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-3,831,480,519,345,342,500 | who was the first saturday night live host | Saturday Night Live ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Saturday Night Live ( season 1 ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturday Night Live ( season 1 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Original release October 11 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 11 ) -- July 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 31 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Next → Season 2 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Saturday Night Live episodes The first season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC from October 11 , 1975 to July 31 , 1976 . Contents 1 History 2 Cast 2.1 Changes and notes 2.2 Cast roster 3 Writers 4 Episodes 5 References History ( edit ) In 1974 , NBC Tonight Show host Johnny Carson requested that the weekend broadcasts of `` Best of Carson '' ( officially known as The Weekend Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ) come to an end ( back then , The Tonight Show was a 90 - minute program ) , so that Carson could take two weeknights off and NBC would thus air those repeats on those nights rather than feed them to affiliates for broadcast on either Saturdays or Sundays . Given Carson 's undisputed status as the king of late - night television , NBC heard his request as an ultimatum , fearing he might use the issue as grounds to defect to either ABC or CBS . To fill the gap , the network drew up some ideas and brought in Dick Ebersol -- a protégé of legendary ABC Sports president Roone Arledge -- to develop a 90 - minute late - night variety show . Ebersol 's first order of business was hiring a young Canadian producer named Lorne Michaels to be the show - runner . Television production in New York was already in decline in the mid-1970s ( The Tonight Show had departed for Los Angeles two years prior ) , so NBC decided to base the show at their studios in Rockefeller Center to offset the overhead of maintaining those facilities . Michaels was given Studio 8H , a converted radio studio that prior to that point was most famous for having hosted Arturo Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra from 1937 to 1951 , but was being used largely for network election coverage by the mid-1970s . When the first show aired on October 11 , 1975 with George Carlin as its host , it was called NBC 's Saturday Night because ABC featured a program at the same time titled Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell . After ABC cancelled the Cosell program in 1976 , the NBC program changed its name to Saturday Night Live on March 26 , 1977 ( and subsequently picked up Bill Murray from Cosell 's show in 1977 , as well ) . Every night , Don Pardo introduced the cast , a job he 'd hold for 39 years until his death in 2014 . The original concept was for a comedy - variety show featuring young comedians , live musical performances , short films by Albert Brooks , and segments by Jim Henson featuring atypically adult and abstract characters from the Muppets world . Rather than have one permanent host , Michaels elected to have a different guest host each week . The first episode featured two musical guests ( Billy Preston and Janis Ian ) , and the second episode , hosted by Paul Simon on October 18 , was almost entirely a musical variety show with various acts . The Not Ready For Prime Time Players did not appear in this episode at all , other than as the bees with Simon telling them they were cancelled , and Chevy Chase in the opening and in `` Weekend Update '' . Over the course of Season 1 , sketch comedy would begin to dominate the show and SNL would more closely resemble its current format . Andy Kaufman made several appearances that were popular with the audience over the season , while The Muppets ' Land of Gorch bits were regarded as a poor fit with the rest of the show . The `` Land Of Gorch '' sketches were essentially cancelled after episode 10 , although the associated Muppet characters still made sporadic appearances after that . After one final appearance at the start of season two , the Muppet characters were permanently dropped from SNL . During the season , Michaels appeared on - camera twice , on April 24 and May 22 , to make an offer to The Beatles to reunite on the show . In the first appearance , he offered a certified check of $3000 . In the second appearance , he increased his offer to $3,200 and free hotel accommodations . John Lennon and Paul McCartney later both admitted that they were watching SNL from Lennon 's apartment on May 8 , the episode after Michaels ' first offer , and briefly toyed with actually going down to the studio , but decided to stay in the apartment because they were too tired . Cast ( edit ) Changes and notes ( edit ) The first cast member hired was Gilda Radner . The rest of the cast included fellow Second City alumni Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi , as well as National Lampoon `` Lemmings '' alumnus Chevy Chase ( whose trademark became his usual falls and opening spiel that cued the show 's opening ) , Jane Curtin , Laraine Newman , and Garrett Morris . The original head writer was Michael O'Donoghue , a writer at National Lampoon who had worked alongside several cast members while directing The National Lampoon Radio Hour . The original theme music was written by future Academy Award -- winning composer Howard Shore , who -- along with his band ( occasionally billed as the `` All Nurse Band '' or `` Band of Angels '' ) -- was the original band leader on the show . Paul Shaffer , who would go on to lead David Letterman 's band on Late Night and then The Late Show , was also band leader in the early years . George Coe was hired because NBC wanted to have an older person in the cast . Much of the talent pool involved in the inaugural season was recruited from the National Lampoon Radio Hour , a nationally syndicated comedy series that often satirized current events . This would be the only season for Coe and O'Donoghue as official cast members . While Coe was only billed in the premiere , he was seen in various small roles through the season before leaving the show altogether . O'Donoghue was credited through the Candice Bergen episode and would continue to work for the show as a writer , as well as an occasional featured performer ( particularly as `` Mr. Mike '' ) , through season five . Cast roster ( edit ) Repertory cast members Dan Aykroyd John Belushi Chevy Chase George Coe ( only credited episode : October 11 , 1975 ) Jane Curtin Garrett Morris Laraine Newman Michael O'Donoghue ( final credited episode : November 8 , 1975 ) Gilda Radner bold denotes Weekend Update anchor Writers ( edit ) Main article : List of Saturday Night Live writers § Season 1 The original writing staff included Anne Beatts , Chevy Chase , Tom Davis , Al Franken , Lorne Michaels , Marilyn Suzanne Miller , Michael O'Donoghue , Herb Sargent , Tom Schiller , Rosie Shuster and Alan Zweibel . The head writers were Lorne Michaels and Michael O'Donoghue . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Saturday Night Live episodes No . overall No. in season Host Musical guest ( s ) Original air date George Carlin Billy Preston & Janis Ian October 11 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="5"> The cold open features John Belushi as a foreign man learning English being taught by writer Michael O'Donoghue . Following this sketch , Chevy Chase appeared with a headset on and bellows the first `` Live From New York , It 's Saturday Night ! '' As host , George Carlin performed stand - up , introduced the musical guests , and conducted the goodnight segment . Carlin performed three monologues , including `` Baseball - Football '' . Andy Kaufman appeared in a segment consisting of him playing the Mighty Mouse theme on a record player . Valri Bromfield makes a guest appearance . Jacqueline Carlin appeared as the mother in the `` New Dad Insurance '' sketch and as the woman with a book in the `` Academy of Better Careers '' sketch . Wendy Craig appeared as the salesman in the `` Academy of Better Careers '' sketch . Richard Belzer ( the show 's warm - up comedian ) , writer Tom Davis , and talent coordinator Neil Levy appear as jurors in the `` Courtroom '' sketch . Billy Preston performed `` Nothing from Nothing '' and `` Fancy Lady '' . Janis Ian performed `` At Seventeen '' and `` In the Winter '' . Sketches include the Bees ; the Albert Brooks film , `` The Impossible Truth '' ; `` Trojan Horse Home Security '' ; `` Triple - Trac '' ; and The Land of Gorch , with Jim Henson , Frank Oz , Jerry Nelson , Rhonda Hansome , and Alice Tweedy . Paul Simon Randy Newman , Phoebe Snow , Art Garfunkel & Jessy Dixon Singers October 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Connie Hawkins and Marv Albert appear on Weekend Update . Jerry Rubin appeared in the `` Up Against the Wallpaper '' sketch . Bill Bradley appeared in the goodnights . Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel perform `` The Boxer , '' `` Scarborough Fair , '' and `` My Little Town '' . Paul Simon also performed `` Still Crazy After All These Years , '' `` Marie '' `` American Tune '' solo , `` Loves Me Like a Rock '' with the Jessy Dixon Singers , and `` Gone at Last '' with Phoebe Snow and the Jessy Dixon Singers . Art Garfunkel performed `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' . Randy Newman performed `` Sail Away '' . Phoebe Snow performed `` No Regrets '' . The episode features an Albert Brooks 's film about failed Candid Camera stunts and home movies . Rob Reiner none October 25 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Denny Dillon appeared as a special guest with Mark Hampton in a sketch as nuns running a parish talent show . Jacqueline Carlin appeared as a swimmer in the `` Golden Needles '' sketch . Tom Schiller appeared as the priest in the `` Wrigley 's Gum '' sketch and as one of the Bees . Penny Marshall appeared in the `` Fashion Show , '' `` Hoe - Down , '' and `` the Bees '' sketches . The Lockers and comedian Andy Kaufman make guest appearances . Jim Henson , Frank Oz , Jerry Nelson , Alice Tweedy , and Richard Hunt perform in a `` The Land of Gorch '' sketch . In lieu of a musical guest , John Belushi performed `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' while impersonating Joe Cocker . The episode features an Albert Brooks film about heart surgery . Candice Bergen Esther Phillips November 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Chevy Chase impersonates President Gerald Ford . Andrew Duncan and Jacqueline Carlin make cameo appearances . Sketches include `` Landshark '' and `` The Land of Gorch , '' featuring Jim Henson , Jerry Nelson , and Frank Oz performing their Muppet characters . This was the first appearance of the Land Shark character . Andy Kaufman debuts his Foreign Man character on the show . Esther Phillips performed `` What a Diff'rence a Day Made '' and `` I Can Stand a Little Rain '' . The episode features an Albert Brooks film , upcoming season . 5 5 Robert Klein ABBA & Loudon Wainwright III November 15 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Laraine Newman debuts her character Sherry . ABBA makes two appearances , singing `` S.O.S. '' and `` Waterloo '' . Loudon Wainwright III performed the songs `` Bicentennial '' and `` Unrequited to the Nth Degree '' . Host Robert Klein performed the song `` I Ca n't Stop My Leg '' with the Saturday Night Live Band , co-written with Howard Shore and Paul Shaffer . George Coe makes a guest appearance . Jim Henson , Frank Oz , Jerry Nelson , Richard Hunt , Alice Tweedy , and Fran Brill perform in a `` The Land of Gorch '' sketch . 6 6 Lily Tomlin Tomlin with Howard Shore & the All Nurse Band November 22 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Tomlin performed the songs `` St. James Infirmary Blues , '' `` Bee Bop , '' and `` I Got You Babe '' with Scred and the Muppets . 7 7 Richard Pryor Gil Scott - Heron December 13 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Gil Scott - Heron performed `` Johannesburg '' and `` A Lovely Day '' . Thalmus Rasulala appeared as one of the priests in the `` Exorcist II '' sketch . Annazette Chase appeared as Polly in the `` Black & White '' sketch . At Pryor 's insistence , his ex-wife Shelley Pryor and Kathrine McKee , his then - current girlfriend make cameo appearances . Sketches include `` Samurai Futaba , '' `` The Land of Gorch , '' and an Albert Brooks 's film , `` sick '' . This was the first appearance of Belushi 's Samurai character . The episode introduces the recurring catchphrase `` Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead '' during Weekend Update . At Pryor 's insistence Paul Mooney was hired as a writer Mooney wrote some of Pryor 's routines , including the `` Racist Word Association Interview '' . The show was broadcast on a seven second delay . 8 8 Candice Bergen Martha Reeves & The Stylistics December 20 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Martha Reeves performed `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' and `` Silver Bells '' . The Stylistics performed the song `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' . Candice Bergen appeared in `` The Land of Gorch '' sketch where she attends King Ploobis ' Christmas party while the guests that he had invited are attending the Killer Bees ' Christmas party . Bergen performed the song `` Winter Wonderland '' with the cast . Maggie Kuhn makes a cameo appearance . 9 9 Elliott Gould Anne Murray January 10 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Anne Murray performed the songs `` The Call '' and `` Blue Finger Lou '' . The episode features an Albert Brooks film , Audience Test Screenings . Other sketches include `` Interior Demolitionists '' and a Shimmer commercial parody . Paula Kahn makes a cameo appearance . Jim Henson , Alice Tweedy , Jerry Nelson , and Frank Oz perform their characters in `` The Land of Gorch '' . The episode was submitted for the Emmy Award consideration and won SNL its first Emmy in 1977 . Lorne Michaels appears on camera for the first time in the series during a `` Killer Bees '' sketch gone wrong . 10 10 Buck Henry Bill Withers & Toni Basil January 17 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Blues Brothers , in the Bees costumes , perform `` I 'm a King Bee '' with Howard Shore and His All - Bee Band . The episode features a Saturday Night Live Samurai sketch , `` Samurai Delicatessen '' . Buck Henry premieres his recurring character , Mr. Dantley . Bill Withers performed `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' . Toni Basil performed `` Wham '' . Alice Tweedy and Jerry Nelson perform their characters in `` The Land of Gorch '' . 11 11 Peter Cook & Dudley Moore Neil Sedaka January 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Scred from `` The Land of Gorch '' appeared in a bee costume hoping to be in The Bees sketch , only to be told by Gilda Radner that the sketch was canceled . Scred joins Gilda into introducing Neil Sedaka . Sedaka performed the songs `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' and `` Lonely Night '' . The episode features the sketch , `` Lifer Follies , '' auditions in a prison warden 's office for an upcoming inmate talent show , which includes Garrett Morris ' `` Shotgun '' song . 12 12 Dick Cavett Jimmy Cliff January 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Humorist Marshall Efron and Al Alen Petersen make cameo appearances . Jimmy Cliff performed the songs `` The Harder They Come , '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' and `` Wahjahka Man '' . 13 13 Peter Boyle Al Jarreau February 14 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Shapiro Sisters dance and lip - sync to the song `` This Will Be '' . One of the sisters , Jenny , also appeared in a sketch . Al Jarreau performed the songs `` We Got By '' and `` Pretty as a Picture '' . Steven Spielberg makes an appearance in the audience while Peter Boyle sings a love song to his `` wife '' . 14 14 Desi Arnaz Desi Arnaz & Desi Arnaz , Jr . February 21 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Arnaz and his son perform the songs `` Cuban Pete '' and `` Babalu '' . Actor Taylor Mead makes a filmed cameo appearance . 15 15 Jill Clayburgh Leon Redbone & The Idlers February 28 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="5"> A cappella group The Idlers and comedian Andy Kaufman make cameo appearances . Host Jill Clayburgh appeared with these guests . Photographer and video artist William Wegman appeared with his dog in Gary Weis ' filmed piece . Leon Redbone performed the songs `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' and `` Big Time Woman '' . The first appearance of Mister Bill , in response to the show 's request for home movies . 16 16 Anthony Perkins Betty Carter March 13 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Betty Carter performed the songs `` Music Maestro , Please / Swing Brother Swing '' and `` I Ca n't Help It '' . King Ploobis and Scred from `` The Land of Gorch '' approach Anthony Perkins for help to get their sketch back on the air . 17 17 Ron Nessen Patti Smith April 17 , 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="5"> President Gerald Ford appeared in a filmed segment during the cold opening where he opens the show with `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' after Chevy Chase 's signature pratfall . He also appeared in filmed segments during the monologue ( where he introduces the host ) and during Weekend Update ( where , following Chevy Chase 's signature line `` I 'm Chevy Chase and you 're not '' , he says `` I 'm Gerald Ford and you 're not '' ) . Billy Crystal ( billed as Bill Crystal ) performed a monologue . Dan Aykroyd impersonates talk show host Tom Snyder . The episode features a short Gary Weis film on New York garbage men . Patti Smith Group performed the song `` Gloria '' and `` My Generation '' . 18 18 Raquel Welch Phoebe Snow & John Sebastian April 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Raquel Welch performed the song `` Superstar '' with John Belushi as Joe Cocker , as well as `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' . Phoebe Snow performed the songs `` All Over '' and `` Two - Fisted Love '' . John Sebastian performed the song `` Welcome Back '' with John Belushi as Joe Cocker . Lorne Michaels appeared on air , offering the Beatles $3,000 to perform three songs . The characters from `` The Land of Gorch '' face facts that they are n't welcome on the show anymore . First appearance of Gilda Radner as Baba Wawa . 19 19 Madeline Kahn Carly Simon May 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 05 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Scred and The Mighty Favog cut a deal with Chevy Chase to have Lorne Michaels renew their sketch in exchange that The Mighty Favog gets The Beatles to appear on the show . Carly Simon performed the songs `` Half a Chance / You 're So Vain '' in a pre-taped segment with Chevy Chase playing cowbell . 20 20 Dyan Cannon Leon and Mary Russell May 15 , 1976 ( 1976 - 05 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Leon and Mary Russell perform the songs `` Satisfy You '' and `` Daylight , '' the latter of which featured John Belushi as Joe Cocker . 21 21 Buck Henry Gordon Lightfoot & Garrett Morris May 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 05 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Lorne Michaels offers the Beatles $3,200 and free hotel accommodations to perform three songs . Gordon Lightfoot performed the songs `` Summertime Dream '' and `` Spanish Moss '' . A third song , `` Sundown , '' is interrupted by John Belushi 's Samurai . 22 22 Elliott Gould Leon Redbone , Harlan Collins & Joyce Everson May 29 , 1976 ( 1976 - 05 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Leon Redbone performed the songs `` Shine On , Harvest Moon '' and `` Walking Stick '' . Harlan Collins & Joyce Everson perform `` Heaven Only Knows '' . Akira Yoshimura and Doris Powell appear in `` The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise , '' a sketch written by Michael O'Donoghue , parodying the television series Star Trek . In the sketch , the crew of the Enterprise tries to deal with the show 's cancellation . 23 23 Louise Lasser Preservation Hall Jazz Band July 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="5"> In her opening monologue , host Louise Lasser , who had been arrested on a drug charge the week before and was very difficult for the cast and writers to work with that week , pretends to have a bout of stage fright and lock herself in her dressing room . She had actually done the same thing in real life just before the beginning of the show ; the cast was dividing her parts among themselves . Her self - indulgent behavior led Michaels to keep this episode out of syndication . Actor Michael Sarrazin makes a filmed cameo appearance . Preservation Hall Jazz Band performed the song `` Panama '' . 24 24 Kris Kristofferson Rita Coolidge July 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 07 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Rita Coolidge performed the song `` Hula Hoop '' . Host Kris Kristofferson performed the song `` I 've Got a Life of My Own '' . Together , Kristofferson and Coolidge performed `` Eddie the Eunuch '' . References ( edit ) 1970s portal Jump up ^ SNL 's Beginnings from NBC Jump up ^ This Day in Music Spotlight : Live from New York ... It 's The Beatles ! Jump up ^ Paul McCartney On The Beatles Almost Reuniting On ' Saturday Night Live ' : ... Jump up ^ Gilda Radner # Saturday Night Live ^ Jump up to : Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , David ; Henry , Joe ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` Saturday Night Live and Richard Pryor : The untold story behind SNL 's edgiest sketch ever '' . Salon . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 22 . Richard insisted that they hire Paul Mooney as his writer . His ex-wife , Shelley , and his new girlfriend , Kathy McKee , both had to be on the show . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ; James Andrew Miller ( 2002 ) . Live From New York . Little , Brown and Company . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 78146 - 0 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 81 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live : The First Twenty Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1994 . pp. 88 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 70895 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hill , Doug ; Weingrad , Jeff ( 2011 ) . `` 14 : When Do We Tape ? '' . Saturday Night : A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live . Untreed Reads . ISBN 9781611872187 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Saturday Night Live Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 History 1975 -- 1980 1980 -- 1985 1985 -- 1990 1990 -- 1995 1995 -- 2000 2000 -- 2005 2005 -- 2010 2010 -- 2015 2015 -- present Related lists Commercials Cast members Writers Guests A -- D E -- H I -- L M -- P Q -- T U -- Z Awards DVD releases Incidents Recurring characters and sketches Chronological Alphabetical By cast member Musical sketches TV show sketches Weekend Update characters TV Funhouse segments Characters and sketches The Barry Gibb Talk Show Bill Brasky Bill Swerski 's Superfans Blizzard Man The Blues Brothers The Boston Teens Canteen Boy Celebrity Jeopardy ! The Chris Farley Show The Church Lady Coffee Talk The Coneheads The Continental Debbie Downer Ed Grimley Emily Litella Father Guido Sarducci The Folksmen Gerald `` T - Bones '' Tibbons Hanukkah Harry Hans and Franz Happy Fun Ball The Land of Gorch Land Shark Larry the Lobster The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise MacGruber Mango Mary Katherine Gallagher Matt Foley More Cowbell Mr. Bill The Nerds Olympia Café Pat David S. Pumpkins Halloween Special Roseanne Roseannadanna Samurai Futaba The Spartan Cheerleaders Sprockets Stefon Stuart Smalley Theodoric of York , Medieval Barber TV Funhouse The Ambiguously Gay Duo The X-Presidents Unfrozen Caveman Lawyer Wayne 's World Weekend Update What Up with That Impersonations Bill Clinton Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Sarah Palin Digital Shorts Boombox Dick in a Box Hugs I Just Had Sex I 'm on a Boat Jizz in My Pants Lazy Sunday Like a Boss Jack Sparrow The Creep YOLO 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) Films based on sketches Mr. Mike 's Mondo Video ( 1979 ) The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) Mr. Bill 's Real Life Adventures ( 1986 ) Bob Roberts ( 1992 ) Mr. Saturday Night ( 1992 ) Wayne 's World ( 1992 ) Wayne 's World 2 ( 1993 ) Coneheads ( 1993 ) It 's Pat ( 1994 ) Stuart Saves His Family ( 1995 ) A Night at the Roxbury ( 1998 ) Blues Brothers 2000 ( 1998 ) Superstar ( 1999 ) The Ladies Man ( 2000 ) A Mighty Wind ( 2003 ) Harold ( 2008 ) MacGruber ( 2010 ) Anniversary specials 15th ( 1989 ) 25th ( 1999 ) 40th ( 2015 ) Related topics Broadway Video `` Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead '' `` A Limo For A Lame - O '' `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' The Lonely Island discography Saturday Night Saturday Night Live Band Saturday Night Live in the 2000s Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday Saturday Night Live Korea ( episodes ) SNL Milano SNL Québec SNL Studios Strategery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Live_(season_1)&oldid=856424025 '' Categories : Saturday Night Live seasons 1975 American television seasons 1976 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Saturday Night Live season 1
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4,486,376,940,157,778,000 | who played david banner in the incredible hulk | Bill Bixby - wikipedia Bill Bixby Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bill Bixby <Td_colspan="2"> Bixby as The Magician , 1973 Wilfred Bailey Everett Bixby III ( 1934 - 01 - 22 ) January 22 , 1934 San Francisco , California , U.S. November 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 21 ) ( aged 59 ) Century City , Los Angeles , U.S. Cause of death Prostate cancer Alma mater University of California , Berkeley Occupation Actor , director , producer , game - show panelist Years active 1961 -- 1993 Television My Favorite Martian , The Courtship of Eddie 's Father , The Incredible Hulk Spouse ( s ) Brenda Benet ( m . 1971 ; div. 1980 ) Laura Michaels ( m . 1990 ; div. 1991 ) Judith Kliban ( m . 1993 ) Children 1 ( deceased ) Wilfred Bailey Everett `` Bill '' Bixby III ( January 22 , 1934 − November 21 , 1993 ) was an American actor , director , producer , and frequent game - show panelist . His career spanned more than three decades , including appearances on stage , in films , and on television series . He is known for his roles as Tim O'Hara on the CBS sitcom My Favorite Martian , Tom Corbett on the ABC sitcom The Courtship of Eddie 's Father , and stage illusionist Anthony Blake in the NBC crime drama series The Magician , but is perhaps best known for his role as scientist Dr. David Banner on the CBS science - fiction drama series The Incredible Hulk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Beginning acting 2.2 My Favorite Martian and other early roles 2.3 The Courtship of Eddie 's Father 2.4 1973 to 1977 2.5 The Incredible Hulk 2.6 Later work 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 5.1 Television roles 5.2 Film acting 5.3 Director 5.4 Producer 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) An only child , Bixby was born a fourth - generation Californian of English descent , in San Francisco , California . His father , Wilfred Everett Bixby II , was a store clerk and his mother , Jane ( née McFarland ) Bixby , was a senior manager at I. Magnin & Co . In 1942 , when Bixby was eight years old , his father enlisted in the Navy during World War II and traveled to the South Pacific . While in the seventh grade , Bixby attended Grace Cathedral and sang in the church 's choir . In one notable incident , he shot the bishop using a slingshot during a service and was kicked out of the choir . In 1946 , his mother encouraged him to take ballroom dance lessons and from there he started dancing all around the city . While dancing , he attended Lowell High School , where he perfected his oratory and dramatic skills as a member of the Lowell Forensic Society . Though he received average grades , he also competed in high - school speech tournaments regionally . After graduation from high school in 1952 , against his parents ' wishes , he majored in drama at City College of San Francisco . During the Korean War , Bixby was drafted shortly after his eighteenth birthday . Rather than report to the United States Army , Bixby joined the United States Marine Corps Reserve . He served primarily in the personnel management field with Marine Attack Squadron 141 ( VMA - 141 ) at Naval Air Station Oakland , and attained the rank of private first class before his 1956 discharge . Later , he attended the University of California , Berkeley , his parents ' alma mater , and left just a few credits short of earning a degree . He then moved to Hollywood , California , where he had a string of odd jobs that included bellhop and lifeguard . He organized shows at a resort in Jackson Hole , Wyoming , and in 1959 , he was hired to work as a model and to do commercial work for General Motors and Chrysler . Career ( edit ) Beginning acting ( edit ) In 1961 , Bixby was in the musical The Boy Friend at the Detroit Civic Theater , returning to Hollywood to make his television debut on an episode of The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis . He became a highly regarded character actor and guest - starred on many television series , including Ben Casey , The Twilight Zone , The Andy Griffith Show , Dr. Kildare , Straightaway , and Hennesey . He also joined the cast of The Joey Bishop Show in 1962 . In 1963 , he played a sailor with a Napoleon tattoo in the movie Irma La Douce , a romantic comedy starring Jack Lemmon and Shirley MacLaine , directed by Billy Wilder based on the 1956 French musical . During the 1970s , he made guest - appearances on television series such as Ironside , Insight , Barbary Coast , The Love Boat , Medical Center , four episodes of Love , American Style , Fantasy Island , and two episodes each of The Streets of San Francisco , and Rod Serling 's Night Gallery . My Favorite Martian and other early roles ( edit ) Bixby as Tim O'Hara in My Favorite Martian , when an accident turns Uncle Martin back into a baby ( season 2 , episode 6 ) Bixby took the role of young reporter Tim O'Hara in the 1963 CBS sitcom , My Favorite Martian , in which he co-starred with Ray Walston . By 1966 , though , high production costs forced the series to come to an end after 107 episodes . After the cancellation of Martian , Bixby starred in five movies : Ride Beyond Vengeance , Doctor , You 've Got to Be Kidding ! , and two of Elvis Presley 's movies , Clambake , and Speedway . He turned down the role as Marlo Thomas 's boyfriend in the successful That Girl , though he later guest - starred on the show , and starred in two failed pilots . The Courtship of Eddie 's father ( edit ) In 1969 , Bixby starred in his second high - profile television role , as Tom Corbett in The Courtship of Eddie 's Father , a comedy - drama on ABC . The series concerned a widowed father raising a young son , managing a major syndicated magazine , and at the same time trying to re-establish himself on the dating scene . This series was in the vein of other 1960s and 1970s sitcoms that dealt with widowerhood , such as The Andy Griffith Show and My Three Sons . Eddie was played by novice actor Brandon Cruz . The pair developed a close rapport that translated to an off - camera friendship , as well . The cast was rounded out by Academy Award - winning actress Miyoshi Umeki , who played the role of Tom 's housekeeper , Mrs. Livingston ; James Komack ( one of the series ' producers ) as Norman Tinker ( Tom 's pseudo-hippie , quirky photographer ) , and actress Kristina Holland as Tom 's secretary , Tina . One episode of the series co-starred Bixby 's future wife , Brenda Benet , as one of Tom 's girlfriends . With The Courtship of Eddie 's Father co-stars , Brandon Cruz and Miyoshi Umeki Bixby was nominated for the Emmy Award for Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 1971 . The following year , he won the Parents Without Partners Exemplary Service Award for 1972 . Bixby made his directorial debut on the sitcom in 1970 , directing eight episodes . ABC canceled the sitcom in 1972 at the end of season three . After the show was canceled , Bixby and Cruz remained in contact , with Cruz making a guest appearance on Bixby 's later series The Incredible Hulk . The death of Bixby 's only child , in 1981 , drew Bixby and Cruz closer still . The two remained in touch until Bixby 's death in 1993 . In 1995 , Cruz named his own son Lincoln Bixby Cruz . Brandon Cruz said of the show which developed a professional father - son relationship , compared to that of The Andy Griffith Show , `` We dealt with issues that were talked about but were never brought up on television . Bill was n't the first actor to portray a single widowed father , but he became one of the popular ones , because of his easy - going way of this crazy little kid . '' Prior to Bixby 's promotion as the director , Brandon said , `` He was looking for the best dolly grip , along with the boom operator that if something was called specifically and failed , Bill could be easily angry . '' On the kind of relationship Bill had wanted with his co-star , Brandon also said , `` Bill would never speak down to me . Bill treated me as an equal . He made sure that we had a lot of time together , just so he could kinda crawl inside my head and see what actually made a kid tick . '' The final thing he realized of Bill 's real - life father 's death in 1971 , and when asked about his mentor 's father 's loss , he stated : `` He had that type of mentality that the show must go on , thinking it was just a great T.V. show , after he broke down weeping . '' 1973 to 1977 ( edit ) In 1973 , Bixby starred in The Magician . The series was well liked , but it lasted only one season . An accomplished amateur magician himself , he hosted several TV specials in the mid-1970s which featured other amateur magicians , and was a respected member of the Hollywood magic community , belonging to The Magic Castle , an exclusive club for magicians . During the show 's popular , although short - lived production , Bixby invited a few old friends along to co-star such as Pamela Britton ( in her final role ) , Kristina Holland and Ralph O'Hara . Also in 1973 , he starred in Steambath , a play by author Bruce Jay Friedman , on PBS with Valerie Perrine and Jose Perez . He became a popular game - show panelist , appearing mostly on Password and The Hollywood Squares . He was also a panelist on the 1974 revival of Masquerade Party hosted by Richard Dawson . He had also appeared with Dawson on Cop - Out . In 1974 - 1975 , he directed four episodes of the eighth season of Mannix , and he guest - starred as Mannix 's friend - turned - villain in one of the episodes . In 1975 , he co-starred with Tim Conway and Don Knotts in the Disney movie The Apple Dumpling Gang , which was well received by the public . Returning to television , he worked with Susan Blakely on Rich Man , Poor Man , a highly successful television miniseries in 1976 . He played a daredevil stunt pilot in an episode of the short - lived 1976 CBS adventure series Spencer 's Pilots , starring Gene Evans . In 1977 , he co-starred in the pilot for the television series Fantasy Island ; starred in `` No Way Out '' , the final episode of the NBC anthology series Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected ( known in the United Kingdom as Twist in the Tale ) ; and appeared with Donna Mills , Richard Jaeckel , and William Shatner in the last episode , `` The Scarlet Ribbon '' , of NBC 's Western series The Oregon Trail , starring Rod Taylor and Andrew Stevens . Bixby directed two episodes of The Oregon Trail . In 1976 , he was honored with two Emmy Award nominations , one for Outstanding Lead Actor for a Single Appearance in Drama or Comedy for The Streets of San Francisco and the other for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Comedy or Drama Series for Rich Man , Poor Man . Bixby hosted Once Upon a Classic on PBS from 1976 to 1980 . The Incredible Hulk ( edit ) Bixby starred in the role of Dr. David Banner in the pilot movie , The Incredible Hulk , based on the Stan Lee and Jack Kirby Marvel characters . Kenneth Johnson , the creator , director and writer , said that Bixby was his only choice to play the part . Although , reportedly , when Bixby was offered the role , he declined it -- until he read the script and discussed it with Johnson . The success of the pilot ( coupled with some theatrical releases of the film in Europe ) convinced CBS to turn it into a weekly series , which began airing in the spring of 1978 . The pilot also starred Susan Sullivan as Dr. Elaina Marks , who tries to help the conflicted and widowed Dr. Banner overcome his `` problem '' , and falls in love with him in the process . In a retrospective on The Incredible Hulk , Glenn Greenberg declared Bixby 's performance to be the series 's `` foremost '' strength , elaborating that he `` masterfully conveyed the profound loneliness and tragedy of Dr. Banner while also bringing to the role an abundance of warmth , intelligence , humor , nobility , likability , and above all else , humanity . '' During the series ' run , Bixby invited two of his longtime friends , Ray Walston and Brandon Cruz , to guest - star with him in different episodes of the series . He also worked on the series with his friend , movie actress Mariette Hartley , who later starred with Bixby in his final series , Goodnight , Beantown in 1983 . Hartley appears in the well - regarded double - length episode `` Married '' , and subsequently won an Emmy Award for her guest appearance . Future star Loni Anderson also guest starred with Bixby during the first season . Bixby directed one episode of the series , `` Bring Me the Head of the Hulk '' in 1980 ( original airdate : January 9 , 1981 ) . The series was canceled after the following season , but leftover episodes aired as late as the next June . Bixby later executive - produced and reprised the role in three television movies -- The Incredible Hulk Returns , The Trial of the Incredible Hulk , and The Death of the Incredible Hulk -- the last two of which he also directed , and the first of which he has been said to have unofficially co-directed . Later work ( edit ) Bixby was executive producer and co-star of the short - lived sitcom Goodnight , Beantown ( 1983 -- 84 ) . He also directed three episodes of the series . During the same time , Bixby directed several episodes of another short - lived television series , Wizards and Warriors , which aired in 1983 . From 1983 to 1984 , he hosted a documentary series for Nickelodeon entitled Against the Odds . The series , which was canceled after only two seasons , consists of short biographies of famous people throughout history . From 1986 to 1987 , he hosted the syndicated weekday anthology series True Confessions . In 1987 , he directed eight episodes of the satirical police sitcom Sledge Hammer ! , including the episode , `` Hammer Hits the Rock '' in season two , where he made an uncredited appearance as Zeke . Bixby hosted two specials regarding Elvis conspiracy theories and his alleged sightings : The Elvis Files ( 1991 ) and The Elvis Conspiracy ( 1992 ) . Bixby made his last acting appearance in 1992 , guest - starring on an episode of Diagnosis : Murder . He finished his career by directing 30 episodes ( in seasons two and three ) of the NBC sitcom Blossom . Personal life ( edit ) Bixby 's first marriage was to actress Brenda Benet . They were married in 1971 and she gave birth to their son Christopher in 1974 . In 1981 , Christopher died suddenly of a rare throat infection . Bixby and Benet divorced shortly afterwards , and Benet committed suicide the following year . In 1989 , he met Laura Michaels , who had worked on the set of one of his Hulk movies . The couple married a year later in Hawaii . In early 1991 , Bixby was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent treatment . He was divorced in the same year . In late 1992 , friends introduced him to the artist Judith Kliban , widow of B. Kliban , a cartoonist who had died of a pulmonary embolism . Bixby married Judith in late 1993 , just six weeks before he collapsed on the set of Blossom . In early 1993 , after rumors began circulating about his health , Bixby went public with his illness , and made several appearances on shows such as Entertainment Tonight , The Today Show , and Good Morning America , among others . Death ( edit ) On November 21 , 1993 , six days after Bixby 's final assignment on Blossom , he died of complications from prostate cancer in Century City , Los Angeles . He was 59 years old . Filmography ( edit ) Television roles ( edit ) 1961 : Hennesey ( `` Welcome Home , Dr. Blair '' ) 1961 : Straightaway ( `` The Tin Caesar '' ) 1961 : The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis ( `` The Gigolo '' ) 1961 : Ben Casey ( `` A Few Brief Lines for Dave '' ) 1961 : Bachelor Father ( `` The Law and Kelly Gregg '' ) 1961 : Checkmate ( `` To the Best of My Recollection '' ) 1961 / 63 : Make Room for Daddy ; 3 episodes 1962 : The Andy Griffith Show ( `` Bailey 's Bad Boy '' ) 1962 : The Joey Bishop Show ; 3 episodes 1962 : Follow the Sun ( `` Chalk One Up for Johnny '' ) 1962 : Alcoa Premiere ; 2 episodes 1963 : The Twilight Zone ( `` The Thirty - Fathom Grave '' ) 1963 : The Eleventh Hour ( `` Try to Keep Alive Until Next Tuesday '' ) 1963 : The Lieutenant ( `` A Million Miles from Clary '' ) 1963 / 64 : Dr. Kildare ; 3 episodes 1963 -- 66 : My Favorite Martian ; 107 episodes 1966 : Combat ! ( `` The Losers '' ) 1967 : Iron Horse ( `` Appointment with an Epitaph '' ) 1967 : That Girl ( `` The Apartment '' ) 1968 : The Danny Thomas Hour ( `` Two for Penny '' ) 1968 : It Takes a Thief ( `` To Steal a Battleship '' ) 1968 : The Ghost & Mrs. Muir ( `` The Ghost Hunter '' ) 1968 / 74 : Ironside ; 4 episodes 1969 / 71 : Insight ; 2 episodes 1969 -- 72 : Love , American Style ; 4 episodes 1971 : Big Fish , Little Fish ( play ) ( movie ) 1971 : Congratulations , It 's a Boy ! ( movie ) 1969 -- 72 : The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ; 73 episodes 1972 : Night Gallery ; 2 episodes 1972 : Search ( `` The Adonis File '' ) 1972 : The Couple Takes a Wife ( movie ) 1972 : Medical Center ( `` Pressure Point '' ) 1973 : Barnaby Jones ( `` To Denise , with Love and Murder '' ) 1973 : Steambath ( play ) 1973 : Shirts / Skins ( movie ) 1973 -- 74 : The Magician ; 22 episodes 1974 : Rex Harrison Presents Stories of Love ( movie ) 1974 / 76 : The Streets of San Francisco ; 2 episodes 1975 : Mannix ( `` The Empty Tower '' ) 1975 : Barbary Coast ( `` The Barbary Coast '' ) 1976 : Rich Man , Poor Man ( miniseries ; 4 episodes ) 1976 : Spencer 's Pilots ( pilot ) 1976 : The Invasion of Johnson County ( movie ) 1976 : The Great Houdini ( film ) ( movie ) 1977 : The Oregon Trail ( `` The Scarlet Ribbon '' ) 1977 : Fantasy Island ( pilot ) 1977 : Tales of the Unexpected ( `` No Way Out '' ) 1977 : Black Market Baby ( movie ) 1977 : The Love Boat 1977 : The Kentucky Fried Movie ( as himself ; segment : `` Headache Clinic '' ) 1978 -- 82 : The Incredible Hulk ; 82 episodes 1978 : Once Upon a Classic ( `` A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court '' ) 1980 : Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ; 2 episodes ( himself ) 1982 : The Book of Lists ; host 1982 : Murder is Easy ( movie ) 1983 : Against the Odds ; host 1983 -- 84 : Goodnight , Beantown ; 18 episodes 1985 : International Airport ( movie ) 1986 : True Confessions ; host 1987 : J.J. Starbuck ( pilot ) 1988 : The Incredible Hulk Returns ( movie ) 1989 : The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( movie ) 1990 : The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( movie ) 1991 : The Elvis Files ; host ( special ) 1992 : The Elvis Conspiracy ; host ( special ) 1992 : Diagnosis : Murder ( movie ) 1993 : Blossom ( `` Blossom 's Dilemma '' ; voice ) Film acting ( edit ) 1962 : Lonely Are the Brave ( 1962 ) -- Airman in Helicopter ( uncredited ) 1963 : Irma la Douce -- Tattooed Sailor 1963 : Under the Yum Yum Tree ( 1963 ) -- Track Team Coach ( uncredited ) 1966 : Ride Beyond Vengeance -- Johnsy Boy Hood 1967 : Doctor , You 've Got to Be Kidding ! -- Dick Bender 1967 : Clambake -- James J. Jamison III 1968 : Speedway -- Kenny Donford 1973 : Steambath -- Tandy 1975 : The Apple Dumpling Gang -- Russel Donavan 1976 : Rich Man , Poor Man -- Willie Abbott 1976 : The Invasion of Johnson County -- Sam Lowell 1976 : The Great Houdini -- Rev. Arthur Ford 1977 : The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) -- Himself ( segment `` Headache Clinic '' ) 1978 : Tree on a Date 1981 : Murder is Easy 1990 : Another Pair of Aces 1991 : Baby of the Bride 1992 : Diagnosis : Murder -- Nick Osborne 1993 : The Woman Who Loved Elvis Director ( edit ) 1970 -- 72 : The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ; 8 episodes 1972 -- 73 : Room 222 ; 2 episodes 1974 : The Magician ( `` The Illusion of the Evil Spikes '' ) 1975 : Mannix ; 3 episodes 1975 : Barbary Coast ; 2 episodes 1976 : Bert D'Angelo / Superstar ( `` A Noise in the Streets '' ) 1976 : Spencer 's Pilots ; 2 episodes 1977 : The Oregon Trail ( `` The Scarlet Ribbon '' ) 1977 : Charlie 's Angels ( `` Dirty Business '' ) 1977 : Rich Man , Poor Man Book II ( miniseries ; 2 episodes ) 1978 : Three on a Date ( TV movie ) 1981 : The Incredible Hulk ( `` Bring Me the Head of the Hulk '' ) 1981 -- 82 : Mr. Merlin ; 6 episodes 1982 : Herbie , the Love Bug ; 2 episodes 1983 : Wizards and Warriors ; 3 episodes 1983 : Goodnight , Beantown ; 3 episodes 1983 : The Best of Times ; 1 episode 1984 : W * A * L * T * E * R ; 1 episode 1984 : Dreams ; 5 episodes 1985 : I Had Three Wives ; 1 episode 1986 : Better Days ; 3 episodes 1987 -- 88 : Sledge Hammer ! ; 8 episodes 1988 : The Incredible Hulk Returns ( TV movie ) 1988 : Murphy 's Law ( `` Where Are My Socks and Other Mysteries of Love '' ) 1989 : The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( TV movie ) 1989 : The Nutt House ( `` The Accidental Groom '' ) 1990 : The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( TV movie ) 1990 : Ferris Bueller ; 2 episodes 1991 : Sons and Daughters ( `` Melanie '' ) 1991 : Another Pair of Aces : Three of a Kind ( TV movie ) 1991 : Man of the People ( `` Sleeping with the Enemy '' ) 1993 : The Woman Who Loved Elvis ( TV movie ) 1992 -- 94 : Blossom ; 30 episodes Producer ( edit ) 1984 : Dreams ; 12 episodes 1988 : The Incredible Hulk Returns ( executive producer ) 1989 : The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( executive producer ) 1990 : The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( executive producer ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hayward , Anthony ( 24 November 1993 ) . `` Obituary : Bill Bixby '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Bixby , TV Actor , Dies at 59 ; Starred in 3 Long - Running Series '' . The New York Times . November 23 , 1993 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( November 23 , 1993 ) . `` Bill Bixby , Star of TV 's ' Incredible Hulk , ' Dies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Bixby , TV Actor , Dies at 59 ; Starred in 3 Long - Running Series '' . The New York Times . November 23 , 1993 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Marine Corps ( January 27 , 1952 ) . `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancstry.com , LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Marine Corps ( July 15 , 1952 ) . `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancstry.com , LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Marine Corps ( April 1 , 1953 ) . `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancstry.com , LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Marine Corps ( July 23 , 1953 ) . `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancstry.com , LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Marine Corps ( July 15 , 1954 ) . `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancstry.com , LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , January 1952 entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , July 1952 entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , April 1953 entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , July 1953 entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Muster Rolls , 1798 - 1958 , July 1954 entry for Wilfred B. Bixby '' . Jump up ^ `` Bill Bixby biography '' . A + E Networks Digital . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CTVA US Anthology - `` Tales of the Unexpected '' ( Quinn Martin / NBC ) ( 1977 ) `` . ctva.biz . Jump up ^ Fary , Lisa ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Interviews : Kenneth Johnson ( Part 1 of 2 ) Pink Raygun.com '' . archive.li . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Mark ; Garcia , Frank ( 1996 ) . Science Fiction Television Series : Episode Guides , Histories , and Casts and Credits For 62 Prime Time Shows , 1959 Through 1989 . Jefferson , NC ( u.a. ) : McFarland . ISBN 0786400412 . ^ Jump up to : Glenn , Greenberg ( February 2014 ) . `` The Televised Hulk '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 70 ) : 19 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Kogan , Rick ( August 13 , 1991 ) . `` The Once And Future King '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kogan , Rick ( January 22 , 1992 ) . `` ` Anything But Love ` Axed By Studio And Abc '' . Evening : Best on TV . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Bixby : Credit Listings '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Brenda Benet '' . UPI.com/ . Miami , FL . United Press International . April 8 , 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Brenda Benet '' . Jump up ^ Henkel , John ( December 1994 ) . `` Prostate Cancer : New Tests Create Treatment Dilemmas '' . FDA Consumer . BNET . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exit , Smiling '' . Time Inc . December 6 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Lonely Are the Brave ( 1962 ) , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Search Results Page '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` TV star Bill Bixby dies at 59 '' . Variety . Associated Press . November 22 , 1993 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ( Bixby ) directed several episodes of ABC 's `` Rich Man , Poor Man '' as well as `` Three on a Date , '' `` Another Pair of Aces '' and `` I Had 3 Wives . '' External links ( edit ) Biography portal United States Marine Corps portal California portal Los Angeles portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Bill Bixby on IMDb Bill Bixby at the Internet Broadway Database Bill Bixby at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Bill Bixby at the TCM Movie Database Bill Bixby at AllMovie Bill Bixby at Find a Grave VIAF : 56799094 LCCN : no96047925 ISNI : 0000 0000 7732 0142 GND : 140639160 BNF : cb13930029g ( data ) BNE : XX1617442 SNAC : w62v2s9c <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Bill Bixby <Td_colspan="2"> The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( 1989 ) The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( 1990 ) Baby of the Bride ( 1991 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Bixby&oldid=826391944 '' Categories : 1934 births 1993 deaths 20th - century American male actors American film directors American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American people of English descent American television directors American television personalities American television producers Deaths from cancer in California City College of San Francisco alumni Deaths from prostate cancer Film directors from California Male actors from San Francisco United States Marines University of California , Berkeley alumni 20th - century American businesspeople Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Vèneto Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 21 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bill Bixby - American actor, director, producer
2. The Incredible Hulk - TV series starring Bill Bixby
3. My Favorite Martian - CBS sitcom starring Bill Bixby
4. The Courtship of Eddie's Father - ABC sitcom starring Bill Bixby
5. Prostate cancer - Cause of Bill Bixby's death |
1,643,331,129,445,413,600 | is there such a thing as figgy pudding | Figgy pudding - wikipedia Figgy pudding Jump to : navigation , search Figgy pudding <Td_colspan="2"> A figgy pudding with flaming brandy Alternative names Christmas pudding Type Pudding Place of origin United Kingdom Region or state England Main ingredients Figs <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Figgy pudding Media : Figgy pudding Figgy pudding is a type of Christmas pudding which was originally made with figs . It may be baked , steamed in the oven , boiled or fried . Figgy pudding dates back to 16th century England . Its possible ancestors include savoury puddings , such as crustades , fygeye or figge ( a potage of mashed figs thickened with bread ) , creme boiled ( a kind of stirred custard ) , and sippets ( croutons ) . In any case , its methods and ingredients appear in diverse older recipes , for instance in Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . Today , the term figgy pudding is popularised mainly by the Christmas carol `` We Wish You A Merry Christmas , '' which includes the line , `` Now bring us some figgy pudding '' . A variety of nineteenth - century sources state that , in the West Country of England ( from which the carol comes ) , `` figgy pudding '' referred to a raisin or plum pudding , not necessarily one containing figs . See also ( edit ) Plum pudding Christmas cake Fruitcake References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Figgy Pudding 's Welcome Christmas Return '' . The Telegraph . 2008 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` We All Want Figgy Pudding When the Weather Turns Cold '' . St. Petersburg Times . 1976 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` figgy '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Figgy Pudding '' . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A ' figgy pudding ' ; a pudding with raisins in it ; a plum pudding '' , from `` Devonshire and Cornwall Vocabulary '' , The Monthly Magazine vol. 29 / 6 , no . 199 , June 1 , 1810 . p. 435 Jump up ^ `` Plum - pudding and plum - cake are universally called figgy pudding and figgy cake in Devonshire '' , from Lady , A ( 1837 ) . A dialogue in the Devonshire dialect , by a lady : to which is added a glossary , by J.F. Palmer . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , and Longman . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Figgy Pudding ... the ordinary name for plum - pudding . Also a baked batter pudding with raisins in it '' , Elworthy , Frederic Thomas ( 1875 ) . The Dialect of West Somerset . London : Trübner & Co. p. 252 . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Figgy Pudding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figgy_pudding&oldid=798116030 '' Categories : British puddings Christmas food Fruit dishes Steamed foods Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 02 : 31 . About Wikipedia | 1. Figgy pudding origins and history
2. Figgy pudding ingredients and preparation methods
3. Figgy pudding in Christmas carols
4. Variations of figgy pudding in different regions
5. Figgy pudding as a traditional British dessert |
