate ) Total US $ 127.8 billion Per capita US $ 15,977 <Th_colspan="2"> GRDP ( nominal ) ( 2016 ) Total US $ 45.73 billion Per capita US $ 5,428 Time zone ICT ( UTC + 07 : 00 ) Area codes 8 ( until 16 Jul 2017 ) 28 ( from 17 Jun 2017 ) Climate Aw Website hochiminhcity.gov.vn Ho Chi Minh City ( Vietnamese : Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ; ( thàn fǒ hò tɕǐ mɨ̄n ) ( listen ) ) or Vietnamese pronunciation : ( thàn fǒ hò cǐ mɨ̄n ) , also informally known by its former name as Saigon ( Vietnamese : Sài Gòn ; ( sàj ɣɔ̀ŋ ) ( listen ) ) , is the largest city in Vietnam by population . It was once known as Prey Nokor ( Khmer : ព្រៃនគរ ) prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century . Under the name Saigon , it was the capital of the French colony of Cochinchina and later of the independent republic of South Vietnam 1955 -- 75 . On 2 July 1976 , Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia Định Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh ( although the name Sài Gòn is still widely used ) . The metropolitan area , which consists of the Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area , Thủ Dầu Một , Biên Hòa , Vũng Tàu , Dĩ An , Thuận An and surrounding towns , is populated by about 10 million people , making it the most populous metropolitan area in Vietnam . The city 's population is expected to grow to 13.9 million by 2025 . The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area , a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning , will have an area of 30,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Saigon 1.2 Ho Chi Minh City 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Khmer territory 2.3 Nguyễn Dynasty rule 2.4 Colonial French era 2.5 Capital of the Republic of Vietnam 2.6 Post-Vietnam War and today 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Political and administrative system 4.1 Politics 5 Demographics 6 Economy 6.1 2006 6.2 2007 6.3 2008 6.4 2012 6.5 2013 6.6 2014 6.7 Sectors 6.8 New urban areas 7 Transport 7.1 Air 7.2 Rail 7.3 Water 7.4 Coach bus 7.5 Inner city transport 7.5. 1 Private transport 7.5. 2 Metro system 7.6 Expressway 8 Society 8.1 Healthcare 8.2 Communications 8.3 Education 9 Tourism 10 Sports and recreation 11 Art 12 Sister cities 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Notes 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) Main article : Names of Ho Chi Minh City Sài Gòn may refer to the kapok ( bông gòn ) trees that are common around the city . Ho Chi Minh City has gone by several different names during its history , reflecting settlement by different ethnic , cultural and political groups . In the 1690s , Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh , a Vietnamese noble , was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the Mekong Delta and its surroundings . Control of the city and the area passed to the Vietnamese , who gave the city the official name of Gia Định ( 嘉 定 ) . This name remained until the time of French conquest in the 1860s , when the occupying force adopted the name Saigon for the city , a westernized form of the traditional name , although the city was still indicated as 嘉 定 on Vietnamese maps written in Chữ Hán until at least 1891 . Immediately after the communist takeover of South Vietnam in 1975 , a provisional government renamed the city after Hồ Chí Minh , the late North Vietnamese leader . Even today , however , the informal name of Sài Gòn / Saigon remains in daily speech both domestically and internationally , especially among the Vietnamese diaspora . In particular , Sài Gòn is still commonly used to refer to District 1 . Saigon Railway Station retains the traditional name used informally since the 1620s , while Ga still reflects the French colonial heritage ( the French word gare means station ) . Saigon ( edit ) An etymology of Saigon ( or Sài Gòn in Vietnamese ) is that Sài is a Sino - Vietnamese word ( Hán tự : 柴 ) meaning `` firewood , lops , twigs ; palisade '' , while Gòn is another Sino - Vietnamese word ( Hán tự : 棍 ) meaning `` stick , pole , bole '' , and whose meaning evolved into `` cotton '' in Vietnamese ( bông gòn , literally `` cotton stick '' , i.e. , `` cotton plant '' , then shortened to gòn ) . This name may refer to the many kapok plants that the Khmer people had planted around Prey Nokor , and which can still be seen at Cây Mai temple and surrounding areas . It may also refer to the dense and tall forest that once existed around the city , a forest to which the Khmer name , Prey Nokor , already referred . Other proposed etymologies draw parallels from Tai - Ngon ( 堤 岸 ) , the Cantonese name of Cholon , which means `` embankment '' ( French : quais ) , and Vietnamese Sai Côn , a translation of the Khmer Prey Nokor ( Khmer : ព្រៃនគរ ) . Prey means forest or jungle , and nokor is a Khmer word of Sanskrit origin meaning city or kingdom , and related to the English word ' Nation ' -- thus , `` forest city '' or `` forest kingdom '' . Truong Mealy ( former director of King Norodom Sihanouk 's royal Cabinet ) , says that , according to a Khmer Chronicle , The Collection of the Council of the Kingdom , Prey Nokor 's proper name was Preah Reach Nokor ( Khmer : ព្រះ រាជនគរ ) , `` Royal City '' ; later locally corrupted to `` Prey kor '' , meaning `` kapok forest '' , from which `` Saigon '' was derived ( `` kor '' meaning `` kapok '' in Khmer and Cham , going into Vietnamese as `` gòn '' ) . Ho Chi Minh City ( edit ) The current official name , Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh , adopted in 1976 and abbreviated Tp . HCM , is translated as Ho Chi Minh City , abbreviated HCMC , and in French as Hô - Chi - Minh - Ville ( the circumflex is sometimes omitted ) , abbreviated HCMV . The name commemorates Hồ Chí Minh , the first leader of North Vietnam . This name , though not his given name , was one he favored throughout his later years . It combines a common Vietnamese surname ( Hồ , 胡 ) with a given name meaning `` enlightened will '' ( from Sino - Vietnamese 志 明 ; Chí meaning ' will ' or ' spirit ' , and Minh meaning ' light ' ) , in essence , meaning `` light bringer '' . History ( edit ) Location of the hexagonal Gia Dinh Citadel ( r ) and Cholon area ( tilted square , left ) in 1815 . Today this forms the area of Ho Chi Minh City . Early history ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City began as a small fishing village likely known as Prey Nokor , `` Forest City '' , or perhaps Preah Reach Nokor which , according to a Khmer Chronicle meant `` Royal City '' . The area that the city now occupies was originally forested , and was inhabited by Khmer people for centuries before the arrival of the Vietnamese . Khmer territory ( edit ) Beginning in the early 17th century , colonization of the area by Vietnamese settlers gradually isolated the Khmer of the Mekong Delta from their brethren in Cambodia proper and resulted in their becoming a minority in the delta . In 1623 , King Chey Chettha II of Cambodia ( 1618 -- 28 ) allowed Vietnamese refugees fleeing the Trịnh -- Nguyễn civil war in Vietnam to settle in the area of Prey Nokor and to set up a customs house there . Increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers , which the Cambodian kingdom could not impede because it was weakened by war with Thailand , slowly Vietnamized the area . In time , Prey Nokor became known as Saigon . Prey Nokor was the most important commercial seaport to the Khmers . The loss of the city and the rest of the Mekong Delta cut off Cambodia 's access to the East Sea . Subsequently , the only remaining Khmers ' sea access was south - westerly at the Gulf of Thailand e.g. at Kampong Saom and Kep . Nguyễn dynasty rule ( edit ) A French drawing of the French Siege of Saigon in 1859 by joint Franco - Spanish forces In 1698 , Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh , a Vietnamese noble , was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area , thus detaching the area from Cambodia , which was not strong enough to intervene . He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement . A large Vauban citadel called Gia Định was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel one of the French mercenaries of Nguyễn Ánh . The citadel was later destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa ( see Citadel of Saigon ) . Colonial French era ( edit ) Conquered by France and Spain in 1859 , the city was influenced by the French during their colonial occupation of Vietnam , and a number of classical Western - style buildings and French villas in the city reflect this . Saigon had , in 1929 , a population of 123,890 , including 12,100 French . In 1931 , a new région called Saïgon -- Cholon consisting of Saïgon and Cholon was formed . Saïgon and Cholon , meanwhile , remained separate cities with their respective mayors and municipal councils . In 1956 , after South Vietnam 's independence from France in 1955 , the région of Saïgon -- Cholon became a single city called Saïgon following the merger of the two cities of Saïgon and Cholon . Capital of the Republic of Vietnam ( edit ) The Viet Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam in 1945 after a combined occupation by Vichy France and Japan , and before the Communist revolution in China . They were led by Ho Chi Minh . The Viet Minh - held sections of Vietnam were more concentrated in rural areas . Following the death of Franklin Roosevelt and the abandonment of anti-colonialist policies the U.S. supported France in regaining its control over the country , with effective control spanning mostly in the Southern half and parts of the Red River Delta region like Hanoi , Haiphong and Thái Bình . Former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam in 1949 with himself as head of state . In 1954 , the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel ( Bến Hải River ) , with the communist Việt Minh , under Ho Chi Minh , gaining complete control of the northern half of the country , while the Saigon government continued to govern the State of Vietnam which continued in the southern half of the country and the southern half gaining independence from France . The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in 1955 in the referendum . Saigon and Cholon , an adjacent city with mostly Sino - Vietnamese residents , were combined into an administrative unit known as the Đô Thành Sài Gòn ( Capital City Saigon ) , or Thủ đô Sài Gòn ( National Capital Saigon ) . South Vietnam was a capitalist and anti-communist state which fought against the communist North Vietnamese and their allies during the Vietnam War , with the assistance of the United States and other countries . The Viet Minh , on the other hand , was supported by the Soviet Union . On 30 April 1975 , Saigon fell , ending the Vietnam War . Post-vietnam War and today ( edit ) Street life in Saigon At the conclusion of the Vietnam War on 30 April 1975 , the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People 's Army . Among Vietnamese diaspora communities and particularly the U.S. ( which had fought the communists ) , this event is commonly called the `` fall of Saigon '' , while the Socialist Republic of Vietnam refers to it as the `` Liberation of Saigon '' . In 1976 , upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam , the city of Saigon ( including Cholon ) , the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City in honor of the late Communist leader Hồ Chí Minh . The former name Saigon is still widely used by many Vietnamese , especially in informal contexts . Generally , the term Saigon refers only to the urban districts of Ho Chi Minh City . Geography ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City is located in the south - eastern region of Vietnam , 1,760 km ( 1,090 mi ) south of Hanoi . The average elevation is 19 metres ( 62 ft ) above sea level . It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north , Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa -- Vũng Tàu Province to the east , Long An Province to the west and the East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km ( 9 mi ) long . The city covers an area of 2,095 km ( 809 sq mi or 0.63 % of the surface of Vietnam ) , extending up to Củ Chi District ( 12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border ) and down to Cần Giờ on the South China Sea . The distance from the northernmost point ( Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune , Củ Chi District ) to the southernmost one ( Long Hòa Commune , Cần Giờ District ) is 102 km ( 63 mi ) , and from the easternmost point ( Long Bình ward , District Nine ) to the westernmost one ( Bình Chánh Commune , Bình Chánh District ) is 47 km ( 29 mi ) . Climate ( edit ) The city has a tropical climate , specifically a tropical wet and dry climate , with an average humidity of 78 -- 82 % . The year is divided into two distinct seasons . The rainy season , with an average rainfall of about 1,800 millimetres ( 71 in ) annually ( about 150 rainy days per year ) , usually begins in May and ends in late October . The dry season lasts from December to April . The average temperature is 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) , with little variation throughout the year . The highest temperature recorded was 40.0 ° C ( 104 ° F ) in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13.8 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in January . On average , the city experiences between 2,400 to 2,700 hours of sunshine per year . <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Ho Chi Minh City Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 13.8 ( 0.543 ) 4.1 ( 0.161 ) 10.5 ( 0.413 ) 50.4 ( 1.984 ) 218.4 ( 8.598 ) 311.7 ( 12.272 ) 293.7 ( 11.563 ) 269.8 ( 10.622 ) 327.1 ( 12.878 ) 266.7 ( 10.5 ) 116.5 ( 4.587 ) 48.3 ( 1.902 ) 1,931 ( 76.023 ) Average rainy days 2.4 1.0 1.9 5.4 17.8 19.0 22.9 22.4 23.1 20.9 12.1 6.7 155.6 Average relative humidity ( % ) 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78 Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2,489 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : World Meteorological Organization <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : ( mean temperature , sunshine , record high and lows , and humidity ) Political and administrative system ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City Hall at night Night view of the city from Bitexco Financial Tower Ho Chi Minh City is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam 's provinces , which is subdivided into 24 district - level sub-divisions ( as of 2003 ) : 5 rural districts ( 1,601 km or 618 sq mi in area ) , which are designated as rural ( huyện ) : Củ Chi Hóc Môn Bình Chánh Nhà Bè Cần Giờ 19 urban districts ( 494 km or 191 sq mi in area ) , which are designated urban or suburban ( quận ) : District 1 District 2 District 3 District 4 District 5 District 6 District 7 District 8 District 9 District 10 District 11 District 12 Gò Vấp Tân Bình Tân Phú Bình Thạnh Phú Nhuận Thủ Đức Bình Tân They are further subdivided into 5 commune - level towns ( or townlets ) , 58 communes , and 259 wards ( as of 2006 , see List of HCMC administrative units below ) . Ho Chi Minh statue outside Ho Chi Minh City People 's Committee Politics ( edit ) The Ho Chi Minh City People 's Committee is a 13 - member executive branch of the city . The current Chairman is Nguyễn Thành Phong . There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility for various city departments . The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People 's Council and consists of 95 members . The current Chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Quyết Tâm . The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People 's Court . The current Judge is Ung Thị Xuân Hương . The Executive Committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City . The current Secretary is Nguyễn Thiện Nhân . The Chairman of the People 's Committee is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party , while the Chairman of the People 's Council is ranked third . <Th_colspan="8"> List of HCMC administrative units Name of district Dec. 2003 Sub-division units Dec. 2003 Area ( km ) Dec. 2008 Population as of census 1 October 2004 Population as of census 1 April 2009 Population Population 2011 Population / km 2011 <Td_colspan="8"> Inner districts District 1 10 wards 7.73 198,032 180,225 187,435 185,715 24,025 District 2 11 wards 49.74 125,136 147,490 140,621 136,497 2,744 District 3 14 wards 4.92 201,122 190,553 188,945 188,898 38,393 District 4 15 wards 4.18 180,548 180,980 183,261 183,043 43,790 District 5 15 wards 4.27 170,367 171,452 174,154 175,217 41,034 District 6 14 wards 7.19 241,379 249,329 253,474 251,902 35,035 District 7 10 wards 35.69 159,490 244,276 274,828 265,997 7,453 District 8 16 wards 19.18 360,722 408,772 418,961 421,547 21,978 District 9 13 wards 114 202,948 256,257 263,486 269,068 2,360 District 10 15 wards 5.72 235,231 230,345 232,450 234,188 40,942 District 11 16 wards 5.14 224,785 226,854 232,536 234,293 45,582 District 12 11 wards 52.78 290.129 405,360 427,083 451,737 8,589 Gò Vấp District 16 wards 19.74 452,083 522,690 548,145 561,068 28,423 Tân Bình District 15 wards 22.38 397,569 421,724 430,436 430,350 19,229 Tân Phú District 11 wards 16.06 366,399 398,102 407,924 419,227 26,103 Bình Thạnh District 20 wards 20.76 423,896 457,362 470,054 479,733 23,109 Phú Nhuận District 15 wards 4.88 175,293 174,535 175,175 175,631 35,990 Thủ Đức District 12 wards 49.76 336,571 442,177 455,899 474,547 9,537 Bình Tân District 10 wards 51.89 398,712 572,132 595,335 611,170 11,778 Total inner districts 259 wards 496.04 5,140,412 5,880,615 6,060,202 6,149,817 12,398 <Td_colspan="8"> Suburban districts Củ Chi District 20 communes , 1 township 434.5 288,279 343,155 355,822 362,454 834 Hóc Môn District 11 communes , 1 township 109.18 245,381 349,065 358,640 363,171 3326 Bình Chánh District 15 communes , 1 township 252.69 304,168 420,109 447,291 465,248 1841 Nhà Bè District 6 communes , 1 township 100.41 72,740 101,074 103,793 109,949 1095 Cần Giờ District 6 communes , 1 township 704.22 66,272 68,846 70,697 70,499 100 Total suburban districts 58 communes , 5 townships 1,601 976,839 1,282,249 1,336,244 1,371,321 857 Whole city 259 wards , 58 communes , 5 townships 2,097.06 6,117,251 7,162,864 7,396,446 7,521,138 3,587 Demographics ( edit ) <Td_colspan="17"> Historical population Pop . Year population 1995 4,640,400 4,747,900 4,852,300 1998 4,957,300 1999 5,073,100 2000 5,274,900 5,454,000 2002 5,619,400 2003 5,809,100 6,007,600 2005 6,230,900 2006 6,483,100 2007 6,725,300 2008 6,946,100 2009 7,196,100 7,378,000 2011 7,521,100 2012 7,750,900 2013 7,818,200 2014 7,955,000 2015 8,244,400 2016 8,426,100 <Td_colspan="17"> Sources : Tuệ Thành meeting house in Chinatown , Ho Chi Minh City , District 5 The population of Ho Chi Minh City , as of the 1 October 2004 census , was 6,117,251 ( of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants ) . In mid-2007 , the city 's population was 6,650,942 -- with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants . The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city 's population was 7,162,864 people , about 8.34 % of the total population of Vietnam , making it the highest population - concentrated city in the country . As of the end of 2012 , the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people , an increase of 3.1 % from 2011 . As an administrative unit , its population is also the largest at the provincial level . The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese ( Kinh ) at about 93.52 % . Ho Chi Minh City 's largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese ( Hoa ) with 5.78 % . Cholon -- in District 5 and parts of Districts 6 , 10 and 11 -- is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam . The Hoa ( Chinese ) speak a number of varieties of Chinese , including Cantonese , Teochew ( Chaozhou ) , Hokkien , Hainanese and Hakka ; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese . Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34 % , and Cham with 0.1 % . Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as `` Saigonese '' in English and `` dân Sài Gòn '' in Vietnamese . The three most prevalent religions in Ho Chi Minh City are Mahayana Buddhism with Taoism and Confucianism ( via ancestor worship ) , which are often celebrated together in the same temple . Most Vietnamese and Han Chinese are strongly influenced by these traditional religious practices . There is a sizeable community of Roman Catholics , representing about 10 % of the city 's population . Other minority groups include Hòa Hảo , Cao Đài , Protestants , Muslims , Hindus , and members of the Bahá'í Faith . Economy ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam . Although the city takes up just 0.6 % of the country 's land area , it contains 8.34 % of the population of Vietnam , 20.2 % of its GDP , 27.9 % of industrial output and 34.9 % of the FDI projects in the country in 2005 . In 2005 , the city had 4,344,000 labourers , of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm ( in Vietnam , 60 for male and 55 for female workers ) . In 2009 , GDP per capita reached $2,800 , compared to the country 's average level of $1,042 . 2006 ( edit ) As of June 2006 , the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks . Ho Chi Minh City is the leading receiver of foreign direct investment in Vietnam , with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007 . In 2007 , the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion . 2007 ( edit ) In 2007 , the city 's GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion , or about $2,180 per capita , up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20 % of the country 's GDP . The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity ( PPP ) reached $71.5 billion , or about $10,870 per capita ( approximately three times higher than the country 's average ) . The city 's Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion , equivalent to 30 % of the value of the entire nation . Export -- Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion , or 40 % of the national total , of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion ( 40 % of Vietnam 's total export revenues ) . In 2007 , Ho Chi Minh City 's contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent , accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues . The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi . 2008 ( edit ) In 2008 , it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI . In 2010 , the city 's GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion , or about $2,800 per capita , up 11.8 percent from 2009 . 2012 ( edit ) By the end of 2012 , the city 's GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion , or about $3,700 per capita , up 9.2 percent from 2011 . Total trade ( export and import ) reached $47.7 billion , with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion . 2013 ( edit ) In 2013 , GDP of the city grew 7.6 % by Q1 , 8.1 % by Q2 , and 10.3 % by the end of Q3 . By the end of 2013 , the city 's GDP grew 9.3 % , with GDP per capital reach $4500 . 2014 ( edit ) By the end of 2014 , the city 's GDP grew 9.5 % , with GDP per capita reaching $5100 . Sectors ( edit ) Saigon Port The economy of Ho Chi Minh City consists of industries ranging from mining , seafood processing , agriculture , and construction , to tourism , finance , industry and trade . The state - owned sector makes up 33.3 % of the economy , the private sector 4.6 % , and the remainder in foreign investment . Concerning its economic structure , the service sector accounts for 51.1 % , industry and construction account for 47.7 % and forestry , agriculture and others make up just 1.2 % . Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12 . The park is approximately 15 km ( 9 mi ) from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies . The park also includes a software training school . Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high - speed access to the internet as well as favourable taxation . Together with the Hi - Tech Park in District 9 , and the 32 ha . software park inside Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city , Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi - tech city in the country and the South - East Asia region . Hi - Tech Park , District 9 . This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries , as India has done . Some 300,000 businesses , including many large enterprises , are involved in high - tech , electronic , processing and light industries , and also in construction , building materials and agricultural products . Additionally , crude oil is a popular economic base in the city . Investors are still pouring money into the city . Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng ( 7.5 million USD ) with 18,500 newly founded companies . Investment trends to high technology , services and real estate projects . As of June 2006 , the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks , in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi - tech park . Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city . More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city . The Stock Exchange , the first stock exchange in Vietnam , was opened in 2001 . There are 171 medium and large - scale markets as well as several supermarket chains , shopping malls , and fashion and beauty centres . Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include : District 1 Bitexco Financial Tower , the third tallest building in Vietnam . Maximark - Multiple locations ( District 10 , and Tan Binh District ) Satramart - 460 3 / 2 Street , Ward 12 , District 10 Auchan ( 2016 ) - Multiple locations ( District 10 , and Go Vap District ) Lotte Mart -- Multiple locations ( District 7 , District 11 , and Tan Binh District ) AEON Mall Tan Phu Celadon ( 2014 ) - Multiple locations ( Binh Tan District , and Tan Phu District ) SC VivoCity ( 2015 ) - 1058 Nguyen Van Linh Boulevard , Tan Phong Ward , District 7 Zen Plaza ( 1995 ) -- 54 -- 56 Nguyễn Trãi St , District 1 Saigon Centre ( 1997 ) -- 65 Lê Lợi Blvd , Ben Nghe Ward , District 1 Diamond Plaza ( 1999 ) -- 34 Le Duan Blvd , District 1 Big C ( 2002 ) -- Multiple locations ( District 10 , Binh Tan District , Go Vap District , Phu Nhuan District , and Tan Phu District ) METRO Cash & Carry -- Multiple locations ( District 2 , District 6 , and District 12 ) Crescent Mall - Phu My Hung , District 7 Parkson ( 2005 -- 2009 ) -- Multiple locations ( District 1 , District 2 , District 5 , District 7 , District 11 , and Tan Binh District ) Saigon Paragon ( 2009 ) -- 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St , Tan Phu Ward , District 7 Diamond Plaza NowZone ( 2009 ) -- 235 Nguyen Van Cu Ave , Nguyen Cu Trinh Ward , District 1 Kumho Asiana Plaza ( 2010 ) -- 39 Le Duan Blvd , Ben Nghe Ward , District 1 Vincom Centre ( 2010 ) -- 70 -- 72 Lê Thánh Tôn St , Ben Nghe Ward , District 1 Union Square - 171 Lê Thánh Tôn st , Ben Nghe Ward , District 1 Vincom Mega Mall ( 2016 ) - Số 161 Xa Lộ Hà Nội , P. Thảo Điền , District . 2 Bitexco Financial Tower ( 2010 ) -- Hẻm số 2 Hàm Nghi Blvd , Ben Nghe Ward , District 1 Co. opmart - Multiple locations ( District 1 , District 3 , District 5 , District 6 , District 7 , District 8 , District 10 , District 11 , District 12 , Binh Chanh District , Binh Tan District , Binh Thanh District , Cu Chi District , Go Vap District , Hoc Mon District , Phu Nhuan District , Tan Phu District , and Thu Duc District ) In 2007 , three million foreign tourists , about 70 % of the total number of tourists to Vietnam , visited the city . Total cargo transport to Ho Chi Minh City 's ports reached 50.5 million metric tonnes , nearly one - third of the total for Vietnam . New urban areas ( edit ) With a population now of 8,382,287 ( as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010 ) ( registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million ) , Ho Chi Minh City needs increased public infrastructure . To this end , the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres . The two most prominent projects are the Thu Thiem city centre in District 2 and the Phu My Hung Urban Area , a new city centre in District 7 ( as part of the Saigon South project ) where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australia 's Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located . In December 2007 , Phu My Hung 's new City Centre completed the 17.8 km 10 -- 14 lane wide Nguyen Van Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas , Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area . In November 2008 , a brand new trade centre , Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre , also opened its doors . Other projects include Grandview , Waterfront , Sky Garden , Riverside and Phu Gia 99 . Phu My Hung 's new City Center received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction . In 2016 , Ho Chi Minh city has started the Tan Cang real estate zone , under the investment of Vingroup in the inner zone of District 1 , giving an old shipyard a new breath of life . The Vinhomes Khanh Hoi , Vinhomes Golden River and Vinhomes Thu Thiem have become the major living places of rich persons , celebrities and professionals . See also : Bình Hưng Hòa Cemetery Transport ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Tan Son Nhat International Airport The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport , the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled ( with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010 , accounting for more than half of Vietnam 's air passenger traffic ) . Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025 . Based in Long Thành District , Đồng Nai Province , about 40 km ( 25 mi ) east of Ho Chi Minh City , Long Thành Airport will serve international flights , with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed ; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights . Rail ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country . The Reunification Express ( tàu Thống Nhất ) runs from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3 , with stops at cities and provinces along the line . Within the city , the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn . In addition , there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An , Thủ Đức , Bình Triệu , Gò Vấp . However , rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6 % of passenger traffic and 6 % of goods shipments . Water ( edit ) The city 's location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port ; besides a constant stream of cargo ships , passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia , including Vũng Tàu , Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta , and Phnom Penh . Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam 's southern provinces has steadily increased over the years ; the Doi and Te Canals , the main routes to the Mekong Delta , receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year , representing around 13 million tons of cargo . A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport , to be implemented in 2011 -- 14 . Coach bus ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City has a number of coach houses , which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam . The largest coach station -- in terms of passengers handled -- is the Mien Dong Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District . Inner City transport ( edit ) Private transport ( edit ) Mai Linh Taxi The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes , buses , taxis , and bicycles . Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city . Taxis are plentiful and usually have meters , although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip , for example , from the airport to the city centre . Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus . For short trips , `` xe ôm '' ( literally , `` hug vehicle '' ) motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city , usually congregating at a major intersection . A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos , which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace . For the last few years , cars have become more popular. . There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city , which is almost double compared with Hanoi . The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution . The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport . Metro system ( edit ) Proposed Metro Map The Ho Chi Minh City Metro , a light rail rapid transit network , is currently in the preparation stages , with the first line currently under construction , to be completed by 2019 . This first line will connect Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in District 9 , with a depot in Long Binh . Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily . A line between Bến Thành and Tham Luong in District 12 has been approved by the government , and several more lines are currently the subject of feasibility studies . Expressway ( edit ) Main articles : Ho Chi Minh City - Trung Luong Expressway and Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thanh - Dau Giay Expressway Ho Chi Minh City has two expressways of North - South Expressway system , connect the city with other provinces . The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City - Trung Luong Expressway , opened in 2010 , connect Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta . The second one is Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thanh - Dau Giay Expressway , opened in 2015 , connect the city with Đồng Nai , Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam . The Ho Chi Minh City - Long Khanh Expressway is projected and will be constructed in the near future . Society ( edit ) Healthcare ( edit ) The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of privately owned clinics . The 1,400 bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital , upgraded by Japanese aid and the French - sponsored Institute of Cardiology , are among the top medical facilities in South - East Asia . Communications ( edit ) See also : Media of Vietnam and Telecommunications in Vietnam The Word Ho Chi Minh City , an English - language magazine . The city 's media is the most developed in the country . At present , there are seven daily newspapers : Sai Gon Giai Phong ( Liberated Saigon ) , and its Vietnamese , investment and finance , sports , evening and weekly editions ; Tuổi Trẻ ( Youth ) , the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam ; Thanh Nien ( Young Men ) , the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam ; Nguoi Lao Dong ( Labourer ) ; The Thao ( Sports ) ; Phap Luat ( Law ) and the Saigon Times Daily , the English - language newspaper as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines . The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses , many bookstores and a widespread network of public and school libraries ; the city 's General Library houses over 1.5 mìllion books . Locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television ( HTV ) is the second largest television network in the nation , just behind the national Vietnam Television ( VTV ) , broadcasting 24 / 7 on 7 different channels ( using analog and digital technology ) . Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks ( SCTV and HTVC ) , with over one million subscribers . The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in southern Vietnam . Internet coverage , especially through ADSL connections , is rapidly expanding , with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users . Internet service providers ( ISPs ) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company ( VDC ) , Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology ( FPT ) , Netnam Company , Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation ( Saigon Postel Corporation , SPT ) and Viettel Company . As in all of Vietnam , Internet access is regulated ; websites containing sensitive political or religious content are routinely blocked , and certain websites have been blocked , though government officials deny that this is intentional . The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones ( the latter growing annually by 20 % ) . Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies , including Viettel Mobile , MobiFone , VinaPhone , and S - Fone . Education ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Ho Chi Minh City Notable high schools in Ho Chi Minh City include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted , Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted , Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted , Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School , Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School , and Gia Định High School , Lê Quý Đôn High School , among others . Though the former schools are all public , private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City . High school consists of grade 10 -- 12 ( sophomore , junior , and senior ) . Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry ; the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students . Notable universities include Vietnam National University , Ho Chi Minh City , with 50,000 students distributed among six schools ; The University of Technology ( Vietnamese : Đại học Bách khoa , formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology ) ; The University of Sciences ( formerly Saigon College of Sciences ) ; The University of Social Sciences and Humanities ( formerly Saigon College of Letters ) ; The International University ; The University of Economics and Law ; and the newly established University of Information Technology . The headquarters of the National University is in Linh Trung ward , Thu Duc University Village Some other important higher education establishments include HCMC University of Pedagogy , University of Economics , University of Architecture , Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine Nong Lam University ( formerly University of Agriculture and Forestry ) , University of Law , University of Technical Education , University of Banking , University of Industry , Open University , University of Sports and Physical Education , University of Fine Arts , University of Culture , the Conservatory of Music , the Saigon Institute of Technology , Văn Lang University , Saigon University and Hoa Sen University . In addition to the above public universities , Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities . One of the most notable is RMIT International University , Vietnam , a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students . Tuition at RMIT is about 40,000 USD for an entire course of study . Other private universities include The International School of Business ( Vietnam ) ( or ISB ) , an English - language university run as a partnership with universities abroad , including the University of Western Sydney and UQAM , Montreal . The Saigon International University ( or SIU ) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education . Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students Depending on the type of program , tuition at SIU costs between 5,000 and 6,000 USD per year . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Declared monuments of Ho Chi Minh City See also : List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City Reunification Palace , District 1 . The Opera House Rex Hotel Today , the city 's core is still adorned with wide elegant boulevards and historic French colonial buildings . The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short leisurely distance from each other . The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace ( Dinh Thống Nhất ) , City Hall ( Ủy ban nhân dân Thành phố ) , Municipal Theatre ( Nhà hát thành phố , also known as the Opera House ) , City Post Office ( Bưu điện thành phố ) , State Bank Office ( Ngân hàng nhà nước ) , City People 's Court ( Tòa án nhân dân thành phố ) and Notre - Dame Cathedral ( Nhà thờ Đức Bà ) . Some of the historic hotels are the Hotel Majestic , dating from the French colonial era , and the Rex and Caravelle hotels are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & ' 70s . Saigon Notre Dame Cathedral It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007 , of which 70 percent , approximately 3 million tourists , visited Ho Chi Minh City . A tour guide demonstrates a secret entrance at the Củ Chi tunnels . The city has various museums including the Ho Chi Minh City Museum , Museum of Vietnamese History , the Revolutionary Museum , the Museum of south - eastern Armed Forces , the War Remnants Museum , the Museum of Southern Women , the Museum of Fine Arts , the Nha Rong Memorial House , and the Ben Duoc Relic of Underground Tunnels . The Củ Chi tunnels are north - west of the city in Củ Chi District . The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens , in District 1 , dates from 1865 . The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park , Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park , and Cần Giờ 's Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists . Aside from the Municipal Theatre , there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành theatre , Hòa Bình theatre , and the Lan Anh Music Stage . Ho Chi Minh City is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres , with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60 -- 70 % of Vietnam 's total revenue in this industry . Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam 's provinces and municipalities , residents of Ho Chi Minh City keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government . The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam . Like many of Vietnam 's smaller cities , the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli . Backpacking travellers most often frequent the `` Western Quarter '' on Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street , District 1 . Sports and recreation ( edit ) As of 2005 , Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields , 86 swimming pools , 256 gyms . The largest stadium in the city is the 25,000 - seat Thống Nhất Stadium , located on Đào Duy Từ Street , in Ward 6 of District 10 . The next largest is Army Stadium , located near Tân Sơn Nhất Airport in Tân Bình district . Army Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals . As well as being a sporting venue , it is also the site of a music school . Phú Thọ Racecourse , another notable sporting venue established during colonial times , is the only racetrack in Vietnam . The city 's Department of Physical Education and Sports also manages a number of clubs , including Phan Dinh Phung , Thanh Da , and Yet Kieu . Ho Chi Minh City is home to a number of association football clubs . One of the city 's largest clubs , Ho Chi Minh City F.C. , is based at Thống Nhất Stadium . As Cảng Sài Gòn , they were four - time champions of Vietnam 's V. League 1 ( in 1986 , 1993 -- 94 , 1997 , and 2001 -- 02 ) . The team currently plays in Vietnam 's First Division . Navibank Saigon F.C. , founded as Quân Khu 4 , also based at Thống Nhất Stadium , emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season , and were promoted to the V - League in 2009 . The city 's police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s , Công An Thành Phố , which won the V - League championship in 1995 . Celebrated striker Lê Huỳnh Đức , now manager of SHB Đà Nẵng F.C. , played for the Police F.C. from 1995 -- 2000 , setting a league record of 25 goals in the 1996 season . Since 2016 , Sài Gòn F.C. has competed in V. League 1 . In 2011 , Ho Chi Minh City was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League . SSA Saigon Heat is the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam . Ho Chi Minh City hosts a number of international sports events throughout the year , such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run . Several other sports are represented by teams in the city , such as volleyball , basketball , chess , athletics , and table tennis . Art ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh City is the second largest art city in Vietnam . Due to its history , artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles . Famous art locations in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts , and various art galleries located on Nam Ky Khoi Nghia street , Tran Phu street , and Bui Vien street . Sister cities ( edit ) There are 25 sister cities / regions of Ho Chi Minh City : City From Shanghai , People 's Republic of China 14 May 1994 Manila , Philippines 27 June 1994 San Francisco , USA 10 April 1995 Osaka , Japan 13 June 1995 Busan , Republic of Korea 3 November 1995 Guangzhou , People 's Republic of China 1 April 1996 Lyon , France 17 January 1997 Shenyang , People 's Republic of China 21 April 1999 Sverdlovsk Oblast , Russia 5 September 2000 Champasak Province , Laos 28 August 2001 Vientiane , Laos 1 September 2001 Rhône - Alpes ( region ) , France 8 November 2001 Phnom Penh , Cambodia June 2002 Moscow , Russia 31 October 2003 Toronto , Ontario , Canada 13 February 2006 Yokohama , Japan 23 July 2007 Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan 27 October 2007 Minsk , Belarus 4 November 2008 Vladivostok , Russia 21 May 2009 Seville , Spain 29 May 2009 Johannesburg , Republic of South Africa 10 November 2009 Yangon , Myanmar 2012 Monterrey , Mexico 27 May 2013 Aichi Prefecture , Japan 13 September 2016 See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal History of Organized Crime in Saigon List of East Asian ports List of historical capitals of Vietnam List of tallest buildings in Vietnam List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City North -- South Railway ( Vietnam ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Đồng Nai Province 's Populations : 2.254. 676 ( 2006 ) Archived 25 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Bà Rịa Vũng Tàu Province 's Populations : 862.081 ( 2002 ) , Bình Dương province 's Population : 1 , 2 million ( 2007 ) Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Ho Chi Minh City 's population : 5,037,155 ( 1999 ) Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The text of the resolution is as follows : `` By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , 6th tenure , 1st session , for officially renaming Saigon - Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City . The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon - Gia Dinh City for President Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him ; Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon - Gia Dinh City , with several glorious feats , deserves the honor of being named after President Ho Chi Minh ; After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly 's meeting ; Decides to rename Saigon - Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City . '' `` From Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City '' . People 's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Un siècle plus tard ( 1773 ) , la révolte des TÁYON ( sic ) ( qu'éclata ) tout , d'abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui - Nhon , et s'étendit rapidement dans le sud , chassa de Bien - Hoa le mouvement commercial qu'y avaient attiré les Chinois . Ceux - ci abandonnèrent Cou - lao - pho , remontèrent de fleuve de Tan - Binh , et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN . Cette création date d'environ 1778 . Ils appelèrent leur nouvelle résidence TAI - NGON ou TIN - GAN . Le nom transformé par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis appliqué à tort , par l'expédition française , au SAIGON actuel dont la dénomination locale est BEN - NGHE ou BEN - THANH . '' Francis Garnier , quoted in : Hồng Sến Vương , Q. Thắng Nguyễn ( 2002 ) . Tuyển tập Vương Hồng Sến . Nhà xuất bản Văn học . Jump up ^ `` The Khmer name for Saigon , by the way , is Prey Nokor ; prey means forest , nokor home or city . '' Norodom Sihanouk ( 1980 ) . War and hope : the case for Cambodia . Pantheon Books . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 51115 - 8 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=fcdce0c6-c8bb-4687-81e0-a1567671a494&groupId=18 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TP. HCM : GDP bình quân đầu người cuối năm 2015 đạt hơn 5.500 USD '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decree 2036 / QĐ - BTTTT '' . Ministry of Information and Communication of Viet Nam . Ministry of Information and Communication of Viet Nam . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ben Brown ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Letter from Ho Chi Minh City A Tribute to My Vietnam Vet Father '' . CounterPunch . CounterPunch . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ About Ho Chi Minh City ( HCMC ) . MyVietnam.info . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Wendell Cox ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` THE EVOLVING URBAN FORM : HO CHI MINH CITY ( SAIGON ) '' . New Geography . New Geography . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quy hoạch xây dựng vùng Tp. HCM '' . VnEconomy. 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Salkin , Trudy Ring ( 1996 ) . Paul E. Schellinger , Robert M. Salkin , ed . Asia and Oceania . International Dictionary of Historic Places. 5 . Taylor & Francis . p. 354 . ISBN 1 - 884964 - 04 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Map of Vietnam 's Provinces '' . World Digital Library . UNESCO . 1890 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Salkin , Trudy Ring ( 1996 ) . Paul E. Schellinger , Robert M. Salkin , ed . Asia and Oceania . International Dictionary of Historic Places. 5 . Taylor & Francis . p. 353 . ISBN 1 - 884964 - 04 - 4 . Jump up ^ Trương Vĩnh Ký , Souvenirs historiques sur Saigon et ses environs , trong Excursions et Reconnaissance X . Saigon , Imprimerie Coloniale 1885 Jump up ^ Touch Bora , ' Jacobsen history challenged ' , The Phnom Penh Post , 21 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Figures : Hồ Chí Minh ( 1890 -- 1969 ) '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Truong Mealy ( former Cambodian Ambassador to Japan ) , quoted in Touch Bora , `` Jacobsen history challenged '' , Phnom Penh Post , 21 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Mai Thục , Vương miện lưu đày : truyện lịch sử , Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa -- thông tin , 2004 , p. 580 ; Giáo sư Hoàng Xuân Việt , Nguyễn Minh Tiến hiệu đính , Tìm hiểu lịch sử chữ quốc ngữ , Ho Chi Minh City , Công ty Văn hóa Hương Trang , pp. 31 -- 33 ; Helen Jarvis , Cambodia , Clio Press , 1997 , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ The first settlers , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/asia/vietnam/ho-chi-minh-city-and-around/ Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of the Encyclopedia Americana ( 2006 ) '' , p. 175 . Jump up ^ P. 61 , Historic Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City ( written by Justin Corfield ; published by Anthem Press in 2013 ) Jump up ^ P. 21 , Chinese Diaspora in South - East Asia : the Overseas Chinese in IndoChina ( written Tracy Barrett ; published in 2012 by I.B. Tauris & Co . ) Jump up ^ 4 April 1967 speech by Martin Luther King , Jr. at Riverside Church in New York City Jump up ^ The Uncensored War : The Media and Vietnam by Daniel C. Hallin Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/apr/21/40-years-on-from-fall-of-saigon-witnessing-end-of-vietnam-war Jump up ^ `` Pearl of the Orient is still Vietnam 's heart '' . Travelterrific.com . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viet Nam : Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City Power Grid Development Sector Project '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service -- Ho Chi Minh City '' . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistical office in Ho Chi Minh City '' . Pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn . Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=5fdc62bc-0523-453a-b596-57ad36af9831&groupId=18 Jump up ^ http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/web/guest/niengiamthongke-nam2011 Jump up ^ Dân số trung bình phân theo địa phương qua các năm , Theo Tổng cục thống kê Việt Nam . Jump up ^ `` General Statistics Office of Vietnam '' . Gso.gov.vn . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tong Cuc Thong Ke '' . Gso.gov.vn . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cục thống kê -- Tóm tắt kết quả điều tra dân số '' . Pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn. 4 January 2001 . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ David M. Cheney . `` Thành - Phô Hô Chí Minh ( Hôchiminh Ville ) ( Archdiocese ) ( Catholic - Hierarchy ) '' . catholic-hierarchy.org . Jump up ^ Statistics in 2005 Archived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . on the city 's official website . Jump up ^ Ho Chi Minh City Economics Institute . Jump up ^ Hana R. Alberts ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` ' ' Forbes ' ' profile of Vietnam '' . Forbes . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hàn Ni , `` TPHCM dẫn đầu thu hút vốn FDI vì biết cách bứt phá '' . Sài Gòn giải phóng , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TPHCM sau 1 năm gia nhập WTO -- Vượt lên chính mình ... '' , Trung tâm thông tin thương mại . Jump up ^ Minh Anh , `` Quy mô tiêu dùng 41 , 5 tỉ USD : Đầu kéo phát triển ! '' Tuổi Trẻ , 20 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ho Chi Minh City attracts record FDI in 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` 10 điểm nổi bật trong tình hình kinh tế -- xã hội TPHCM năm 2010 '' . Bsc.com.vn . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ VnExpress . `` TP HCM đặt mục tiêu thu nhập bình quân 4.000 USD mỗi người '' . VnExpress . Jump up ^ http://www.pso.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=81a32bfe-59a2-46dd-96dc-e36ae460f5b4&groupId=18 Jump up ^ `` GDP bình quân đầu người của TP Hồ Chí Minh đạt 5.131 USD - Hànộimới '' . Hanoimoi.com.vn . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chỉ tiêu tổng hợp giai đoạn 2001 -- 06 Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Ho Chi Minh City government website . ( Dead Link ) Jump up ^ Exchange rate from XE.com Jump up ^ `` mofahcm '' ( in Vietnamese ) . mofahcm . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Số lượng khách quốc tế đến TPHCM đã đạt tới 3 triệu lượt người , tăng 14 , 6 % so với năm 2006 , chiếm 70 % tổng lượng du khách đến VN ... Lượng hàng hóa vận chuyển qua cảng đạt 50 , 5 triệu tấn ... Jump up ^ `` Tong Cuc Thong Ke '' . Gso.gov.vn . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Đang mở bán Vinhomes Golden River - Tập đoàn Vingroup '' . Vinhomes Golden Rivers . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Saigon -- Tan Son Nhat International Airport on '' , Sài Gòn Giải Phóng Newspaper , 13 October 2007 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Two more Hanoi Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on Vietnamnet.net , accessdate 11 November 2007 , ( in Vietnamese ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Airport Development News '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2006 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Train from Ho Chi Minh City - Ticket fare and Schedule Vietnam Railways '' . vietnam-railway.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Print Version '' ... mt.gov.vn. 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City to expand waterway transport '' . Vietnam News Service . 19 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hans - Heinrich Bass , Thanh Trung Nguyen ( April 2013 ) . `` Imminent gridlocks '' . dandc.eu . ^ Jump up to : `` Ho Chi Minh City Metro '' . Railway-technology.com . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dinh Muoi . `` HCMC 's subway route No. 2 approved '' . Thanh Nien . Jump up ^ `` Dự án đường cao tốc TP. HCM - Trung Lương '' . Tedi.vn . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ngày 8 / 2 thông xe toàn cao tốc TP. HCM - Long Thành - Dầu Giây '' . VnExpress . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OpenNet Initiative Vietnam Report : University Research Team Finds an Increase in Internet Censorship in Vietnam '' . Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University . 5 August 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ho Chi Minh City Open University '' . Ou.edu.vn . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RMIT University website '' . Rmit.edu.vn . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tam , M. `` Thanh Lap Vien Dao Tao Quoc Te '' . Bao Giao Duc . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saigon International University '' . siu.edu.vn . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SIU Group of Asian International Education '' . siu.edu.vn . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule of Course Fees '' . siu.edu.vn . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ In 2014 , tourism revenue has hit VND 78.7 trillions ( US $3.7 billion ) , up to 4 percent compared to the same period in 2013 . Jump up ^ http://tuoitrenews.vn/features/13002/ho-chi-minh-citys-westerners-town Jump up ^ Exercise and sports . PSO Ho Chi Minh City . Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Basketball League website '' . Aseanbasketballleague.com. 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM '' . mofahcm.gov.vn. 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twin towns and Sister cities of Minsk ( via WaybackMachine.com ) '' ( in Russian ) . The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . 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2,178,256,130,239,576,600 | who has the most winter olympic medals in the us | United States at the Olympics - wikipedia United States at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> United States at the Olympics <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the United States IOC code USA Medals Gold Silver Bronze Total 1,127 905 795 2,827 <Th_colspan="2"> Summer appearances <Td_colspan="2"> 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Winter appearances <Td_colspan="2"> 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Other related appearances <Td_colspan="2"> 1906 Intercalated Games The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , the most of any nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second highest result . The United States has topped the gold medal count ( as the medals are listed on the IOC website , and internationally by tradition ) at seventeen Summer Olympics , the most of any nation , and one Winter Olympics . The United States holds the record both for the most medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics and the most gold medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosted Games 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 Flagbearers 4 Amateurism and professionalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hosted Games ( edit ) The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions , more than any other country , and is planning to host the ninth : Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Red border color indicates host nation status . Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1896 Athens 14 11 7 20 1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90 1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 1980 Moscow <Td_colspan="6"> Did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 2020 Tokyo <Td_colspan="8;"> Future event 2024 Paris <Td_colspan="8;"> Future event 2028 Los Angeles <Td_colspan="8;"> Future event <Th_colspan="2"> Total 1022 795 705 2522 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 24 5 1928 St. Moritz 24 6 1932 Lake Placid 64 6 12 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 55 0 8 6 1948 St. Moritz 69 9 1952 Oslo 65 6 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 7 6 5 1960 Squaw Valley 79 10 1964 Innsbruck 89 7 8 8 1968 Grenoble 95 5 7 9 8 1972 Sapporo 103 8 5 6 1976 Innsbruck 106 10 1980 Lake Placid 101 6 12 1984 Sarajevo 107 0 8 1988 Calgary 118 6 9 9 1992 Albertville 147 5 11 5 6 1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 13 5 5 1998 Nagano 186 6 13 5 6 2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 2022 Beijing <Td_colspan="8"> Future event <Th_colspan="2"> Total 105 110 90 305 Medals by Summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 337 260 207 802 Swimming 246 172 135 553 Wrestling 54 43 35 132 Shooting 54 29 27 110 Boxing 50 24 40 114 Diving 49 44 45 138 Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 Rowing 33 32 24 89 Basketball 23 28 Tennis 21 6 12 39 Sailing 19 23 18 60 Cycling 16 21 20 57 5 Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 Archery 14 11 9 34 Equestrian 11 21 20 52 Beach volleyball 6 10 Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15 Synchronized swimming 5 9 Football 7 Golf 5 11 Volleyball 10 Softball 0 Fencing 9 14 25 14 Water polo 5 11 5 Judo 8 14 15 Taekwondo 5 9 Rugby union 0 0 Roque Tug of war Baseball 0 Triathlon 0 7 Jeu de paume 0 0 Modern pentathlon 0 6 9 12 Polo 0 Lacrosse 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 12 Total * 1022 794 704 2520 Updated on October 1 , 2017 * This table does not include two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Medals by Winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Speed skating 29 22 17 68 Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 Figure skating 15 16 20 51 Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 Ice hockey 11 17 Short track speed skating 7 9 20 Skeleton 8 Nordic combined 0 9 Cross country skiing 0 19 Curling 0 8 Luge 0 6 9 Ski jumping 0 0 15 Total * 105 111 91 307 Updated on March 10 , 2018 * This table includes two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Flagbearers ( edit ) See also : List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics Summer Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics 1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics 1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics 1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics 1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics 1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics 1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics 1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing 1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing 1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage Fencing 1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics 1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics 1968 Mexico City Janice Romary Fencing 1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics 1976 Montreal Gary Hall , Sr . Swimming 1980 Moscow <Td_colspan="2"> USA did not participate 1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics 1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics 1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics 1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling 2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing 2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball 2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics 2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing 2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming Winter Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey 1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing ( team manager ) 1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing 1948 St. Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh 1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating 1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating 1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating 1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating 1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing 1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge 1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon 1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing 1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge 1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating 2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track 2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating 2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge 2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined 2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . See also ( edit ) United States at the Paralympics List of United States Olympic medalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the ( Equestrian ) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/ Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf External links ( edit ) `` United States of America '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` United States '' . Sports-Reference.com . <Th_colspan="2"> United States at the Olympics <Td_colspan="2"> Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 <Td_colspan="2"> The United States hosted the 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , and 2028 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , and 2002 Winter Olympics . The United States did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . <Th_colspan="2"> Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games <Td_colspan="2"> Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Olympic Athletes from Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia <Th_colspan="2"> Sports in the United States By state / territory Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin Northeast Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Washington , D.C. South Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington ( state ) Wyoming Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Major team sports American football Baseball Basketball Ice hockey Lacrosse Soccer Softball Major individual sports Athletics Boxing Golf Horse racing Thoroughbred Harness Steeplechase Mixed martial arts Motorsport Swimming Tennis Winter sports skeleton skiing Minor sports Australian rules football Badminton Bodybuilding Cricket Cycling Fishing Futsal Field hockey Gaelic football Gymnastics Ice skating Judo Karate Netball Polo Roller derby Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Surfing Volleyball Wrestling International sporting competitions World Baseball Classic Basketball World Cup Cricket World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA World Cup Maccabiah Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics Deaflympics Rugby League World Cup Rugby World Cup Universiade <Td_colspan="2"> United States Olympic Committee United States Paralympic Committee History Major professional sports leagues Women 's sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_at_the_Olympics&oldid=833431790 '' Categories : United States at the Olympics National sports teams of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 14 : 21 . 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-4,292,700,661,331,370,500 | three economic rights of employees in the workplace | Economic , social and cultural rights - wikipedia Economic , social and cultural rights Jump to : navigation , search `` Social rights '' redirects here . For another sense , see Social rights ( social contract theory ) . Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Economic , social and cultural rights are socio - economic human rights , such as the right to education , right to housing , right to adequate standard of living , right to health and the right to science and culture . Economic , social and cultural rights are recognised and protected in international and regional human rights instruments . Member states have a legal obligation to respect , protect and fulfil economic , social and cultural rights and are expected to take `` progressive action '' towards their fulfilment . The Universal Declaration on Human Rights recognises a number of economic , social and cultural rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) is the primary international legal source of economic , social and cultural rights . The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women recognises and protects many of the economic , social and cultural rights recognised in the ICESCR in relation to children and women . The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibits discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin in relation to a number of economic , social and cultural rights . The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also prohibits all discrimination on the basis of the disability including refusal of the reasonable accommodation relating to full enjoyment of economic , social and cultural rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 International and regional human rights instruments 1.1 International human rights instruments 1.2 Regional human rights instruments 2 Secondary legal sources 3 National constitutions 4 State responsibility 5 Monitoring , enforcement and implementation framework 6 Advocacy 7 Theory of rights 8 See also 9 References International and regional human rights instruments ( edit ) Economic , social and cultural rights are recognized and protected in a number of international and regional human rights instruments . International human rights instruments ( edit ) The Universal Declaration on Human Rights ( UDHR ) , adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 , is one of the most important sources of economic , social and cultural rights . It recognizes the right to social security in Article 22 , the right to work in Article 23 , the right to rest and leisure in Article 24 , the right to an adequate standard of living in Article 25 , the right to education in Article 26 , and the right to benefits of science and culture in Article 27 . The International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) is the primary international legal source of economic , social and cultural rights . The Covenant recognized and protects the right to work and to just and favorable working conditions in Article 6 and 7 , the right to join trade unions and take collective labor action in Article 8 , the right to social security in Article 9 , the right to protection of the family , including protection for mothers and children , in Article 10 , the right to an adequate standard of living , including the right to food and the right to housing , in Article 11 , the right to health in Article 12 , the right to education in Article 13 , as well as the right to participate in cultural life and the right to benefits of science and culture in Article 15 . The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , adopted at the same time as the ICESCR , recognizes and protects a number of core economic , social and cultural rights , including the right to join trade unions in Article 22 , and the right of ethnic , religious or linguistic minorities to engage in their culture , practice their religion and use their language in Article 27 . A number of other major international human rights instruments contain provisions relating to economic , social and cultural rights . The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes and protects many of the economic , social and cultural rights recognized in the ICESCR in relation to children . Including the right to health in Article 24 , the right to social security in Article 25 , the right to an adequate standard of living in Article 27 , the right to education in Article 28 , and the right to protection from economic exploitation ( see child labour ) in Article 32 . The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination prohibits discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin in relation to a number of economic , social and cultural rights . The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women affirms a range of economic , social and cultural rights to women . The ILO Conventions of the International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) protect a range of work related economic , social and cultural rights . Regional human rights instruments ( edit ) The African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights protects the right to work in Article 15 , the right to health in Article 16 , and the right to education in Article 17 . The European Social Charter protects a wide range of economic , social and cultural rights , including the right to work , to favourable working conditions , the right to join trade unions and to take collective labour action in Article 1 to 10 , the right to health in Article 11 , the right to social security , including the right to medical assistance and the right to social welfare services , in Article 12 to 14 , protection of especially vulnerable groups are enshrined in Article 15 to 17 and 19 , and right to housing in Article 31 . The Protocol of San Salvador protects a range of economic , social and cultural rights within the Inter-American human rights system . Secondary legal sources ( edit ) A range of secondary legal sources exist on economic , social and cultural rights which provide guidance on their normative definition . An important secondary legal source is the United Nations Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights which is overseeing the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) . The Committee has been central in developing the normative definition of key economic , social and cultural rights , interpreting the role of State Parties to the ICESCR , and monitoring protection and violation of the ICESCR rights . The Committee issues guiding pronouncements in the form of general comments , and other human rights treaty bodies may also issue comments relevant to economic , social and cultural rights . Other important secondary legal sources on economic , social and cultural rights are the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights 1987 and the Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic , Social and Cultural Rights 1997 . The Limburg Principles have been extensively used in national legal systems as an interpretive tool for establishing violations of economic , social and cultural rights . The Maastricht Guidelines build on the Limburg Principles and identify the legal implications of acts and omissions which are violations of economic , social and cultural rights . Various United Nations Special Rapporteurs have influenced the normative development of economic , social and cultural rights . Appointed by the Commission on Human Rights and its sub-commissions , key rapporteurs include the Special Rapporteur on the Realization of Economic , Social and Cultural Rights , the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate Housing , the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education , and the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women . National constitutions ( edit ) A number of national constitutions recognize economic , social and cultural rights . For example , the 1996 Constitution of South Africa includes economic , social and cultural rights and the South African Constitutional Court has heard claims under these obligations ( see Grootboom and Treatment Action Campaign cases ) . India 's constitution , which does not explicitly recognize economic and social rights in their constitution , has nonetheless found that these rights exist , though unenumerated , inferable from the right to life . State responsibility ( edit ) Economic , social and cultural right enshrined in international and regional human rights instruments are legally binding . Member states have a legal obligation to respect , protect and fulfil these rights . The exact nature of states ' obligations in this respect has been established principally in relation to the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) , and further Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights has been established in accordance with Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action State parties to the ICESCR are required to take `` progressive action '' towards fulfilment of the ICESR rights . While immediate fulfilment may not be possible due to the economic situation of a country , postponement of proactive action is not permitted . State parties must show genuine efforts to secure the economic , social and cultural rights enshrined in the ICESCR . The burden of proof for progressive action is considered on be with the state party . The prohibition on discrimination in relation to economic , social and cultural rights is regarded as having immediate effect . State parties must abolish laws , policies and practices which affect the equal enjoyment of economic , social and cultural rights and take action to prevent discrimination in public life . All state parties , regardless of the economic situation in the country or resource scarcity , are required to ensure respect for minimum subsistence rights for all . State parties must also ensure that available resources are accessed and used equitably . Therefore , government decisions on how to allocate resources should be subject to scrutiny . Legislative measures alone are not sufficient to ensure compliance with the ICESCR and state parties are expected to provide judicial remedies in addition to taking administrative , financial , educational and social measures . Monitoring , enforcement and implementation framework ( edit ) Intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have persistently neglected economic , social and cultural rights over the past 50 years . While all human rights are said to be `` equal , indivisible , interrelated , and interdependent '' , the monitoring , enforcement and implementation framework for economic , social and cultural rights is less advanced than that for civil and political rights . International enforcement mechanisms are strongest for civil and political rights , and their violation is considered more serious than that of economic , social and cultural rights . There are few international NGOs that focus on economic , social and cultural rights and there are few lawyers who have the knowledge or experience to defend economic , social and cultural rights at a national or international level . Economic , social and cultural rights are less likely than civil and political rights to be protected in national constitutions . In 2008 , the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights , which gives the Committee on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights competence to receive and consider communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Covenant have been violated by a state party . The Protocol entered into force on 5 May 2013 . Advocacy ( edit ) Networking groups such as ESCR - Net are working to create online resources and spread information about effective cases , initiatives , and working groups promoting ideals and celebrating victories of human rights initiatives and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . Currently , human rights advocacy groups are working diligently to fine - tune rules , regulations and implementation schemes ; little news of complaint successes or failures is available . The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions ( COHRE ) has helped to establish the Housing and Property Directorate ( HPD / HPCC ) in Kosovo . Theory of rights ( edit ) According to Karel Vasak 's theory of three generations of human rights , economic , social and cultural rights are considered second - generation rights , while civil and political rights , such as freedom of speech , right to a fair trial , and the right to vote , are considered first - generation rights . The theory of negative and positive rights considers economic , social and cultural rights positive rights . See also ( edit ) Constitutionalism Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law Social rights Welfare rights Three generations of human rights Human security International labour standard Millennium Development Goals Social responsibility References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xiv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II paragraph 75 Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xvi -- xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leckie , Scott ; Gallanger , Anne ( 2006 ) . Economic , social and cultural rights : a legal resource guide . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. xiii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3916 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign for the Ratification and Implementation of the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR - Justice NOW ! Ratify to protect all Human Rights . '' ESCR - Net Newsletter December ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ K. Hassine , Regularizing Property Rights in Kosovo and Elsewhere , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86553 - 340 - 1 Jump up ^ Karel Vasak , `` Human Rights : A Thirty - Year Struggle : the Sustained Efforts to give Force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' , UNESCO Courier 30 : 11 , Paris : United Nations Educational , Scientific , and Cultural Organization , November 1977 . <Th_colspan="2"> Human rights <Td_colspan="2"> Children 's Intersex Men 's Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies <Td_colspan="2"> Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Rights Portal : Human rights <Th_colspan="2"> Substantive human rights <Td_colspan="2"> Note : What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights . Civil and political Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment Freedom from discrimination Freedom from exile Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid Liberty LGBT rights Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right of self - defense Security of person Universal suffrage Economic , social and cultural Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Trade union membership Sexual and reproductive Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Reproductive health Right to sexuality Violations Corporal punishment War and conflict Civilian Combatant Freedom from genocide Prisoner of war War rape Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&oldid=787940515 '' Categories : Rights Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Economic, social and cultural rights
2. International human rights instruments
3. State responsibility
4. Monitoring, enforcement and implementation framework
5. Theory of rights |
336,824,712,582,610,600 | what is the s i unit of current | Ampere - wikipedia Ampere Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ampère . <Th_colspan="2"> Ampere <Td_colspan="2"> Demonstration model of a moving iron ammeter . As the current through the coil increases , the plunger is drawn further into the coil and the pointer deflects to the right . <Th_colspan="2"> Unit information Unit system SI base unit Unit of Electric current Symbol A Named after André - Marie Ampère The ampere ( / ˈæmpɪər , æmˈpɪər / ; symbol : A ) , often shortened to `` amp '' , is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units ( SI ) . It is named after André - Marie Ampère ( 1775 -- 1836 ) , French mathematician and physicist , considered the father of electrodynamics . The International System of Units defines the ampere in terms of other base units by measuring the electromagnetic force between electrical conductors carrying electric current . The earlier CGS measurement system had two different definitions of current , one essentially the same as the SI 's and the other using electric charge as the base unit , with the unit of charge defined by measuring the force between two charged metal plates . The ampere was then defined as one coulomb of charge per second . In SI , the unit of charge , the coulomb , is defined as the charge carried by one ampere during one second . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History 3 Realization 4 Proposed future definition 5 Everyday examples 5.1 CPUs -- 1 V DC 5.2 Portable devices 5.3 Internal combustion engine vehicles -- 12 V DC 5.4 North American domestic supply -- 120 V AC 5.5 European & Commonwealth domestic supply -- 230 -- 240 V AC 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) Illustration of the definition of the ampere unit SI defines ampere as follows : The ampere is that constant current which , if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length , of negligible circular cross-section , and placed one metre apart in vacuum , would produce between these conductors a force equal to 6993200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 newtons per metre of length . Ampère 's force law states that there is an attractive or repulsive force between two parallel wires carrying an electric current . This force is used in the formal definition of the ampere . The SI unit of charge , the coulomb , `` is the quantity of electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere '' . Conversely , a current of one ampere is one coulomb of charge going past a given point per second : 1 A = 1 C s . ( \ displaystyle ( \ rm ( 1 \ A = 1 ( \ tfrac ( C ) ( s ) ) . ) ) ) In general , charge Q is determined by steady current I flowing for a time t as Q = It . Constant , instantaneous and average current are expressed in amperes ( as in `` the charging current is 1.2 A '' ) and the charge accumulated , or passed through a circuit over a period of time is expressed in coulombs ( as in `` the battery charge is 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30 000 C '' ) . The relation of the ampere ( C / s ) to the coulomb is the same as that of the watt ( J / s ) to the joule . History ( edit ) Main article : International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the unit of electric current in the centimetre -- gram -- second system of units . That unit , now known as the abampere , was defined as the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per centimetre of length between two wires one centimetre apart . The size of the unit was chosen so that the units derived from it in the MKSA system would be conveniently sized . The `` international ampere '' was an early realization of the ampere , defined as the current that would deposit 6997111800000000000 ♠ 0.001 118 grams of silver per second from a silver nitrate solution . Later , more accurate measurements revealed that this current is 6999999850000000000 ♠ 0.999 85 A . Since power is defined as the product of current and voltage , the ampere can alternatively be expressed in terms of the other units using the relationship I = P / V , and thus 1 ampere equals 1 W / V . Realization ( edit ) The standard ampere is most accurately realized using a Kibble balance , but is in practice maintained via Ohm 's law from the units of electromotive force and resistance , the volt and the ohm , since the latter two can be tied to physical phenomena that are relatively easy to reproduce , the Josephson junction and the quantum Hall effect , respectively . At present , techniques to establish the realization of an ampere have a relative uncertainty of approximately a few parts in 10 , and involve realizations of the watt , the ohm and the volt . Proposed future definition ( edit ) Main articles : New SI definitions and CODATA 2018 Rather than a definition in terms of the force between two current - carrying wires , it has been proposed that the ampere should be defined in terms of the rate of flow of elementary charges . Since a coulomb is approximately equal to 7018624150930000000 ♠ 6.241 5093 × 10 elementary charges ( such as those carried by protons , or the negative of those carried by electrons ) , one ampere is approximately equivalent to 7018624150930000000 ♠ 6.241 5093 × 10 elementary charges moving past a boundary in one second . ( 7018624150930000000 ♠ 6.241 5093 × 10 is the reciprocal of the value of the elementary charge in coulombs . ) The proposed change would define 1 A as being the current in the direction of flow of a particular number of elementary charges per second . In 2005 , the International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) agreed to study the proposed change . The new definition was discussed at the 25th General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) in 2014 but for the time being was not adopted . Everyday examples ( edit ) Main article : Orders of magnitude ( current ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current drawn by typical constant - voltage energy distribution systems is usually dictated by the power ( watt ) consumed by the system and the operating voltage . For this reason the examples given below are grouped by voltage level . CPUs -- 1 V DC ( edit ) Current Notebook CPUs ( up to 15 ... 45 W at 1 V ) : up to 15 ... 45 A Current High End CPUs ( up to 65 ... 140 W at 1 , 15 V ) : up to 55 ... 120 A Portable devices ( edit ) Hearing aid ( typically 1 mW at 1.4 V ) : 700 μA USB charging adapter ( as power supply - typically 10 W at 5 V ) : 2 A Internal combustion engine vehicles -- 12 V dc ( edit ) A typical motor vehicle has a 12 V battery . The various accessories that are powered by the battery might include : Instrument panel light ( typically 2 W ) : 166 mA Headlight ( each , typically 60 W ) : 5 A North American domestic supply -- 120 V ac ( edit ) Most Canada , Mexico and United States domestic power suppliers run at 120 V . Household circuit breakers typically provide a maximum of 15 A or 20 A of current to a given set of outlets . USB charging adapter ( as load - typically 10 W ) : 83 mA 22 - inch / 56 - centimeter portable television ( 35 W ) : 290 mA Tungsten light bulb ( 60 -- 100 W ) : 500 -- 830 mA Toaster , kettle ( 1.5 kW ) : 12.5 A Hair dryer ( 1.8 kW ) : 15 A European & Commonwealth domestic supply -- 230 -- 240 V ac ( edit ) Most European domestic power supplies run at 230 V , and most Commonwealth domestic power supplies run at 240 V. For the same amount of power ( in watts ) , the current drawn by a particular European or Commonwealth appliance ( in Europe or a Commonwealth country ) will be less than for an equivalent North American appliance . Typical circuit breakers will provide 16 A . The current drawn by a number of typical appliances are : Compact fluorescent lamp ( 11 -- 30 W ) : 56 -- 112 mA 22 - inch / 56 - centimeter portable television ( 35 W ) : 145 -- 150 mA Tungsten light bulb ( 60 -- 100 W ) : 240 -- 450 mA Toaster , kettle ( 2 kW ) : 9 A Immersion heater ( 4.6 kW ) : 19 -- 20 A See also ( edit ) Ammeter Ampacity ( current - carrying capacity ) Electric current Electric shock Hydraulic analogy Magnetic constant Orders of magnitude ( current ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The formula for power is given by P ( t ) = I ( t ) ⋅ V ( t ) ( \ displaystyle P ( t ) = I ( t ) \ cdot V ( t ) \ , ) so it follows that if the voltage is doubled and the power remains the same , the current will be halved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ampère '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` 2 . SI base units '' , SI brochure ( 8th ed . ) , BIPM , archived from the original on 7 October 2014 , retrieved 19 November 2011 Jump up ^ SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units . `` Bureau International des Poids et Mesures '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . p. 130 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2.1 . Unit of electric current ( ampere ) '' , SI brochure ( 8th ed . ) , BIPM , archived from the original on 3 February 2012 , retrieved 19 November 2011 Jump up ^ Base unit definitions : Ampere Archived 25 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Physics.nist.gov . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bodanis , David ( 2005 ) , Electric Universe , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33598 - 2 Jump up ^ `` BIPM - ampere '' . www.bipm.org . Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Monk , Paul MS ( 2004 ) , Physical Chemistry : Understanding our Chemical World , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 49180 - 2 , archived from the original on 2 January 2014 Jump up ^ Serway , Raymond A ; Jewett , JW ( 2006 ) . Serway 's principles of physics : a calculus based text ( Fourth ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Thompson Brooks / Cole . p. 746 . ISBN 0 - 53449143 - X . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Beyond the Kilogram : Redefining the International System of Units , USA : National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2006 , archived from the original on 21 March 2008 , retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , Bureau International des Poids et Mesures , 2006 , p. 144 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , L , A short history of the SI units in electricity , Montclair , archived from the original on 14 February 2002 Jump up ^ History of the ampere , Sizes , 1 April 2014 , archived from the original on 20 October 2016 , retrieved 29 January 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 2 : Practical realization of unit definitions : Electrical quantities '' , SI brochure , BIPM , archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Value '' , Physics , USA : NIST , archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) The NIST Reference on Constants , Units , and Uncertainty NIST Definition of ampere and μ Tutorial video explaining amperes and current <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) SI units <Td_colspan="3"> Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement <Td_colspan="3"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampere&oldid=841467405 '' Categories : SI base units Units of electric current Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Ampere - SI base unit of electric current
2. André-Marie Ampère - French mathematician and physicist
3. Definition of the ampere - force between two parallel conductors carrying electric current
4. Realization of the ampere - Kibble balance and Ohm's law
5. Proposed future definition of the ampere - rate of flow of elementary charges |
-6,301,779,890,071,592,000 | name of the foot ball world cup 2018 | Adidas Telstar 18 - wikipedia Adidas Telstar 18 Not to be confused with satellites Telstar 18 and Telstar 18V . Telstar 18 <Td_colspan="2"> The Adidas Telstar 18 . Type Ball Inception 2017 ( 2017 ) Manufacturer Adidas ( Speed Sports ) Available Yes Current supplier Sialkot , Pakistan ( official World Cup match balls ) Speed Sports Last production year 2018 The Adidas Telstar 18 was the official match ball of the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which was held in the Russian Federation . It is designed by the company Adidas , a FIFA Partner and FIFA World Cup official match ball supplier since 1970 , and based on the concept of the first Adidas 's World Cup match ball . The Telstar 18 was presented in Moscow on November 9 , 2017 by Lionel Messi . Retired footballer Ronaldo ( Brazil ) opened the 2018 FIFA World Cup by introducing a Telstar 18 that was sent into space to the International Space Station crew in March 2018 , and returned to Earth in June . Contents 1 Naming 2 Design and manufacture 3 Criticism of performance 4 Telstar Mechta 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Naming ( edit ) The name of the ball was revealed on November 9 , 2017 at the official presentation in Moscow by Lionel Messi , winner of the Golden Ball at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , and attended by winners of the World Cup in different years : Zinedine Zidane , Kaká , Alessandro Del Piero , Xabi Alonso and Lukas Podolski . The Telstar 18 pays homage to Adidas 's first World Cup match ball , named the Telstar , which was itself named for its resemblance to the original Telstar communications satellite . The word `` Telstar '' is a combination of the words `` television '' and `` star . '' Design and manufacture ( edit ) The Adidas Telstar 18 being used in the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup semi-final between Al - Jazira and Real Madrid . The original Telstar used in the 1970 FIFA World Cup was the first football to show a black and white pattern . This was done to ensure that television audiences would know where the ball was while games were in operation , due to many televisions at the time sporting a black and white screen ( colour television was still rare in many parts of the world in this era ) . Although the Telstar had 32 panels , the Telstar 18 has six textured panels . They are not stitched , but seamlessly glued together . The ball has an embedded near - field communication ( NFC ) chip . However , it is of no value to players , providing no information about their kicks or headers of the ball , although Adidas has provided this in a previous football . Consumers who purchase a Telstar 18 are able to connect to the chip using a smart phone to access content and information that is unique to that ball , personalized and localized , providing the consumer with interactivity themed on the upcoming World Cup competition . Speed Sports manufactured Adidas Telstar 18 The Telstar 18 balls are manufactured in Pakistan and China . Criticism of performance ( edit ) Although Adidas stated that the Telstar 18 was scientifically designed to be predictable in flight and was `` the most perfect piece of equipment , '' international goalkeepers including Marc - André ter Stegen , Pepe Reina and David de Gea assessed prior to the tournament that the ball changed direction unpredictably and could be slippery due to the smooth coating and lack of seams . Criticism of the Telstar 18 's instability continued after several long - distance goals in early rounds of the World Cup . According to news channel Russia 24 , this was part of an intentional shift in the balance of the game . Further commentary on the ball 's performance arose after two balls burst in a first - round game between Australia and France , and another ball failed in the match between Argentina and Iceland . A fourth Telstar 18 was found to have lost pressure in the match between Saudi Arabia and Uruguay on June 20 . Telstar Mechta ( edit ) Telstar Mechta At the end of the 2018 World Cup group stage , FIFA revealed a new design to be used in the knockout stage : the Telstar Mechta ( Мечта ) . `` Mechta '' means dream or ambition in Russian . At the 2018 Russia -- United States summit , Russian President Vladimir Putin gifted a Telstar Мечта to U.S. President Donald Trump . The ball , which included the standard chip and transmission devices , incited a political controversy within the U.S. over fears of spying . See also ( edit ) Adidas Telstar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Russia to use Pakistan 's footballs in 2018 world cup '' . www.aljazeera.com. 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup official match ball unveiled : an exciting re-imagining '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Chris ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Adidas unveil 2018 World Cup ball : The Telstar 18 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Ronaldo and Robbie Williams star in opening ceremony '' . BBC . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` World Cup Final : Was Lionel Messi Really a Disappointment in Brazil or Have We Just Become Numb to His Genius ? '' . Sky Sports . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Lionel Messi Golden Ball Surprised Sepp Blatter '' . BBC Sport . July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prenderville , Liam ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Messi links up with Real Madrid boss Zidane at all - star event '' . Mirror . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` A look at Adidas ' official Russia World Cup Telstar 18 ball '' . For The Win . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas reveals ball for ' 18 World Cup , The Telstar 18 '' . Manila Standard . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer - FIFA revives the 1970 World Cup ball '' . Reuters . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Telstar 2018 World Cup Ball Released '' . Footy Headlines . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : The Chip Inside The 2018 World Cup Ball is a Completely Unnecessary Gimmick '' . Footy Headlines . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Made in Pakistan manufactured by Speed Sports : ' Telstar 18 ' to represent Pakistan in FIFA World Cup 2018 '' . ^ Jump up to : Liao , George ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Ball loses air in four incidents since World Cup kicked off '' . Taiwan News . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Duncan ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` Boffins reckon they have secret to stopping Ronaldo 's free - kicks '' . The Sun . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Teather , Jamie ( June 16 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup ball : Adidas Telstar 18 ' a problem for goalkeepers ' '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Price , Steve ( 28 March 2018 ) . `` Why Nike Contract Could Hurt England 's Preparations For Russia 2018 World Cup '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VAR , free - kick crackers make it ' set - piece World Cup ' '' . China.org.cn . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` goalkeepers are unhappy with the ball : World Cup 2018 '' . YouTube ( in Russian ) . 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Telstar 18 balls burst during France - Australia '' . AS South Africa . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Amako , Uche ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup : Why do the match balls keep bursting ? Did you see what Lionel Messi did ? '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . 2018 FIFA World Cup . 2018 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Silver , Vernon ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Putin 's soccer ball for Trump had transmitter chip , logo indicates '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 -- via The Seattle Times . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adidas Telstar 18 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adidas Telstar Mechta . Adidas Sabin , Dyani ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` How the new World Cup ball was designed to not influence the games '' . Popular Science . Preceded by Brazuca FIFA World Cup official ball 2018 Succeeded by TBD <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adidas_Telstar_18&oldid=856465385 '' Categories : Adidas footballs 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup balls Balls Sports equipment Goods manufactured in Pakistan Products introduced in 2017 Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 12 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Adidas Telstar 18 - official match ball of the 2018 FIFA World Cup
2. Design and manufacture of the Telstar 18
3. Criticism of the Telstar 18's performance
4. Telstar Mechta - new design for the knockout stage of the World Cup
5. The history and naming of the Telstar 18 |