6,337,301,435,970,282,000 | who plays the plastic santa claus in santa clause 2 | The Santa Clause 2 - Wikipedia The Santa Clause 2 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Santa Clause 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Lembeck Produced by Robert Newmyer Brian Reilly Jeffrey Silver Written by Don Rhymer Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Ed Decter John J. Strauss Based on Characters created by Leo Benvenuti Steve Rudnick Starring Tim Allen Eric Lloyd Elizabeth Mitchell Wendy Crewson Judge Reinhold Liliana Mumy David Krumholtz Spencer Breslin Music by George S. Clinton Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by David Finfer Edward A. Warschilka Production company Walt Disney Pictures Outlaw Productions Boxing Cat Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date November 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $172.9 million The Santa Clause 2 is a 2002 Christmas family comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck . It is a sequel to The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) and the second installment in the Santa Clause film series . All the principal actors from the first film , including Tim Allen , Eric Lloyd , Wendy Crewson and Judge Reinhold , reprise their roles . Released on November 1 , 2002 , the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $172 million worldwide on a $65 million budget . It was followed by another sequel , The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause , released in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Eight years have elapsed since Scott Calvin took on the mantle of Santa Claus and became subject to The Santa Clause . Now he is at the top of his game at the North Pole and could not be happier , at least until Head Elf Bernard and Curtis , the Keeper of the Handbook of Christmas break the news that there is another clause -- the `` Mrs. Clause '' . Santa / Scott is now pressed to get married before the next Christmas Eve , or the clause will be broken and Christmas will fade away . At the same time , Abby the Elf delivers news that is more distressing : Santa 's own son Charlie is on the naughty list , for acts including vandalizing the walls of the school gymnasium with spray paint , until he is caught by Principal Carol Newman . Scott must return to his home to search for a wife and set things right with Charlie . He brings this up when visited by the Council of Legendary Figures consisting of Mother Nature , Father Time , Cupid , the Easter Bunny , the Tooth Fairy , and the Sandman . To cover for Santa 's prolonged absence , Curtis helps Santa create a life - size toy replica of Santa , much to Bernard 's horror . However , this replacement ca n't find any grace or slack in his plastic heart for minor infractions by children the world over , having followed the Handbook too strictly . Toy Santa takes control of the North Pole with an army of life - size toy soldiers . He thinks that everyone is naughty , and he plans to give the entire world lumps of coal . Because of the impending end of his contract , Scott undergoes a `` de-Santafication process '' that gradually turns him back into Scott Calvin . He has a limited amount of magic to help him . Scott attempts to reconcile with Charlie , who keeps vandalizing his school to get attention . He and Charlie both face the ire of Principal Newman when Charlie defaces the lockers . Charlie confesses to Scott how hard it is for him that Scott is never around like other fathers , and reveals the stress he is under to conceal the secret that his father is Santa . Scott vows to try harder as a dad , and he and Charlie reconcile . After a few failed dates , Scott finds himself falling for Carol , the school principal . He accompanies her in a sleigh to the faculty Christmas party , which turns out to be dull . Using a little of his Christmas magic , Scott enlivens the party by presenting everyone with their childhood dream gifts . He makes a special presentation to Carol , and , with his last remnant of magic , wins her over and they kiss passionately . However , she balks when he attempts to explain he is Santa , believing that Scott is mocking her childhood , until Charlie manages to convince her by showing her his magic snow globe . Curtis flies in to deliver the news about the Toy Santa 's coal binge . However , Scott has used up the last of his magic wooing Carol , and reindeer Comet has eaten too many chocolate bars , making him too bloated to fly . With a little help from the Tooth Fairy , Scott and Curtis return to the North Pole . Toy Santa wastes no time in subduing Scott , but Charlie and a now - believing Carol spring him free by summoning the Tooth Fairy to fly them there . Scott goes after the Toy Santa , who has already left with the sleigh , riding Chet , a reindeer - in - training , and they both crash back into the village . With an army of elves , Carol , Bernard , Charlie and Curtis lead a snowball war to overthrow the toy soldiers . Toy Santa is reduced to his normal six - inch height , Scott marries Carol in a ceremony presided over by Mother Nature herself , Scott transforms back to Santa , and Christmas proceeds as it always has . Scott and Carol have a three - month honeymoon to go on the next day . In addition , Scott and Charlie reveal the truth to Lucy , Charlie 's younger half - sister ( the daughter of Laura and Neil ) about Scott being Santa Claus and she ca n't tell anyone about his secret , but that it 's more of a gift than a burden . Cast ( edit ) Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus and Toy Santa Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin Elizabeth Mitchell as Principal Carol Newman Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neal Miller Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller David Krumholtz as Bernard the Elf Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf Danielle Woodman as Abby the Elf Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature Peter Boyle as Father Time Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny Kevin Pollak as Cupid Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy Michael Dorn as Sandman Production ( edit ) A teaser trailer for this film originally referred to it as Santa Clause 2 : The Escape Clause , scheduled for release in November 2001 . The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 113 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it 's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm , The Santa Clause 2 is also predictable and forgettable . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The Santa Clause 2 was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Box Office ( edit ) The Santa Clause 2 grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $33.6 million in other territories , for a total of $172.8 million , against a production budget of $65 million . It was the fifth - highest - grossing holiday movie . Soundtrack ( edit ) Original Release Date : November 1 , 2002 1 . Everybody Loves Christmas -- Eddie Money 2 . Santa Claus Lane -- Hilary Duff 3 . Santa 's Got A Brand New Bag -- SHeDAISY 4 . Jingle Bells -- Brian Setzer 5 . Run Rudolph Run -- Chuck Berry 6 . ' Zat You , Santa Claus ? -- Louis Armstrong 7 . Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town -- Smokey Robinson & the Miracles 8 . Blue Holiday -- The Shirelles 9 . Unwritten Christmas -- Unwritten Law & Sum 41 10 . I 'm Gonna Lasso Santa Claus -- Brenda Lee 11 . Santa Claus Is Coming to Town -- Steve Tyrell 12 . Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer -- Elmo & Patsy Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18 , 2003 . It was re-released as 3 - Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first released as a 3 - Movie Collection Blu - ray set on October 16 , 2012 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) Rare Teaser Trailer . SKYTV . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Santa Clause 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Santa Clause 2 -- CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hailey , Caroline ( 2015 - 12 - 24 ) . `` 10 Highest - Grossing Holiday Movies of All Time '' . GOBankingRates . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Santa Clause Movies '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 2002 Movies at the Worldwide Box Office '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Santa Clause 2 Official website The Santa Clause 2 on IMDb The Santa Clause 2 at AllMovie The Santa Clause 2 at Rotten Tomatoes The Santa Clause 2 at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Michael Lembeck <Td_colspan="2"> The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) The Clique ( 2008 ) Tooth Fairy ( 2010 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) The Bling Ring ( 2011 ) A Nutcracker Christmas ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Christmas films Theatrical shorts Empty Socks ( 1927 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Santa 's Workshop ( 1932 ) Mickey 's Good Deed ( 1932 ) The Night Before Christmas ( 1933 ) Broken Toys ( 1935 ) Toy Tinkers ( 1949 ) Pluto 's Christmas Tree ( 1952 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( 2017 ) Theatrical features Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) One Magic Christmas ( 1985 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( 1998 ) The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) Disney 's A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Direct - to - video Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) Made for TV Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( special , 1991 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( DCOM , 2000 ) ' Twas the Night ( DCOM , 2001 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( special , 2008 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ( episode , 2009 ) Prep & Landing ( special 2009 ) Prep & Landing : Operation : Secret Santa ( special 2010 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( DCOM , 2011 ) Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice ( special , 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( special , 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( special , 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Santa_Clause_2&oldid=832595384 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s fantasy films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American children 's comedy films American Christmas films American fantasy - comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic fantasy films American sequel films Android ( robot ) films Children 's fantasy films Directorial debut films Films directed by Michael Lembeck Films shot in British Columbia Santa Claus in film Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Santa Clause 2 - Christmas family comedy film
2. Sequel to The Santa Clause (1994)
3. Tim Allen, Eric Lloyd, and other original cast members reprise their roles
4. Santa must get married before Christmas Eve or Christmas will fade away
5. Toy Santa takes control of the North Pole with an army of toy soldiers |
5,970,417,544,959,306,000 | what is the equivalent body to nice in scotland | Healthcare Improvement Scotland - Wikipedia Healthcare Improvement Scotland Jump to : navigation , search Healthcare Improvement Scotland ( HIS ) is the national healthcare improvement organisation for Scotland . It is a public body which is part of the Scottish National Health Service , created in April 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units 2.1 Healthcare Environment Inspectorate 2.2 Scottish Health Council 2.3 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 2.4 Scottish Medicines Consortium 2.5 Scottish Patient Safety Programme 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) NHS Quality Improvement Scotland ( NHS QIS ) was established on 1 January 2003 as a special health board with a remit to improve the quality of healthcare in Scotland . HIS was established by the Public Services Reform ( Scotland ) Act 2010 , taking over the work of QIS and the regulatory functions , in regard to independent healthcare provision , previously conducted by the Care Commission , now renamed the Care Inspectorate . The function of this body is to implement the healthcare priorities of the Scottish Government , in particular the Healthcare Quality Strategy of NHS Scotland . Units ( edit ) Healthcare Improvement Scotland incorporates several organisations : Healthcare Environment Inspectorate Scottish Health Technologies Group Scottish Health Council Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Scottish Medicines Consortium Scottish Patient Safety Programme Healthcare Environment Inspectorate ( edit ) The Healthcare Environment Inspectorate ( HEI ) carries out safety and cleanliness inspections of healthcare services across NHS Scotland . The assessments and inspections are to ensure that healthcare services are meeting the required standards of care , that good practice is identified and that areas for improvement are addressed . Scottish Health Council ( edit ) The Scottish Health Council has a role to improve how the NHS in Scotland involves people in decisions about health services . Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( edit ) The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) was formed in 1993 and develops and disseminates evidence based clinical practice guidelines . These guidelines contain recommendations for effective practice based on current evidence . SIGN aim to improve the quality of health care for patients in Scotland . Membership includes medical specialists , nursing , pharmacy , dentistry , professions allied to medicine , patients , managers , social services and researchers . In 2005 it became part of NHS Quality Improvement Scotland . Guidelines are developed by multidisciplinary working groups with representation from across Scotland . Each Guideline has the preliminary conclusions and draft recommendations presented it to a wider audience for feedback before publication . After publication they are available for download free of charge . There are over 130 Guidelines available on their website including ones in 2014 on dental caries and lung cancer and in 2013 on breast cancer , hepatitis C , chronic pain , schizophrenia and antithrombotic therapy . Most conditions have been covered at least once Scottish Medicines Consortium ( edit ) The Scottish Medicines Consortium ( SMC ) has the role of providing advice to NHS Boards and their Area Drug and Therapeutics Committees ( ADTCs ) about all newly licensed medicines . It seeks to supply advice within 12 weeks of a new medicine being licensed to ensure that patients who could benefit can get access to the medicine as quickly as possible . The speed of the process has allowed the SMC to be compared favourably against the performance of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ) which performs a similar role for the NHS in England and Wales . On one occasion , NICE was accused of incompetence by the Royal National Institute of Blind People ( RNIB ) for delaying issuing advice for England and Wales about a drug that had already been approved for use in Scotland by the SMC . Scottish Patient Safety Programme ( edit ) The Scottish Patient Safety Programme ( SPSP ) was launched in January 2008 as a five - year programme . It had a primary aim to reduce mortality by 15 per cent and adverse events by 30 per cent across Scotland 's acute hospitals by the end of 2012 . In June 2012 a second phase of the programme was announced , with an aim to ensure that at least 95 per cent of people receiving care do not experience harm -- such as infections , falls , blood clots and pressure sores . The Pharmacy in Primary Care Collaborative is to run for two years from July 2014 . `` The Scottish Patient Safety Programme , marks Scotland as a leader , second to no nation on earth , in its commitment to reducing harm to patients , dramatically and continually . '' Donald Berwick , President Emeritus and Senior Fellow , Institute for Healthcare Improvement . See also ( edit ) Better Together ( programme ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacPherson , Karen . `` NHS Quality Improvement Scotland '' . www.shinelib.org.uk . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inspecting and regulating care '' . Healthcare Improvement Scotland . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person - centred care : Scottish Health Council '' . Healthcare Improvement Scotland . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About SIGN '' . Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines List '' . SIGN . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About SMC : What we do '' . Scottish Medicines Consortium . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Paper by Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Jump up ^ RNIB accuses NICE of incompetence Jump up ^ `` Scottish Patient Safety Programme '' . Scottish Government . 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Patient Safety Programme '' . Scottish Government . 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Four NHS boards chosen to join pharmacy collaborative '' . Healthcare Improvement Scotland . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Initiatives : Scottish Patient Safety Programme '' . Institute for Healthcare Improvement . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website of Healthcare Improvement Scotland Official website of the Scottish Health Council Official website of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Official website of the Scottish Medicines Consortium <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) NHS Scotland health boards Regional health boards Ayrshire and Arran Borders Dumfries and Galloway Fife Forth Valley Grampian Greater Glasgow and Clyde Highland Lanarkshire Lothian Orkney Shetland Tayside Western Isles Special health boards The National Waiting Times Centre Board Healthcare Improvement Scotland NHS 24 NHS Education for Scotland NHS Health Scotland NHS National Services Scotland Scottish Ambulance Service State Hospitals Board for Scotland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_Improvement_Scotland&oldid=751188338 '' Categories : NHS Scotland 2011 establishments in Scotland Government agencies established in 2011 Public bodies of the Scottish Government Regulators of Scotland Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2015 Use British English from February 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 November 2016 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Healthcare Improvement Scotland
2. Scottish National Health Service
3. Healthcare quality improvement
4. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
5. Scottish Patient Safety Programme |
415,086,731,975,615,500 | what is the function of the nasopharynx in the respiratory system | Pharynx - wikipedia Pharynx Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Pharynx <Td_colspan="2"> Head and inner neck <Td_colspan="2"> Pharynx <Th_colspan="2"> Details Part of Throat System Respiratory system , digestive system Artery pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery , ascending palatine , descending palatine , pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid Vein pharyngeal plexus Nerve pharyngeal plexus , maxillary nerve , mandibular nerve <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Greek Pharynx MeSH D010614 TA A05. 3.01. 001 FMA 46688 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pharynx ( plural : pharynges ) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx , or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs . The pharynx is an organ found in vertebrates and invertebrates , though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species . In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . ( The conducting zone also includes the nostrils of the nose , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and bronchioles , and their function is to filter , warm , and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs . ) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity , behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections : the nasopharynx , the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx . It is also important in vocalization . In humans there are two sets of pharyngeal muscles that form the pharynx , determining the shape of its lumen . These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nasopharynx 1.2 Oropharynx 1.3 Laryngopharynx 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Inflammation 2.2 Pharyngeal cancer 2.3 Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring 3 History 3.1 Etymology 4 Other animals 4.1 Invertebrates 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Nasopharynx ( edit ) The upper portion of the pharynx , the nasopharynx , extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate . It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity . The adenoids , also known as the pharyngeal tonsils , are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx . Upper respiratory system , with nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at right . Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx , as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection . The auditory tube , which connect the middle ear to the pharynx , opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube . The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere . Details of torus tubarius The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities . On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube , somewhat triangular in shape , and bounded behind by a firm prominence , the torus tubarius or cushion , caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane . Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening : the salpingopharyngeal fold , a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle the salpingopalatine fold , a smaller fold , in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold , extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle . It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold , since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening . Oropharynx ( edit ) The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity , extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone . It opens anteriorly , through the isthmus faucium , into the mouth , while in its lateral wall , between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch , is the palatine tonsil . The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula ; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil , tonsillar fossa , and tonsillar ( faucial ) pillars ; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula . Because both food and air pass through the pharynx , a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration . The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium . The HACEK organisms ( Haemophilus , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Cardiobacterium hominis , Eikenella corrodens , Kingella ) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora , which grow slowly , prefer a carbon dioxide - enriched atmosphere , and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections , especially in young children . Fusobacterium is a pathogen . Laryngopharynx ( edit ) The laryngopharynx , ( Latin : pars laryngea pharyngis ) , also known as hypopharynx , is the caudal part of pharynx ; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus . It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory ( larynx ) and digestive ( esophagus ) pathways . At that point , the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly . The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach ; air enters the larynx anteriorly . During swallowing , food has the `` right of way '' , and air passage temporarily stops . Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae , the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone . The laryngopharynx includes three major sites : the pyriform sinus , postcricoid area , and the posterior pharyngeal wall . Like the oropharynx above it , the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium . It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus . The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery , the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery . The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves . The vagus nerve provides a branch termed `` Arnolds Nerve '' which also supplies the external auditory canal , thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia . This nerve is also responsible for the ear - cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing . Clinical significance ( edit ) Pharyngitis is the painful swelling of the throat . The oropharynx shown here is very inflamed and red . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx , or pharyngitis , is the painful inflammation of the throat . Pharyngeal cancer ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngeal cancer Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and / or throat , and can cause serious clinical problems . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring ( edit ) Main article : Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx . Waldeyer 's ring circumscribes the naso - and oropharynx , with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate ( and to the back of the oral cavity ) . It 's believed that , Waldeyer 's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The word pharynx ( / ˈfærɪŋks / ) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx , meaning `` throat '' . Its plural form is pharynges / fəˈrɪndʒiːz / or pharynxes / ˈfærɪŋksəz / , and its adjective form is pharyngeal ( / ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl / or / fəˈrɪndʒiəl / ) . Other animals ( edit ) An illustration of the pharyngeal jaws of a moray eel All vertebrates have a pharynx , used in both feeding and respiration . The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head . These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches , and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal , muscular and circulatory systems . The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates . It differs in dogs , horses and ruminants . In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity . The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx . In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly . Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse . In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx . Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus . Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates . However , the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells . Pharyngeal jaws are a `` second set '' of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish , distinct from the primary ( oral ) jaws . Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted . When the moray bites prey , it first bites normally with its oral jaws , capturing the prey . Immediately thereafter , the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it ; they then retract , pulling the prey down the eel 's esophagus , allowing it to be swallowed . Invertebrates ( edit ) Invertebrates also have a pharynx . Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades , annelids and arthropods , and the priapulids ( which have an eversible pharynx ) . The `` pharynx '' of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head , triangular in cross-section , that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines . A one - way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal . Everted pharynx of Alitta virens ( also known as Nereis virens ) , lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail . Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body . Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species . Additional images ( edit ) Nose and nasal Coronal section of right ear , showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle . The entrance to the larynx , viewed from behind Deep dissection of human larynx , pharynx and tongue seen from behind The nasopharynx , oropharynx , and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Pharyngeal aspiration Pharyngeal consonant Pharyngeal ( disambiguation ) Saccopharynx , a genus of deep sea eel - like fishes with large mouths , distensible stomachs and long scaleless bodies Salpinx in anatomy Tonsil Tornwaldt cyst References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1141 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Respiratory Syster ( PDF ) . Benjamin Cummings ( Pearson Education , Inc ) . 2006 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes , 2008 - 2009 , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine , Bethesda , Maryland Jump up ^ Simkins , C.S. ( 1943 ) . `` Functional anatomy of the Eustachian tube '' . Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 38 ( 5 ) : 476 -- 484 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 1943.00670040495009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pharynx '' . 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Morpeth S , Murdoch D , Cabell CH , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Non-HACEK gram - negative bacillus endocarditis '' . Ann . Intern . Med. 147 ( 12 ) : 829 -- 35 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 147 - 12 - 200712180 - 00002 . PMID 18087053 . Jump up ^ Aliyu SH , Marriott RK , Curran MD , et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Real - time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice '' . J Med Microbiol. 53 ( Pt 10 ) : 1029 -- 35 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.45648 - 0 . PMID 15358827 . Jump up ^ `` Pharynx '' . Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` pharynx '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Graham , A ; Richardson , J ( 2012 ) . `` Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus '' . EvoDevo. 3 ( 3 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1186 / 2041 - 9139 - 3 - 24 . PMC 3564725 . PMID 23020903 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Rita S. ; Peter C. Wainwright ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey '' . Nature . 449 ( 7158 ) : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06062 . PMID 17805293 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eibye - Jacobsen ( 2001 ) . `` Are the supportive structures of the tardigrade pharynx homologous throughout the entire group ? '' . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . 39 : 1 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0469.2001. 00140. x . Jump up ^ Elzinga , R.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Microspines in the alimentary canal of arthropoda , onychophora , annelida '' . International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 27 ( 4 ) : 341 . doi : 10.1016 / S0020 - 7322 ( 98 ) 00027 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morse , M. Patricia ( 1981 ) . `` Meiopriapulus fijiensis n . gen. , n . sp. : An Interstitial Priapulid from Coarse Sand in Fiji '' . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 100 ( 3 ) : 239 . doi : 10.2307 / 3225549 . JSTOR 3225549 . General Pharynx , Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn , Seventh Edition . TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch ( eds ) Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0 - 471 - 22288 - 7 External links ( edit ) Look up pharynx in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pharynx . Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1403 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1406 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center <Th_colspan="2"> Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4176754 - 8 NDL : 00564179 Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharynx&oldid=836360936 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Digestive system Human head and neck Human throat Human voice Pharynx Animal anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Pharynx anatomy
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1,812,422,540,955,555,300 | it is not required for a formal contract to be written under a contract seal | Seal ( contract law ) - wikipedia Seal ( contract law ) Jump to : navigation , search German `` L.S. '' mark from 1687 , for locus sigilli In the law , a seal affixed to a contract or other legal instrument has had special legal significance at various times in the jurisdictions that recognise it . In the courts of common law jurisdictions , a contract which was sealed ( `` made under seal '' ) was treated differently from other written contracts ( which were `` made under hand '' ) , although this practice gradually fell out of favour in most of these jurisdictions in the 19th and early 20th century . The legal term seal arises from the wax seal used throughout history for authentication ( among other purposes ) . Originally , only a wax seal was accepted as a seal by the courts , but by the 19th century many jurisdictions had relaxed the definition to include an impression in the paper on which the instrument was printed , an embossed paper wafer affixed to an instrument , a scroll made with a pen , or the printed words `` Seal '' or `` L.S. '' ( standing for the Latin term locus sigilli meaning `` place of the seal '' ) . Notwithstanding their reduced significance , seals are still used on contracts , usually in the impression on paper form . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legal significance in contract law 2 Position in different jurisdictions 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 United States 3 See also 4 Notes Legal significance in contract law ( edit ) Until modern statutory reforms in contract law , a seal was widely recognised by courts in common law jurisdictions as removing the need for consideration ( value ) in a contract . This reflects classical contract theory , in which consideration was viewed as a formal aspect of a contract , so that a seal could be considered an alternative form . A seal was not per se a type of consideration , but rather raised a presumption of consideration ( courts have varied in their opinions of whether this presumption was rebuttable ) . See , e.g. , Marine Contractors Co. Inc. v. Hurley , 365 Mass . 280 , 285 - 86 ( 1974 ) . The rationale for this special treatment of sealed contracts can be understood in terms of the legal formalities that are associated with sealing a document with a wax seal . Firstly , the following of the legal formality of affixing a seal to a document was evidence of the existence of a contract . Secondly , the need to use a seal -- widely known to have legal significance -- served to impress upon the parties the significance of the agreement being made . This element of deliberation is important in the context of many legal theories for why donative promises are not generally enforceable in the same way as contracts : there is a concern that donative promises are sometimes made under pressure ( for example , from family members ) without adequate deliberation , which explains why a requirement for the legal formality of the seal might substitute for consideration to give enforceability to donative promises . Thirdly , the following of the legal formalities through the use of a seal demonstrated beyond doubt that a legal transaction was intended by the parties . In addition to these three abstract reasons , there may also have been a more practical reason , namely that the object used to imprint the wax , usually an engraved signet ring , identified its owner , thereby providing evidence that the owner of the seal was party to the contract . Besides substituting for consideration , other consequences of the seal that , at least historically , have held include : even payment did not discharge a sealed contract , if the instrument itself was not physically destroyed . fraud was not permitted as a defence to a sealed contract subsequent modifications to a sealed contract were not binding except where the modifications were also under seal . a principal not designated as such in the contract ( undisclosed principal ) could not be connected to the contract if it was sealed . Position in different jurisdictions ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) In England and Wales , the common law courts originally recognised only wax seals , but this requirement was gradually relaxed . By the 20th century a small circle of red adhesive paper affixed to the document in question was sufficient when an individual had to use a seal ( most commonly on a contract for the sale of land ) , although the courts also held that a circle containing the letters `` L.S. '' was adequate . The common law rule which required that a deed made by a private individual had to be sealed to be validly executed was finally abolished in 1989 by the Law of Property ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1989 . The Act implemented recommendations made by the Law Commission of England and Wales in their 1987 report Deeds and Escrows and replaced seals with the requirements that the document had to explicitly state that it was being executed as a deed , and had to be witnessed . With regard to companies and other corporate bodies , the common law originally required that all contracts made by such a body had to be made under seal , whether they were deeds or not . This rule was gradually eroded away , for example being abolished in respect of companies by the Companies Acts in the first half of the twentieth century , but until 1960 remained in force for other corporations . It was abolished by the Corporate Bodies ' Contracts Act 1960 . Normal contracts ( i.e. not deeds ) can now be made by a corporation in the same way as they can be made by an individual . The Companies Act 1989 removed the requirement for a company to have a common seal at all , and made provision for those documents which had previously needed to be executed under seal , such as deeds , to instead be executed by officers of the company . However companies can still have and continue to use seals to execute deeds if they wish , in which case the seal has to be engraved ( i.e. , a seal which leaves an impression on the page , not printed or a wafer facsimile ) and to bear the name of the company . Some other corporations ( which are not companies registered under the Companies Acts ) are still required to have and use seals . For example , the Royal Charter incorporating the Royal College of Nursing requires the College to have a common seal , as does that of the BBC . Also , the changes relating to deeds which were introduced in 1989 do not apply to corporations sole such as government ministers or bishops of the Church of England . Therefore , where a corporation sole has to execute a deed , it continues to have to do so by the use of an official seal . United states ( edit ) In the United States , wax seals were never expressly required . The Restatement of Contracts ( Second ) notes that Impressions directly on the paper were recognized early and are still common for notarial and corporate seals , and gummed paper wafers have been widely used . In the absence of statute , decisions have divided on the effectiveness of the written or printed word ' seal ' , the printed initials ' L.S. ' ... , a scrawl made with a pen ( often called a ' scroll ' ) and a recital of sealing . The relaxation of the definition of a seal was generally contemporaneous with reduced distinctions given to sealed contracts . This trend can be seen as a parallel of the courts ' modern relaxation of their interpretation of the Statute of Frauds , and reflects the evolution of modern contract theory from classical contract theory . It has been noted that `` about two - thirds of the ( US ) states have now adopted statutory provisions depriving the seal of its binding effect , '' although several important jurisdictions , such as New Jersey and Wisconsin , have retained the concept . Schnell v. Nell ( 1861 ) , which is widely cited as an example of nominal consideration , involved a sealed contract . Although the distinction of seal had already been abolished by Indiana statute , it is likely the parties viewed the seal as making the contract enforceable , much as the nominal consideration of $1 would have under classical contract theory . See also ( edit ) Great Seal Lord Privy Seal Formalities in English law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Consideration and Form , Fuller ( 1941 ) 31 Col LR 799 , quoted in Chapter 6 of Contract Cases and Materials Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Beale , Bishop & Furmston ( 2007 ) , Oxford University Press . p133 Jump up ^ Basic Contract Law , Fuller and Eisenberg ( 2001 ) , Seventh Edition , Appendix C Jump up ^ This rule no longer exists in any common law jurisdiction . Jump up ^ This was one of the last surviving rules giving special significance to sealed contracts in some jurisdictions that had abolished or greatly reduced the significance of seals . The 1925 opinion in Crowley v. Lewis , 239 N.Y. 264 , 146 N.E. 374 explains one reason the courts were not eager to dispense with this rule , as `` many times the seal must have been used for the express purpose of relieving the undisclosed principal from personal liability '' . Jump up ^ A process which was described in the Law Commission 's Working Paper No 93 , Transfer of Land : Formalities for Deeds and Escrows ( 1985 ) , as `` a meaningless exercise '' ( paragraph 4.2 ) . Jump up ^ First National Securities Ltd v Jones ( 1978 ) Ch 109 Jump up ^ Law Com No 163 Jump up ^ Section 1 of Law of Property ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1989 Jump up ^ For companies registered under the Companies Acts the relevant provision is now section 43 of the Companies Act 2006 Jump up ^ Wright & Son Ltd v Romford Borough Council ( 1957 ) 1 QB 431 Jump up ^ Corporate Bodies ' Contracts Act 1960 as originally enacted ( Office of Public Sector Information ) . See also Text of the Corporate Bodies ' Contracts Act 1960 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Section 36A of the Companies Act 1985 as inserted by the Companies Act 1989 -- see Companies Act 1989 , Office of Public Sector Information . This provision has now been replaced by sections 44 and 45 of the Companies Act 2006 ( ibid ) Jump up ^ Section 350 of the Companies Act 1985 ( see text of the 1985 Act as originally enacted , now section 45 of the Companies Act 2006 ( ibid ) ) Jump up ^ Royal College of Nursing Royal Charter , paragraph 14 Jump up ^ BBC Royal Charter , paragraph 47 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ See Contracts - Under Hand or by Deed ? , Property Advisers to the Civil Estate Central Advice Unit Information Note 19 / 99 , August 1999 , Office of Government Commerce . Also The Execution of Deeds and Documents by or on behalf of Bodies Corporate , Law Commission Report No 253 ( 1998 ) , paragraphs 4.23 to 4.28 . Jump up ^ Restatement of Contracts ( Second ) § 96 Jump up ^ Fuller and Eisenberg ( ibid ) Jump up ^ See NJSA 2A : 14 - 1 , 2A : 14 - 4 , 2A : 25 - 1 , and most importantly , 2A : 82 - 3 . See also Wis . Stats . 891.27 , Bradley Bank v. Tomahawk Pulp & Paper Co. , 242 N.W. 505 ( Wis . 1932 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seal_(contract_law)&oldid=840339839 '' Categories : Seals ( insignia ) Contract law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 07 : 37 . About Wikipedia | 1. Legal significance of seals in contract law
2. Wax seals and their historical use in authentication
3. Differences between sealed contracts and written contracts
4. Evolution of the use of seals in contract law
5. Position of seals in different jurisdictions |
4,865,324,035,371,252,000 | is it legal to drink alcohol in public | Drinking in public - wikipedia Drinking in public Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Social customs and laws on drinking alcohol in public vary significantly around the world . `` Public '' in this context refers to outdoor spaces such as roads , walkways or parks , or in a moving vehicle . Drinking in bars , restaurants or stadiums , for example , is not generally considered to be `` in public '' even though those establishments are open to the general public . In some countries , such as India , the United States and in larger regions , such as the Muslim world , public drinking is almost universally condemned or outlawed , while in other countries , such as Portugal , Spain , Germany , New Zealand and Japan , public drinking and public intoxication is socially acceptable , although may not be entirely legal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Controversy 2 By country 2.1 Australia 2.2 Austria 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Canada 2.5 Chile 2.6 China 2.7 Cuba 2.8 Czech Republic 2.9 Denmark 2.10 Finland 2.11 France 2.12 Germany 2.13 Hong Kong 2.14 Hungary 2.15 India 2.16 Republic of Ireland 2.17 Japan 2.18 Laos 2.19 New Zealand 2.20 Norway 2.21 Poland 2.22 Russia 2.23 Singapore 2.24 South Korea 2.25 Spain 2.26 Sweden 2.27 Switzerland 2.28 United Kingdom 2.28. 1 England and Wales 2.28. 2 Northern Ireland 2.28. 3 Scotland 2.29 UAE 2.30 United States 3 See also 4 References Controversy ( edit ) Opponents of drinking in public argue that it encourages overconsumption of alcohol and binge drinking , rowdiness and violence , and propose that people should instead drink at private businesses such as public houses , bars or clubs , where a bartender may prevent overconsumption and where rowdiness can be better controlled by the fact that one is sitting down and security or bouncers may be present . Alternatively , adults may drink at home . Proponents of drinking in public argue that it does not itself cause problems and rather that it is social problems that cause overconsumption and violence , pointing to countries that allow drinking in public but have low levels of associated overconsumption and violence . Proponents further argue that drinking in public helps normalize attitudes towards drinking and build a healthier drinking culture . Many argue that it is a right to drink in public . By country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Alcohol laws of Australia . Although details and penalties vary from state to state , drinking in public places directly outside licensed premises ( and also in council - designated no alcohol zones ) is illegal . Generally , possession of an open container of alcohol is sufficient proof of public drinking . In New South Wales , drinking in public is legal unless an area is declared to be an alcohol - free zone . All of the New South Wales state 's 152 Local Government Council City / Shire Council Rangers and Authorised Staff are allowed to use their discretion to tip out and confiscate open containers in public streets in officially designated alcohol free zones within their own Council boundary ; but not arrest nor issue Fines / Infringements for this purpose , leading many to turn a ' blind eye ' to these infractions to avoid conflict and fights . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , the possession of open containers of alcohol is legal by people of the legal drinking age depending on which kind of beverage it is and which state one is in ) . Some cities , like Graz in Styria , limit public consumption of alcohol in specific areas . Brazil ( edit ) Having an open container is legal in Brazil . Drinking publicly is legal and socially accepted . However DUI laws have been enforced for the past 10 years and offenders may be arrested and lose their license . Being intoxicated in public is not an offense , and unless people were disturbed , the individual ca n't be arrested . However it 's common practice law officers conduct intoxicated individuals to a police station or take them home to avoid any further problem caused by the individual . Canada ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Alcoholic beverages in Canada § Legal issues . In Canada , with the exception of Quebec , possession of open containers of alcohol in public is generally a violation of provincial acts and municipal bylaws . Open liquor is not permitted except in private residences or on licensed premises . Open liquor is also illegal in parts of national and provincial parks , though this prohibition may not apply to campsites , as it is a temporary residence . For instance , Ontario Provincial Parks allow alcohol on campsites only . In British Columbia and in Ontario , the penalty for possession of an open container or consumption of liquor in a public place is a fine ( as per the Liquor Licence Act , ssec 31 ( 2 ) ) . Those caught by law enforcement officers are forced to pour out the alcoholic beverage , after which offenders are sometimes issued a verbal warning instead of a monetary penalty . In Quebec , laws on the consumption of alcohol in public are more relaxed than in the rest of Canada . Most notably , alcohol may be consumed in public parks during a meal . Chile ( edit ) Drinking in public is illegal in Chile , though it is tolerated during New Year 's Eve . China ( edit ) Drinking in public is most commonly accepted . Cuba ( edit ) Public consumption of alcohol beverages is accepted and legal . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , drinking in public is generally legal , but each community is entitled to restrict public drinking by ordinance . As a result of this some towns and cities , have forbidden drinking in public in order to prevent people from disorderly conduct and begging . Denmark ( edit ) Drinking in public in Denmark is legal for people of all ages ( although frowned upon for minors ( 15 years ) ) . It is however , illegal to sell alcohol to people under the age of 16 , and spirit - grade ( > 16.4 Vol % ) alcohol to person under the age of 18 . Buying alcohol as a minor is , however , not an offence , but most stores will deny a minor to avoid great fining . Selling alcohol to a minor will result in a fine of 5,000 DKK and 20,000 DKK for each repeated violation Many cities ( Aarhus , for instance ) have , however , established non-drinking - zones , typically pedestrian streets . The law forbids `` disturbing of the public law and order '' . Thus general consumption is accepted . Several cafes have outdoor serving in the same zones , Finland ( edit ) In Finland , drinking in public is prohibited in built areas ( `` taajama '' ) , at border crossings , or in vehicles in use for public transport such as buses or trams . The law does not apply to restaurants , pubs and other licensed premises , or to the interior of vehicles such as taxis or limousines that are in private use . Public parks or equivalent venues are also exempt , as long as the consumption of alcohol does not cause undue public disturbance . While drinking on streets and public transport is technically illegal , in practice the authorities intervene only if a disturbance is being caused . Drinking in trains and buses is more strictly forbidden , while drinking on streets is socially accepted . The definition of a built area depends on the definition of a locality , or `` taajama '' in Finnish , which is a cluster of buildings with no less than 200 inhabitants , where the buildings are no more than 200 meters apart . This means that some areas within towns and cities may not fill the definition , making it legal to drink alcohol in public there , while some areas outside of towns and cities may have high enough population densities to be considered localities , therefore making public drinking illegal . Entering or leaving localities is marked by road signs along the major thoroughfares . France ( edit ) Public drinking in France is legal . Although it is illegal to sell alcohol to minors ( under 18 ) it is not illegal for minors to consume alcohol in public . However local laws may ban public drinking or the purchase of alcohol in certain areas or at certain times . Germany ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Alcohol laws in Germany . The possession of open containers of alcohol and drinking in public ( street , park etc . ) is legal for people of the legal drinking age ( 16 for beer and wine ; 18 for distilled spirits ) . Many cities forbid or restrict the consumption of alcohol in public transit or inside train stations . For example , the city of Hamburg made drinking on public trains and buses illegal in 2011 . Deutsche Bahn forbids `` excessive '' consumption of alcohol in Berlin S - Bahn stations ; violations are considered a civil and not criminal matter. Similarly , BVG excludes intoxicated passengers only if they threaten operational order or safety . The Deutsche Bahn does not forbid consumption of alcohol in regional or InterCity trains . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , drinking alcoholic beverages in the public is legal for adults over the age of 18 . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , drinking alcohol in public is not generally illegal but some settlement has local law to ban it and it is subject to a fine , whose amount starts at about 5000Ft . India ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Alcohol laws of India . Alcohol traditionally was generally frowned upon in India by all religious entities . Drinking in public is quite unusual on the streets but on the contrary quite usual in some areas with a bar or wine store . There could be several people drinking in one corner on the street , but one may not openly carry and consume a bottle of alcohol on the streets . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) Sign in Celbridge , Ireland , declaring that public drinking is punishable by a fine . The Republic of Ireland has no laws against public drinking , except that alcohol in a closed container can not be consumed within 100 m ( 330 ft ) of the off license where it was purchased . Some towns and cities have by - laws forbidding public drinking . The sale of alcohol in stores or off - license is illegal between the hours of 10 : 00 PM and 10 : 00 AM with the exception of Sunday morning when the sale of alcohol is forbidden until 12 : 00 PM . The sale of alcohol in bar 's and pubs is prohibited to sell alcohol after 3 : 00 AM and before 10 : 00 AM with the exception of those who special licenses which is rare these bars are called early houses . The sale of alcohol is prohibited on Good Friday throughout Ireland , this is a very controversial law and the government is been forced to rewrite the constitution in relation to this . Hotels , airports and trains are exceptions of all the above and the sale of alcohol is legal all year round . Under the Criminal Justice ( Public Order ) Act 1994 , it is an offence for a person to be so drunk in a public place as to0 be a danger to oneself or others ; to do so could lead to drink being confiscated by Gardaí ( police ) and a Class E fine ( up to € 500 ) . Japan ( edit ) Japan has no laws forbidding public drinking , which is a common custom in cities and parks , particularly during local festivals ( matsuri ) and cherry blossom viewing ( hanami ) in spring . The legal drinking age in Japan is 20 years of age . Laos ( edit ) There is no open container law in Laos . The legal age for drinking in public in Laos is 18 , there is no age restriction on private residences . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , public drinking is legal , although local authorities have power to pass bylaws declaring liquor - free zones , where liquor may be consumed on licensed premises and private property but not on the street or other public areas . Many towns now have such zones , usually covering their Central Business District . Consuming alcohol while driving a motor vehicle is legal , as long as the driver is not over the driver blood alcohol limit , and the alcohol is not consumed in a liquor - free zone . Similarly , passengers of motor vehicles are allowed to consume alcohol as long as they are not in a liquor - free zone . Sale of alcohol to intoxicated persons is illegal . Under the Summary Offences Act 1981 it is an offence to drink alcohol in public transport , aeroplanes and taxis unless the vehicle is a licensed premises . Most commercial flights as well as many ferries and trains serve alcohol on board . Norway ( edit ) Drinking in public is illegal in Norway and subject to fines . In many cities the police will primarily react if the use of alcohol is causing trouble and drinking in parks is quite common . Most officers will ask the drinker to empty the bottle without further reactions . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , drinking is illegal on streets , squares , in parks , on public transport , as well as other areas designated by municipal authorities , with fines starting at PLN 100 . This does not apply to private parks . Russia ( edit ) According to the article 20.20 of the Offences Code of Russia , drinking in a place where it is forbidden by the federal law is punishable with a fine of 500 to 1500 rubles . The article 16 of the Federal Law # 171 - FZ `` About the State Regulation of Production and Trade of Ethanol , Alcoholic and Ethanol - containing Products and about Restriction of Alcoholic Products Consumption ( Drinking ) '' forbids drinking in almost all public places ( including entrance halls , staircases and elevators of living buildings ) except bars , restaurants or other similar establishments where it is permitted to sell alcoholic products for immediate consumption . Singapore ( edit ) Drinking in public is legal in Singapore , however , consumption of alcohol in a public space or non-licensed premise is restricted from 10.30 pm to 7am after the 2013 Little India riot . Sales are prohibited from supermarkets and convenience stores such as NTUC FairPrice , Giant Hypermarket , Sheng Siong , Cold Storage and 7 - Eleven from 10.30 pm to 7am . The condition of carriage of alcohol is prohibited even between 10.30 pm and 7am on SMRT Trains and SBS Transit services . South korea ( edit ) In general , drinking in public is illegal if the drinker harms others while drinking in public . Harm is defined as using harsh language or stirring up loud noise while drinking or exercising bad drinking habits on others for no reason . Anyone reported or caught by city officials to be causing harm to others while drinking in public will be fined 100,000 won . Since 2009 , stricter laws are in force in some parts of the country that started with Seoul 's Dongjak District , which designates city parks and bus stops as no drinking areas and any drinkers caught in these areas will be advised to stop drinking by city officials . Spain ( edit ) Public drinking is prohibited , although the practice of botellón is popular among teenagers and young adults partly in response to rising drink prices at bars or clubs , and partly because more people can meet in one place . Sweden ( edit ) Public drinking is regulated by municipalities in local ordinance , setting up zones where consumption of beverages containing more than 2.25 % ABV is prohibited . These zones are usually located in city centres , around schools , churches and parks . Drinking in these zones usually result in the police confiscating any opened containers or a fine . If the person in question is also under 20 years of age , the police may confiscate all alcohol he or she is carrying . Only public spaces within these zones are regulated , excluding venues licensed to serve alcohol , and for example cars parked in the zone . Switzerland ( edit ) Public drinking in Switzerland is legal for everybody . Although Switzerland has a legal purchase age of 16 for beer and wine , and 18 for spirits ( 18 for both in Ticino ) , it is not illegal for a minor to consume alcohol in public by federal laws . But the cantons Aargau , Zürich , Solothurn and Bern have laws which make it illegal to give alcohol to minors under the federal purchase age laws ( exceptions are made for parents ) . Furthermore , cantonal laws prohibit the consumption and / or sale of alcohol at the following public places : Gambling establishments ( serving , consuming and selling ) : Bern , Lucerne , Nidwalden and Obwalden . Gas station ( only sale ) : Basel - Landschaft ( only spirits ) , Fribourg ( only spirits ) , Geneva , Jura and Uri . Swimming pools ( sale and consumption ) : Basel - Landschaft , Basel - Stadt and St. Gallen . Youth Centre ( sale and consumption ) : Basel - Landschaft and Basel - Stadt . Educational establishments ( sale and consumption ) : Basel - Stadt , Jura , Schaffhausen and Zürich . United kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) Drinking in public is legal in England and Wales -- one may carry a drink from a public house down the street ( though it is preferred that the user requests a plastic glass to avoid danger of breakage and because the taking of the glass could be considered an offence of Theft as only the drink has been purchased ) , and one may purchase alcohol at an off - licence and immediately begin drinking it outside . Separately , one may drink on aeroplanes and on most National Rail train services , either purchasing alcohol on - board or consuming one 's own . In certain public places , it may be `` required '' ( requested ) to stop drinking . It is not illegal to drink in these areas , contrary to popular misconception , but , in these areas , if requested by police to stop drinking , the individual must ( may ) then stop drinking and surrender the alcohol , both open and closed containers . It should be noted that Police Officers can only request that alcohol is surrendered if the drinkers are acting antisocially or they have good reason to believe they are going to do so . These are formally known as Designated Public Places Orders ( DPPOs ) , and were allowed by The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 ( CJPA ) ; they are more popularly known as ' Controlled Drinking Zones ' ( CDZs ) . Following the election of Boris Johnson as mayor of London , the conditions of carriage on most modes of London public transportation ( specifically those under the management of Transport for London - London Buses , London Underground , London Overground , Docklands Light Railway , Tramlink and more recently , the Emirates Air Line and TfL Rail ) were updated to ban the carrying of open alcohol containers and the consumption of alcohol . This does not apply to non-Transport for London commuter services , including National Rail and Thames Clippers . This was supported by those who felt it would decrease antisocial behaviour , but opposed by those who argued that alcohol relieved the discomfort of a commute . The end of drinking on public transport was marked by some festivities . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The majority of Belfast is designated an alcohol - free area , with fines of up to £ 500 . Under the Criminal Justice ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1980 , it is an offence to be drunk in a public place . Furthermore , under The Justice Act ( NI ) 2011 , police can issue a fixed penalty notice to those over the age of 18 found intoxicated in a public place . Scotland ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2013 ) The City of Edinburgh allows the consumption of alcohol in public places but under the Edinburgh by - law , anyone drinking in public would have to stop if asked by police . In the Strathclyde region that includes Glasgow , the consumption of alcohol or possesion of an open container of alcohol , in public places has been illegal since 1996 . Breaking this law can mean a fine . This ban was enforced due to the increase in drink - related violent crime . In the Perth & Kinross local authority the consumption of alcohol in public places is illegal in the following places : Alyth , Crieff , Kinross , Scone , Aberfeldy , Blairgowrie , Dunkeld & Birnam , Milnathort , Coupar Angus , Errol , Perth City . Drinking publicly in these areas is chargeable offence . In St Andrews in Fife it is illegal to drink or even have an open drinks container on the street . On the spot fines can be handed out by the police . It is however legal to consume alcohol on any of the beaches in St Andrews . UAE ( edit ) In the UAE , it is against the law to be intoxicated and disorderly conduct can lead to arrest by police . Furthermore , Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol . Drunk driving is also banned , with severe penalties , including time in jail and demerit points added to the offenders ' record . United States ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see United States open container laws . Drinking in public is illegal in many jurisdictions in the United States , with this ban usually extending to include drinking within a moving car ( related to drunk driving laws ) . Laws against drinking in public are known as open container laws , as the presence of an open container of alcohol is seen as evidence of drinking in public and is far easier to witness and prove than the act of drinking . In some places and circumstances , public alcohol consumption is accepted . This includes such cities as New Orleans , Las Vegas , Indianapolis , certain college campuses , and around sporting events -- notably at a tailgate party . Open containers of alcohol are often concealed in public , traditionally inside a brown paper bag , though this does not make them legal in jurisdictions where they are outlawed . If a law enforcement officer can detect that alcohol is being consumed , the violator may be cited or arrested . See also ( edit ) Alcohol - free zone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alcohol - Free Zone '' . Manly.nsw.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` City of Sydney Guide to Alcohol Free Zones '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ West , Andrew ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` Councils fearful of enforcing alcohol confiscation laws '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Ontario Parks alcohol policy Archived October 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Napsal uživatel red . `` Ústavní soud k regulaci konzumace alkoholu na veřejnosti '' . Elaw.cz . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2003/en20030612.pdf Jump up ^ Concepts and definitions . `` Statistikcentralen - Concepts and definitions - Statistical locality '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arrêté Municipal N ° 148 , Commune de Foussemagne '' ( PDF ) . 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alkoholverbot in Bussen und Bahnen '' . Jump up ^ `` Hausordnung für Bahnhöfe '' . Jump up ^ `` Alkoholverbot in Bus und Bahn '' . morgenpost.de . Berliner Morgenpost. 14 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BVG terms of transport '' . Jump up ^ Badenschier , Franziska ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Regeln für Alkoholkonsum in Zügen uneinheitlich '' . zeit.de . Die Zeit . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Citizensinformation.ie . `` Alcohol and the law '' . www.citizensinformation.ie . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` Irish Law for Alcohol Consumption '' . www.safezone.ie . Jump up ^ Japan Visitor . `` Drinking Culture in Japan '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age in Laos '' . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beer - swigging loophole unlikely to close '' . New Zealand Herald . 2013 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Svein Erik Furulund ( 12 October 2012 ) : Ulovlig parkpils - ingen bot Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Norwegian ) Aftenposten , retrieved 18 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` ( 음주 와 법률 ) 공공 장소 음주 괜찮 을까 ? '' . m.post.naver.com . Jump up ^ Die Bundesbehörden der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft ( Federal Departments of Switzerland ) ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung . ( Lebensmittelverordnung ( LMV ) 817.02 vom 1 . März 1995 ( Stand am 12 . Juli 2005 ) - Art . 11 : Abgabe - und Anpreisungsbeschränkungen für alkoholische Getränke Abs. 1 ) '' . admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Die Bundesbehörden der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft ( Federal Departments of Switzerland ) ( 1983 - 01 - 01 ) . `` 680 Bundesgesetz vom 21 . Juni 1932 über die gebrannten Wasser ( Alkoholgesetz ) - Erster Abschnitt : Allgemeine Bestimmungen Art . 2 ; Fünfter Abschnitt : Handel mit gebrannten Wasser zu Trinkzwecken : Art . 41 IV . Kleinhandel '' . admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bundesamt für Gesundheit ( Federal Department of Health ) ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Weitergabeverbot '' . bag.admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Bundesamt für Gesundheit ( Federal Department of Health ) ( 2013 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Örtliche Einschränkungen '' . bag.admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Councils may use bye - laws for ' no alcohol zones ' , Alcohol Policy UK , Sunday , October 04 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://webarchive.parliament.uk/20130707082224/http://www.parliament.uk/briefing%2Dpapers/SN04606.pdf%7Ctitle=Designation Orders : Alcohol Consumption in Public Places ) , ( ( Home Office ) publisher = ) ) Jump up ^ `` Agenda item - On Street Drinking , Meeting of People and Communities Committee , Tuesday , 7th June , 2016 4.30 pm ( Item 2b ) '' . Jump up ^ `` UK Scotland Edinburgh and East Edinburgh ' bans ' outside drinking '' . BBC News . 2006 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cusick , James ( 1996 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Glasgow calls time on street drinking '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Drugs , alcohol and smoking '' . www.pkc.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Sachs , Eric . `` New York Open Container Laws '' . Eric Sachs New York DWI Lawyer . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking_in_public&oldid=807792143 '' Categories : Drinking culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Norwegian - language external links Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles to be expanded from February 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 04 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Drinking in public laws
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-3,821,437,865,054,711,300 | what is the english translation of pico de gallo | Pico de gallo - wikipedia Pico de gallo This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine , pico de gallo ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈpiko ðe ˈɣaʎo ) , lit . rooster 's beak ) , also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda , is made from chopped tomato , onion , cilantro , fresh serranos ( jalapeños or habaneros are used as alternatives ) , salt , and lime juice . Other ingredients , such as shrimp , or avocado , are also sometimes added . Pico de gallo can be used in much the same way as other Mexican liquid salsas , but since it contains less liquid , it can also be used as a main ingredient in dishes such as tacos and fajitas . The tomato - based variety is widely known as salsa picada ( minced / chopped sauce ) . In Mexico it is sometimes called salsa mexicana ( Mexican sauce ) . Because the colours of the red tomato , white onion , green chili and cilantro are reminiscent of the colours of the Mexican flag , it is also sometimes called salsa bandera ( flag sauce ) . In many regions of Mexico the term refers to any of a variety of salads ( including fruit salads ) , salsa , or fillings made with tomato , tomatillo , avocado , orange , jícama , cucumber , papaya , or mild chilis . The ingredients are tossed in lime juice and either hot sauce or chamoy , then sprinkled with a salty chili powder . Contents 1 Etymology 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Etymology ( edit ) According to food writer Sharon Tyler Herbst , pico de gallo ( `` rooster 's beak '' ) is named thus because originally people ate it by pinching pieces between the thumb and forefinger . In their book Authentic Mexican : Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico , Rick Bayless and Deann Groen speculate that the name might allude to the bird feed - like texture and appearance of the mince . Many native residents of the Sonoran Mexico region explain that the salsa is thus named because the serrano pepper resembles a rooster 's beak in shape . See also ( edit ) Salad Pebre , a similar condiment from Chile List of Mexican dishes List of tomato dishes food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sharon Tyler Herbst , `` Food Lover 's Companion '' , 2nd ed. , as quoted in Barron 's Educational Services , Inc. 1995 : www.Epicurious.com , retrieved 10 / 3 / 2007 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bayless , Rick ; Groen , Deann . Authentic Mexican : Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico . Jump up ^ Wilder , Janos . The Great Chiles Rellenos Book . Ten Speed Press , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Pico de Gallo at Wikibook Cookbooks <Th_colspan="3"> Condiments <Td_colspan="3"> List of condiments List of common dips Condiments Ajika Ajvar Amba Anchovy paste Balsamic vinegar Balsamic Vinegar of Modena Barbecue sauce Biber salçası Black vinegar Blue cheese dressing Brown sauce Beurre Maître d'Hôtel Buffalo sauce Chili peppers Cheese Cheong Jocheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Chipotle Chili oil Chimichurri Chrain Chutney Green mango chutney Cocktail sauce Colo - colo Crema Crushed red pepper Dabu - dabu Dip Duck sauce Duqqa Fish paste Fish sauce Fritessaus Fruit preserves Fry sauce Gochujang Gomashio Gravy Guacamole Hogao Honey dill Honey mustard Horseradish Hot sauce Kachumbari Kachumber Kaymak Khrenovina Kyopolou Lethocerus indicus Ljutenica Maafe Mayonnaise Mignonette sauce Milkette Monkey gland sauce Muhammara Mumbo sauce Murri Nam chim Nam phrik Nước chấm Nutritional yeast Olive oil Oyster sauce Pearà Pepper jelly Perilla oil Pesto Piccalilli Pico de gallo Pickle Pickled fruit Pindjur Pistou Ponzu Popcorn seasoning Ranch dressing Relish Remoulade Marie Rose sauce Salad cream Salad dressing Salad dressing spread Salmoriglio Salsa Salsa golf Salt and pepper Satsivi Sauerkraut Sesame oil Skyronnes Soy sauce Soup soy sauce Sweet soy sauce Steak sauce Sumbala Sweet chili sauce Syrup Tartar sauce Tekka Teriyaki sauce Tiparos Tkemali Tomato jam Toum Vinegar Vincotto Wasabi Watermelon rind preserves Worcestershire sauce Tonkatsu XO sauce Za'atar Zacuscă Zhug Zingara sauce Ketchups Banana ketchup Curry ketchup Fruit ketchup Mushroom ketchup Mustards Amora Colman 's Dijon mustard Düsseldorfer Löwensenf French 's Grey Poupon Gulden 's Keen 's Maille Mostarda National Mustard Museum Plochman 's Stadium Mustard Tewkesbury mustard Thomy Turun sinappi Zatarain 's List articles Accompaniments to french fries Brand name condiments Chutneys Fish pastes Fish sauces Indian condiments Japanese condiments Mustard brands Hot sauces Pakistani condiments Philippine condiments Pickled foods Misc . Carolina style Condiment Cruet - stand Mustard oil Sachet Salt and pepper shakers <Td_colspan="3"> Category <Th_colspan="3"> Mexican cuisine <Td_colspan="3"> List of Mexican dishes Soups and stews Birria Caldo de pollo Caldo de queso Caldo de siete mares Caldo tlalpeño Caldo Xóchitl Chileatole Clemole Cocido Lime soup Mancha manteles Menudo Mole de olla Pinole Pozole Sopa de fideo Sopa de nopal Tortilla soup Crema de nuez Rice dishes Arroz a la tumbada Arroz blanco Arroz negro Arroz poblano Arroz rojo Morisqueta Egg dishes Huevos a la mexicana Huevos al albañil Huevos divorciados Huevos motuleños Huevos rancheros Machacado con huevo Vegetable dishes Calabacitas con elote Chile relleno Chiles en escabeche Chiles en nogada Chipotle Elote Esquites Frijoles charros Frijoles negros Frijoles Puercos Guasanas Nopal asado Pepita Rajas con crema Refried beans Romeritos Poultry dishes Arroz con pollo Chicken feet Escabeche oriental Mole poblano Pollo motuleño Tinga de pollo Tlatonile Pork dishes Adobada Calabacitas con puerco Carne de chango Carnitas Chicharrón en salsa Chileajo de cerdo Chilorio Chorizo Cochinita pibil Cueritos Entomatado de cerdo Poc Chuc Beef dishes Alambre Aporreadillo Albóndigas al chipotle Beef brain Beef tongue Cabeza Carne a la tampiqueña Carne asada Carne seca Criadillas Entomatado de res Machaca Milanesa Pachola Picadillo Puntas Salpicón Tinga de res Seafood dishes Aguachile Cahuamanta Camarones al ajillo Ceviche Huachinango a la Veracruzana Mixmole de pescado Mojarra frita Pan de cazón Pescadito Pescado al ajillo Pescado a la talla Pescado zarandeado Pulpo a la campechana Other protein dishes Al pastor Barbacoa Cabrito Chahuis Chapulines Discada Entomatada Escamoles Jumiles Maguey worm Mixiote Moronga Pastel azteca Relleno negro Tripas Cheese dishes Chicharrón de queso Queso en salsa Queso flameado Antojitos of corn dough Cazuelita Chalupa Chilaquiles Chimichanga Chochoyote Corn tortilla Corunda Doblada Duros Empalme Enchilada Gordita Guajolota Huarache Molote Nachos Panucho Papadzules Piedra Quesadilla Salbute Sope or Memela Taco Tamale Taquito Tlacoyo Tlayuda Tostada Totopo Antojitos of wheat dough Burrito Cemita Empalme Enchilada Gringas Guajolota Mollete Nachos Pambazo Paste Quesadilla Sincronizada Taco Taquito Torta Wheat tortilla Sauces and condiments Adobo Mole negro Mole blanco Mole poblano Mole sauce Mole verde Recado rojo Salsa Salsa roja ( adada , cocida , cruda ) Salsa verde ( asada , cocida , cruda ) Caldillo rojo Caldillo verde Salsa pasilla Salsa guajillo Desserts and sweets Alegría Arroz con leche Bionico Cajeta Capirotada Chongos zamoranos Churros Cocadas Coyotas Flan Fried ice cream Mango con chile Mazapán Nicuatole Panela Qurabiya Tres leches cake Salads Caesar salad Curtido Ensalada de nopalitos Guacamole Pico de gallo Breads Bolillo Buñuelo Cemita Cochinito de Piloncillo Cocol Concha Pan de muerto Pan dulce Rosca de reyes Beverages Agave nectar Agua de jamaica Beer Café de olla Chamoyada Champurrado Curado Horchata Mangonada Margarita Mexican tea culture Pópo Pozol Related topics Aztec cuisine Baja Med Comal Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Escuela de Gastronomía Mexicana Oaxacan cuisine Taco stand Tex - Mex <Td_colspan="3"> Category Commons Cookbook Food portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pico_de_gallo&oldid=853799137 '' Categories : Condiments Cuisine of the Southwestern United States Cuisine of the Western United States Mexican cuisine Mexican garnish New Mexican cuisine Salads Tex - Mex cuisine Tomato dishes Vegetable dishes Vegan cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska 粵語 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 01 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Pico de gallo - Mexican cuisine
2. Salsa fresca or salsa cruda
3. Ingredients: tomato, onion, cilantro, serranos
4. Uses of pico de gallo in Mexican dishes
5. Etymology of the name "pico de gallo" |
7,533,742,129,823,563,000 | who encouraged foot binding in the yan dynasty | Yan Xishan - wikipedia Yan Xishan Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Yan Xishan <Td_colspan="2"> 閻 錫山 <Td_colspan="2"> Gen. Yan Xishan <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Premier of the Republic of China <Td_colspan="2"> In office 3 June 1949 -- 7 March 1950 President Li Zongren <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details ( 1883 - 08 - 08 ) August 8 , 1883 Wutai County , Xinzhou , Shanxi July 22 , 1960 ( 1960 - 07 - 22 ) ( aged 76 ) Taipei , Taiwan Political party Kuomintang Progressive Party Awards Order of Blue Sky and White Sun <Th_colspan="2"> Military service Nickname ( s ) `` Model Governor '' Allegiance Republic of China Service / branch National Revolutionary Army Years of service 1911 -- 1949 Rank General Commands 2nd Regiment , Shanxi Div . Beiyang Army Army of Shanxi 2nd Military Region , NRA Battles / wars Xinhai Revolution Northern Expedition ( 1926 -- 1927 ) Central Plains War Second Sino - Japanese War Chinese Civil War This is a Chinese name ; the family name is Yan . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Yan Xishan Traditional Chinese 閻 錫山 Simplified Chinese 阎 锡山 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yán Xíshān Wade -- Giles Yen Hsi - shan <Td_colspan="2"> Yan Xishan ( or Yen Hsi - shan , IPA : ( i̯ɛ́n ɕíʂan ) ; 8 October 1883 -- 22 July 1960 ) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China . He effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War . As the leader of a relatively small , poor , remote province , he survived the machinations of Yuan Shikai , the Warlord Era , the Nationalist Era , the Japanese invasion of China and the subsequent civil war , being forced from office only when the Nationalist armies with which he was aligned had completely lost control of the Chinese mainland , isolating Shanxi from any source of economic or military supply . He has been viewed by Western biographers as a transitional figure who advocated using Western technology to protect Chinese traditions , while at the same time reforming older political , social and economic conditions in a way that paved the way for the radical changes that would occur after his rule . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Experience in Japan 1.3 Return to China 2 Career in the early Republic 2.1 Conflict with Yuan Shikai 2.2 Efforts to modernize Shanxi 2.3 Involvement in the Northern Expedition 2.4 Involvement in the Central Plains War 2.5 Return to Shanxi 2.6 Subsequent relationship with the Nationalist government 3 Public policies 3.1 Military policies 3.2 Attempts at social reform 3.3 Attempts to eradicate opium use 3.4 Limitations of economic reforms 4 Yan Xishan Thought 4.1 Influence of Confucianism 4.2 Influence of Christianity 4.3 Influence of Chinese Nationalism 4.4 Influence of socialism and communism 4.5 Extent of success 5 Threats to Yan 's rule 5.1 Early conflict with Japan 5.2 Early conflict with the Chinese Communist Party 5.3 Invasion by Mengguguo 6 The Second Sino - Japanese War 6.1 Alliance with the Communists 6.2 Early campaigns 6.3 Fall of Taiyuan 6.4 Re-establishment of Yan 's authority 6.5 Negotiations with the Japanese 6.6 Relationship with the Japanese after 1945 7 Civil war 7.1 The Shangdang Campaign 7.2 The Taiyuan Campaign 8 Last Years 8.1 Premier of the Republic of China 8.2 Retirement in Taiwan 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Childhood ( edit ) He was born in the late Qing Dynasty in Wutai County , Xinzhou , Shanxi , to a family that had been bankers and merchants for generations ( Shanxi was known for its many successful banks until the late 19th century ) . As a young man he worked for several years at his father 's bank while pursuing a traditional Confucian education at a local village school . After his father was ruined by a late 19th - century depression that ravaged the Chinese economy , Yan enrolled in a free military school that was run and financed by the Manchu government in Taiyuan . While studying at this school he was first introduced to mathematics , physics and various other subjects imported directly from the West . In 1904 he was sent to Japan to study at the Tokyo Shimbu Gakko , a military preparatory academy , after which he entered the Imperial Japanese Army Academy , from which he graduated in 1909 . Experience in Japan ( edit ) Over the five years that Yan studied in Japan he became impressed by the country 's efforts to successfully modernize . He observed the progress made by the Japanese ( whom the Chinese had previously considered unsophisticated and backward ) and began to worry about the consequences if China were to fall behind the rest of the world . This formative experience was later cited as a period of great inspiration for his later efforts to modernize Shanxi . Yan eventually concluded that the Japanese had successfully modernized largely due to the government 's abilities to mobilize its populace in support of its policies and to the close , respectful relationship that existed between the military and civilian populations . He attributed the surprising Japanese victory in the 1905 Russo - Japanese War to the enthusiastic mobilization of the Japanese public in support of the military . After returning to China in 1910 he wrote a pamphlet warning China that it was in danger of being overtaken by Japan unless it developed a local form of bushido . Even before studying in Japan , Yan had become disgusted with the open and widespread corruption of Qing officials in Shanxi , and had become convinced that China 's relative helplessness in the 19th century was the result of the dynasty 's generally hostile attitude towards modernization and industrial development , and a grossly inept foreign policy . While he was in Japan he met Sun Yat - sen and joined his Tongmenghui ( Revolutionary Alliance ) , a semi-secret society dedicated to overthrowing the Qing dynasty . He also attempted to popularize Sun 's ideology by organizing an affiliated `` Blood and Iron Society '' within the ranks of Chinese students at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy . The goal of this student group was to organize a revolution that would lead to the creation of a strong and united China , similar to how Otto von Bismarck had created a strong and united Germany . Yan also joined an even more militant organization of Chinese revolutionaries , the `` Dare - to - Die Corps '' . Return to China ( edit ) When he returned to China in 1909 he was assigned as a division commander of the New Army in Shanxi , but secretly worked to overthrow the Qing . During the 1911 Xinhai Revolution Yan led local revolutionary forces in driving Manchu troops from the province , proclaiming it independent of the Qing government . He justified his actions by attacking the Qing 's failure to repel foreign aggression , and promised a wide range of social and political reforms . Career in the early Republic ( edit ) Yan Xishan in the early 1920s , shortly after taking power in Shanxi . Conflict with Yuan Shikai ( edit ) In 1911 Yan hoped to join forces with another prominent Shanxi revolutionary , Wu Luzhen , in order to undermine Yuan Shikai 's control of north China , but these plans were aborted after Wu was assassinated . Yan was elected military governor by his comrades but was unable to prevent a subsequent invasion by the troops of Yuan Shikai , who occupied most parts of Shanxi in 1913 . During the period of Yuan 's invasion , Yan was only able to survive by withdrawing northward and aligning himself with a friendly insurgent group in neighboring Shaanxi province . By avoiding a decisive military confrontation with Yuan , Yan was able to preserve his own base of power . Though he was friends with Sun Yat - sen , Yan withheld support for him in the 1913 `` Second Revolution '' , and instead ingratiated himself with Yuan , who allowed him to return as military governor of Shanxi , commanding a military that was then staffed by Yuan 's own henchmen . In 1917 , shortly after Yuan Shikai 's death , Yan solidified his control over Shanxi , ruling there uncontested . After Yuan 's death in 1916 , China descended into a period of warlordism . The determination of Shanxi to resist Manchu rule was a factor leading Yuan to believe that only the abolition of the Qing dynasty could bring peace to China and end the civil war . Yan 's inability to resist Yuan 's military domination of northern China was a factor contributing to Sun Yat - sen 's decision not to personally pursue the presidency of the Republic of China , which was established after the end of the Qing dynasty . The demonstrated futility of opposing Yuan 's military domination can only have made it seem more important to Sun to bring Yuan into the process of ruling the Republic , and to come to terms with his ( potential ) enemy . Efforts to modernize Shanxi ( edit ) By 1911 Shanxi was one of the poorest provinces in China . Yan believed that , unless he was able to modernize and revive Shanxi 's economy and infrastructure , he would be unable to prevent Shanxi from being overrun by rival warlords . A military defeat in 1919 inflicted by a rival warlord convinced Yan that Shanxi was not sufficiently developed to compete for hegemony with other warlords , and he avoided the violent national politics of the time by enforcing a neutrality policy on Shanxi , freeing his province from the civil wars . Instead of participating in the ongoing civil wars , Yan devoted himself almost exclusively to modernizing Shanxi and developing its resources . The success of his reforms were sufficient for him to be dubbed by outsiders as the `` Model Governor '' , with Shanxi the `` Model Province '' . Yan 's determination to modernize Shanxi was mostly inspired from his experiences in Japan , but also by his experiences with foreign doctors and personnel who arrived in Shanxi in 1918 in order to help him suppress an epidemic that was ravaging the province . He was impressed with the zeal , talents and modern outlook of these personnel , and subsequently compared foreigners favorably to his own conservative and generally apathetic officials . Conversations with other famous reformers , including John Dewey , Hu Shih and Yan 's close friend H.H. Kung , reinforced his determination to westernize Shanxi . Involvement in the northern Expedition ( edit ) Main article : Northern Expedition Yan Xishan 's soldiers in Liaozhou ( now Zuoquan County ) in 1925 during the war with Henan warlord Fan Zhongxiu . In order to maintain Shanxi 's neutrality and free it from serious military confrontations with rival warlords , Yan developed a strategy of shifting alliances between various warring cliques , inevitably joining only winning sides . Although he was weaker than many of the warlords that surrounded him , he often held the balance of power between neighboring rivals , and even those that he betrayed hesitated to retaliate against him in case they might need his support in the future . In order to resist the domination of Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin , Yan allied himself with the forces of Chiang Kai - shek in 1927 , during the Nationalists ' Northern Expedition . While aiding Chiang , Yan 's occupation of Beijing in June 1928 brought the Northern Expedition to a successful conclusion . Yan 's assistance to Chiang was rewarded shortly afterwards by his being named Minister of the Interior and deputy commander - in - chief of all Kuomintang armies Yan 's support for Chiang 's military campaigns and his suppression of Communists influenced Chiang to recognize Yan as the governor of Shanxi , and to allow him to expand his influence into Hebei . Involvement in the central Plains War ( edit ) Main article : Central Plains War Yan Xishan -- `` China 's Next President '' . Yan 's alliance with Chiang was interrupted in 1929 when Yan joined Chiang 's enemies to establish an alternative national government in northern China . His allies included the northern warlord Feng Yuxiang , the Guangxi Clique led by Li Zongren and the left - leaning Kuomintang faction led by Wang Jingwei . While Feng and Chiang 's armies were annihilating each other , Yan marched virtually unopposed through Shandong , capturing the provincial capital of Jinan in June 1930 . After these victories Yan attempted to forge a new national government , with himself as President , by calling an `` Enlarged Party Conference '' . Under his plan Yan was to be president and Wang Jingwei was to serve as his prime minister . This conference attempted to draft a national constitution and involved the participation of numerous high - ranking Chinese militarists and politicians from among Chiang 's rivals . These deliberations were interrupted by Chiang who , after decisively defeating Feng 's armies , invaded Shandong and virtually annihilated Yan 's army . When the governor of Manchuria , Zhang Xueliang , publicly declared his allegiance to Chiang ( whose support Zhang required in order to contest the Russians and Japanese ) , Yan fled to Dalian in the Japanese - held Kwantung Leased Territory , only returning to an unconquered Shanxi after making peace with Chiang in 1931 . During this `` Central Plains War '' , the Kuomintang encouraged Muslims and Mongols to overthrow both Feng Yuxiang and Yan . Chiang 's defeat of Yan and Feng in 1930 is considered the end of China 's Warlord Era . The events between 1927 - 31 are best explained as the strategies of warlords accustomed to the constantly shifting , chaotic alliances that had characterized Chinese politics since the breakdown of the central government a decade earlier . The main cause of Yan 's defeat was the low population and lack of development in the areas that he had under his control , making him incapable of fielding a large and well - equipped army similar to the ones commanded by Chiang at the time . Yan was also unable to match the quality of leadership in Chiang 's officer corps and the prestige that Chiang and the Nationalist army possessed at the time . Before Chiang 's armies defeated Feng and Yan , Yan Xishan appeared on the cover of TIME Magazine , with the subtitle `` China 's Next President . '' The attention given to him by foreign observers in this period , and the support and assistance that he had secured from other high - profile Chinese statesmen , implies that there was a credible expectation that Yan would lead a central government if Chiang failed to defeat Yan 's alliance . Return to Shanxi ( edit ) Yan was only able to return to Shanxi through a complex effort of intrigue and politicking . Much of Chiang 's failure to immediately and permanently eject Yan or his subordinates from Shanxi was due largely to the influence of Zhang Xueliang and the Japanese , who were anxious to prevent the extension of Chiang 's authority into Manchuria . In Yan 's absence the civil government of Shanxi ground to a halt , and the various military leaders of Shanxi struggled with each other to fill the vacuum , forcing Chiang 's government to appoint Shanxi 's leaders from among Yan 's subordinates . Although he did not immediately declare his return to provincial politics , Yan returned to Shanxi in 1931 with the support and protection of Zhang . This move was not protested by Chiang due to his involvement in suppressing the forces of Li Zongren , who had marched up to northern Hunan from his base in Guangxi in support of Yan . Yan remained in the background of Shanxi politics until the Nanjing government 's failure to resist the Japanese takeover of Manchuria after the Mukden Incident gave Yan and his followers an opportunity to informally overthrow the Kuomintang in Shanxi . On December 18 , 1931 , a group of students ( supported and perhaps orchestrated by officials loyal to Yan ) gathered in Taiyuan to protest the Nanjing government 's policy of not fighting the Japanese . This demonstration became so violent that Kuomintang police fired into the crowd . The public outrage that this `` Massacre of December Eighteenth '' generated was strong enough to give Yan 's officials a pretext to expel the Kuomintang from the province on the grounds of public safety . After this event the Kuomintang ceased to exist in Shanxi except as a dummy organization whose members were more loyal to Yan than to Chiang Kai - shek . Future difficulties in securing the loyalty of other Chinese warlords across China , the ongoing civil war with the Communists and the ongoing threat of Japanese invasion motivated Chiang to let Yan retain the title of Pacification Commissioner in 1932 , and he appointed Yan to the central government 's Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission . In 1934 Chiang finally flew to Taiyuan , where he praised Yan 's administration in return for Yan 's public support for Nanjing . By publicly praising Yan 's government , Chiang in effect admitted that Yan remained the undisputed ruler of Shanxi . Subsequent relationship with the Nationalist government ( edit ) After 1931 Yan continued to give nominal support to the Nanjing government while maintaining de facto control over Shanxi , alternatively cooperating with and fighting against Communist agents active in his province . Although he was not an active participant , Yan supported the 1936 Xian Incident , in which Chiang Kai - shek was arrested by Nationalist officers led by Zhang Xueliang and released only when he agreed to make peace with the Communists and form a `` united front '' to resist the impending Japanese invasion of China . In his correspondence with Zhang Xueliang in 1936 Yan indicated that the growing rift between he and Chiang was due to Yan 's anxieties over the potential for a Japanese invasion and a concern for the subsequent fate of China , and because Yan was not convinced of the correctness of focusing China 's resources on anti-Communist campaigns . During the Xian Incident itself Yan actively involved himself in the negotiations , sending representatives to prevent Chiang 's execution ( and the civil war that Yan believed would follow ) while pushing for a united front to resist the Japanese invasion of China that Yan believed was imminent . The financial relationship between Shanxi and the central government remained complicated . Yan was successful in creating a complex of heavy industries around Taiyuan , but neglected to publicize the extent of his success outside of Shanxi , probably to deceive Chiang Kai - shek . Despite his measured successes in modernizing the industry of Shanxi , Yan repeatedly petitioned the central government for financial assistance in order to extend the local railroad , and for other reasons , but his requests were usually denied . When Yan refused to send taxes collected from the trade of salt ( produced in Shanxi 's public factories ) to the central government , Chiang retaliated by flooding the market of northern China with so much salt ( produced around coastal China ) that the price of salt in China 's northern provinces dropped extremely low : due to these artificially low salt prices , neighboring provinces virtually stopped purchasing Shanxi salt altogether . In 1935 Chiang 's announcement of a `` five - year plan '' to modernize Chinese industry was perhaps inspired by the successes of the `` Ten - Year Plan '' that Yan had announced several years before . Public policies ( edit ) In Shanxi Yan implemented numerous successful reforms in an effort to centralize his control over the province . Although embracing the traditional values of the landed gentry , he denounced their `` oppression '' of the peasantry and took steps to initiate land reform and weaken the power of landowners over the populace in the countryside . These reforms also weakened potential rivals in his province , in addition to benefiting Shanxi farmers . Yan attempted to develop his army as a locally recruited force which cultivated a public image of being servants , rather than masters , of the people . He developed an all - encompassing , idiosyncratic ideology ( literally `` Yan Xishan Thought '' ) and disseminated it by sponsoring a network of village newspapers and traveling dramatic troupes . He coordinated dramatic public meetings in which participants confessed their own misdeeds and / or denounced those of others . He devised a system of public education , producing a population of trained workers and farmers literate enough to be indoctrinated without difficulty . The early date by which Yan devised and implemented these reforms ( during the Warlord Era ) contradicts later claims that these reforms were modeled on Communist programs and not vice-versa . Military policies ( edit ) When Yan returned from Japan in 1909 he was a firm proponent of militarism , and proposed a system of national conscription along German and Japanese lines . Germany 's defeat in World War I and Yan 's defeat in Henan in 1919 caused him to reassess the value of militarism as a way of life . He then decreased the size of the army until 1923 ( in order to save money ) , until a rumor circulated that rival warlords were planning on invading Shanxi . Yan then introduced military reforms designed to train a rural militia of 100,000 men along the lines of Japanese and American reserves . Yan attempted , via conscription , to create a civilian reserve that would become the foundation of society in Shanxi . His troops were perhaps the only army in the Warlord era drawn exclusively from the province in which they were stationed , and because he insisted that his soldiers perform work to improve Shanxi 's infrastructure -- including road - maintenance and assisting farmers -- and because his discipline ensured that his soldiers actually paid for anything they took from civilians , the army in Shanxi enjoyed much more popular support than most of his rivals ' armies in China . Yan 's officer corps was drawn from Shanxi 's gentry and given two years of education at government expense . Despite efforts to subject his officers to a rigorous , Japanese - style training regimen and to indoctrinate them in Yan Xishan Thought , his armies never proved to be especially well - trained or disciplined in battle . In general , Yan 's military record is not considered positive -- he had more defeats than victories -- and it is unclear whether his officer corps either understood or sympathized with his objectives , instead entering his service solely in the interests of achieving prestige and a higher standard of living . Yan built an arsenal in Taiyuan that , for the entire period of his administration , remained the only center in China capable of producing field artillery . The presence of this arsenal was one of the main reasons that Yan was able to maintain Shanxi 's relative independence . While not particularly effective fighting rival warlords , Yan 's army was successful in eradicating banditry in Shanxi , allowing him to maintain a relatively high level of public order and security . Yan 's successes in eradicating banditry in Shanxi include his cooperation with Yuan Shikai to defeat Bai Lang 's remnant rebels after the failed 1913 - 14 Bai Lang Rebellion . Attempts at social reform ( edit ) Yan went to great lengths to eradicate social traditions which he considered antiquated . He insisted that all men in Shanxi abandon their Qing - era queues , giving police instructions to clip off the queues of anyone still wearing them . In one instance , Yan lured people into theatres in order to have his police systematically cut the hair of the audience . He attempted to combat widespread female illiteracy by creating in each district at least one vocational school in which peasant girls could be given a primary - school education and taught domestic skills . After Kuomintang military victories in 1925 generated great interest in Shanxi for the Nationalist ideology , including women 's rights , Yan allowed girls to enroll in middle school and college , where they promptly formed a women 's association . Yan attempted to eradicate the custom of foot binding , threatening to sentence men who married women with bound feet , and mothers who bound their daughters ' feet , to hard labor in state - run factories . He discouraged the use of the traditional lunar calendar and encouraged the development of local boy scout organizations . Like the Communists who later succeeded Yan , he punished habitual lawbreakers to `` redemption through labour '' in state - run factories . Attempts to eradicate opium use ( edit ) In 1916 at least 10 % of Shanxi 's 11 million people were addicted to opium , and Yan attempted to eradicate opium use in Shanxi after he came to power . At first he dealt with opium dealers and addicts severely , throwing addicts in prison and exposing them and their families to public humiliation . Many convicted of opium - related offenses then died of sudden withdrawal from the drug . After 1922 , partly due to public opposition to harsh punishment , Yan abandoned punishing addicts in favor of attempting to rehabilitate them , pressuring individuals through their families and constructing sanitariums designed to slowly cure addicts of their addictions . Yan 's attempts to suppress the opium trade in Shanxi were largely successful , and the number of opium addicts in the province was reduced by 80 % by 1922 . In the absence of efforts by other warlords to combat opium production and trade , Yan 's efforts to combat opium use only increased the price of opium so high that narcotics of all kinds were drawn into Shanxi from other provinces . Users often switched from opium to pills mixed from morphine and heroin , which were easier to smuggle and use . Because the most influential and powerful gentry in Shanxi were often the worst offenders , officials drawn from the privileged class of Shanxi seldom enforced Yan 's decrees outlawing the use of narcotics , and often evaded punishment themselves . Eventually Yan was forced to abandon his efforts to suppress opium trafficking , and attempted instead to establish a government monopoly on the production and sale of opium in Shanxi . Yan continued to complain about the availability of narcotics into the 1930s , and after 1932 executed over 600 people caught smuggling drugs into Shanxi . The traffic persisted , but Yan 's interests in opposing it were perhaps limited by a fear of provoking the Japanese , who manufactured most of the morphine and heroin available in China inside their concession area in Tianjin , and who came to control much of the drug trade in northern China in the 1930s . Limitations of economic reforms ( edit ) Yan 's efforts to stimulate Shanxi 's economy mostly consisted of state - led investment in a broad variety of industries , and he generally failed to encourage private investment and trade . Though gains were made to improve the economy of Shanxi , his efforts were limited by the fact that he himself had little formal training in economic or industrial theory . He also suffered from a lack of experienced , trained advisers capable of directing even moderately complicated tasks related to economic development . Because most of the educated staff that he did have access to were solidly entrenched within the landed gentry of Shanxi , it is possible that many of his officials may have deliberately sabotaged his efforts for reform , preferring that the peasants working their fields continue their cheap , traditional labour . Yan Xishan Thought ( edit ) Throughout his life Yan Xishan attempted to identify , formulate and disseminate a comprehensive ideology that would improve the morale and loyalty of his officials and the people of Shanxi . During his time of study in Japan , Yan became attracted to militarism and Social Darwinism , but he renounced these after World War I. Throughout the rest of Yan 's life he identified with the position of most Chinese conservatives at the time : that social and economic reform would progress from ethical reform , and that the problems confronting China could only be solved by the moral rehabilitation of the Chinese people . Believing that no single ideology existed to unify the Chinese people at the time that he came to power , Yan attempted to generate an ideal ideology himself , and once boasted that he had succeeded in creating a comprehensive system of belief that embodied the best features of `` militarism , nationalism , anarchism , democracy , capitalism , communism , individualism , imperialism , universalism , paternalism and utopianism '' . Much of Yan 's attempts to spread his ideology were through a network of semi-religious organizations known as `` Heart - Washing Societies '' . Influence of Confucianism ( edit ) Yan was emotionally attached to Confucianism by virtue of his upbringing , and because he identified its values as a historically effective solution to the chaos and disorder of his time . He justified his rule via Confucian political theories and attempted to revive Confucian virtues as being universally accepted . In his speeches and writing Yan developed an extravagant admiration for the virtues of moderation and harmony associated with the Confucian Doctrine of the Mean . Many of the reforms that Yan attempted were undertaken with the intention of demonstrating that he was a junzi , the epitome of Confucian virtue . Yan 's interpretations of Confucianism were mostly borrowed from the form of Neo-Confucianism that was popular in the Qing dynasty . He taught that everyone had a capacity for innate goodness , but that in order to fulfill this capacity people had to subordinate their emotions and desires to the control of their conscience . He admired the Ming dynasty philosophers Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming , who disparaged knowledge and urged men to act on the basis of their intuition . Because Yan believed that human beings could only achieve their potentials through intense self - criticism and self - cultivation , he established in every town a Heart - Washing Society , whose members gathered each Sunday to meditate and listen to sermons based on the themes of the Confucian classics . Everyone at these meetings was supposed to rise and confess aloud his misdeeds of the past week , inviting criticism from the other members . Influence of Christianity ( edit ) Yan attributed much of the West 's vitality to Christianity , and believed that China could only resist and overtake the West by generating an ideological tradition that was equally inspiring . He appreciated the efforts of missionaries ( mostly Americans who maintained a complex of schools in Taigu ) to educate and modernize Shanxi . He regularly addressed the graduating classes of these schools , but was generally unsuccessful in recruiting these students to serve his regime . Yan supported the indigenous Christian church in Taiyuan , and at one time seriously considered using Christian chaplains in his army . His public support of Christianity waned after 1925 , when he failed to come to the defense of Christians during anti-foreigner and anti-Christian demonstrations that polarized Taiyuan . Yan deliberately organized many features of his Heart - Washing Society on the Christian church , including ending each service with hymns praising Confucius . He urged his subjects to place their faith in a supreme being that he called `` Shangdi '' : he justified his belief in Shangdi via the Confucian classics , but described Shangdi in terms very similar to the Christian interpretation of God . Like Christianity , Yan Xishan Thought was permeated with the belief that , through accepting his ideology , people could become regenerated or reborn . Influence of Chinese nationalism ( edit ) In 1911 Yan came to power in Shanxi as a disciple of Chinese nationalism , but subsequently came to view nationalism as merely another set of ideas that could be used to achieve his own objectives . He stated that the primary goal of the Heart - Washing Society was to encourage Chinese patriotism by reviving the Confucian church , leading foreigners to accuse him of attempting to create a Chinese version of Shinto . Yan attempted to moderate some aspects of Sun Yat - sen 's ideology that he viewed as potentially threatening to his rule . Yan altered some of Sun 's doctrines before disseminating them in Shanxi , formulating his own version of Sun 's Three Principles of the People that replaced the principles of nationalism and democracy with the principles of virtue and knowledge . During the 1919 May Fourth Movement , when students in Taiyuan staged anti-foreign demonstrations , Yan warned that patriotism , like rainfall , was beneficial only when moderate . After the Kuomintang succeeded in forming a nominal central government in 1930 , Yan encouraged Nationalist principles that he viewed as socially beneficial . During the 1930s he attempted to set up in every village a `` Good People 's Movement '' in order to promote the values of Chiang Kai - shek 's New Life Movement . These values included honesty , friendliness , dignity , diligence , modesty , thrift , personal neatness and obedience . Influence of socialism and communism ( edit ) In 1931 Yan returned from his exile in Dalian impressed with the apparent successes of the Soviet Union 's first Five - Year Plan , and attempted to reorganize the economy of Shanxi using Soviet methods , according to a local `` Ten - Year Plan '' that Yan himself developed . Throughout the 1930s Yan bluntly equated economic development with state control of industry and finance , and he was successful in bringing most major industry and commerce under state control by the late 1930s . Yan 's speeches after 1931 reflect an interpretation of Marxist economics ( mostly drawn from Das Kapital ) that he gained while in exile in Dalian . Following this interpretation , Yan attempted to change the economy of Shanxi to become more like that of the USSR , inspiring a scheme of economic `` distribution according to labour '' . When the threat of Chinese Communists became a significant threat to Yan 's rule , he defended the Communists as courageous and self - sacrificing fanatics who were different from common bandits ( contrary to Kuomintang propaganda ) and whose challenge must be met by social and economic reforms that alleviated the conditions responsible for communism . Like Marx , Yan wanted to eliminate what he saw as unearned profit by restructuring Shanxi 's economy to reward only those who worked . Unlike Marx , Yan reinterpreted Communism to correct what he believed was Marxism 's chief flaw : the inevitability of class warfare . Yan praised Marx for his analysis of the material aspects of human society , but professed to believe that there was a moral and spiritual unity of mankind that implied that a state of harmony was closer to the human ideal than conflict . By rejecting economic determinism in favor of morality and free will , Yan hoped to create a society that would be more productive and less violent than he perceived communism to be , while avoiding the exploitation and human misery that he believed was the inevitable result of capitalism . Yan interpreted Roosevelt 's New Deal as promoting socialism in order to combat the spread of communism . `` The New Deal is an effective way of stopping communism , '' Yan said , `` by having the government step in and ride roughshod over the interests of the rich . '' Yan then undertook a series of public works projects inspired by the New Deal in order to reduce unemployment in his own province . Extent of success ( edit ) In spite of his efforts , Yan did not succeed in making Yan Xishan Thought widely popular in Shanxi , and most of his subjects refused to believe that his true objectives differed substantially from those of past regimes . Yan himself blamed the failure of his ideology to become popular on the faults of his officials , charging that they abused their power and failed to explain his ideas to the common people . In general , the officials of Shanxi misappropriated funds intended to be used for propaganda , attempted to explain Yan 's ideas in language too sophisticated for the common people and often behaved in a dictatorial manner that discredited Yan 's ideology and failed to generate popular enthusiasm for his regime . Threats to Yan 's rule ( edit ) Early conflict with Japan ( edit ) Yan did not come into serious conflict with the Japanese until the early 1930s . While he was in exile in Dalian in 1930 , Yan became aware of Japanese plans to invade Manchuria , and feigned collaboration with the Japanese in order to pressure Chiang Kai - shek into allowing him to return to Shanxi before warning Chiang of Japan 's intent . Japan 's subsequent success in taking Manchuria in 1931 terrified Yan , who stated that a major objective of his Ten - Year Plan was to strengthen Shanxi 's defense against the Japanese . In the early 1930s he supported anti-Japanese riots , denounced the Japanese occupation of Manchuria as `` barbarous '' and `` evil '' , publicly appealed to Chiang to send troops to Manchuria and arranged for