-9,208,743,293,887,150,000 | when was the us department of defense established | United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia United States Department of Defense Jump to : navigation , search United States Department of Defense <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Department overview Formed September 18 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 09 - 18 ) ( as National Military Establishment ) Preceding Department U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , United States 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W / 38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W / 38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 ( civilian ) 1,300,000 ( active duty military ) 826,000 ( National Guard and reserve ) : 2.87 million total ( 2016 ) Annual budget US $530.1 billion ( 2010 ) US $549.1 billion ( 2011 ) US $553.0 billion ( est. 2012 ) US $496.1 billion ( 2015 ) US $534.3 billion ( base FY2016 ) Department executives Jim Mattis , Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov The Pentagon , headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense The Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD , or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces . The Department is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016 . Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services , and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense , a cabinet - level head who reports directly to the President of the United States . Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments : the United States Department of the Army , the United States Department of the Navy , and the United States Department of the Air Force . In addition , four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense : the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) , and the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . Other Defense Agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) , the Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) , Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) , the Defense Security Service ( DSS ) , and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( PFPA ) , all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense . Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified combatant commands . The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools , including the National Defense University ( NDU ) and the National War College ( NWC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The War Department 1.2 National Military Establishment 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Office of the Secretary of Defense 2.1. 1 Defense Agencies 2.1. 2 National Intelligence Agencies 2.2 Joint Chiefs of Staff 2.3 Military Departments 2.4 Unified Combatant Commands 3 Budget 4 Criticism 4.1 2016 Internal Study Cover Up 4.2 Manipulation of Finances 5 Energy use 6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 7 Related legislation 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : National Security Act of 1947 and History of the United States military The history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775 . The creation of the United States Army was enacted on June 14 , 1775 . This coincides with the American holiday Flag Day . The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy , on October 13 , 1775 , and create the United States Marine Corps on November 10 , 1775 . Today , both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy . The War Department ( edit ) Main article : United States Department of War The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the federal government to defend its citizens : We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . -- Constitution of the United States Upon the seating of the first Congress on March 4 , 1789 , legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government . President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time . Finally , on the last day of the session , September 29 , 1789 , Congress created the War Department , historic forerunner of the Department of Defense . The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the Navy Department in 1798 . The secretaries of each of these departments reported directly to the President as cabinet - level advisors until 1949 , when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . National military Establishment ( edit ) President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 After the end of World War II , President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified department of national defense . In a special message to Congress on December 19 , 1945 , the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts . Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive . On July 26 , 1947 , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , which set up a unified military command known as the `` National Military Establishment '' , as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Security Council , National Security Resources Board , United States Air Force ( formerly the Army Air Forces ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment formally began operations on September 18 , the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment was renamed the `` Department of Defense '' on August 10 , 1949 and absorbed the three cabinet level military departments , in an amendment to the original 1947 law . Under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ( Pub. L. 85 -- 599 ) , channels of authority within the department were streamlined , while still maintaining the ordinary authority of the Military Departments to organize , train and equip their associated forces . The Act clarified the overall decision - making authority of the Secretary of Defense with respect to these subordinate Military Departments and more clearly defined the operational chain of command over U.S. military forces ( created by the military departments ) as running from the President to the Secretary of Defense and then to the unified combatant commanders . Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority , the Advanced Research Projects Agency , eventually known as DARPA . The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration , and was signed into law August 6 , 1958 . Organizational structure ( edit ) Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense See also : List of Department of Defense agencies Department of Defense organizational chart ( December 2013 ) The Secretary of Defense , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense , `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense '' , and has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' . Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President , the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities . Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary 's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority . The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) and the Joint Staff ( JS ) , Office of the Inspector General ( DODIG ) , the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army ( DA ) , Department of the Navy ( DON ) & Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) ) , the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau ( NGB ) , and such other offices , agencies , activities , organizations , and commands established or designated by law , or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense . Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department , and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department . The latest version , signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010 , is the first major re-write since 1987 . Office of the Secretary of Defense ( edit ) Main article : Office of the Secretary of Defense 2008 OSD organizational chart The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary 's ( mainly ) civilian staff . OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development , planning , resource management , fiscal and program evaluation and oversight , and interface and exchange with other U.S. Government departments and agencies , foreign governments , and international organizations , through formal and informal processes . OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities . Defense agencies ( edit ) OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies : Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute ( AFRRI ) Department of Defense Education Activity ( DoDEA ) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) Defense Commissary Agency ( DeCA ) Defense Contract Audit Agency ( DCAA ) Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) Defense Finance and Accounting Service ( DFAS ) Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) Defense Legal Services Agency Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) Defense Security Cooperation Agency ( DSCA ) ( formerly Defense Security Assistance Agency ) Defense Security Service ( DSS ) ( formerly Defense Investigative Service ) Defense Technical Information Center ( DTIC ) Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) National intelligence agencies ( edit ) Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community . These are national - level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence . They fulfill the requirements of national policy makers and war planners , serve as Combat Support Agencies , and also assist non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The military services each have their own intelligence elements which are distinct from but subject to coordination , by national intelligence agencies under Department of Defense . Department of Defense manages the nation 's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of signals intelligence , geospatial intelligence , and measurement and signature intelligence , and also builds , launches and operates the Intelligence Community 's satellite assets . Department of Defense also has its own human intelligence service , which contributes to the CIA 's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities . These agencies are directly overseen by the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence . National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) Main article : Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff / Joint Staff organizational chart . The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and the President on military matters . The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( VCJCS ) , Senior Enlisted Advisor to the chairman ( SEAC ) , the Military Service Chiefs from the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force , in addition to the Chief of National Guard Bureau , all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation . Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs , outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations , works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned , i.e. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and the Secretary of the Air Force . Following the Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority , neither individually nor collectively , as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . Goldwater - Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman , and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and to the President . The Joint Staff ( JS ) is a headquarters staff at the Pentagon composed of personnel from all four services that assist the chairman and vice-chairman in discharging their duties , and managed by the Director of the Joint Staff ( DJS ) who is a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral . Military Departments ( edit ) Military Departments of the Department of Defense Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force There are three Military Departments within the Department of Defense : the Department of the Army , which the United States Army is organized within . the Department of the Navy , which the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps are organized within . the Department of the Air Force , which the United States Air Force is organized within . The Military Departments are each headed by their own Secretary ( i.e. , Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the Air Force ) , appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . They have legal authority under Title 10 of the United States Code to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized . The Secretaries of the Military Departments are ( by law ) subordinate to the Secretary of Defense and ( by SecDef delegation ) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense . The Secretaries of the Military Departments , in turn , normally exercises authority over their forces by delegation through their respective Service Chiefs ( i.e. , Chief of Staff of the Army , Commandant of the Marine Corps , Chief of Naval Operations , and Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) over forces not assigned to a Combatant Command . The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops ( this power was stripped from them in the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ) , and instead the Military Departments are tasked solely with `` the training , provision of equipment , and administration of troops . '' Unified Combatant Commands ( edit ) Map of the Department of Defense 's geographic commands A Unified Combatant Command is a military command composed of personnel and equipment from at least two Military Departments , which has a broad and continuing mission . The Military Departments are responsible for equipping and training the troops to fight , while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for actual operational command of military forces . Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command . The Unified Commands are governed by a Unified Command Plan , a frequently updated document ( produced by the Department of Defense ) which lays out the Command 's mission , geographical / functional responsibilities , and force structure . During military operations , the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands . The United States currently has nine Combatant Commands , organized either on a geographical basis ( known as `` area of responsibility '' , AOR ) or on a global , functional basis : U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) U.S. Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) U.S. Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) U.S. Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) U.S. Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) U.S. Transportation Command ( USTRANSCOM ) Budget ( edit ) Chart showing growth in U.S. Department of Defense spending 2000 -- 2011 Main article : Military budget of the United States Department of Defense spending in 2010 was 4.8 % of GDP and accounted for about 45 % of budgeted global military spending -- more than the next 17 largest militaries combined . The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending . In FY 2010 the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 21 % of the U.S. Federal Budget , and 53 % of federal discretionary spending , which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations . However , this does not include many military - related items that are outside the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which is in the Department of Energy budget , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the FBI , and intelligence - gathering spending by the NSA . In the 2010 United States federal budget , the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion , with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009 , and $130 billion for overseas contingencies . The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for fiscal year 2010 were $1.2 trillion . Of these resources , $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed , with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure . After over a decade of non-compliance , Congress has established a deadline of Fiscal year 2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve audit readiness . In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion , the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies , and this amounts to more than one - half of the annual Federal Expenditures in the United States federal budget discretionary budget . Criticism ( edit ) 2016 internal study cover up ( edit ) In 2015 , a Pentagon consulting firm performed an audit on the department of defense 's budget . It found that there was $125 billion in wasteful spend that could be saved over the next 5 years without layoffs or reduction in military personnel . In 2016 , The Washington Post uncovered that rather than taking the advise of the auditing firm , senior defense officials suppressed and hid the report from the public to avoid political scrutiny . Manipulation of finances ( edit ) In June 2016 , The Defense Department 's Inspector General released a report that stated the United States Army made $6.5 trillion in wrongful adjustments to its accounting entries in 2015 . Energy use ( edit ) Main article : Energy usage of the United States military The Department of Defense was the largest single consumer of energy in the United States in 2006 . In FY 2006 , the Department used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The Department 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the Department would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense is responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Department of the Air Force : 52 % ; Department of the Navy : 33 % ; Department of the Army : 7 % ; other Department components : 1 % ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the Department of Defense would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the DoD earned a D − by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013 , it still had low scores in processing requests ( 55 % ) and their disclosure rules ( 42 % ) . Related legislation ( edit ) The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in Title 10 of the United States Code . Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes : 1947 : National Security Act of 1947 1958 : Department of Defense Reorganization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 899 ( see note in history section above ) 1963 : Department of Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 149 1963 : Military Construction Authorization Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 174 1967 : Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 8 1984 : Department of Defense Authorization Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 525 1986 : Goldwater - Nichols Act of 1986 ( Department of Defense Reorganization Act ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 433 1996 : Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 132 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal Arms industry List of United States military bases Military -- industrial complex Nuclear weapons Private military company Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Justice United States Department of Veterans Affairs Warrior Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ soldiers , marines , sailors , airmen Jump up ^ Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Department of Defense '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget of the US Government , FY 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Defense.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request / Overview '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Chief Financial Officer . February 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manual for Written Material '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2004 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Employers '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense ( DoD ) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President 's Budget Proposal '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maass , John R. ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` June 14th : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naval History and Heritage Command . `` Navy Birthday Information -- 13 October 1775 '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps : Timeline '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military : September 29 , 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Carmel , ed. ( n.d. ) ( Original Statute 1789 ) . `` Statutes at Large , Session I , Charter XXV '' ( PDF ) . Legisworks . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . An Act to recognize and adapt to the Constitution of the United States the establishment of the Troops raised under the Resolves of the United Stales in Congress assembled , and for other purposes therein mentioned . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` James V. Forrestal , Harry S. Truman Administration '' . 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Department of Defense Facilities : Energy Conservation Policies and Spending . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 3835 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 . Jump up ^ Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Defense and The Pentagon . 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-4,946,173,699,637,286,000 | when did now you see me 2 come out | Now You See Me 2 - wikipedia Now You See Me 2 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Now You See Me 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon M. Chu Produced by Alex Kurtzman Bobby Cohen Screenplay by Ed Solomon Story by Ed Solomon Peter Chiarelli Based on Characters by Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Starring Jesse Eisenberg Mark Ruffalo Woody Harrelson Dave Franco Daniel Radcliffe Lizzy Caplan Jay Chou Sanaa Lathan Michael Caine Morgan Freeman Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Peter Deming Edited by Stan Salfas Production company K / O Paper Products TIK Films Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date June 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) ( New York City ) June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $334.9 million Now You See Me 2 is a 2016 American heist thriller film directed by Jon M. Chu and written by Ed Solomon . The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Jesse Eisenberg , Mark Ruffalo , Woody Harrelson , Dave Franco , Daniel Radcliffe , Lizzy Caplan , Jay Chou , Sanaa Lathan , Michael Caine and Morgan Freeman . It is sequel to the 2013 film Now You See Me and follows the Four Horsemen who resurface and are forcibly recruited by a tech genius to pull off an almost impossible heist . This is the second installment of the film series . On July 3 , 2013 , a sequel to Now You See Me was officially announced to be in development . Filming began in November 2014 and lasted until May 2015 . The film was released on June 10 , 2016 by Summit Entertainment , received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $334 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Now You See Me 3 7.2 Spin - off film 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Eighteen months after outwitting the FBI , the remaining members of the Four Horsemen -- J. Daniel Atlas ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , Merritt McKinney ( Woody Harrelson ) and Jack Wilder ( Dave Franco ) -- are in hiding in New York City , awaiting further instructions from The Eye , the secret society of magicians they 've been recruited into . Atlas , having grown tired of waiting for a mission , seeks out The Eye himself . His search leads him to an underground tunnel in which he hears a voice that tells him that his wait may be coming to an end . The Horseman handler FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ) ultimately assigns them a new mission , exposing corrupt businessman Owen Case ( Ben Lamb ) , whose new software secretly steals data on its users for Case 's benefit . Lula May ( Lizzy Caplan ) is added to the team to replace former member Henley Reeves ( Isla Fisher ) , who has left the Horsemen after breaking up with Atlas . The Horsemen hijack the launch party for the new software , but the show is interrupted by a mysterious individual who reveals to the world that Wilder , believed to be dead , is actually alive , and that Rhodes is their mole , forcing him to escape . While escaping , the Horsemen enter their escape tube on a roof and emerge in Macau , where they are captured by mercenaries and Chase McKinney ( also played by Woody Harrelson ) , Merritt 's twin brother . The Horsemen are then brought before Chase 's employer , technology prodigy Walter Mabry ( Daniel Radcliffe ) , Case 's former business partner , who faked his death after Case stole Walter 's company . Mabry conscripts the Horsemen into stealing the data - mining device developed by Case to prevent him from using it . The chip allows the user to decrypt and access any electronic device around the world . The Horsemen agree to steal the device . They get supplies at a famous magic shop in Macau , run by Li ( Jay Chou ) and Bu Bu ( Tsai Chin ) , and secretly contact The Eye to arrange to hand over the device after they steal it . Meanwhile , Rhodes is branded a fugitive and forced to spring his rival Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ) , whom Rhodes blames for the death of his father , out of jail for help . The Horsemen infiltrate the facility and steal the chip , despite being interrogated and searched by security guard Allen Scott - Frank ( Henry Lloyd - Hughes ) . Atlas is then confronted by Mabry , revealing that Atlas had been fooled into thinking that Mabry was The Eye . Rhodes intervenes and pretends to retrieve the device but is captured by Mabry 's forces and taken to a nearby yacht where he learns Mabry is acting on behalf of his father , Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ) , whom Rhodes exposed with the help of the Horsemen in the first film . Tressler places Rhodes in a replica of the same safe that his father died in and leaves him to drown , but Rhodes escapes and is rescued by the Horsemen . They find that the chip they had stolen appears to be a fake . Rhodes and the Horsemen broadcast that they will be performing live in London at midnight on New Year 's Eve . Mabry and Tressler , thinking that they have the computer chip , make haste to London , where the Horsemen are performing a series of tricks on the streets . At the Shard , Mabry , Tressler and Chase discover that Rhodes is still alive and capture the five , taking them on his private plane . Mabry takes the card from them , and Rhodes and the other Horsemen are thrown out of the plane supposedly in flight . However , Tressler finds that the plane has never taken off , and instead is on a barge in the middle of the River Thames , their criminal activities being broadcast live to the world by the Horsemen in the process . Mabry , Tressler and Chase are arrested and Rhodes , now going by his real surname , `` Shrike '' , entrusts the information they 've gathered on the real criminals ' activities to the FBI , who allows him a head start to escape . Rhodes and the Horsemen are then taken to meet the leaders of the Eye in a secret library in Greenwich observatory . They find that the members of the Eye include Li , Bu Bu , Allen , and Bradley . Bradley reveals that he was actually Lionel Shrike 's partner , and he had been masquerading as his rival as part of their planned act : he had exposed Lionel 's first act planning to be dumbfounded by his second act , only to abandon the Eye after Lionel 's death . Before Bradley leaves , he asks Rhodes to be his successor in the Eye 's leadership and request that the Horsemen enter a curtain . The Horsemen , with Rhodes , go behind the curtain , and find a door behind it . They enter the room and find a staircase ; the camera zooms out to the stairs , forming an Eye . Cast ( edit ) Jesse Eisenberg as J. Daniel Atlas . He is the self - appointed leader of the Four Horsemen . Mark Ruffalo as Agent Dylan Rhodes / Shrike . The Fool : Former FBI agent , leader of The Four Horsemen , and the son of the late illusionist Lionel Shrike . William Henderson as young Dylan . Woody Harrelson as Merritt McKinney and Chase McKinney . They specialize in hypnosis . Dave Franco as Jack Wilder , a magician specializing in card tricks . Lizzy Caplan as Lula May , a new member of The Four Horsemen , replacing Henley . Daniel Radcliffe as Walter Mabry , Arthur Tressler 's illegitimate young technology tycoon son . Morgan Freeman as Thaddeus Bradley , a magic debunker , exposing the tricks of other magicians . Jay Chou as Li , a Macanese magic shop owner . Sanaa Lathan as Agent Natalie Austin . Michael Caine as Arthur Tressler , the Four Horsemen 's former sponsor , who wants revenge for losing his money and power . Henry Lloyd - Hughes as Allen Scott - Frank , head of the Macau Science Center and member of the Eye . Ben Lamb as Owen Case , Walter 's former business partner . David Warshofsky as Agent Cowan . Tsai Chin as Bu Bu , Li 's grandmother who supposedly does not speak English . Richard Laing as Lionel Shrike , a magician who drowned while performing an escape trick thirty years ago . Zach Gerard as Hannes Pike Zoey Callandria Jones as Hannes ' attractive woman Alberto Calvet Gonzalez as Hannes ' scientist Production ( edit ) On July 3 , 2013 , after the box office success of the first film , Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer confirmed that there would be a sequel to the film , with production beginning in 2014 for an unspecified release date . In September 2014 , it was confirmed that Jon M. Chu would replace Louis Leterrier as director . On October 2 , 2014 , Michael Caine confirmed in an interview that Daniel Radcliffe would be playing his son in the film , and that shooting is expected to begin in December in London . The film was produced by Lionsgate and Summit Entertainment . In October 2014 , it was announced that Isla Fisher would be unable to reprise her role as Henley Reeves due to her pregnancy , and Lizzy Caplan was cast as new character Lula to replace her as the Fourth Horseman . The sequel was thought to be titled Now You See Me : Now You Do n't , but it was announced in November 2014 that the film had changed its title to Now You See Me : The Second Act . On January 28 , 2015 , Henry Lloyd - Hughes was confirmed to play the role of a tech whiz kid named Allen Scott - Frank . On December 22 , 2014 , it was reported that Morgan Freeman was not going to reprise his role as Thaddeus Bradley , but on January 19 , 2015 , film director Chu posted a selfie with Freeman on his Instagram , verifying that he would return . Filming ( edit ) On November 25 , 2014 , Mark Ruffalo posted to his Facebook that filming had begun on the sequel , as the film was shooting in London , England . On March 11 , 2015 , shooting began in China , where filming took place in Macau and the Macau Science Center , and ended on May 12 , 2015 in New York City . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Now You See Me 2 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released June 10 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Length 77 : 37 Label Varese Sarabande Producer Brian Tyler <Th_colspan="2"> Brian Tyler film scores chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Criminal ( 2016 ) Criminal 2016 Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Power Rangers 2017 The film 's music was written and composed by Brian Tyler . The soundtrack was released on June 10 , 2016 by Varese Sarabande . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Brian Tyler . <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Now You See Me 2 Fanfare '' 3 : 20 2 . `` Now You See Me 2 Main Titles '' 3 : 00 3 . `` 300 Seconds '' 7 : 25 4 . `` The Setup '' 5 : 45 5 . `` Sleight of Hand '' 5 : 52 6 . `` Revelatory '' 1 : 24 7 . `` A Special Invitation '' 4 : 38 8 . `` Equivoque '' 3 : 18 9 . `` Off The Grid ( Walter 's Theme ) '' 2 : 13 10 . `` Trifecta '' 3 : 53 11 . `` The Fool '' 1 : 55 12 . `` Buffy the Chippie '' 2 : 58 13 . `` Behind the Curtain '' 4 : 10 14 . `` Thaddeus ' Game '' 2 : 23 15 . `` Octa '' 1 : 37 16 . `` United '' 1 : 36 17 . `` Deliverance '' 4 : 10 18 . `` Diversion Tactics '' 4 : 34 19 . `` Sibling Rivalry '' 1 : 55 20 . `` Bazaar Getaway '' 2 : 09 21 . `` The New Horseman '' 1 : 05 22 . `` See You in 3 to 5 '' 1 : 41 23 . `` The Big Finish '' 3 : 56 24 . `` Finale '' 2 : 40 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 77 : 37 Release ( edit ) In November 2014 , the film was officially titled Now You See Me 2 , and was set to be released on June 10 , 2016 . In March 2016 , the film 's international release date was announced as July 4 , 2016 . Home media ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 was released on Digital HD on August 19 , with a subsequent Blu - ray Combo Pack and DVD released on September 6 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 grossed $65.1 million in the United States and Canada and $269.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $334.9 million , against a budget of $90 million . In the United States and Canada , Now You See Me 2 opened on June 10 , 2016 , alongside Warcraft and The Conjuring 2 , and was projected to gross $23 -- 26 million from 3,232 theaters in its opening weekend . The film grossed $1.8 million from its Thursday night previews , besting the $1.5 million made by its predecessor , and $8.4 million on its first day . It went on to gross $22.3 million in its opening weekend , finishing third at the box office behind The Conjuring 2 ( $40.4 million ) and Warcraft ( $24.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 24 , 2016 and had an opening day of $14.8 million , a record for Lionsgate and up 67.9 % from the original 's first day . In its opening weekend the film grossed $44.4 million , also a record for Lionsgate . China was the largest territory for the film , with a total gross of $97.1 million . Critical response ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 received mixed reviews from critics . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 34 % based on 165 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Now You See Me 2 packs in even more twists and turns than its predecessor , but in the end , it has even less hiding up its sleeve . '' On another aggregator , Metacritic , the film has a score of 46 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . Although critics and fans were disappointed that Isla Fisher was not returning as Henley Reeves , many praised Lizzy Caplan 's addition to the cast . Caplan was described as `` one of the sequel 's biggest improvements '' by Entertainment Weekly , while Dave White of TheWrap wrote that she `` provides a fresh infusion of smart - ass energy into the boy 's club . '' Australian film magazine Filmink also noted that Caplan `` over-shadows her skilled co-stars with her sassy and commanding screen presence . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote that `` all bearded creepy grins , ( Daniel Radcliffe ) makes Walter a megalomaniac imp , like the world 's youngest Bond villain . '' Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic , who preferred the film to the original , said of the villain character that `` In ( Radcliffe 's ) hands , he is a spoiled and petulant baddie , alternately creepy and hilarious . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the sequel `` up ( s ) the ludicrous quotient '' from the original , `` double - timing the convoluted plotting and embracing implausibility as an aesthetic ... ( I ) f ( director Jon M . ) Chu does n't seem comfortable with the swooping , lens - flare - speckled flashiness that director Louis Leterrier brought to the first film , he seems even less interested than his predecessor in creating the impression of a recognizably real world -- which is a good thing , at least for a movie about a superstar heist crew called the Horsemen that involves twins , multiple secret identities , and a global corporate surveillance plot that can only be foiled through the use of stage magic . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a mixed review but considered it `` more fun '' than its predecessor . Accolades ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Summer Movie Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Dave Franco Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Lizzy Caplan Nominated Future ( edit ) Now You See Me 3 ( edit ) In May 2015 , Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer announced that they had indeed `` already begun early planning '' for Now You See Me 3 . It was later confirmed that Lizzy Caplan will be reprising the role of Lula May , and that a new cast member , Benedict Cumberbatch , will be joining the cast . It was also confirmed that Isla Fisher will not be returning to the series as Henley Reeves , after her absence from the first sequel . Spin - off film ( edit ) In July 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lionsgate want to make a Now You See Me spin - off with a primarily Chinese cast , starring Jay Chou as Li , his character from Now You See Me 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NOW YOU SEE ME 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Finding Dory , ' Independence Day 2 , ' ' Warcraft , ' ' Conjuring 2 , ' And The June Box Office Preview '' . Forbes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' to Ward Off ' Warcraft , ' ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Ruffalo . `` And so it begins ... Now You See Me ... again . '' . Mark Ruffalo 's Verified Facebook . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Harrelson creates very different twins in ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sanaa Lathan To Arrest Tricksters In ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , James ( 20 January 2015 ) . `` First look at Daniel Radcliffe in magic heist Now You See Me 2 '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Now You See Me ' to get sequel '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate Sets Dates for Now You See Me 2 and Dirty Grandpa '' . ComingSoon.net . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe to Play Michael Caine 's Son in NOW YOU SEE ME 2 '' . GeekTyrant.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film Briefs : Weinsteins Will Distribute Quentin Tarantino 's ' Hateful Eight ' Worldwide ; Lionsgate , eOne Expand Joint Agreement '' . Deadline.com . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Sciretta ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now You See Me 2 Cast And Plot Revealed '' . Slash Film . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lily Aria ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' Release Date , Updates And News : Officially Titled ' Now You See Me : Now You Do n't ; ' Plot Revealed , Confirmed New Cast Includes Daniel Radcliffe , Lizzy Caplan And Jay Chou '' . Franchise Herald . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` NOW YOU SEE ME 2 Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ H. Shaw - Williams . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ′ Official Title Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Lloyd - Hughes Conjures Role In ' Now You See Me : The Second Act ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aria , Lily ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` Official Title For ' Now You See Me ' Sequel Revealed : ' Now You See Me 2 : The Second Act ' Release Date Set For 2016 ; Cast Details And Plot Unleashead '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe Filming a new Project '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jim . `` Now You See Me 2 Home Release Date Announcement '' . The Movie Blog . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Opens in First in 11 International Markets With $9.3 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Warcraft ' Invades The U.S. On Thursday Night '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Screams Up $37 M+ , ' Warcraft ' Spoils At $26 M+ , ' Now You See Me 2 ' At $22 M + '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Now You See Me 2 ' Steals $23 Million Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' Conjuring Record China Weekend Bow For Lionsgate -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Now You See Me2 : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Dave ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' Review '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watson , Sophia ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Now You See Me 2 '' . Filmink . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cordova , Randy . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' surpasses original . '' The Arizona Republic ( newspaper ) . June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Now You See Me 2 doubles down on giddy ludicrousness '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune review of Now You See Me 2 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' in the Works at Lionsgate '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Sophie ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' Release Date Confirmed As Production Rolls In Plus A New Cast Member To Join The Gang '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stojilović , Milena ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Now You See Me 3 Release Date & A New Cast Member '' . OppTrends . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stojilović , Milena ( February 25 , 2017 ) . `` Now You See Me 3 Isla Fisher Replaced By Another Actress '' . OppTrends . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espiritu , Emmanuelle ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' Release Date , Cast News : Isla Fisher Officially Out , Benedict Cumbercatch In ? '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jabin , Bhatz ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' Update : Benedict Cumberbatch Reportedly Joins Cast '' . Travelers Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate to Make Chinese Spinoff of ' Now You See Me ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Now You See Me 2 on IMDb Now You See Me 2 at AllMovie Now You See Me 2 at Box Office Mojo Now You See Me 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Now You See Me 2 at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Jon M. Chu <Td_colspan="2"> Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) G.I. Joe : Retaliation ( 2013 ) Justin Bieber 's Believe ( 2013 ) Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_You_See_Me_2&oldid=804302325 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s thriller films American films American sequel films American thriller films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Film scores by Brian Tyler Films directed by Jon M. Chu Films about magic and magicians Films produced by Roberto Orci Films set in 1984 Films set in 2014 Films set in 2015 Films set in London Films set in New Jersey Films set in New York City Films set in Macau Films set in Sydney Films set in Tokyo Films shot in London Films shot in Macau American heist films New Year films Lions Gate Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Now You See Me 2 plot summary
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-672,900,239,995,944,600 | what is the significance of the walls of jericho | Wall of Jericho - wikipedia Wall of Jericho Trihedral Neolithic stone maul from Joub Jannine II , Lebanon . The type of tool suggested by Kathleen Kenyon to have been used to dig the 8 x 3 x 600 m ditch out of solid rock at ca . 9000 to 8000 BCE . Further information : Tower of Jericho The Wall of Jericho was a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) defensive or flood protection wall suggested to date to approximately 8000 BCE . If interpreted as an `` urban fortification '' , the Wall of Jericho is the oldest city wall discovered by archaeologists anywhere in the world . It is built of undressed stones and is located at the archaeological mound known as Tell es - Sultan , in the city of Jericho on the West Bank . The topic of this article is the unique Neolithic - age stone wall , the earliest one of its kind . Other walls , such as contemporary house walls , or later , Bronze and Iron Age city walls , are only mentioned for the sake of context . Contents ( hide ) 1 Excavation of city walls on the tell 2 Construction and inhabitation 3 Book of Joshua 4 Notes Excavation of city walls on the Tell ( edit ) One wall was excavated by Sir Charles Warren in 1868 at the request of the Palestine Exploration Fund . He dug through the mud bricks of the wall without realizing what it was , suggesting there was little of interest at the site . Ernest Sellin and Carl Watzinger excavated Jericho between 1907 and 1909 and found the remains of two walls which they initially suggested supported the biblical account . They later revised this conclusion and dated their finds to the Middle Bronze Age ( 1950 - 1550 BCE ) . The site was again excavated by John Garstang between 1930 and 1936 , who again raised the suggestion that remains of the upper wall was that described in the Bible . Kathleen Kenyon resumed extensive excavations between 1952 and 1958 and found no late Bronze Age defensive wall or pottery . Her excavations found a series of seventeen early Bronze Age walls , some of which she thought may have been destroyed by earthquakes . The last of the walls was put together in a hurry , indicating that the settlement had been destroyed by nomadic invaders . Another wall was built by a more sophisticated culture in the Middle Bronze Age with a steep plastered escarpment leading up to mud bricks on top . After this there was a hiatus until later Iron Age material dating to around the seventh century BCE . They did not find substantial evidence for renewed occupation in the Late Bronze Age at the time of Joshua and the biblical story of the Battle of Jericho , which in general agreed with the earlier statement by Watzinger that `` in the time of Joshua , Jericho was a heap of ruins , on which stood perhaps a few isolated huts '' . Perhaps the most important discovery was evidence that the earliest wall suggested by Kenyon to date to around 8000 BCE based on Radiocarbon dating of material at 7825 BCE from level IV , phase III of the site . This time period was thereafter called the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A , a late phase of the Stone Age predating the invention of pottery , and the wall considered part of an early proto - city . It surrounded and protected a Neolithic settlement which contained an organized community of between 2,000 and 3,000 people . Construction and inhabitation ( edit ) The Neolithic wall was complemented by a stone tower built into it . The wall was possibly built in order to prevent floods and the tower used for ceremonial purposes but the height of the wall ( approximately 1.5 to 2 metres ( 4.9 to 6.6 ft ) thick and 3.7 to 5.2 metres ( 12 to 17 ft ) high , as well as that of the tower ( 8.5 metres ( 28 ft ) ) suggests a defensive purpose as well . Furthermore , the construction of such a project implies some sort of social organization , division of labour , and classes . Surrounding the wall was a ditch 8.2 metres ( 27 ft ) wide by 2.7 metres ( 9 ft ) deep , cut through solid bedrock with a circumference around the town of as much as 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) . Kathleen Kenyon commented on the work involved in the construction of the ditch : `` The labor involved in excavating this ditch out of solid rock must have been tremendous . As we have discovered nothing in the way of heavy flint picks , one can only suppose that it was carried out with stone mauls , perhaps helped by splitting with fire and water . '' The town of Jericho , which was about 2.5 hectares ( 6 acres ) in size , preceded the wall by about 500 years . In fact , evidence suggests that construction started prior to the agricultural revolution . The town contained round mud - brick houses , yet no street planning . Despite the existence of the wall and tower , Jericho was still a proto - city , much like Çatalhöyük . Speculation persists about the purpose of the tower and it may have had several purposes . Archaeologists Ran Barkai and Roy Liran used computers to reconstruct sunsets and recently found that when the Tower of Jericho was built , nearby mountains cast a shadow on it as the sun set on the longest day of the year . The shadow fell exactly on the structure and then spread out to cover the entire village of Jericho . In an article in the Jerusalem Post , archaeologist Ran Barkai argued that the structure was used to create awe and inspiration to convince people into a harder way of life with the development of agriculture and social hierarchies . He concluded with , `` We believe this tower was one of the mechanisms to motivate people to take part in a communal lifestyle . '' Other ancient walls from the tell , different from the one discussed here , were built of unbaked mud bricks set in mud mortar on a foundation of stone . The Neolithic bricks were hand - made and in differing shapes for different periods . They can be distinguished from the Bronze Age bricks , which were made in rectangular molds , and were about 2 inches by 14 by 10 ( ca . 5 x 35 x 25 cm ) . Book of Joshua ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Jericho The Book of Joshua deals with Jericho during the Late Bronze Age , at around 1400 BCE , which is some 6400 years after the neolithic `` Wall of Jericho '' fell out of use . In the Book of Joshua , the city of Jericho was the first Canaanite city that the Israelites attacked upon their entry into Canaan . The Israelites destroyed the Bronze Age wall of Jericho by walking around it with the Ark of the Covenant for seven days . The Israelites circled the walls once per day for the first six days , then circled the walls seven times on the final day . The Israelites under Joshua 's command blew trumpets of rams ' horns and shouted to make the walls fall down ( Joshua 6 : 14 - 15 ) . This account from the Book of Joshua is one event in the larger narrative of the Israelite conquest of the biblical Canaan . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kathleen M. Kenyon ; Thomas A. Holland ( 1981 ) . Excavations at Jericho : The architecture and stratigraphy of the Tell : plates , p. 6 . British School of Archaeology . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9500542 - 3 - 0 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ancient Jericho : Tell es - Sultan . 2012 application for nomination as a World Heritage Site , in UNESCO 's `` Tentative Lists '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Leslie J. Hoppe ( September 2005 ) . New light from old stories : the Hebrew scriptures for today 's world , p. 81 - . Paulist Press . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4116 - 6 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( 13 February 1995 ) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : A-D . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 275 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3781 - 3 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Miriam C. Davis ( 2008 ) . Dame Kathleen Kenyon : digging up the Holy Land . Left Coast Press . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 326 - 5 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jericho '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Peter M.M. Akkermans ; Glenn M. Schwartz ( 2004 ) . The Archaeology of Syria : From Complex Hunter - Gatherers to Early Urban Societies ( c. 16,000 - 300 BC ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0521796668 . Jump up ^ William A. Haviland ; Harald E.L. Prins ; Dana Walrath ; Bunny McBride ( 30 March 2007 ) . Evolution and Prehistory : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . pp. 235 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 38190 - 7 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Avraham Negev ; Shimon Gibson ( July 2005 ) . Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 180 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 8571 - 7 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Mary Kenyon ( Dame . ) ( 1957 ) . Digging up Jericho : the results of the Jericho excavations , 1952 - 1956 , p. 68 . Praeger . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.jpost.com/ArtsAndCulture/Entertainment/Article.aspx?ID=208206&R=R1 Retrieval February 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Arieh O'Sullivan . World 's first skyscraper sought to intimidate masses . Jerusalem Post , 14 February 2011 Jump up ^ Kathleen M. Kenyon ( 1966 ) . Archaeology in the Holy Land : plates , p. 105 . New York : Praeger . OCLC 1225870 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_of_Jericho&oldid=837824477 '' Categories : Ancient Jericho Buildings and structures in Jericho Archaeological sites in the West Bank Stone age sites City walls Buildings and structures completed in the 8th millennium BC Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 07 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Wall of Jericho
2. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
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5,274,277,920,499,261,000 | what was the largest forest fire in california history | List of California wildfires - wikipedia List of California wildfires Jump to : navigation , search Santa Ana winds in California expands fires and spreads smoke over hundreds of miles , as in this October 2007 satellite image The Rim Fire consumed more than 250,000 acres ( 100,000 ha ) of forest near Yosemite National Park , in 2013 California has dry , windy , and often hot weather conditions from late spring through autumn that can produce moderate to devastating wildfires . At times , these wildfires are fanned or made worse from strong , dry winds , known as Diablo winds in the northern part of the state and Santa Ana winds to the south . Wildfires in California are growing more dangerous as people build in rural burn areas . United States taxpayers pay about US $ 3 billion a year to fight wildfires , and big fires can lead to billions of dollars in property losses . The following is a list of notable wildfires of various sizes that have occurred in California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest fires 2 Deadliest fires 3 Most destructive fires 4 Pre-2000 5 Post-2000 5.1 Yearly statistics 5.2 Notable fires 6 Areas of repeated ignition 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Largest Fires ( edit ) Since 1932 , when accurate records started to be kept , these are the 20 largest wildfires in California , according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ( CAL FIRE ) . However , the largest wildfire in recorded California history was the Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 , which burned at least 300,000 acres ( 120,000 ha ) in southern California . Note : means that the fire is currently burning . Total size and position in the list are subject to change . Name County Acres Hectares Start date Structures Deaths Notes Thomas Ventura , Santa Barbara 281,893 114,078.0 000000002017 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2017 1,063 As of December 22 , confirmed fatalities attributed to the fire include 1 firefighter and 1 civilian . Cedar San Diego 273,246 110,578.7 000000002003 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2003 2,820 15 The second - largest human - caused fire in modern California history . Rush Lassen 271,911 110,038.5 000000002012 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2012 0 0 Of this fire , 43,666 acres ( 17,671.0 ha ) burned in Nevada , for a total of 315,577 acres ( 127,709.5 ha ) Rim Tuolumne 257,314 104,131.3 000000002013 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2013 112 0 Zaca Santa Barbara 240,207 97,208.3 000000002007 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2007 0 Matilija Ventura 220,000 89,030.8 000000001932 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1932 0 0 Witch San Diego 197,990 80,123.7 000000002007 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2007 1,650 Klamath Theater Complex Siskiyou 192,038 77,715.0 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2008 0 Marble Cone Monterey 177,866 71,979.8 000000001977 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1977 0 0 Laguna San Diego 175,425 70,992.0 000000001970 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1970 382 5 Basin Complex Monterey 162,818 65,890.1 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2008 58 0 Day Ventura 162,702 65,843.2 000000002006 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2006 11 0 Station Los Angeles 160,557 64,975.1 000000002009 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2009 209 Rough Fresno 151,623 61,359.7 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2015 0 McNally Tulare 150,696 60,984.5 000000002002 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2002 17 0 Stanislaus Complex Tuolumne 145,980 59,076.0 000000001987 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1987 28 Big Bar Complex Trinity 140,948 57,039.6 000000001999 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1999 0 0 Happy Camp Complex Siskiyou 134,056 54,250.5 000000002014 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2014 6 0 Soberanes Monterey 132,127 53,469.9 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2016 68 Campbell Complex Tehama 125,892 50,946.7 000000001990 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1990 27 0 Deadliest Fires ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) A list of the 20 deadliest fires , according to CAL FIRE , can be found here : http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Deadliest.pdf The deadliest fire in California in recorded history was the 1933 Griffith Park Fire in Los Angeles , which killed 29 civilians who tried to fight and / or escape the fire . The second deadliest fire was the 1991 Oakland Hills fire , which killed 25 people . The third deadliest fire was the 2017 Tubbs Fire in Napa and Sonoma Counties , which killed 22 people in and around Santa Rosa . Most destructive fires ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) A list of the 20 most destructive fires , according to CAL FIRE , can be found here : http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf Pre-2000 ( edit ) Remains of houses destroyed in the Oakland firestorm of 1991 Santiago Canyon Fire ( 1889 ) . Burned on the order of 310,000 acres ( 130,000 ha ) . Berkeley Fire ( 1923 ) . Destroyed 640 structures , including 584 homes . Griffith Park Fire ( 1933 ) . Official death toll was 29 firefighters , but may have killed up to 58 . Rattlesnake Fire ( 1953 ) . 15 firefighters were killed in this arsonist 's fire . Bel Air Fire ( 1961 ) . 484 homes were destroyed ; 112 injuries . Laguna Fire ( 1970 ) . 382 homes burned , killing eight people . Painted Cave Fire ( 1990 ) . 1 death and 430 buildings burned in this arson fire near Santa Barbara . Oakland firestorm ( 1991 ) . Killed 25 people . Destroyed 2,843 single - family homes and 437 multi-family units . Mount Vision Fire ( 1995 ) . 45 homes destroyed . Cause : illegal campfire . Post-2000 ( edit ) Satellite image of the 2003 Cedar Fire , the second - largest wildfire in California history Starting in 2001 , the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state . Yearly Statistics ( edit ) Year Fires Acres Hectares Ref 2000 7,622 295,026 119,392.8 9,458 329,126 133,192.6 2002 8,328 969,890 392,500.6 2003 9,116 1,020,460 412,965.5 8,415 264,988 107,236.8 2005 7,162 222,538 90,057.9 2006 8,202 736,022 297,857.5 2007 9,093 1,520,362 615,268.7 2008 4,923 1,593,690 644,943.5 2009 9,159 422,147 170,836.8 6,554 109,529 44,324.8 2011 7,989 168,545 68,207.7 2012 7,950 869,599 351,914.2 2013 9,907 601,635 243,473.0 2014 7,865 555,044 224,618.3 2015 8,745 893,362 361,530.8 2016 6,986 565,070 228,675.7 Average 8,087 655,104 265,111.2 A 2015 study addressed whether the increase in fire risk in California is attributable to climate change . Notable Fires ( edit ) Note : † means fire is currently burning . Check primary sources for up - to - date statistics . Name County Acres Hectares Start Contained Notes Ref Rumsey Yolo 39,138 15,838.6 October 10 , 2004 October 16 , 2004 5 structures destroyed Old San Bernardino 91,281 36,940.1 October 21 , 2003 November 25 , 2003 975 structures destroyed Simi Ventura 108,204 43,788.6 October 25 , 2003 November 5 , 2003 315 structures destroyed Topanga Los Angeles 24,175 9,783.3 September 28 , 2005 October 6 , 2005 Esperanza Riverside 41,173 16,662.1 October 26 , 2006 November 1 , 2006 5 fatalities , 54 structures destroyed Island Los Angeles 4,750 1,922.3 May 10 , 2007 May 15 , 2007 6 structures destroyed Zaca Santa Barbara 240,207 97,208.3 July 4 , 2007 September 4 , 2007 1 structure destroyed Witch San Diego 197,990 80,123.7 October 21 , 2007 November 6 , 2007 1,650 structures destroyed Harris San Diego 90,440 36,599.8 October 21 , 2007 November 5 , 2007 472 structures destroyed ; 1 fatality Santiago Orange 28,400 11,493.1 October 21 , 2007 November 9 , 2007 24 structures destroyed Corral Los Angeles 4,901 1,983.4 November 24 , 2007 November 27 , 2007 86 structures destroyed Indians Monterey 81,378 32,932.5 June 8 , 2008 July 10 , 2008 Basin Complex Monterey 162,818 65,890.1 June 21 , 2008 July 27 , 2008 Sesnon Los Angeles 14,703 5,950.1 October 13 , 2008 October 18 , 2008 Jesusita Santa Barbara 8,733 3,534.1 May 5 , 2009 May 20 , 2009 160 structures destroyed La Brea Santa Barbara 89,489 36,214.9 August 8 , 2009 August 23 , 2009 Lockheed Santa Cruz 7,817 3,163.4 August 12 , 2009 August 23 , 2009 13 structures destroyed Station Los Angeles 160,577 64,983.2 August 26 , 2009 October 16 , 2009 209 structures destroyed ; 2 fatalities Guiberson Ventura 17,500 7,082.0 September 22 , 2009 October 1 , 2009 Rush Lassen 271,991 110,070.9 August 12 , 2012 August 30 , 2012 1 barn destroyed Springs Ventura 28,000 11,000 May 2 , 2013 May 6 , 2013 20 outbuildings destroyed Powerhouse Los Angeles 30,000 12,000 May 30 , 2013 June 10 , 2013 24 structures destroyed Mountain Riverside 27,531 11,141.4 July 15 , 2013 July 21 , 2013 23 structures destroyed Silver Riverside 20,292 8,211.9 August 7 , 2013 August 12 , 2013 48 structures destroyed Rim Tuolumne 257,314 104,131.3 August 17 , 2013 October 24 , 2013 112 structures destroyed Clover Shasta 8,073 3,267.0 September 9 , 2013 September 15 , 2013 68 homes destroyed ; 1 fatality Happy Camp Complex Siskiyou 134,056 54,250.5 August 14 , 2014 October 31 , 2014 6 structures destroyed King El Dorado 97,717 39,544.7 September 13 , 2014 October 9 , 2014 80 structures destroyed Boles Siskiyou 516 208.8 September 15 , 2014 October 11 , 2014 157 structures destroyed Lake San Bernardino 31,359 12,690.5 June 17 , 2015 August 1 , 2015 4 structures destroyed North San Bernardino 4,250 1,719.9 July 17 , 2015 July 21 , 2015 7 structures destroyed Rocky Lake 69,438 28,100.6 July 29 , 2015 August 14 , 2015 43 structures destroyed Butte Amador and Calaveras 70,868 28,679.3 September 9 , 2015 October 1 , 2015 818 structures destroyed ; 2 fatalities Valley Lake , Napa and Sonoma 76,067 30,783.2 September 12 , 2015 October 15 , 2015 1,955 structures destroyed ; 4 fatalities Erskine Kern 47,864 19,369.9 June 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2016 309 buildings destroyed ; 2 fatalities Sand Los Angeles 41,432 16,766.9 July 22 , 2016 August 3 , 2016 18 homes destroyed , 2 fatalities Soberanes Monterey 132,127 53,469.9 July 22 , 2016 October 12 , 2016 57 homes , 11 outbuildings destroyed , 1 fatality Chimney San Luis Obispo 46,344 18,754.8 August 13 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 68 structures destroyed Clayton Lake 3,929 1,590.0 August 13 , 2016 August 26 , 2016 175 structures destroyed , including a Habitat for Humanity office Blue Cut San Bernardino 37,000 14,973.4 August 16 , 2016 August 23 , 2016 105 homes , 213 outbuildings destroyed , 82,000 + evacuated Loma Santa Clara 4,474 1,810.6 September 26 , 2016 October 12 , 2016 28 structures destroyed Detwiler Mariposa 81,826 33,113.8 July 16 , 2017 August 24 , 2017 131 structures destroyed Tubbs Sonoma 36,807 14,895.3 October 8 , 2017 October 31 , 2017 5,643 structures destroyed ; 22 fatalities Thomas Ventura and Santa Barbara 281,893 114,078.0 December 4 , 2017 January 12 , 2018 1,063 structures destroyed ; 2 fatalities ; 104,607 evacuated Lilac San Diego 4,100 1,659.2 December 7 , 2017 December 16 , 2017 157 structures destroyed ; 10,000 + evacuated Areas of repeated ignition ( edit ) The summer 2008 wildfires were widespread and deadly , with at least 3,596 wildfires of various origins burning throughout Northern and Central California , for around four months . In some parts of California , fires can recur in areas with histories of fires . Examples of this are in Oakland , where fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923 , 1931 , 1933 , 1937 , 1946 , 1955 , 1960 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 1980 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 2002 , and 2008 . Other examples being Orange County , Riverside County , San Bernardino County , and Los Angeles County . In the case of Orange and San Bernardino , these two counties share a county border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park , with the park 's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub , grassland , and woodland , to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers . The valley 's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought , therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagration , many of which have occurred since 1914 . Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914 , the 1920s , 1930s , 1940s , 1950s , 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s , and into today . On occasion , freak lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition . Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire and the 2008 California wildfires . See also ( edit ) List of wildfires California Climate change in California 2012 -- 13 North American drought References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wildfires are growing more costly '' . NBC News . 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Largest California Wildfires '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Brittny Mejia ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Thomas fire could surpass 1889 Santiago Canyon fire , believed to be California 's largest '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : California wildfire now largest in state history '' . apnews.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rush Fire '' . Inciweb . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rush Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Deadliest.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Wildfires and Acres for all Jurisdictions ( 1987 - 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2001 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2002 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Large Fires '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . February 11 , 2003 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2003 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2003 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Otay Fire '' . CAL FIRE . October 27 , 2003 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2004 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2004 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2005 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2005 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2006 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2006 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2007 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CAL FIRE 2009 Wildland Fire Summary '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . September 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2009 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2009 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2010 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2011 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2011 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2012 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2013 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ken Pimlott ; John Laird ; Edmond G. Brown Jr . ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Wildfire Statistics '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2016 '' ( PDF ) . National Interagency Fire Center . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Was the 2014 wildfire season in California affected by climate change ? - Wildfire Today '' . wildfiretoday.com. 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoon et al. ( 2015 ) Extreme Fire Season In California : A Glimpse Into The Future ? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283425168_EXTREME_FIRE_SEASON_IN_CALIFORNIA_A_GLIMPSE_INTO_THE_FUTURE#full-text Jump up ^ `` Rumsey Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Old Fire '' ( PDF ) . FIRESCOPE . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simi Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topanga Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Esperanza Fire Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2007 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zaca Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Witch Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Officials : Arson Behind Santiago Fire '' . CBS.com. 2007 - 10 - 25 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Corral Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Large Fires 2008 '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Largest California Wildfires '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sesnon Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jesusita Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Brea Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lockheed Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Station Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guiberson Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rush Fire '' . Inciweb . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Sharon ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Firefighters , helped by rain , mop up California wildfire '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Watt , Brian ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Powerhouse Fire : 53 structures , 24 homes burned as officials revise estimates upward ( map ) '' . KPCC . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cocca , Christine ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Mountain Fire Fully Contained After Raging for 16 Days '' . NBC 4 Southern California . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cocca , Christian ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Silver Fire Reaches Full Containment '' . KNSD . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rim Fire '' . InciWeb . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Incident information : Clover Fire '' . CalFire . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Camp Complex Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boles Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Fire '' . InciWeb . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH FIRE : Blaze completely contained '' . The Press - Enterprise ( California ) . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Butte Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Valley Fire '' . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Erskine Fire '' . InciWeb . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada and Wright , Pam ( 24 July 2016 ) . `` Body Found As Firefighters Continue to Battle ' Sand Fire ' Near Los Angeles ; 18 Homes Destroyed '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Soberanes Fire '' . InciWeb . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chimney Fire approaching Monterey Co , threatens Hearst Castle '' . abc7news.com. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Fire devastates Lake County town ; thousands flee '' . sfgate.com. 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Cut Fire burns 18,000 acres , 82,000 evacuated in San Bernardino County '' . abc7.com. 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Loma Fire '' . CAL FIRE. 20 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detwiler Fire '' . CAL FIRE. 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Services ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Top 20 Most Destructive Fires in California History '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Tubbs Fire ( Central LNU Complex ) '' . CAL FIRE . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Incident Fact Sheet Update '' ( PDF ) . CAL FIRE . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Fire '' . CAL FIRE. 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Melissa Etehad ; Ruben Vives ; Harriet Ryan ; Alene Tchekmedyian ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` At 230,000 acres , Thomas fire is now the fifth - largest wildfire in modern California history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Fire '' . InciWeb. 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf Jump up ^ [email protected] , InciWeb developed and maintained by USDA Forest Service , Fire and Aviation Management , . `` Thomas Fire Information - InciWeb the Incident Information System '' . inciweb.nwcg.gov . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lilac Fire '' . CAL FIRE. 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lilac Fire Milestone : 100 Percent Contained '' . nbcsandiego.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Hills Fire - Today in Montclair , 94611 '' . montclairoak.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/fire/documents/webcontent/oak042168.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.hillsforeveryone.org/projects/fire-files/A-100-Year-History-of-Wildfires-Near-CHSP.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wildfires in California . Official California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection ( CAL FIRE ) site CAL FIRE Blogspot : California Fire News California wildfires on the U.S. Forestry Incident Information System ( InciWeb ) Iawfonline.org : Infamous World Fires . Compiled by the International Association of Wildland Fire ( revised May 15 , 2008 ) Historical wildfire map 1950 - 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> California wildfires Pre-2000 Santiago Canyon ( 1889 ) Berkeley ( 1923 ) Matilija ( 1932 ) Griffith Park ( 1933 ) Rattlesnake ( 1953 ) Bel Air ( 1961 ) Laguna ( 1970 ) Marble Cone ( 1977 ) Agoura - Malibu firestorm ( 1978 ) Panorama ( 1980 ) Painted Cave ( 1990 ) Oakland Hills ( 1991 ) Mount Vision ( 1995 ) 2002 Biscuit McNally 2003 Old Simi Cedar Rumsey 2005 Labor Day Topanga 2006 Sawtooth Complex Day Esperanza 2007 Island Angora Zaca Moonlight October 2007 wildfires Harris Witch Buckweed Santiago Rice Corral 2008 Summit Indians Basin Complex Klamath Theater Complex Gap Sesnon Tea Sayre Freeway Complex 2009 Jesusita La Brea Lockheed Station Cottonwood Guiberson Bull West Crown 2011 Lion Comanche Complex 2012 Barry Point Rush Ponderosa 2013 Summit Springs Powerhouse Mountain Silver Rim Clover 2014 Colby Etiwanda May 2014 wildfires Bernardo Tomahawk Poinsettia Cocos Shirley Bully Happy Camp Complex Meadow King Boles 2015 Round Lake North Wragg Rocky River Complex Frog Rough Dodge Jerusalem Cuesta Butte Valley Tassajara Solimar 2016 Pony Sherpa Border Pine San Gabriel Complex Erskine Trailhead Deer Curry Sage Roblar Sand Soberanes Goose Cold Pilot Mineral Chimney Clayton Blue Cut Cedar Rey Gap Bogart Willard Owens River Canyon Sawmill Marshes Loma 2017 Gate Holcomb Schaeffer Salmon August Complex Manzanita Hill Winters Alamo Wall Whittier Detwiler Empire Parker 2 Young Pier Railroad Ponderosa Mud Slinkard Helena La Tuna Palmer Mission October 2017 wildfires Atlas Tubbs Canyon 2 December 2017 wildfires Thomas Creek Rye Skirball Lilac <Td_colspan="2"> Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Largest California wildfires <Td_colspan="2"> Thomas ( 281,893 acres , 1,140.78 km ) Cedar ( 273,246 acres , 1,105.79 km ) Rush ( 271,911 acres , 1,100.38 km in California ) Rim ( 257,314 acres , 1,041.31 km ) Zaca ( 240,207 acres , 972.08 km ) Matilija ( 220,000 acres , 890 km ) Witch ( 197,990 acres , 801.2 km ) Klamath Theater Complex ( 192,038 acres , 777.15 km ) Marble Cone ( 177,866 acres , 719.80 km ) Laguna ( 175,425 acres , 709.92 km ) Basin Complex ( 162,818 acres , 658.90 km ) Day ( 162,702 acres , 658.43 km ) Station ( 160,557 acres , 649.75 km ) Rough ( 151,623 acres , 613.60 km ) McNally ( 150,696 acres , 609.85 km ) Stanislaus Complex ( 145,980 acres , 590.8 km ) Big Bar Complex ( 140,948 acres , 570.40 km ) Happy Camp Complex ( 134,056 acres , 542.51 km ) Soberanes ( 132,127 acres , 534.70 km ) Campbell Complex ( 125,892 acres , 509.47 km ) Santiago Canyon ( ≥ 300,000 acres , 1,200 km ) <Td_colspan="2"> Note : The Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 dates before 1932 , when fire records began to be deemed reliable . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_wildfires&oldid=834491308 '' Categories : Wildfires in California California history - related lists California nature - related lists Lists of disasters in the United States Lists of wildfires Lists of natural disasters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. California wildfires
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8,715,554,187,247,673,000 | can you own a threaded barrel in california | Gun laws in California - wikipedia Gun laws in California Jump to : navigation , search Location of California in the United States Gun laws in California regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of California in the United States . The gun laws of California are some of the most restrictive in the United States . A 5 - year Firearm Safety Certificate , obtained by paying a $25 fee , submission of applicant data to the state , and passing a written test proctored by a DOJ Certified Instructor , is required for the sale , delivery , loan , or transfer of any firearm . Handguns sold by dealers must be `` California legal '' by being listed on the state 's Roster of Handguns Certified for Sale . This roster , which requires handgun manufacturers to pay a fee and submit specific models for safety testing , has become progressively more stringent over time and is currently the subject of a federal civil rights lawsuit on the basis that it is a de facto ban on new handgun models . Private sales of firearms must be done through a licensed dealer . All firearm sales are recorded by the state , and have a ten - day waiting period . Unlike most other states , California has no provision in its state constitution that explicitly guarantees an individual right to keep and bear arms . The California Supreme Court has maintained that most of California 's restrictive gun laws are constitutional , based on the fact that the state 's constitution does not explicitly guarantee private citizens the right to purchase , possess , or carry firearms . However , U.S. Supreme Court decisions of Heller ( 2008 ) and McDonald ( 2010 ) established that the Second Amendment applies to all states within the Union , and many of California 's gun laws are now being challenged in the federal courts . California Penal Code § 25850 defines what constitutes a loaded weapon . Semi-automatic firearms that the state has classified as assault weapons ; . 50 BMG caliber rifles ; and high - capacity magazines ( magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition ) may not be sold in California . Possession of automatic firearms , and of short - barreled shotguns and rifles , is prohibited without a Dangerous Weapons Permit , that is received from the California Department of Justice pending a good reason for their possession such as : manufacture , repair , collecting in limited cases ( pre-1990 ) , movie prop guns or dealing to police / military . California is a `` may issue '' state for permits to carry concealed guns . The willingness of issuing authorities in California ranges from No Issue in most urban areas to Shall Issue in rural counties . Additionally , the issuing authority can also impose restrictions on the CCW permit - holder , such as limiting concealed carry only to the purposes listed on the approved CCW permit application . However , concealed carry permits are valid statewide , regardless of where they were issued . This creates a situation where residents in presumptively No Issue locations such as Los Angeles and San Francisco can not lawfully carry a concealed firearm , but residents from other counties with more permissive CCW issuance policies can lawfully carry within these same jurisdictions . California does not recognize concealed carry permits issued by other states , and non-residents are generally forbidden from obtaining a California concealed carry permit . California has state preemption for many , but not all , firearms laws . Actual enforcement of California 's firearms laws also varies widely across the state . Urban areas , such as the San Francisco and Los Angeles metropolitan areas strictly enforce firearms laws , and some communities within these areas have passed local ordinances that make legally owning a firearm difficult . Meanwhile , some rural jurisdictions narrowly enforce the same firearms laws by prosecuting only those who demonstrate malicious intent , or not enforcing portions of the state 's firearms laws at all . State law enforcement agencies , such as the California Highway Patrol , the California Department of Justice , and the California Department of Fish and Game strictly enforce state firearms law everywhere in California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 State Constitutional Provisions 3 Preemption 4 Firearm sales 4.1 Roster of handguns certified for sale 4.2 Microstamping 5 Concealed carry 5.1 Peruta v. San Diego 6 Open carry 7 Transportation 7.1 Traveling into California for purposes of competition 8 Child safety 9 NFA firearms 10 Assault weapons 10.1 Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 10.2 Bullet button and refined definition of a `` fixed magazine '' 10.3 Exceptions 10.4 Nonresidents transporting assault weapons through California 11 Other laws 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes § 26500 ( 3 ) All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer . Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830 . Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 28150 The California Department of Justice ( `` DOJ '' ) retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in - state firearm sales and transfers , and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ . Furthermore , the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee , and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state , pursuant to § 11106 . All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System , along with those of many long guns . While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement , § 12025 and § 12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System . New residents must register handguns ( purchased outside of California ) with DOJ within 60 days . As of January 1 , 2014 , long gun serial numbers are also recorded , where as previously only the sale was recorded . However , it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an un-registered firearm . Owner license required ? No No None Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 30500 , § 30515 Illegal to possess , import , or purchase assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles , unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1 , 1989 . While California 's Assault Weapons Ban does allow individuals to obtain , transport or possess banned weapons with permission from the DOJ , the DOJ generally does not grant such permission to ordinary citizens . Legally defined assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered . Their sale and transfer is prohibited . Military look - alike rifles that are not chambered for . 50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess , with some restrictions in configuration -- known as `` banned features '' . Active - duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally - owned assault weapons into the state . The military member 's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons , and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember 's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member 's Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 32310 Section 32310 of the Penal Code states : `` commencing January 1 , 2000 , any person in this state who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , or receives any large - capacity magazine is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment '' . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . The section continues further by explaining that : `` ' manufacturing ' includes both fabricating a magazine and assembling a magazine from a combination of parts , including , but not limited to , the body , spring , follower , and floor plate or end plate , to be a fully functioning large - capacity magazine '' . Until January 1 , 2014 , it was only a crime to `` manufacture , import , keep for sale , offer or expose for sale , or give or lend any large - capacity magazine '' . Assembly Bill 48 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on October 11 , 2013 and expanded previous prohibitions by making it illegal to buy or receive a large - capacity magazine or magazine rebuild kit . Peace officers ( under Penal Code Section 830 ) and `` person licensed pursuant to ( CA Penal Code ) Sections 26700 to 26915 '' are exempt this prohibition on the purchase and sale of large - capacity magazines for personal use . However , federal law enforcement officers are not exempt and must obtain large - capacity magazines through their agency . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , requires background checks for all ammunition sales , and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding . Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted . Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 12220 , § 12020 , § 12020 Possession of automatic weapons or short - barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ `` Dangerous Weapons Permit '' ; permission rarely granted outside of film industry . Suppressors ( aka silencers ) prohibited . Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics , in which case a collectors permit can be obtained . The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel . Peaceable journey laws ? No No California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines ( LCM ) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess . Otherwise federal rules are observed . Waiting period ? Yes Yes § 26815 ( a ) ( 4 ) , § 26950 - 27140 ( 5 ) , § 27540 ( a ) ( 6 ) , § 27600 - 27750 ( 7 ) California has a ten ( 10 ) day waiting period for all firearm purchases , transfers , and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder . That is , upon purchase , the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner . On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; a Supreme Court certiorari petition is pending . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Cal. § 27545 Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . State constitutional provisions ( edit ) The Constitution of California does not contain a provision explicitly guaranteeing an individual right to keep and bear arms . Article 1 , Section 1 , of the California Constitution implies a right to self - defense ( without specifically mentioning a right to keep and bear arms ) and defense of property , by stating , `` All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights . Among these are enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing , and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety , happiness , and privacy . '' Preemption ( edit ) California law ( § 53071 GC ) prohibits county and city authorities from enacting regulations regarding the registration or licensing of firearms . This provides for uniform firearm laws and prevents situations found in other states ( such as New York ) where traveling with an otherwise legal firearm could put a citizen at risk of violating local city ordinances . Because of their inability to regulate firearms directly , some cities , such as Los Angeles , have prohibited residents from possessing a handgun or rifle magazine that fit more than 10 rounds , require firearms be stored in locked containers or with trigger locks installed when not in use , and have enacted ammunition regulations . Many jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms within their boundaries . Firearm sales ( edit ) Due to one of California 's earliest gun - control bills passed in 1923 , gun sellers may not advertise the sale of handguns on their property . The buyer of a firearm must fill out an application to purchase a particular gun . The firearms dealer electronically submits the application to the California Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , which performs a background check on the buyer . The approved application is valid for 30 days . There is a 10 - day waiting period for the delivery of any firearm . The buyer must pick up the firearm within 30 days of the original submission of paperwork ( if approved ) , or he or she will have to have a dealer resubmit the paperwork and another 10 - day waiting period starts . Sales of firearms from one person to another ( private party transfers ) must be through a licensed firearms dealer using a Private Party Transfer form . The licensed dealer may charge a $10 fee , in addition to the $25 transfer fee that the state charges . Any number of firearms may be transferred at one time using this method . The dealer submits a Dealer 's Record of Sale ( DROS ) form to the state , and the purchaser must wait 10 days before picking up the guns . Handgun purchases , except for private party transfers and Certificate of Eligibility ( COE ) holders , are limited to one per 30 - day period . To purchase a handgun , a buyer must have a Handgun Safety Certificate . This is obtained by passing a written test , given by a Department of Justice certified instructor , on the safe and legal use of handguns . The certificate is valid for five years . A buyer must also perform a Safe Handling Demonstration when taking possession of a handgun . Some individuals are exempt from the Safety Certificate and Handling Demonstration requirements , including active and retired military and law enforcement personnel , hunter safety certificate holders , and concealed carry license holders . Effective January 1 , 2015 , the Handgun Safety Certificate program was replaced with the Firearm Safety Certificate ( FSC ) program . Under the FSC program , requirements that previously applied to handguns only now apply to all firearms ( handguns and long guns ) , unless exempt . A valid Handgun Safety Certificate can still be used to purchase / acquire handguns only until it expires . For long gun purchases / acquisitions made January 1 , 2015 , and thereafter , an FSC will be required . Once an FSC is obtained , it can be used for both handgun and long gun purchases / acquisitions . Residents of California purchasing long guns in other states are subject to the same requirements as for purchasing firearms in - state , if the buyer returns to California with the weapons in possession . For example , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada would be required to go through a registered FFL in Nevada to have the weapon shipped to an FFL in California , who would then complete the DROS and administer the 10 - day waiting period . However , a California resident would not be subject to California law for long guns purchased out - of - state and are never brought into California . In other words , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada , for example , and stores the weapon at the home of a family member or friend in Nevada , would not be violating California law , as long the weapon never enters the state . Such would also be the case for a California resident purchasing a California - defined assault weapon in another state where such weapons are legal , and the weapon is never brought into California ; no violation of California law will have occurred . The California Department of Justice has been known to conduct sting operations by sending undercover agents to gun stores and gun shows in neighboring states to observe California residents purchasing firearms at such venues , and then tracking buyers back into California , where they are then arrested and prosecuted . The differences in gun laws and gun control philosophy between California and neighboring states has been a source of heated arguments between political figures in California who mostly support strict limitations on gun ownership and usage , and politicians in Arizona and Nevada who mostly favor individual gun rights . Roster of handguns Certified for sale ( edit ) Dealers may not sell any new handgun unless it is listed in the state Department of Justice roster of handguns certified for sale . Listed handguns must include certain mechanical features and pass a set of laboratory tests . Private party transfers , curio / relic handguns , certain single - action revolvers , and pawn / consignment returns are exempt from this requirement . Sale to law enforcement personnel are exempt from list restrictions . Microstamping ( edit ) On May 17 , 2013 , the state attorney general began enforcing a new law requiring that semi-automatic pistols incorporate microstamping . With this technology , very small markings are engraved , using a laser , on the tip of the firing pin and on the breechface of the firearm . When the gun is fired , these etchings may be transferred to the primer by the firing pin , and to the cartridge case head by the breechface , using the pressure created when a round is fired . If successful , this imprints two identifying numbers , unique to that gun , on each spent cartridge casing . This requirement applies to new guns being added to the California Department of Justice 's roster of handguns certified for sale ; semi-automatic handgun models already listed on the roster are not required to incorporate microstamping . Note of interest - this law was passed in 2007 and the wording in the law stated that it shall become effective when there are at least two companies , unencumbered by a patent , employing this technology . To date , no manufacturer offers this technology in firearms available to the public . The National Shooting Sports Foundation is currently suing the State of California over the microstamping law . Concealed carry ( edit ) Map of CA CCW `` Good Cause '' standards by county ( including some cities ) . Color coding represents a range of policies , varying from Self Defense to No Issue . California is a `` may issue '' state for concealed carry . A license to carry a concealed firearm may be issued or denied to qualified applicants at the discretion of a county 's sheriff or an incorporated city 's chief of police in their place of residence . Residents of incorporated cities and towns have the option to apply for a concealed carry license through their local police department or through the sheriff 's office in their county of residence . Applicants must generally be residents of the jurisdiction in which the permit application is filed . The only exception to this is for non-resident applicants with a bona - fide place of business in the jurisdiction where the permit application is filed , in which case the permit is valid only in that jurisdiction . In practice , the attitudes of different sheriffs and police chiefs toward the issuance of permits vary widely and , consequentially , different jurisdictions in California can vary anywhere from de facto shall - issue to de facto no - issue . A permit may be issued , by a county Sheriff or city Chief or head of municipal police , in one of two formats : A license to carry concealed a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . Where the population of the county is less than 200,000 persons according to the most recent federal decennial census , a license to carry loaded and exposed in that county a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . '' California does not recognize any concealed carry permits issued by other states or their political subdivisions . With exceptions for nonresident Active Duty military members permanently stationed within California , state law generally forbids nonresidents from obtaining a California CCW permit . As of September 2011 , there were around 35,000 active concealed carry permits in California , compared to a total population of 39 million . California law provides that the Sheriff of a county or a city Police Chief may issue a license to carry a concealed weapon upon proof that the person applying is of `` good moral character '' and that `` good cause '' exists for the issuance . While it is generally believed to be extremely difficult to obtain a license to carry a concealed weapon ( CCW ) in California , the difficulty varies greatly by city and county of residence . In most rural counties , qualified applicants are usually successful in obtaining a license , while some cities and counties , such as San Francisco and Los Angeles , are extremely restrictive in what they perceive to be good cause , such as a clear and immediate threat on the applicant 's life that can not be avoided or mitigated by other means . There are also jurisdictions with `` moderately restrictive '' policies , where an applicant must show circumstances that demonstrate a need for a permit above that for the general populace , such as residing or conducting lawful business in high - crime areas , where a general risk of victimization exists even if no specific threat has been identified . Some jurisdictions have established additional local requirements the applicant must meet before the issuing authority grants a CCW permit . For example , the counties of Alameda and Monterey require applicants to obtain a mental health assessment at the applicant 's expense as part of each county 's permit application process . In Los Angeles county , many licenses are issued to people who have donated to Sheriff Lee Baca . Some departments are now being challenged in federal lawsuits , under the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment . Some argue that the California system for CCW issuance fosters political corruption and systematic discrimination of applicants , as it has been publicized that numerous celebrities , government officials , and campaign donors have been issued CCW licenses in cities and counties where the general public have been consistently denied . CCW issuance is also extremely low in areas where the population has a high concentration of minorities and minority applicants are more frequently denied , causing some to allege institutional racism . Carrying a concealed firearm without a permit is a misdemeanor with a minimum penalty of 90 days in jail . It may be prosecuted as a felony if any one of over a dozen specific circumstances exist , such as carry by a felon , carry in relation to gang activity , carry with the intent to commit a violent crime , etc . Peruta v. San Diego ( edit ) On February 13 , 2014 , a three - judge panel of a federal appeals court , in the case of Peruta v. San Diego , ruled that California 's may - issue concealed carry rules as implemented by the County of San Diego , in combination with its ban on open carry in most areas of the state , violate the Second Amendment , because they together deny law - abiding citizens the right to bear arms in public for the lawful purpose of self - defense . The San Diego County Sheriff 's Department issued a press release dated February 21 , 2014 stating it will not seek review of the decision by the entire membership of judges sitting in the Ninth Circuit , and `` Should the decision of the Ninth Circuit become final , the Sheriff 's Department will begin to issue CCW 's in situations where the applicant has met all other lawful qualifications and has requested a CCW for purposes of self - defense . '' This paves the way for California 's may - issue law to be replaced with a shall - issue law . On February 27 , 2014 California Attorney General Kamala Harris filed a petition for en banc review of the decision . As the state was not a formal party of the case , her action is not an appeal , but merely a request that the full court re-hear the case en banc on its own initiative . However , the petition filed was denied by the Ninth Circuit on November 12 , 2014 . However , Chief Judge Thomas of the Ninth Circuit ordered on March 26 , 2015 that the case be reheard en banc . The en banc oral arguments were heard on June 16 , 2015 . On June 9 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit reversed its prior decision and ruled that `` The right of a member of the general public to carry a concealed firearm in public is not , and never has been , protected by the Second Amendment . '' The court 's ruling did not address open carry in public , leaving that issue open to potential future litigation . On June 26 , 2017 , the Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari to hear an appeal of the Ninth Circuit 's en banc decision . Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch dissented from the denial . Open carry ( edit ) Open carry of firearms is governed in California by a set of laws that , at times , conflict with one another . This has created significant confusion over the legality of open carry in the state . Open carry of loaded or unloaded firearms in public is generally prohibited , although open carry may be allowed in unincorporated rural areas where permitted by local ordinance , and elsewhere under certain circumstances . The Mulford Act prohibited personal possession ( i.e. , carry ) of a loaded firearm in incorporated areas ( such as inside city limits ) or prohibited areas of unincorporated territory without a license to carry or other exemption provided for by law . A license to carry `` loaded and exposed '' firearms may be issued by a Police Chief or County Sheriff in a county with population of less than 200,000 persons at the last census . No license or permit is required to openly carry a loaded firearm in unincorporated areas where discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . Additionally , state law allows open carry in situations where one `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' However , one using this rationale as the basis for openly carrying a firearm can expect to be detained and questioned by law enforcement ( and possibly arrested and charged with unlawful carrying of a firearm if the officer does not believe that open carry is sufficiently justified ) , especially in more densely - populated areas . California Penal Code § 25850 ( formerly 12031 ) defines what constitutes a loaded weapon ) . For Penal Code to have validity , all following must apply to the case . 1.1 . `` Loaded '' A firearm is `` loaded '' when there is : an unexpended cartridge or shell , consisting of a case that holds a charge of powder and a bullet or shot , in , or attached in any manner to , the firearm ... including , but not limited to , in the firing chamber , magazine , or clip thereof attached to the firearm ... Therefore , carrying a loaded magazine separate from the handgun is NOT Prohibited under the CA Penal Code . As long as the loaded magazine is not inserted into the gun , you are carrying / transporting an unloaded weapon . e.g. Ammunition and handgun are in the same box but the handgun does not have a loaded magazine inserted , nor a round in the chamber . In the case of People v. Clark ( 1996 ) a shotgun shell attached to the shotgun ( e.g. `` side - saddle '' ) , although not chambered or placed in a position where it was able to be fired , was declared to be legal under California law and the charge of having a loaded firearm against Clark was dismissed . Prior to January 1 , 2012 , it was legal to openly carry an unloaded handgun in public . In October 2011 , Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that modifies the law on openly carrying an unloaded firearm to match the restrictions for openly carrying a loaded weapon . Legislation was later signed by Governor Brown to expand these restrictions to long guns and shotguns , except while hunting . Transportation ( edit ) PC § 25610 ( 8 ). When being transported , handguns must be unloaded and in a locked fully enclosed container other than the glove box or any console attached to the vehicle . The trunk of a car is considered to be a locked container but a glove box or `` utility box '' is specifically forbidden . If one believes he or she is within a `` gun - free school zone '' ( area surrounding 1,000 feet from the edge of school grounds which teaches any grade from kindergarten to 12th grade ) then the handgun must be locked in a fully enclosed container . Failure to lock up a handgun while in a school zone is a violation of federal ( only if one does not possess a concealed weapons permit issued by California ) and state law . Long guns ( rifles , shotguns ) must be unloaded when transported in a vehicle . There is no requirement for a locked container with the exception of long guns considered to be `` assault weapons '' . Federal law requires locking containers when inside of a `` gun - free school zone . '' In U.S. v. Lopez the Supreme Court ruled the federal Gun - Free School Zone Act was an unconstitutional exercise of Congress 's power under the commerce clause . However , in 1996 Congress passed an amendment to the law requiring the gun to have traveled in interstate commerce , thereby voiding the effect of the ruling . Assault weapons , as defined by California law , must always be transported in locked containers and may only be transported under certain circumstances Traveling into California for purposes of competition ( edit ) PC § 30665 . Possession and Importation of Assault Weapon or . 50 BMG Rifle Into State by Nonresident ; Conditions Permitting Sections 30600 , 30605 , and 30610 shall not apply to the possession and importation of an assault weapon or a . 50 BMG rifle into this state by a nonresident if all of the following conditions are met : ( a ) The person is attending or going directly to or coming directly from an organized competitive match or league competition that involves the use of an assault weapon or a . 50 BMG rifle . ( b ) The competition or match is conducted on the premises of one of the following : ( 1 ) A target range that holds a regulatory or business license for the purpose of practicing shooting at that target range . ( 2 ) A target range of a public or private club or organization that is organized for the purpose of practicing shooting at targets . ( c ) The match or competition is sponsored by , conducted under the auspices of , or approved by , a law enforcement agency or a nationally or state recognized entity that fosters proficiency in , or promotes education about , firearms . ( d ) The assault weapon or . 50 BMG rifle is transported in accordance with Section 25610 or Article 3 ( commencing with Section 25505 ) of Chapter 2 of Division 5 . ( e ) The person is 18 years of age or over and is not in a class of persons prohibited from possessing firearms by virtue of Chapter 2 ( commencing with Section 29800 ) or Chapter 3 ( commencing with Section 29900 ) of Division 9 of this code or Section 8100 or 8103 of the Welfare and Institutions Code . ( Added by Stats. 2010 , SB 1080 , Ch. 711 , Sec. 6 . Operative January 1 , 2012 . ) Child Safety ( edit ) Firearms must be kept locked up when children may be present . The 2008 California Dangerous Weapons Control Law modified California Penal Code § 12035 defining criminal storage of a firearm as keeping `` any loaded firearm within any premises that are under his or her custody or control and he or she knows or reasonably should know that a child is likely to gain access to the firearm . '' A person may be charged with a crime , if he or she keeps a loaded firearm , and the child takes the firearm to a public place or causes injury . Nfa firearms ( edit ) It is illegal to possess an automatic firearm or a short - barreled shotgun or rifle without permission from the DOJ ; such permission is generally not granted . Enforcement of the ban varies throughout the state . Authorities in most urban areas will prosecute someone for merely possessing a prohibited firearm regardless of intent , whereas county sheriffs and local police in some rural counties have either refused to enforce the ban or to only prosecute those in possession of banned weapons who demonstrate malicious intent . Assault weapons ( edit ) Since 1989 , it is illegal to sell a firearm that the state has defined as an assault weapon and that has been listed in the California Department of Justice ( DOJ ) roster of prohibited firearms . This includes many military look - alike semi-automatic rifles and . 50 caliber BMG rifles . DOJ roster firearms may be legally possessed if registered with the state prior to January 2005 . Military look - alike firearms that are not listed on the DOJ roster of prohibited firearms , known as `` off - list lowers , '' are legal * to own and possess as long as state laws concerning configuration are followed . It is illegal to import , sell , give , trade , or lend a magazine that holds more than 10 rounds of ammunition , except for fixed tubular magazines for lever - action rifles and . 22 caliber rifles ; however , the possession of such magazines is legal . * Technically these `` off - list '' lowers are Category 2 assault weapons under current California law . However , in the 2001 case Harrott v. County of Kings ( 25 P. 3d 649 ( Cal. 2001 ) , the Category 2 assault weapon law was ruled unenforceable . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns capable of accepting a detachable magazine , regardless of specific makes or models or whether or not they have military - style features . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . Assault weapons Control Act of 1989 ( edit ) Main article : Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 The Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 ( AWCA ) , its augmentation in 1999 , and the . 