his arsenal to arm partisans fighting the Japanese occupation in Manchuria . In December 1931 Yan was warned that , after taking control of Manchuria , the Japanese would attempt to take control of Inner Mongolia by subverting Chinese authority in Chahar and Suiyuan . In order to prevent this , he took control of Suiyuan first , developing its large iron deposits ( 24 % of all iron in China ) , and settling the province with thousands of soldier - farmers . When the Manchukuo Imperial Army ( armed and led by the Japanese ) finally invaded Chahar in 1935 , Yan virtually declared war on the Japanese by accepting a position as `` advisor '' of the Suiyuan Mongolian Political Council , an organization created by the central government to organize opposition to the Japanese . The Japanese began promoting `` autonomy '' for northern China in the summer of 1935 . Apparently , many high - ranking Japanese in China believed that Yan and many others in the north were fundamentally pro-Japanese and would readily subordinate themselves to the Japanese in exchange for protection from Chiang Kai - shek . Yan published an open letter in September in which he accused the Japanese of desiring to conquer all of China over the next two decades . According to Japanese sources , Yan entered into negotiations with the Japanese in 1935 , but was never very enthusiastic about `` autonomy '' and rejected their overtures when he realized that they intended to make him their puppet . Yan likely used these negotiations to frighten Chiang Kai - shek into using his armies to defend Shanxi , since he was afraid that Chiang was preparing to sacrifice northern China to avoid fighting the Japanese . If these were Yan 's intentions they were successful , as Chiang assured Yan that he would defend Shanxi with his army in the event that it was invaded . Early conflict with the Chinese Communist Party ( edit ) Although Yan admired its philosophy and economic methods , he feared the threat posed by Chinese communists almost as much as the Japanese . In the early 1930s he observed that , if it invaded Shanxi , the Red Army would enjoy the support of 70 % of his subjects , and would readily be able to recruit one million men from among the most desperate citizens of Shanxi . He remarked that `` the job of suppressing communism is 70 % political and only 30 $ military , while the job of preventing its growth altogether is 90 % political . '' In order to prevent a Communist threat to Shanxi , Yan sent troops to fight the Communists in Jiangxi and ( later ) Shaanxi , organized the gentry and village authorities into anti-corruption and anti-communist political organizations and attempted ( mostly unsuccessfully ) to undertake a large - scale program of land reform . These reforms did not prevent the spread of Communist guerrilla operations into Shanxi . Led by Liu Zhidan and Xu Haidong , 34,000 Communist troops crossed into southwestern Shanxi in February 1936 . As Yan predicted , the Communists enjoyed massive popular support and , although they were outnumbered and ill - armed , succeeded in occupying the southern third of Shanxi in less than a month . The Communists ' strategy of guerrilla warfare was extremely effective against , and demoralizing for , Yan 's forces , who repeatedly fell victim to surprise attacks . The Communists in Shanxi made good use of cooperation supplied by local peasants to evade and easily locate Yan 's forces . When reinforcements sent by the central government forced the Communists to withdraw from Shanxi , the Red Army escaped by splitting into small groups that were actively supplied and hidden by local supporters . Yan himself admitted that his troops had fought poorly during the campaign . The KMT forces that remained in Shanxi expressed hostility to Yan 's rule , but did not interfere with his governance . Invasion by Mengguguo ( edit ) In March 1936 Manchukuo troops occupying the Inner Mongolian province of Chahar invaded northeastern Suiyuan , which Yan controlled . These Japanese - aligned forces seized the city of Bailingmiao in northern Suiyuan , where the pro-Japanese Inner Mongolian Autonomous Political Council maintained its headquarters . Three months later the head of the Political Council , Prince De ( Demchugdongrub ) , declared that he was the ruler of an independent Mongolia ( Mengguguo ) , and organized an army with the aid of Japanese equipment and training . In August 1936 Prince De 's army attempted to invade eastern Suiyuan , but it was defeated by Yan 's forces under the command of Fu Zuoyi . Following this defeat , Prince De planned another invasion while Japanese agents carefully sketched and photographed Suiyuan 's defenses . To prepare for the imminent threat of Japanese invasion that he felt after Suiyuan was invaded , Yan attempted to force all students to undergo several months of compulsive military training and formed an informal alliance with the Communists for the purpose of fighting the Japanese , several months before the Xi'an Incident compelled Chiang Kai - shek to do the same . In November 1936 the army of Prince De presented Fu Zuoyi with an ultimatum to surrender . When Fu responded that Prince De was merely a puppet of `` certain quarters '' and requested that he submit to the authority of the central government , Prince De 's Mongolian and Manchurian armies launched another , more ambitious attack . Prince De 's 15,000 soldiers were armed with Japanese weapons , supported by Japanese aircraft and often led by Japanese officers ( Japanese soldiers fighting for Mengguguo were often executed after their capture as illegal combatants , since Mengguguo was not recognized as being part of Japan ) . In anticipation of this war , Japanese spies destroyed a large supply depot in Datong and carried out other acts of sabotage . Yan placed his best troops and most able generals , including Zhao Chengshou and Yan 's son - in - law , Wang Jingguo , under the command of Fu Zuoyi . During the month of fighting that ensued , the army of Mengguguo suffered severe casualties . Fu 's forces succeeded in retaking Bailingmiao on November 24 and he was considering invading Chahar before he was warned by the Japanese Kwantung Army that doing so would provoke an attack by the Imperial Japanese Army . Prince De 's forces repeatedly attempted to retake Bailingmiao , but this only provoked Fu into sending troops north , where he successfully seized the last of Prince De 's bases in Suiyuan and virtually annihilated his army . After Japanese officers were found to be aiding Prince De , Yan publicly accused Japan of aiding the invaders . His victories in Suiyuan over Japanese - backed forces were praised by Chinese newspapers and magazines , other warlords and political leaders , and many students and members of the Chinese public . The Second Sino - Japanese War ( edit ) During the Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 45 ) , most regions of Shanxi were quickly overrun by the Japanese , but Yan refused to flee the province even after losing the provincial capital , Taiyuan . He relocated his headquarters to a remote corner of the province , effectively resisting Japanese attempts to completely seize Shanxi . During the Second Sino - Japanese War , the Japanese made no less than five attempts to negotiate peace terms with Yan and hoped that he would become a second Wang Jingwei , but Yan refused and stayed on the Chinese side . Alliance with the Communists ( edit ) After the failed attempt by the Chinese Red Army to establish bases in southern Shanxi in early 1936 , the subsequent continued presence of Nationalist soldiers there and the Japanese attempts to take Suiyuan that summer , Yan became convinced that the Communists were lesser threats to his rule than either the Nationalists or the Japanese . He then negotiated a secret anti-Japanese `` united front '' with the Communists in October 1936 and , after the Xi'an Incident two months later , successfully influenced Chiang Kai - shek to enter into a similar agreement with the Communists . After establishing his alliance with the Communists Yan lifted the ban on Communist activities in Shanxi . He allowed Communist agents working under Zhou Enlai to establish a secret headquarters in Taiyuan , and released Communists that he had been holding in prison ( including at least one general , Wang Ruofei ) . Yan , under the slogan `` resistance against the enemy and defense of the soil '' , attempted to recruit young , patriotic intellectuals to his government in order to organize a local resistance to the threat of Japanese invasion . By 1936 Taiyuan had become a gathering point for anti-Japanese intellectuals who had fled from Beijing , Tianjin and northeast China who readily cooperated with Yan , but he also recruited natives of Shanxi who were living across China regardless of their former political associations . Some Shanxi officials attracted to Yan 's cause in the late 1930s later became important figures in the Chinese government , including Bo Yibo . Early campaigns ( edit ) In July 1937 , after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident provoked the Japanese into attacking Chinese forces in and around Beijing , the Japanese sent a large number of warplanes and Manchurian soldiers to reinforce Prince De 's army . This caused Yan to believe that a Japanese invasion of Shanxi was imminent , and he flew to Nanjing to communicate the situation to Chiang Kai - shek . Yan left his meeting in Nanjing with an appointment as commander of the Second War Zone , comprising Shanxi , Suiyuan , Chahar and northern Shaanxi . After returning to Shanxi , Yan encouraged his officials to be suspicious of enemy spies and hanjian , and ordered his forces to attack Prince De 's forces in northern Chahar , hoping to surprise and overwhelm them quickly . The Mongolian and Manchu forces were quickly routed , and Japanese reinforcements attempting to force their way through the strategic Nankou pass suffered heavy casualties . Overwhelming Japanese firepower -- including artillery , bombers and tanks -- eventually forced Yan 's forces to surrender Nankou , after which Japanese forces quickly seized Suiyuan and Datong . The Japanese then began the invasion of Shanxi in earnest . As the Japanese advanced southward into Taiyuan Basin , Yan attempted to impose discipline on his army by executing Gen. Li Fuying and other officers guilty of retreating from the enemy . He issued orders not to withdraw or surrender under any circumstances , vowed to resist Japan until the Japanese had been defeated and invited his own soldiers to kill him if he betrayed his promise . In the face of continued Japanese advances Yan apologized to the central government for his army 's defeats , asked it to assume responsibility for the defense of Shanxi and agreed to share control of the provincial government with one of Chiang Kai - shek 's representatives . When it became clear to Yan that his forces might not be successful in repelling the Japanese army , he invited Communist military forces to re-enter Shanxi . Zhu De became the commander of the Eighth Route Army active in Shanxi and was named the vice-commander of the Second War Zone , under Yan himself . Yan initially responded warmly to the re-entry of the arrival of Communist forces , and they were greeted with enthusiasm by Yan 's officials and officers . Communist forces arrived in Shanxi just in time to help defeat a decisively more powerful Japanese force attempting to move through the strategic mountain pass of Pingxingguan . After the Japanese responded to this defeat by outflanking the defenders and moving towards Taiyuan , the Communists avoided decisive battles and mostly attempted to harass Japanese forces and sabotage Japanese lines of supply and communication . The Japanese suffered , but mostly ignored the Eighth Route Army and continued to advance towards Yan 's capital . The lack of attention directed at their forces gave the Communists time to recruit and propagandize among the local peasant populations ( who generally welcomed Communist forces enthusiastically ) and to organize a network of militia units , local guerrilla bands and popular mass organizations . Genuine Communist efforts to resist the Japanese gave them the authority to carry out sweeping and radical social and economic reforms , mostly related to land and wealth redistribution , which they defended by labeling those who resisted as hanjian . Communist efforts to resist the Japanese also won over Shanxi 's small population of patriotic intellectuals , and conservative fears of resisting them effectively gave the Communists unlimited access to the rural population . Subsequent atrocities committed by the Japanese in the effort to rid Shanxi of Communist guerrillas aroused the hatred of millions in the Shanxi countryside , causing the rural population to turn to the Communists for leadership against the Japanese . All of these factors explain how , within a year of re-entering Shanxi , the Communists were able to take control of most of Shanxi not firmly held by the Japanese . Fall of Taiyuan ( edit ) Chinese troops marching to defend the mountain pass at Xinkou . By executing commanders guilty of retreating , Yan succeeded in improving the morale of his forces . During the Battle of Pingxingguan Shanxi troops successfully resisted numerous Japanese assaults while the Eighth Route Army harassed the Japanese from the rear and along their flanks . Other units of Yan 's army successfully defended other nearby passes . After the Japanese successfully broke into the Taiyan Basin , they continued to encounter ferocious resistance . At Yuanping , a single brigade of Yan 's troops held out against the entire Japanese advance for over a week , allowing reinforcements sent by the central government to take up defensive positions at Xinkou . The Communist generals Zhu De and Peng Dehuai criticized Yan for what they called `` suicidal tactics '' , but Yan was confident that the heavy losses suffered by the Japanese would eventually demoralize them , forcing them to abandon their effort to take Shanxi . During the Battle of Xinkou , the Chinese defenders resisted the efforts of Japan 's elite Itakagi Division for over a month , despite Japanese advantages in artillery and air support . By the end of October 1937 Japan 's losses were four times greater than those suffered at Pingxingguan , and the Itakagi Division was close to defeat . Contemporary Communist accounts called the battle `` the most fierce in North China '' , while Japanese accounts called the battle a `` stalemate '' . In an effort to save their forces at Xinkou , Japanese forces began an effort to occupy Shanxi from a second direction , in the east . After a week of fighting , Japanese forces captured the strategic Niangzi Pass , opening the way to capturing Taiyuan . Communist guerrilla tactics were ineffective in slowing down the Japanese advance . The defenders at Xinkou , realizing that they were in danger of being outflanked , withdrew southward , past Taiyuan , leaving a small force of 6,000 men to hold off the entire Japanese army . A representative of the Japanese army , speaking of the final defense of Taiyuan , said that `` nowhere in China have the Chinese fought so obstinately '' . The Japanese suffered 30,000 dead and an equal number wounded in their effort to take northern Shanxi . A Japanese study found that the battles of Pingxingguan , Xinkou and Taiyuan were responsible for over half of all casualties suffered by the Japanese army in North China . Yan himself was forced to withdraw after having 90 % of his army destroyed , including a large force of reinforcements sent into Shanxi by the central government . Throughout 1937 numerous high - ranking Communist leaders , including Mao Zedong , lavished praise on Yan for waging an uncompromising campaign of resistance against the Japanese . Re-establishment of Yan 's authority ( edit ) Shortly before losing Taiyuan Yan moved his headquarters to Linfen , in southwestern Shanxi . Japanese forces halted their advance in order to focus on combating Communist guerrilla units still active in their territory and communicated to Yan that they would exterminate his forces within a year , but that he and his supporters would be treated with consideration if they severed relations with the central government and assisted the Japanese in suppressing the Communists . Yan responded by repeating his promise not to surrender until Japan had been defeated . Possibly because of the severity of his losses in northern Shanxi , Yan abandoned a plan of defense based on positional warfare , and began to reform his army as a force capable of waging guerrilla warfare . After 1938 most of Yan 's followers came to refer to his regime as a `` guerrilla administration '' . Yan 's intransigence obliged the Japanese to invade Linfen . His forces , under the command of Wei Lihuang , put up a stiff defense at Lingshi Pass but were eventually forced to abandon the position when a Japanese column broke through a different pass and threatened Linfen from the east . Wei was successful in preventing the Japanese from seizing the strategic Zhongtiao mountain range , but the loss of Linfen and Lingshi forced Yan to withdraw with what remained of his army across the Yellow River , into neighboring Shaanxi . In the spring of 1938 the Japanese transferred many of their forces away from Shanxi , and Yan succeeded in re-establishing his authority , setting up a headquarters in the remote mountainous district of Qixian . The Japanese made several raids into southern Shanxi , but withdrew after encountering heavy resistance . By 1938 Yan 's tactics had evolved to resemble the guerrilla warfare practiced by Communist forces in other parts of Shanxi , and his defenses featured coordination with Communist forces and regular divisions of the Nationalist army . Yan 's alliance with the Communists eventually suffered , as tensions escalated between the KMT and CCP in other parts of China . Yan himself eventually came to fear the rapid power and influence that Communist forces operating in Shanxi quickly gained , and this fear caused Yan to become increasingly hostile to Communist agents and soldiers . These tensions eventually led to the breakdown of his good relations with the Communists in 1939 , when he began another offensive against the Japanese and attempted to wipe out the units of his army most friendly with the Communists by having them do most of the fighting . These units eventually rebelled against Yan , receiving assistance from the Communists , while soldiers aligned with the central government aided him . He eventually succeeded in driving the Communists and their sympathizers from the territory that he controlled , but most of the rural territory of northwestern Shanxi passed into the control of the Eighth Route Army . Yan 's forces continued to battle the Japanese throughout 1940 as part of an indecisive guerrilla campaign . Negotiations with the Japanese ( edit ) In 1940 Yan 's friend , Ryūkichi Tanaka , became chief of staff of the Japanese First Army , which was stationed in Shanxi . After Yan 's animosity with the Communists became apparent , Tanaka began negotiations with Yan in an effort to induce him to enter into an anti-Communist alliance with Japan . Yan agreed to send a high - level representative to meet with the Japanese , and obtained permission from the central government to negotiate with them for an agreement to remove all troops from Shanxi in exchange for Yan 's cooperation . Perhaps because the Japanese were unwilling to meet these demands , Yan withdrew from negotiations in December 1940 , when Tanaka 's superiors recalled him to Japan . Two months later the Japanese repeated their charge that Yan was a `` dupe '' of the Communists . In May 1941 Tanaka returned to Shanxi and reopened negotiations with Yan , despite a general resistance from other Japanese military leaders in North China . Tanaka returned to Tokyo in August 1941 , paving the way for talks between Yan and Gen. Yoshio Iwamatsu , then the commander of the Japanese First Army in Shanxi . In the summer of 1942 Yan told the Japanese that he would aid them in their fight against the Communists if the Japanese withdrew a large part of their forces from Shanxi and provided his army with food , weapons and CH $15 million of precious metals . When Iwamatsu sent his chief of staff , Col. Tadashi Hanaya , to Qixian for the purpose of delivering what Yan demanded , Yan called the Japanese concessions inadequate and refused to negotiate with them . This refusal is variously explained as Yan 's resentment over the arrogance of the Japanese , his conviction that they would lose the war in the Pacific after he heard about the Battle of Midway , and / or the result of a translation error that convinced him that the Japanese were using the negotiations as a ploy to ambush and attack him by surprise . Because they had allowed Yan to deceive them , Iwamatsu lost his command and Hanaya was reassigned to the Pacific . After 1943 the Japanese began to negotiate with Yan clandestinely through civilian representatives ( notably his friend Daisaku Komoto ) in an effort to avoid being humiliated by him . Through Komoto 's efforts Yan and the Japanese came to observe an informal cease - fire , though the terms of this agreement are unknown . By 1944 Yan 's troops were actively battling the Communists , possibly with the cooperation and assistance of the Japanese . His relationship with Chiang also deteriorated by 1944 , when Yan warned that the masses would turn to communism if Chiang 's government did not improve considerably . An American reporter who visited Shanxi in 1944 observed that Yan `` was thought of not necessarily as a puppet but rather as a compromise between the extremes of the treason at Nanjing and national resistance at Chongqing '' by the Japanese . Relationship with the Japanese after 1945 ( edit ) After the surrender of Japan and the end of the Second World War , Yan Xishan was notable for his ability to recruit thousands of Japanese soldiers stationed in northwest Shanxi in 1945 , including their commanding officers , into his army . He was known to have successfully used a variety of tactics to achieve these defections : flattery , face - saving gestures , appeals to idealism and genuine expressions of mutual interest . In cases where these were not completely successful , he sometimes resorted to `` bribes and women '' . His tactics in both convincing the Japanese to stay and in preventing them from leaving were highly successful , as the efforts of the Japanese were instrumental in keeping the area surrounding Taiyuan free from Communist control for the four years before the Communists won the Chinese Civil War . Yan was successful in keeping the presence of the Japanese from American and Nationalist observers . He was known for making shows of disarming Japanese , only to rearm them at night . In one instance he disarmed several units of Japanese , had a reporter take a picture of the stacked weapons to show that he was following orders , then gave the weapons back to the Japanese . He once officially labelled a detachment of Japanese troops as `` railway repair laborers '' in public records before sending them , fully armed , into areas without railway tracks but full of Communist insurgents . By recruiting the Japanese into his service in the manner that he did , he retained both the extensive industrial complex around Taiyuan and virtually all of the managerial and technical personnel employed by the Japanese to run it . Yan was so successful in convincing surrendered Japanese to work for him that , as word spread to other areas of north China , Japanese soldiers from those areas began to converge on Taiyuan to serve his government and army . At its greatest strength the Japanese `` special forces '' under Yan totaled 15,000 troops , plus an officer corps that was distributed throughout Yan 's army . These numbers were reduced to 10,000 after serious American efforts to repatriate the Japanese were partially successful . By 1949 casualties had reduced the number of Japanese soldiers under Yan 's command to 3,000 . The leader of the Japanese under Yan 's command , Hosaku Imamura , committed suicide on the day that Taiyuan fell to Communist forces . Civil War ( edit ) Yan Xishan in 1947 After the Second World War , Yan 's forces ( including thousands of former Japanese troops ) held out against the Communists during the Chinese Civil War for four years . They held out until April 1949 , after the Nationalist government had lost control of northern China , allowing the PLA to encircle and besiege his forces . The area surrounding the provincial capital of Taiyuan was the longest to resist Communist control . The Shangdang campaign ( edit ) Main article : Shangdang Campaign The Shangdang Campaign was the first battle between Communist and KMT forces after World War II . It began as an attempt by Yan ( authorized by Chiang Kai - shek ) to re-assert control over southern Shanxi , where the People 's Liberation Army was known to be especially active . At the same time Yan 's former general , Fu Zuoyi , had captured several important cities in Inner Mongolia : Baotou and Hohhot . If both Yan and Fu had been successful , they would have cut off the Communist headquarters in Yan'an from their forces in Northeast China . The local commander , Liu Bocheng ( later named one of China 's `` Ten Great Marshals ) , decided to direct his forces against Yan in order to prevent this from happening . Liu 's political commissar was Deng Xiaoping , who later became China 's `` paramount leader '' . The initial skirmishes of the campaign were fought on August 19 , 1945 , when Yan dispatched 16,000 troops under Shi Zebo to capture the city of Changzhi , in southeast Shanxi . On September 1 Liu arrived with 31,000 troops and encircled Changzhi . After initial engagements between Shi Zebo and Liu Bocheng 's forces , Shi barricaded his forces inside the regional center of Chengzhi . Liu 's army occupied the area surrounding Chengzhi , but was not able to take the city , leading to a stalemate . After it became clear that Liu 's forces were in danger of being defeated , Yan sent 20,000 more troops , commanded by Peng Yubin , to reinforce Shi and break the siege . Liu responded by concentrating his forces against Peng , leaving only a screening force behind to carry out low - level suppression activities in Changzhi . Most of the forces left behind in Changzhi were selected from a local 50,000 - man irregular militia unit , which had been used by Liu mainly for logistical support . Peng was initially successful in defeating PLA detachments , but eventually his forces were led into an ambush . He was killed , and his army quickly surrendered en masse . When Shi realized that he had no hope of relief he attempted to break out and flee to Taiyuan on October 8 , but was caught on open ground , ambushed and forced to surrender on October 10 . He was taken as a prisoner of war . Although both forces suffered the same amount of dead or wounded -- 4,000 - 5,000 -- the Communists were able to capture 31,000 of Yan 's troops , who surrendered once they fell into these ambushes . After surrendering , most of Yan 's forces were subjected to organized persuasion or coercion and eventually joined the Communists . Most of the PLA casualties in the campaign occurred when they attempted to confront Peng 's reinforcements in an orthodox battle , allowing Yan 's forces to successfully target Liu 's troops with their superior arms . After these tactics failed , PLA forces were able to kill or capture both Shi 's and Peng 's forces by leading them each into a series of well - orchestrated ambushes . The Shangdang Campaign ended with the Communists in firm control of southern Shanxi . Because the army fielded by Yan was much better supplied and armed , the victory allowed the local PLA to acquire far more arms than had previously been available to them ( including , for the first time , field artillery ) . It is said that the PLA victory in the Shangdang campaign altered the course of the ongoing Chongqing peace negotiations , allowing Mao Zedong to act from a stronger negotiating position . Their victory in the Shangdang campaign boosted the long - term prestige of both Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping . Following the campaign , Liu left a small force behind to defend southern Shanxi , leading most of his best units and captured equipment to confront the forces of Sun Lianzhong in the Pinghan Campaign . In 1946 Communist forces in Northwest China identified the capture of Yan 's capital of Taiyuan as one of their main objectives , and throughout 1946 and 1947 Yan was constantly involved in efforts to defend the north and retake the south . These efforts were only temporarily successful , and by the winter of 1947 his control of Shanxi was restricted to the area of northern Shanxi adjacent to Taiyuan . Yan observed that the Communists were growing stronger and predicted that within six months they would rule half of China . After losing southern Shanxi Yan undertook preparations to defend Taiyuan to the death , perhaps in the hopes that if he and other anti-Communist leaders could hold out long enough the United States would eventually join the war on their side , saving his forces from destruction . The Taiyuan campaign ( edit ) Main article : Taiyuan Campaign During the siege of Taiyuan , Yan told foreign journalists that he and his followers would swallow cyanide pills before they let the PLA take Shanxi . Many of his followers committed suicide when Taiyuan fell . By 1948 Yan 's forces had suffered a succession of serious military defeats by the PLA , losing control of southern and central Shanxi , and were surrounded on all sides by territory controlled by the Communists . Anticipating an assault on northern Shanxi , Yan prepared his armies by fortifying over 5,000 bunkers , constructed over the rugged natural terrain surrounding Taiyuan . The Nationalist 30th Army was airlifted from Xian to Taiyuan to fortify the city , which was protected by over 600 pieces of artillery . Yan repeatedly declared his intentions to die in the city during this period . The total number of Nationalist troops present in northern Shanxi by the fall of 1948 was 145,000 . To overcome these defenses , the Communist commander Xu Xiangqian developed a strategy of engaging positions on the outskirts of Taiyuan before besieging the city itself . The first hostilities in the Taiyuan Campaign occurred on October 5 , 1948 . By November 13 the Communists succeeded in taking the area around the eastern side of Taiyuan . The Nationalists suffered serious setbacks when entire divisions defected or surrendered . In one case , a Nationalist division led by Dai Bingnan pretended to surrender , but then arrested the Communist officers who entered Dai 's camp to accept . Yan Xishan mistakenly believed the leader of the arrested group , Jin Fu , was the high - ranking Communist leader Hu Yaobang ( who the Nationalists believed was active in the region ) . Yen airlifted the captured group to Chiang Kai - shek , who executed them after they failed to produce important information . Dai himself was rewarded with a large amount of gold for his actions , but was not allowed to be airlifted out of Taiyuan . After the city fell he was captured , tried in a well - propagandized show trial and publicly executed . Between November 1948 and April 1949 a stalemate was reached and there was little advancement by either side . Tactics used by the Communists during this time included psychological warfare , such as forcing relatives of the Nationalist defenders to the front to ask for the defenders ' surrender . These tactics were successful as , from December 1 , 1948 , through March 1949 , over 12,000 Nationalist soldiers surrendered . After major PLA victories in Hebei in late January , 1949 , Communist armies in Shanxi were reinforced with additional troops and artillery . After this reinforcement , the total number of men under Liu 's command exceeded 320,000 , of which 220,000 were reserves . By the end of 1948 Yan Xishan had lost over 40,000 troops , but attempted to supplement this number through large - scale conscription . Yan Xishan himself ( along with most of the provincial treasury ) was airlifted out of Taiyuan on March 1949 for the express purpose of asking the central government for more supplies . He left behind Sun Chu as the commander of his military police force , with Yan 's son - in - law , Wang Jingguo , in charge of most Nationalist forces . Overall command was delegated to Hosaku Imamura , the Japanese lieutenant - general who had joined Yan after World War II . Shortly after Yan was airlifted out of Taiyuan , Nationalist planes stopped dropping food and supplies for the defenders due to fears of being shot down by the advancing Communists . The Communists , depending largely on their reinforcements of artillery , launched a major assault on April 20 , 1949 , and succeeded in taking all positions surrounding Taiyuan by April 22 . A subsequent appeal to the defenders to surrender was refused . On the morning of April 22 , 1949 , the PLA bombarded Taiyuan with 1,300 pieces of artillery and breached the city 's walls , initiating bloody street - to - street fighting for control of the city . At 10 : 00 am , April 22 , the Taiyuan Campaign ended with the Communists in complete control of Shanxi . Total Nationalist casualties amounted to all 145,000 defenders , many of whom were taken as POWs . The Communists lost 45,000 men and an unknown number of civilian laborers they had drafted , all of whom were either killed or injured . The fall of Taiyuan was one of the few examples in the Chinese Civil War in which Nationalist forces echoed the defeated Ming loyalists who had , in the 17th century , brought entire cities to ruins resisting the invading Manchus . Many Nationalist officers were reported to have committed suicide when the city fell . The dead included Yan 's nephew - in - law , who was serving as governor , and his cousin , who ran his household . Liang Huazhi , the head of Yan 's `` Patriotic Sacrifice League '' , had fought for years against the Communists in Shanxi until he was finally trapped in the massively fortified city of Taiyuan . For six months Liang put up a fierce resistance , leading both Yan 's remaining Chinese forces and his thousands of Japanese mercenaries . When Communist troops finally broke into the city and began to occupy large sections of it , Liang barricaded himself inside a large , fortified prison complex filled with Communist prisoners . In a final act of self - sacrifice , Liang set fire to the prison and committed suicide as the entire compound burned to the ground . Last years ( edit ) Premier of the Republic of China ( edit ) In March 1949 Yan flew to the capital of Nanjing for the purpose of asking the central government for more food and ammunition , taking most of the provincial treasury with him , and did not return before Taiyuan fell to Communist forces . Shortly after arriving in Nanjing , Yan insinuated himself into a quarrel between the acting president of the Chinese Republic , Li Zongren , and Chiang Kai - shek , who had resigned from the presidency in January 1949 . Although Chiang had resigned , many officials and generals remained loyal to him , and Chiang retained over US $200 million , which he did not allow Li to use in order to fight the Communists or to stabilize the currency . The ongoing power struggle between Li and Chiang seriously disrupted the larger effort to defend Nationalist territory from Communist forces . Yan focused his efforts on attempting to promote greater cooperation between Li and Chiang . On one occasion he broke down in tears when attempting , at Chiang 's request , to convince Li not to resign . He repeatedly used the example of the loss of Shanxi , and warned that the Nationalist cause was doomed unless Li and Chiang 's relationship improved . Li eventually attempted to form a government , including both Chiang 's supporters and critics , with Yan as premier . Despite Yan 's efforts , Chiang refused to allow Li access to more than a fraction of the wealth that Chiang had sent to Taiwan , and officers loyal to Chiang refused to follow Li 's orders , frustrating efforts to coordinate Nationalist defenses and to stabilize the currency . By late 1949 the Nationalists ' position had become desperate . The currency issued by the central government rapidly declined in value until it became virtually worthless . Military forces loyal to Li attempted to defend Guangdong and Guangxi , while those loyal to Chiang attempted to defend Sichuan . Both forces refused to cooperate with each other , eventually leading to the loss of both regions . Yan 's constant attempts to work with both sides led to his being alienated from both Li and Chiang , who resented Yan for cooperating with either side . The Communists succeeded in taking all territory held on the mainland by the end of 1949 , defeating both Li and Chiang . Li went into exile in the US , while Yan continued to serve as Premier , in Taiwan , until 1950 , when Chiang re-assumed the presidency . Retirement in Taiwan ( edit ) Yan retired from public life in 1950 . He spent much of his retirement writing , analyzing contemporary political issues and promoting Yan Xishan Thought . Yan 's final years were filled with disappointment and sadness . After following Chiang to Taiwan he enjoyed the title of Chiang 's `` senior advisor '' , but in reality he was utterly powerless . Chiang may have held a long - term grudge against Yan due to his activities on behalf of Li in Guangdong . On more than one occasion Yan requested permission to go to Japan , but was not allowed to leave Taiwan . Yan was deserted by all but a handful of followers , and spent most of his remaining years writing books on philosophy , history and contemporary events , which he frequently had translated into English . His late philosophical perspective has been described as `` anti-communist and anti-capitalist Confucian utopianism '' . Several months before the Korean War Yan published a book , Peace or World War , in which he predicted that North Korea would invade South Korea , that South Korea would be quickly overcome , that the US would intervene on the side of South Korea , that the North Koreans would be pushed back to the Yalu River , that Communist China would intervene on the side of North Korea , that a stalemate would result and that the Americans would retain a long - term presence in South Korea afterwards . All of these events later occurred over the course of the Korean War . Yan died in Taiwan in May 24 , 1960 . He was buried in the Qixingjun region of Yangmingshan . For decades Yan 's residence and grave were cared for by a small number of former aides , who had accompanied him from Shanxi . In 2011 , when the last of his aides turned 81 and was unable to care for the residence , the responsibility of maintaining the site was taken over by the Taipei City Government . Legacy ( edit ) After the civil war Yan , like most Nationalist generals who did not switch sides , was demonized by Communist propaganda . It was not until after 1979 , with new reforms in China , that he began to be viewed more positively ( and thus , more realistically ) as a pragmatic anti-Japanese hero . The contributions by Yan during his period in office are beginning to be recognized by the current Chinese government . One of his achievements -- his success in containing one of the epidemics in Shanxi -- was cited recently by various Chinese governmental organizations as an example to follow to contain the bird flu and SARS epidemics in China , and was used to criticize the incompetence of Chinese governmental officials in handling such epidemics . Yan was sincere about his attempts to modernize Shanxi , and achieved success in some regards . Throughout his rule he attempted to promote social reforms that later came to be taken for granted , but which were highly controversial in his time : the abolition of foot binding ; work for women outside the home ; universal primary education ; and the existence of peasant militias as a fundamental unit of the army . He was possibly the warlord most committed to his province in his era , but was constantly challenged by his own dilettantism and the selfishness and incompetence of his own officials . Although Yan constantly spoke of the desirability and need for reforms , until the 1930s he remained too conservative to implement anything resembling the kind of reforms needed to successfully modernize Shanxi . Many of his attempts at reform in the 1920s had been attempted generations before , during the Tongzhi Restoration . These Qing Dynasty reformers had found their reforms inadequate solutions to the problems of their time , and under the Model Governor these reforms proved equally unsatisfactory . During the 1930s Yan became increasingly open to radical social and economic policies , including wealth redistribution via graduated taxation , state - led industrialization , opposition to the money economy , an orientation towards functional ( vs. `` moral '' ) education and the large - scale assimilation of Western technology . Despite his adoption of Soviet - style economic policies and increasingly radical attempts at social reform , Yan was regarded as a `` conservative '' throughout his career , suggesting that the term `` conservative '' must be used carefully within the context of modern Chinese history . After Yan 's time Shanxi became the site of Mao Zedong 's `` model brigade '' of Dazhai : a utopian communist scheme in Xiyang County that was supposed to be the model for all other peasants in China to emulate . If the people of Dazhai were especially suited for such an experiment , it is possible that decades of Yan 's socialist indoctrination may have prepared the people of Shanxi for Communist rule . After the death of Mao , the experiment was discontinued , and most peasants reverted to private farming . See also ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Yan Xishan '' dated 2007 - 04 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Eighth Route Army History of the Republic of China List of Warlords National Revolutionary Army Shang Zhen Shanxi clique References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 289 ^ Jump up to : Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 290 ^ Jump up to : Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 291 ^ Jump up to : Wang 399 ^ Jump up to : Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 292 ^ Jump up to : Spence 406 Jump up ^ Gillin Warlord 18 Jump up ^ Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 302 Jump up ^ Gillin Warlord 22 ^ Jump up to : Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 293 Jump up ^ TIME Magazine Dec. 24 , 1928 . p. 293 Jump up ^ Gillin Warlord 111 Jump up ^ TIME Magazine Sep. 29 , 1930 Jump up ^ Lin 22 ^ Jump up to : Gillin The Journal of Asian Studies 294 Jump up ^ TIME Magazine . 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China 's Warlords . New York : Oxford University Press . 1995 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 586179 - 5 Feng Chongyi and Goodman , David S.G. , eds . North China at War : The Social Ecology of Revolution , 1937 - 1945 . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman and Littlefield. 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9938 - 2 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Gillin , Donald G. `` Portrait of a Warlord : Yen Hsi - shan in Shansi Province , 1911 - 1930 . '' The Journal of Asian Studies . Vol. 19 , No. 3 , May , 1960 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Gillin , Donald G. Warlord : Yen Hsi - shan in Shansi Province 1911 - 1949 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . 1967 . Gillin , Donald G. and Etter , Charles . `` Staying On : Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China , 1945 - 1949 . '' The Journal of Asian Studies . Vol. 42 , No. 3 , May , 1983 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Lawson , K.M. `` A Chinese Warlord 's Predictions for the Korean War '' . Frog in a Well . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Lew , Christopher R . The Third Chinese Revolutionary War , 1945 - 1949 : An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership . The USA and Canada : Routelage. 2009 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 77730 - 5 . Lin Hsiao - ting . Modern China 's Ethnic Frontiers : A Journey to the West . New York , NY : Routledge. 2011 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 58264 - 4 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Spence , Jonathan D . The Search for Modern China , W.W. Norton and Company . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97351 - 4 . `` CHINA : President Resigns . '' TIME Magazine . Monday , Sep. 29 , 1930 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . `` Foreign News : Yen to Nanking . '' TIME Magazine . Monday , Dec. 24 , 1928 . p. 293 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . `` Marshal Yen Hsi - shan '' . TIME Magazine . May 19 , 1930 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Wang Ke - wen , ed . Modern China : An Encyclopedia of History , Culture , and Nationalism . United States of America : Wang Ke - wen. 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0720 - 9 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Wortzel , Larry M. Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History . Westport , CT : Greenwood. 1999 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29337 - 6 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Yang , Benjamin . `` The Making of a Pragmatic Communist : The Early Life of Deng Xiaoping , 1904 - 49 . '' The China Quarterly . No. 135 , Sep. , 1993 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Zhou Zhihou . `` After Standing Guard for Fifty - One years , an Old Bodyguard Donates Yan Xishan 's Former Residence to the Taipei City Government '' ( 守 墓 51 年 老 侍衛 力不從心 閻 錫山 故居 捐 北 市 府 維護 ) . news.chinatimes.com . China Times . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . ( Chinese ) http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/bjorge_huai.pdf External links ( edit ) The Yan Xishan Blog ( Satirical blog purported to be written by Yan Xishan ) . Presently blocked by internet censors in mainland China . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yan Xishan . <Th_colspan="3"> Government offices Preceded by Ho Ying - chin Premier of the Republic of China 1949 -- 1950 Succeeded by Chen Cheng <Th_colspan="3"> Heads of government of the Republic of China Premiers of Cabinet Tang Shaoyi Lou Tseng - Tsiang Zhao Bingjun Duan Qirui * Xiong Xiling Sun Baoqi * Secretaries of State Xu Shichang Lou Tseng - Tsiang * Premiers of State Council Duan Qirui Wu Tingfang * Li Jingxi Prime Minister of Restored Qing Imperial Government Zhang Xun ( under restored monarchy ) Premiers of State Council Duan Qirui Wang Daxie * Wang Shizhen * Qian Nengxun * Gong Xinzhan * Jin Yunpeng Sa Zhenbing Yan Huiqing * Liang Shiyi Zhou Ziqi * Wang Chonghui * Wang Zhengting * Zhang Shaozeng Gao Lingwei Sun Baoqi Wellington Koo Vi - kyuin * Huang Fu * Xu Shiying Jia Deyao * Hu Weide * Du Xigui * Pan Fu Presidents of Executive Yuan Tan Yankai T.V. Soong Tse - ven Chiang Kai - shek Chen Mingshu Sun Fo Wang Jingwei H.H. Kung Hsiang - hsi Chang Ch'ün Weng Wenhao Sun Fo He Yingqin Yan Xishan Chen Cheng Yu Hung - Chun Yen Chia - kan Chiang Ching - kuo Sun Yun - suan Yu Kuo - hwa Lee Huan Hau Pei - tsun Lien Chan Vincent Siew Wan - chang Tang Fei Chang Chun - hsiung Yu Shyi - kun Frank Hsieh Chang - ting Su Tseng - chang Liu Chao - shiuan Wu Den - yih Sean Chen Jiang Yi - huah Mao Chi - kuo Chang San - cheng Lin Chuan William Lai <Td_colspan="3"> * acting <Th_colspan="2"> Warlord Era <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 1915 -- 1922 <Td_colspan="1"> 1923 -- 1930 <Td_colspan="1"> Northern factions <Td_colspan="1"> Southern factions 1915 -- 1916 Empire of China ( Yuan Shikai ) National Protection War 1916 Death of Yuan Shikai 1917 Manchu Restoration 1917 -- 1922 Constitutional Protection Movement 1918 -- 1920 Siberian Intervention 1919 Paris Peace Conference May Fourth Movement 1919 -- 1921 Occupation of Outer Mongolia 1920 Zhili -- Anhui War 1920 -- 1921 Guangdong -- Guangxi War 1921 1st National CPC Congress 1922 First Zhili -- Fengtian War 1923 -- 1927 First United Front 1924 Second Zhili -- Fengtian War Beijing Coup 1925 Yunnan -- Guangxi War May Thirtieth Movement 1925 -- 1926 Anti-Fengtian War 1926 Zhongshan Warship Incident 1926 -- 1928 Northern Expedition 1928 Jinan Incident Huánggūtun Incident Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum Flag Replacement of the Northeast 1929 Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong Sino - Soviet conflict 1930 Central Plains War Beiyang Army Yuan Shikai Anhui Zhili Communications Research Regional Fengtian Shanxi Guominjun Ma Xinjiang Yunnan Old Guangxi New Guangxi Guangdong ( Chen Jitang ) Kuomintang ( KMT ) Communist Party ( CPC ) Sichuan <Td_colspan="2"> Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) VIAF : 62624917 LCCN : n82078458 SUDOC : 133120783 BNF : cb162350005 ( data ) NDL : 00334248 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yan_Xishan&oldid=801307608 '' Categories : 1883 births 1960 deaths Chinese people of World War II Interior Ministers of the Republic of China Members of the Kuomintang People from Xinzhou People of the Chinese Civil War People of the Xinhai Revolution Tongmenghui members Premiers of the Republic of China on Taiwan Progressive Party ( China ) politicians Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Tripod Republic of China warlords from Shanxi Senior Advisors to President Chiang Kai - shek Chinese anti-communists Chinese Civil War refugees Taiwanese people from Shanxi Hidden categories : Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 22 : 34 . 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-8,405,573,235,216,350,000 | where was the battle of little bighorn located | Battle of the Little Bighorn - wikipedia Battle of the Little Bighorn Jump to : navigation , search `` Custer 's Last Stand '' redirects here . For the 1936 film serial , see Custer 's Last Stand ( serial ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Battle of the Little Bighorn <Td_colspan="2"> Part of The Great Sioux War of 1876 <Td_colspan="2"> The Custer Fight by Charles Marion Russell <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 25 -- 26 , 1876 Location Near Little Bighorn River , Crow Indian Reservation , Big Horn County , Montana , U.S. 45 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 107 ° 25 ′ 44 '' W / 45.56500 ° N 107.42889 ° W / 45.56500 ; - 107.42889 ( The Battle of Little BigHorn ) Coordinates : 45 ° 33 ′ 54 '' N 107 ° 25 ′ 44 '' W / 45.56500 ° N 107.42889 ° W / 45.56500 ; - 107.42889 ( The Battle of Little BigHorn ) Result Lakota , Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho victory <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Lakota Dakota Northern Cheyenne Arapaho United States Crow Scouts Arikara scouts <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Chief Gall Lame White Man † Two Moon George A. Custer † Marcus Reno Frederick Benteen Myles Keogh † James Calhoun † <Th_colspan="2"> Units involved Irregular military 7th Cavalry Regiment <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 900 -- 2,500 647 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses Likely 31 killed plus 10 non-combatants . Up to 160 wounded 268 killed 49 wounded ( 6 died of wounds ) <Td_colspan="2"> Little Big Horn Battlefield Location within Montana <Th_colspan="2"> Great Sioux War of 1876 <Td_colspan="2"> Cattle Herd Skirmish Fort Reno Skirmish Powder River Prairie Dog Creek Rosebud Little Bighorn Warbonnet Creek Slim Buttes Cedar Creek Dull Knife Fight Wolf Mountain Little Muddy Creek Map indicating the battlefields of the Lakota wars ( 1851 - 1890 ) and the Lakota Indian territory as described in the Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1851 ) . The Lakota Wars ( 1854 - 1890 ) at a rapid glance . Like the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( 14 on the map ) , most battles between the army and the Lakota `` were on lands those Indians had taken from other tribes since 1851 '' . The steady Lakota invasion into treaty areas belonging to smaller tribes ensured the United States firm Indian allies in the Arikaras and the Crows during the Lakota Wars . The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass and also commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which resulted in the defeat of US forces , was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It took place on June 25 -- 26 , 1876 , along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory . The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , who were led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The US 7th Cavalry , including the Custer Battalion , a force of 700 men led by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer , suffered a major defeat . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's 12 companies were annihilated and Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew and a brother - in - law . The total US casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( six died later from their wounds ) , including four Crow Indian scouts and two Pawnee Indian scouts . Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle . Custer 's widow soon worked to burnish her husband 's memory , and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered iconic , even heroic , figures in American history , a status that lasted into the 1960s . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The battlefield and surrounding areas 1.2 1876 Sun Dance Gathering 1.3 1876 U.S. military campaign 1.3. 1 7th Cavalry organization 1.3. 2 Battle of the Rosebud 1.3. 3 Little Bighorn 2 Prelude 2.1 Military assumptions prior to the battle 2.1. 1 Number of Indian warriors 2.1. 2 Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer 's strategy 2.2 The Lone Teepee 3 Battle 3.1 Reno 's attack 3.1. 1 Reno and Benteen on Reno Hill 3.2 Custer 's fight 3.2. 1 Custer at Minneconjou Ford 3.2. 2 Other views of Custer 's actions at Minneconjou Ford 3.3 The `` Last Stand '' 3.3. 1 Custer 's final resistance 3.3. 2 Last break - out attempt 4 Aftermath 5 Participants 5.1 7th Cavalry officers 5.2 Native American leaders and warriors 5.3 Arapaho participation 5.4 Notable scouts / interpreters 6 Order of battle 7 Casualties 7.1 Native American warriors 7.2 Native American noncombatants 7.3 7th Cavalry 7.4 Civilians killed ( armed and embedded within the Army ) 8 Legacy 8.1 Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry 8.2 Expansion of the U.S. Army 8.3 `` Sell or Starve '' 9 Controversies 9.1 Reno 's conduct 9.2 Custer 's errors 9.3 Admiration for Custer 9.4 Gatling gun controversy 10 Weapons 10.1 Lakota and Cheyenne 10.2 7th Cavalry 10.3 Lever - action Repeaters vs. Single - shot Breechloaders 10.3. 1 Model 1873 Springfield carbine and the U.S. Army 10.3. 2 Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism 11 Survivor claims 12 Battlefield preservation 13 In popular culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Background ( edit ) The battlefield and surrounding areas ( edit ) In 1805 fur trader Francois Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area . On the way he noted that the Crow hunted buffalo on the `` Small Horn River '' . The US built Fort Raymond in 1807 for trade with the Crow . It was located near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn , about 40 miles north of the future battlefield . The area is first noted in the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie . In the latter half of the 19th century tensions increased between the Native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the US and encroaching settlers . This resulted in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Wars , which took place from 1854 - 90 . While some of the indigenous people eventually agreed to relocate to ever - shrinking reservations , a number of them resisted , at times fiercely . On May 7 , 1868 , the valley of the Little Bighorn became a tract in the eastern part of the new Crow Indian Reservation in the center of the old Crow country . The battlefield is known as `` Greasy Grass '' to the Lakota , Dakota , Cheyenne , and most other Plains Indians ; however , in contemporary accounts by participants , it was referred to as the `` Valley of Chieftains '' . 1876 Sun Dance gathering ( edit ) A Cheyenne Sun Dance gathering , circa 1909 Among the Plains Tribes , the long - standing ceremonial tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious event of the year . It is a time for prayer and personal sacrifice on behalf of the community , as well as making personal vows . Towards the end of spring in 1876 , the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by a number of `` Agency Indians '' who had slipped away from their reservations . During a Sun Dance around June 5 , 1876 , on Rosebud Creek in Montana , Sitting Bull , the spiritual leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota , reportedly had a vision of `` soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky . '' At the same time US military officials were conducting a summer campaign to force the Lakota and the Cheyenne back to their reservations , using infantry and cavalry in a so - called `` three - pronged approach '' . 