50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 have led to many restrictions on semi-automatic firearms . In addition to a list of specific firearms that are banned by name , the following firearms are banned by characteristic ( from Penal Code § 30515 ( a ) , formerly § 12276.1 ) : ( 1 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon . ( B ) A thumbhole stock . ( C ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( D ) A grenade launcher or flare launcher . ( E ) A flash suppressor . ( F ) A forward pistol grip . ( 2 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has a fixed magazine with the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds . ( 3 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has an overall length of less than 30 inches ( 762 mm ) . ( 4 ) A semiautomatic pistol that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A threaded barrel , capable of accepting a flash suppressor , forward handgrip . ( B ) A second handgrip . ( C ) A shroud that is attached to , or partially or completely encircles , the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand , except a slide that encloses the barrel . ( D ) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip . ( 5 ) A semiautomatic pistol with a fixed magazine that has the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds . ( 6 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has both of the following : ( A ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( B ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon , thumbhole stock , or vertical handgrip . ( 7 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has the ability to accept a detachable magazine . ( 8 ) Any shotgun with a revolving cylinder . In addition , ( Penal Code § 12001.5 ) bans , by definition , short - barreled shotguns and short - barreled rifles . Defined in Penal Code § 12020 ; a short - barreled shotgun is defined as a firearm ( designed , redesigned , or altered ) to fire a fixed shotgun shell and has a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches . A short - barreled rifle is defined as a semiautomatic , center fire rifle with a barrel length of less than 16 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches . Interestingly , while a Rossi Circuit Judge ( 18 '' barrel ) is considered a shotgun with a revolving cylinder ( violation of # 8 above ) , the CA DOJ claims it is legal because it has a rifled barrel . However , the Taurus Judge handgun is considered a `` short - barreled shotgun '' and therefore illegal in CA , even though it fires the same shot shell as the Circuit Judge , as well as has a rifled barrel . Conversely , there are many revolvers that fire shot shells made in different calibers ( e.g. 22 , 9mm , 38 , etc . ) mostly used to shoot birds or snakes . Even though these handguns , with less that 18 '' barrels , fire shot shells , like the Judge , they are legal in California . Bullet button and refined definition of a `` fixed magazine '' ( edit ) Main article : Bullet button Methods of obtaining particular styles of firearms similar to assault weapons have been achieved by design changes by gun parts manufacturers . One of the most common modifications prior to 2017 was a `` bullet button '' , which modified a rifle so that the magazine is not removable without the use of a tool ( which could include a bullet used as a tool per state law ) , which presses a button that a finger alone can not press . Weapons with this feature were deemed to no longer have a `` detachable magazine '' within the assault weapons definition , and therefore could be exempt from the law as it then stood , depending on the other requirements . As certain portions of firearms ( the lower receiver , or `` lower '' for short , which is legally considered to be the firearm ) are banned by model name under California state law , multiple modifications could be made to allow a rifle to comply under state law . It is under these exceptions that the weapons used in the 2015 San Bernardino terrorist attack were legal when initially purchased , and subsequently illegally sold to the perpetrators . The perpetrators subsequently illegally altered these exempt weapons in ways that violated other provisions of the California law , by enabling the DPMS Panther Arms AR - 15 rifle to use a high - capacity magazine and illegally modifying the Smith & Wesson M&P15 rifle . In order to close what was perceived by proponents to be a loophole in the law enabling such modifications , the legislature passed Assembly Bill 1135 and Senate Bill 880 in 2016 which , amongst other things , narrowed the definition of a `` fixed magazine '' as required under the law `` to mean an ammunition feeding device contained in , or permanently attached to , a firearm in such a manner that the device can not be removed without disassembly of the firearm action . '' Shortly after being signed into law , Darin Prince , the creator of the bullet button , revealed the bullet button reloaded in order to comply with the new law . Exceptions ( edit ) California 's assault weapons ban has a provision for an individual to seek approval from the state DOJ to acquire , transport and possess a firearm that meets the state 's prohibited firearm criteria , although such approval is generally not granted unless the applicant qualifies under a limited set of exceptions : Individuals who owned listed assault weapons before the 1989 assault weapons ban went into effect are allowed to keep such firearms ; owners were required to register such weapons with the California DOJ by a deadline established in the assault weapons ban legislation . Non-resident , active duty military members who bring their firearms into California when permanently assigned to a military installation within the state . Prior to arrival , the military member must submit a registration form and a copy of his or her assignment orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander to the DOJ , and the firearm ( s ) in question are legal to obtain and possess in his or her home state . If a non-resident military member decides to establish residency in California , he or she must either surrender listed assault weapons to the DOJ or police department , or remove the weapons from the state prior to becoming a resident and / or separating from the Armed Services . Resident police officers in California may own listed assault weapons with permission of their police chief and the DOJ . As of 2011 , police officers may keep their assault weapons and high capacity magazines after retirement or separation from the force . No permission is needed for police to purchase and possess magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , but they must present proof of their active law enforcement affiliation . Firearms that would have been classified as assault weapons but are used for Olympic and International competitions are exempt . There is a list of the exempt firearms , and new firearms can be added to the list if needed by USA Shooting , the governing body for Olympic and International Shooting Sport competition . Assault weapons being imported into California for sale and delivery to a federal , state or local governmental agency for use by employees of such agencies to perform official duties . Private security firms may seek approval from the DOJ to arm its employees with weapons that meet California 's assault weapon definition while on duty . The DOJ in its discretion may issue a Special Weapons Permit to security firms on a need - based determination ( e.g. , significance of persons , items , or sites being protected by the applying firm , threat level against such persons , items , or sites , etc . ) . Employees of such firms are subject to extensive training and vetting requirements prior to obtaining DOJ approval to carry assault weapons on duty . Assault weapons intended for use in the film industry are allowed , with approval from the DOJ . Nonresidents transporting assault weapons through California ( edit ) There are protections under the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act for nonresidents traveling through California with firearms that meet the state 's assault weapon criteria . First , the weapon must be legal for the traveler to own under federal law and under the laws of his or her home state and the state of destination . Additionally , the weapon in question must be unloaded with the firearm and ammunition locked in separate cases and placed in an area of the vehicle that is not easily accessible , such as the trunk of a car or bed of a truck . Finally , the traveler should traverse the state by the shortest route and make the minimum number of stops practicable . Other laws ( edit ) There are also numerous other laws , such as prohibition on possession of tracer ammunition , handgun armor - piercing ammunition , . 50 BMG rifles , and the sale or transfer of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds . All rifles are normally exempt for the original owner if properly registered at the time of the acts which prohibited them . In addition , the law states that any weapon that is part of the AR - 15 series or AK series is also an assault weapon , regardless of manufacturer ; this dates back to 1989 ban , and was confirmed in the Kasler v. Lockyer decision , filed 6 / 29 / 2000 . However , the California Supreme Court declared the identification of assault weapon by series membership to be too dubious and difficult for the average citizen or even trial court to make without specific and clear model identification guidelines . The court thus set some specific requirements for the `` series '' identification portion of the law in their ruling of Harrott v. County of Kings , filed 6 / 28 / 2001 . This decision required banned firearms to be specifically listed by make and model in California Code of Regulations ( the `` Kasler list '' ) ; it did not address assault weapons defined by features . Thus , only firearms specifically listed by exact combination of manufacturer and model name , or conforming to explicit exterior characteristics ( such as a pistol grip or folding stock in combination with a detachable magazine ) can be banned under current legislation . Once it was realized the California Department of Justice ( CA DOJ ) had not updated the `` Kasler list '' in the five years after the Harrott decision , many Californians found they could legally purchase and possess AR and AK rifles not yet officially identified as `` series '' members . As of February 2006 , over 10,000 `` off - list '' receivers ( frames ) for such rifles have been legally imported to , and purchased within , California . The only requirement for these receivers are that the combination of make and model is not explicitly listed as banned , and as long as the owner does not add certain `` characteristic features '' turning the firearm into an assault weapon ( i.e. pistol grip , flash suppressor , etc . ) . These characteristic features can be used , however , if a nondetachable 10 - round ( or less ) magazine , conforming in the converse to the California Code of Regulations § 5469 , formerly § 978.20 , definition of detachable magazine , is affixed to such `` off - list '' rifles . These off - list rifles can also be used without a pistol grip , folding stock , or flash hider , in which case it is legal to own and use them with detachable magazines , including large capacity magazines . ( California Code of Regulations § 978.20 was changed without regulatory effect renumbering § 978.20 to § 5469 filed 6 - 28 - 2006 ) The CA DOJ produced a report from the Ferranto Commission in response , intimating that this list will be updated in early 2006 ; as of December 2006 , it had not done so . On February 1 , 2006 , the CA DOJ also issued a controversial memorandum about this subject ; critics say the described actions are not founded or supported within statutory law in Penal Code § § 12275 -- 12290 . This memo stated that once off - list `` series '' firearms are declared and registered as assault weapons , they will not be able to have characteristic features added or fixed magazines removed . This is being challenged by pro-gun groups , since there is no criminal violation in the California Penal Code for adding or changing features to a legally acquired , registered assault weapon . On November 8 , 2005 , San Francisco voters enacted Proposition H , a total ban on the manufacture , sale , transfer or distribution of firearms or ammunition in San Francisco , as well as a ban on the possession of handguns within the city by San Francisco residents ( excepting police officers , security guards and the like ) . The ban did not prohibit possession of weapons other than handguns , nor did it prohibit residents of other cities from possessing handguns in San Francisco . While this measure made San Francisco the third major U.S. city , following Washington , D.C. and Chicago , to enact a ban on handguns , San Francisco 's ban extended further , not implementing a grandfather clause found in Chicago 's and Washington D.C. 's laws that protected existing gun owners . Proposition H stated that handgun owners in San Francisco must turn over their handguns to the police by the end of March 2006 , have them confiscated , or move outside the city limits . In June 2006 , Judge James Warren of the San Francisco County Superior Court struck down Proposition H , asserting that under California law local officials do not have the authority to ban handgun ownership by law - abiding citizens . On January 9 , 2008 , a California appellate court upheld Judge Warren 's decision . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) opposed the ban from its inception . In May 2013 , the Los Angeles City Council voted to draft a law prohibiting the possession of large - capacity ammunition magazines , sparking lawsuit threats from two gun rights organizations . In November of the same year , the city of Sunnyvale passed a similar ordinance along with three other firearm related restrictions . The new ordinance requires city residents to `` dispose , donate , or sell '' any magazine capable of holding more than ten rounds within a proscribed period of time once the measure took effect . Measure C also requires : city residents to report firearm theft to the police within 48 hours , residents to lock up their guns at home , and gun dealers to keep logs of ammunition sales . The city of San Francisco then passed similar ordinances a short time later . SB199 , passed in August 2014 , requires some fake guns to have bright colors for safety reasons . Bill 1014 that has passed the State Senate in September 2014 would allow the police to confiscate guns from high - risk individuals for a period of 21 days without a warrant or court order . On 30 September 2014 , Governor Brown signed the law which is phased in through 1 January 2016 . This makes California the fourth state ( behind Connecticut , Indiana , and New York ) to have a weapons seizure law . SB 869 , newly signed by Governor Brown , makes it a crime ( infraction with a fine up to $1,000 ) to leave a firearm in an unattended vehicle unless it has been either 1 . locked in the trunk , 2 . stored in a locked container that is placed out of plain view or 3 . stored in a locked container that is permanently affixed to the interior of the vehicle and not in plain view . The specific language of the new law can be found in Penal Code Section 25140 . Active peace officers are specifically called out as not being exempt , unless in the event that immediate aid is required that is within the course of their employment . Likely , this law will be enforced upon the report that a firearm was stolen out of a vehicle , in which case the owner will be held responsible . In July 2016 several new restrictions were enacted . It became illegal to sell semi-automatic rifles with magazines that can be detached using a bullet button . The possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition is now prohibited ; large capacity magazines lawfully owned before this date must either be turned into police or a licensed firearms dealer , or removed from the state . Background checks are required for the sale of ammunition . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds , requires a background check for the purchase of ammunition , and requires the reporting of lost or stolen guns . Starting on January 1 , 2019 , a permit will be required to purchase ammunition and ammunition must be registered . See also ( edit ) . 50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 AR - 15s in California Concealed carry in the United States Gun laws in the United States by state Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority Law of California Mulford Act Peruta v. San Diego Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 San Francisco Proposition H ( 2005 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` California : Important / Relevant Gun Laws '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence -- Gun Law Information Experts '' . Smartgunlaws.org . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . 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Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Retention of Sales & Background Check Records in California '' , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . `` California law requires most firearm transfers to be processed through a licensed firearms dealer ... Firearms dealers are required to report all Dealer Record of Sale ( '' DROS `` ) transactions to the California Department of Justice ( '' DOJ `` ) electronically . '' Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 11106 '' , Onecle . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . `` ( 2 ) The registry shall consist of all of the following ... ( A ) The name , address , identification of , place of birth ( state or country ) , complete telephone number , occupation , sex , description , and all legal names and aliases ever used by the owner or person being loaned the particular firearm as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( B ) The name and address of , and other information about , any person ( whether a dealer or a private party ) from whom the owner acquired or the person being loaned the particular firearm and when the firearm was acquired or loaned as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( D ) The manufacturer 's name if stamped on the firearm , model name or number if stamped on the firearm , and , if applicable , the serial number , other number ( if more than one serial number is stamped on the firearm ) , caliber , type of firearm , if the firearm is new or used , barrel length , and color of the firearm , or , if the firearm is not a handgun and does not have a serial number or any identification number or mark assigned to it , that shall be noted . '' Jump up ^ `` New Firearms Legislation '' . State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General . 2016 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . 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Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Sheriff 's Decision Regarding Ninth Circuit 's Opinion on CCWs '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MILLER : California attorney general tries to overturn gun carry ruling in 9th Circuit '' . Washington Times . February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General Kamala D. Harris Appeals Ninth Circuit Concealed Weapons Permit Ruling State of California - Department of Justice - Kamala D. Harris Attorney General '' . Oag.ca.gov . February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` California Attorney General Appeals Judge 's Ruling On San Diego County 's Gun Rules '' . KPBS . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karen GulloJoel Rosenblatt ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` California Loses Bid to Revisit Ruling Striking Gun Rules - Bloomberg Business '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Order '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` 10 - 56971 Edward Peruta v. County of San Diego '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2016/06/09/10-56971%206-9%20EB%20opinion%20plus%20webcites.pdf Jump up ^ Peruta v. California , 582 U.S. _____ ( S. Ct. 2017 - 06 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Firearms State of California - Department of Justice - Kamala D. Harris Attorney General '' . Caag.state.ca.us . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick and Riccardi , Nicholas ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Brown Bans Open Carrying of Handguns '' , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 New and Amended California Firearms Legislation State of California - Department of Justice - Kamala D. Harris Attorney General '' . 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Jump up ^ Melendez , Lyanne ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Controversial legal assault rifle used in San Bernardino shooting '' . ABC7 News . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ashby ; Frosch , Dan ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Rifles Used in San Bernardino Shooting Illegal Under State Law : Weapons were legally purchased with magazine locking devices but altered to make them more powerful , ATF finds '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Why California 's Strict Gun Laws Did n't Matter In San Bernardino '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Legislative Analyst ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` Bill Analysis . SB 880 ( Hall ) - Firearms : assault weapons '' . California Legislative Information . State of California . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill No. 880 , An act to amend Sections 30515 and 30900 of , and to add Section 30680 to , the Penal Code , relating to firearms '' . California Legislative Information . State of California . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You Can Already Buy a Kit to Circumvent California 's Brand - New ' Assault Weapon ' Law '' . Reason.com. 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ BULLET BUTTON ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) , Patriot Mag Release ( BB Reloaded ) - BULLET BUTTON , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kasler v. Lockyer ( 2000 ) '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Harrott v. County of Kings , California Supreme Court ( 2001 ) '' ( PDF ) . Rkba.org . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` California Code of Regulations , Title 11 , Division 1 , Chapter 12.9 : Assault Weapons Identification hosted by Conceal Carry HQ '' ( PDF ) . Concealcarryhq.net . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf Jump up ^ calgunlaws.com Archived April 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob . `` Municipalities Ca n't Ban People from Owning Handguns , Court Rules '' , San Francisco Chronicle , January 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Zahniser , David ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. to draft law banning possession of large - capacity gun magazines '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` NRA vows to fight Sunnyvale 's tough new gun law '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michel , C.D. ( December 2013 ) . `` Legal Front Lines : Bloomberg pushes his agenda locally in California . Sunnyvale voters approve anti-gun Measure C - Lawsuit imminent '' . The Firing Line ( 1008 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` California : Lawsuit Filed Challenging Sunnyvale Ban on Possession of Standard Capacity Firearm Magazines '' . nraila.org . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bright - colored air gun bill passes state Assembly '' . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Lori . `` Gun Control Bill Passes State Senate '' . Publicnewsservice.org . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - SB - 869 Firearms : securing handguns in vehicles '' . leginfo.legislature.ca.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Siders , David ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` How Jerry Brown Acted on Sweeping Gun Control Bills '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Jeremy B. ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` What California 's New Gun Laws Mean for Hunters , Target Shooters '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Approved Proposition 63 , Gun Rights Groups Ready to Take Action '' . Bearing Arms. 2016 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) CA Penal Codes , Section 6 `` Control of Deadly Weapons '' CalGuns.net California DOJ Bureau of Firearms Page California DOJ California Firearms Laws Summary Booklet Legal Community Against Violence -- California State Law Summary The CalGuns Foundation CalGuns Foundation Wiki <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state <Td_colspan="2"> Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming <Td_colspan="2"> District of Columbia <Td_colspan="2"> American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_California&oldid=810332011 '' Categories : California law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Gun laws in California
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-438,173,215,930,148,350 | what type of food is georgia known for | Culture of Georgia ( U.S. state ) - wikipedia Culture of Georgia ( U.S. state ) This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The culture of Georgia is a subculture of the Southern United States that has come from blending heavy amounts of rural Scots - Irish culture with the culture of Africans and Native Americans . Since the late 20th century areas of Northern , Central , and the Atlanta metropolitan area of Georgia have experienced much growth from people moving from the mid-west and northeastern parts of the U.S.A. and along with many immigrants from Latin America . Southern culture remains prominent in the rural Southern and the Appalachian areas of the state . Georgians share a history with the other Southern States that includes the institution of slavery , the American Civil War , Reconstruction , the Great Depression , segregation , and the Civil Rights Movement . The people of Georgia are stereotyped both by their manners and for being highly religious . Language in Georgia is a combination of several different sub-dialects of Southern American English found in different areas of the state . The state 's culture is also influenced by its economy , most notably from forestry and its many benefits to the state and its people . Finally , Georgia 's cuisine is integral to its culture with such foods as seafood , cornbread , peaches and grits being part of the people of Georgia 's diet and economy . On a more abstract level , Georgia 's culture can be seen and heard in its literature , music , sports , film , television and art . Georgia is known for such authors as Alice Walker and Margaret Mitchell ; for musicians and bands such a R.E.M. and Ray Charles ; for interest in football , hunting and fishing ; for the films and television shows filmed in the state and the actors and actresses from Georgia ; and for the art created by Georgians and inspired by the state of Georgia . Georgia 's culture originated with its settlement by British colonists after the founding of the colony by James Edward Oglethorpe in 1732 . The early colonists were mostly English though there were also significant amounts of Scots - Irish , Salzburgers , Italians , Sephardic Jews , Moravians and Swiss , among others . It is the amalgamation of these disparate ethnicities , along with the influx of African slaves and their descendants , which has created the modern culture of the state and the modern Georgian . Stereotypical Georgian traits include manners known as `` Southern hospitality '' , a strong sense of community and shared culture , and a distinctive Southern dialect . Georgia 's Southern heritage makes turkey and dressing a traditional holiday dish during both Thanksgiving and Christmas . Movies like Gone with the Wind and the book If I Ever Get Back to Georgia , I 'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground by Lewis Grizzard lampoon ( and celebrate ) Georgia culture , speech and mannerisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable Georgia residents 2 Religion 3 Southern dialect in Georgia 4 Forestry 5 Cuisine 6 Literature 7 Music 8 Sports and recreation 9 Film 10 Television 11 Art 12 See also 13 References Notable Georgia residents ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Many notable individuals come from Georgia . Comedian Jeff Foxworthy is an Atlanta native . Actress Julia Roberts is a native of Smyrna , Georgia , a suburb just west of Atlanta . Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter was born in Plains , Georgia , Ryan Seacrest from Marietta , and baseball legend Jackie Robinson was born in Cairo , Georgia . Other notable people from Georgia include Otis Redding , Little Richard , Travis Tritt and Alice Walker . Religion ( edit ) Saint Mark United Methodist church As with the rest of the South , Georgia is highly religious , with the predominant religion in the state being Christianity . In fact , 85 % of Georgians are Christians with 76 % of those being Protestant , 8 % Catholic and 1 % designated as Other ; 13 % of the population have no religion and 2 % are of a religion other than Christianity . Georgia is home to several historic religious sites . Among them are Congregation Mickve Israel , located in Savannah , Georgia ; Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta , Georgia ; Kiokee Baptist Church located in Appling , Georgia ; Shrine of the Black Madonna of Atlanta ; and Springfield Baptist Church in Augusta , Georgia . The state is also the home of four prominent religious seminaries . They are the Candler School of Theology , a part of Emory University in Atlanta ; Columbia Theological Seminary in Decatur , Georgia ; the Interdenominational Theological Center of Atlanta ; and the Luther Rice University in Lithonia , Georgia . Southern dialect in Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Southern American English The Southern dialect in Georgia is made up of several sub dialects of Southern American English . For instance , the Coastal Southern dialect as well as the Gullah language , a dialect spoken by African American communities , can be found along Georgia 's coast . Southern Appalachian English is found primarily in north Georgia ; however , the dialect spoken in other areas such as Glascock County is virtually indistinguishable from Southern Appalachian . Forestry ( edit ) Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Georgia leads the United States in timber production , and timber is its highest valued agricultural product . Georgia is second in the nation with more than 3,800 certified Tree Farms that total nearly eight million acres . Moreover , Georgia was the first state in the nation to license foresters and today the state has about 1,200 licensed foresters . The timber industry generates 177,000 jobs and 66 % of a total land area of 36,800,000 acres ( 149,000 km ) is forested . Georgia 's forests benefit the state and its people greatly by providing habitats for diverse wildlife . Such diversity allows for much outdoor recreation , including hunting , fishing , birdwatching and hiking . Each year , more than two million people enjoy wildlife - related activities in Georgia , directly contributing more than $1.6 billion to the state 's economy . Cuisine ( edit ) Foliage and fruit Georgia 's cuisine includes a variety of different foods ranging from seafood , corn on the cob and chicken and dumplings to Brunswick stew , fried chicken and cornbread . Other well known and loved foods in the state include pecans , peaches , and peanuts . The state prepared food is grits . Barbecuing , a favorite pastime in Georgia , is integral to the state 's culture . All types of meat are barbecued in Georgia , but pork is traditionally the most popular meat in the state . Many people in Georgia barbecue for tailgate parties , for the Fourth of July or in case of homecomings and in all temperatures . The Georgia General Assembly traditionally holds a `` wild hog supper '' before legislative sessions and barbecue festivals can be found throughout the state . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Literature of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Georgia literature is distinct among the literature of other places in the world in its historical and geographical context and the values it imparts to people who enjoy the state 's literature . Dramas such as the play - turned - movie Driving Miss Daisy are one example of Georgia 's literary culture while better known fiction novels such as Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind and The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( The Color Purple 's stage adaptation is by Georgia Author and Agnes Scott Alumna Marsha Norman ) are other examples . Among the most interesting of Southern literature 's genres is Southern Gothic , with such notable Georgia writers as Flannery O'Connor and Erskine Caldwell . Georgia 's poets , such as Sidney Lanier , nonfiction writers like humorist Lewis Grizzard also have a place in the state 's literary background . Many writers in Georgia have looked to their past to better understand their present and the challenges Georgians face today . Some of those authors are Raymond Andrews , Olive Ann Burns , Flannery O'Connor , Marion Montgomery , James Dickey , Mary Hood and Alice Walker . Each of these writers have drawn upon the history of the state and the social and political changes in Georgia to create stories about faith , redemption , race , and other important issues . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Ray Charles Music in Georgia ranges from folk music to rhythm and blues , rock and roll , country music , sludge metal and hip hop . The Georgia Music Hall of Fame , located in Macon is the state 's museum of music . Georgia 's folk musical traditions include important contributions to the Piedmont blues , shape note singing and African American music . The `` ring shout '' , an African American musical and dance tradition among the oldest surviving African American performance styles in North America , can still be found in McIntosh County , Georgia where black communities have kept the style alive . The McIntosh County ring shout is a counterclockwise ring dance featuring clapping and stick - beating percussion with call - and - response vocals . The ring shout tradition is strongest in Boldon , Georgia , where it is traditionally performed on New Year 's Eve . The Sacred Harp , compiled and produced by Georgians Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King , was published in 1844 . The Sacred Harp system use notes represented by different shapes according to scale degree , intended to make it easy for people to learn to sight - read music and perform complex pieces without a lot of training . Established in 1933 , the Sacred Harp Publishing Company , located in Carrollton , Georgia , publishes the most widely used 1991 edition of The Sacred Harp . Rock legends The Allman Brothers Band formed in Jacksonville , Florida , but moved to Macon , Georgia in 1969 and continued to call Macon home until 1979 . The Allman 's make numerous musical references to Georgia , in such songs as Hot ' Lanta , their cover of Blind Willie McTell 's Statesboro Blues , and Ramblin ' Man . Duane Allman famously mentioned Georgia in an interview with Ellen Mandel of Good Times Magazine , when in response to the question `` How are you helping the revolution ? '' Allman replied `` I 'm hitting a lick for peace . And every time I 'm in Georgia , I eat a peach for peace . '' The Black Crowes are a group out of Marietta , Georgia that fuse blues , rock , and gospel into a Southern - soul - driven hard - rocking extravaganza with tones of Zeppelin - power and Sunday morning inspiration . The city of Athens , Georgia , home to the University of Georgia has been a fertile field for alternative rock bands since the late 1970s . Notable bands from Athens include R.E.M. , The B - 52 's , Widespread Panic , Drive - By Truckers , as well as bands from the Elephant 6 Recording Company most notably Neutral Milk Hotel . Rhythm and Blues is another important musical genre in Georgia . Ray Charles was one of popular music 's most influential performers , fusing R&B , jazz , and country into many popular songs . Augusta native James Brown and Macon native Little Richard , two important figures in R&B history , started performing in Georgia clubs on the chitlin ' circuit , fused gospel with blues and boogie - woogie to lay the foundations for R&B and Soul music , and rank among the most iconic musicians of the 20th century . In the 1960s , Atlanta native Gladys Knight proved one of the most popular Motown recording artists , while Otis Redding , born in the small town of Dawson but raised in Macon , defined the grittier Southern soul sound of Memphis - based Stax Records . Atlanta - based OutKast proved one of the first commercially successful Hip - Hop groups from outside of New York City or Los Angeles . In the 1990s and 2000s , Atlanta emerged as the leading center of urban music . Artists like TLC , Usher , 112 , T.I. , Ludacris , YoungBloodZ , OutKast , Goodie Mob ( as well as the Dungeon Family music collective of which both are members ) , and producers like Organized Noize , L.A. Reid , and Jermaine Dupri , the later of whom founded the successful record labels LaFace and SoSo Def , have blurred musical boundaries by blending R&B singing with Hip - Hop production . More recently , Atlanta is also known as a center of crunk music , an electric bass - driven club music , whose most visible practitioner has been Atlanta - based producer / hype man / rapper Lil Jon . Before moving to Atlanta , Young Jeezy lived in Macon , Georgia . Several sludge metal groups have emerged from Georgia , incorporating several features of stoner metal and progressive metal . Such bands include Atlanta 's Mastodon and Savannah 's Baroness and Kylesa , which have recently garnered an international audience . Opera singer Jessye Norman is native to Augusta . Famous music director Robert Shaw spent much of his time living in Atlanta directing the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus . Notable musical groups include the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra , the Atlanta Symphony Chorus , Atlanta Opera , the Georgia Boy Choir , the Atlanta Boy Choir , and the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra , as well as symphonies in the cities of Columbus , Macon and Augusta . Sports and recreation ( edit ) A hiker signs the register at the southern terminus on Springer Mountain Main article : Sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports in Georgia include professional teams in all major sports , Olympic Games contenders and medalists , collegiate teams in major and small - school conferences and associations , and active amateur teams and individual sports . The State of Georgia has a team in three of the four major professional leagues ( MLB , NFL , NBA ) . Georgia has an abundance of outdoor recreational activities . Outdoor activities include , but are not limited to , hiking along the Appalachian Trail ; Civil War Heritage Trails ; rock climbing and whitewater paddling . Other outdoor activities include hunting and fishing . Less rustic activities are trips to Callaway Gardens ; circuses ; rattlesnake roundups ; and Zoo Atlanta . Film ( edit ) Hundreds of feature films have been located in Georgia . In 2016 alone , more than $7 billion had been generated for the state 's economy by the film and television industry . Some of these films include Deliverance ; Smokey and the Bandit ; Driving Miss Daisy and Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil . Due to the success of Deliverance , Jimmy Carter established a state film commission , now known as the Georgia Film , Video and Music Office , in 1973 to market Georgia as a shooting location for future projects . In 2016 , 245 filming projects including : commercials , feature films , television shows and music videos . Many other films other than the ones listed above have been set in or have used Georgia as a background for their settings . One such film was Forrest Gump , which used a bench in Savannah , Georgia during the film . Fried Green Tomatoes , though set mostly in Alabama a small portion of the novel and film were set in Valdosta Georgia , was filmed in Juliette , Georgia in Monroe County , Georgia . A more recent film , Sweet Home Alabama , was filmed almost entirely in Crawfordville , Georgia . Year Filmed Project Title Project Type Location 1972 Deliverance Film Tallulah Gorge , Clayton and Rabun County 1976 Smokey and the Bandit Film McDonough , Jonesboro and Lithonia 1980 Escape from New York City Film Atlanta 1982 The Big Chill Film Atlanta 1986 Mosquito Coast Film Cartersville and Rome 1986 Friday 13th : Jason Lives Film Covington School Daze Film Atlanta 1989 Driving Miss Daisy Film Atlanta 1989 Glory Film Savannah and Jekyll Island `` The Last Song '' Film Tybee Island Television ( edit ) Georgia Public Broadcasting logo See also : List of television stations in Georgia Georgia is home to Ted Turner , who founded TBS , TNT , TCM , Cartoon Network , CNN and Headline News , among others . The CNN Center , which houses the news channel 's world headquarters , is located in downtown Atlanta , facing Marietta Street , while the home offices of the Turner Entertainment networks are located in midtown , near the Georgia Tech campus , on Techwood Drive . A third Turner building is on Williams Street , directly across Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 from the Techwood Drive campus and is the home of Adult Swim and Williams Street Studios . The Weather Channel 's headquarters are located in the Smyrna area of metropolitan Atlanta in Cobb County . WSB - TV was the state 's first television station , and the southeastern United States ' second . WSB - TV signed on Channel 8 in 1948 , and moved to its present - day location on Channel 2 in 1952 . Georgia Public Broadcasting ( GPB ) operates nine major educational television stations across the state as Georgia Public Broadcasting Television . Like movies , several television shows have been filmed or set in Georgia . The Dukes of Hazzard began filming in Georgia , though it moved to California in later years . In the Heat of the Night was also filmed in Georgia as was the television series I 'll Fly Away and its miniseries sequel I 'll Fly Away : Then and Now . Art ( edit ) Portrait of James Habersham , Sr. by Jeremiah Theüs The arts and artists have found a home in Georgia since its beginnings as a British Colony . Many artists , from Jill Carnes to Marie Weaver call Georgia their home and the Georgia Museum of Art on the University of Georgia 's campus in Athens is the state 's official art museum . The decorative arts - ceramics , furniture , glass , metalwork and textiles -- are found throughout the state . This type of art is generally known by its region : Tidewater , Coastal Plain , Piedmont , and Highlands . These regions were settled at different times in the state 's history . Though very few examples exist either in Georgia or in the United States the history of painting in the eighteen and nineteenth centuries in Georgia mirrors the history of painting in the United States . Some early examples of works done in Georgia are the watercolors and pencil sketches done by Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck ; the portrait of James Habersham Sr. by the Swiss artist Jeremiah Theüs and John Abbott , a popular watercolor painter of local birds and insects . See also ( edit ) Outline of culture Outline of Georgia ( U.S. state ) History of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Culture of Atlanta , Georgia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Colonial Immigration '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Georgia & the Carolinas : Peaches , Palmettos , and Pleasantries . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Foxworthy Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Jimmy Carter '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Otis Redding Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Tritt Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Walker Biography '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Awesome America '' . Awesomeamerica.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Congregation Micve Israel '' . Newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ebenezer Baptist Church '' . Newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kiokee Baptist Church '' . Jump up ^ `` Shrine of the Black Madonna '' . Newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Springfield Baptist Church '' . Newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Candler School of Theology '' . Candler.emory.edu . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Theological Seminary '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Theological Center '' . Itc.edu . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Rice University '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gullah '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Facts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Forest '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Foodways : Overview '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` State prepared food '' . Sos.georgia.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Barbecue '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Literature : Overview '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` McIntosh County Shouters '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Sacred Harp '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Buell Cobb , The Sacred Harp : A Tradition and Its Music ( Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1989 ) , 7 . Jump up ^ `` About the Company - The Sacred Harp Publishing Company '' . Originalsacredharp.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New Georgia Encyclopedia '' . The Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band Museum at the Big House '' . Thebighousemuseum.com . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eat a Peach '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 19 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm and Blues Music : Overview '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Outkast '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jessye Norman Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Boy Choir '' . Georgiaboychoir.org . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Appalachian Trail '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Heritage Trails '' . Gcwht.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rock climbing '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewater paddling '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Callaway Gardens '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Circuses '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Rattlesnake Roundups '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Zoo Atlanta '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film industry generates more than $7 billion for Georgia 's economy - Georgia Department of Economic Development '' . Georgia.org . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film industry in Georgia '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Public Broadcasting '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Museum of Art '' . Uga.edu . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Decorative Arts : Overview '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Paintings of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries : Overview '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . <Th_colspan="3"> State of Georgia <Td_colspan="3"> Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Seal of Georgia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) <Th_colspan="2"> Culture of the United States by locale Culture by city or metropolitan area Baltimore Boston Chicago Cincinnati Dallas Detroit Houston Jacksonville Los Angeles Miami New Orleans New York City Brooklyn Omaha Philadelphia Pittsburgh San Antonio San Diego San Francisco Seattle St. Louis Virginia Beach Culture by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Culture by region Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England South Federal district Washington , D.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=850100072 '' Categories : Georgia ( U.S. state ) culture Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 16 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Culture of Georgia (U.S. state)
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-7,881,647,455,464,884,000 | how many 3 star michelin restaurants are there | List of Michelin 3 - Star restaurants - wikipedia List of Michelin 3 - Star restaurants Jump to : navigation , search Michelin stars are a rating system used by the red Michelin Guide to grade restaurants on their quality . The guide was originally developed in 1900 to show French drivers where local amenities such as restaurants and mechanics were , the rating system was first introduced in 1926 as a single star , with the second and third stars introduced in 1933 . According to the Guide , one star signifies `` a very good restaurant '' , two stars are `` excellent cooking that is worth a detour '' , and three stars mean `` exceptional cuisine that is worth a special journey '' . The listing of starred restaurants is updated once a year . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Michelin 3 - star restaurants by country in the latest version 1.1 Belgium 1.2 China 1.3 Denmark 1.4 France ( and Monaco ) 1.5 Germany 1.6 Hong Kong and Macau 1.7 Italy 1.8 Japan 1.9 Netherlands 1.10 Norway 1.11 Singapore 1.12 South Korea 1.13 Spain 1.14 Sweden 1.15 Switzerland 1.16 Taiwan 1.17 United Kingdom 1.18 United States 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links List of Michelin 3 - Star restaurants by country in the latest version ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Kruishoutem Hof van Cleve Peter Goossens 2005 Zedelgem Hertog Jan Gert de Mangeleer 2012 China ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Shanghai T'ang Court Justin Tan 2017 Shanghai Ultraviolet Paul Pairet 2018 Denmark ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Copenhagen Geranium Rasmus Kofoed 2016 France ( and Monaco ) ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Chagny Maison Lameloise Éric Pras 2007 Collonges - au - Mont - d'Or L'Auberge du Pont de Collonges - Paul Bocuse Christophe Muller , Gilles Reinhardt , and Olivier Couvin 1965 Courchevel 1850 Le 1947 at Cheval Blanc Yannick Alléno 2017 Eugénie - les - Bains Les Prés d'Eugénie - Michel Guérard Michel Guérard 1977 Fontjoncouse Auberge du Vieux Puits Gilles Goujon Illhaeusern Auberge de l'Ill Marc Haeberlin 1967 Le Castellet ( Circuit Paul Ricard ) Christophe Bacquié Christophe Bacquié 2018 Les Belleville La Bouitte René and Maxime Meilleur 2015 Manigod La Maison des Bois - Marc Veyrat Marc Veyrat 2018 Marseille Le Petit Nice Gérald Passédat 2008 Megève Flocons de Sel Emmanuel Renaut 2012 Monte Carlo Le Louis XV - Alain Ducasse à l'Hôtel de Paris Franck Cerutti and Dominique Lory Ouches Le Bois sans Feuilles - Troisgros Michel and César Troisgros 1968 Paris 4 L'Ambroisie Bernard Pacaud Paris 6 Guy Savoy Guy Savoy 2002 Paris 7 Arpège Alain Passard Paris 8 Alain Ducasse au Plaza Athénée Romain Meder 2016 Paris 8 Alléno Paris au Pavillon Ledoyen Yannick Alléno 2015 Paris 8 Epicure Éric Fréchon 2009 Paris 8 Le Cinq Christian Le Squer 2016 Paris 8 Pierre Gagnaire Pierre Gagnaire 1998 Paris 16 Astrance Pascal Barbot 2007 Paris 16 Le Pré Catelan Frédéric Anton 2007 Saint - Bonnet - le - Froid Régis et Jacques Marcon Régis and Jacques Marcon 2005 Saint - Tropez La Vague d'Or Arnaud Donckele 2013 Tinqueux L'Assiette Champenoise Arnaud Lallement 2014 Valence Pic Anne - Sophie Pic 2007 Vonnas Georges Blanc Georges Blanc 1981 Germany ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Baiersbronn Schwarzwaldstube Harald Wohlfahrt 1993 Baiersbronn Restaurant Bareiss Claus - Peter Lumpp 2008 Bergisch Gladbach Vendôme Joachim Wissler 2005 Dreis Waldhotel Sonnora Helmut Thieltges 1999 Hamburg The Table Kevin Fehling 2016 Munich Atelier Jan Hartwig 2018 Osnabrück La Vie Thomas Bühner 2012 Perl Victor 's Fine Dining by Christian Bau Christian Bau 2006 Rottach - Egern Restaurant Überfahrt Christian Jürgens 2014 Saarbrücken GästeHaus Klaus Erfort Klaus Erfort 2008 Wolfsburg Aqua Sven Elverfeld 2009 Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) See also : List of Michelin starred restaurants in Hong Kong and Macau Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Hong Kong Lung King Heen Chan Yan Tak 2009 Hong Kong 81⁄2 Otto e Mezzo Bombana Umberto Bombana and Keith Yam Ka Lok 2012 Hong Kong L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon David Alves 2012 Hong Kong Bo Innovation Alvin Leung 2014 Hong Kong Sushi Shikon Yoshiharu Kakinuma 2014 Hong Kong T'ang Court Kwong Wai Keung 2016 Macau Robuchon au Dôme Julien Tongourian 2009 Macau The Eight Cheung Tan - leung 2014 Italy ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Alba Piazza Duomo Enrico Crippa 2013 Brusaporto Da Vittorio Vittorio Cerea Canneto sull'Oglio Dal Pescatore Nadia Santini Castel di Sangro Reale Niko Romito 2014 Florence Enoteca Pinchiorri Annie Féolde , Italo Bassi , and Riccardo Monco 1993 Modena Osteria Francescana Massimo Bottura 2012 Rome La Pergola Heinz Beck 2005 Rubano Le Calandre Massimiliano Alajmo 2002 San Cassiano St. Hubertus Norbert Niederkofler 2018 Japan ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Fukuoka Gyoten Kenji Gyoten 2014 Hiroshima Nakashima Tetsuo Nakashima 2013 Hokkaido Molière Hiroshi Nakamichi 2012 Hokkaido Hanakoji Sawada Tomoya Kago 2017 Hokkaido Sushi Miyakawa Masaaki Miyakawa 2017 Kobe Ca Sento Shinya Fukumoto 2011 Kobe Komago Kenichi Fujiwara 2011 Kyoto Chihana Katsuyoshi Nagata Kyoto Hyotei Yoshihiro Takahashi Kyoto Kikunoi Honten Yoshihiro Murata Kyoto Kitcho Arashiyama Kunio Tokuoka Kyoto Mizai Hitoshi Ishihara 2014 ( & 2010 -- 2012 ) Kyoto Nakamura Motokazu Nakamura 2011 Kyoto Kichisen Yoshimi Tanigawa 2014 Kyoto Iida Shinichi Iida 2018 Nara Wa Yamamura Nobuharu Yamamura 2012 Osaka Kashiwaya Hideaki Matsuo 2011 Osaka Taian Hitoshi Takahata 2011 Osaka Koryu Matsuo Shintaro 2012 Osaka Hajime Hajime Yoneda 2018 ( & 2010 -- 2012 ) Shōnan Kouan Yukinori Iijima 2012 Tokyo Joël Robuchon Alain Verzeroli 2008 Tokyo Kanda Hiroyuki Kanda 2008 Tokyo Quintessence Shuzo Kishida 2008 Tokyo Sukiyabashi Jiro Jiro Ono 2008 Tokyo Ishikawa Hideki Ishikawa 2009 Tokyo Sushi Saito Takashi Saito Tokyo Yukimura Jun Yukimura Tokyo Usukifugu Yamadaya Fumie Yamadaya 2011 Tokyo Ryugin Seiji Yamamoto 2012 Tokyo Sushi Yoshitake Masahiro Yoshitake 2012 Tokyo Makimura Makimura Akio 2015 Tokyo Kohaku Koji Koizumi 2016 Toyama Yamazaki Koji Yamazaki 2016 Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Vaassen De Leest Jacob Jan Boerma 2014 Zwolle De Librije Jonnie Boer Kruiningen Inter Scaldes Jannis Brevet 2018 Norway ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Oslo Maaemo Esben Holmboe Bang 2016 Singapore ( edit ) See also : List of Michelin starred restaurants in Singapore Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Singapore Joël Robuchon Michael Michaelidis 2016 South Korea ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Seoul Gaon Kim Byoung - Jin 2016 Seoul La Yeon Kim Sung - Il 2016 Spain ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Barcelona Lasarte Martín Berasategui and Paolo Casagrande 2016 Barcelona ABaC Jordi Cruz 2018 Dénia Quique Dacosta Quique Dacosta 2013 El Puerto de Santa María Aponiente Ángel León 2018 Girona El Celler de Can Roca Joan Roca 2009 Lasarte - Oria Restaurante Martín Berasategui Martín Berasategui 2001 Larrabetzu Azurmendi Eneko Atxa 2013 Madrid DiverXO David Muñoz 2014 Sant Pol de Mar Sant Pau Carme Ruscalleda 2006 San Sebastián Arzak Juan Mari Arzak San Sebastián Akelaŕe ( Akelarre ) Pedro Subijana 2007 Sweden ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Stockholm Frantzén Björn Frantzén 2018 Switzerland ( edit ) See also : List of restaurants in Switzerland Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Basel Cheval Blanc Peter Knogl 2016 Crissier Restaurant de l'Hôtel de Ville Franck Giovannini Fürstenau Schloss Schauenstein Andreas Caminada 2011 Taiwan ( edit ) Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Taipei Le Palais Ken Chan and Matt Chen 2018 United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : List of three Michelin starred restaurants in the United Kingdom Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Bray The Waterside Inn Alain Roux 1985 Bray The Fat Duck Jonny Lake London Restaurant Gordon Ramsay Gordon Ramsay and Matt Abé 2001 London Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester Jean - Philippe Blondet London The Araki Mitsuhiro Araki 2018 United states ( edit ) See also : List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago See also : List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City See also : List of Michelin starred restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area See also : List of Michelin starred restaurants in Washington , D.C. Location Restaurant Chef ( s ) Awarded since Chicago Alinea Grant Achatz and Mike Bagale 2011 Los Gatos Manresa David Kinch and Mitch Lienhard 2016 New York City Le Bernardin Éric Ripert , Chris Muller , and Eric Gestel 2006 New York City Per Se Thomas Keller and Corey Chow 2006 New York City Masa Masa Takayama 2009 New York City Eleven Madison Park Daniel Humm and Dmitri Magi 2012 New York City Chef 's Table at Brooklyn Fare César Ramírez 2012 San Francisco Benu Corey Lee and Brandon Rodgers 2015 San Francisco Saison Joshua Skenes 2015 San Francisco Quince Michael Tusk and Neil Stetz 2017 San Francisco Coi Matthew Kirkley 2018 St. Helena The Restaurant at Meadowood Christopher Kostow and John Hong 2011 Yountville The French Laundry Thomas Keller and David Breeden 2007 See also ( edit ) List of Michelin starred restaurants in Ireland List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City List of Michelin starred restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area List of Michelin starred restaurants in Scotland List of Michelin starred restaurants in Singapore List of three Michelin starred restaurants in the United Kingdom List of Michelin starred restaurants in Washington , D.C. Lists of restaurants List of female chefs with Michelin stars The World 's 50 Best Restaurants Food portal Companies portal Business and economics portal Lists portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boxell , James ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Star - crossed '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Rachel ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Michelin stars '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hof Van Cleve Pdf '' ( PDF ) . hofvancleve.