1876 U.S. military campaign ( edit ) 1876 Army Campaign against the Sioux Col. John Gibbon 's column of six companies ( A , B , E , H , I , and K ) of the 7th Infantry and four companies ( F , G , H , and L ) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 to patrol the Yellowstone River . Brig. Gen. George Crook 's column of ten companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , I , L , and M ) of the 3rd Cavalry , five companies ( A , B , D , E , and I ) of the 2nd Cavalry , two companies ( D and F ) of the 4th Infantry , and three companies ( C , G , and H ) of the 9th Infantry moved north from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29 , marching toward the Powder River area . Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry 's column , including twelve companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , K , L , and M ) of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer 's immediate command , Companies C and G of the 17th U.S. Infantry , and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May 17 . They were accompanied by teamsters and packers with 150 wagons and a large contingent of pack mules that reinforced Custer . Companies C , D , and I of the 6th U.S. Infantry moved along the Yellowstone River from Fort Buford on the Missouri River to set up a supply depot and joined Terry on May 29 at the mouth of the Powder River . They were later joined there by the steamboat Far West , which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Lincoln . 7th Cavalry organization ( edit ) The 7th Cavalry had been created just after the American Civil War . Many men were veterans of the war , including most of the leading officers . A significant portion of the regiment had previously served 4 - 1 / 2 years at Fort Riley , Kansas , during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes , experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded . Six other troopers had died of drowning and 51 in cholera epidemics . In November 1868 , while stationed in Kansas , the 7th Cavalry under Custer had successfully routed Black Kettle 's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita River , an attack which was at the time labeled a `` massacre of innocent Indians '' by the Indian Bureau . ( Need citation ) U.S. 7th Cavalry guidon By the time of the Little Bighorn , half of the 7th Cavalry 's companies had just returned from 18 months of constabulary duty in the Deep South , having been recalled to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reassemble the regiment for the campaign . About 20 % of the troopers had been enlisted in the prior seven months ( 139 of an enlisted roll of 718 ) , were only marginally trained and had no combat or frontier experience . A sizable number of these recruits were immigrants from Ireland , England and Germany , just as many of the veteran troopers had been before their enlistments . Archaeological evidence suggests that many of these troopers were malnourished and in poor physical condition , despite being the best - equipped and supplied regiment in the Army . Of the 45 officers and 718 troopers then assigned to the 7th Cavalry ( including a second lieutenant detached from the 20th Infantry and serving in Company L ) , 14 officers ( including the regimental commander , Col. Samuel D. Sturgis ) and 152 troopers did not accompany the 7th during the campaign . The ratio of troops detached for other duty ( approximately 22 % ) was not unusual for an expedition of this size , and part of the officer shortage was chronic , due to the Army 's rigid seniority system : three of the regiment 's 12 captains were permanently detached , and two had never served a day with the 7th since their appointment in July 1866 . Three second lieutenant vacancies ( in E , H , and L Companies ) were also unfilled . Battle of the Rosebud ( edit ) The Army 's coordination and planning began to go awry on June 17 , 1876 , when Crook 's column retreated after the Battle of the Rosebud , just 30 miles to the southeast of the eventual Little Bighorn battlefield . Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans , Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back , regroup , and wait for reinforcements . Unaware of Crook 's battle , Gibbon and Terry proceeded , joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek . They reviewed Terry 's plan calling for Custer 's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon 's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers . As this was the likely location of native encampments , all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans . On June 22 , Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry , composed of 31 officers and 566 enlisted men under Custer , to begin a reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud , with the prerogative to `` depart '' from orders if Custer saw `` sufficient reason '' . Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined , believing they would slow his command . Little Bighorn ( edit ) External video <Td_colspan="2"> Gall <Td_colspan="2"> C - SPAN Cities Tour -- Billings : Battle of the Little Bighorn , 38 : 44 , C - SPAN Park Ranger Steve Adelson describes the battle on - site While the Terry -- Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn , on the evening of June 24 , Custer 's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow 's Nest , 14 miles ( 23 km ) east of the Little Bighorn River . At sunrise on June 25 , Custer 's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village roughly 15 miles ( 24 km ) in the distance . After a night 's march , the tired officer who was sent with the scouts could see neither , and when Custer joined them , he was also unable to make the sighting . Custer 's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10 miles ( 16 km ) away , disclosing the regiment 's position . Custer contemplated a surprise attack against the encampment the following morning of June 26 , but he then received a report informing him several hostiles had discovered the trail left by his troops . Assuming his presence had been exposed , Custer decided to attack the village without further delay . On the morning of June 25 , Custer divided his 12 companies into three battalions in anticipation of the forthcoming engagement . Three companies were placed under the command of Major Marcus Reno ( A , G , and M ) and three were placed under the command of Captain Frederick Benteen ( H , D , and K ) . Five companies ( C , E , F , I , and L ) remained under Custer 's immediate command . The 12th , Company B under Captain Thomas McDougall , had been assigned to escort the slower pack train carrying provisions and additional ammunition . Unknown to Custer , the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village . Custer 's scouts warned him about the size of the village , with Mitch Bouyer reportedly saying , `` General , I have been with these Indians for 30 years , and this is the largest village I have ever heard of . '' Custer 's overriding concern was that the Native American group would break up and scatter . The command began its approach to the village at noon and prepared to attack in full daylight . Prelude ( edit ) Military assumptions prior to the battle ( edit ) A Cheyenne artist 's depiction of the Battle of the Little Bighorn Number of Indian warriors ( edit ) As the Army moved into the field on its expedition , it was operating with incorrect assumptions as to the number of Indians it would encounter . These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than 800 hostiles were in the area . The Indian Agents based this estimate on the number of Lakota that Sitting Bull and other leaders had reportedly led off the reservation in protest of U.S. government policies . It was in fact a correct estimate until several weeks before the battle , when the `` reservation Indians '' joined Sitting Bull 's ranks for the summer buffalo hunt . The agents did not take into account the many thousands of these `` reservation Indians '' who had unofficially left the reservation to join their `` uncooperative non-reservation cousins led by Sitting Bull '' . Thus , Custer unknowingly faced thousands of Indians , including the 800 non-reservation `` hostiles '' . All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers . Although Custer was severely criticized after the battle for not having accepted reinforcements and for dividing his forces , it must be understood that he had accepted the same official government estimates of hostiles in the area which Terry and Gibbon had also accepted . Historian James Donovan states that when Custer asked interpreter Fred Gerard for his opinion on the size of the opposition , he estimated the force at between 1,500 to 2,500 warriors . Additionally , Custer was more concerned with preventing the escape of the Lakota and Cheyenne than with fighting them . From his own observation , as reported by his bugler John Martin ( Martini ) , Custer assumed the warriors had been sleeping in on the morning of the battle , to which virtually every native account attested later , giving Custer a false estimate of what he was up against . When he and his scouts first looked down on the village from the Crow 's Nest across the Little Bighorn River , they could only see the herd of ponies . Looking from a hill 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) away after parting with Reno 's command , Custer could observe only women preparing for the day , and young boys taking thousands of horses out to graze south of the village . Custer 's Crow scouts told him it was the largest native village they had ever seen . When the scouts began changing back into their native dress right before the battle , Custer released them from his command . While the village was enormous in size , Custer thought there were far fewer warriors to defend the village . He assumed most of the warriors were still asleep in their tipis . Finally , Custer may have assumed that in the event of his encountering Native Americans , his subordinate Benteen with the pack train would quickly come to his aid . Rifle volleys were a standard way of telling supporting units to come to another unit 's aid . In a subsequent official 1879 Army investigation requested by Major Reno , the Reno Board of Inquiry ( RCOI ) , Benteen and Reno 's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as 4 : 30 pm during the battle . Custer had initially wanted to take a day and scout the village before attacking ; however , when men went back after supplies dropped by the pack train , they discovered they were being back - trailed by Indians . Reports from his scouts also revealed fresh pony tracks from ridges overlooking his formation . It became apparent that the warriors in the village were either aware of or would soon be aware of his approach . Fearing that the village would break up into small bands that he would have to chase , Custer began to prepare for an immediate attack . Role of Indian noncombatants in Custer 's strategy ( edit ) Custer 's field strategy was designed to engage noncombatants at the encampments on the Little Bighorn so as to capture women , children , and the elderly or disabled to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate . Custer 's battalions were poised to `` ride into the camp and secure noncombatant hostages '' and `` forc ( e ) the warriors to surrender '' . Author Evan S. Connell observed that if Custer could occupy the village before widespread resistance developed , the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors `` would be obliged to surrender , because if they started to fight , they would be shooting their own families . '' In Custer 's book My Life on the Plains , published just two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , he asserted : Indians contemplating a battle , either offensive or defensive , are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger ... For this reason I decided to locate our ( military ) camp as close as convenient to ( Chief Black Kettle 's Cheyenne ) village , knowing that the close proximity of their women and children , and their necessary exposure in case of conflict , would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace , when the question of peace or war came to be discussed . On Custer 's decision to advance up the bluffs and descend on the village from the east , Lt. Edward Godfrey of Company K surmised : ( Custer ) expected to find the squaws and children fleeing to the bluffs on the north , for in no other way do I account for his wide detour . He must have counted upon Reno 's success , and fully expected the `` scatteration '' of the non-combatants with the pony herds . The probable attack upon the families and capture of the herds were in that event counted upon to strike consternation in the hearts of the warriors , and were elements for success upon which General Custer fully counted . The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of noncombatants and that `` even a semblance of an attack on the women and children '' would draw the warriors back to the village , according to historian John S. Gray . Such was their concern that a `` feint '' by Capt . Yates ' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee ( Minneconjou Ford ) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village . Some authors and historians , based on archaeological evidence and reviews of native testimony , speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point they refer to as Ford D. According to Richard A. Fox , James Donovan , and others , Custer proceeded with a wing of his battalion ( Yates ' Troops E and F ) north and opposite the Cheyenne circle at that crossing , which provided `` access to the ( women and children ) fugitives . '' Yates 's force `` posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families ... '' gathering at the north end of the huge encampment ; he then persisted in his efforts to `` seize women and children '' even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh 's wing on the bluffs . Yates ' wing , descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D , encountered `` light resistance '' , undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village . Custer was almost within `` striking distance of the refugees '' before being repulsed by Indian defenders and forced back to Custer Ridge . The Lone Teepee ( edit ) The Lone Teepee ( or Tipi ) was a landmark along the 7th Cavalry 's march . It was where the Indian encampment had been a week earlier , during the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17 . The Indians had left a single teepee standing ( some reports mention a second that had been partially dismantled ) , and in it was the body of a Sans Arc warrior , Old She - Bear , who had been wounded in the battle . He had died a couple of days after the Rosebud battle , and it was the custom of the Indians to move camp when a warrior died and leave the body with its possessions . The Lone Teepee was an important location during the Battle of the Little Bighorn for several reasons , including : It is where Custer gave Reno his final orders to attack the village ahead . It is also where some Indians who had been following the command were seen and Custer assumed he had been discovered . Many of the survivors ' accounts use the Lone Teepee as a point of reference for event times or distances . Knowing this location helps establish the pattern of the Indians ' movements to the encampment on the river where the soldiers found them . Battle ( edit ) Movements of the 7th Cavalry A : Custer B : Reno C : Benteen D: Yates E : Weir Reno 's attack ( edit ) The first group to attack was Major Reno 's second detachment ( Companies A , G and M ) after receiving orders from Custer written out by Lt. William W. Cooke , as Custer 's Crow scouts reported Sioux tribe members were alerting the village . Ordered to charge , Reno began that phase of the battle . The orders , made without accurate knowledge of the village 's size , location , or the warriors ' propensity to stand and fight , had been to pursue the Native Americans and `` bring them to battle . '' Reno 's force crossed the Little Bighorn at the mouth of what is today Reno Creek around 3 : 00 pm on June 25 . They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present `` in force and not running away . '' Movement of Major Reno 's three companies Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest , his movements masked by the thick bramble of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River . The same trees on his front right shielded his movements across the wide field over which his men rapidly rode , first with two approximately forty - man companies abreast and eventually with all three charging abreast . The trees also obscured Reno 's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow - shot of the village . The tepees in that area were occupied by the Hunkpapa Sioux . Neither Custer nor Reno had much idea of the length , depth and size of the encampment they were attacking , as the village was hidden by the trees . When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village , he sent his Arikara / Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank . Realizing the full extent of the village 's width , Reno quickly suspected what he would later call `` a trap '' and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment . He ordered his troopers to dismount and deploy in a skirmish line , according to standard army doctrine . In this formation , every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position , with five to ten yards separating each trooper , officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers . This formation reduced Reno 's firepower by 25 percent . As Reno 's men fired into the village and killed , by some accounts , several wives and children of the Sioux leader , Chief Gall ( in Lakota , Phizí ) , mounted warriors began streaming out to meet the attack . With Reno 's men anchored on their right by the impassable tree line and bend in the river , the Indians rode hard against the exposed left end of Reno 's line . After about 20 minutes of long - distance firing , Reno had taken only one casualty , but the odds against him had risen ( Reno estimated five to one ) and Custer had not reinforced him . Trooper Billy Jackson reported that by then , the Indians had begun massing in the open area shielded by a small hill to the left of Reno 's line and to the right of the Indian village . From this position the Indians mounted an attack of more than 500 warriors against the left and rear of Reno 's line , turning Reno 's exposed left flank . They forced a hasty withdrawal into the timber along the bend in the river . Here the Indians pinned Reno and his men down and set fire to the brush to try to drive the soldiers out of their position . Reno -- Benteen defensive position After giving orders to mount , dismount and mount again , Reno told his men , `` All those who wish to make their escape follow me , '' and led a disorderly rout across the river toward the bluffs on the other side . The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters . Later , Reno reported that three officers and 29 troopers had been killed during the retreat and subsequent fording of the river . Another officer and 13 -- 18 men were missing . Most of these missing men were left behind in the timber , although many eventually rejoined the detachment . Reno 's hasty retreat may have been precipitated by the death of Reno 's Arikara scout Bloody Knife , who had been shot in the head as he sat on his horse next to Reno , his blood and brains splattering the side of Reno 's face . Reno and Benteen on Reno Hill ( edit ) Bloody Knife This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Atop the bluffs , known today as Reno Hill , Reno 's shaken troops were joined by Captain Benteen 's column ( Companies D , H and K ) , arriving from the south . This force had been on a lateral scouting mission when it had been summoned by Custer 's messenger , Italian bugler John Martin ( Giovanni Martini ) with the handwritten message `` Benteen . Come on , Big Village , Be quick , Bring packs . P.S. Bring Packs . '' . Benteen 's coincidental arrival on the bluffs was just in time to save Reno 's men from possible annihilation . Their detachments were reinforced by McDougall 's Company B and the pack train . The 14 officers and 340 troopers on the bluffs organized an all - around defense and dug rifle pits using whatever implements they had among them , including knives . This practice had become standard during the last year of the American Civil War , with both Union and Confederate troops utilizing knives , eating utensils , mess plates and pans to dig effective battlefield fortifications . Despite hearing heavy gunfire from the north , including distinct volleys at 4 : 20 pm , Benteen concentrated on reinforcing Reno 's badly wounded and hard - pressed detachment rather than continuing on toward Custer 's position . Benteen 's apparent reluctance to reach Custer prompted later criticism that he had failed to follow orders . Around 5 : 00 pm , Capt . Thomas Weir and Company D moved out to make contact with Custer . They advanced a mile , to what is today Weir Ridge or Weir Point , and could see in the distance native warriors on horseback shooting at objects on the ground . By this time , roughly 5 : 25 pm , Custer 's battle may have concluded . The conventional historical understanding is that what Weir witnessed was most likely warriors killing the wounded soldiers and shooting at dead bodies on the `` Last Stand Hill '' at the northern end of the Custer battlefield . Some contemporary historians have suggested that what Weir witnessed was a fight on what is now called Calhoun Hill . The destruction of Keogh 's battalion may have begun with the collapse of L , I and C Company ( half of it ) following the combined assaults led by Crazy Horse , White Bull , Hump , Chief Gall and others . Other native accounts contradict this understanding , however , and the time element remains a subject of debate . The other entrenched companies eventually followed Weir by assigned battalions , first Benteen , then Reno , and finally the pack train . Growing native attacks around Weir Ridge forced all seven companies to return to the bluff before the pack train , with the ammunition , had moved even a quarter mile . The companies remained pinned down on the bluff for another day , but the natives were unable to breach the tightly held position . Benteen displayed calmness and courage by exposing himself to Indian fire and was hit in the heel of his boot by an Indian bullet . At one point , he personally led a counterattack to push back Indians who had continued to crawl through the grass closer to the soldier 's positions . Custer 's fight ( edit ) Fanciful 1876 illustration of Lieutenant Colonel Custer on horseback and his U.S. Army troops making their last charge at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Crow Indian Reservation , 1868 ( area 619 and 635 ) . Yellow area 517 is 1851 Crow treaty land ceded to the U.S. It was in the red area 635 that the battle stood . The Lakotas were here without consent from the local Crow tribe , which had treaty on the area . Already in 1873 , Crow chief Blackfoot had called for U.S. military actions against the Indian intrudes . The precise details of Custer 's fight are largely conjectural since none of his men ( the five companies under his immediate command ) survived the battle . Later accounts from surviving Indians are conflicting and unclear . While the gunfire heard on the bluffs by Reno and Benteen 's men was probably from Custer 's fight , the soldiers on Reno Hill were unaware of what had happened to Custer until General Terry 's arrival on June 27 . They were reportedly stunned by the news . When the army examined the Custer battle site , soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired . Custer 's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the north of Reno and Benteen 's defensive position . Evidence of organized resistance included apparent breastworks made of dead horses on Custer Hill . By the time troops came to recover the bodies , the Lakota and Cheyenne had already removed most of their dead from the field . The troops found most of Custer 's dead stripped of their clothing , ritually mutilated , and in an advanced state of decomposition , making identification of many impossible . The soldiers identified the 7th Cavalry 's dead as best as possible and hastily buried them where they fell . Custer was found with shots to the left chest and left temple . Either wound would have been fatal , though he appeared to have bled from only the chest wound , meaning his head wound may have been delivered postmortem . He also suffered a wound to the arm . Some Lakota oral histories assert that Custer committed suicide to avoid capture and subsequent torture , though this is usually discounted since the wounds were inconsistent with his known right - handedness . ( Other native accounts note several soldiers committing suicide near the end of the battle . ) Custer 's body was found near the top of Custer Hill , which also came to be known as `` Last Stand Hill '' . There the United States erected a tall memorial obelisk inscribed with the names of the 7th Cavalry 's casualties . Several days after the battle , Curley , Custer 's Crow scout who had left Custer near Medicine Tail Coulee ( a drainage which led to the river ) , recounted the battle , reporting that Custer had attacked the village after attempting to cross the river . He was driven back , retreating toward the hill where his body was found . As the scenario seemed compatible with Custer 's aggressive style of warfare and with evidence found on the ground , it became the basis of many popular accounts of the battle . According to Pretty Shield , the wife of Goes - Ahead ( another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry ) , Custer was killed while crossing the river : `` ... and he died there , died in the water of the Little Bighorn , with Two - bodies , and the blue soldier carrying his flag '' . In this account , Custer was allegedly killed by a Lakota called Big - nose . However , in Chief Gall 's version of events , as recounted to Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey , Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge . Chief Gall 's statements were corroborated by other Indians , notably the wife of Spotted Horn Bull . Given that no bodies of men or horses were found anywhere near the ford , Godfrey himself concluded `` that Custer did not go to the ford with any body of men '' . Cheyenne oral tradition credits Buffalo Calf Road Woman with striking the blow that knocked Custer off his horse before he died . Custer at Minneconjou ford ( edit ) Hurrah boys , we 've got them ! We 'll finish them up and then go home to our station . - Reported words of Lieutenant Colonel Custer at the battle 's outset . Having isolated Reno 's force and driven them away from the encampment , the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer . The route taken by Custer to his `` Last Stand '' remains a subject of debate . One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge , Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half mile ( 800 m ) of the Little Bighorn , but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs , reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat . From this point on the other side of the river , he could see Reno charging the village . Riding north along the bluffs , Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee . Some historians believe that part of Custer 's force descended the coulee , going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village . According to some accounts , a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters opposed this crossing . Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops are defeated in battle with Native American Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn Battlefield , June 25 , 1876 at Little Bighorn River , Montana White Cow Bull claimed to have shot a leader wearing a buckskin jacket off his horse in the river . While no other Indian account supports this claim , if White Bull did shoot a buckskin - clad leader off his horse , some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him . Some Indian accounts claim that besides wounding one of the leaders of this advance , a soldier carrying a company guidon was also hit . Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses . The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer 's body ( a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple ) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted . Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer 's purpose for Reno 's attack , that is , a coordinated `` hammer - and - anvil '' maneuver , with Reno 's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp , while Custer drove them against Reno 's line from the north . Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee , he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp , although it was only the middle . Some Indian accounts , however , place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left ( and south ) of the opposite side of the crossing . The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute , however . Custer 's route over battlefield , as theorized by Curtis . ( Credit : Northwestern University Library Edward S. Curtis 's The North American Indian , 2003 ) . Edward Curtis , the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians , made a detailed personal study of the battle , interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it . First he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts White Man Runs Him , Goes Ahead , and Hairy Moccasin , and then again with Two Moons and a party of Cheyenne warriors . He also visited the Lakota country and interviewed Red Hawk , `` whose recollection of the fight seemed to be particularly clear '' . Then , he went over the battlefield once more with the three Crow scouts , but also accompanied by General Charles Woodruff `` as I particularly desired that the testimony of these men might be considered by an experienced army officer '' . Finally , Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer 's command . Based on all the information he gathered , Curtis concluded that Custer had indeed ridden down the Medicine Tail Coulee and then towards the river where he probably planned to ford it . However , `` the Indians had now discovered him and were gathered closely on the opposite side '' . They were soon joined by a large force of Sioux who ( no longer engaging Reno ) rushed down the valley . This was the beginning of their attack on Custer who was forced to turn and head for the hill where he would make his famous `` last stand '' . Thus , wrote Curtis , `` Custer made no attack , the whole movement being a retreat '' . Other views of Custer 's actions at Minneconjou ford ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other historians claim that Custer never approached the river , but rather continued north across the coulee and up the other side , where he gradually came under attack . According to this theory , by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered , it was too late to break back to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance . Two men from the 7th Cavalry , the young Crow scout Ashishishe ( known in English as Curley ) and the trooper Peter Thompson , claimed to have seen Custer engage the Indians . The accuracy of their recollections remains controversial ; accounts by battle participants and assessments by historians almost universally discredit Thompson 's claim . Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony has led to a new interpretation of the battle . In the 1920s , battlefield investigators discovered hundreds of . 45 -- 55 shell cases along the ridge line known today as Nye - Cartwright Ridge , between South Medicine Tail Coulee and the next drainage at North Medicine Tail ( also known as Deep Coulee ) . Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two ( and possibly three ) battalions , retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second . `` Custer 's Last Stand . '' Lieutenant Colonel Custer standing center , wearing buckskin , with few of his soldiers of the 7th Cavalry still standing . Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southeast from Nye - Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the `` V '' formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left . The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno 's detachment ( according to the Crow scout Curley , possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer ) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber on the edge of the Little Bighorn River . Had the U.S. troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee , their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River . That they might have come southeast , from the center of Nye - Cartwright Ridge , seems to be supported by Northern Cheyenne accounts of seeing the approach of the distinctly white - colored horses of Company E , known as the Grey Horse Company . Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village . Behind them , a second company , further up on the heights , would have provided long - range cover fire . Warriors could have been drawn to the feint attack , forcing the battalion back towards the heights , up the north fork drainage , away from the troops providing cover fire above . The covering company would have moved towards a reunion , delivering heavy volley fire and leaving the trail of expended cartridges discovered 50 years later . The `` Last Stand '' ( edit ) Custer 's Last Stand by Edgar Samuel Paxson In the end , the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded . Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer 's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense . According to Lakota accounts , far more of their casualties occurred in the attack on Last Stand Hill than anywhere else . The extent of the soldiers ' resistance indicated they had few doubts about their prospects for survival . According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony , the command structure rapidly broke down , although smaller `` last stands '' were apparently made by several groups . Custer 's remaining companies ( E , F , and half of C ) were soon killed . By almost all accounts , the Lakota annihilated Custer 's force within an hour of engagement . David Humphreys Miller , who between 1935 and 1955 interviewed the last Lakota survivors of the battle , wrote that the Custer fight lasted less than one - half hour . Other native accounts said the fighting lasted only `` as long as it takes a hungry man to eat a meal . '' The Lakota asserted that Crazy Horse personally led one of the large groups of warriors who overwhelmed the cavalrymen in a surprise charge from the northeast , causing a breakdown in the command structure and panic among the troops . Many of these men threw down their weapons while Cheyenne and Sioux warriors rode them down , `` counting coup '' with lances , coup sticks , and quirts . Some Native accounts recalled this segment of the fight as a `` buffalo run . '' Captain Frederick Benteen , battalion leader of Companies D , H and K , recalled his observations on the Custer battlefield on June 27 , 1876 I went over the battlefield carefully with a view to determine how the battle was fought . I arrived at the conclusion I ( hold ) now -- that it was a rout , a panic , until the last man was killed ... There was no line formed on the battlefield . You can take a handful of corn and scatter ( the kernels ) over the floor , and make just such lines . There were none ... The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 ( dead ) horses found at equal distances , like skirmishers ( part of Lt. Calhoun 's Company L ) . That was the only approach to a line on the field . There were more than 20 ( troopers ) killed ( in one group ) ; there were ( more often ) four or five at one place , all within a space of 20 to 30 yards ( of each other ) ... I counted 70 dead ( cavalry ) horses and 2 Indian ponies . I think , in all probability , that the men turned their horses loose without any orders to do so . Many orders might have been given , but few obeyed . I think that they were panic stricken ; it was a rout , as I said before . A Brulé Sioux warrior stated : `` In fact , Hollow Horn Bear believed that the troops were in good order at the start of the fight , and kept their organization even while moving from point to point . '' Red Horse , an Oglala Sioux warrior , commented : `` Here ( Last Stand Hill ) the soldiers made a desperate fight . '' One Hunkpapa Sioux warrior , Moving Robe , noted that `` It was a hotly contested battle '' , while another , Iron Hawk , stated : `` The Indians pressed and crowded right in around Custer Hill . But the soldiers were n't ready to die . We stood there a long time . '' In a letter from February 21 , 1910 , Private William Taylor , Company M , 7th Cavalry , wrote : `` Reno proved incompetent and Benteen showed his indifference -- I will not use the uglier words that have often been in my mind . Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone . '' Custer 's final resistance ( edit ) Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control . E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward the Little Bighorn River but failed , which resulted in total destruction , leaving behind some 50 to 60 men . The remainder of the battle took on the nature of a running fight . Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer 's force may have been divided into three groups , with the Indians ' attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting . Indian accounts describe warriors ( including women ) running up from the village to wave blankets in order to scare off the soldiers ' horses . One 7th Cavalry trooper claimed finding a number of stone mallets consisting of a round cobble weighing 8 -- 10 pounds ( about 4 kg ) with a rawhide handle , which he believed had been used by the Indian women to finish off the wounded . Fighting dismounted , the soldiers ' skirmish lines were overwhelmed . Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder behind the skirmish lines and , in extreme cases , one man in eight . Later , the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover . As individual troopers were wounded or killed , initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable . Under threat of attack , the first U.S. soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves , more or less where they had fallen . A couple of years after the battle , markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen , so the placement of troops has been roughly construed . The troops evidently died in several groups , including on Custer Hill , around Captain Myles Keogh , and strung out towards the Little Bighorn River . Last break - out attempt ( edit ) Mitch Bouyer marker on Deep Ravine trail . Deep Ravine is to the right of this picture ( south / southwest ) and about 65 yards distant . 1 : 5260 of Custer battlefield -- surveyed 1891 , detailing U.S. soldiers body locations Modern documentaries suggest that there may not have been a `` Last Stand '' as traditionally portrayed in popular culture . Instead , archaeologists suggest that , in the end , Custer 's troops were not surrounded but rather overwhelmed by a single charge . This scenario corresponds to several Indian accounts stating Crazy Horse 's charge swarmed the resistance , with the surviving soldiers fleeing in panic . Many of these troopers may have ended up in a deep ravine 300 -- 400 yards away from what is known today as Custer Hill . At least 28 bodies ( the most common number associated with burial witness testimony ) , including that of scout Mitch Bouyer , were discovered in or near that gulch , their deaths possibly the battle 's final actions . Although the marker for Mitch Bouyer has been accounted for as being accurate through archaeological and forensic testing , it is some 65 yards away from Deep Ravine . Other archaeological explorations done in Deep Ravine have found no human remains associated with the battle . According to Indian accounts , about 40 men made a desperate stand around Custer on Custer Hill , delivering volley fire . The great majority of the Indian casualties were probably suffered during this closing segment of the battle , as the soldiers and Indians on Calhoun Ridge were more widely separated and traded fire at greater distances for most of their portion of the battle than did the soldiers and Indians on Custer Hill . Aftermath ( edit ) Former U.S. Army Crow Scouts visiting the Little Bighorn battlefield , circa 1913 Plenty Coups Edward Curtis Portrait ( c1908 ) . When the Crows got news from the battlefield , they went into grief . Crow woman Pretty Shield told how they were `` crying ... for Son - of - the - morning - star ( Custer ) and his blue soldiers ... '' With the defeat of Custer , it was still a real threat that the Lakotas would take - over the eastern part of the Crow reservation and keep up the invasion . In the end , the army won the Sioux war . Crow chief Plenty Coups recalled with amazement , how his tribe now finally could sleep without fear for Lakota attacks . `` ... this was the first time I had ever known such a condition . '' After the Custer force was soundly defeated , the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne regrouped to attack Reno and Benteen . The fight continued until dark ( approximately 9 : 00 pm ) and for much of the next day , with the outcome in doubt . Reno credited Benteen 's luck with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M. On June 27 , the column under General Terry approached from the north , and the Natives drew off in the opposite direction . The Crow scout White Man Runs Him was the first to tell General Terry 's officers that Custer 's force had `` been wiped out . '' Reno and Benteen 's wounded troops were given what treatment was available at that time ; five later died of their wounds . One of the regiment 's three surgeons had been with Custer 's column , while another , Dr. DeWolf , had been killed during Reno 's retreat . The only remaining doctor was Assistant Surgeon Henry R. Porter . News of the defeat arrived in the East as the U.S. was observing its centennial . The Army began to investigate , although its effectiveness was hampered by a concern for survivors , and the reputation of the officers . Custer 's wife , Elisabeth Bacon Custer , in particular , guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero , attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation . The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far - reaching consequences for the Natives . It was the beginning of the end of the ' Indian ' Wars and has even been referred to as `` the Indians '' last stand '' in the area . Within 48 hours of the battle , the large encampment on the Little Bighorn broke up into smaller groups because there was not enough game and grass to sustain a large congregation of people and horses . Oglala Sioux Black Elk recounted the exodus this way : `` We fled all night , following the Greasy Grass . My two younger brothers and I rode in a pony - drag , and my mother put some young pups in with us . They were always trying to crawl out and I was always putting them back in , so I did n't sleep much . '' Crow warrior Two Leggings joined the U.S. army for a short time after the defeat of Custer . Two Belly had given him and nearly 30 other Crows a lecture and explained how the Sioux had taken the hunting grounds of the Crow . `` Two Belly said ... we should help the soldiers drive them back to their own country . '' The scattered Sioux and Cheyenne feasted and celebrated during July with no threat from soldiers . After their celebrations , many of the Natives returned to the reservation . Soon the number of warriors amounted to only about 600 . Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle , awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Sioux and Cheyenne until they had at least 2,000 men . Crook and Terry finally took the field against the Natives forces in August . General Nelson A. Miles took command of the effort in October 1876 . In May 1877 , Sitting Bull escaped to Canada . Within days , Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson , Nebraska . The Great Sioux War ended on May 7 with Miles ' defeat of a remaining band of Miniconjou Sioux . Ownership of the Black Hills , which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict , was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission , according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations . Threatened with forced starvation , the Natives ceded Paha Sapa to the United States , but the Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the transaction . They lobbied Congress to create a forum to decide their claim and subsequently litigated for 40 years ; the United States Supreme Court in the 1980 decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians acknowledged that the United States had taken the Black Hills without just compensation . The Sioux refused the money subsequently offered and continue to insist on their right to occupy the land . Participants ( edit ) 7th Cavalry officers ( edit ) An obelisk commemorates the U.S. Army dead and marks the spot of the mass grave where all U.S. soldiers were re-buried Commanding Officer : Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer ( killed ) Maj . Marcus Reno Adjutant : 1st Lt. William W. Cooke ( killed ) Assistant Surgeon George Edwin Lord ( killed ) Acting Assistant Surgeon James Madison DeWolf ( killed ) Acting Assistant Surgeon Henry Rinaldo Porter Chief of Scouts : 2nd Lt. Charles Varnum ( detached from A Company , wounded ) 2nd in command of Scouts : 2nd Lt. Luther Hare ( detached from K Company ) Pack Train commander : 1st Lt. Edward Gustave Mathey ( detached from M Company ) A Company : Capt . Myles Moylan , 1st Lt. Charles DeRudio B Company : Capt . Thomas McDougall , 2nd Lt. Benjamin Hodgson ( killed ) as Adjutant to Major Reno C Company : Capt . Thomas Custer ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. Henry Moore Harrington ( killed ) D Company : Capt . Thomas Weir , 2nd Lt. Winfield Edgerly E Company : 1st Lt. Algernon Smith ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. James G. Sturgis ( killed ) F Company : Capt . George Yates ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. William Reily ( killed ) G Company : 1st Lt. Donald McIntosh ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. George D. Wallace H Company : Capt . Frederick Benteen , 1st Lt. Francis Gibson I Company : Capt . Myles Keogh ( killed ) , 1st Lt. James Porter ( killed ) K Company : 1st Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey L Company : 1st Lt. James Calhoun ( killed ) , 2nd Lt. John J. Crittenden ( killed ) M Company : Capt . Thomas French Native American leaders and warriors ( edit ) Pretty Nose who , according to her grandson , was a woman war chief who participated in the battle Marker stone on the battlefield Hunkpapa ( Lakota ) : Sitting Bull , Four Horns , Crow King , Chief Gall , Black Moon , Rain - in - the - Face , Moving Robe Woman , Spotted Horn Bull , Iron Hawk , One Bull , Bull Head , Chasing Eagle , Little Big Man Sihasapa ( Blackfoot Lakota ) : Crawler , Kill Eagle Minneconjou ( Lakota ) : Chief Hump , Black Moon , Red Horse , Makes Room , Looks Up , Lame Deer , Dog - with - Horn , Dog Back Bone , White Bull , Feather Earring , Flying By Sans Arc ( Lakota ) : Spotted Eagle , Red Bear , Long Road , Cloud Man Oglala ( Lakota ) : Crazy Horse , He Dog , Kicking Bear , Flying Hawk , Chief Long Wolf , Black Elk , White Cow Bull , Running Eagle , Black Fox II Brule ( Lakota ) : Two Eagles , Hollow Horn Bear , Brave Bird Two Kettles ( Lakota ) : Runs - the - Enemy Lower Yanktonai ( Dakota ) : Thunder Bear , Medicine Cloud , Iron Bear , Long Tree Wahpekute ( Dakota ) : Inkpaduta , Sounds - the - Ground - as - He - Walks , White Eagle , White Tracking Earth Black Powder ( Sioux Firearms trader ) : Black Powder , Johann Smidt Northern Cheyenne : Two Moons , Wooden Leg , Old Bear , Lame White Man , American Horse , Brave Wolf , Antelope Women , Thunder Bull Big Nose , Yellow Horse , Little Shield , Horse Road , Bob Tail Horse , Yellow Hair , Bear - Walks - on - a-Ridge , Black Hawk , Buffalo Calf Road Woman , Crooked Nose , Noisy Walking Arapahoes : Waterman , Sage , Left Hand , Yellow Eagle , Little Bird Arapaho participation ( edit ) Modern - day accounts include Arapaho warriors in the battle , but the five Arapaho men who were at the encampments were there only by accident . While on a hunting trip they came close to the village by the river and were captured and almost killed by the Lakota who believed the hunters were scouts for the U.S. Army . Two Moon , a Northern Cheyenne leader , interceded to save their lives . Notable scouts / interpreters ( edit ) Three of Custer 's scouts accompanying Edward Curtis on his investigative tour of the battlefield , circa 1907 . Left to right : Goes Ahead , Hairy Moccasin , White Man Runs Him , Curtis and Alexander B. Upshaw ( Curtis 's assistant and Crow interpreter ) . The 7th Cavalry was accompanied by a number of scouts and interpreters : Bloody Knife : Arikara / Lakota scout ( killed ) Bob Tailed Bull : Arikara scout ( killed ) Boy Chief : Arikara scout Charley Reynolds : scout ( killed ) Curley : Crow scout Curling Head : Arikara scout Fred Gerard : interpreter Goes Ahead : Crow scout Goose : Arikara scout ( wounded in the hand by a 7th Cavalry trooper ) Hairy Moccasin : Crow scout Half Yellow Face , leader of Crow Scouts , also known as Paints Half His Face Yellow Isaiah Dorman : interpreter ( killed ) Little Brave : Arikara scout ( killed ) Little Sioux : Arikara scout Mitch Bouyer : scout / interpreter ( killed ) One Feather : Arikara scout Owl : Arikara scout Curley , Custer 's Crow scout and interpreter through the battle . Peter Jackson : half - Pikuni and half Blackfoot brother of William , scout Red Bear : Arikara scout Red Star : Arikara scout Running Wolf : Arikara scout Sitting Bear : Arikara scout Soldier : Arikara scout Strikes The Lodge : Arikara scout Strikes Two : Arikara scout Two Moons : Arikara / Cheyenne scout White Man Runs Him : Crow scout White Swan : Crow Scout ( severely wounded ) William Jackson : half - Pikuni and half Blackfoot scout Young Hawk : Arikara scout Order of battle ( edit ) Native Americans Native Americans Tribe Leaders Native Americans Lakota Sioux Hunkpapa : Sitting Bull , Four Horns , Crow King , Chief Gall , Black Moon , Rain - in - the - Face , Moving Robe Women , Spotted Horn Bull , Iron Hawk , One Bull , Bull Head , Chasing Eagle Sihasapa : Crawler , Kill Eagle Minneconjou : Chief Hump , Black Moon , Red Horse , Makes Room , Looks Up , Lame Deer , Dog - with - Horn , Dog Back Bone , White Bull , Feather Earring , Flying By Sans Arc : Spotted Eagle , Red Bear , Long Road , Cloud Man Oglala : Crazy Horse , He Dog , Kicking Bear , Flying Hawk , American Horse the Elder , Chief Long Wolf , Black Elk , White Cow Bull , Running Eagle , Black Fox II Brule : Two Eagles , Hollow Horn Bear , Brave Bird Two Kettles : Runs - the - Enemy Dakota Sioux Lower Yanktonai : Thunder Bear , Medicine Cloud , Iron Bear , Long Tree Wahpekute : Inkpaduta , Sounds - the - Ground - as - He - Walks , White Eagle , White Tracking Earth Northern Cheyenne Northern Cheyenne : Two Moons , Wooden Leg , Old Bear , Lame White Man † , American Horse , Brave Wolf , Antelope Women , Thunder Bull Big Nose , Yellow Horse , Little Shield , Horse Road , Bob Tail Horse , Yellow Hair , Bear - Walks - on - a-Ridge , Black Hawk , Buffalo Calf Road Woman , Crooked Nose , Noisy Walking † Arapaho Arapahoes : Waterman , Sage , Left Hand , Yellow Eagle , Little Bird United States Army , Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer , 7th United States Cavalry Regiment , Commanding . 7th United States Cavalry Regiment Battalion Companies and Others Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer † , commanding . Custer 's Battalion Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer † Company C : Captain Thomas Custer † Company E : First Lieutenant Algernon Smith † Company F : Captain George Yates † Company I : Captain Myles Keogh † Company L : First Lieutenant James Calhoun † Reno 's Battalion Major Marcus Reno Company A : Captain Myles Moylan Company G : First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh † Company M : Captain Thomas French Benteen 's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen Company D: Captain Thomas Weir Company H : Captain Frederick Benteen Company K : First Lieutenant Edward Settle Godfrey Pack Train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey Company B : Captain Thomas McDougall Scouts and Interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum ( wounded ) , Chief of Scouts Bloody Knife † , Charley Reynolds † , Isaiah Dorman † , Mitch Bouyer † , Bob Tailed Bull † , Little Brave † , White Swan ( severely wounded ) , Goose ( wounded ) , Curley , Curling Head , Fred Gerard , Goes Ahead , Boy Chief , Hairy Moccasin , Half Yellow Face ( Paints Half His Face Yellow ) , Little Sioux , One Feather , Owl , Peter Jackson , William Jackson , Red Bear , Red Star , Running Wolf , Sitting Bear , Soldier , Strikes The Lodge , Strikes Two , Two Moons , White Man Runs Him , Young Hawk Casualties ( edit ) Red Horse pictographic account of the Battle of Little Bighorn Native American warriors ( edit ) Estimates of Native American casualties have differed widely , from as few as 36 dead ( from Native American listings of the dead by name ) to as many as 300 . Lakota chief Red Horse told Col. W.H. Wood in 1877 that the Native Americans suffered 136 dead and 160 wounded during the battle . In 1881 , Red Horse told Dr. C.E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle , he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties . Of those sixty figures only thirty some are portrayed with a conventional Plains Indian method of indicating death . In the last 140 years , historians have been able to identify multiple Indian names pertaining to the same individual , which has greatly reduced previously inflated numbers . Today a list of positively known casualties exists that lists 99 names , attributed and consolidated to 31 identified warriors . Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties Red Horse pictographic of Lakota casualties at Battle of Little Bighorn ( Plate XLV ) Native American noncombatants ( edit ) Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno 's charge . Among them were two wives and three children of the Hunkpapa Leader Pizi ( Gall ) . 7th Cavalry ( edit ) The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties : 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds , 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded . Every soldier of the five companies with Custer was killed ( except for some Crow scouts and several troopers that had left that column before the battle or as the battle was starting ) . Among the dead were Custer 's brothers Boston and Thomas , his brother - in - law James Calhoun , and his nephew Henry Reed . In 1878 , the army awarded 24 Medals of Honor to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery , most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded . Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men , but many questioned the tactics , strategy and conduct of the officers . Indian accounts spoke of soldiers ' panic - driven flight and suicide by those unwilling to fall captive to the Indians . While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s , it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions . Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured , Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children . Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death . Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen+ 2 Indian Government scouts ( ? ) Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen Red Horse pictographic of dead US cavalrymen & dead cavalry horses Civilians killed ( armed and embedded within the Army ) ( edit ) Boston Custer : brother of George and Thomas , forager for the 7th Mark Kellogg : reporter Henry Armstrong Reed : Custer 's nephew , herder for the 7th Legacy ( edit ) Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry ( edit ) Scene of Custer 's Last Stand , looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine . Photo by Stanley J. Morrow , spring 1877 . Beginning in July , the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers and recruiting efforts began to fill the depleted ranks . The regiment , reorganized into eight companies , remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition , now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Bighorn and reinforced by Gibbon 's column . On August 8 , 1876 , after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry , the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota . It met with Crook 's command , similarly reinforced , and the combined force , almost 4,000 strong , followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River . Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points . The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute . Expansion of the U.S. Army ( edit ) The U.S. Congress authorized appropriations to expand the Army by 2,500 men to meet the emergency after the defeat of the 7th Cavalry . For a session , the Democratic Party - controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce the size of the Army . Word of Custer 's fate reached the 44th United States Congress as a conference committee was attempting to reconcile opposing appropriations bills approved by the House and the Republican Senate . They approved a measure to increase the size of cavalry companies to 100 enlisted men on July 24 . The committee temporarily lifted the ceiling on the size of the Army by 2,500 on August 15 . `` Sell or starve '' ( edit ) Main article : Black Hills Land Claim As a result of the defeat in June 1876 , Congress responded by attaching what the Sioux call the `` sell or starve '' rider ( 19 Stat. 192 ) to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876 ( enacted August 15 , 1876 ) , which cut off all rations for the Sioux until they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States . The Agreement of 1877 ( 19 Stat. 254 , enacted February 28 , 1877 ) officially took away Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations . Controversies ( edit ) Reno 's conduct ( edit ) The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the subject of an 1879 U.S. Army Court of Inquiry in Chicago , held at Reno 's request , during which his conduct was scrutinized . Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward . The court found Reno 's conduct to be without fault . After the battle , Thomas Rosser , James O'Kelly , and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat . Defenders of Reno at the trial noted that , while the retreat was disorganized , Reno did not withdraw from his position until it became apparent that he was outnumbered and outflanked by the Indians . Contemporary accounts also point to the fact that Reno 's scout , Bloody Knife , was shot in the head , spraying him with blood , possibly increasing his own panic and distress . Custer 's errors ( edit ) General Terry and others claimed that Custer made strategic errors from the start of the campaign . For instance , he refused to use a battery of Gatling guns , and turned down General Terry 's offer of an additional battalion of the 2nd Cavalry . Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility . His rapid march en route to the Little Bighorn averaged nearly 30 miles ( 48 km ) a day , so his assessment appears to have been accurate . Custer planned `` to live and travel like Indians ; in this manner the command will be able to go wherever the Indians can '' , he wrote in his Herald dispatch . By contrast , each Gatling gun had to be hauled by four horses , and soldiers often had to drag the heavy guns by hand over obstacles . Each of the heavy , hand - cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute , an impressive rate , but they were known to jam frequently . During the Black Hills Expedition two years earlier , a Gatling gun had turned over , rolled down a mountain , and shattered to pieces . Lieutenant William Low , commander of the artillery detachment , was said to have almost wept when he learned he had been excluded from the strike force . Custer believed that the 7th Cavalry could handle any Indian force and that the addition of the four companies of the 2nd would not alter the outcome . When offered the 2nd Cavalry , he reportedly replied that the 7th `` could handle anything . '' There is evidence that Custer suspected that he would be outnumbered by the Indians , although he did not know by how many . By dividing his forces , Custer could have caused the defeat of the entire column , had it not been for Benteen 's and Reno 's linking up to make a desperate yet successful stand on the bluff above the southern end of the camp . The historian James Donovan believed that Custer 's dividing his force into four smaller detachments ( including the pack train ) can be attributed to his inadequate reconnaissance ; he also ignored the warnings of his Crow scouts and Charley Reynolds . By the time the battle began , Custer had already divided his forces into three battalions of differing sizes , of which he kept the largest . His men were widely scattered and unable to support each other . Wanting to prevent any escape by the combined tribes to the south , where they could disperse into different groups , Custer believed that an immediate attack on the south end of the camp was the best course of action . Death of Custer , scene by Pawnee Bill 's Wild West Show performers c. 1905 of Sitting Bull 's stabbing Custer , with dead Native Americans lying on ground Admiration for Custer ( edit ) Criticism of Custer was not universal . While investigating the battlefield , Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles wrote in 1877 , `` The more I study the moves here ( on the Little Big Horn ) , the more I have admiration for Custer . '' Facing major budget cutbacks , the U.S. Army wanted to avoid bad press and found ways to exculpate Custer . They blamed the defeat on the Indians ' alleged possession of numerous repeating rifles and the overwhelming numerical superiority of the warriors . The widowed Elizabeth Bacon Custer , who never remarried , wrote three popular books in which she fiercely protected her husband 's reputation . She lived until 1933 , thus preventing much serious research until most of the evidence was long gone . In addition , Captain Frederick Whittaker 's 1876 book idealizing Custer was hugely successful . Custer as a heroic officer fighting valiantly against savage forces was an image popularized in Wild West extravaganzas hosted by showman `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody , Pawnee Bill , and others . It was not until over half a century later that historians took another look at the battle and Custer 's decisions that led to his death and loss of half his command and found much to criticize . Gatling gun controversy ( edit ) General Alfred Terry 's Dakota column included a single battery of artillery , comprising two Rodman guns ( 3 - inch Ordnance rifle ) and two Gatling guns . ( According to historian Evan S. Connell , the precise number of Gatlings has not been established , ranging from two to three . ) The Gatling gun , invented in 1861 by Richard Gatling . Custer declined an offer of a battery of these weapons , explaining to Terry that they would `` hamper our movements '' . Said Custer : `` The 7th can handle anything it meets . '' Custer 's decision to reject Terry 's offer of the rapid - fire Gatlings has raised questions among historians as to why he refused them and what advantage their availability might have conferred on his forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno 's recent 8 - day reconnaissance - in - force of the Powder - Tongue - Rosebud Rivers , June 10 to 18 . This deployment had demonstrated that artillery pieces mounted on gun carriages and hauled by horses no longer fit for cavalry mounts ( so - called condemned horses ) were cumbersome over mixed terrain and vulnerable to breakdowns . Custer , valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry 's acknowledgement of the regiment as `` the primary strike force '' preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns . Custer insisted that the artillery was superfluous to his success , in that the 7th Cavalry alone was sufficient to cope with any force they should encounter , informing Terry : `` The 7th can handle anything it meets '' . In addition to these practical concerns , a strained relationship with Major James Brisbin induced Custer 's polite refusal to integrate Brisbin 's Second Cavalry unit -- and the Gatling guns -- into his strike force , as it would disrupt any hierarchical arrangements that Custer presided over . Historians have acknowledged the firepower inherent in the Gatling gun : they were capable of firing 350 . 45 - 70 caliber rounds per minute . Jamming caused by black powder residue could lower that rate , raising questions as to their reliability under combat conditions . Researchers have further questioned the effectiveness of the guns under the tactics that Custer was likely to face with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors . The Gatlings , mounted high on carriages , required the battery crew to stand upright during its operation , making them easy targets for Lakota and Cheyenne sharpshooters . Historian Robert M. Utley , in a section entitled `` Would Gatling Guns Have Saved Custer ? '' presents two judgments from Custer 's contemporaries : General Henry J. Hunt , expert in the tactical use of artillery in Civil War , stated that Gatlings `` would probably have saved the command '' , whereas General Nelson A. Miles , participant in the Great Sioux War declared `` ( Gatlings ) were useless for Indian fighting . '' Weapons ( edit ) Lakota and Cheyenne ( edit ) The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors that opposed Custer 's forces possessed a wide array of weaponry , from Stone Age war clubs and lances to the most advanced firearms of the day . The typical firearms carried by the Lakota and Cheyenne combatants were muzzleloaders , more often a cap - lock smoothbore , the so - called Indian trade musket or Leman guns distributed to Indians by the US government at treaty conventions . Less common were surplus . 58 caliber rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Enfield and Springfield . Metal cartridge weapons were prized by native combatants , such as the Henry and the Spencer lever - action rifles , as well as Sharps breechloaders . Bows and arrows were utilized by younger braves in lieu of the more potent firearms ; effective up to 30 yards ( 27 meters ) , the arrows could readily maim or disable an opponent . Colt Single Action Army , serial No 5773 7th Cavalry issued Springfield Trapdoor Rifle with breech open . Custer 's troops were equipped with these breech - loading , single - shot rifles . A Henry Rifle and a Winchester Mod 1866 Rifle . These repeater rifles were capable of higher rates of fire than the Springfield Trapdoor . Sitting Bull 's forces had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition . Nonetheless , they could usually procure these through post-traders , licensed or unlicensed , and from gunrunners who operated in the Dakota Territory : `` ... a horse or a mule for a repeater ... buffalo hides for ammunition . '' Custer 's highly regarded guide , `` Lonesome '' Charley Reynolds , informed his superior in early 1876 that Sitting Bull 's forces were amassing weapons , including numerous Winchester repeating rifles and abundant ammunition . Of the guns owned by Lakota and Cheyenne fighters at the Little Bighorn , approximately 200 were repeating rifles corresponding to about 1 of 10 of the encampment 's two thousand able - bodied fighters who participated in the battle 7th Cavalry ( edit ) The troops under Custer 's command carried two regulation firearms authorized and issued by the U.S. Army in early 1876 : the breech - loading , single - shot Springfield Model 1873 carbine , and the 1873 Colt single - action revolver . The regulation M1860 saber or `` long knives '' were not carried by troopers upon Custer 's order . With the exception of a number of officers and scouts who opted for personally owned and more expensive rifles and handguns , the 7th Cavalry was uniformly armed . Ammunition allotments provided 100 carbine rounds per trooper , carried on a cartridge belt and in saddlebags on their mounts . An additional 50 carbine rounds per man were reserved on the pack train that accompanied the regiment to the battlefield . Each trooper had 24 rounds for his Colt handgun . The opposing forces , though not equally matched in the number and type of arms , were comparably outfitted , and neither side held a overwhelming advantage in weaponry . Lever - action repeaters vs. single - shot breechloaders ( edit ) Two hundred or more Lakota and Cheyenne combatants are known to have been armed with Henry , Winchester , or similar lever - action repeating rifles at the battle . Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single - shot , breech - loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver . Historians have asked whether the repeating rifles conferred a distinct advantage on Sitting Bull 's villagers that contributed to their victory over Custer 's carbine - armed soldiers . Historian Michael L. Lawson offers a scenario based on archaeological collections at the `` Henryville '' site , which yielded plentiful Henry rifle cartridge casings from approximately 20 individual guns . Lawson speculates that , though less powerful than the Springfield carbines , the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point , driving Lieutenant James Calhoun 's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge , forcing them to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh 's I Company , and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer 's Battalion . Model 1873 Springfield carbine and the U.S. Army ( edit ) After exhaustive testing -- including comparisons to domestic and foreign single - shot and repeating rifles -- the Army Ordnance Board ( whose members included officers Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry ) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army . The Springfield , manufactured in a . 45 - 70 long rifle version for the infantry and a . 45 - 55 light carbine version for the cavalry , was judged a solid firearm that met the long - term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces . Tomahawk and sabre ; or even odds , painting by Charles Schreyvogel ( 1861 -- 1912 ) . This kind of combat never occurred at the Battle of the Little Bighorn : none of the 7th Cavalry carried sabers on Custer 's orders . British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever - action repeater designs , deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies , or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict . Gallear 's analysis minimizes the allegation that rapid depletion of ammunition in lever - action models influenced the decision in favor of the single - shot Springfield . The Indian War , in this context , appears as a minor theatre of conflict , whose contingencies were unlikely to govern the selection of standard weaponry for an emerging industrialized nation . The Springfield carbine is praised for its `` superior range and stopping power '' by historian James Donovan , and author Charles M. Robinson reports that the rifle could be `` loaded and fired much more rapidly than its muzzle loading predecessors , and had twice the range of repeating rifles such as the Winchester , Henry and Spencer . '' Gallear points out that lever - action rifles , after a burst of rapid discharge , still required a reloading interlude that lowered their overall rate of fire ; Springfield breechloaders `` in the long run , had a higher rate of fire , which was sustainable throughout a battle . '' The breechloader design patent for the Springfield 's Erskine S. Allin trapdoor system was owned by the US government and the firearm could be easily adapted for production with existing machinery at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts . At time when funding for the post-war Army had been slashed , the prospect for economical production influenced the Ordnance Board member selection of the Springfield option . Malfunction of the Springfield carbine extractor mechanism ( edit ) The question as to whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years . That the weapon experienced jamming of the extractor is not contested , but its contribution to Custer 's defeat is considered negligible . This conclusion is supported by evidence from archaeological studies performed at the battlefield , where the recovery of Springfield cartridge casing , bearing tell - tale scratch marks indicating manual extraction , were rare . The flaw in the ejector mechanism was known to the Army Ordnance Board at the time of the selection of the Model 1873 rifle and carbine , and was not considered a significant shortcoming in the overall worthiness of the shoulder arm . With the ejector failure in US Army tests as low as 1 : 300 , the Springfield carbine was vastly more reliable than the muzzle - loading Springfields used in the Civil War . Gallear addresses the post-battle testimony concerning the copper . 45 - 55 cartridges supplied to the troops in which an officer is said to have cleared the chambers of spent cartridges for a number of Springfield carbines . This testimony of widespread fusing of the casings offered to the Chief of Ordnance at the Reno Court of Inquiry in 1879 conflicts with the archaeological evidence collected at the battlefield . Field data showed that possible extractor failures occurred at a rate of approximately 1 : 30 firings at the Custer Battlefield and at a rate of 1 : 37 at the Reno - Benteen Battlefield . Historian Thom Hatch observes that the Model 1873 Springfield , despite the known ejector flaw , remained the standard issue shoulder arm for US troops until the early 1890s . when the copper - cased , inside - primed cartridges were replaced with brass . Survivor claims ( edit ) John Martin wearing the US Army uniform , ca . 1904 Soldiers under Custer 's direct command were annihilated on the first day of the battle ( except for three Crow scouts and several troopers ( including John Martin ( Giovanni Martino ) ) that had left that column before the battle ; one Crow scout , Curly , was the only survivor to leave after the battle had begun ) , although for years rumors persisted of other survivors . Over 120 men and women would come forward over the course of the next 70 years claiming they were `` the lone survivor '' of Custer 's Last Stand . The phenomenon became so widespread that one historian remarked , `` Had Custer had all of those who claimed to be ' the lone survivor ' of his two battalions he would have had at least a brigade behind him when he crossed the Wolf Mountains and rode to the attack . '' The historian Earl Alonzo Brininstool suggested he had collected at least 70 `` lone survivor '' stories . Michael Nunnally , an amateur Custer historian , wrote a booklet describing 30 such accounts . W.A. Graham claimed that even Libby Custer received dozens of letters from men , in shocking detail , about their sole survivor experience . At least 125 alleged `` single survivor '' tales have been confirmed in the historical record as of July 2012 . Frank Finkel , from Dayton , Washington , had such a convincing story that historian Charles Kuhlman believed the alleged survivor , going so far as to write a lengthy defense of Finkel 's participation in the battle . Douglas Ellison -- mayor of Medora , North Dakota , and an amateur historian -- also wrote a book in support of the veracity of Finkel 's claim , but most scholars reject it . Some of these survivors held a form of celebrity status in the United States , among them Raymond Hatfield `` Arizona Bill '' Gardner and Frank Tarbeaux . A few even published their own autobiographies , including their deeds at the Little Bighorn . Almost as soon as men came forward implying or directly pronouncing their unique role in the battle , there were others who were equally opposed to any such claims . Theodore Goldin , a battle participant who later became a controversial historian on the event , wrote ( in regards to Charles Hayward 's claim to have been with Custer and taken prisoner ) : The Indians always insisted that they took no prisoners . If they did -- a thing I firmly believe -- they were tortured and killed the night of the 25th . As an evidence of this I recall the three charred and burned heads we picked up in the village near the scene of the big war dance , when we visited the village with Capt . Benteen and Lieut . Wallace on the morning of the 27th ... I 'm sorely afraid , Tony , that we will have to class Hayward 's story , like that of so many others , as pure , unadulterated B.S. As a clerk at headquarters I had occasion to look over the morning reports of at least the six troops at Lincoln almost daily , and never saw his name there , or among the list of scouts employed from time to time ... I am hoping that some day all of these damned fakirs will die and it will be safe for actual participants in the battle to admit and insist that they were there , without being branded and looked upon as a lot of damned liars . Actually , there have been times when I have been tempted to deny that I ever heard of the 7th Cavalry , much less participated with it in that engagement ... My Medal of Honor and its inscription have served me as proof positive that I was at least in the vicinity at the time in question , otherwise I should be tempted to deny all knowledge of the event . The only documented and verified survivor of Custer 's command ( having been actually involved in Custer 's part of the battle ) was Captain Keogh 's horse , Comanche . The wounded horse was discovered on the battlefield by General Terry 's troops , and although other cavalry mounts survived they had been taken by the Indians . Comanche eventually was returned to the fort and became the regimental mascot . Several other badly wounded horses were found and destroyed at the scene . Writer Evan S. Connell noted in Son of the Morning Star : Comanche in 1887 Comanche was reputed to be the only survivor of the Little Bighorn , but quite a few Seventh Cavalry mounts survived , probably more than one hundred , and there was even a yellow bulldog . Comanche lived on another fifteen years , and when he died , he was stuffed and to this day remains in a glass case at the University of Kansas . So , protected from moths and souvenir hunters by his humidity - controlled glass case , Comanche stands patiently , enduring generation after generation of undergraduate jokes . The other horses are gone , and the mysterious yellow bulldog is gone , which means that in a sense the legend is true . Comanche alone survived . For more on survivor claims , see Custer Survivors in Little Bighorn Folklore . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Main article : Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument Photo taken in 1894 by H.R. Locke on Battle Ridge looking toward Last Stand Hill ( top center ) . To the right of Custer Hill is Wooden Leg Hill , named for a surviving warrior . He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy . The battlefield in 2005 Indian Memorial by Colleen Cutschall The site of the battle was first preserved as a United States national cemetery in 1879 to protect the graves of the 7th Cavalry troopers . In 1946 , it was re-designated as the Custer Battlefield National Monument , reflecting its association with Custer . In 1967 , Major Marcus Reno was re-interred in the cemetery with honors , including an eleven - gun salute . Beginning in the early 1970s , there was concern within the National Park Service over the name Custer Battlefield National Monument failing to adequately reflect the larger history of the battle between two cultures . Hearings on the name change were held in Billings on June 10 , 1991 , and during the following months Congress renamed the site the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument . United States memorialization of the battlefield began in 1879 with a temporary monument to the U.S. dead . In 1881 , the current marble obelisk was erected in their honor . In 1890 , marble blocks were added to mark the places where the U.S. cavalry soldiers fell . Nearly 100 years later , ideas about the meaning of the battle have become more inclusive . The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site . The 1991 bill changing the name of the national monument also authorized an Indian Memorial to be built near Last Stand Hill in honor of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors . The commissioned work by native artist Colleen Cutschall is shown in the photograph at right . On Memorial Day 1999 , in consultation with tribal representatives , the U.S. added two red granite markers to the battlefield to note where Native American warriors fell . As of December 2006 , a total of ten warrior markers have been added ( three at the Reno -- Benteen Defense Site and seven on the Little Bighorn Battlefield ) . The Indian Memorial , themed `` Peace Through Unity '' l is an open circular structure that stands 75 yards ( 69 metres ) from the 7th Cavalry obelisk . Its walls have some of the names of Indians who died at the site , as well as native accounts of the battle . The open circle of the structure is symbolic , as for many tribes , the circle is sacred . The `` spirit gate '' window facing the Cavalry monument is symbolic as well , welcoming the dead cavalrymen into the memorial . In popular culture ( edit ) See also : Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer John Mulvany 's 1881 painting Custer 's Last Rally was the first of the large images of this battle . It was 11 ft by 20 ft and toured the country for over 17 years . In 1896 , Anheuser - Busch commissioned from Otto Becker a lithographed , modified version of Cassily Adam 's painting Custer 's Last Fight , which was distributed as a print to saloons all over America . It is reputed to still be in some bars today . Edgar Samuel Paxson completed his painting Custer 's Last Stand in 1899 . In 1963 Harold McCracken , the noted historian and Western art authority , deemed Paxson 's painting `` the best pictoral representation of the battle '' and `` from a purely artistic standpoint ... one of the best if not the finest pictures which have been created to immortalize that dramatic event . '' Noted artist Charles Marion Russell painted The Custer Fight in 1903 , concentrating on the Indians . In 1912 , the first movie about the battle , titled Custer 's Last Fight , was released . In 1916 , Britton of the Seventh , starring Darwin Karr , was released in the U.S. In 1927 , Little Big Horn opened in theaters in the U.S. , featuring Roy Stewart with John Beck as Custer . The 1936 film serial Custer 's Last Stand is a heavily fictionalized version of events leading up to the battle . They Died with Their Boots On ( 1941 ) is a highly fictionalized account of the battle , with Custer portrayed by Errol Flynn . In the 1952 Western Bugles in the Afternoon , a soldier played by Ray Milland witnesses the closing stages of the battle from a distance , having ridden to try to warn Custer . Earlier in the film Custer was seen leading the 7th Cavalry off on the campaign which climaxed at the Little Bighorn . The battle scene is actually a clip from They Died With Their Boots On . In the 1954 western Sitting Bull , Chief Sitting Bull of the Sioux tribe is forced by the Indian - hating General Custer to react with violence , resulting in the famous Last Stand at the Little Bighorn . In the 1956 movie 7th Cavalry , directed by Joseph H. Lewis , the captain Benson ( Randolph Scott ) , aide - de-camp of colonel Custer , comes back to the fort just after the battle and discovers half of the men died . Because he was on leave during the battle , he is seen as a coward by the other soldiers . The 1958 Walt Disney Studios film Tonka is a highly fictionalized history of the horse Comanche that survived the battle . This was the first film to tell the story from the Indian point - of - view , with a fairly accurate version of the battle taking place near the end of the film . Two 1960 episodes of the TV series `` Cheyenne '' focus on the circumstances and motivations leading up to the battle , as well as the roles of Custer and Reno . The 1963 episode of the TV series The Twilight Zone The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms is a science fiction treatment where three present day National Guardsman actually end up in the battle . The 1964 novel Little Big Man by American author Thomas Berger includes an account of the battle ( and see below for the film of the novel ) . The 1965 film The Great Sioux Massacre stars Philip Carey as Custer and Darren McGavin as Captain Benteen ( called Benton in this film ) . The 1967 film Custer of the West stars Robert Shaw as Custer and concludes with the Battle of the Little Bighorn . The 1970 film Little Big Man portrays a manic and somewhat psychotic Custer ( Richard Mulligan ) realizing to his horror that he and his command are `` being wiped out . '' The 1977 television film The Court - Martial of George Armstrong Custer , starring James Olson as Custer , was based on a controversial best - selling novel by Douglas C. Jones in which Custer survives the battle and must explain his actions in court . The television miniseries Son of the Morning Star , based on Evan S. Connell 's bestselling book , debuted in 1991 . The film recounted the story of Custer ( Gary Cole ) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn . In 2005 , the battle was portrayed in the mini-series Into the West In 2007 , the BBC presented a one - hour drama - documentary titled Custer 's Last Stand . The 2007 HBO production Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee depicts the last stand of the 7th Cavalry at the beginning of the movie . The May 2011 episode of the BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time featured Melvyn Bragg ( and guests ) discussing the context , conditions , and consequences of the battle . Sherman Alexie provided a depiction of the battle through the perspective of a young American Indian boy in his 2007 novel Flight . In 2017 , historian Daniele Bolelli covered the battle and the events leading to it in a three - part series on the `` History on Fire '' podcast See also ( edit ) Battle of the Little Bighorn reenactment Battle of the Rosebud St. Clair 's Defeat , an earlier overwhelming defeat of the U.S. military by Native Americans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Capt . Sheridan ( Company L ) , the brother of Lt. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan , served only seven months in 1866 -- 67 before becoming permanent aide to his brother but remained on the rolls until 1882 . Capt . Ilsley ( Company E ) was aide to Maj. Gen John Pope from 1866 to 1879 , when he finally joined his command . Capt . Tourtelotte ( Company G ) never joined the 7th . A fourth captain , Owen Hale ( Company K ) , was the regiment 's recruiting officer in St. Louis and rejoined his company immediately . Jump up ^ Testimony of Yellow Nose . Jump up ^ Reno Court of Inquiry . Jump up ^ According to United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians , 448 U.S. 371 ( 1980 ) , the US government had to pay just compensation and interest to the Sioux for taking the Black Hills . This case confirmed the court 's view that the government can treat Indian reservations like private property and take them by eminent domain if just compensation is paid . Jump up ^ Major Elmer I. Otis of the 1st Cavalry was promoted to replace Custer effective June 25 , 1876 , but did not report until February 1877 . Two 1876 West Point graduates designated for the 7th Cavalry were advanced to 1st lieutenant effective 10 days after their graduation . Four others appointed to other regiments , along with eight experienced 2nd lieutenants , were transferred and designated one to each company of the 7th . However , five declined the appointment , replaced by 2nd lieutenants of infantry and unappointed new officers in July and August 1876 . Only three replacements were able to report while the 7th was still in the field . Jump up ^ Twenty - three men were called to testify at the inquiry , which met in session daily except Sundays . For the army , far more was at stake than individual reputations , as the future of the service could be affected . On January 2 , General Sheridan had quoted Lee 's report of agent malfeasance in a supplement to his annual report , which continued the General 's running battle with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Department of the Interior . At the same time , a House committee was busy debating a new appropriations bill that required a major reorganization of the army . `` Reduction of expenses '' was emphasized . One proposal would lop off entire regiments , including two cavalry regiments . Another would set the line officers ( those in the field ) from Major down back a few years in the promotion schedule . The total reduction in officers was proposed to be 406 , almost 25 percent of the total . The military strongly wanted to avoid confirmation of incompetency or cowardice -- rumors of which were circulating around the impending court of inquiry in Chicago . Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Locations 6395 -- 6403 ) Jump up ^ Libbie Custer `` spent almost sixty years commemorating her marriage -- and her memories of it quite literally kept her alive ... she was quintessentially the professional widow , forcing it to become a very touchy matter for any military writer or officer to criticize Custer for having insanely launched an attack without taking the most elementary precautions or making even an attempt at reconnaissance . To say or write such put one in the position of standing against bereaved Libbie '' . Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) op cit . Jump up ^ Graham , 146 . Lt. Edward Godfrey reported finding a dead 7th Cavalry horse ( shot in the head ) , a grain sack , and a carbine at the mouth of the Rosebud River . He conjectured that a soldier had escaped Custer 's fight and rafted across the river , abandoning his played - out horse . Jump up ^ Badly wounded , the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors , who had taken the other surviving horses . Comanche was taken back to the steamer Far West and returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to be nursed back to health . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ewers , John C. : `` Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian - White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains '' . Western Historical Quarterly , Vol. 6 , No. 4 ( Oct. 1975 ) , pp. 397 - 410 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Stands In Timber , John and Margot Liberty ( 1972 ) : Cheyenne Memories . Lincoln and London . P. 170 , note 13 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. : `` The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains , 1760 - 1850 '' , Journal of American Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 25 - 47 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ White , Richard : `` The Winning of the West : The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries '' , The Journal of American History , Vo. 65 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1987 ) , pp. 319 - 343 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . Pp. 64 , 84 . Jump up ^ Dunlay , Thomas W. ( 1982 ) . Wolves for the Blue Soldiers . Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 - 90 . Lincoln and London . P. 132 . Jump up ^ Calloway , Colin G. : The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains , 1760 - 1850 . Journal of American Studies , Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 25 - 47 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Dunlay , Thomas W. ( 1982 ) . Wolves for the Blue Soldiers . Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army , 1860 - 90 . Lincoln and London . Pp. 112 - 114 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . P. xi . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Greasy Grass '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , pp. 1008 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Douglas D ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0806132922 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Robert ( 2005 ) . Red Sabbath : The Battle of Little Bighorn . Ian Allan Publishing . pp. vi -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3325 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wood , Raymond W. and Thomas D. Thiessen ( 1987 ) : Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains . Canadian Traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians , 1738 - 1818 . Norman and London , p. 184 Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( 1995 ) : Parading Through History . The Making of the Crow Nation in America , 1805 - 1935 . Cambridge , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , p. 594 - 596 . Jump up ^ Carole A. Barrett . `` Sioux Wars '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. ( 1904 ) : Indian Affairs . Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 . Washington , p. 1008 - 1011 . Jump up ^ Medicine Crow , Joseph ( 1992 ) : From the Heart of the Crow Country . The Crow Indians ' Own Stories . New York . P. 44 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Paul Andrew , The Custer Reader , 1992 , University of Nebraska Press Jump up ^ `` Sitting Bull '' Archived March 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Gray , John S. , Centennial Campaign The Sioux War of 1876 , 1988 , University of Oklahoma Press Jump up ^ `` Virtual Online Steamboat Museum at '' . Steamboats.com . January 30 , 1914 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A 7th Cavalry survivor 's account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . Conversations with Crazy Horse . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barnard , pp. 121 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment Fought in Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . HistoryNet.com . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Little Bighorn '' . C - SPAN . September 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrist , Ralph K. , The Long Death : The Last Days of the Plains Indian , Editorial Galaxia , 2001 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Macnab , David B. , A Day to Remember : Introducing the Drama , Irony , and Controversies of the Battle of the Little Bighorn , iUniverse , 2003 , p. 45 , based on Abstract of the Official Record of Proceedings of the Reno Court of Inquiry , 35 . Jump up ^ Gray , John ( 1991 ) . Custer 's Last Campaign . University of Nebraska Press . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7040 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donovan , loc 3576 ^ Jump up to : Charles Windolph , Frazier Hunt , Robert Hunt , Neil Mangum , I Fought with Custer : The Story of Sergeant Windolph , Last Survivor of the Battle of the Little Big Horn : with Explanatory Material and Contemporary Sidelights on the Custer Fight , University of Nebraska Press , 1987 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Reno , Marcus A . `` The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago , Illinois , January 13 , 1879 , by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno , 7th U.S. Cavalry , to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn , June 25 -- 26 , 1876 '' . Jump up ^ Donovan , loc 3684 ^ Jump up to : Donovan , loc 3699 ^ Jump up to : Fox , Richard A. ( 1993 ) Archaeology , History and Custer 's Last Battle Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2998 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James . A Terrible Glory . Little , Brown and Company ( 2008 ) . P. 253 Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles M. , A Good Year to Die . Random House Publishing ( 1995 ) . p. 257 . Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. Son of the Morning Star . Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( 1997 ) . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Custer , George Armstrong ( 1874 ) . My Life on the Plains : Or , Personal Experiences with Indians . New York : Sheldon and Company . p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , E.S. ( 1892 ) Custer 's Last Battle Archived August 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Century Magazine , Vol . XLIII , No. 3 , January . New York : The Century Company . ^ Jump up to : Gray , John S. Custer 's Last Campaign . University of Nebraska Press ( 1991 ) p. 360 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James , A Terrible Glory , Little , Brown and Company ( 2008 ) . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bray , Kingsley M. Crazy Horse -- A Lakota Life University of Oklahoma Press ( 2006 ) . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter ( 1914 ) . `` Custer 's Last Fight '' ( PDF ) . Belle Fource Bee . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Murchison , R. ( November 1973 ) . `` George Armstrong Custer and THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN ( A South African View ) '' . S.A. Military History Society Journal . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Tipi ( marker ) '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Running Dog . `` Confirmed by one of his surviving Arikara scouts , Little Sioux '' . Astonisher.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Running Dog . `` Little Sioux 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn '' . Astonisher.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodrich , Thomas . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 1997 . p. 242 . Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan . Last Stand : Famous Battles Against the Odds . London : Arms & Armour , 1993 ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ John Keegan , The American Civil War . ^ Jump up to : Michno , Gregory F. , Lakota Noon , the Indian narrative of Custer 's defeat , Mountain Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 349 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Robert Patterson . `` Frederick William Benteen , Brigadier General , United States Army '' . Arlingtoncemetery.net . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoxie , Frederick E. ( 1995 ) : Parading Through History . The making of the Crow Nation in America , 1805 - 1935 . Cambridge , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , 1873 . Washington 1874 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Brininstool , 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Wooden Leg , Thomas B. Marquis ( interpreter ) , A Warrior Who Fought Custer , p. 246 Sun Bear , `` A Cheyenne Old Man '' , in Marquis , The Cheyennes of Montana , p. 86 Kate Big Head , Thomas B. Marquis ( interpreter ) , She Watched Custer 's Last Battle Jump up ^ Fox , pp. 10 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Linderman , F. ( 1932 ) Pretty - shield : Medicine Woman of the Crows . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0803280254 . ( Preface © 2003 by Alma Snell and Becky Matthews ) . Jump up ^ Martin J. Kidston , `` Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence '' Archived June 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Helena Independent Record , June 28 , 2005 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ I fought with Custer by Charles Windolph , Frazier Hunt , Robert Hunt . 1987 - 09 - 01 . ISBN 9780803297203 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` White Cow Bull 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn # 1 '' Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Wert , 1996 , p. 355 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , E. ( 1907 ) The North American Indian . Vol. 3 . The Sioux Archived February 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Miller , David Humphreys , Custer 's Fall , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 , pg 158 Jump up ^ Graham , Benteen letter to Capt . R.E. Thompson , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Graham , Gall 's Narrative , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Miller , David Humphreys , Custer 's Fall , the Indian Side of the Story . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1985 ( reprint of 1957 edition ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 45 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Rice ( 1998 ) . Benteen testimony at Reno Court of Inquiry , January 13 -- February 11 , 1879 . The Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Gregory Michno , Lakota Noon , Mountain Press , 1997 , p. 254 Jump up ^ GSklenar , Larry , To Hell with Honor , p. 260 Jump up ^ Fox , Allen ( 1993 ) . Archaeology , History , and Custer 's Last Battle : The Little Big Horn Reexamined . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press pp. 255 -- 59 . Jump up ^ They Died With Custer : Soldiers ' Bones from the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Douglas D. Scott , P. Willey , Melissa A. Connor , p. 314 , University of Oklahoma Press , 09 / 09 / 2002 ^ Jump up to : Gray , John , C. `` Custer 's Last Campaign '' Jump up ^ Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Scott / Fox / Connor / Harmon , University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 p. 82 . Jump up ^ Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Scott / Fox / Connor / Harmon , University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 , pp. 39 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Linderman , Frank B. ( 1974 ) : Pretty Shield . Medicine Woman of the Crows . Lincoln and London . p. 243 . Jump up ^ Linderman , Frank B. ( 1962 ) : Plenty Coups . Chief of the Crows . Lincoln / London . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Brust , J.S. , Pohanka , B.C. and Barnard , S. ( 2005 ) Where Custer Fell : Photographs of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Then and Now . University of Oklahoma Press , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Reno - Benteen Entrenchment Trail , p. 6 , Western Parks Association , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Horn ( sic ) Massacre '' , The New - York Times. , Vol. 25 , No. 7742 , July 7 , 1876 , p. 1 , recounting `` dispatches '' published the day before . Jump up ^ Cheney , Lynne V. ( 1974 ) 1876 : The Eagle Screams . Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876 Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... American Heritage , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , April 1974 . Jump up ^ Dee Brown `` The Westerners '' Chapter 15 Michael Joseph Ltd 1974 . Jump up ^ `` The Custer Syndrome Archived August 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Newsweek , Sep. 29 , 1991 ; accessed 2012.08. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Custer 's Last Stand '' . sonofthesouth.net . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , James A & Steckler , Paul ( 1994 ) , Killing Custer -- The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , New York : Penguin Books : p. 194 . Jump up ^ Nabokov , Peter ( 1982 ) : Two Leggings . The Making of a Crow Warrior . Lincoln and London . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer New York : Anchor Books , 1996 , pp. 451 -- 52 Jump up ^ Welch , James A & Steckler , Paul ( 1994 ) , Killing Custer -- The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians , New York : Penguin Books : pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Count Carlo Di Rudio at Little Bighorn '' . Derudio.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sturgis was the son of the 7th Cavalry 's Colonel . `` Samuel Davis Sturgis '' . Arlington National cemetery . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , The Custer Myth , p. 109 . Jump up ^ leeanne ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Battle of the Greasy Grass 140 Years Later : The Complete Story in 18 Drawings '' . indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardorff , Hokayhey ! , page 13 . Jump up ^ Graham , Col. W.A. The Custer Myth . NY , Bonanza Books , 1953 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rodney G. `` Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rodney G. `` Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Recipients : Indian Wars Period '' . United States Army Center of Military History . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liberty , Dr. Margot . `` Cheyenne Primacy : The Tribes ' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army ; A Possible Alternative To `` The Great Sioux War Of 1876 '' . Friends of the Little Bighorn . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Running Dog ( August 19 , 1920 ) . `` He Dog 's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn # 2 '' . Astonisher.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Records of Living Officers of the United States Army ( 1884 ) . eBay.com. 1883 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Utley , Robert M. ( 1973 ) Frontier Regulars : The United States Army and the Indian 1866 -- 1890 , pp. 64 and 69 note 11 . Jump up ^ House Report 95 - 375 Jump up ^ United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians ( Ct . Cl. 1979 ) , 601 F. 2d 1157 , 1161 Jump up ^ `` A Complete scanned transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry ( RCOI ) '' . Digicoll.library.wisc.edu . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory : Custer and the Little Bighorn -- the Last Great Battle of the American West ( Kindle Location 5870 ) . Little , Brown and Company . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory , ( Kindle Locations 3080 -- 3086 ) Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 1997 ) . Son of the Morning Star . New York : HarperPerennial , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Location 5758 ) Jump up ^ Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Location 3697 ) Jump up ^ Goodrich , Thomas ( 1984 ) . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Wert , Jeffry D. ( 1964 / 1996 ) Custer : The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer . New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Sklenar , page 341 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) . `` Libbie Custer '' . American Heritage . 44 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1993 ) op cit . Jump up ^ A Complete Life of General George A. Custer ( 1876 ) , noted in Donovan ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory ( Kindle Locations 6222 -- 6223 ) Jump up ^ Robert B. Smith ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Buffalo Bill 's Skirmish At Warbonnet Creek '' . American History Magazine . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 68 : Terry 's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included `` ... artillery ( two Rodman and two Gatling guns ) ... '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 48 : `` ( Three ) rapid - fire artillery pieces known as Gatling guns '' were part of Terry 's firepower included in the Dakota column . Jump up ^ Connell , 1984 , p. 101 : `` How many Gatling guns lurched across the prairie is uncertain . Probably three . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` Custer refused Terry 's offer of the Gatling gun battery . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 50 : `` Military historians have speculated whether this decision was a mistake . If Gatling guns had made it to the battlefield , they might have allowed Custer enough firepower to allow Custer 's companies to survive on Last Stand Hill . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` Since its invention during the Civil War , the Gatling gun had been used sparingly in actual battle , but there was no denying , potentially at least , an awesome weapon . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 71 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , pp. 162 -- 63 : Reno 's wing `` left ... on June 10 ... accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew ... '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 163 : `` The ( Gatling gun ) and its ammunition ... was mostly pulled by two ' condemned ' cavalry mounts ( p. 176 : `` ... drawn by four condemned horses ... '' ) judged not fit to carry troopers , but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines . ( The gun would eventually upset and injure three men . ) '' and p. 175 : `` ... Reno had taken ( a Gatling gun ) on his ( June reconnaissance mission ) , and it had been nothing but trouble . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 72 : On Reno 's ( June 10 to June 18 ) reconnaissance `` the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burden ... they either fell apart or had to be disassembled and carried in pieces over rough terrain . '' And p. 79 : `` During the Reno scout ( reconnoitering ) , the two guns were actually abandoned ( and retrieved later ) because soldiers got tired of dragging them over rough spots ... ( I ) f Custer did not already have a fully formed negative opinion of the Gatlings on such an expedition , the experience of the Reno ( reconnaissance of early June ) surely convinced him . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` The biggest problem with the ( Gatling ) gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use ... ( in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn ) , the Gatling , not the mules , proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` ... Reno had taken one ( Gatling gun ) along ( on his June reconnaissance ) , and it had been nothing but trouble . '' And p. 195 : Custer , in comments to his officer staff before the Battle of the Little Bighorn , said that `` ... if hostiles could whip the Seventh ( Cavalry ) ... they could defeat a much larger force . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 : The Gatling guns `` were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route . The guns were drawn by four condemned horses ( and ) obstacles in the terrain ( would ) require their unhitching and assistance of soldier to continue ... Terry 's own battery ( of Gatling guns ) -- the one he had offered to Custer -- ( would have ) a difficult time keeping up with the march of Colonel John Gibbon 's infantry . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 50 : `` ( Custer ) turned down General Terry 's offer to bring the three Gatling guns , because they would slow down his movement . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 99 : `` Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective . That was why he ultimately declined the offer of the Gatling guns that had proven such a bother to Reno . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 79 : After the 7th Cavalry 's departure up Rosebud Creek , `` even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone in Gibbon 's command understood ( that ) ... the Seventh was the primary strike force . '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 99 : `` Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter , ( Custer , in addition to declining the Gatling guns ) declined the offer of four additional cavalry companies from ( Gibbon 's ) Montana column . '' And p. 114 : Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he `` opted against the Gatling guns ... so as not to ' hamper our movements ' '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 92 : Custer `` on the evening of 22 June ... ( informed his officer staff ) ... why he had not accepted the offers ... of Gatling guns ( he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 p. 50 : `` Custer ... refused Major James Brisbin 's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment ( 200 troopers ) , told Terry `` the 7th can handle anything it meets . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p . `` Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion , he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh 's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 24 : `` Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned , and requested that his troops ( which had the ) Gatling guns -- with Terry in command because Brisbin did not want to serve under Custer -- be permitted to accompany ( Custer 's ) column . Custer refused the assistance , and Terry abided by that . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , pp. 78 -- 79 : `` Apparently , Terry offered ( Major James ) Brisbin 's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh , but Custer refused these additions for several reasons . First of all , Custer and Brisbin did not get along and Custer thus would not have wanted to place Brisbin in a senior command position . Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen , and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind . Also , Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter , and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave ( Colonel John ) Gibbon 's column susceptible to attack and defeat ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 80 : `` The offer of 3 Gatling Guns ... was made to Custer by General Alfred Terry ( at the ) urging of Major James Brisbin , who also desired his Second Cavalry to become part of Custer 's detachment . Custer respectfully declined both offers , state that the Gatlings would impede his march . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 80 : `` The Gatling Guns would have brought formidable firepower into play ; this rapid fire artillery could fire up to 350 rounds in 1 minute . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 175 : `` Each of these heavy , hand - cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute , an impressive rate , but they were known to jam frequently . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 : `` The Gatlings had major drawbacks , such as frequent jamming due to residue from black powder ... '' Jump up ^ Philbrick , 2010 , p. 73 : `` Military traditionalists like to claim the gun was unreliable , but in actuality the Gatling functioned surprisingly well . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 81 : `` ... The ( Gatling ) guns were mounted on large ( diameter ) wheels , which meant that in order to operate them the gun crews would ( necessarily ) be standing upright , making them ( extremely vulnerable ) to Indian snipers . '' Jump up ^ Utley , 1987 , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Indians were well equipped with hand - to - hand weapons and these included lances , tomahawks , war clubs , knives and war shields were carried for defense . Such weapons were little different from the shock and hand - to - hand weapons , used by the cavalry of the European armies , such as the sabre and lance ... ( in addition ) the Indians were clearly armed with a number of sophisticated firearms ... '' Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` Sioux and Cheyenne weapons included ... clubs , bows and arrows , lances , and hatchets ( as well as ) an array of new and old ( model ) firearms : muzzleloaders , Spenser , Sharps , Henry and Winchester repeating rifles , and ... Springfield carbines taken from Reno 's dead cavalrymen . '' Robinson , 1995 , p. xxix : `` ... Indians carried at least forty - one different kinds of firearms in the fight . '' Jump up ^ Flaherty , 1993 , p. 208 : `` By 1873 , Indians `` used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle - loading Leman rifle , issued as part of treaty agreements , and rapid - fire Henry and Winchester rifles , obtained through civilian traders . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Trade guns were made up until the 1880s by such gunsmiths as Henry Leman , J.P. Lower and J. Henry & Son . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Civil War type muzzleloader rifles would have had an effective range of about 500 yards , but with volley fire were effective to 1000 yards . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 : `` Though most of the men in the village carried the bow and arrow in battle ... over the past decade ( 1866 -- 1876 ) the sale and trade of arms to the Indians had increased significantly ... ( t ) he latest Winchester magazine rifles were available for the right price ... Many men carried older guns -- muzzleloaders , for which some molded their own bullets ; Henry and Spencer repeaters ; Springfield , Enfield ( rifled muskets ) , Sharps breechloaders and many different pistols . All told , between one - third and one - half of the gathering warriors had a gun . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The bows effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse . However , it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they were . They certainly did not have the ammunition to practice , except whilst hunting buffalo , and this would suggest that the Indians generally followed the same technique of holding their fire until they were at very close range , '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 ( fragment of quote ) Utley , 1993 , p. 39 : The Indians had grown to depend on the goods ( white traders ) supplied , especially firearms and ammunition ... they could be obtained only though white men , directly , of through Indian intermediaries . '' Gallear , 2001 : `` Indian trade muskets ... could be legitimately obtained from traders at Indian agencies ... The Sioux ( however ) were keen to obtain metal cartridge weapons ( available ). from half - breed Indian traders out of Canada or unsupervised traders at Missouri River posts in Montana ... By 1876 almost all ( Model 1860 Henry rifles ) in civilian use would have disappeared so Indian use must have come from ex-Civil War stocks sold off cheaply and bought by Indian traders , such as the Métis . Flaherty , 1993 , p. 208 : By 1873 , Indians `` used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle - loading Leman rifle , issued as part of treaty agreements , and rapid - fire Henry and Winchester rifles , obtained through civilian traders . '' Donovan , 2008 , p. 188 : `` ... there were many ... ways a warrior could acquire a rifle . Post-traders on some reservations supplied illegal arms to non-treat ( y ) ( Indians ) ; so did unlicensed traders -- primarily the half - breed Canadian Métis gunrunners to the north in the desolate area known as Burning Ground below the Black Hills . Robinson , 1995 , p. xxix : `` Studies of the cartridge cases recovered in archaeological investigations of the Little Big Horn show the Indians carried at least forty - one different kinds ( models ) if firearms in that fight , and it estimated that at least 25 to 30 percent ( of Lakota and Cheyenne combatants ) were armed with modern sixteen - shot Winchester and Henry repeating rifles. ... they also armed themselves with captured Springfield carbines ... ( and ) carried traditional weapons ... bows and arrows , hatchets ... and war clubs . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 118 : Reynolds `` ... best white scout in Dakota Territory ... had earned Custer 's respect for his excellent work ... report ( ed ) to Custer that Lakotas under Sitting Bull were ' gathering in force ' . They had been preparing for war by collecting Winchester repeating rifles and plenty ammunition . '' ^ Jump up to : Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians , nearly one for each ( man in Custer 's battalion ) . '' Jump up ^ Sklenar , 2000 , p. 163 : `` ... the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges , plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors . The total population of men , woman and children probably reached 6,000 to 7,000 at its peak , with 2,000 of these being able - bodied warriors ... '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53 : `` The troops of the 7th Cavalry were each armed with two standard weapons , a rifle and a pistol . The rifle was a . 45 / 55 - caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a . 45 - caliber Colt revolver ... both weapons were models ( introduced in ) 1873 ( though ) they did not represent the latest in firearm technology . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , p. 53 : `` Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber , Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed ( up Rosebud Creek ) ... the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead . Gunpowder of the day is now known as black powder . It causes substantial fouling within the firearm . After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder , the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin . The cavalry trooper would then have used his saber . However , their inclusion would not have changed the ultimate outcome . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber , which under Custer 's orders was left behind . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 53 : `` Many of the officers and most of the civilians brought along their own weapons . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ... each enlisted man carried the regulation single - action breech - loading , M1873 Springfield carbine ... the standard issue sidearm was the reliable ( single - action ) M1873 Colt . 45 cal . pistol . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes ... ( however ) these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle . However , there is evidence that Reno 's men did make use of long - range hunting rifles . White Scouts would have been better armed and seemed to favor long - range buffalo hunting type rifles over fast - shooting lever actions ... Henrys , Spencers and Winchester M1866s would also have been popular choices ... Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ( Each ) trooper carried 100 rounds of carbine ammunition and 24 pistol cartridges with him -- as many as 50 on a belt or in a pouch , and the remainder in his saddlebag ( the pack train mules carried 26,000 more carbine rounds ( approximately 50 extra per trooper ) ) . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 184 : `` ... not a wide disparity ... '' in arms of the opposing forces . Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` the . 44 rim - fire round fired from the Henry rifle is the most numerous Indian gun fired with almost as many individual guns identified as the Cavalry Springfield Model 1873 carbine . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` ... by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine ( and ) saw breech - loading rifles and carbines as the way forward . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2008 , p. 93 : `` The rapid fire power of the Henry repeaters was intimidating , especially to inexperience soldiers . Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses . '' Jump up ^ Lawson , 2007 , pp. 91 -- 93 : `` ( Henryville ) was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there , which included numerous . 44 - caliber Henry cartridges . The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles . These weapons were less powerful than the cavalry 's Springfield rifles , especially at long range ; however , they had the advantage of providing rapid fire ... The rapid fire power ... was intimidating , especially to inexperienced soldiers . Their use was probably a significant a confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses ... Survivors of the assaults ... fled north to seek safety with Keogh 's Company I ... they could react quickly enough to prevent the disintegration of their own unit . '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles , some of them repeaters , after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single - shot breechloaders ... '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1995 , p. xxviii : `` ... the Model 1873 Springfield rifle , in caliber . 45 - 70 for the infantry , and . 45 - 55 light carbine for cavalry . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever - action multiple shot weapons during the Civil War because of the problems they would create regarding the supply of ammunition . However , I believe that by the time of the Indian Wars the Army viewed the lever - actions weapons as under - powered novelty weapons and that they were equipping their men to fight wars against European equipped enemies or to re-fight the Civil War . The Indian Wars were seen as a minor sideshow in which troops armed to fight on European battlefields would be more than a match for fighting any number of Indians . Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` ... a solid weapon with superior range and stopping power ... '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1995 , p. xxviii Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Army saw breech - loading rifles and carbines as the way forward . They could fire a much more powerful round at longer ranges than lever - actions . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` The Allin System had been developed at the Government Armories to reduce the cost , but the U.S. Treasury had already been forced to pay $124,000 to inventors whose patents it infringed . The adoption of the Allin breech gave the advantages of being already familiar throughout the Army , involved no more royalties , and existing machinery at the Springfield Armory could easily be adapted to its manufacture . Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 191 : `` Army appropriations were at an all - time low , and a key factor in the Springfield 's favor was its low production cost . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` ... some authorities have blamed the gun 's reliability and tendency for rounds to jam in the breech for the defeat at the Little Bighorn ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` This defect was noted by the board of officers ( which included Major Reno ) that selected the weapon in 1872 , but was not considered particularly serious at the time . '' Jump up ^ Gallear , 2001 : `` A study of . 45 - 55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35 % of some 1,751 cases tested ... the carbine was in fact more reliable than anything that had preceded it in U.S. Army service . These weapons were vastly more reliable than the muzzle - loading weapons of the Civil War , which would frequently misfire and cause the soldier to uselessly load multiple rounds on top of each other in the heat of battle . Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : ' Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen , malfunctioned during the battle and ( whether this ) was one reason for the defeat '' and `` No definitive conclusion can be drawn ( as to ) the possible malfunction ... as being a significant cause of Custer 's defeat . Writers of both pro - and anti-Custer material over the years ... have incorporated the theory into their works ... '' Jump up ^ Donovan , 2008 , p. 440 : footnote , `` the carbine extractor problem did exist , though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle . DeRudio testified that ' the men had to take their knives to extract cartridges after firing 6 to 10 rounds . ' ... but ' the men ' seems to have been an exaggeration . Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to ( eject ) the spent . 45 - 55 caliber cartridge ( casings ) . The cartridge cases were made of copper , which expands when hot . That -- coupled with a faulty extractor mechanism and dirt -- could cause the head of the cartridge to be torn away when the block was opened , and the cartridge cylinder would then be left inside the chamber ... The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before ( reloading and ) firing again . This defect was noted by the board of officers ( which included Major Reno ) that selected the weapon in 1872 , but was not considered particularly serious at the time . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` How often did this defect ( ejector failure ) occur and cause the ( Springfield carbines ) to malfunction on June 25 , 1876 ? According to Dr. Richard Fox in Archeology , History and Custer 's Last Battle ( 1993 ) , there were very few . 45 - 55 caliber cartridge casings found during the digs on the battlefield that showed any evidence to pry or scratch marks ( indicating manual extraction ) . Only 3 of 88 ( 3.4 % ) found on the Custer ( battalion ) portion of the battlefield could possibly have been removed in an extraction jam . On the Reno - Benteen defense site ( Reno Hill ) , 7 of 257 fit this category ( 2.7 % ) . If this was a representative number it would appear that malfunction from that source was minimal . '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` Both sides ( troopers and Indians ) apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned . Indian testimony ... reported that some soldiers threw down their long guns and fought with their short guns . Could this indicate a malfunctioning ( carbine ) that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked ( pry scratched ) casings on the field ? ( ... ) No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction ... as being a significant cause of Custer 's defeat . Writers of both pro - and anti-Custer material over the years ... have incorporated the theory into their works ... '' Jump up ^ Hatch , 1997 , p. 124 : `` On a final note : the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 1890s '' Jump up ^ Harris , Ethan E. ( 2012 ) . Custer Survivors 101 : The Impostor Roster ( E-book ) . Warrior 's Quill . Introduction . Jump up ^ Stewart , Edgar I. ( 1980 ) . Custer 's Luck . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 490 . ISBN 9780806116327 . Jump up ^ Van de Water , Frederic F. ( 1988 ) . Glory - Hunter : A Life of General Custer . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0803296077 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ege , Robert J. ( 2008 ) . Curse Not His Curls. Old Army Press . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Michael L. ( 2005 ) . I Survived Custer 's Last Stand . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Graham , W.A. ( 1995 ) . The Custer Myth : A source book of Custeriana with a new introduction by Brian C. Pohanka . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . pp. 353 -- 57 , 413 . ISBN 0811703479 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Kuhlman Papers , 1896 -- 1959 '' . University of Montana Library . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhlman , Charles ( 1968 ) . The Frank Finkel Story . Omaha , NE : Citizen Printing Co. p. 20 . Jump up ^ Ellison , Douglas W. ( 1983 ) . Sole Survivor : An Examination of the Frank Finkel Narrative . North Plains Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Boyes , William ( 1977 ) . No Custer Survivors : Or , The Unveiling of Frank Finkel . WJBM Associates . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Nunnally , Michael L. ( 2008 ) . The Frank Finkel Hoax : No Survivor of Custer 's Last Stand. Old Scout Books . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Raymond Hatfield Gardner ( 1944 ) . The Old Wild West : Adventures of Arizona Bill ( 1st ed . ) . San Antonio , TX : Naylor Company . Jump up ^ The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux , as Told to Donald Henderson Clarke . Vanguard Press . 1930 . p. 287 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Ed ( 1951 ) . Me and The Black Hills . Custer , South Dakota : Ed Ryan . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Raymond Hatfield ( 2009 ) . The Old Wild West : Adventures of Arizona Bill . Kessinger Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1104848590 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald Henderson ( 1930 ) . The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux . New York : Vanguard Press . p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` A Pretended Custer Survivor : Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment 's Clerk '' . The Big Horn Searchlight . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanks , Jenny ( June 26 , 2007 ) . `` Comanche : The Horse that Survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn , Part 2 '' . NewWest . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star : Custer and the Little Bighorn . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 088 - 4 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Pate '' Archived November 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield , retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wooden Leg , q.v. , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Rankin , ed. by Charles E. ( 1997 ) . Legacy : new perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn ; ( proceedings of the Little Bighorn Legacy Symposium , held in Billings , Montana , August 3 -- 6 , 1994 ) ( Nachdr . ed . ) . Helena , Mont. : Historical Soc . Press . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 917298 - 41 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Memorial Peace Through Unity -- Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell , D. Custer 's List : A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn . Fort Worth : Amon Carter Museum of Western Art , 1969 , Jump up ^ `` Kansas Historical Quarterly -- The Pictorial Record of the Old West , 4 -- Kansas Historical Society '' . Kshs.org . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Custer 's Last Stand -- Artist E.S. Paxson '' . Home1.gte.net . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans 2000 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Custer 's Last Stand Archived November 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... BBC Two , Friday 23 Feb 2007 . Jump up ^ Custer 's Last Stand Archived October 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... BBC Radio 4 , Thursday 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The War for the Black Hills '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Barnard , Sandy ( 1998 ) . Digging into Custer 's Last Stand . Huntington Beach , California : Ventana Graphics . ISBN 0 - 9618087 - 5 - 6 . Brininstool , E.A. ( 1994 ) . Troopers With Custer . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1742 - 9 . Chiaventone , Frederick J. ( 1996 ) . A Road We Do Not Know : A Novel of Custer at the Little Bighorn . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83056 - 6 . Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star . New York : North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 510 - 5 . Cornut , David ( 2012 ) . Little Big Horn : Autopsie d'une bataille légendaire . Parçay - sur - Vienne : Anovi . ISBN 978 - 2 - 360351 - 34 - 3 . Dickson , Ephriam D. III . `` Prisoners in the Indian Camp : Kill Eagle 's Band at the Little Bighorn '' ( PDF ) . Greasy Grass. 27 ( May 2011 ) : 3 -- 11 . OCLC 38114524 . Donovan , James . A Terrible Glory : Custer and the Little Bighorn . Little , Brown , and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 15578 - 6 . Dustin , Fred ( 1939 ) . The Custer Tragedy : Events Leading Up to and Following the Little Big Horn Campaign of 1876 . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Edwards Brothers . OCLC 4387990 . Elliot , M.A. ( 2007 ) . Custerology : The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 20146 - 5 . Connell , Evan S. ( 1984 ) . Son of the Morning Star : Custer and The Little Bighorn . New York : North Point Press . ISBN 0 - 86547 - 510 - 5 . Evans , Alun ( 2000 ) . Brassey 's Guide to War Films . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 263 - 5 . Flaherty , Thomas H. , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Wild West . New York : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51761 - 5 . Fox , Richard Allan , Jr. ( 1993 ) . Archaeology , History , and Custer 's Last Battle . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2496 - 2 . Gallear , Mark ( 2001 ) . Guns at the Little Bighorn . Custer Association of Great Britain . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2006 . Goodrich , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Scalp Dance : Indian Warfare on the High Plains , 1865 -- 1879 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1523 - X . Graham , Col. William A. ( 1953 ) . The Custer Myth : A Source Book for Custeriana . New York : Bonanza Books . OCLC 944258 . Gray , John S. ( 1991 ) . Custer 's Last Campaign : Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Reconstructed . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7040 - 2 . Grinnell , George Bird ( 1956 ) ( 1915 ) . The Fighting Cheyennes ( Reprint ed . ) . Norman : The University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 7394 - 0373 - 7 . Hammer , Kenneth ( 2000 ) . Nichols , Ronald H. , ed . Men with Custer : Biographies of the 7th Cavalry : June 25 , 1876 . Hardin , Montana : Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association . ISBN 1 - 892258 - 05 - 6 . Hammer , Kenneth , ed. ( 1976 ) . Custer in ' 76 : Walter Camp 's notes on the Custer Fight . Provo : Brigham Young University . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2279 - X . Hardorff , R.G. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Camp , Custer and the Little Big Horn . El Segundo , California : Upton and Sons . ISBN 0 - 912783 - 25 - 7 . Hatch , Thom ( 1997 ) . Custer and the Little Bighorn : An Encyclopedia . London : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0154 - 0 . Hardorff , R.G. ( 1993 ) . Hokahey ! A Good Day to Die ! The Indian Casualties of the Custer Fight . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7322 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 1996 ) . Warpaths . London : Pimlico . ISBN 1 - 55013 - 621 - 6 . Lawson , Michael L. ( 2007 ) . Little Bighorn : Winning the Battle , Losing the War . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9347 - 4 . Mails , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . The Mystic Warriors of the Plains : The Culture , Arts , Crafts and Religion of the Plains Indians . New York : Marlowe & Co . ISBN 1 - 56924 - 538 - X . Michno , Gregory F. ( 1994 ) . The Mystery of E Troop : Custer 's Grey Horse Company at the Little Bighorn . Missoula , Montana : Mountain Press Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 304 - 4 . Miller , David , H. ( 1985 ) . Custer 's Fall : The Native American Side of the Story . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 452 - 01095 - 0 . Neihardt , John G. , ed. ( 1979 ) . Black Elk Speaks : Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8359 - 8 . Nichols , Ronald H. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Reno Court of Inquiry . Hardin , Montana : Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association . OCLC 45499454 . Panzeri , Peter ( 1995 ) . Little Big Horn , 1876 : Custer 's Last Stand . London , UK : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 458 - X . Perrett , Bryan ( 1993 ) . Last Stand ! : Famous Battles Against the Odds . London : Arms & Armour . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 188 - 3 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2010 ) . The Last Stand : Custer , Sitting Bull , and The Battle of The Little Bighorn . Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 242769 - 9 . Reno , Marcus A . The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago , Illinois , January 13 , 1879 , by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno , 7th U.S. Cavalry , to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn , June 25 -- 26 , 1876 . University of Wisconsin Digital Collections . Rice , Earle Jr. ( 1998 ) . The Battle or the Little Bighorn . World History Series . San Diego : Lucent Books . ISBN 978 - 1560064534 . Sandoz , Mari ( 1966 ) . The Battle of the Little Bighorn . Lippincott Major Battle Series . Philadelphia : Lippincott . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9100 - 0 . Robbins , James S. ( 2014 ) . The Real Custer ; From Boy General to Tragic Hero . Washington D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 209 - 1 . Robinson , Charles M. III ( 1995 ) . A Good Year to Die : the story of the great Sioux war . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43025 - 3 . Sarf , Wayne Michael ( 1993 ) . The Little Bighorn Campaign : March -- September 1876 . Conshohocken , Pennsylvania : Combined Books . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 025 - 7 . Scott , Douglas D. ; Connor , Melissa ( 1997 ) . `` Context Delicti : Archaeological Context in Forensic Work '' . In Haglund , W.D. ; Sorg , M.H. Forensic Taphonomy : The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains . Boca Raton : CRC Press . pp. 27 -- 38 . ISBN 9780849394348 . Sklenar , Larry ( 2000 ) . To Hell with Honor , General Custer and the Little Big Horn . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3472 - 0 . Utley , Robert M. ( 1993 ) . The Lance and the Shield : the life and times of Sitting Bull . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1274 - 5 . Utley , Robert M. ( 2001 ) . Cavalier in Buckskin : George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier ( Revised ed . ) . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2292 - 7 . Vestal , Stanley ( 1934 ) . Warpath : The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4653 - 6 . Viola , Herman J. ( 1999 ) . Little Bighorn Remembered : The Untold Indian Story of Custer 's Last Stand . Westminster , Maryland : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3256 - 0 . Welch , James ; Stekler , Paul ( 1994 ) . Killing Custer : The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32939 - 9 . Wert , Jeffry D. ( 1996 ) . Custer : The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81043 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of the Little Bighorn . Account of Custer 's fight on Little Bighorn , MSS SC 860 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. Lee Library , Brigham Young University Custer Battlefield Museum , Garryowen , Montana Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part III . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part IV . Indians . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part V . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part VI . Map of Battle of Little Bighorn , Part VII . Custer 's Last Stand . Map of Indian battles and skirmishes after the Battle of Little Bighorn. 1876 -- 1881 . Battle field related Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Portals The Little Big Horn Associates -- includes a bibliography and articles , as well as many general and commercial links custerwest.org -- site for traditional scholarship with sources and videos First - person accounts The Battle of Little Bighorn : An Eyewitness Account by the Lakota Chief Red Horse An eyewitness account by Tantanka Iyotake ( Lakota Chief Sitting Bull ) , New York Times archive pdf . Complete transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry 100 Voices : Sioux , Cheyenne , Arapaho , Crow , Arikara and American eyewitness accounts of the Battle of the Little Bighorn Lists of participants Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield -- Battle information , including names of 7th Cavalry soldiers and warriors who fought in the battle . Muster Rolls of 7th U.S. Cavalry , June 25 , 1876 Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association Kenneth M. Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( Harold G. Andersen Library , University of Wisconsin - Whitewater ) Charles Kuhlman collection on the Battle of the Little Big Horn , MSS 1401 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Brigham Young University `` Custer 's Last Stand '' -- An American Experience Documentary Verdict at the Little Bighorn -- The American Surveyor ( October 2009 ) <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Native American battles in Montana <Td_colspan="3"> American Indian Wars The following Native American battles occurred within Montana Territory or the state of Montana . <Td_colspan="2"> Battle of Bear Paw ( 1877 ) Battle of the Big Hole ( 1877 ) Battle of Canyon Creek ( 1877 ) Battle of Cedar Creek ( 1876 ) Battle of Crow Agency ( 1887 ) Battle of Honsinger Bluff ( 1873 ) Battle of the Little Bighorn ( 1876 ) Battle of Little Muddy Creek ( 1877 ) Battle of Pumpkin Creek ( 1880 ) Battle of the Rosebud ( 1876 ) Battle of Powder River ( 1876 ) Battle of Prairie Dog Creek ( 1876 ) Battle of Wolf Mountain ( 1877 ) Marias Massacre ( 1870 ) Mizpah Creek incidents ( 1879 ) Powder River Expedition ( 1865 ) Red Cloud 's War ( 1866 -- 68 ) Swan Valley Massacre ( 1908 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Timeline of pre-statehood Montana history Great Sioux War of 1876 Nez Perce War <Th_colspan="2"> American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis Joe Mayer William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Levi Ruggles Jedediah Smith Jack Swilling Trinidad Swilling Ora Rush Weed Henry Wickenburg Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. 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Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Western genre Western lifestyle <Td_colspan="2"> Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie GND : 4202534 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn&oldid=827010688 '' Categories : Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876 in the United States George Armstrong Custer Battles involving the Arapaho Battles involving the Cheyenne Battles involving the Sioux Battles of the Great Sioux War of 1876 Conflicts in 1876 Sitting Bull History of Montana Indigenous peoples of North America History of South Dakota American Old West 1876 in Montana Territory Last stand battles June 1876 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 06 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Battle of the Little Bighorn
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5,989,970,069,099,633,000 | where do kevin yvette and tyler travel to find the next righteous soul | Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - wikipedia Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Starring Jason Ritter JoAnna Garcia Swisher Kimberly Hebert Gregory India de Beaufort J. August Richards Chloe East Dustin Ybarra Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Chris Dingess Craig DiGregorio Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fazekas & Butters ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) -- present Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( stylized as Kevin ^ Saves the World ) is an American high - concept angelic - themed fantasy comedy - drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios . The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017 -- 18 television season , and was greenlit on May 11 , 2017 . The series premiered on October 3 , 2017 . The show is set in Taylor , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring / Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Kevin , a down - on - his - luck man who survived a suicide attempt , moves in with his twin sister Amy , an engineer and professor at the local college , and Amy 's teenage daughter Reese . Shortly after , he discovers a celestial being named Yvette ; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world , and sent Yvette to guide and protect him . Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette , so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him . The series also explores a mystery , as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation , but for unknown reasons , Kevin is the only one left . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera ( née Finn ) Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell Chloe East as Reese Cabrera Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina Recurring / Guest ( edit ) Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore Lesley Boone as Lucille Emma Bell as Deb Christian Ochoa as Ben Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane Kate Flannery as Anne Will Sasso as Dave Brandon Quinn as Ignacio `` Iggy '' DePerro Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen Abby Glover as Kai Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Paul McGuigan Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4.17 <Td_colspan="6"> After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt , Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy , a widowed mom , and her teenage daughter Reese . While Amy is away at a work assignment , a meteor crashes to earth near her home . Kevin and Reese investigate , and when Kevin touches the meteorite , he is hurtled backward . He begins having strange visions , including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see . Yvette calls herself one of God 's messengers , tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation , of which Kevin is the only one known to be left . `` Listen Up '' Kevin Dowling Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 3.61 <Td_colspan="6"> Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones , and that they 'll have to let the universe guide them . She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds . While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path , Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together . They ponder getting back together , but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it 's not a good idea . Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean . `` Sweet Little Lies '' Peter Leto Chris Dingess & Davah Avena October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 3.26 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb , whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer . But now that Deb is healthy , she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married . Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band . Yvette meets with Ava , a celestial messenger like herself . Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous , but come meeting time , they are the only two to show up . Ava then says that she too is giving up . `` How to be Good '' J. Miller Tobin Teleplay by : Brant Englestein Story by : Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2.87 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin helps Lucille , Tyler 's rude boss at the diner , and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister , Anne . Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace . Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she 's observed , and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers . 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' Rob Hardy Craig DiGregorio October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2.71 <Td_colspan="6"> After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away , Kevin helps a woman who can not afford her son 's diabetes medication . He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle . Amy finds Reese 's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail . She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out . 6 `` Rocky Road '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Kenny November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.91 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin begins looking for places to stay , hitting up Tyler , Kristin and Nathan . He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work , learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings . Angry at her mom , Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory . Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down , but Reese slips from her perch and falls . Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds , allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her . A dumbfounded Amy observes , and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him . Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions , plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds . 7 `` Dave '' Ron Underwood Chris Dingess November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.62 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave ( Will Sasso ) , another celestial messenger , who helps them on Kevin 's next assignment . The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin 's cancer - stricken mother Susan ( Anjali Bhimani ) find some joy while living out her last days . Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo . Meanwhile , Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell , and soon meets Iggy ( Brandon Quinn ) , a theology professor who tries to convince her that it 's okay for some things to remain unexplained . Also , Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date , but Reese will not give him permission . 8 `` Chrysalis '' Metin Hüseyin Kevin Deiboldt December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 2.62 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies , and follows one to an art class held by Ethan ( Enoch King ) . Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show , later realizing this will conflict with Reese 's school play . Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan , offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family . At the same time , Yvette meets with Ava , who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her . Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people , and asks what else she 's hidden from him . Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist , and is operating on faith alone . Kevin chooses to work with Dave , which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show . Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan 's paintings . Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you , also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it . Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found . Elsewhere , Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy , but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date . 9 `` Probably '' Tamra Davis Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 2.49 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin travels to Laos , taking Tyler along . The two are befriended by Vong ( David Huynh ) , whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he 's not . Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on , but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right . Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler , who finds her fascinating . The two dance to a mariachi band ( another of Kevin 's earlier visions ) , which renews Yvette 's faith . Kevin and Tyler , with help from Lucille on video chat , then help Vong 's wife deliver their first child , and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul . Back at home , Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out . Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy , but says she now knows she was n't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she does n't truly care about . Nathan later does something special for Amy . 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' J. Miller Tobin Davah Avena January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 2.62 <Td_colspan="6"> Kevin helps Charlie ( Trent Garrett ) , who is despondent over a recent breakup , meet someone new , but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin , it leads to awkwardness . The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love , and he returns to her . Inspired by Kevin 's good deeds , Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in . Meanwhile , Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on . Kevin has a vision of a snow - covered area in the woods . As the episode closes , Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position . 11 `` Solo '' Lee Rose Kevin Deiboldt January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2.39 <Td_colspan="6"> On his first day as a substitute teacher , Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual `` Freshman Prank '' . After Adam reveals the target is Kristin , he becomes even more disliked for squealing . Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely , pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago . Meanwhile , Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date , but later enjoy helping Kevin , Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank . Kevin has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat . 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' Jennifer Lynch Brant Englestein January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2.46 <Td_colspan="6"> Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject , and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious `` acorn fairy '' -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years . In trying to help the woman ( Kathleen Wilhoite ) , Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed , along with her criminal past . Meanwhile , Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler 's ads searching for her is Kevin , who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy . This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love . Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode , but this time Tyler is with him . 13 `` Fishtail '' J. Miller Tobin Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2.29 14 `` Old Friends '' Michael Patrick Jann Chris Dingess & Craig DiGregorio February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) TBD 15 `` World 's Worst Domino '' Peter Leto Brant Englestein & Davah Avena February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) TBD Production ( edit ) The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin , but the name was changed since the show was not `` overtly religious '' . The series was picked up for a 16 - episode full season on November 10 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) Cristela Alonzo , who played a lead role as the heaven - sent entity in the original pilot , was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 3 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.17 N / A 2.17 N / A 6.33 `` Listen Up '' October 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.61 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Sweet Little Lies '' October 17 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 TBD 1.75 TBD 5.01 `` How to be Good '' October 24 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' October 31 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Rocky Road '' November 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dave '' November 14 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Chrysalis '' December 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.62 0.4 1.50 1.0 4.13 9 `` Probably '' December 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' January 2 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Solo '' January 9 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.39 0.4 1.49 1.0 3.90 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' January 16 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.46 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Fishtail '' February 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.29 TBD TBD TBD TBD 14 `` Old Friends '' February 20 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 15 `` World 's Worst Domino '' February 27 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.73 / 10 based on 22 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Breezily entertaining , Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still - sketchy premise , hinting at deeper potential that 's yet to develop . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders ' The Mayor ' , Zach Braff Comedy , ' Gospel of Kevin ' , ' Crossing ' , ' Good Doctor ' , Shondaland Drama to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel 's ' Inhumans , ' Daveed Diggs ' ' The Mayor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' series premiere react : Meet the last of the Righteous '' . EW.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 114 ) `` Old Friends '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - kevin ( probably ) saves the world on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Show Name Changes ( Probably ) Help the Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable : 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC : ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' Gets 3 - Episode Back Order , ' The Mayor ' Gets 3 More Scripts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' : Kimberly Hébert Gregory To Co-Star On ABC Series , Replacing Cristela Alonzo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( since 2018 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ? 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( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Station 19 ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_(Probably)_Saves_the_World&oldid=825561017 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American fantasy television series Angelic - themed television series Television series by ABC Studios English - language television programs Television shows set in Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . About Wikipedia | 1. Kevin (Probably) Saves the World - TV series
2. Fantasy comedy-drama
3. Jason Ritter - main actor
4. Celestial being named Yvette
5. Kevin's mission to save the world |
-121,617,739,700,620,350 | what is the meaning of munnar in english | Munnar - wikipedia Munnar For the 2009 film , see Munnar ( film ) . Hill station in Kerala , India <Th_colspan="2"> Munnar <Td_colspan="2"> Hill station <Td_colspan="2"> Munnar town <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : The Kashmir of South India <Td_colspan="2"> Munnar Munnar Show map of Kerala Show map of India Show all <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 10 ° 05 ′ 21 '' N 77 ° 03 ′ 35 '' E / 10.08917 ° N 77.05972 ° E / 10.08917 ; 77.05972 Coordinates : 10 ° 05 ′ 21 '' N 77 ° 03 ′ 35 '' E / 10.08917 ° N 77.05972 ° E / 10.08917 ; 77.05972 Country India State Kerala District Idukki Named for Tea plantations , cool climate <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Panchayath Body Munnar grama panchayath <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 187 km ( 72 sq mi ) Elevation 1,532 m ( 5,026 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2001 ) Total 38,471 Density 210 / km ( 530 / sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Languages Official Malayalam , English Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 685612 Telephone code 04865 Vehicle registration KL - 68 , KL - 06 Literacy 76 % Website keralatourism.org/destination ( Full screen ) Munnar is a town and hill station located in the Idukki district of the southwestern Indian state of Kerala . Munnar is situated at around 1,600 metres ( 5,200 ft ) above mean sea level , in the Western Ghats mountain range . Munnar is also called the `` Kashmir of South India '' and is a favorite destination for honeymoon . Contents 1 History 2 Etymology 3 Location 3.1 Road 3.2 Railway 3.3 Airport 4 Administration 5 Flora and fauna 6 Endemic species 7 Land ownership 8 Places of interest 8.1 Mattupatty Direction 8.2 Thekkedy Direction 8.3 Adimaly Direction 8.4 Coimbatore Direction 8.5 Other Direction 9 Geography and climate 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History The tradition that Col Arthur Wellesley , later to be the Duke of Wellington , leading a British detachment from Vandiperiyar to Bodinayakanur , then over the High Range and into the Coimbatore plains to cut off Tippu Sultan 's retreat from Travancore , was the first Englishman in the High Range appears to be belied by the dates involved . If the story is a dozen years too early for Wellesley , it is quite possible that some other officer in General Meadow 's Army may have had that distinction . Unfortunately , no record of that pioneering mountain crossing has been traced . What is available is a record of that pioneering mountain crossing has been traced . What is available is a record of the surveying of this terrain in 1816 - 17 by Lt Benjamin Swayne Ward , son of Col Francis Swayne Ward to whom we owe many of the early views of Madras and South India Now available in lithprints . Ward and his assistant Lt Eyre Connor were on orders to map the unexplored country between Cochin and Madurai and so they followed the Periyar into the mountains and then headed north into what at that time was described as ' ' the dark impenetrable forests of the High Range ' ' . They lost men to at least one elephant charge , suffered agony from leech bites and once ran so short of food that a deer run down and being feasted on by wild dogs was manna for the party and their jungle guides . The subsequent report by Ward and Connor was to lead to the Periyar Dam project , completed only in the 1890s , but for the present they were more pre occupied getting into the mountains that they could see towering in the distance from Bodi . Then , on October 14 , 1817 , ' ' the weather having improved the ascent into the High Range began ' ' . Their first major camp was at a flat promontory at 6000 feet . And this was ever afterwards to be known as Top Station . Moving north , they saw to their south the Cardamom Hills , a slope 45 miles long and 30 wide from the heights above Bodi stretching into Travancore . To their north there appeared to be grasslands on high rock peaks . And in front of them , ' ' an outstanding mountain , shaped like an elephant 's head ' ' . On November 8 , they established camp at the confluence of three rivers , which they judged to be the centre of the district , and from Munnar ( Moonar -- three rivers ) , as it came to be known , they surveyed the area , discovered the ancient village of Neramangalam in ruins but surmised that it might well have been from here that ivory and peacock feathers , pepper and cardamom , sandalwood and other timber went to the lands to the West across the Arabian Sea '' . It was to be nearly 50 years later that Sir Charles Trevelyan , Governor of Madras , instructed Col Douglas Hamilton to explore the hill country in the western part of the Madras Presidency , requesting special advice on the feasibility of establishing sanatoria for the British in the South and of developing revenue - earning projects without endangering the environment , as had happened in Ceylon where coffee had destroyed not only the rain forest but also paddy cultivation in the north -- central rice bowl of ancient Ceylon . Marching south along the Anamallai , Hamilton saw ' ' the grandest and most extensive ( view ) I have ever beheld ; some of the precipices are of stupendous magnitude and the charming variety of scenery comprising undulating grassy hills , wooded valleys , rocky crags , overhanging precipices , the green rice fields far below in the valley of the Anchanad , the grand mass of the Pulunies ( beyond ) and the blue ranges in the far distance , present a view far beyond my power to describe ... ' ' On May 7 , 1862 , Hamilton set out to climb Anaimudi , following a ' ' well worn elephant path , ascending the opposite slope by a series of short zigzags that were so perfect and regular that we could scarcely Eravikulam plateau ( later Hamilton 's Plateau ) , watered by two streams , one of which bordered the Eravikulam swamp before cascading down 1000 feet in a beautiful waterfall . Separating the plateau from Anaimudi was a deep , thickly forested ravine -- later called Inaccessible Valley and , detouring it , they began the climb from the east to the peak . ' ' On our return , we followed an elephant path for several miles , the gradient of this path was truly wonderful , these sagacious animals avoiding every steep or difficult ascent , except at one hill which was cleverly zigzagged , owing to masses of sheer rock preventing a regular incline being taken . ' ' It was to be 15 years later before another report came in . But this was more significant from the viewpoint of this history , for though it came as a result of the shikar expeditions of the ever - exploring John Daniel Munro , he was an opener -- up of land and a pioneering planter first and a shikari second . Reporting on the High Range in 1877 , he wrote , ' ' Exclusive of the low Unjenaad valley which is not above 3100 feet , the area within these boundaries may be roughly estimated at 200 square miles with an elevation over 5000 ft ... Much of this is worthless land , but there is a good deal fit for cultivation ... Coffee ... would succeed well at a somewhat lower elevation , and Tea and Cinchona would grow miles available for these purposes , and there being the great inducement of a good climate , it will doubtless not be many years before these fine hills get occupied ' ' . And Munro , who always had a long -- range view of things , indeed proved right again . Mention has already been made of the journey into these hills by Henry Turner and his half -- brother ' Thambi ' AW Turner , the concessions that Munro , then Superintendent of the Cardamom Hills for the Raja of Travancore , got them from the Raja , and the Society the three of them formed in 1879 with Rs 450,000 capital . The agreement they entered into with the Rajah read in part : ' ' The annual sum of one half British rupee on every acre of land other than grassland comprised in such deed which has already been or shall hereafter from time to time be opened up for the purpose of cultivation or otherwise ' ' . While Thambi Turner began in 1879 clearing the forest round the Devikulam camp , later to become the taluk headquarters , Henry returned to Madras and began looking for others willing to take up land here . The first to do so was Baron George Otto Von Rosenberg of Dresden and his sister who were kin of the Turners by marriage . The Baron opened up Manalle , later a part of the family 's Lockhart Estate , and it was developed by his son Baron John Michael in the 1890s , the first tennis court in the hills being added . It was property that was to remain for years in the family . Then came AH Sharp , who opened up Parvathi in the wilds and planted the first tea , to be followed by C Donovan . In1881 came EJ Fowler to open up Aneimudi Estate and in 1882 , CO Master and GW Claridge , CWW Martin , a fellow of Henry Turner 's in the Madras Civil Service , sent his 18 -- year -- old nephew Aylmer Ffoulke Martin ( Toby ) to open Sothuparai near Chittavurrai in 1883 and Toby Martin ever seemed to be clearing new land for others after that . Other estates of this era were HM Knight 's Surianalle , Panniar belonging to JA Hunter and KE Nicoll and the Turners ' Talliar where the last coffee in the High Range flourished on 700 acres. Every one of them benefited from the experience of Ceylon planter John Payne , whom Henry Turner ' imported ' in 1881 . Payne not only opened up Talliar with coffee for the Turners , but he taught his fellow planters in the High Range road tracing , draining and general thottam work . He also cut a riding road , Payne 's Ghat , from Devikulam to Periakanal and opened the district up to ' civilisation ' . In the Eighties , it was only their indomitable will that kept the planters going in this wilderness . They lived in grass -- thatched huts with mud and wattle walls and surrounded their homes with elephant trenches . The only medical aid each planter had was ' ' his own medicine chest and he had to doctor himself and his coolies with only Doctor Short 's old book on Medicine in India to help him ' ' . It was 1889 before the pioneers saw the first European woman in the hills . That was when Baron Otto brought up his wife , the daughter of Henry Gribble of the Madras Civil Service ; another Gribble girl married one of the Turner brothers . And in 1890 Toby Martin brought his bride -- and they were to live decades in these hills . An event which helped considerably to improve the lives of the early planters was when Claridge and Toby Martin descended from Top Station to Bottom Station ( Koranganie at the head of the Bodi Pass ) and went on to Bodinayakanur . There they met Suppan Chetty , who appeared to be the village leader , and negotiated him to send up rice and other provisions by headload and bring down cinchona bark and other products for onward transport . Soon bullocks , donkeys and ponies were brought in to help . This link with Suppan Chetty and his adopted son Alaganan Chetty , later an MLA , was to continue into recent times with their successors , M / s AS Alaganan Chetty & Sons . Another event of significance was the arrival of John Ajoo , A Chinese , at Talliar Estate . One of six Chinese brought out by the East India Company to advice on tea planting and manufacture in the Nilgiris , he was recruited by Henry Turner and sent to the High Range . A small field of tea around the Munnar Estate Manager 's bungalow was once 13 acres in extent and used to be called ' Chinaman 's Field ' . John Ajoo 's son Antony later owned a small estate called Vialkadavu next to Talliar in which the Turner family long retained an interest . By 1894 , 26 estates , all of them small -- holdings , were functioning on the Society 's lands but none was doing well as the cinchona boom began to go bust . The Society , by now , was in financial difficulties and it advertised its land widely in British and Indian newspapers . One of the first to respond was the North and South Sylhet Company , a subsidiary of Finlay Muir , arrived in India in December 1894 to finalise the transaction , then decided to visit the High Range with his son James and PR Buchanan and W Milne ( from Ceylon ) . Accompanying them was HM Knight , a pioneer in the Anamallais and at the time a prominent proprietary planter . James Muir 's record of that journey from December 17 , 1894 till January 5 , 1895 is not without interest , revealing as it does the conditions of the times . It reads in excerpts : ... arrived at Madras on the morning of the 12th December ... next few days were occupied in negotiations regarding the purchase of the shares of the ... Society ... and Rs 69 / - per share was the price arranged to be paid after deductions for losses and money spent during the year ended 30 November 1894 ... ... We arrived at Ammayanayakanur at 11 : 30 am the train being 23 minutes late , and ... had dinner at 6 pm and about 7'o clock started in the bullock transit -- there being four of these carts altogether -- to do some 40 miles , to a village called Tayne ( Theni ) . The bullock transits , and the carriage of all stores to Bodynaikanur , are managed by the United Carrying Company and one has to write the agent of this company at Ammayanayakanur for all that may be required . After a not very comfortable night in these wagons we arrived at Tayne ... We started for Bodynaikanur -- Sir John being carried in a chairpart of the way ... In the bullock transits mattresses are necessary and indeed one wants as much as possible under one , so as to break the jolting of the carts . We got away from Tayne shortly after 7 , and reached Bodynaikanur about half past ten . The distance is supposed to be only some nine miles , but the bullock carts which carried our things went slowly , and Sir John , being carried part of the way in a chair , also caused delay . A large chair had been specially prepared in Madras , but when we arrived at Tayne we could not find what had become of it , and there was a small one there , which Mr Brown had sent back from Bodynaikanur . On arrival at Body we were advised not to stop long there , but to push on to Mettor the same day as there as severe cholera at Bodi and in the surrounding country ... We found the chair which had been sent from Madras at Bodi and it was sent off with 10 carrying coolies , about one O ' clock , to go three miles along the road to Mettor and to wait there . The weight of the chair was 140 pounds , and the coolies had to be promised extra money when they got to Devikulam to induce them to go . Thirty -- two coolies went with us from Bodi in addition to the 10 chair coolies , but the larger number of these were required for stores and parts of the tents which had not been already sent on . The bungalow at Bodi ... ( had a ) very obliging ( man who was ) a fair cook . ( We were very sorry to learn that he has since died of cholera , so that it was most fortunate we hurried on to Mettor , as Mrs Knight and Mr Graham who were only a short time at the bungalow also caught cholera and the former died . ) ... As the road was bad and steep the bearers made but little progress , ( so Sir John ) left the chair ... riding the rest of the way to Mettor ... The distance from Bodi to the foot of the ghaut is about 3 miles , the rest of the way being all an ascent and the road a very poor one , even for pack ponies , and would require a great deal of money to be spent on it would be passable for carts ... . The chair coolies were started off ... to go 5 miles along the road to Devikulam ... The road ... would require a great deal to be done to it before it could be fit for bullock cart traffic ... We walked and rode in turn till we got to Devikulam ... the distance between Mettor and Devikulam is about 14 1⁄2 miles ... At Devikulam ... went over the map of the Society 's land with the Baron ... ... ( at ) Mr Grigg 's Camp ... Sir John and Mr Milne had numerous conversations with Mr Grigg as to roads , the prompt opening out of the property and other matters connected herewith . Mr Grigg strongly advised that a main road should immediately be made through the centre of the property , that it should be constructed economically , and a careful statement kept of the outlay in connection with it , and he undertook to recover the amount from the Travancore Sircar to continue the road to the West from the Society 's boundary to Cochin which he thought would be the best Shipping Port for the Society 's produce ... He also thought the alignment of the proposed railway might be so altered as to enable the traffic between Cochin and the Society 's estate to be carried on this line to advantage part of the way ... Sir John inquired if Mr Grigg would like to have a piece of land specially made over to him so that he might arrange for an additional house being erected , thereon , for the accommodation of the resident as a health resort . Mr Grigg replied he would very much like to have a suitable site for this purpose not far from where his camp was erected , and a cross was made on the map then , before Sir John , and Mr Grigg indicating the spot , and Sir John undertook to request the directors of the North and the South Sylhet Tea Companies to make a gift of whatever land Mr Grigg , after further consideration , might select for this purpose ... The soil in the forest is deep and rich , and the river can be utilized to drive a large quantity of machinery . A beginning should be made here with both Tea and Coffee as soon as the requisite labour can be obtained . The forest is much infested with leeches and precautions had to be taken against them ... It is proposed not to decide where to put coffee until the jungle is all burned off , so as the area that will be put into tea and the area that will be put into coffee is not yet fixed . 