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin 's 2012 Stars For Belgium and Luxembourg '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide Lands In China , Shanghai Receives 31 Stars '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/The-restaurant-Ultraviolet-by-Paul-Pairet-gets-3-stars-in-the-MICHELIN-guide-Shanghai-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Reveals 2016 Nordic Guide ; Two Restaurants Achieve 3 - Star Status '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin : trois étoiles pour le Plaza Athénée et Le Cinq '' . Le Monde. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/MICHELIN-guide-Yannick-Alleno-s-1947-restaurant-Courchevel-awarded-3-stars-in-the-2017-MICHELIN-guide-France Jump up ^ `` France 's 2017 Michelin Stars Are Here '' . Eater. 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le `` Michelin 2010 '' décerne trois étoiles à l'Auberge du Vieux Puits `` . Le Monde. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/La-Bouitte-and-Pavillon-Ledoyen-Awarded-Three-Stars-in-the-MICHELIN-Guide-France-2015 Jump up ^ `` Michelin reveals France 's restaurant winners , losers '' . Tucson Citizen. 19 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2012 Guide For France '' . Eater. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.montecarlosbm.com/restaurants-in-monaco/chefs/franck-cerutti/ Jump up ^ http://www.montecarlosbm.com/restaurants-in-monaco/chefs/dominique-lory/ Jump up ^ New York Times ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tales Told in Stars : Michelin Adds and Subtracts '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Guide 2016 : New Stars for France 's Restaurants Revealed Today '' . Forbes . 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin France : Alain Ducasse 's Plaza Athénée Demoted , Pavillon Ledoyen Gets Three '' . Eater. 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide Announces 2013 Stars For France '' . Eater. 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2014 Stars For France '' . Eater. 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TRAVEL ADVISORY ; 1993 Guides Are Issued '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schnitzel Outcooks Spaghetti in Michelin Guide '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joachim Wissler '' . Four Magazine . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drei - Sterne - Koch Helmut Thieltges '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2016 Stars for Germany '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/Guide-MICHELIN-Germany-2018-The-restaurant-Atelier-Munich-obtains-3-stars Jump up ^ `` Eleven stars on the rise in new Michelin Guide to German cuisine '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Chefs Light Up German Sky '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2014 Stars for Germany '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Chef Sven Elverfeld of Aqua : Michelin - Starred Fine Dining in Germany '' . The Daily Meal . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hong Kong and Macau 's first Michelin stars '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hong Kong and Macau Add to Michelin Tally '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/MICHELIN-awards-three-new-restaurants-in-Hong-Kong-and-Macau-highest-honours ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Hong Kong Guide Adds 3 - Star Restaurants '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/T-ang-court-gains-three-stars-in-the-MICHELIN-Guide-Hong-Kong-Macau-2016 Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2016 Stars for Hong Kong And Macau -- And For The First Time In History , A Spotlight on Local Street Food '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide Announces 2013 Stars For Italy '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.davittorio.com/images/ilristorante/DV_Company_Profile_2016_ENG.pdf Jump up ^ `` Nadia Santini Is World 's 50 Best 's 2013 Best Female Chef '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/The-2014-Michelin-guide-Italy-A-Host-of-New-Entries-and-Stars Jump up ^ `` 2014 Michelin Stars for Italy Announced '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italy 2012 Michelin Guide Announced ; Bottura Gets Three '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide Third Star Awarded to `` La Pergola '' `` . Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Massimiliano Alajmo 's Michelin Star Restaurants '' . Food & Wine . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/Guide-MICHELIN-Italie-2018-The-restaurant-St-Hubertus-awarded-3-stars Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/The-new-2013-Special-Edition-MICHELIN-guide-Hiroshima-welcomes-the-region-s-first-three-star-restaurant ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Guide Kyoto Osaka Kobe 2011 '' . Luxuo . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/2-new-three-stars-for-Kyoto-in-the-MICHELIN-guide-Kansai-2014 ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Michelin Stars for Western Japan Announced '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/Guide-MICHELIN-Kyoto-2018-IIDA-and-HAJIME-obtain-three-MICHELIN-stars ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Announces 2012 Stars For Western Japan '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.hajime-artistes.com/eng/hajimeyoneda_awards.html ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Guide dubs Tokyo world 's starriest city '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebration of Asian cuisine in Seoul '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo restaurants tops in Michelin '' . Gadling . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Announces 2015 Stars for Tokyo '' . Eater . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Maintains Its Michelin - Star Lead '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KOHAKU OBTAINS THREE STARS IN THE MICHELIN GUIDE TOKYO 2016 '' . Michelin Guide . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NL Times ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` NEW NETHERLANDS MICHELIN STARS ANNOUNCED '' . Jump up ^ Brandligt , Vivie ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Historisch overzicht Michelinsterren 2001 t / m 2005 '' ( Historical overview Dutch Michelin stars 2001 - 2005 ) . Misset Horeca ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelin Guide Singapore ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Hawker stars , Australian and Peranakan fare celebrated in inaugural 2016 Michelin Guide Singapore '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin names two 3 - star eateries in first Seoul guide '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berasategui da a Barcelona su primer tres estrellas Michelin '' . ELMUNDO . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/Guide-MICHELIN-Spain-and-Portugal-2018-Restaurants-AbaC-and-Aponiente-receive-3-stars ^ Jump up to : `` Jordi Cruz ( ABaC ) y Ángel Léon ( Aponiente ) , nuevos tres estrellas Michelin españoles '' . ELMUNDO . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Announces 2013 Stars for Spain and Portugal '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roca brothers work together to make El Celler in Spain an award - winning restaurant '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is Majorca Europe 's best island for foodies ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2014 Stars for Spain and Portugal '' . Eater . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The stars are out in Spain '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Elite Female Chefs Reveal What It 's Really Like to Have Three Michelin Stars '' . Marie Claire . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los aliados de las estrellas de la cocina '' . El País . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/de-nordiska-michelinstjarnorna-delas-ut Jump up ^ `` Michelin Announces 2016 Stars for Switzerland '' . Eater . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.restaurantcrissier.com/en/awards/ Jump up ^ `` Restaurants have Michelin stars in their eyes '' . SwissInfo . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://guide.michelin.com/tw/en/taipei/news-and-views/taipei-michelin-guide-2018-results-full-list/news Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.waterside-inn.co.uk/about_us/ Jump up ^ `` Self - taught chef wins third Michelin star in record time '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.gordonramsayrestaurants.com/restaurant-gordon-ramsay/about/ Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide 2010 : UK has more starred restaurants than ever before '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.michelin.com/eng/media-room/press-and-news/press-releases/Products-Services/MICHELIN-Guide-Great-Britain-Ireland-2018-The-Araki-restaurant-obtains-3-stars Jump up ^ https://alinearestaurant.com/site/people/ Jump up ^ `` Chicago Michelin Guide Revealed : Alinea , L20 Get 3 Stars '' . Eater . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.manresarestaurant.com/about/ Jump up ^ https://www.manresarestaurant.com/team_member/executive-chef/ Jump up ^ https://www.manresarestaurant.com/team_member/none-1/ Jump up ^ `` The 2016 San Francisco Michelin Guide 's Big Winner Is David Kinch 's Manresa '' . Eater . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.le-bernardin.com/about/eric-ripert Jump up ^ https://www.le-bernardin.com/about/team/chris-muller Jump up ^ https://www.le-bernardin.com/about/team/eric-gestel ^ Jump up to : `` ViaMichelin : MICHELIN SELECTS BEST RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS IN NEW YORK CITY '' ( PDF ) . 1 November 2005 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.thomaskeller.com/biography Jump up ^ https://www.thomaskeller.com/new-york-new-york/per-se/team Jump up ^ https://www.thomaskeller.com/new-york-new-york/per-se/corey-chow Jump up ^ Fabricant , F. ( 7 October 2008 ) . `` Masa and Mas Win in New Food Guides '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michelin Welcomes 2 New 3 - Star Restaurants for 2012 '' . PR Newswire. 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.benusf.com/team ^ Jump up to : `` Benu , Saison Become First San Francisco Restaurants to Earn 3 Michelin Stars '' . nbcbayarea.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Benu '' . Via Michelin . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Saison '' . Via Michelin . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Six Bay Area Restaurants Now Have Three Michelin Stars , As Many As New York '' . Eater . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michelin press release Jump up ^ `` Michelin Guide Bay Area 2011 : Meadowood elevated to three stars , Chez Panisse loses its star '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.thomaskeller.com/yountville-california/french-laundry/team Jump up ^ https://www.thomaskeller.com/yountville-california/french-laundry/david-breeden Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 2012 Michelin Travel & Lifestyle '' . Michelintravel.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Jean - François Mesplède ( and preface by Alain Ducasse ) : Trois étoiles au Michelin : une histoire de la haute gastronomie française and européenne , Édition Gründ , 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michelin - starred restaurants . The Michelin Guide The Staff Canteen <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Lists of restaurants By city Barcelona Hong Kong Lagos Las Vegas Valley London New York City Paris Portland , Oregon Singapore Tokyo Vienna By company Burger King franchises KFC franchises McDonald 's restaurants By country Restaurant districts and streets Australia Pizzerias in Australia Canadian chains Canadian pizza chains Fast - food chains in Canada China Hungary Iceland India chains Ireland chains Israel Mexico Philippine chains Scotland South Africa Sweden Switzerland Wales United States chains Pizza chains of the U.S. U.S. restaurant districts and streets Hawaii By cuisine Bakery cafés Barbecue restaurants Coffeehouse chains Doughnut shops Fast - food chicken restaurants Fish and chip restaurants Frozen yogurt companies Hamburger restaurants Hot dog restaurants Ice cream parlor chains Noodle restaurants Ramen shops Oyster bars Pancake houses Pizza chains Pizza franchises Seafood restaurants Steakhouses Submarine sandwich restaurants Vegetarian restaurants By ethnicity Chinese restaurants French restaurants Greek restaurants Italian restaurants Japanese restaurants Mexican restaurants Russian restaurants Thai restaurants By owner Owned or operated by Gordon Ramsay By rating Michelin 3 - star restaurants Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago Michelin starred restaurants in Hong Kong and Macau Michelin starred restaurants in Ireland Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands Michelin starred restaurants in New York City Michelin starred restaurants in San Francisco Michelin starred restaurants in Scotland Michelin starred restaurants in Singapore Michelin starred restaurants in the United Kingdom Michelin starred restaurants in Washington , D.C. The World 's 50 Best Restaurants By type Buffet restaurants Cafeterias Casual dining restaurant chains Delicatessens Diners Dinner theaters Drive - in restaurants Floating restaurants Kosher restaurants Restaurant chains Fast food restaurant chains Defunct fast - food restaurant chains Revolving restaurants Supper clubs Sushi restaurants Theme restaurants See also List of restaurateurs List of American restaurateurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Michelin_3-star_restaurants&oldid=839054093 '' Categories : Michelin Guide starred restaurants Michelin Guide Lists of restaurants Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 23 : 43 . 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1,510,902,921,486,161,200 | which of the following describes the religions in southern and eastern asia | Religion in Asia - wikipedia Religion in Asia Asia is the largest and most populous continent , with a wide variety of religions , and was the birthplace of many religions such as Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam , Jainism , Christianity , Judaism , Shintoism , Sikhism , Taoism , and Zoroastrianism . All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging . The largest religion in Asia is Islam with approx . 1.1 billion adherents . Religions by country Africa ( show ) Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria Seychelles South Africa Sudan Uganda Zambia Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Cyprus India Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Japan North Korea South Korea Laos Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Turkey United Arab Emirates Thailand Vietnam Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Ireland Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom North America ( show ) Belize Canada Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Nicaragua United States Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Indonesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea South America ( show ) Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Uruguay Religion portal Contents 1 Dharmic religions 1.1 Hinduism 1.2 Jainism 1.3 Buddhism 1.4 Sikhism 2 East Asian religions 2.1 Confucianism 2.2 Taoism 2.3 Chinese folk religion 2.4 Shinto 2.5 Mugyo 2.6 Vietnamese folk religion 3 Iranian religions 3.1 Zoroastrianism 4 Shamanism and Animism 5 Abrahamic religions 5.1 Judaism 5.2 Christianity 5.3 Islam 5.4 Bahá'í Faith 6 Irreligion 7 Religious distribution 7.1 Eastern Asia 7.2 Southeastern Asia 7.3 Southern Asia 7.4 Middle Asia 7.5 West Asia ( Middle East ) 8 See also 9 References Dharmic religions ( edit ) Main article : Indian religions Dharmic religions are the predominant and oldest religions of Asia . Most of Asia 's population follows Indian religions . All Indian religions originated in South Asia . These religions all have the concepts of dharma , karma , and reincarnation . Hinduism ( edit ) Main articles : Hinduism in Southeast Asia and Hinduism in Arab states Hindu god Brahma Hinduism is the second largest and the oldest religion in Asia with more than 1 billion followers . Demographically , it is the largest religion in India ( 80 % ) , Nepal ( 81 % ) , and the island of Bali ( 83.5 % ) , with strong minorities in the Asian nations of Bhutan , Fiji , Indonesia , Malaysia , Bangladesh , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Yemen , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , Mayanmar , the Philippines , and Afghanistan . Hinduism is subdivided into a number of major currents , the primary ones being Vaishnavism , Shaivism , Smartism and Shaktism . The vast majority of present - day Hindus can be categorized under one of these four groups , although there are many other , partly overlapping , allegiances and denominations . Hinduism predates recorded history and is thought to have had a beginning during the Indus Valley Civilization itself . It has no single founder ; rather , it is a diverse melange of traditions , practices , and lineages . Jainism , and Sikhism emerged in ancient India from Hinduism . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism Jainism is an Indian religion . Jains are mostly found in India but are increasingly found throughout the world . Jains have significantly influenced and contributed to ethical , political and economic spheres in India . Jains have an ancient tradition of scholarship and have the highest degree of literacy for a religious community in India . Jain libraries are the oldest in the country . It has traditionally been confined to the Indian Subcontinent . It is based on the teachings of Vardhaman Mahavir and also on 23 other Tirthankaras . Buddhism ( edit ) Main article : Buddhism Buddhism is the fourth largest world religion and the 3rd largest in Asia , which is 12 % of Asia 's population . It is dominant and the majority in Bhutan , Burma , Cambodia , Tibet , Laos , Mongolia , Sri Lanka and Thailand . Large Buddhist populations live in China ( 18.2 % ) , Japan ( 36.2 % ) , Taiwan ( 35 % ) , Macau ( 17 % ) , North Korea ( 13.8 % ) , Nepal ( 10.7 % ) , Vietnam ( 10 % ) , Singapore ( 33 % ) , Hong Kong ( 15 % ) and South Korea ( 22.9 % ) . It also has strong minorities in India , Indonesia , Malaysia , Brunei , the Philippines and Russia . Buddhism was founded by Siddartha Gautama , also known as Buddha . Before the rise of Islam , Buddhism was one of the most widely practiced religions in Central Asia , Afghanistan , Malaysia , the Philippines and Indonesia . Sikhism ( edit ) Main article : Sikhism Guru Hargobind , the sixth Guru in Sikhism Sikhism is the fifth largest organized religion in the world , with approximately 30 million adherents . And one of the most steadily growing . It is a monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the 1500s . The religion professes its roots in the area of Punjab , whose territories form part of India and Pakistan . This system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the Gurmat ( literally the counsel of the gurus ) or the Sikh Dharm . Sikhism originated from the word Sikh , which in turn comes from the Sanskrit root śhiṣhya meaning `` disciple '' or `` learner '' , or śhikṣha meaning `` instruction '' . Sikhism is the 4th largest religion in India with 2 % of the total population being Sikh . There is also a large concentration of Sikhs in Malaysia , Thailand , Burma , the Philippines , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Hongkong , Singapore , Indonesia , Kuwait and U.A.E . East Asian religions ( edit ) Main article : East Asian religions East Asian religions ( also known as Far Eastern religions , Chinese religions , or Taoic religions ) form a subset of the Eastern religions . Confucianism ( edit ) Main article : Confucianism Confucianism was founded in ancient China by Confucius ( 551 B.C.E. - 479 ) . Confucianism is a complex of moral , social , political , philosophical , and religious concerns that permeated the culture and history of East Asia . Confucianism emphasizes family , social hierarchy , and personal integrity and is manifested in practices and attitudes rather than institutions and is centered on the family and local society . It was , however , considered the state religion of East Asian countries in some periods . Today the Chinese , Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese diasporas have brought Confucianism to all parts of the world . Taoism ( edit ) Main article : Taoism Taoism ( also romanized Daoism ) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao ( also romanized `` Dao '' ) , a term that means `` way '' , `` path '' or `` principle '' . The concept is shared with other Chinese philosophies and religions . In Taoism , however , Tao denotes both the source and the driving force inherent in everything that exists . It is ultimately ineffable : `` The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao . '' Laozi is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism and is closely associated with `` original '' , or `` primordial '' , Taoism . Whether he actually existed is commonly disputed ; however , the work attributed to him -- the Daodejing -- is dated to the late 4th century BC . Taoist propriety and ethics vary according to the particular school , but in general tends to emphasize wu - wei ( action through non-action ) , `` naturalness '' , simplicity , spontaneity , and the Three Treasures : compassion , moderation , and humility . Significant Taoist communities can be found in China , Korea , Japan and Vietnam and in the Chinese , Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese diasporas . Chinese folk religion ( edit ) Main article : Chinese folk religion Chinese folk religion is a label used to describe the ethnic religious traditions which have been a main belief system in China and among the Han Chinese ethnic group for most of the civilization 's history . This group of diverse beliefs comprises Chinese mythology and includes the worship of various shen ( 神 , shén ; `` deities '' , `` spirits '' , `` awarenesses '' , `` consciousnesses '' , `` archetypes '' ) which can be nature deities , Taizu or clan deities , city deities , national deities , cultural heroes and demigods , dragons and ancestors . Chinese folk religion is sometimes categorized with Taoism , since over the world institutional Taoism has been attempting to assimilate or administer local religions . More accurately , Taoism can be defined as a component of Chinese religion , since it sprang out of folk religion and Chinese philosophy . Chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of Chinese traditional religion , but more often , the two are regarded as synonymous . With around 454 million adherents , or about 6.6 % of the world population , Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world . In China more than 30 % of the population adheres to folk religions or Taoism . Shinto ( edit ) Main article : Shintoism Kami - no - michi is almost unique to Japan and the Japanese diaspora . It is a set of practices carried out to establish a connection between present - day Japan and its ancient past . Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 7th and 8th century . Still , these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified `` Shinto religion '' , but rather to disorganized folklore , history , and mythology . Shinto today applies to public shrines suited to various purposes such as war memorials , harvest festivals , romance , and historical monuments , as well as various sectarian organizations . Shinto is the largest religion in Japan , practiced by nearly 80 % of the population , yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as `` Shintoists '' in surveys . According to surveys carried out in 2006 and 2008 show that 3 % to 3.9 % of the population of Japan are members of Shinto sects and derived religions . Mugyo ( edit ) Main article : Korean Shamanism Muism ( `` religion of the Mu '' ) or sometimes Sinism ( Shingyo , `` religion of the gods '' , with shin being the Korean character derivative of the Hanja ) , encompasses a variety of indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Korean people , the Korean sphere and the Korean diaspora . In contemporary South Korea , the most used term is Muism and a shaman is known as a mudang ( 무당 , 巫 堂 ) . The role of the mudang , usually a woman , is to act as intermediary between a spirit entity , spirits or gods and human beings . Women are enlisted by those who want the help of the spirit world . Shamans hold gut , or services , in order to gain good fortune for clients , cure illnesses by exorcising negative or ' bad ' spirits that cling to people , or propitiate local or village gods . Such services are also held to guide the spirit of a deceased person to higher realms . Today this religion is a minority , but has in recent years seen a resurgence . Vietnamese folk religion ( edit ) Main article : Vietnamese folk religion Iranian religions ( edit ) Main article : Iranian religions Zoroastrianism ( edit ) See also : Zoroastrianism in India and Zoroastrians in Iran Zoroastrianism was once the state religion of the Persian Empire , but is now a minority mostly found in India and Iran . It worships a monotheistic god , Ahura Mazda , and was founded by Zoroaster . Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster ( also known as Zarathustra , in Avestan ) , probably founded some time before the 6th century BC . The term Zoroastrianism is , in general usage , essentially synonymous with Mazdaism , i.e. , the worship of Ahura Mazda , exalted by Zoroaster as the supreme divine authority . In Zoroastrianism , the Creator Ahura Mazda is all good , and no evil originates from Him . Thus , in Zoroastrianism good and evil have distinct sources , with evil ( druj ) trying to destroy the creation of Mazda ( asha ) , and good trying to sustain it . Mazda is not immanent in the world , and His creation is represented by the Amesha Spentas and the host of other Yazatas , through whom the works of God are evident to humanity , and through whom worship of Mazda is ultimately directed . The most important texts of the religion are those of the Avesta , of which a significant portion has been lost , and mostly only the liturgies of which have survived . The lost portions are known of only through references and brief quotations in the later works of ( primarily ) the 9th - 11th centuries . The total number of currently practicing adherents of Zoroastrianism is unknown . A 2004 estimate gives a range of 124,000 to 190,000 , roughly half of them in India ( the Parsi and Irani groups ) . The largest number of Zoroastrians in Asia can be found in India ; according to the 2001 census , they amounted 69,000 . In Iran , there were some 25,000 according to the 2011 census . In 2012 , the numbers for Zoroastrians were ; India ( 61,000 ) , Iran ( 15,000 / 22,271 ) , United States ( 14,405 ) , Canada ( 6,442 ) , Great Britain ( 5,500 ) , Australia ( 2,577 ) , Persian Gulf Countries ( 1,900 ) Pakistan ( 1,675 ) , Singapore ( 372 ) . Shamanism and Animism ( edit ) Shamanism and Animism have historically been practised in Asia , and is still practiced in most of Asia . Abrahamic religions ( edit ) Main article : Abrahamic religions Judaism ( edit ) Judaism is the predominant religion in Israel ( 75.6 % ) , which has a nominal Jewish population of about 6.1 million , Outside of Israel there are small diaspora communities of Jewish people living in Turkey ( 17,400 ) , Azerbaijan ( 9,100 ) , Iran ( 8,756 ) , India ( 5,000 ) and Uzbekistan ( 4,000 ) . Christianity ( edit ) CSI - The first Anglican Church in India Main article : Christianity in Asia Christianity is a widespread minority religion in Asia with more than 286 million adherents according to Pew Research Center in 2010 , and nearly 364 million according to Britannica Book of the Year 2014 . constituting around 12.6 % of the total population of Asia . Only six countries are predominantly Christian : Asian Russia which is predominantly the Russian Orthodox Church ; Cyprus , which is predominantly Orthodox ; the Philippines , which is the third - largest Roman Catholic nation in the world ; Timor Leste , which is the most overwhelming Christian ( 99.6 % ) and Roman Catholic nation in Asia ( 97.6 % ) ; Armenia , which was the first state to adopt a Christian denomination as its state religion ; and Georgia . Christianity also accounts for 29.2 % of South Korea 's population ( 54.5 % of its religious population ) and is now the predominant religion in South Korea , Christianity is also a large minority religion in Lebanon accounting for 40 % of its population . Christianity is also a large minority religion in Kazakhstan ( 26 % ) , Singapore ( 18.3 % ) , and Kyrgyzstan ( 17 % ) . Asian countries with large Christian populations are Philippines ( 84 million ) , China ( 68 million ) , India ( 24 million ) , Indonesia ( 23 million ) , Kazakhstan ( 16.5 million ) , South Korea ( 15 million ) , Vietnam ( 7 million ) , Georgia ( 4.6 million ) , Armenia ( 3.2 million ) , Malaysia ( 2.6 million ) , Japan ( 2.5 million ) , Pakistan ( 2.5 million ) , Uzbekistan ( 2.5 million ) , Syria ( 1.8 million ) , Sri Lanka ( 1.5 million ) , East Timor ( 1.2 million ) and Taiwan ( one million ) . There are still large ancient communities of Middle Eastern Christians and Arab Christians in Lebanon , Iraq , Iran , Turkey , Syria , Jordan , Israel and Palestine numbering more than 3 million in West Asia . There are also a large populations of expatriate workers which include a sizeable Christian communities live in Arabian Peninsula numbering more than 3 million . A 2015 study estimates about 6,968,500 Muslims convert to Christianity in Asia , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Asia Mosque in Afghanistan Islam is the largest religion in Asia with approx . 1.1 billion adherents . Islam is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an , a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ( Arabic : الله Allāh ) and by the teachings and normative example ( called the Sunnah and composed of hadith ) of Muhammad , considered by them to be the last prophet of God . South Asia and Southeast Asia are home of the most populous Muslim countries , with Indonesia , Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh having more than 100 million adherents each . According to U.S. government figures , in 2006 there were 20 million Muslims in China . In the Western Asia , the non-Arab countries of Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim - majority countries . In South Asia , Pakistan and Bangladesh are the countries with the largest Muslim - majority . In Central Asia , Afghanistan and Uzbekistan are the countries with the largest Muslim - majority . Indonesia is 87 percent Muslim and is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world , Pakistan is 97 percent Muslim , Bangladesh is 90 percent Muslim . India 's Muslim population is 14.2 % of the total , approximately 190 million people . Around 6 - 11 percent , some 6 - 12 million people in the Philippines are Muslim . Thailand 's Muslims make up 4.6 percent of the population , or approximately 3 million people . Also Sri Lanka 's Muslims make up 10 percent of the population , or approximately 2.5 million people Bangladesh , Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei , Kazakhstan , Qatar , Kuwait , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Uzbekistan , Maldives , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Iraq , Iran , Syria , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Yemen , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Turkey , Azerbaijan and Lebanon are the 23 Muslim majority states in Asia The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community , a minority Muslim sect , originated on the Asian continent in 1889 in Qadian , India . The community had 10 million members as of the 1980s . As of 2008 , the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has been established in all Asian countries except for Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Georgia and North Korea . Ahmadis are most persecuted in Asia , particularly in Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Indonesia . Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) Bahá'í Temple ( Battambang , Cambodia ) Main article : Bahá'í Faith in Asia The Bahá'í Faith is an Abrahamic religion although it is quite different from Christianity , Islam , and Judaism . It was so founded by Bahá'u'lláh in what was then Persia ( also known as Iran ) . Today the largest national population of Bahá'ís is in India with between 1.7 million to 3.2 million , where there is also the Lotus Temple . Significant populations are found in many countries including Vietnam and Malaysia where `` about 1 % '' , some 260,000 , of the population are Bahá'ís . In other places , like Kazakhstan there are 25 Local Spiritual Assemblies . In modern - day Iran , the religion is severely persecuted ( see Persecution of Bahá'ís ) . In neighboring Turkmenistan , Bahá'í Faith is effectively banned , and individuals have had their homes raided for Bahá'í literature . For further information , see Bahá'í Statistics for Asia and Category : Bahá'í Faith by country . Irreligion ( edit ) According to a Pew Research Center survey in 2012 religiously unaffiliated ( including agnostics and atheists ) make up about 21.2 % of Asia population . According to the same survey , the religiously unaffiliated are the majority of the population in four Asian countries / territories : North Korea ( 71 % ) , Japan ( 57 % ) , Hong Kong ( 56 % ) , and Mainland China ( 52 % ) . Other sources say that in the People 's Republic of China , 59 % of the population claim to be non-religious . However , this percentage may be significantly greater ( up to 80 % ) or smaller ( down to 30 % ) in reality , because some Chinese define religion differently . Some Chinese define religion as practicing customs ( which may be done for cultural or traditional reasons ) , while others define it as actually consciously believing their religion will lead to post-mortem salvation or reincarnation . A Dentsu statistic states that 46 % of Vietnamese and 51 % of Japanese are irreligious . Religious distribution ( edit ) Eastern Asia ( edit ) Country Population <Th_colspan="2"> Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Irreligion <Th_colspan="2"> Hindu <Th_colspan="2"> Buddhist <Th_colspan="2"> Folk religion <Th_colspan="2"> Other religion <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Mainland China 1,341,340,000 68,408,340 5.10 24,144,120 1.80 700,179,480 52.20 20,000 0.00 244,123,880 18.20 293,753,460 21.90 9,389,380 0.70 0 0.00 Hong Kong 7,050,000 1,008,150 14.30 126,900 1.80 3,955,050 56.10 28,200 0.40 930,600 13.20 902,400 12.80 105,750 1.50 0 0.00 Macau 540,000 38,880 7.20 1,080 0.20 83,160 15.40 0 0.00 93,420 17.30 318,060 58.90 5,400 1.00 0 0.00 Taiwan 23,220,000 1,277,100 5.50 10,000 0.04 2,948,940 12.70 0 0.00 4,945,860 21.30 10,263,240 44.20 3,761,640 16.20 0 0.00 Japan 126,540,000 2,024,640 1.60 253,080 0.20 72,127,800 57.00 30,000 0.02 45,807,480 36.20 506,160 0.40 5,947,380 4.70 0 0.00 North Korea 24,350,000 487,000 2.00 0 0.00 17,361,550 71.30 0 0.00 365,250 1.50 2,995,050 12.30 3,141,150 12.90 0 0.00 South Korea 48,180,000 14,164,920 29.40 96,360 0.20 22,355,520 46.40 0 0.00 11,033,220 22.90 385,440 0.80 96,360 0.20 0 0.00 Mongolia 2,760,000 63,480 2.30 88,320 3.20 990,840 35.90 0 0.00 1,520,760 55.10 96,600 3.50 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 1,573,980,000 87,472,510 5.56 24,719,860 1.57 820,002,340 52.10 78,200 0.00 308,820,470 19.62 309,220,410 19.65 22,447,060 1.43 0 0.00 Southeastern Asia ( edit ) Country Population <Th_colspan="2"> Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Irreligion <Th_colspan="2"> Hindu <Th_colspan="2"> Buddhist <Th_colspan="2"> Folk religion <Th_colspan="2"> Other religion <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Brunei 400,000 37,600 9.40 300,400 75.10 1,600 0.40 1,200 0.30 34,400 8.60 24,800 6.20 400 0.10 0 0.00 Burma 47,960,000 3,740,880 7.80 1,918,400 4.00 239,800 0.50 815,320 1.70 38,415,960 80.10 2,781,680 5.80 95,920 0.20 0 0.00 Cambodia 14,140,000 56,560 0.40 282,800 2.00 28,280 0.20 0 0.00 13,701,660 96.90 84,840 0.60 0 0.00 0 0.00 Indonesia 239,870,000 23,747,130 9.90 209,166,640 87.20 240,000 0.10 4,077,790 1.70 1,679,090 0.70 719,610 0.30 239,870 0.10 0 0.00 Laos 6,200,000 93,000 1.50 0 0.00 55,800 0.90 0 0.00 4,092,000 66.00 1,903,400 30.70 43,400 0.70 0 0.00 Malaysia 28,400,000 2,669,600 9.40 18,090,800 63.70 198,800 0.70 1,704,000 6.00 5,026,800 17.70 653,200 2.30 56,800 0.20 0 0.00 Philippines 105,000,000 89,000,000 85.00 5,127,000 5.50 7,350,000 7.00 10,000 0.00 1,758,000 1.50 1,398,900 1.50 93,260 0.10 28,473 0.03 Singapore 5,090,000 926,380 18.20 727,870 14.30 834,760 16.40 264,680 5.20 1,725,510 33.90 117,070 2.30 493,730 9.70 0 0.00 Thailand 69,120,000 622,080 0.90 3,801,600 5.50 207,360 0.30 69,120 0.10 64,419,840 93.20 60,000 0.09 0 0.00 0 0.00 Timor - Leste 1,120,000 1,115,520 99.60 1,120 0.10 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1,120 0.10 0 0.00 0 0.00 Vietnam 94,700,000 7,765,400 8.20 175,700 0.20 28,031,200 29.60 151,200 0.16 15,530,800 16.40 42,899,100 45.30 351,400 0.40 0 0.00 Total 593,410,000 116,571,210 21.33 245,594,630 40.38 31,903,260 4.70 6,932,110 1.17 143,582,660 24.20 47,540,670 8.01 1,374,780 0.23 28,437 0.00 Southern Asia ( edit ) Country Population <Th_colspan="2"> Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Irreligion <Th_colspan="2"> Hindu <Th_colspan="2"> Buddhist <Th_colspan="2"> Folk religion <Th_colspan="2"> Other religion <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Afghanistan 31,410,000 31,410 0.10 31,315,770 99.70 0 0.00 10,000 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 20,000 0.06 0.00 Bangladesh 165,870,000 297,380 0.20 149,000,000 90 80,000 0.05 13,530,790 9.10 743,450 0.50 594,760 0.40 30,000 0.02 0 0.00 Bhutan 730,000 3,650 0.50 1,460 0.20 0 0.00 164,980 22.60 545,310 74.70 13,870 1.90 0 0.00 0 0.00 India 1,224,610,000 30,615,250 2.50 189,000,000 14.40 870,000 0.07 973,564,950 79.50 9,796,880 0.80 6,123,050 0.50 28,166,030 2.30 10,000 0.00 Maldives 320,000 1,280 0.40 314,880 98.40 0 0.00 960 0.30 1,920 0.60 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Nepal 29,960,000 149,800 0.50 1,378,160 4.60 89,880 0.30 24,177,720 80.70 3,085,880 10.30 1,108,520 3.70 20,000 0.07 0 0.00 Pakistan 211,100,000 2,777,440 1.60 204,194,370 96.40 20,000 0.01 3,298,210 1.90 20,000 0.01 30,000 0.02 20,000 0.01 0 0.00 Sri Lanka 20,860,000 1,522,780 7.30 2,044,280 9.80 0 0.00 2,836,960 13.60 14,455,980 70.30 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 1,630,170,000 35,367,580 2.21 480,947,000 30.08 1,059,880 0.07 1,017,574 570 63.65 28,649,420 1.79 7,870,200 0.49 28,236,030 1.77 10,000 0.00 Middle Asia ( edit ) Country Population <Th_colspan="2"> Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Irreligion <Th_colspan="2"> Hindu <Th_colspan="2"> Buddhist <Th_colspan="2"> Folk religion <Th_colspan="2"> Other religion <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Kazakhstan 16,030,000 3,975,440 24.8 11,285,120 70.4 673,260 4.2 0 < 0.1 32,060 0.2 48,090 0.3 16,030 0.1 0 < 0.1 Kyrgyzstan 5,330,000 607,620 11.40 4,690,400 88.0 21,320 0.40 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 5,330 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 Tajikistan 6,880,000 110,080 1.6 6,652,960 96.7 103,200 1.5 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 Turkmenistan 5,040,000 322,560 6.4 4,687,200 93.0 25,200 0.5 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 Uzbekistan 27,440,000 631,120 2.3 26,534,480 96.7 219,520 0.8 0 < 0.1 10,000 < 0.1 10,000 < 0.1 0 < 0.1 10,000 < 0.1 Total 60,720,000 5,646,820 9.30 53,850,160 88.69 1,042,500 1.72 0 < 0.1 42,060 < 0.1 63,420 0.10 16,030 < 0.1 10,000 < 0.1 West Asia ( Middle East ) ( edit ) Country Population <Th_colspan="2"> Christian <Th_colspan="2"> Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Irreligion <Th_colspan="2"> Hindu <Th_colspan="2"> Buddhist <Th_colspan="2"> Folk religion <Th_colspan="2"> Other religion <Th_colspan="2"> Jewish Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Pop . % Bahrain 1,260,000 182,700 14.50 885,780 70.30 23,940 1.90 123,480 9.80 31,500 2.50 0 0.00 2,520 0.20 7,560 0.60 Iraq 31,670,000 253,360 0.80 31,353,300 99.00 31,670 0.10 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 20,000 0.06 0 0.00 Israel 7,420,000 148,400 2.00 1,380,120 18.60 230,020 3.10 0 0.00 22,260 0.30 14,840 0.20 7,420 0.10 5,609,520 75.60 Jordan 6,190,000 136,180 2.20 6,016,680 97.20 0 0.00 6,190 0.10 24,760 0.40 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Kuwait 2,740,000 391,820 14.30 2,030,340 74.10 0 0.00 232,900 8.50 76,720 2.80 0 0.00 8,220 0.30 0 0.00 Lebanon 4,230,000 2,170,090 47.30 2,592,990 55.30 12,690 0.30 0 0.00 8,460 0.20 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Oman 2,780,000 180,700 6.50 2,388,020 85.90 5,560 0.20 152,900 5.50 22,240 0.80 0 0.00 27,800 1.00 0 0.00 Palestine 4,040,000 96,960 2.40 3,943,040 97.60 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Qatar 1,760,000 242,880 13.80 1,191,520 67.70 15,840 0.90 242,880 13.80 54,560 3.10 0 0.00 12,320 0.70 0 0.00 Saudi Arabia 27,450,000 1,207,800 4.40 25,528,500 93.00 192,150 0.70 301,950 1.10 82,350 0.30 82,350 0.30 82,350 0.30 0 0.00 Syria 20,410,000 1,061,320 5.20 18,940,480 92.80 408,200 2.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 7,510,000 946,260 12.60 5,775,190 76.90 82,610 1.10 495,660 6.60 150,200 2.00 0 0.00 60,080 0.80 0 0.00 Yemen 24,050,000 48,100 0.20 23,833,550 99.10 24,050 0.10 144,300 0.60 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 141,510,000 6,516,570 4.61 125,859,510 88.94 1,026,730 0.73 1,700,260 1.20 473,050 0.33 97,190 0.07 220,710 0.16 5,617,080 3.97 Armenia 3,090,000 3,043,650 98.50 0 0.00 40,170 1.30 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3,090 0.10 0 0.00 Azerbaijan 9,190,000 275,700 3.00 8,905,110 96.90 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Cyprus 1,100,000 805,200 73.20 278,300 25.30 13,200 1.20 0 0.00 2,200 0.20 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Iran 73,970,000 390,000 0.20 73,600,150 99.50 73,970 0.10 20,000 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 147,940 0.20 90,000 0.00 Northern Cyprus 1,475 0.50 291,957 99.00 1,474 0.50 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Turkey 72,750,000 291,000 0.40 71,295,000 98.00 873,000 1.20 0 0.00 40,000 0.05 20,000 0.03 145,500 0.20 20,000 0.03 Total 191,510,000 4,594,900 2.40 185,394,330 96.81 1,000,340 0.52 30,000 0.02 42,200 0.02 20,000 0.01 316,530 0.17 20,000 0.01 Asia 4,054,967,400 286,589,204 7.07 985,154,511 24.30 858,059,957 21.16 1,025,258,470 25.28 481,820,400 11.88 364,948,996 9.00 52,639,460 1.30 160,090 0.00 See also ( edit ) Asia portal Religion portal Eastern religion List of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community buildings and structures Major religious groups Religion in Africa Religion in Europe Religion in Oceania Religion in North America Religion in South America Religion in the Mongol Empire Verhudtbrahma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE GLOBAL RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE : Hindus '' . pewforum . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut ( 2010 Census ) . bps.go.id Jump up ^ Estimates for the population of Jains differ from just over four million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity , with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect . Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain . The 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains . This was estimated at the time to be at least half the true number . There are an estimated 25,000 - 30,000 Jains in Europe ( mostly in Britain ) , 20,000 in Africa , 45,000 plus in North America ( from Dundas , Paul ( 2002 ) . The Jains . Routledge . p. 271 ; 354 . ISBN 9780415266062. ) and 5,000 in the rest of Asia . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau , Government of India '' . Pib.nic.in. 2004 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 '' . Censusindia.net . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Jain Knowledge Warehouses : Traditional Libraries in India , John E. Cort , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 115 , No. 1 ( January -- March , 1995 ) , pp. 77 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` History - Melbourne Shwetambar Jain Sangh Inc '' . Melbournejainsangh.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Religious Landscape - Religious Composition by Country '' . The Pew Forum . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buddhists '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts in Pre-Modern Times ( New York : Oxford University Press ) , 46 Jump up ^ Vijaya Samarawickrama . `` The Encyclopedia of Malaysia : Religions and Beliefs '' . Encyclopedia.com.my . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mahayana Buddhism : Buddhism in Indonesia '' . Buddhanet.net. 1934 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Adherents.com . `` Religions by adherents '' ( PHP ) . Retrieved 2003 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sikhism : What do you know about it ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The List : The World 's - Growing Religions '' . Foreign Policy . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Laozi . `` Tao Te Ching , 1 . chapter , translated by Livia Kohn ( 1993 ) '' . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinet ( 1997 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Robinet 1997 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Kirkland 2004 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Kirkland 2004 , p. 61 Jump up ^ ChartsBin ( 2009 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Chinese Folk Religion Adherents by Country '' . Chartsbin.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Association of Shinto Shrines 設立 '' . Jinja Honcho . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NHK survey of religion in Japan -- 宗教 的 な もの に ひかれ る 日本 人 〜 ISSP 国際 比較 調査 ( 宗教 ) から 〜 '' ( PDF ) . NHK Culture Research Institute . Jump up ^ Chang Soo - kyung , Kim Tae - gon . Korean Shamanism -- Muism . Jimoondang , 1998 . Jump up ^ Choi Joon - sik . Folk - religion : The Customs in Korea . Jump up ^ Margaret Stutley . Shamanism : A Concise Introduction . Routledge , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06iht-shaman.1.6527738.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all Jump up ^ According to a survey in 2004 by the Zoroastrian Associations of North America , the number of Zoroastrians worldwide was estimated at between 124,000 and 190,000 . The number is imprecise because of wildly diverging counts in Iran . Goodstein , Laurie ( 2008 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Zoroastrians Keep the Faith , and Keep Dwindling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ India 's 2001 Census reported 69,601 Parsi Zoroastrians . Jump up ^ 25,271 according to http://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/1/Iran/census-2.pdf Jump up ^ Study Jump up ^ `` Animism '' . OMF . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` shamanism - religion '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Shamanism - Pop Culture - GlobalPost '' . GlobalPost . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KYRGYZ GOVERNMENT UNABLE TO PRODUCE NEW NATIONAL IDEOLOGY '' . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Yoram Ettinger ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Defying demographic projections '' . Israel Hayom . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour Jewish Virtual Library '' . jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 '' . Pop-stat.mashke.org. 1971 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute '' . The Times of Israel . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved Aug 16 , 2014 . A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran See Persian Jews # Iran Jump up ^ World Jewish Population 2007 , American Jewish Yearbook , vol. 107 ( 2007 ) , p. 592 . Jump up ^ `` St. George Fort , Chennai St George Fort India '' . Tamilnadu Tourism . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Christians '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Britannica Book of the Year 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines still top Christian country in Asia , 5th in world '' . Inquirer Global Nation . December 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timor - Leste '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Religious distribution of Lebanon 's main religions '' . theodora.com . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года ( Summary of the 2009 national census ) '' ( in Russian ) . Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 - Demographic Characteristics , Education , Language and Religion '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Distribution of Christians '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religion Census : A faithful count '' . The Hindu Business Line . 2004 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 census results '' ( PDF ) . p. 132 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Apostolic Church ( World Council of Churches ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia '' ( PDF ) ( in Malay and English ) . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan . Library of Congress . February 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Religion : Approximately 1.6 percent of the population is Hindu , 1.6 percent is Christian , and 0.3 percent belongs to other religions , such as Bahaism and Sikhism . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan '' . State.gov. 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A3 : Population by religion according to districts , 2012 '' . Census of Population & Housing , 2011 . Department of Census & Statistics , Sri Lanka . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Price , Massoume ( December 2002 ) . `` History of Christians and Christianity in Iran '' . Christianity in Iran . FarsiNet Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christianity in Turkey '' . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Guide : Christians in the Middle East '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnstone , Patrick ; Miller , Duane ( 2015 ) . `` Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background : A Global Census '' . IJRR. 11 : 14 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE GLOBAL RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE : Muslims '' . pewforum . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-is-secular-because-most-hindus-are-secular-former-cec-sy-quraishi/articleshow/60899458.cms Jump up ^ Philippines in Figures : 2014 Archived 2014 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Philippine Statistics Authority . Jump up ^ Author Name . `` Welcome to NCMF '' . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding The Mindanao Insergency '' . Army.mil.ph . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines '' . State.gov. 2004 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Source : Year 2000 Estimated Baha'i statistics from : David Barrett , World Christian Encyclopedia , 2000 ; Total population statistics , mid-2000 from Population Reference Bureau Jump up ^ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of India Jump up ^ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Malaysia Archived 2007 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Government of Kazakhstan ( 2001 ) . `` Religious Groups in Kazakhstan '' . 2001 Census . Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA & Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ compiled by Wagner , Ralph D. `` Turkmenistan '' . Synopsis of References to the Bahá'í Faith , in the US State Department 's Reports on Human Rights 1991 -- 2000 . Bahá'í Library Online . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Corley , Felix ( 2004 - 04 - 01 ) . `` TURKMENISTAN : Religious communities theoretically permitted , but attacked in practice ? '' . F18News . ^ Jump up to : Religiously Unaffiliated Jump up ^ `` China -- People '' . World Desk Reference . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dentsu Communication Institute Inc. , Research Centre for Japan ( 2006 ) ( in Japanese ) ^ Jump up to : Pew Research Center 's Forum on Religion & Public Life ( December 2012 ) , The Global Religious Landscape : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 ( PDF ) , Pew Research Center , retrieved 20 September 2016 Jump up ^ https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf#56 Jump up ^ https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/208472.pdf <Th_colspan="2"> Religion in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau <Th_colspan="2"> Asia articles History Chronology Indian Ocean trade Silk Road Imperialism Decolonisation By topic Military conflicts Sovereignty Geography <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Cities metropolitan areas tallest buildings Countries and territories by population Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Regions Asia - Pacific Central Asia East Asia Eurasia Inner Asia North Asia Northeast Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Tropical Asia Western Asia Politics <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Heads of government Heads of state Elections political parties Human rights Law Military Intergovernmental Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) Bay of Bengal Initiative ( BIMSTEC ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( CCASG / GCC ) Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation ( MGC ) Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Economy <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Currencies Stock exchanges Technology renewable energy Transport airports high - speed rail Markets Bond markets Property markets Society <Td_colspan="2"> Demographics Education Etiquette Health Languages People ethnic groups Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Philosophy Religion Sport Future Asian Century Chinese Century Indian Century Pacific Century <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Portal Maps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Asia&oldid=851733746 '' Categories : Religion in Asia Religion Religion by location Asia Asian culture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing the year an event occurred from November 2014 CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Japanese - language external links Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Čeština Español فارسی Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands پښتو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 07 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Religions in Asia
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4. Iranian religions
5. Abrahamic religions |
-8,664,601,242,289,499,000 | who has equitable title over the assets in a trust | Trust law - wikipedia Trust law For the monopolistic business , see Trust ( business ) . For other uses of the word `` trust '' , see Trust ( disambiguation ) . Wills , trusts and estates Part of the common law series Wills Legal history of wills Joint wills and mutual wills Will contract Codicil Holographic will Oral will Sections Attestation clause Residuary clause Incorporation by reference Contest Testamentary capacity Undue influence Insane delusion Fraud No - contest clause Property disposition Lapse and anti-lapse Ademption Abatement Satisfaction of legacies Acts of independent significance Elective share Pretermitted heir Wills and conflict of laws Trusts Express Resulting Constructive Common types Bare Discretionary Accumulation and maintenance Interest in possession Charitable Purpose Incentive Other types Protective Spendthrift Life insurance Remainder Life interest Reversionary interest Testamentary Honorary Asset - protection Special needs Supplemental needs Governing doctrines Pour - over will Cy - près doctrine Hague Convention ( conflict law ) Application in civil law Dishonest assistance Estate administration Intestacy Testator Probate Power of appointment Simultaneous death Slayer rule Laughing heir Advancement Disclaimer of interest Inheritance tax Related topics Advance directive ( Living will ) Blind trust Forced heirship Reverse Morris Trust Totten trust Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Criminal law Evidence A trust is a three - party fiduciary relationship in which the first party , the trustor or settlor , transfers ( `` settles '' ) a property ( often but not necessarily a sum of money ) upon the second party ( the trustee ) for the benefit of the third party , the beneficiary . A testamentary trust is created by a will and arises after the death of the settlor . An inter vivos trust is created during the settlor 's lifetime by a trust instrument . A trust may be revocable or irrevocable ; in the United States , a trust is presumed to be irrevocable unless the instrument or will creating it states it is revocable , except in California , Oklahoma and Texas , in which trusts are presumed to be revocable until the instrument or will creating them states they are irrevocable . An irrevocable trust can be `` broken '' ( revoked ) only by a judicial proceeding . Trusts and similar relationships have existed since Roman times . The trustee is the legal owner of the property in trust , as fiduciary for the beneficiary or beneficiaries who is / are the equitable owner ( s ) of the trust property . Trustees thus have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust to the benefit of the equitable owners . They must provide a regular accounting of trust income and expenditures . Trustees may be compensated and be reimbursed their expenses . A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches his / her fiduciary duty . Some breaches of fiduciary duty can be charged and tried as criminal offences in a court of law . A trustee can be a natural person , a business entity or a public body . A trust in the United States may be subject to federal and state taxation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Ancient examples 2.2 English common law 3 Significance 4 Basic principles 4.1 Terminology 4.2 Creation 4.3 Formalities 4.4 Trustees 4.5 Beneficiaries 5 Purposes 6 Types 6.1 Alphabetic list of trust types 7 Regional variations 7.1 United States 7.1. 1 Estate planning 7.1. 2 Estate tax effect 7.2 South Africa 7.2. 1 Asset protection 7.2. 2 Tax considerations 8 See also 8.1 Jurisdiction specific : 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading Overview ( edit ) A trust is created by a settlor , who transfers title to some or all of his or her property to a trustee , who then holds title to that property in trust for the benefit of the beneficiaries . The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created . In most jurisdictions , this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed . It is possible for a single individual to assume the role of more than one of these parties , and for multiple individuals to share a single role . For example , in a living trust it is common for the grantor to be both a trustee and a lifetime beneficiary while naming other contingent beneficiaries . Trusts have existed since Roman times and have become one of the most important innovations in property law . Trust law has evolved through court rulings differently in different states , so statements in this article are generalizations ; understanding the jurisdiction - specific case law involved is tricky . Some U.S. states are adapting the Uniform Trust Code to codify and harmonize their trust laws , but state - specific variations still remain . An owner placing property into trust turns over part of his or her bundle of rights to the trustee , separating the property 's legal ownership and control from its equitable ownership and benefits . This may be done for tax reasons or to control the property and its benefits if the settlor is absent , incapacitated , or deceased . Testamentary trusts may be created in wills , defining how money and property will be handled for children or other beneficiaries . While the trustee is given legal title to the trust property , in accepting the property title , the trustee owes a number of fiduciary duties to the beneficiaries . The primary duties owed include the duty of loyalty , the duty of prudence , the duty of impartiality . A trustee may be held to a very high standard of care in their dealings , in order to enforce their behavior . To ensure beneficiaries receive their due , trustees are subject to a number of ancillary duties in support of the primary duties , including a duties of openness and transparency ; duties of recordkeeping , accounting , and disclosure . In addition , a trustee has a duty to know , understand , and abide by the terms of the trust and relevant law . The trustee may be compensated and have expenses reimbursed , but otherwise must turn over all profits from the trust properties . There are strong restrictions regarding a trustee with conflict of interests . Courts can reverse a trustee 's actions , order profits returned , and impose other sanctions if they finds a trustee has failed in any of their duties . Such a failure is termed a breach of trust and can leave a neglectful or dishonest trustee with severe liabilities for their failures . It is highly advisable for both settlors and trustees to seek qualified legal counsel prior to entering into a trust agreement . History ( edit ) Main article : History of trusts Ancient examples ( edit ) A possible early concept which later developed into what today is understood as a trust related to land . An ancient king ( settlor ) grants property back to its previous owner ( beneficiary ) during his absence , supported by witness testimony ( trustee ) . In essence and in this case , the king , in place of the later state ( trustor and holder of assets at highest position ) issues ownership along with past proceeds to the original beneficiary : On the testimony of Gehazi the servant of Elisha that the woman was the owner of these lands , the king returns all her property to her . From the fact that the king orders his eunuch to return to the woman all her property and the produce of her land from the time that she left ... English common law ( edit ) Roman law had a well - developed concept of the trust ( fideicommissum ) in terms of `` testamentary trusts '' created by wills but never developed the concept of the inter vivos ( living ) trusts which apply while the creator lives . This was created by later common law jurisdictions . Personal trust law developed in England at the time of the Crusades , during the 12th and 13th centuries . In medieval English trust law , the settlor was known as the feoffor to uses while the trustee was known as the feoffee to uses and the beneficiary was known as the cestui que use , or cestui que trust . At the time , land ownership in England was based on the feudal system . When a landowner left England to fight in the Crusades , he conveyed ownership of his lands in his absence to manage the estate and pay and receive feudal dues , on the understanding that the ownership would be conveyed back on his return . However , Crusaders often encountered refusal to hand over the property upon their return . Unfortunately for the Crusader , English common law did not recognize his claim . As far as the King 's courts were concerned , the land belonged to the trustee , who was under no obligation to return it . The Crusader had no legal claim . The disgruntled Crusader would then petition the king , who would refer the matter to his Lord Chancellor . The Lord Chancellor could decide a case according to his conscience . At this time , the principle of equity was born . The Lord Chancellor would consider it `` unconscionable '' that the legal owner could go back on his word and deny the claims of the Crusader ( the `` true '' owner ) . Therefore , he would find in favour of the returning Crusader . Over time , it became known that the Lord Chancellor 's court ( the Court of Chancery ) would continually recognize the claim of a returning Crusader . The legal owner would hold the land for the benefit of the original owner and would be compelled to convey it back to him when requested . The Crusader was the `` beneficiary '' and the acquaintance the `` trustee '' . The term `` use of land '' was coined , and in time developed into what we now know as a trust . Significance ( edit ) The trust is widely considered to be the most innovative contribution of the English legal system . Today , trusts play a significant role in most common law systems , and their success has led some civil law jurisdictions to incorporate trusts into their civil codes . In Curaçao , for example , the trust was enacted into law on 1 January 2012 ; however , the Curaçao Civil Code only allows express trusts constituted by notarial instrument . France has recently added a similar , Roman - law - based device to its own law with the fiducie , amended in 2009 ; the fiducie , unlike a trust , is a contractual relationship . Trusts are widely used internationally , especially in countries within the English law sphere of influence , and whilst most civil law jurisdictions do not generally contain the concept of a trust within their legal systems , they do recognise the concept under the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition ( partly only the extent that they are parties thereto ) . The Hague Convention also regulates conflict of trusts . Although trusts are often associated with intrafamily wealth transfers , they have become very important in American capital markets , particularly through pension funds ( in certain countries essentially always trusts ) and mutual funds ( often trusts ) . Basic principles ( edit ) Property of any sort may be held in a trust . The uses of trusts are many and varied , for both personal and commercial reasons , and trusts may provide benefits in estate planning , asset protection , and taxes . Living trusts may be created during a person 's life ( through the drafting of a trust instrument ) or after death in a will . In a relevant sense , a trust can be viewed as a generic form of a corporation where the settlors ( investors ) are also the beneficiaries . This is particularly evident in the Delaware business trust , which could theoretically , with the language in the `` governing instrument '' , be organized as a cooperative corporation or a limited liability corporation , although traditionally the Massachusetts business trust has been commonly used in the US . One of the most significant aspects of trusts is the ability to partition and shield assets from the trustee , multiple beneficiaries , and their respective creditors ( particularly the trustee 's creditors ) , making it `` bankruptcy remote '' , and leading to its use in pensions , mutual funds , and asset securitization as well protection of individual spendthrifts through the spendthrift trust . Terminology ( edit ) Chart of a trust Appointer : This is the person who can appoint a new trustee or remove an existing one . This person is usually mentioned in the trust deed . Appointment : In trust law , `` appointment '' often has its everyday meaning . It is common to talk of `` the appointment of a trustee '' , for example . However , `` appointment '' also has a technical trust law meaning , either : the act of ' appointing ' ( i.e. giving ) an asset from the trust to a beneficiary ( usually where there is some choice in the matter -- such as in a discretionary trust ) ; or the name of the document which gives effect to the appointment . The trustee 's right to do this , where it exists , is called a power of appointment . Sometimes , a power of appointment is given to someone other than the trustee , such as the settlor , the protector , or a beneficiary . ' As Trustee For ' ( ATF ) : This is the legal term used to imply that an entity is acting as a trustee . Beneficiary : A beneficiary is anyone who receives benefits from any assets the trust owns . ' In Its Own Capacity ' ( IIOC ) : This term refers to the fact that the trustee is acting on its own behalf . Protector : A protector may be appointed in an express , inter vivos trust , as a person who has some control over the trustee -- usually including a power to dismiss the trustee and appoint another . The legal status of a protector is the subject of some debate . No - one doubts that a trustee has fiduciary responsibilities . If a protector also has fiduciary responsibilities , then the courts -- if asked by beneficiaries -- could order him or her to act in the way the court decrees . However , a protector is unnecessary to the nature of a trust -- many trusts can and do operate without one . Also , protectors are comparatively new , while the nature of trusts has been established over hundreds of years . It is therefore thought by some that protectors have fiduciary duties , and by others that they do not . The case law has not yet established this point . Settlor ( s ) : This is the person ( or persons ) who creates the trust . Grantor ( s ) is a common synonym . Terms of the Trust means the settlor 's wishes expressed in the Trust Instrument . Trust deed : A trust deed is a legal document that defines the trust such as the trustee , beneficiaries , settlor and appointer , and the terms and conditions of the agreement . Trust distributions : A trust distribution is any income or asset that is given out to the beneficiaries of the trust . Trustee : A person ( either an individual , a corporation or more than one of either ) who administers a trust . A trustee is considered a fiduciary and owes the highest duty under the law to protect trust assets from unreasonable loss for the trust 's beneficiaries . Creation ( edit ) Trusts may be created by the expressed intentions of the settlor ( express trusts ) or they may be created by operation of law known as implied trusts . An implied trust is one created by a court of equity because of acts or situations of the parties . Implied trusts are divided into two categories : resulting and constructive . A resulting trust is implied by the law to work out the presumed intentions of the parties , but it does not take into consideration their expressed intent . A constructive trust is a trust implied by law to work out justice between the parties , regardless of their intentions . Typically a trust can be created in the following four ways : a written trust instrument created by the settlor and signed by both the settlor and the trustees ( often referred to as an inter vivos or living trust ) ; an oral declaration ; the will of a decedent , usually called a testamentary trust ; or a court order ( for example in family proceedings ) . In some jurisdictions certain types of assets may not be the subject of a trust without a written document . Formalities ( edit ) Generally , a trust requires three certainties , as determined in Knight v Knight : Intention . There must be a clear intention to create a trust ( Re Adams and the Kensington Vestry ) Subject Matter . The property subject to the trust must be clearly identified ( Palmer v Simmonds ) . One may not , for example state , settle `` the majority of my estate '' , as the precise extent can not be ascertained . Trust property may be any form of specific property , be it real or personal , tangible or intangible . It is often , for example , real estate , shares or cash . Objects . The beneficiaries of the trust must be clearly identified , or at least be ascertainable ( Re Hain 's Settlement ) . In the case of discretionary trusts , where the trustees have power to decide who the beneficiaries will be , the settlor must have described a clear class of beneficiaries ( McPhail v Doulton ) . Beneficiaries may include people not born at the date of the trust ( for example , `` my future grandchildren '' ) . Alternatively , the object of a trust could be a charitable purpose rather than specific beneficiaries . Trustees ( edit ) A trust may have multiple trustees , and these trustees are the legal owners of the trust 's property , but have a fiduciary duty to beneficiaries and various duties , such as a duty of care and a duty to inform . If trustees do not adhere to these duties , they may be removed through a legal action . The trustee may be either a person or a legal entity such as a company , but typically the trust itself is not an entity and any lawsuit must be against the trustees . A trustee has many rights and responsibilities which vary based on the jurisdiction and trust instrument . If a trust lacks a trustee , a court may appoint a trustee . The trustees administer the affairs attendant to the trust . The trust 's affairs may include prudently investing the assets of the trust , accounting for and reporting periodically to the beneficiaries , filing required tax returns and other duties . In some cases dependent upon the trust instrument , the trustees must make discretionary decisions as to whether beneficiaries should receive trust assets for their benefit . A trustee may be held personally liable for problems , although fiduciary liability insurance similar to directors and officers liability insurance can be purchased . For example , a trustee could be liable if assets are not properly invested . In addition , a trustee may be liable to its beneficiaries even where the trust has made a profit but consent has not been given . However , in the United States , similar to directors and officers , an exculpatory clause may minimize liability ; although this was previously held to be against public policy , this position has changed . In the United States , the Uniform Trust Code provides for reasonable compensation and reimbursement for trustees subject to review by courts , although trustees may be unpaid . Commercial banks acting as trustees typically charge about 1 % of assets under management . Beneficiaries ( edit ) The beneficiaries are beneficial ( or ' equitable ' ) owners of the trust property . Either immediately or eventually , the beneficiaries will receive income from the trust property , or they will receive the property itself . The extent of a beneficiary 's interest depends on the wording of the trust document . One beneficiary may be entitled to income ( for example , interest from a bank account ) , whereas another may be entitled to the entirety of the trust property when he attains the age of twenty - five years . The settlor has much discretion when creating the trust , subject to some limitations imposed by law . The beneficiaries are jocosely known as `` trust fund babies '' or `` trustafarians '' . Purposes ( edit ) Common purposes for trusts include : Privacy : Trusts may be created purely for privacy . The terms of a will are public in certain jurisdictions , while the terms of a trust are not . Spendthrift clauses : Trusts may be used to protect beneficiaries ( for example , one 's children ) against their own inability to handle money . These are especially attractive for spendthrifts . Courts may generally recognize spendthrift clauses against trust beneficiaries and their creditors , but not against creditors of a settlor . Wills and estate planning : Trusts frequently appear in wills ( indeed , technically , the administration of every deceased 's estate is a form of trust ) . Conventional wills typically leave assets to the deceased 's spouse ( if any ) , and then to the children equally . If the children are under 18 , or under some other age mentioned in the will ( 21 and 25 are common ) , a trust must come into existence until the ' contingency age ' is reached . The executor of the will is ( usually ) the trustee , and the children are the beneficiaries . The trustee will have powers to assist the beneficiaries during their minority . Charities : In some common law jurisdictions all charities must take the form of trusts . In others , corporations may be charities also . In most jurisdictions , charities are tightly regulated for the public benefit ( in England , for example , by the Charity Commission ) . Unit trusts : The trust has proved to be such a flexible concept that it has proved capable of working as an investment vehicle : the unit trust . Pension plans : typically set up as a trust , with the employer as settlor , and the employees and their dependents as beneficiaries . Remuneration trusts : for the benefit of directors and employees or companies or their families or dependents . This form of trust was developed by Paul Baxendale - Walker and has since gained widespread use . Corporate structures : Complex business arrangements , most often in the finance and insurance sectors , sometimes use trusts among various other entities ( e.g. , corporations ) in their structure . Asset protection : Trusts may allow beneficiaries to protect assets from creditors as the trust may be bankruptcy remote . For example , a discretionary trust , of which the settlor may be the protector and a beneficiary , but not the trustee and not the sole beneficiary . In such an arrangement the settlor may be in a position to benefit from the trust assets , without owning them , and therefore in theory protected from creditors . In addition , the trust may attempt to preserve anonymity with a completely unconnected name ( e.g. , `` The Teddy Bear Trust '' ) . These strategies are ethically and legally controversial . Tax planning : The tax consequences of doing anything using a trust are usually different from the tax consequences of achieving the same effect by another route ( if , indeed , it would be possible to do so ) . In many cases , the tax consequences of using the trust are better than the alternative , and trusts are therefore frequently used for legal tax avoidance . For an example see the `` nil - band discretionary trust '' , explained at Inheritance Tax ( United Kingdom ) . Co-ownership : Ownership of property by more than one person is facilitated by a trust . In particular , ownership of a matrimonial home is commonly effected by a trust with both partners as beneficiaries and one , or both , owning the legal title as trustee . Construction law : In Canada and Minnesota monies owed by employers to contractors or by contractors to subcontractors on construction projects must by law be held in trust . In the event of contractor insolvency , this makes it much more likely that subcontractors will be paid for work completed . Legal retainer - Lawyers in certain countries often require that a legal retainer be paid upfront and held in trust until such time as the legal work is performed and billed to the client , this serves as a minimum guarantee of remuneration should the client become insolvent . However , strict legal ethical codes apply to the use of legal retainer trusts . Types ( edit ) Alphabetic list of trust types ( edit ) Trusts go by many different names , depending on the characteristics or the purpose of the trust . Because trusts often have multiple characteristics or purposes , a single trust might accurately be described in several ways . For example , a living trust is often an express trust , which is also a revocable trust , and might include an incentive trust , and so forth . Asset - protection trust : An asset - protection trust is a term which covers a wide spectrum of legal structures . Any form of trust which provides for funds to be held on a discretionary basis falls within the category . Such trusts are set up in an attempt to avoid or mitigate the effects of taxation , divorce and bankruptcy on the beneficiary . Such trusts are therefore frequently proscribed or limited in their effects by governments and the courts . Community land trust : A community land trust is a nonprofit corporation that develops and stewards affordable housing , community gardens , civic buildings , commercial spaces and other community assets on behalf of a community . `` CLTs '' balance the needs of individuals to access land and maintain security of tenure with a community 's need to maintain affordability , economic diversity and local access to essential services . Constructive trust : Unlike an express trust , a constructive trust is not created by an agreement between a settlor and the trustee . A constructive trust is imposed by the law as an `` equitable remedy '' . This generally occurs due to some wrongdoing , where the wrongdoer has acquired legal title to some property and can not in good conscience be allowed to benefit from it . A constructive trust is , essentially , a legal fiction . For example , a court of equity recognizing a plaintiff 's request for the equitable remedy of a constructive trust may decide that a constructive trust has been created and simply order the person holding the assets to deliver them to the person who rightfully should have them . The constructive trustee is not necessarily the person who is guilty of the wrongdoing , and in practice it is often a bank or similar organization . The distinction may be finer than the preceding exposition in that there are also said to be two forms of constructive trust , the institutional constructive trust and the remedial constructive trust . The latter is an `` equitable remedy '' imposed by law being truly remedial ; the former arising due to some defect in the transfer of property . Discretionary trust : In a discretionary trust , certainty of object is satisfied if it can be said that there is a criterion which a person must satisfy in order to be a beneficiary ( i.e. , whether there is a ' class ' of beneficiaries , which a person can be said to belong to ) . In that way , persons who satisfy that criterion ( who are members of that class ) can enforce the trust . Re Baden 's Deed Trusts ; McPhail v Doulton Directed trust : In these types , a directed trustee is directed by a number of other trust participants in implementing the trust 's execution ; these participants may include a distribution committee , trust protector , or investment advisor . The directed trustee 's role is administrative which involves following investment instructions , holding legal title to the trust assets , providing fiduciary and tax accounting , coordinating trust participants and offering dispute resolution among the participants Dynasty trust ( also known as a ' generation - skipping trust ' ) : A type of trust in which assets are passed down to the grantor 's grandchildren , not the grantor 's children . The children of the grantor never take title to the assets . This allows the grantor to avoid the estate taxes that would apply if the assets were transferred to his or her children first . Generation - skipping trusts can still be used to provide financial benefits to a grantor 's children , however , because any income generated by the trust 's assets can be made accessible to the grantor 's children while still leaving the assets in trust for the grandchildren . Express trust : An express trust arises where a settlor deliberately and consciously decides to create a trust , over their assets , either now , or upon his or her later death . In these cases this will be achieved by signing a trust instrument , which will either be a will or a trust deed . Almost all trusts dealt with in the trust industry are of this type . They contrast with resulting and constructive trusts . The intention of the parties to create the trust must be shown clearly by their language or conduct . For an express trust to exist , there must be certainty to the objects of the trust and the trust property . In the USA Statute of Frauds provisions require express trusts to be evidenced in writing if the trust property is above a certain value , or is real estate . Fixed trust : The entitlement of the beneficiaries is fixed by the settlor . The trustee has little or no discretion . Common examples are : a trust for a minor ( `` to x if she attains 21 '' ) ; a ' life interest ' ( `` to pay the income to x for her lifetime '' ) ; and a ' remainder ' ( `` to pay the capital to y after the death of x '' ) Grantor retained annuity trust ( ' GRAT ' ) : an irrevocable trust whereby a grantor transfers asset ( s ) , as a gift , into a trust and receives an annual payment from the trust for a period of time specified in the trust instrument . At the end of the term , the financial property is transferred ( tax - free ) to the named beneficiaries . This trust is commonly used in the U.S. to facilitate large financial gifts that are not subject to a ' gift tax ' . Hybrid trust : Combines elements of both fixed and discretionary trusts . In a hybrid trust , the trustee must pay a certain amount of the trust property to each beneficiary fixed by the settlor . But the trustee has discretion as to how any remaining trust property , once these fixed amounts have been paid out , is to be paid to the beneficiaries . Implied trust : as distinct from an express trust , is created where some of the legal requirements for an express trust are not met , but an intention on behalf of the parties to create a trust can be presumed to exist . A resulting trust may be deemed to be present where a trust instrument is not properly drafted and a portion of the equitable title has not been provided for . In such a case , the law may raise a resulting trust for the benefit of the grantor ( the creator of the trust ) . In other words , the grantor may be deemed to be a beneficiary of the portion of the equitable title that was not properly provided for in the trust document . Improvement trust : can be set up by urban or local government to hold funds for the development or improvement of an area . The trust is often run by a committee , and can act similarly to a development agency , depending on the provisions of its charter . Incentive trust : A trust that uses distributions from income or principal as an incentive to encourage or discourage certain behaviors on the part of the beneficiary . The term `` incentive trust '' is sometimes used to distinguish trusts that provide fixed conditions for access to trust funds from discretionary trusts that leave such decisions up to the trustee . Inter vivos trust ( or ' living trust ' ) : A settlor who is living at the time the trust is established creates an inter vivos trust . Irrevocable trust : In contrast to a revocable trust , an irrevocable trust is one in which the terms of the trust can not be amended or revised until the terms or purposes of the trust have been completed . Although in rare cases , a court may change the terms of the trust due to unexpected changes in circumstances that make the trust uneconomical or unwieldy to administer , under normal circumstances an irrevocable trust may not be changed by the trustee or the beneficiaries of the trust . Land trust : A private , nonprofit organization that , as all or part of its mission , actively works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting in land or conservation easement acquisition , or by its stewardship of such land or easements ; or an agreement whereby one party ( the trustee ) agrees to hold ownership of a piece of real property for the benefit of another party ( the beneficiary ) . Offshore trust : Strictly speaking , an offshore trust is a trust which is resident in any jurisdiction other than that in which the settlor is resident . However , the term is more commonly used to describe a trust in one of the jurisdictions known as offshore financial centers or , colloquially , as tax havens . Offshore trusts are usually conceptually similar to onshore trusts in common law countries , but usually with legislative modifications to make them more commercially attractive by abolishing or modifying certain common law restrictions . By extension , `` onshore trust '' has come to mean any trust resident in a high - tax jurisdiction . Personal injury trust : A personal injury trust is any form of trust where funds are held by trustees for the benefit of a person who has suffered an injury and funded exclusively by funds derived from payments made in consequence of that injury . Private and public trusts : A private trust has one or more particular individuals as its beneficiary . By contrast , a public trust ( also called a charitable trust ) has some charitable end as its beneficiary . In order to qualify as a charitable trust , the trust must have as its object certain purposes such as alleviating poverty , providing education , carrying out some religious purpose , etc . The permissible objects are generally set out in legislation , but objects not explicitly set out may also be an object of a charitable trust , by analogy . Charitable trusts are entitled to special treatment under the law of trusts and also the law of taxation . Protective trust : Here the terminology is different between the UK and the USA : In the UK , a protective trust is a life interest that terminates upon the happening of a specified event ; such as the bankruptcy of the beneficiary , or any attempt by an individual to dispose of his or her interest . They have become comparatively rare . In the USA , a ' protective trust ' is a type of trust that was devised for use in estate planning . ( In another jurisdiction this might be thought of as one type of asset protection trust . ) Often a person , A , wishes to leave property to another person B. A , however , fears that the property might be claimed by creditors before A dies , and that therefore B would receive none of it . A could establish a trust with B as the beneficiary , but then A would not be entitled to use of the property before they died . Protective trusts were developed as a solution to this situation . A would establish a trust with both A and B as beneficiaries , with the trustee instructed to allow A use of the property until they died , and thereafter to allow its use to B . The property is then safe from being claimed by A 's creditors , at least so long as the debt was entered into after the trust 's establishment . This use of trusts is similar to life estates and remainders , and is frequently used as an alternative to them . Purpose trust : Or , more accurately , non-charitable purpose trust ( all charitable trusts are purpose trusts ) . Generally , the law does not permit non-charitable purpose trusts outside of certain anomalous exceptions which arose under the eighteenth century common law ( and , arguable , Quistclose trusts ) . Certain jurisdictions ( principally , offshore jurisdictions ) have enacted legislation validating non-charitable purpose trusts generally . QTIP Trust : Short for `` qualified terminal interest property . '' A trust recognized under the tax laws of the United States which qualifies for the marital gift exclusion from the estate tax . Resulting trust : A resulting trust is a form of implied trust which occurs where ( 1 ) a trust fails , wholly or in part , as a result of which the settlor becomes entitled to the assets ; or ( 2 ) a voluntary payment is made by A to B in circumstances which do not suggest gifting . B becomes the resulting trustee of A 's payment . Revocable trust : A trust of this kind may be amended , altered or revoked by its settlor at any time , provided the settlor is not mentally incapacitated . Revocable trusts are becoming increasingly common in the US as a substitute for a will to minimize administrative costs associated with probate and to provide centralized administration of a person 's final affairs after death . Secret trust : A post mortem trust constituted externally from a will but imposing obligations as a trustee on one , or more , legatees of a will . Semi-secret trust : A trust in which a will demonstrates the intention to create a trust , names a trustee , but does not identify the intended beneficiary . Simple trust : In the US jurisdiction this has two distinct meanings : In a simple trust the trustee has no active duty beyond conveying the property to the beneficiary at some future time determined by the trust . This is also called a ' bare trust ' . All other trusts are special trusts where the trustee has active duties beyond this . A simple trust in Federal income tax law is one in which , under the terms of the trust document , all net income must be distributed on an annual basis . In the UK a bare or simple trust is one where the beneficiary has an immediate and absolute right to both the capital and income held in the trust . Bare trusts are commonly used to transfer assets to minors . Trustees hold the assets on trust until the beneficiary is 18 in England and Wales , or 16 in Scotland . Special trust : In the US , a special trust , also called complex trust , contrasts with a simple trust ( see above ) . It does not require the income be paid out within the subject tax year . The funds from a complex trust can also be used to donate to a charity or for charitable purposes . Special Power of Appointment trust ( SPA Trust ) : A trust implementing a special power of appointment to provide asset protection features . Spendthrift trust : It is a trust put into place for the benefit of a person who is unable to control their spending . It gives the trustee the power to decide how the trust funds may be spent for the benefit of the beneficiary . Standby Trust ( or ' Pourover Trust ) ' : The trust is empty at creation during life and the will transfers the property into the trust at death . This is a statutory trust . Statutory Business Trust : A trust created pursuant to a state 's business trust statute used primarily for commercial purposes . Two prominent variants of Statutory Business Trusts are Delaware statutory trust s and Massachusetts business trust s . The Uniform Law Commission promulgated a final amended draft of the Uniform Statutory Entity Act ( 2009 ) in 2013 . As of 24 January 2017 , no states have adopted the Uniform Statutory Entity Act of 2009 . Testamentary trust ( or ' Will Trust ' ) : A trust created in an individual 's will is called a testamentary trust . Because a will can become effective only upon death , a testamentary trust is generally created at or following the date of the settlor 's death . Unit trust : A trust where the beneficiaries ( called unitholders ) each possess a certain share ( called units ) and can direct the trustee to pay money to them out of the trust property according to the number of units they possess . A unit trust is a vehicle for collective investment , rather than disposition , as the person who gives the property to the trustee is also the beneficiary . Regional variations ( edit ) Trusts originated in England , and therefore English trusts law has had a significant influence , particularly among common law legal systems such as the United States and the countries of the Commonwealth . Trust law in civil law jurisdictions , generally including Continental Europe only exists in a limited number of jurisdictions ( e.g. Curaçao , Liechtenstein and Sint Maarten ) . The trust may however be recognized as an instrument of foreign law in conflict of laws cases , for example within the Brussels regime ( Europe ) and the parties to the Hague Trust Convention . Tax avoidance concerns have historically been one of the reasons that European countries with a civil law system have been reluctant to adopt trusts . United States ( edit ) Main article : United States trust law State law applies to trusts , and the Uniform Trust Code has been enacted by the legislatures in many states . In addition , federal law considerations such as federal taxes administered by the Internal Revenue Service may affect the structure and creation of trusts . The common law of trusts is summarized in the Restatements of the Law , such as the Restatement of Trusts , Third ( 2003 − 08 ) . In the United States the tax law allows trusts to be taxed as corporations , partnerships , or not at all depending on the circumstances , although trusts may be used for tax avoidance in certain situations . For example , the trust - preferred security is a hybrid ( debt and equity ) security with favorable tax treatment which is treated as regulatory capital on banks ' balance sheets . The Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act changed this somewhat by not allowing these assets to be a part of ( large ) banks ' regulatory capital . Estate planning ( edit ) Main article : Estate planning Living trusts , as opposed to testamentary ( will ) trusts , may help a trustor avoid probate . Avoiding probate may save costs and maintain privacy and living trusts have become very popular . Probate is potentially costly , and probate records are available to the public while distribution through a trust is private . Both living trusts and wills can also be used to plan for unforeseen circumstances such as incapacity or disability , by giving discretionary powers to the trustee or executor of the will . Negative aspects of using a living trust as opposed to a will and probate include upfront legal expenses , the expense of trust administration , and a lack of certain safeguards . The cost of the trust may be 1 % of the estate per year versus the one - time probate cost of 1 to 4 % for probate , which applies whether or not there is a drafted will . Unlike trusts , wills must be signed by two to three witnesses , the number depending on the law of the jurisdiction in which the will is executed . Legal protections that apply to probate but do not automatically apply to trusts include provisions that protect the decedent 's assets from mismanagement or embezzlement , such as requirements of bonding , insurance , and itemized accountings of probate assets . Estate tax effect ( edit ) Living trusts generally do not shelter assets from the U.S. federal estate tax . Married couples may , however , effectively double the estate tax exemption amount by setting up the trust with a formula clause . For a living trust , the grantor may retain some level of control to the trust , such by appointment as protector under the trust instrument . Living trusts also , in practical terms , tend to be driven to large extent by tax considerations . If a living trust fails , the property will usually be held for the grantor / settlor on resulting trusts , which in some notable cases , has had catastrophic tax consequences . South Africa ( edit ) In many ways trusts in South Africa operate similarly to other common law countries , although the law of South Africa is actually a hybrid of the British common law system and Roman - Dutch law . In South Africa , in addition to the traditional living trusts and will trusts there is a ' bewind trust ' ( inherited from the Roman - Dutch bewind administered by a bewindhebber ) in which the beneficiaries own the trust assets while the trustee administers the trust , although this is regarded by modern Dutch law as not actually a trust . Bewind trusts are created as trading vehicles providing trustees with limited liability and certain tax advantages . In South Africa , minor children can not inherit assets and in the absence of a trust and assets held in a state institution , the Guardian 's Fund , and released to the children in adulthood . Therefore , testamentary ( will ) trusts often leave assets in a trust for the benefit of these minor children . There are two types of living trusts in South Africa , namely vested trusts and discretionary trusts . In vested trusts , the benefits of the beneficiaries are set out in the trust deed , whereas in discretionary trusts the trustees have full discretion at all times as to how much and when each beneficiary is to benefit . Asset protection ( edit ) Until recently , there were tax advantages to living trusts in South Africa , although most of these advantages have been removed . Protection of assets from creditors is a modern advantage . With notable exceptions , assets held by the trust are not owned by the trustees or the beneficiaries , the creditors of trustees or beneficiaries can have no claim against the trust . Under the Insolvency Act ( Act 24 of 1936 ) , assets transferred into a living trust remain at risk from external creditors for 6 months if the previous owner of the assets is solvent at the time of transfer , or 24 months if he / she is insolvent at the time of transfer . After 24 months , creditors have no claim against assets in the trust , although they can attempt to attach the loan account , thereby forcing the trust to sell its assets . Assets can be transferred into the living trust by selling it to the trust ( through a loan granted to the trust ) or donating cash to it ( any natural person can donate R100 000 per year without attracting donations tax ; 20 % donations tax applies to further donations within the same tax year ) . Tax considerations ( edit ) Under South African law living trusts are considered tax payers . Two types of tax apply to living trusts , namely income tax and capital gains tax ( CGT ) . A trust pays income tax at a flat rate of 40 % ( individuals pay according to income scales , usually less than 20 % ) . The trust 's income can , however , be taxed in the hands of either the trust or the beneficiary . A trust pays CGT at the rate of 20 % ( individuals pay 10 % ) . Trusts do not pay deceased estate tax ( although trusts may be required to pay back outstanding loans to a deceased estate , in which the loan amounts are taxable with deceased estate tax ) . The taxpayer whose residence has been ' locked ' into a trust has now been given another opportunity to take advantage of these CGT exemptions . The Taxation Law Amendment Act of 30 September 2009 commenced on 1 January 2010 and granted a 2 - year window period from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2011 , affording a natural person the opportunity to take transfer of the residence with advantage of no transfer duty being payable or CGT consequences . Whilst taxpayers can take advantage of this opening of a window of opportunity , it is not likely that it will ever become available thereafter . See also ( edit ) Blind trust Foundation ( charity ) Rabbi trust STEP ( Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners ) , the international professional association for the trust industry Totten trust Trusts & Estates ( journal ) Use ( law ) Jurisdiction specific : ( edit ) Argentinian Legal System , law number 24.441 of 1994 . Australian trust law Henson trust Italian trust law Trust law in Civil law jurisdictions Trust law in England and Wales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trust '' . BusinessDictionary . WebFinance , Inc . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Austin . `` Importance of the Trust '' . U. Colo . L. Rev. Retrieved 6 April 2014 . The greatest and most distinctive achievement performed by Englishmen in the field of jurisprudence is the development from century to century of the trust idea . Jump up ^ `` Section 2 '' . Restatment of Trusts ( Third ed . ) . St. Paul , Minn. : American Law Institute . 1992 . p. 17 . ISBN 9780314842466 . OCLC 25422858 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 15 '' . Restatment of Trusts ( Third ed . ) . St. Paul , Minn. : American Law Institute . 1992 . p. 67 . ISBN 9780314842466 . OCLC 25422858 . Jump up ^ Ben - Barak , Zafrira . `` Meribaal and the System of Land Grants in Ancient Israel . '' Biblica ( 1981 ) : 73 - 91 . Jump up ^ Goode , Roy M. ( 2 January 1996 ) . Commercial Law ( 2nd ed . ) . London , U.K. : Penguin UK . ISBN 0140125345 . Jump up ^ M. Bergervoet and D.S. Mansur ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` De Curaçaose trust in de partijk '' ( PDF ) . Weekblad voor Privaatrecht , Notariaat en Registratie ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` Loi n ° 2007 - 211 du 19 février 2007 instituant la fiducie '' . Legifrance.gouv.fr , le service public de la diffusion du droit. 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ordonnance n ° 2009 - 79 du 22 janvier 2009 ( consolidated version ) '' . Legifrance.gouv.fr , le service public de la diffusion du droit. 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hansmann , Henry ; Mattei , Ugo ( May 1998 ) . `` The Functions of Trust Law : A Comparative Legal and Economic Analysis '' ( PDF ) . New York University Law Review . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Database Access - UNSW Library '' . Jump up ^ `` Bahr v Nicolay ( No 2 ) ( 1988 ) HCA 16 ; ( 1988 ) 164 CLR 604 ( 15 June 1988 ) '' . Jump up ^ See for example T Choithram International SA and others v Pagarani and others ( 2001 ) 2 All ER 492 Jump up ^ For example , in England , trusts over land must be evidenced in writing under s. 56 of the Law of Property Act 1925 Jump up ^ `` Barclays Bank v Quistclose Investments Ltd ( 1968 ) UKHL 4 ( 31 October 1968 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Re Baden ( No 1 ) McPhail v Doulton ( 1970 ) UKHL 1 ( 06 May 1970 ) '' . Jump up ^ Edward Jones Trust Company . Fundamental Duties of a Trustee : A Guide for Trustees in a post-Uniform Trust Code World . Jump up ^ Boardman v Phipps ( 1966 ) UKHL 2 Jump up ^ Last Beneficiary Standing : Identifying the Proper Parties in Breach of Fiduciary Cases . American Bar Association , Section of Real Property , Trust , & Estate Law . 20th Annual Real Property & Estate Planning Symposia . Jump up ^ Trust Code Summary . Uniform Law Commission . Jump up ^ Schanzenbach MM , Sitkoff RF . ( 2007 ) . Did Reform of Prudent Trust Investment Laws Change Trust Portfolio Allocation ? . Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center for Law , Economics and Business Discussion Paper Series . Paper 580 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael J. ( 2007 ) . Vault Career Guide to Private Wealth Management . New York , New York : Vault , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 9781581314489 . OCLC 86069641 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott D. ( 2009 -- 2010 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Paul BW Chaplin # Biography Jump up ^ Kirsh , Harvey J ; Roth , Lori A ( 1 September 1997 ) . `` Construction law : Breach of trust in the construction industry '' . International Finance Law Review ( IFLR ) . Jump up ^ Indian Public Administration : Institutions and Issues . New Age International . 1995 . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7328 - 068 - 9 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julius B. Levine & Randall L. Holton , Enforcement of Secret and Semi-Secret Trusts , 5 Prob . L.J. 7 , 16 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ `` Bare trusts '' . HM Revenue & Customs . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Trust Entity Act ( 2009 ) ( Last Amended 2013 ) '' . www.uniformlaws.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kam Fan Sin , The Legal Nature of the Unit Trust , Clarendon Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` The Dodd - Frank Act : Commentary and Insights '' ( PDF ) . Skadden , Arps , Slate , Meagher & Flom LLP & Affiliates . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Caraway , David ( April 2015 ) . `` Testamentary Trusts '' . New York City Bar . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron . `` What is a Trust and Why You May Need One '' . ExpertLaw.com . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ American Bar Association . Ch. 5 Living Trusts . Appears to be online copy of : The American Bar Association guide to wills and estates ( 1995 ) . See also Ch. 4 , Trusts . Jump up ^ The formula clause may be : `` I leave to my child the maximum allowable amount that is not subject to federal estate tax , with the remainder going to my wife . '' As of 2013 , transfers to spouses are exempt from estate tax . See : After The Fiscal Cliff Deal : Estate And Gift Tax Explained . Forbes . Jump up ^ Trust Overview . Moore Stephens Chartered Accountants . Jump up ^ Oakley JA . ( 1996 ) . Trends in Contemporary Trust Law , p. 108 . Jump up ^ E-book : Trusts for Business Owners , by Peter Carruthers and Robert Velosa . Jump up ^ Miller , Winston E. ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` Dump That Trust Through The Window : Family Trust Tax Window '' . Winston Miller Attorneys . References ( edit ) Hudson , A ( 2003 ) . Equity and Trusts ( 3rd ed . ) . Cavendish Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 729 - 9 . Mitchell , Charles ; Hayton , DJ ( 2005 ) . Hayton and Marshall 's Commentary and Cases on the Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies ( 12th ed . ) . Sweet & Maxwell . Mitchell , Charles ; Hayton , DJ ; Matthews , P ( 2006 ) . Underhill and Hayton 's Law Relating to Trusts and Trustees ( 17th ed . ) . Butterworths . Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Trust law . Trust Law of the People 's Republic of China ( Order of the President No. 50 ) ( PDF ) , Studio legale Tedioli , 28 April 2001 <Th_colspan="2"> Death <Td_colspan="2"> Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Holiday effect Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Trust law
2. Fiduciary relationship
3. Settlor, trustee, beneficiary
4. Revocable and irrevocable trusts
5. Duties and responsibilities of trustees |
-2,476,299,916,855,533,600 | which celebrity has the most follower on instagram | List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 137 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 137 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 119 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 115 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 111 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 109 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 108 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 107 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 100 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 90 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 88 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 76 Reality TV personality USA 18 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 75 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 63 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 62 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 59 Comedian USA <Th_colspan="7"> As of May 13 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 99 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 58 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 47 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 46 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 32 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician <Th_colspan="7"> As of May 13 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=843654586 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Most followed Instagram accounts
2. Selena Gomez
3. Instagram's own account
4. Top accounts on Instagram
5. Instagram followers by country |
4,005,111,747,016,833,000 | where is the mesentery located in the human body | Mesentery - wikipedia Mesentery Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Mesentery <Td_colspan="2"> Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum , in the lower part of the abdomen : The peritoneum and mesentery are marked with red . <Td_colspan="2"> Vertical disposition of the peritoneum : Main cavity , red ; omental bursa , blue <Th_colspan="2"> Details Pronunciation / ˈmɛzənˌtɛri / <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Mesenterium MeSH A01. 047.025. 600.451 TA A10. 1.02. 007 FMA 7144 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The mesentery is a continuous set of tissues which is formed by the double fold of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen . The term mesentery is used for the small intestine and mesenteric organ is sometimes used to refer to the rest of the mesentery that incorporates the mesocolon , mesoappendix , mesosigmoid and mesorectum . It has been proposed for reclassification as an organ due to research at the University of Limerick in the 2010s . Conventional teaching had described the mesocolon as a fragmented structure with all the named parts -- the ascending , transverse , descending , and sigmoid mesocolons , mesoappendix , and mesorectum as separately terminating their insertion into the posterior abdominal wall . In 2012 , following detailed microscopic and electron microscopic examinations , the mesocolon was shown to be a single , continuous structure that commenced from the duodenojejunal flexure and extended to the level of the distal mesorectum . This simpler concept has enabled substantial advances to be made in different aspects of surgery on the colon and rectum . It has also had implications for sciences related to surgery , anatomy , and development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Flexural anatomy 1.2 Mesocolon regions 1.3 Peritoneal folds 1.4 Microanatomy 1.5 Development 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Surgery 2.2 Radiology 3 History 3.1 Etymology 3.2 Lymphangiology 4 See also 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The mesentery of the small intestine arises from the root of the mesentery ( or mesenteric root ) and is the part connected with the structures in front of the vertebral column . The root is narrow , about 15 cm long , 20 cm in width , and is directed obliquely from the duodenojejunal flexure at the left side of the second lumbar vertebra to the right sacroiliac articulation . The root of the mesentery extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileocaecal junction . This section of the small intestine is located centrally in the abdominal cavity and lies behind the transverse colon and the greater omentum . The mesentery becomes attached to the colon at the gastrointestinal margin and continues as the several mesenteries of the mesocolon , sometimes collectively called the mesenteric organ . The parts of the mesocolon take their names from the part of the colon to which they attach . These are the transverse mesocolon attaching to the transverse colon , the sigmoid mesocolon attaching to the sigmoid colon , the mesoappendix attaching to the appendix , and the mesorectum attaching to the upper third of the rectum . The mesocolon regions were traditionally taught to be separate sections with separate insertions into the posterior abdominal wall . In 2012 , the first detailed observational and histological studies of the mesocolon were undertaken and this revealed several new findings . The study included 109 patients undergoing open , elective , total abdominal colectomy . Anatomical observations were recorded during the surgery and on the post-operative specimens . These studies showed that the mesocolon is continuous from the ileocaecal to the rectosigmoid level . It was also shown that a mesenteric confluence occurs at the ileocaecal and rectosigmoid junctions , as well as at the hepatic and splenic flexures and that each confluence involves peritoneal and omental attachments . The proximal rectum was shown to originate at the confluence of the mesorectum and mesosigmoid . A plane occupied by perinephric fascia was shown to separate the entire apposed small intestinal mesentery and the mesocolon from the retroperitoneum . Deep in the pelvis , this fascia coalesces to give rise to presacral fascia . Flexural anatomy ( edit ) Flexural anatomy is frequently described as a difficult area . It is simplified when each flexure is considered as being centered on a mesenteric contiguity . The ileocaecal flexure arises at the point where the ileum is continuous with the caecum around the ileocaecal mesenteric flexure . Similarly , the hepatic flexure is formed between the right mesocolon and transverse mesocolon at the mesenteric confluence . The colonic component of the hepatic flexure is draped around this mesenteric confluence . Furthermore , the splenic flexure is formed by the mesenteric confluence between the transverse and left mesocolon . The colonic component of the splenic flexure occurs lateral to the mesenteric confluence . At every flexure , a continuous peritoneal fold lies outside the colonic / mesocolic complex tethering this to the posterior abdominal wall . Mesocolon regions ( edit ) The transverse mesocolon is that section of the mesocolon attached to the transverse colon that lies between the colic flexures . The sigmoid mesocolon is that region of the mesentery to which the sigmoid colon is attached at the gastrointestinal mesenteric margin . The mesoappendix is the portion of the mesocolon connecting the ileum to the appendix . It may extend to the tip of the appendix . It encloses the appendicular artery and vein , as well as lymphatic vessels , nerves , and often a lymph node . The mesorectum is that part attached to the upper third of the rectum . Peritoneal folds ( edit ) Understanding the macroscopic structure of the mesenteric organ meant that associated structures -- the peritoneal folds and congenital and omental adhesions -- could be better appraised . The small intestinal mesenteric fold occurs where the small intestinal mesentery folds onto the posterior abdominal wall and continues laterally as the right mesocolon . During mobilization of the small intestinal mesentery from the posterior abdominal wall , this fold is incised , allowing access to the interface between the small intestinal mesentery and the retroperitoneum . The fold continues at the inferolateral boundary of the ileocaecal junction and turns cephalad as the right paracolic peritoneal fold . This fold is divided during lateral to medial mobilization , permitting the surgeon to serially lift the right colon and associated mesentery off the underlying fascia and retroperitoneum . At the hepatic flexure , the right lateral peritoneal fold turns and continues medially as the hepatocolic peritoneal fold . Division of the fold in this location permits separation of the colonic component of the hepatic flexure and mesocolon off the retroperitoneum . Interposed between the hepatic and splenic flexures , the greater omentum adheres to the transverse colon along a further band or fold of peritoneum . Dissection through this allows access to the cephalad ( top ) surface of the transverse mesocolon . Focal adhesions frequently tether the greater omentum to the cephalad aspect of the transverse mesocolon . The left colon is associated with a similar anatomic configuration of peritoneal folds ; the splenic peritoneal fold is contiguous with the left lateral paracolic peritoneal fold at the splenic flexure . Division of the latter similarly allows for the separation of the left colon and associated mesentery off the underlying fascia and frees it from the retroperitoneum . The left lateral paracolic peritoneal fold continues distally at the lateral aspect of the mobile component of the mesosigmoid . Microanatomy ( edit ) Determination of the macroscopic structure of the mesenteric organ allowed a recent characterisation of the histological and electron microscopic properties . The microscopic structure of the mesocolon and associated fascia is consistent from ileocecal to mesorectal levels . A surface mesothelium and underlying connective tissue is universally apparent . Adipocytes lobules within the body of the mesocolon are separated by fibrous septae arising from submesothelial connective tissue . Where apposed to the retroperitoneum , two mesothelial layers separate the mesocolon and underlying retroperitoneum . Between these is Toldt 's fascia , a discrete layer of connective tissue . Lymphatic channels are evident in mesocolic connective tissue and in Toldt 's fascia . Development ( edit ) The primitive gut is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the dorsal mesentery . The gastrointestinal tract and associated dorsal mesentery are subdivided into foregut , midgut , and hindgut regions based on the respective blood supply . The foregut is supplied by the celiac trunk , the midgut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) , and the hindgut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ) . This division is established by the fourth week of development . After this , the midgut undergoes a period of rapid elongation , forcing it to herniate through the navel . During herniation , the midgut rotates 90 ° anti-clockwise around the axis of the SMA and forms the midgut loop . The cranial portion of the loop moves to the right and the caudal portion of the loop moves toward the left . This rotation occurs at about the eighth week of development . The cranial portion of the loop will develop into the jejunum , while most of the ileum and the caudal part of the loop eventually form the terminal portion of the ileum , the ascending colon and the initial two - thirds of the transverse colon . As the foetus grows larger , the mid-gut loop is drawn back through the umbilicus and undergoes a further 180 ° rotation , completing a total of 270 ° rotation . At this point , about 10 weeks , the caecum lies close to the liver . From here it moves in a cranial to caudal direction to eventually lie in the lower right portion of the abdominal cavity . This process brings the ascending colon to lie vertically in the lateral right portion of the abdominal cavity apposed to the posterior abdominal wall . The descending colon occupies a similar position on the left side . During these topographic changes , the dorsal mesentery undergoes corresponding changes . Most anatomical and embryological textbooks say that after adopting a final position , the ascending and descending mesocolons disappear during embryogenesis . Embryology -- An Illustrated Colour Text says , `` most of the mid-gut retains the original dorsal mesentery , though parts of the duodenum derived from the mid-gut do not . The mesentery associated with the ascending colon and descending colon is resorbed , bringing these parts of the colon into close contact with the body wall . '' In The Developing Human , the author states , `` the mesentery of the ascending colon fuses with the parietal peritoneum on this wall and disappears ; consequently the ascending colon also becomes retroperitoneal '' . To reconcile these differences , several theories of embryologic mesenteric development -- including the `` regression '' and `` sliding '' theories -- have been proposed , but none has been widely accepted . Clinical significance ( edit ) Clarifications of the mesenteric anatomy have facilitated a clearer understanding of diseases involving the mesentery , examples of which include malrotation and Crohn 's disease ( CD ) . In CD , the mesentery is frequently thickened , rendering haemostasis challenging . In addition , fat wrapping -- creeping fat -- involves extension of mesenteric fat over the circumference of contiguous gastrointestinal tract , and this may indicate increased mesothelial plasticity . The relationship between mesenteric derangements and mucosal manifestations in CD points to a pathobiological overlap ; some authors say that CD is mainly a mesenteric disorder that secondarily affects the GIT and systemic circulation . Thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein can cause mesenteric ischemia also known as ischemic bowel . Mesenteric ischemia can also result from the formation of a volvulus , a twisted loop of the small intestine that when it wraps around itself and also encloses the mesentery too tightly can cause ischemia . The rationalization of mesenteric and peritoneal fold anatomy permits the surgeon to differentiate both from intraperitoneal adhesions -- also called congenital adhesions . These are highly variable among patients and occur in several locations . Congenital adhesions occur between the lateral aspect of the peritoneum overlying the mobile component of the mesosigmoid , and the parietal peritoneum in the left iliac fossa . During lateral to medial approach of mobilizing of the mesosigmoid , these must be divided first before the peritoneum proper can be accessed . Similarly , focal adhesions occur between the undersurface of the greater omentum and the cephalad aspect of the transverse mesocolon . These can be accessed after dividing the peritoneal fold that links the greater omentum and transverse colon . Adhesions here must be divided to separate the greater omentum off the transverse mesocolon , thus allowing access to the lesser sac proper . Surgery ( edit ) While the total mesocolic excision ( TME ) operation has become the surgical gold standard for the management of rectal cancer , this is not so for colon cancer . Recently , the surgical principles underpinning TME in rectal cancer have been extrapolated to colonic surgery . Total or Complete mesocolic excision ( CME ) , use planar surgery and extensive mesenterectomy ( high tie ) to minimise breach of the mesentery and maximise lymph nodes yield . Application of this T / CME reduces local five - year recurrence rates in colon cancer from 6.5 % to 3.6 % , while cancer - related five - year survival rates in patients resected for cure increased from 82.1 % to 89.1 % . Radiology. ( edit ) Recent radiologic appraisals of the mesenteric organ have been conducted in the context of the contemporary understanding of mesenteric organ anatomy . When this organ is divided into non-flexural and flexural regions , these can readily be differentiated in most patients on CT imaging . Clarification of the radiological appearance of the human mesentery resonates with the suggestions of Dodds and enables a clearer conceptualization of mesenteric derangements in disease states . This is of immediate relevance in the spread of cancer from colon cancer and perforated diverticular disease , and in pancreatitis where fluid collections in the lesser sac dissect the mesocolon from the retroperitoneum and thereby extend distally within the latter . History ( edit ) According to the editor of Gray 's Anatomy Professor Susan Standring , mesentery has been known for thousands of years . The classical anatomical description of the mesocolon is credited to British surgeon Sir Frederick Treves in 1885 , although a description of the membrane as a single structure dates back to at least Leonardo da Vinci . Treves is known for performing the first appendectomy in England in 1888 ; he was surgeon to both Queen Victoria and King Edward VII . He studied the human mesentery and peritoneal folds in 100 cadavers and described the right and left mesocolons as vestigial or absent in the human adult . Accordingly , the small intestinal mesentery , transverse , and sigmoid mesocolons all terminated or attached at their insertions into the posterior abdominal wall . These assertions were included in mainstream surgical , anatomical , embryological , and radiologic literature for more than a century . Almost 10 years before Treves , the Austrian anatomist Carl Toldt described the persistence of all portions of the mesocolon into adulthood . Toldt was professor of anatomy in Prague and Vienna ; he published his account of the human mesentery in 1879 . Toldt identified a fascial plane between the mesocolon and the underlying retroperitoneum , formed by the fusion of the visceral peritoneum of the mesocolon with the parietal peritoneum of the retroperitoneum ; this later became known as Toldt 's fascia . In 1942 , anatomist Edward Congdon also demonstrated that the right and left mesocolons persisted into adulthood and remained separate from the retroperitoneum -- extraretroperitoneal . Radiologist Wylie J. Dodds described this concept in 1986 . Dodds extrapolated that unless the mesocolon remained an extraretroperitoneal structure -- separate from the retroperitoneum -- only then would the radiologic appearance of the mesentery and peritoneal folds be reconciled with actual anatomy . Descriptions of the mesocolon by Toldt , Congdon , and Dodds have largely been ignored in mainstream literature until recently . A formal appraisal of the mesenteric organ anatomy was conducted in 2012 ; it echoed the findings of Toldt , Congdon , and Dodds . The single greatest advance in this regard was the identification of the mesenteric organ as being contiguous , as it spans the gastrointestinal tract from duodenojejunal flexure to mesorectal level . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` mesentery '' and its New Latin equivalent mesenterium ( / ˌmɛzənˈtɛriəm / ) use the combining forms mes - + enteron , ultimately from ancient Greek μεσεντερον ( mesenteron ) , from μέσος ( mésos , `` middle '' ) + ἔντερον ( énteron , `` gut '' ) , yielding `` mid-intestine '' or `` midgut '' . The adjectival form is `` mesenteric '' ( / ˌmɛzənˈtɛrɪk / ) . Lymphangiology ( edit ) An improved understanding of mesenteric structure and histology has enabled a formal characterization of mesenteric lymphangiology . Stereologic assessments of the lymphatic vessels demonstrate a rich lymphatic network embedded within the mesenteric connective tissue lattice . On average , vessels occur every 0.14 mm ( 0.0055 in ) , and within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) from the mesocolic surfaces -- anterior and posterior . Lymphatic channels have also been identified in Toldt 's fascia , though the significance of this is unknown . See also ( edit ) Mesorchium Mesovarium Gallery ( edit ) Figure obtained by combining several successive sections of a human embryo of about the fourth week . Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery . Human embryo of six weeks . Mesenteric relation of intestines . Deep dissection . Anterior view . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coffey , J Calvin ; O'Leary , D Peter ( 2016 ) . `` The mesentery : structure , function , and role in disease '' . The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 247 . doi : 10.1016 / S2468 - 1253 ( 16 ) 30026 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Guarino , Ben ( 4 January 2017 ) . `` Meet the mesentery : Irish scientists say this gut membrane should be upgraded to an organ '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish surgeon identifies emerging area of medical science '' . Jump up ^ The human body may have a new organ -- the mesentery ( arstechnica.com , 4 January 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : Coffey JC ( August 2013 ) . `` Surgical anatomy and anatomic surgery -- Clinical and scientific mutualism '' . The Surgeon. 11 ( 4 ) : 177 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. surge. 2013.03. 002 . PMID 23597667 . ^ Jump up to : Coffey JC , Sehgal R , Culligan K , et al. ( June 2014 ) . `` Terminology and nomenclature in colonic surgery : universal application of a rule - based approach derived from updates on mesenteric anatomy '' . Techniques in Coloproctology. 18 : 789 -- 94 . doi : 10.1007 / s10151 - 014 - 1184 - 2 . PMID 24968936 . Jump up ^ Zheng , MH ; Zhang , S ; Feng , B ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Complete mesocolic excision : Lessons from anatomy translating to better oncologic outcome '' . World journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 8 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 9 . doi : 10.4251 / wjgo. v8. i3. 235 . PMC 4789608 . PMID 26989458 . ^ Jump up to : Culligan K , Coffey JC , Kiran RP , Kalady M , Lavery IC , Remzi FH ( April 2012 ) . `` The mesocolon : a prospective observational study '' . Colorectal Disease . 14 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 8 ; discussion 428 -- 30 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 1318.2012. 02935. x . PMID 22230129 . ^ Jump up to : Culligan K , Walsh S , Dunne C , et al. ( January 2014 ) . `` The Mesocolon : A Histological and Electron Microscopic Characterization of the Mesenteric Attachment of the Colon Prior to and After Surgical Mobilization '' . Annals of Surgery . 260 : 1048 -- 56 . doi : 10.1097 / SLA. 0000000000000323 . PMID 24441808 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Harold ; Mahadevan , Vishy ( April 2014 ) . `` Anatomy of the caecum , appendix and colon '' . Surgery . 32 ( 4 ) : 155 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mpsur. 2014.02. 001 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell B , Sharma R. Embryology : An Illustrated Colour Text , 2e . Churchill Livingstone ; 2 edition ( June 22 , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0702032257 . ^ Jump up to : Moore KL , TPersaud TVN , Torchia MG . The Developing Human : Clinically Oriented Embryology with Student Consult Online Assess , 9th Edition . Saunders ; ISBN 978 - 1437720020 Jump up ^ Sahebally SM , Burke JP , Chang KH , Kiernan MG , O'Connell PR , Coffey JC ( November 2013 ) . `` Circulating fibrocytes and Crohn 's disease '' . The British Journal of Surgery . 100 ( 12 ) : 1549 -- 56 . doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 9302 . PMID 24264775 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomic Problems of the Lower GI Tract '' . NIDDK . July 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sehgal R , Coffey JC ( June 2014 ) . `` The development of consensus for complete mesocolic excision ( CME ) should commence with standardisation of anatomy and related terminology '' . International Journal of Colorectal Disease . 29 ( 6 ) : 763 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s00384 - 014 - 1852 - 8 . PMID 24676507 . Jump up ^ Sehgal R , Coffey JC ( July 2014 ) . `` Comprehensive standardization of complete mesocolic surgery is now possible '' . Techniques in Coloproctology. 18 ( 7 ) : 675 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s10151 - 014 - 1135 - y . PMID 24599764 . Jump up ^ Sehgal R , Coffey JC ( April 2014 ) . `` Standardization of the nomenclature based on contemporary mesocolic anatomy is paramount prior to performing a complete mesocolic excision '' . International Journal of Colorectal Disease . 29 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s00384 - 014 - 1835 - 9 . PMID 24488141 . Jump up ^ West NP , Morris EJ , Rotimi O , Cairns A , Finan PJ , Quirke P ( September 2008 ) . `` Pathology grading of colon cancer surgical resection and its association with survival : a retrospective observational study '' . The Lancet Oncology. 9 ( 9 ) : 857 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / S1470 - 2045 ( 08 ) 70181 - 5 . PMID 18667357 . Jump up ^ Jagoditsch M , Lisborg PH , Jatzko GR , et al. ( October 2000 ) . `` Long - term prognosis for colon cancer related to consistent radical surgery : multivariate analysis of clinical , surgical , and pathologic variables '' . World Journal of Surgery . 24 ( 10 ) : 1264 -- 70 . doi : 10.1007 / s002680010252 . PMID 11071473 . Jump up ^ Bokey EL , Chapuis PH , Dent OF , Mander BJ , Bissett IP , Newland RC ( July 2003 ) . `` Surgical technique and survival in patients having a curative resection for colon cancer '' . Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 46 ( 7 ) : 860 -- 6 . doi : 10.1097 / 01.DCR.0000074731.78773.BB . PMID 12847357 . Jump up ^ Søndenaa K , Quirke P , Hohenberger W , et al. ( April 2014 ) . `` The rationale behind complete mesocolic excision ( CME ) and a central vascular ligation for colon cancer in open and laparoscopic surgery : proceedings of a consensus conference '' . International Journal of Colorectal Disease . 29 ( 4 ) : 419 -- 28 . doi : 10.1007 / s00384 - 013 - 1818 - 2 . PMID 24477788 . Jump up ^ Storli KE , Søndenaa K , Furnes B , et al. ( June 2014 ) . `` Short term results of complete ( D3 ) vs. standard ( D2 ) mesenteric excision in colon cancer shows improved outcome of complete mesenteric excision in patients with TNM stages I -- II '' . Techniques in Coloproctology. 18 ( 6 ) : 557 -- 64 . doi : 10.1007 / s10151 - 013 - 1100 - 1 . PMID 24357446 . Jump up ^ Galizia G , Lieto E , De Vita F , et al. ( January 2014 ) . `` Is complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation safe and effective in the surgical treatment of right - sided colon cancers ? A prospective study '' . International Journal of Colorectal Disease . 29 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 97 . doi : 10.1007 / s00384 - 013 - 1766 - x . PMID 23982425 . ^ Jump up to : Hohenberger W , Weber K , Matzel K , Papadopoulos T , Merkel S ( May 2009 ) . `` Standardized surgery for colonic cancer : complete mesocolic excision and central ligation -- technical notes and outcome '' . Colorectal Disease . 11 ( 4 ) : 354 -- 64 ; discussion 364 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 1318.2008. 01735. x . PMID 19016817 . ^ Jump up to : Dodds WJ , Darweesh RM , Lawson TL , et al. ( December 1986 ) . `` The retroperitoneal spaces revisited '' . AJR . American Journal of Roentgenology. 147 ( 6 ) : 1155 -- 61 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 147.6. 1155 . PMID 3490750 . Jump up ^ Koo BC , Chinogureyi A , Shaw AS ( February 2010 ) . `` Imaging acute pancreatitis '' . The British Journal of Radiology. 83 ( 986 ) : 104 -- 12 . doi : 10.1259 / bjr / 13359269 . PMC 3473535 . PMID 20139261 . Jump up ^ `` We Got The Mesentery News All Wrong '' , Discover Magazine , January 7 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Treves F ( March 1885 ) . `` Lectures on the Anatomy of the Intestinal Canal and Peritoneum in Man '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 1264 ) : 580 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.1264. 580 . PMC 2255923 . PMID 20751205 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sara G ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gut Decision : Scientists Identify New Organ in Humans '' . Live Science . ^ Jump up to : Mirilas P , Skandalakis JE ( June 2003 ) . `` Not just an appendix : Sir Frederick Treves '' . Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88 ( 6 ) : 549 -- 52 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 88.6. 549 . PMC 1763108 . PMID 12765932 . Jump up ^ Ellis H. The abdomen and pelvis . In : Ellis H , editor . Clinical anatomy : applied anatomy for students and junior doctors . 12th ed . Blackwell Science ; 2010 . p. 86 . Jump up ^ McMinn RH ( 1994 ) . `` The gastrointestinal tract '' . In McMinn RH . Last 's anatomy : regional and applied ( 9th ed . ) . London : Langman Group . p. 331e42 . ^ Jump up to : Toldt C ( 1879 ) . `` Bau und wachstumsveranterungen der gekrose des menschlischen darmkanales '' . Denkschrdmathnaturwissensch. 41 : 1 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Toldt C ( 1919 ) . `` Splanchology -- general considerations '' . In Toldt C ; Della Rossa A. An atlas of human anatomy for students and physicians . 4 . New York : Rebman Company . p. 408 . Jump up ^ Congdon , Edgar D. ; Blumberg , Ralph ; Henry , William ( March 1942 ) . `` Fasciae of fusion and elements of the fused enteric mesenteries in the human adult '' . American Journal of Anatomy. 70 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 79 . doi : 10.1002 / aja. 1000700204 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 39 : 01 - 0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center jejunumileum at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) McGill <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery General Peritoneum cavity Mesentery Abdominal From ventral mesentery Lesser omentum Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Liver Coronary ligament ( Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament ) Falciform ligament ( Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it , but not of it ) From dorsal mesentery Greater omentum Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery Splenorenal ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Folds Umbilical folds Supravesical fossa Medial inguinal fossa Lateral umbilical fold Lateral inguinal fossa Ileocecal fold Abdominal cavity Greater sac Lesser sac Omental foramen General Cystohepatic triangle Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Abdominal wall Inguinal triangle Peritoneal recesses Paracolic gutters Paramesenteric gutters Pelvic Uterus / ovaries Broad ligament of the uterus Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesometrium ) Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of ovary Recesses Male Recto - vesical pouch Pararectal fossa Female Recto - uterine pouch Recto - uterine fold ( Uterosacral ligament ) Vesico - uterine pouch Ovarian fossa Paravesical fossa Retroperitonium Spaces Extraperitoneal space Retroperitoneal space Retropubic space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesentery&oldid=815361324 '' Categories : Digestive system Abdomen Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2014 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Mesentery anatomy
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-7,099,484,188,696,500,000 | what is the highest score in dci history | Drum corps International World Class champions - wikipedia Drum corps International World Class champions Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of Drum Corps International World Championship finalists At the end of the summer season , Drum Corps International ( DCI ) World Class corps compete to earn the title of DCI World Class Champion ( formerly DCI Division I World Champion ) . The championships consist of 3 rounds -- Preliminaries , Semifinals , and Finals -- held on the first or second Thursday , Friday , and Saturday of August . Through 2010 , all active World Class corps ( 22 corps as of 2016 ) competed in the Quarterfinals , with the top 17 advancing to the Semifinals . The top 12 corps from Semifinals then advanced to the Finals . Since the 2011 season , all active DCI corps ( Open and World Class ) have been permitted to compete for the championship . In this format , about 40 corps compete in Preliminaries , while the top 25 advance to Semifinals , with the top - scoring 12 advancing to Finals . The champion is determined by the overall high score in the Finals competition . There are also a number of caption awards ( high brass , high percussion , high visual , etc . ) , though the criteria for determination for those awards has changed from year to year . Only 10 corps have ever won the title ( including 3 ties ) : Blue Devils -- 18 titles ( 2 ties ) The Cadets -- 10 titles ( 1 tie ) The Cavaliers -- 7 titles ( 1 tie ) Santa Clara Vanguard -- 6 titles ( 1 tie ) Madison Scouts -- 2 titles Phantom Regiment -- 2 titles ( 1 tie ) Anaheim Kingsmen -- 1 title Star of Indiana -- 1 title Carolina Crown -- 1 title Bluecoats - 1 title The Anaheim Kingsmen and Star of Indiana are no longer in active competition . Year Date Champion & Repertoire Score Location Venue 2017 12 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Metamorph Birth of Eternity Dreamscape Facing Future The Triumph of Time Flight of the Bumblebee Everything Must Change Crystal 98.538 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2016 13 August Bluecoats ( Canton , Ohio ) Down Side Up Jose / beFORe JOHN5 Heat of the Day Raga Raja Udacrep Akubrad The Great Gig in the Sky Down Slide Up Todo Tiende 97.650 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2015 8 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Ink Dark Forest Sweeney Todd The Giant Attack The Mad Hatter 's Tea Party I Like You Children Will Listen Last Midnight 97.650 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2014 9 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Felliniesque Act 1 - Fellini 's Religion Old Toys La Strada Act 2 - Fellini 's Circus The Clowns Circo Compagnia Act 3 - Fellini 's Fantasy Be Italian Movie Studio 99.650 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2013 10 August Carolina Crown ( Fort Mill , South Carolina ) E = mc Einstein on the Beach Also Sprach Zarathustra Walking With Heroes The Devil 's Bridge The Abyss The Light Fantastic The Dark Side of the Moon 98.300 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2012 11 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Cabaret Voltaire Harmonielehre Morrison Mania Children 's Hour of Dream Symphonies : V Bird and Bela in B Flat Gymnopedies Amazon Ballet Mecanique Peppy and George ( from The Artist ) Dr. Bones New Arrival ( from Corpse Bride ) Tevot Rhapsody in Blue 98.700 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2011 13 August The Cadets ( Allentown , Pennsylvania ) Between Angels and Demons Angels in the Architecture 160 BPM from Angels and Demons Doxology / Amazing Grace Finale 98.350 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 14 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Through a Glass , Darkly City of Glass Suite Conflict Mirage Trajectories Incident in Jazz Laura La Suerte De Los Tontos 98.900 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2009 8 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) 1930 Get Happy Happy Days Are Here Again Playing Love Piano Variations Rialto Ripples I Got Rhythm Piano Concerto in F Caravan Rhapsody in Blue 99.050 Indianapolis , Indiana Lucas Oil Stadium 2008 9 August Phantom Regiment ( Rockford , Illinois ) Spartacus Ein Heldenleben Selections from Spartacus Toccata from Piano Concerto No. 1 Dance of Ecstasy Battlefield from KÀ ( Cirque du Soleil ) 98.125 Bloomington , Indiana Memorial Stadium 2007 11 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Winged Victory Pegasus Fantasy Ascension Heaven 98.000 Pasadena , California Rose Bowl 2006 12 August The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) Machine Genesis Wired Premonition The Machine Age 97.200 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 2005 13 August The Cadets ( Allentown , Pennsylvania ) The Zone : Dreamscapes in Four Parts with a Door Twisted Nerve from Kill Bill Liquid Overture to a New World from Dancer in the Dark Cvalda from Dancer in the Dark Vertigo False Mirrors 99.150 Foxborough , Massachusetts Gillette Stadium 7 August The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) 007 Goldeneye Hovercraft from Die Another Day Tomorrow Never Dies 98.700 Denver , Colorado INVESCO Field at Mile High 2003 9 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) The Phenomenon of Cool Concierto de Aranjuez Take Five Blue Rondo A La Turk Unsquare Dance 98.800 Orlando , Florida Citrus Bowl 2002 10 August The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) Frameworks Melody Harmony Rhythm 99.150 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 11 August The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) Four Corners 98.350 Orchard Park , New York Ralph Wilson Stadium 2000 12 August The Cadets ( Allentown , Pennsylvania ) We Are the Future Disney Millennium Celebration The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) Niagara Falls Niagara Falls Richard Saucedo Original Composition 97.650 College Park , Maryland Byrd Stadium 1999 14 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Rhythms ... At the Edge of Time Estancia Ballet ( Rhythm 1 -- Afrocuban / Malambo ) Powerhouse : Rhumba for Orchestra ( Rhythm 2 -- Rhumba ) Powerhouse : Rhumba for Orchestra ( Rhythm 3 -- Samba ) Adios Nonino ( Rhythm 4 -- Tango ) Unchained Melody ( Rhythm 5 -- Jazz ) The Dirty Boogie ( Rhythm 6 -- Swing ) Santa Clara Vanguard ( Santa Clara , California ) Inventions for a New Millennium : Music by Samuel Barber and Frank Ticheli The Canyon Symphony No. 2 Symphony No. 1 Blue Shades 98.400 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 1998 15 August The Cadets of Bergen County ( Allentown , Pennsylvania ) Jan Van der Roost 's Stonehenge Stonehenge Canterbury Chorale 98.400 Orlando , Florida Citrus Bowl 16 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) As Time Goes By ... Casablanca Bangkok A Night in Tunisia As Time Goes By 98.400 Orlando , Florida Citrus Bowl 17 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Club Blue : A Gangster Chronicle Children 's Hour of Dream Desi Tess ' Theme from Dick Tracy Trouble from Mission Impossible Phantom Regiment ( Rockford , Illinois ) A Defiant Heart : The Music of Dmitri Shostakovich Fourth Ballet Suite ' First Symphony , Second Movement Fifth Symphony , Fourth Movement 97.400 Orlando , Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 12 August The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) The Planets Mars Venus Mercury Jupiter 98.300 Orchard Park , New York Rich Stadium 20 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) My Spanish Heart Spanish Fantasy Part I Night Streets Day Danse My Spanish Heart Spanish Fantasy Part 4 98.400 Foxborough , Massachusetts Foxboro Stadium 21 August The Cadets of Bergen County ( Bergen County , New Jersey ) In the Spring , At the Time When Kings Go Off to War In the Spring , When Kings Go Off to War Ballet Sacra On a Hymnsong of Philip Bliss 97.400 Jackson , Mississippi Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium 15 August The Cavaliers ( Rosemont , Illinois ) Revolution and Triumph Gavorkna Fanfare Cornish Dances , 4th Movement English Dances , 4th Movement Peterloo Overture 97.500 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 1991 17 August Star of Indiana ( Bloomington , Indiana ) Roman Images : The Music of Ottorino Respighi Roman Festivals -- Movement I The Pines of Rome -- Movement I Roman Festivals -- Movement II Roman Festivals -- Movement III Roman Festivals -- Movement IV 97.000 Dallas , Texas Cotton Bowl 18 August The Cadets of Bergen County ( Bergen County , New Jersey ) A Bernstein Celebration Overture to Candide Mass Somewhere from West Side Story Fancy Free Ballet 97.700 Orchard Park , New York Rich Stadium 19 August Santa Clara Vanguard ( Santa Clara , California ) Phantom of The Opera Angel of Music Masquerade Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again Track Down this Murderer 98.800 Kansas City , Missouri Arrowhead Stadium 20 August Madison Scouts ( Madison , Wisconsin ) Concerto For Guitar and Jazz Orchestra Malagueña 97.100 Kansas City , Missouri Arrowhead Stadium 15 August Garfield Cadets ( Garfield , New Jersey ) Appalachian Spring 97.900 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 1986 16 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Channel One Suite Conquistador Spanish Fantasy Chick Corea Suite ' 98.400 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 1985 17 August Garfield Cadets ( Garfield , New Jersey ) Jeremiah Symphony Overture to Candide Make Our Garden Grow from Candide 98.400 Madison , Wisconsin Camp Randall Stadium 1984 18 August Garfield Cadets ( Garfield , New Jersey ) Selections from West Side Story 98.000 Atlanta , Georgia Grant Field 20 August Garfield Cadets ( Garfield , New Jersey ) Rocky Point Holiday Mass by Leonard Bernstein 94.400 Miami , Florida Miami Orange Bowl 1982 21 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) T.O. Pegasus Paradox One More Time Chuck Corea People Alone from The Competition 95.250 Montreal , Quebec Olympic Stadium 1981 22 August Santa Clara Vanguard ( Santa Clara , California ) Northridge A Young Person 's Guide to the Orchestra Slava Do n't Cry For Me Argentina from Evita 94.000 Montreal , Quebec Olympic Stadium 1980 16 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) New York Fantasy Ya Gotta Try Pegasus Free La Suerte de Los Tontos from Cuban Fire Suite Pauper in Paradise Dindi 90.600 Birmingham , Alabama Legion Field 1979 18 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Chicago III Suite La Suerte de Los Tontos from Cuban Fire Suite My Heart Belongs to Me 93.550 Birmingham , Alabama Legion Field 1978 18 August Santa Clara Vanguard ( Santa Clara , California ) Overture to a New Era Dance of Welcome from Gayne Ballet Adagio from Gayne Ballet Lezghinka from Gayne Ballet Gopak from Gayne Ballet If You Believe from The Wiz Bottle Dance from Fiddler on the Roof 91.550 Denver , Colorado Mile High Stadium 1977 19 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Channel One Suite Spanish Fantasy Gonna Fly Now from Rocky 92.050 Denver , Colorado Mile High Stadium 1976 21 August Blue Devils ( Concord , California ) Channel One Suite Legend of the One - Eyed Sailor Chase the Clouds Away 92.700 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franklin Field 16 August Madison Scouts ( Madison , Wisconsin ) Slaughter on 10th Avenue from On Your Toes Mac Arthur Park Rhapsody in Blue Dueling Banjos The Way We Were 92.500 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franklin Field 17 August Santa Clara Vanguard ( Santa Clara , California ) Siegfried 's Rhine Journey from `` Die Gotterdamerung '' A Young Person 's Guide to the Orchestra Overture to Candide A Little Night Music Weekend in the Country from A Little Night Music Send in the Clowns from A Little Night Music 89.500 Ithaca , New York Schoellkopf Field 1973 17 August Santa Clara Vanguard ( Santa Clara , California ) Fanfare and Allegro A Young Person 's Guide to the Orchestra Wedding Celebration and Bottle Dance from Fiddler on the Roof Chava Ballet from Fiddler on the Roof 88.650 Whitewater , Wisconsin Warhawk Stadium 1972 18 August Anaheim Kingsmen ( Anaheim , California ) March from Folk Song Suite When Johnny Comes Marching Home Mickey Mouse Club March Ritual Fire Dance from El Amor Brujo Sing Sing Sing Exodus King of Kings 88.100 Whitewater , Wisconsin Warhawk Stadium Jump up ^ DCI has contracted with the City of Indianapolis to hold the Championships at Lucas Oil Stadium every year through 2028 . Jump up ^ The 2008 Championships were originally to be held at Lucas Oil Stadium but were moved to Indiana University 's Memorial Stadium in Bloomington due to construction delays . External links ( edit ) Map of championship sites Drum Corps Repertoire Database Drum Corps International website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drum_Corps_International_World_Class_Champions&oldid=795271218 '' Categories : Drum and bugle corps Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 04 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Drum Corps International World Class champions
2. DCI World Class corps
3. Championship rounds - Preliminaries, Semifinals, and Finals
4. Top scoring corps in Finals
5. List of past champions |
-1,849,831,520,490,491,600 | shades of grey the road to high saffron | Shades of Grey - wikipedia Shades of Grey Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Shades of gray ( disambiguation ) . Shades of Grey 1 : The Road to High Saffron <Td_colspan="2"> Shades of Grey Author Jasper Fforde Cover artist Steven Wilson Country United Kingdom Language English Genre fantasy , science fiction Publisher Viking Adult ( US ) Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) Published December 2009 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Shades of Grey : The Road to High Saffron ( simply titled Shades of Grey originally ) is a dystopian novel , the first in the Shades of Grey series by novelist Jasper Fforde . The story takes place in Chromatacia , an alternate version of the United Kingdom wherein social class is determined by one 's ability to perceive colour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Inspiration 4 Series 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Chromatacia is a future dystopian society that exists at least five hundred years ( although possibly more ) after the collapse of our own society , identified as ' the Previous ' . All life is governed by the laws set by Munsell , the supposed and revered founder of Chromatacia . The rules range from sensible , such as outlawing murder , to bizarre , such as outlawing the manufacture of spoons ( though old spoons are often kept as personal heirlooms ) . The social hierarchy of Chromaticia is defined by the ability to see colour , which is limited in most people to varying degrees of one hue , or at most two . Those who can see red predominantly are in the second - lowest social order ( only ranking above ' Greys ' , who can not perceive colour ) , and ' Ultra Violets ' hold the highest rank . The perception of colour also affects their health and wellness : certain colours have medical effects on people , and doctors in this world are called `` swatchmen '' , since they show swatches of colour to their patients . Shades of green , especially Lincoln green , act as a narcotic , and are often abused as recreational drugs . Surnames and names of towns are usually derived from various shades of colour , such as jade , carmine and saffron . Protagonist Eddie Russett is a ' Red ' sent to the outer - fringe town of East Carmine to conduct a chair census , which he speculates is punishment for a practical joke played on the son of a prefect . There he meets Jane , a Grey with a retroussé nose and a fierce temper , who often causes personal injury to whomever she meets . His father becomes the swatchman of the village and is well liked by the Greys . In the course of the story , Eddie discovers that much of what the government has told the public is not true ; in particular , that misfits , supposedly sent to Emerald City to be brainwashed , are actually taken to the deserted town of High Saffron to be killed by a building , the colour of which is poisonous to look at . Details within the story reveal that East Carmine is located in Wales ( the A470 road is mentioned ) and the description of the town close to the lower of a series of five dams reveal it to be Rhayader at the foot of the Elan Valley . Nearby Rusty Hill was once Builth Wells , whereas the town of Vermillion used to be Hereford . The town of High Saffron is on the coast beyond the dams , which suggests Aberystwyth . The colour values as described in the book supposedly come from the Munsell color system as described by Albert Henry Munsell , but actually come from the HSV color model ; and the `` Ishihara '' , a test used to determine one 's colour vision , is most likely a reference to Shinobu Ishihara , the inventor of the Ishihara colour perception test . Characters ( edit ) Eddie Russett : Protagonist , a Red with good perception . He has unquestioningly toed the line for twenty years but the truth behind the Collective soon becomes clear to him . Jane G23 : A rather violent and short - tempered Grey who has some rare abilities . Violet deMauve : A spoilt brat on the Blue side of Purple ( her mother was Navy ) who always gets her way and is determined to marry Eddie to bring her family line back to full Purple . Tommo Cinnabar : A Red with a huge array of scams , deals and negotiations going on . He would sell his own grandmother if the price was right , and actually did on one occasion . Dorian : A Grey , the editor of the local newspaper and a very talented photographer . Wishes to elope with Imogen . Courtland Gamboge : The Yellow Deputy Prefect who abuses his power and is only interested in making himself look good . He and Eddie do not see eye to eye on anything . Sally Gamboge : East Carmine 's Yellow Prefect and a nasty piece of work who looks out for her own family . Holden Russett : A Red , Eddie 's father and the village Swatchman . Travis Canary : A fallen Yellow who is escaping from Reboot . He runs out of the village into the night one evening . Bunty McMustard : An officious Yellow . Imogen Fandango : A low level Purple who is in love with Dorian . They want to elope . Carlos Fandango : The lowest level Purple in East Carmine , and the Janitor , responsible for maintaining the two cars and the street lights . Lucy Ochre : A young Red girl with an obsession with hidden harmonies in the Earth . George deMauve : Purple Prefect , and Head Prefect of East Carmine . He is only interested in getting his daughter married to a strong Red and the family getting back up to hue . Mr Turquoise : East Carmine 's Blue Prefect Mr Yewberry : East Carmine 's Red Prefect Constance Oxblood : Eddie 's sweetheart , although the feeling is mostly on Eddie 's side . She is a wealthy Red and has to choose between marrying Eddie or Roger Maroon . Mrs Lapis - Lazuli : A Blue ninth - generation librarian in East Carmine Matthew Gloss : An employee from National Colour who is in East Carmine to conduct the Ishihara tests and supposedly fix a leaking magenta pipe . It is implied that he is a Red . He encourages Eddie to join National Colour , but there appears to be a darker side to him . Velma Ochre : A slightly eccentric Red who wishes to marry Holden Russett . Bertie Magenta : A posh Purple from Jade - under - Lime , on whom Eddie plays a prank that results in him getting sent to East Carmine . Zane : A grey who disguised as a purple in Vermillion , we later find out he 's in a bigger picture . Inspiration ( edit ) The beginning of the book contains a quote from philosopher Alfred North Whitehead on the subject of colour that reads , `` There is no light or colour as a fact in external nature . There is merely motion of material ... When the light enters your eyes and falls on the retina , there is motion of material . Then your nerves are affected and your brain is affected , and again this is merely motion of material ... The mind in apprehending experiences sensations which , properly speaking , are qualities of the mind alone . '' Series ( edit ) In a 2009 interview , the author mentioned two further books in the series . The titles Painting by Numbers and The Gordini Protocols have been suggested ; however , neither of these books is scheduled for publication as of June 2017 . In a webchat , Fforde said a prequel to the series : 7 Things to Do Before You Die in Talgarth may come out in 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fforde , Jasper . `` Shades of Grey - Sleuthing '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview '' . Jasper Fforde 's website . Retrieved 15 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jasper Fforde webchat -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) jasperfforde.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Novels by Jasper Fforde Thursday Next series First arc The Eyre Affair Lost in a Good Book The Well of Lost Plots Something Rotten Second arc First Among Sequels One of Our Thursdays is Missing The Woman Who Died a Lot See also SpecOps Characters in the Thursday Next series Nursery Crimes series The Big Over Easy The Fourth Bear Shades of Grey series Shades of Grey : The Road to High Saffron Dragonslayer series The Last Dragonslayer The Song of the Quarkbeast The Eye of Zoltar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shades_of_Grey&oldid=793496086 '' Categories : 2009 British novels Novels by Jasper Fforde 2000s science fiction novels British science fiction novels 2000s fantasy novels British fantasy novels Dystopian novels Hodder & Stoughton books Novels set in the future Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 03 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Dystopian novel
2. Social hierarchy based on color perception
3. Alternate version of the United Kingdom
4. Perception of color affects health and wellness
5. Government deception and hidden truths |
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