1 January 1895 It was arranged that Mr Payne should give part of his time to the society to be spent first of all in selecting suitable coffee land inside or outside of the society 's boundaries , and that afterwards he should superintend and be entirely responsible for all the work thereon . For this it was arranged that he should receive a salary of Rs 3000 / - per annum , for the present , to be paid monthly . Mr A Ff Martin , presently managing Sothuparai was , with Mr Payne 's approval , selected to be his first assistant with this work , and it was arranged that Mr Martin should receive a salary of Rs 100 / - per month for his partial services as from 1 January 1895 , and until the date when he should come over entirely to the service of the society , from which date his salary was to be Rs 300 / - per month , for two years and after that Rs 350 / - per month , for one year , always provided he gave entire satisfaction to Mr Payne , under whose orders he was to be . This arrangement however was not to come into force until Mr. Martin had cleared himself to Mr Payne 's satisfaction of the charges brought against him by Mr James Turner . The road ... from Marioor to Chinnar , is just about as bad as could be imagined , and , in many places , is not unlike the rocky bed of a mountain stream ... it being impossible to ride -- the horses having to be guided with great care by the syces , but at the end of 3 miles we came to a level road and here we found 3 bullock gharries ... waiting for us ... Sir John lay down in one of them and the other two were loaded with the baggage ... The first 4 miles or so of the road that we had to do to Oodamullapet , our destination , were very bad and heavy with sand , and we made very slow progress , but after that we got on to an excellent road ... ' ' HM Knight was appointed the first General Manager , but with his new bride having just died , he was making plans to leave the country . Nevertheless , opening up of the jungle continued under Payne and with other experienced planters brought in from Ceylon . And A Suppan Chetty 's Pankajam Company at the foot of the ghats . In 1897 , the Kannan Devan Hills produce company was registered as a separate company with a capital of 1.5 million and together with , a few years later , the American Direct Tea Trading Company Ltd. , another member of the Finlay Group , became holders of almost the entire concession , except for a few estates first planted in the lower reaches by the pioneers . They owned 26 Estates , a few with coffee , most with cinchona . With a growing work force and increasing hills produce , Willie Milne , who had been brought back from Ceylon to become the second General Manager , raised with Toby Martin 's help a herd of 500 bullocks to ensure transport up and down the ghat . ' Bullocky Bill ' Lee was put in charge of the cattle farm on the Kundale flats which was tended by vets brought out from England . Communication between estates was by runner and the planters kept horses on the estate for their use -- and their wives ' . Mrs Toby Martin remembered years later , `` The rivers were mostly unbridged ; so it was quite the thing to dash into them with water up to the girths , hoping to get over fairly dry . The monsoon put great tests on everybody , but then everybody was able to ride well '' . When Milne left for Ceylon in 1899 , H Leybourne Davidson became General Manager and transport and communications continued to be a priority , even as more acres were opened and it became certain that tea was to be the main crop . He established telephone communication between all estates . Once it was determined that the Kundale Valley , from Munnar to Chittavurrai Estate and Top Station , was the proper dividing line of the property on which the main road should be laid to feed the estates on either side , he got work going on the road , contracting it to out to the Gordon brothers , and began planning a ropeway from top station to the start of Kotagudi Ghat , Bottom Station . The rope way was an ingenious construction , 2 1⁄4 miles in length and dropping 5000 feet , built by Gideon and William Kemle from Periyar Dam scrap . The ropeway was opened in 1900 with great fanfare and provided splendid service for many years . Mrs Martin described it `` as a great and wonderful undertaking . The difficulty of combating the very rocky and steep country together with that of preventing wild elephants from pulling down standards and interfering in general with the work , was great for both engineers and workmen . Besides this , the fever ... caused suffering to many ... Gideon Kemle ... died a few years afterwards of ( it ) ... '' Once the ropeway was completed , Davidson decided to speed up traffic from Munnar . A monorail trameline was laid from Munnar to Top Station along the road . Large platforms , fitted with one large wheel to run on the road and a smaller wheel to run on a single rail , were drawn by bullocks . Later , ponies , posted at intervals , were used and speeded traffic from about 4 mph to 6 mph . The tea chests were loaded on the platforms and if passengers wanted to use the ' tram ' two easy chairs were placed on the platform and luggage piled all around them ; from Top Station the passengers would have to tolerate the discomfort of bandies to reach Bottom Station and onwards . A tea chest moved from Kannan Devan to England the Davidson way went through various adventures , which is perhaps why Davidson became Sir Leybourne . The tea chest moved from the estates to munnar by bullock cart , be loaded on to the monorail platform to be moved to Top Station , be transported from there in Suppan Chetty 's bullock carts to Ammayanayakanur railway station , then by train to Tuticorin , and , finally , by lighter to the steamer in the road ! PR Buchanan took over as General Manager in 1901 and there began the fastest , most extensive opening up of the High Ranges , virgin jungles being felled , often with armed watchmen providing the workmen protection from the elephants and other wild life . When , in 1908 , he started building a 2 ' gauge light steam railway to replace the monorail , another link was added in this ingenious transport chain ; the train would bring chests up to the point the tracks had been completed , then the goods were headloaded and taken to what was left of the monorail and its platform ! The railway was eventually opened for traffic in 1909 and even had 1st and 2nd class accommodation . When Buchunan left in 1911 , Kanan Devan had grown to over 11,500 acres , while Anglo -- American had over 1500 acres under tea ; there were only about 3000 acres held by others , much of which was eventually to be taken over by Malayalam Plantations . Herbert Lloyd Pinches now took over and , taking a cue from the way the ropeway and the pioneering Munnar Factory were powered , he started the Munnar Valley Electric Works , which supplied power to nine factories within a radius of six miles . This was the first electric power supplied for tea manufacture in India . In time , much of the High Range would get its power from the MVEW grid . By 1924 , Pinches had ensured that most of the kanan Devan property had been cleared and developed , though development continued till 1932. That was when disaster struck . ' The Flood ' , already referred to , burst upon the High Range in July , parts of it receiving 195 ' ' in that month . When a big landslide blocking a road burst , the water gushed into Munnar , flooded the town , damaged the road and destroyed the railtrack . When recovery began , Pinches decided there would be no railway again and decided on a new ropeway , from Munnar to Bodi via Top Station . The first path of this ropeway , work on which was started in 1925 , was in three sections , Top Station to Chittavurrai Estate , from there to Sothuparai and Pattupatty , then the third stretch to Munnar . The 14 1⁄2 mile ropeway , with hangers carrying 400 lb loads , could , at full capacity , carry 25 tons a day . The ropeway , which cost a little over Rs 760,000 was opened on December 3 , 1926 . In 1930 , the old Top Station -- Kotagudi ropeway was replaced by a modern roads thrust their way through the hills and motor transport made the slow ropeways outmoded . As the era of motor transport began to get into its stride , there came World War II followed by the winds of change . How the High Range had grown by then , from about 6000 acres cultivated in 1894 to over 28000 acres in 1952 ! The changing scene saw the recruitment of Indian planters , Rengaswamy Chetty of the Suppan Chetty family the first Kanan Devan management recruit . But he resigned before long and NS Dhar was recruited . He was to stay with the company over 30 years . In 1964 , Finlay 's teamed with Tata 's jointly start to the first instant tea factory in the country and by 1967 , with devaluation , Finlay 's began taking a closer look at the new Indian scene . Several European planters , many of them third generation High Rangers , left and , soon , Indian managers outnumbered the expatriates . Then , in 1971 , the Kerala Government wanted to ' resume ' all land in the Kanan Devan Hills that had not been used for plantations . This would have deprived the company of over 18,000 acres of Eucalyptus used for estate fuel , along with hundreds of acres within estate boundaries . Negotiations that went on till 1974 -- the successful culmination of which marked the Tata Group 's subsequent involvement with Kerala -- led to Government agreeing to leave most of the eucalyptus and all the land within the estates to the company , leaving it with a compact 57,000 acres . And with that the old Kanan Devan concession came to an end . Etymology The name Munnar is believed to mean `` three rivers '' , referring to its location at the confluence of the Mudhirapuzha , Nallathanni and Kundaly rivers . Location Geographic coordinates of Munnar is 10 ° 05 ′ 21 '' N 77 ° 03 ′ 35 '' E. Munnar town is situated on the Kannan Devan Hills village in Devikulam taluk and is the largest panchayat in the Idukki district covering an area of nearly 557 square kilometres ( 215 sq mi ) . Road Munnar KSRTC bus stand Munnar is well connected by both National highways , state highways and rural roads . The town lies in the Kochi - Dhanushkodi National highway ( N.H 49 ) , about 130 km ( 81 mi ) from Cochin , 31 km ( 19 mi ) from Adimali , 85 km ( 53 mi ) from Udumalpettu in Tamil Nadu and 60 km ( 37 mi ) from Neriyamangalam . Distance from major cities from Kochi - Ernakulam - 150 km Railway The nearest major railway stations are at Ernakulam and Aluva ( approximately 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) by road ) . The Nearest Functioning Railway station is at Udumalaipettai . Airport The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport , which is 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) away . The Coimbatore and Madurai airports is Template : Nowrap165 kilometres ( 103 mi ) from Munnar . Administration The panchayath of Munnar formed in 1961 January 24 is divided into 21 wards for administrative convenience . Coimbatore district lies in the north , Pallivasal in south , Devikulam and Marayoor in east and Mankulam , Kuttampuzha panchayaths in the west . Vaguvarai Chokkanad Iravikulam Kannimalai Periyavarai Munnar colony Ikkanagar Old Munnar Chatta Munnar Nallathanni Sivanmalai Munnar town Cholamalai Kadalar Rajamalai Kallar Lakkam Thalayar Lakshmi Nadayar Moolakkada Flora and fauna Most of the native flora and fauna of Munnar have disappeared due to severe habitat fragmentation resultant from the creation of the plantations . However , some species continue to survive and thrive in several protected areas nearby , including the new Kurinjimala Sanctuary to the east , the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary , Manjampatti Valley and the Amaravati reserve forest of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary to the north east , the Eravikulam National Park and Anamudi Shola National Park to the north , the Pampadum Shola National Park to the south and the proposed Palani Hills National Park to the east . Endemic species A Nilgiri tahr ( scientific name : Nilgiritragus hylocrius ) at Rajamalai near Munnar These protected areas are especially known for several threatened and endemic species including Nilgiri Thar , the grizzled giant squirrel , the Nilgiri wood - pigeon , elephant , the gaur , the Nilgiri langur , the sambar , and the neelakurinji ( that blossoms only once in twelve years ) . Land ownership There has been action to address the problems of property takeovers by the land mafia that have , according to successive governments , plagued the area . In 2011 , the government estimated that 20,000 hectares of land had been illegally appropriated and launched a campaign of evictions that had first been mooted in 2007 . Places of interest There are four major directions are there in Munnar . Mattupatty Direction , Thekkedy Direction , Adimaly Direction and Coimbatore Direction . Climate and Tea Plantation is the base for Munnar Tourism . Tourists come here to see the plush green carpet that is strewn all around . The tourists count increases per year with a major number during the months of April -- May when summer vacations begin across the country . In 2018 , a huge number of tourists is expected during the months of August - September when the kurinji blooms once in 12 years . Mattupatty Direction Subramanya Temple , Munnar Rose Garden Carmelagiri Elephant Park Mattupetty Dam Cowboy Park Kundala Dam Top Station Thekkedy Direction Signal Point View Point Idly Hill View Point Devikulam Sri Ayyappan Temple Lockhart Tea Museum Lockhart Tea Park Thankaiah Cave Lockhart Gap View Point Periyakanal Water Falls Anayirangal Dam / Boating Adimaly Direction Pothamedu View Point Spices Plantation Visit Cheeyapara Water Falls Coimbatore Direction Eravikulam National Park Anamudi Peak Marayur Sandle Forest Lakkan Water Falls Muniyara Other Direction Munnar Tea Museum Geography and Climate The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters ( 4,760 ft ) to 2,695 meters ( 8,842 ft ) above mean sea level . The temperature ranges between 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) and 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) in winter and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) in summer . Temperatures as low as − 4 ° C ( 25 ° F ) have been recorded in the Sevenmallay region of Munnar . Köppen - Geiger climate classification system classifies it as subtropical highland ( Cwb ) . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Munnar Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.4 ( 74.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21 ( 70 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 12.9 ( 55.2 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 16 ( 61 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.4 ( 59.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 18 ( 0.71 ) 29 ( 1.14 ) 47 ( 1.85 ) 129 ( 5.08 ) 189 ( 7.44 ) 420 ( 16.54 ) 583 ( 22.95 ) 364 ( 14.33 ) 210 ( 8.27 ) 253 ( 9.96 ) 164 ( 6.46 ) 64 ( 2.52 ) 2,470 ( 97.25 ) Average rainy days 6 8 9 10 9 10 12 8 5 84 Mean monthly sunshine hours 248 232 248 240 217 120 124 124 150 155 180 217 2,255 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Climate-Data.org , altitude : 1461m <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Weather2Travel for sunshine and rainy days Hills around the tea plantations , Munnar Gallery Lockhart Tea Museum Tea plantations at Munnar Munnar Tea Museum Beautiful view of Munnar tea plantation Mountain ranges covered by clouds at Munnar Tea plantations at Munnar Munnar Heritage Tour , Lockhart Tea Factory Nilgiri Thar Chokarmudy View Point Kundala Dam and Lake Attukad Water Falls Lockhart Tea Park Lockhart Tea Museum See also India portal Bisonvalley Kolukkumalai Kunchithanny Marayur Mattupetty Dam Munnar Tea Museum Pallivasal Rajakkad Wayanad References Jump up ^ Munnar - Fallingrain Jump up ^ Munnar - the Hill Station of Kerala in Idukki Kerala Tourism Jump up ^ S , Muthiah ( 1993 ) . A Planting Century 1893 - 1993 . Madras : - West Pvt Ltd. , 62 - A Ormes Road , Kilpauk , Madras - 600010 . ISBN 81 85938 04 0 . Jump up ^ `` S. Muthiah '' , Wikipedia , 2018 - 04 - 29 , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 Jump up ^ Munnar History Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Munnar '' . Jump up ^ `` Government of Kerala , Forest and Wildlife Department , Notification No. 36 / 2006 F&WLD '' . Kerala Gazette. 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Roy , Mathew ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Proposal for Kurinjimala sanctuary awaits Cabinet nod '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Jeemon ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Kerala government launches eviction drive in Munnar '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eravikulam National Park , Munnar , Kerala , India , the home of Nilgiri Tahr '' . Eravikulam National Park . Archived from Eravikulam the original Check url = value ( help ) on 12 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Frost hits plantations in Munnar ^ Jump up to : `` Climate : Munnar -- Climate graph , Temperature graph , Climate table '' . Climate-Data.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Munnar Climate and Weather Averages , Kerala '' . Weather2Travel . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Munnar . Munnar travel guide from Wikivoyage Kerala Tourism <Th_colspan="3"> Travancore region Districts Kanyakumari ( Part ) Thiruvananthapuram Kollam Pathanamthitta Alappuzha Kottayam Idukki Ernakulam ( Part ) Towns and Cities Nagarcoil Kanyakumari Thovala Suchindram Manavalakurichy Kaliyakkavilai Mandaikadu Marthandam Neyyoor Thiruvithancode Kolachal Thiruvananthapuram Parassala Neyyattinkara Nedumangadu Venjaramoodu Aryanad Vembayam Chirayinkeezhu Attingal Varkala Avanavancherry Kallambalam Kilimanoor Kottarakara Neduvathoor Ayoor Anchal Edamulackal Chadayamangalam Chathannoor Kalluvathukkal Kottiyam Kollam Paravur Parippally Munroethuruth Mayyanad Punalur Pathanapuram Manchalloor Pidavoor Kottarakkara Adoor Konni Pathanamthitta Kozhencherry Aranmula Kumbanad Ranni Vadasserikkara Mallapally Tiruvalla Parumala Mannar Edathua Chengannur Mavelikkara Padanilam Nilakkal Chettikulangara Kayamkulam Haripad Ambalappuzha Alappuzha Mankombu Mararikulam Cherthala Aroor Changanacherry Vazhoor Karukachal Kottayam Kumarakam Pambadi Ettumanoor Vaikom Kaduthuruthy Thalayolaparambu Kuravilangad Palai Uzhavoor Poonjar Erattupetta Kanjirappally Ponkunnam Erumely Mundakayam Vagamon Peermade Kumily Kattappana Adimali Vechoor North Paravur Alengad Angamaly Kalady Aluva Perumbavoor Muvattupuzha Kothamangalam Arakuzha Koothattukulam Piravom Kolenchery Kizhakkambalam Idukki Thodupuzha Painavu Munnar Devikulam Kannan Devan Hills Marayur Adimali Udumbanchola Nedumkandam Kattappana Rajakkad Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munnar&oldid=852194029 '' Categories : Hill stations in Kerala Populated places in the Western Ghats Cities and towns in Idukki district Tourism in Kerala Munnar Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Cebuano Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ संस्कृतम् Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 07 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Munnar - hill station in Kerala, India
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4. History and exploration of the High Range
5. Pioneering planters and development of the region |
-2,022,933,077,115,545,300 | where was hansel and gretel witch hunters filmed | Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters - wikipedia Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters <Th_colspan="2"> Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Tommy Wirkola Produced by Will Ferrell Beau Flynn Adam McKay Kevin Messick Written by Tommy Wirkola Starring Jeremy Renner Gemma Arterton Famke Janssen Peter Stormare Music by Atli Örvarsson Cinematography Michael Bonvillain Edited by Jim Page Production companies MTV Films Gary Sanchez Productions Studio Babelsberg Flynn Picture Co . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Pictures Release date January 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) ( United States ) February 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) ( Germany ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Germany Language English Budget $50 million Box office $226.3 million Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters is a 2013 dark fantasy action horror comedy film written and directed by Tommy Wirkola . It is a continuation to the German folklore fairy tale `` Hansel and Gretel '' , in which the titular siblings are now grown up and working as a duo of witch exterminators for hire . The film stars Jeremy Renner , Gemma Arterton , Famke Janssen , Peter Stormare , Thomas Mann , Pihla Viitala and Derek Mears . Originally scheduled for release in March 2012 , Hansel & Gretel was delayed for ten months to accommodate Renner 's appearances in The Avengers and The Bourne Legacy and to give Wirkola time to shoot a post-credits scene . It premiered in North America on January 25 , 2013 , in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D , as well in D - Box motion theaters and select international 4DX theaters , and was rated R in the United States . The film had its home media release on June 11 , including a longer , unrated version on Blu - ray . The film was panned by mainstream critics , particularly for what they saw as its weak script and gratuitous violence , although Renner 's portrayal received some praise . However , many horror genre critics were more positive , viewing the film as unpretentiously entertaining . The film topped the domestic box office on its opening weekend and was a major hit in Brazil , Russia , Germany , and Mexico . Its worldwide theatrical run gross exceeded $226 million for the production cost of $50 million . Following the commercial success of the film , which was planned as the first part of a series , its sequel is currently in development . Contents 1 Plot 2 Extended cut 3 Cast 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Concept and design 4.3 Casting and characters 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects and post-production 5 Music 5.1 Track listing 6 Distribution 6.1 Theatrical release 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Cult status 7.4 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Television adaptation 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Abandoned by their father deep in a forest , young Hansel and Gretel enter a gingerbread house and are captured by a cannibalistic witch . The witch forces Hansel to continuously eat candy to fatten him up , and enslaves Gretel by ordering her to prepare the oven . The siblings outsmart her and incinerate her in the fire of the oven . In the fifteen years that follow , Hansel and Gretel become famed witch hunters , slaying hundreds of witches . The pair find that they are somehow immune to spells and curses , but the incident in the gingerbread house has left Hansel diabetic . He needs a shot of insulin every few hours or he will get sick and die . Now adult , witch hunters Hansel and Gretel arrive in the town of Augsburg and immediately prevent Sheriff Berringer from executing a beautiful young woman named Mina for witchcraft . Mayor Englemann tells the crowd that he has hired the siblings to rescue several children presumed abducted by witches . Berringer hires trackers for the same mission in the hopes of disgracing the mayor and cementing his power . All but one of the sheriff 's party are killed that night by the powerful grand witch Muriel , who sends one man back to the town tavern as a warning to the locals . Hansel and Gretel , along with the Mayor 's deputy Jackson , capture the horned witch and interrogate her . They discover that the witches are preparing for the coming Blood Moon , where they plan to sacrifice twelve children to gain immunity to fire , their greatest weakness . Muriel , accompanied by her witches and a troll named Edward , attacks the town and abducts the final child . Muriel kills Jackson and launches Gretel out a window , rendering her unconscious . Gretel is rescued by Ben , a local teenager who is a fan of theirs and plans to be a witch hunter himself . Hansel grabs onto a fleeing witch by her broomstick , but falls and is lost in the forest . The next morning , Mina finds Hansel hanging from a tree . She takes him to a nearby spring where she heals his wounds and has sex with him . Gretel searches for Hansel in the forest , but is attacked by Berringer and his posse . The men capture and beat Gretel before being stopped by Edward who kills Berringer and his men . Edward tends to Gretel 's wounds and tells her that he helped her because trolls serve witches . Hansel and Gretel reunite at an abandoned cabin which they discover is both a witch 's lair and their childhood home . Muriel appears in front of them , telling them the truth of their past . She reveals that Hansel and Gretel 's mother was a grand white witch named Adrianna who married a farmer , explaining the siblings ' immunity to black magic . On the night of the last Blood Moon , Muriel planned to use the heart of the white witch to complete her potion . She found Adrianna too powerful and decided to use Gretel 's heart instead . To get rid of Adrianna , Muriel revealed to the townspeople that Adrianna was a witch . The resulting angry mob burned her alive and hanged Hansel and Gretel 's father . Following this revelation , the siblings battle Muriel before she stabs Hansel and abducts Gretel for the ceremony . Hansel wakes up with Mina , who reveals herself to be a white witch . She heals his wounds again and uses a grimoire to bless Hansel 's arsenal of weapons . Hansel , Mina , and Ben head out to disrupt the Blood Moon Sabbath . Mina begins slaughtering dark witches with a Gatling gun , while Hansel squares off against Muriel 's witches and frees the children . Edward defies Muriel 's orders and releases Gretel before Muriel throws him off the cliff . Muriel flees on a broomstick , but Ben manages to shoot her and forces her to crash . Hansel goes after Muriel while Gretel stops to revive Edward . Hansel , Ben , and Mina follow Muriel 's trail to the original gingerbread house . Muriel wounds Ben and kills Mina before Hansel shoots her several times , knocking her into the house . Gretel arrives and the pair engage Muriel in a brutal fight that ends with Gretel decapitating her with a shovel . They burn Muriel 's body on a pyre and collect their reward for rescuing the children . They head out on their next witch hunt accompanied by Ben and Edward . During the credits , Hansel and Gretel are able to slay a Desert Witch . Extended cut ( edit ) Aside from additional profanity , gore , and sexual content , and a few extra lines , the extended version features a few extra scenes . In one scene , Berringer blames the Mayor for the witches ' attack and murders him in public . The scene where Berringer and his goons assault Gretel is also extended ; it occurs in between the scene where Mina heals Hansel and has sex with him , and shows that the men plan to rape Gretel right before Edward kills them . Cast ( edit ) Jeremy Renner as Hansel , the brother of Gretel and a witch hunter who takes insulin following an incident at a witch 's gingerbread house . Cedric Eich as young Hansel Gemma Arterton as Gretel , the sister of Hansel and a witch hunter . Alea Sophia Boudodimos as young Gretel Famke Janssen as Muriel , an evil grand witch who rules over a coven of dark witches . Unlike lesser witches , she has the ability to change her appearance into that of a normal human woman . Pihla Viitala as Mina , a beautiful white witch who befriends Hansel and Gretel . Thomas Mann as Benjamin `` Ben '' Walser , a teenage fan of Hansel and Gretel . Derek Mears as Edward ( in - suit performer ) , a troll that is in the services of Muriel . Robin Atkin Downes as Edward ( voice ) Peter Stormare as Sheriff Berringer , the power - hungry and brutal sheriff of Augsburg who does not trust Hansel and Gretel . Ingrid Bolsø Berdal as Horned Witch , a member of Muriel 's personal coven with a lot of horns on her head . Joanna Kulig as Red - Haired Witch , a red - haired member of Muriel 's personal coven . Bjørn Sundquist as Jackson , Mayor Engleman 's deputy . Rainer Bock as Mayor Englemann , the Mayor of Augsburg who hires Hansel and Gretel . Thomas Scharff as Hansel and Gretel 's father , an unnamed farmer . Kathrin Kühnel as Adrianna , the grand white witch who was Hansel and Gretel 's mother . Zoë Bell as Tall Witch , a forest - dwelling witch who is captured and killed by Hansel and Gretel . Monique Ganderton as Candy Witch , the old , child - eating witch who lived in the gingerbread house . Stephanie Corneliussen as Desert Witch ( uncredited ) , a witch with sand - based abilities . Production ( edit ) Wirkola got the idea to create a film based on the adult lives of Hansel and Gretel in 2007 while at film school in Australia . After being discovered by Gary Sanchez Productions , Wirkola pitched the idea at a meeting with Paramount Pictures and won a contract . Production began in March 2011 at the Babelsberg Studios in Germany and included extensive use of traditional special effects . In addition , Renner and Arterton had a month of training beforehand to prepare for the physical demands of their roles . In terms of the weapons and wardrobe , Wirkola wanted an old - world look with a modern touch , and he was adamant about filming outdoors in European nature rather than in a studio . The project was filmed in Germany and featured an international cast and crew . Development ( edit ) Blood and gore and action , all the stuff that I love ... It 's definitely an R - rated movie , the first draft has a lot of blood and guts . First and foremost , it 's an action movie , I think , with horror elements . And of course some dark humor as well . But the action and horror are the most important feelings I want . -- Tommy Wirkola ( writer / director ) in 2009 Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters is the first English language film and the first big studio production of Norwegian writer and director Wirkola , up to this point best known for his 2009 Nazi zombie - themed , independent horror comedy film Dead Snow . Wirkola said he was contacted by producer Kevin Messick from Gary Sanchez Productions after the screening of Dead Snow at the Sundance Film Festival : `` So my first meeting , my first day in LA was with those guys and I pitched Hansel and Gretel and they loved it . And they took me to Paramount two days after and we sold it . '' In 2013 , Wirkola commented , `` I 'm still surprised that they went for it , because it 's a crazy , rock n ' roll script . It 's full throttle , there 's lots of blood and gore and bad language , I often wonder how I got this movie made . It 's all across the world now . But people really seem to respond to it , which is what we hoped , that people would enjoy this ride . '' An announcement of Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters sparked a production of several other `` Hansel and Gretel '' -- based films made by different studios , including The Asylum 's mockbuster Hansel & Gretel , Syfy 's Witchslayer Gretl , and Lionsgate Home Entertainment 's Hansel & Gretel : Warriors of Witchcraft . The film was also a part of an overall Hollywood trend of witch - themed films , among them Beautiful Creatures ( which also stars Thomas Mann ) and Oz the Great and Powerful , set to be released that same season . The project was given a budget of $50 million , co-financed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Concept and design ( edit ) I loved fairy tales growing up . I used to listen to them on tapes and `` Hansel & Gretel '' scared the hell out of me and it always stayed in the back of my head . I always wondered what happened to those characters . -- Tommy Wirkola in 2013 Wirkola said , I have a strong memory from my childhood of just how dark and gruesome their tale was and I wondered what would have happened to the two of them when they grew up ? They had this dark past and this intense hatred of witches . So as I thought about it , it made sense to me that of course they would be fated to become great witch hunters . We wanted it to feel like this could be happening 300 years ago but at the same time , there is a modern spin on all the action , characters and weaponry . It was a fun way to make a classical world feel fresh . Wirkola said that he originally came with that idea in 2007 while studying film and television at Bond University in Australia , when he wanted to make it as just a short film , and that the film school director Simon Hunter advised him : `` Tom , do n't ever speak of the idea again until you are in front of a Hollywood producer and I guarantee you will sell it . '' Gary Sanchez Productions ' Adam McKay said in 2010 , `` The idea is , they 've grown up and they hunt witches . It 's a hybrid sort of old - timey feeling , yet there 's pump - action shotguns . Modern technology but in an old style . We heard it and we were just like , ' That 's a freakin ' franchise ! You could make three of those ! ' '' Dante Harper was hired to rewrite the script , aimed for `` having a gory - but - funny Shaun of the Dead vibe . '' McKay said inspirations included Sam Raimi 's early horror comedy films like Army of Darkness but also `` John Carpenter 's movies , which we all love ( and ) we 're all hugely influenced by the first Matrix -- obviously a really big one -- also the Bourne Supremacy movies and the way Oliver Wood shot those . You kind of throw in all those , mix ' em up in a pot and that 's what you get . '' Wirkola also credited Quentin Tarantino for influencing him `` in many ways '' and singled out Peter Jackson 's Braindead for having been `` a game - changer '' for him . It 's got kind of like a steampunk vibe mixed with a little bit of a goth edge and hyper - cartoon violence like Kick - Ass and all set in a very specific world ... It 's like a Sam Raimi - type horror movie , like Evil Dead II . -- Adam McKay ( co-producer ) in 2010 Messick said they designed `` a fairy tale , mythological fantasy world '' that feels like it happened long time ago but is not set in any particular time period . Marlene Stewart created the film 's costumes , using traditional leather and linen but without an antique look . Its steampunk - like , retro - futuristic weapons were created by the weapon designer Simon Boucherie and Wirkola , who said they wanted Hansel and Gretel 's weapons to look as if the characters hand - made them . Wirkola stated he `` just wanted this crazy , mashed - up world where you ca n't pinpoint where it is , or when it is '' and the modern elements are there to `` add to the fun and tone of the film . '' He said , `` We wanted the movie to feel timeless and for the movie to feel like a fairy tale , but still grounded . It was a lot of fun coming up with the different weapon designs and ways of killing witches . We mixed old and new elements . But no matter how modern some of the weapons are , they all have an old - fashioned feel and look like they could fit into this world . '' The Stone Circle witches ' looks were designed by Twilight Creations ( Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ) . According to McKay , `` the witches are awesome in it . Nasty , mean witches , and we 'll get some great actresses for them as well . '' Wirkola said he wanted to reinvent witches as villains : `` I do love Witches of Eastwick . We wanted to try to avoid the classical witch with the long nose stirring the pot . I really wanted them to be ... dangerous , fast -- they 're stronger than Hansel and Gretel ... It 's a good basis for a villain . '' He recalled that `` the most fun was finding their look and sound . For the main witches , we found one animal to represent all of them , like Muriel is a wolf . It just helped us find the witches . In some ways , it feels like they 're the spawn of the dark places of nature . It should feel animalistic . '' Asked if he was worried about `` this perception that it might be interpreted as sexist '' , Wirkola said , `` For me , that 's a classical villain from hundreds and hundreds of years ago . Yeah , I never worried about that , to be honest . '' He added , `` People forget how truly dark and twisted those stories are . ( The original `` Hansel & Gretel '' ) talks about a witch burning alive in an oven , screaming and scratching . '' Ulrich Zeidler 's concept art for some of the witches was released on the Internet . Casting and characters ( edit ) Jeremy Renner , who played the film 's adult Hansel , has stated that his initial attraction came from a one sheet he was given even before seeing the script , showing Hansel and Gretel walking away and a witch burning at a stake in the background , which he found `` incredibly interesting '' ( this scene was included in the finished film ) . He added , `` When I read the script , my first thought was , ' I ca n't believe this has n't been done yet . ' It 's such a great idea with so much potential . That dynamic was definitely a big thing , I loved that what Tommy ( Wirkola ) wrote left so much room for character . '' Wirkola said he wanted Renner in the role after seeing him in The Hurt Locker . Wirkola , who described Hansel as the `` loose cannon '' of the duo , gave him an additional character flaw of diabetes , in addition to the psychological scars that Hansel shares with his sister ( in the original idea for the short film , Gretel was also suffering from eating disorder ) . Renner said it was a great escape for him `` as this was a fairytale with no stress like the other action movies I 'd done recently . I was having so much fun hanging on a wire like Peter Pan , hanging onto a broom and doing other crazy stuff . '' He stated , `` That was one of the most fun jobs I 've ever had because there 's something magical about that old world , fantasy thing . '' There 's a lot of fairy tale stuff , but that fight is really real and bloody and quite brutal . Women are the villains a lot of the time . Not all the time . There are some horrible male villains as well . But I guess Gretel is very feminist . She 's quite full on . -- Gemma Arterton ( Gretel in the film ) The role of adult Gretel , whom Wirkola wanted to be `` a really , really strong and fun female character , '' was originally planned for Noomi Rapace , who dropped out of consideration for the part prior to early January 2011 . Diane Kruger and Eva Green were reported to also be in talks for the role . English actress Gemma Arterton was ultimately cast in the role . She impressed Wirkola with her performance in The Disappearance of Alice Creed , and , after they have met , with her `` really filthy sense of humour '' as `` the humour is essential to this film . '' Arterton said she was attracted to Wirkola 's `` strong vision '' for the film , calling it `` very , very dark , and bloodthirsty and there 's a lot of cursing . It 's kind of got a Tarantino feel , really . '' Arterton described her character as `` much more in tune with her spiritual side . Hansel is a typical action hero , cheeky , funny , a womanizer . She 's much more of a thinker , intense , internal and bit more open - minded than he is . '' She said that Gretel is `` a sexual character but she 's not having sex with anybody , which is a change for me because usually in my films I 'm sleeping with somebody ! '' She further explained the characters : `` Hansel & Gretel have this unstoppable bond but they 're also so different from each other . She 's the brains of the operation . He 's the brawn . He 's the joker and the show - off . She 's more the watcher , the researcher , the one who tries to really understand witchcraft . '' Arterton added , `` Jeremy ( Renner ) and I found within the script moments where we showed the vulnerable side of them . Often in action movies , people are scared to put that in . I think it was important . '' She said that she `` loved every minute '' of the production and did not want it to end , also crediting it for helping her overcome her fear of getting hurt . The role of the chief witch Muriel , described by Arterton as `` the queen bee of witches '' , was given to Dutch actress Famke Janssen . Janssen too described the film as `` Tarantino-esque '' , with `` a lot of blood , gore and exploding witches . '' Wirkola said he had a crush on Janssen since he saw her in GoldenEye as Xenia Onatopp , `` an amazing villain , '' and that in his opinion her being not only a good actress but also a beautiful woman who is `` huge '' and `` menacing somehow '' made her `` a perfect combination '' of `` sexy and dangerous '' . Janssen said that at first the initial appeal was just money , but she quickly took a liking of the script and of Wirkola personally . She also thought the idea of playing an `` evil to the core '' witch `` was appealing and different '' , saying , `` I had n't done anything like it ... A character like a witch feels like you would have so much freedom , because there are no restrictions as to what you can do . '' Later , however , she was constantly being distracted by the special effects work and felt that she `` really understood the character '' only in one part of the film . She found the time - consuming process of applying such makeup ( taking three hours to apply and one hour to remove ) `` very strange '' and also felt restricted and afraid of acting over-the - top in her witch role . In the end , she still had `` a lot of fun '' playing someone who is completely evil , and felt that it was `` so empowering '' to have `` an inner witch to get in touch with once in a while . '' Janssen said the film might appeal to women and girls , too : `` There 's a brother and a sister story . And there 's a romance in it too - but obviously not with the witch . Nobody falls in love with the witch . '' Edward , a morally conflicted troll enslaved by Muriel , was voiced by Robin Atkin Downes and played by Derek Mears ( Jason Voorhees in 2009 's Friday the 13th ) . Mears was using an elaborate animatronic suit that he compared to `` kind of like NASCAR where I 'm piloting it but I 'm not doing it by myself ... I think there 's like five guys controlling the individual parts of the character . There 's one person who does the eye brows , one person does the feet . '' Janssen , who could not `` say enough things about Tommy ( Wirkola ) '' , said she was especially impressed at how he stuck to his specific vision and `` fought '' hard to hire a number of unknown European actors that would otherwise be unlikely to appear in a big studio American film , in effect making it a much more international production . Several Scandinavian actors were cast in major roles , including Pihla Viitala , Peter Stormare ( who Arterton said had actually inspired her to start acting ) , Bjørn Sundquist , and Ingrid Bolsø Berdal . In addition , actors from Germany and Poland ( including Thomas Mann , Rainer Bock , and Joanna Kulig ) and other parts of the world were also cast . Viitala , a self - described `` big fan '' of Renner , said she was nervous at first , but found him `` extremely '' easy to approach , made a good connection , and enjoyed working with him . Wirkola said Berdal was chosen for her `` piercing '' eyes , adding : `` There are a lot of Norwegians in the film . Minor parts , but I knew I could get great actors in small parts and Ingrid has a great physicality . '' Stormare said he was only surprised at `` how smart Tom ( Wirkola ) is , and how broad this fantasy is and the span of his imagination , '' his favourite aspect being how `` some of the witches are so sexy and cool . '' He compared the film 's production to being in Disneyland , saying it felt like a dream to him . Filming ( edit ) Wirkola said , `` From day one , I was very clear that I wanted to shoot this thing in Europe . I really wanted that European feel of cold mountains , big forests , that sort of spirit was important to me . Luckily we did get to shoot it in Germany which is the homeland of the fairy tale . Shooting in natural outdoor sets is very important to me , compared to working on a sound stage . '' It took place in Germany , at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam - Babelsberg , in a filming location at an old forest near Berlin ( production designer Stephen Scott said that he searched for and found what he believed looked like a `` medieval forest '' free of human interference ) and in the city of Braunschweig in Lower Saxony . After the film was delayed to 2013 , the crew did a `` couple '' of re-shoots , including `` a little bit '' in the deserts of California ( filming the post-ending scene , an extended version of which was also released in a promotional clip `` The Desert Witch '' ) . Principal photography began in March 2011 , using digital cinematography . Wirkola said , `` Hopefully -- you can see what I 'm inspired by : Raimi and Jackson . Actually I 'm a big fan of ( Steven ) Spielberg and the way he shoots action scenes . I think in a lot of modern action movies , it 's hard to see what 's going on . Shaky cam ... Hopefully what we strived for was to go a little retro in how you shoot action scenes . '' The film was shot in 3 - D and its real 3D shots were done by lead stereographer Florian Maier and his team from Stereotec . Wirkola said : `` We shot half of it in real 3D and the other half was post converted . Actually the 3D thing was n't there in the beginning . It was something the studio suggested later on . We embraced it and I think it actually really helps in getting people into this fairy tale world . '' The filming process took three months . A 12 - minute B - roll footage was later released on the Internet . Stunt coordinator and second unit director David Leitch compared it to a `` Jackie Chan hybrid of comedy and action . '' Prior to the filming , Leitch organized a month - long boot camp in order to prepare Renner and Arterton ( who said she was also glad that at least she could use her prior training that she received while studying at RADA ) with extensive weapons , fight and stunt training . Janssen said she enjoyed `` flying '' , something that she always wanted to do , adding that despite her reputation as an action star it was the first film where she really had to do something physical ( including suffering a minor accident on the set ) , because she could not use a double in the close - up scenes where she had the makeup on . During one of the scenes , where Gretel is thrown through a wall and falls down several meters , a stunt double for Arterton was dangerously injured when a nail got lodged in her skull close to the brain ; Arterton said she initially wanted to do this stunt herself but Wirkola would not let her . Arterton herself suffered an injury when she sprained her ankle while running through the forest . Stunts for the more aggressive witches were done by New Zealander stuntwoman and actress Zoë Bell . Renner did practically all of his stunt scenes himself . Visual effects and post-production ( edit ) Most of it is all practical , even the witches flying on the brooms -- it was pretty much all practical . They were all on wires , it was awesome ! There 's a scene ( where ) I come down around and literally there 's 60 witches there . The rock structure was maybe 70 or 50 feet tall , it was massive , and I 'd be shooting these witches and they 'd just be flying off on wires . -- Jeremy Renner ( Hansel in the film ) The film 's visual effects were created using mostly practical effects , supplemented by computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) created by Hammerhead VFX for about 15 % of the film 's special effects , such as the transformations . Wirkola said : `` I 'm a big believer in just using CGI to polish what you get on camera . For me that 's the ideal use of CGI . We have a troll in the film that is animatronic . I loved him . It took some convincing to get the studio along with the animatronic creature . There have been bad experiences with animatronics throughout various productions but I saw this company Spectral Motion . They did the Hellboy movies and I just loved it . '' Wirkola added : `` I come from Norway where we ca n't afford CGI . But this is a fantastical world of witches and trolls and I wanted to ground the movie where I could . The blood should look real . '' Janssen , however , despite Wirkola 's warnings , `` was not entirely prepared for how involved and long that was going to be '' and `` actually wanted to burn the prosthetic make - up by the end of the movie . '' She recalled being `` so overwhelmed by what this prosthetic business was all about '' , saying : `` Acting has been so specific for me and what I 've learned - eyes , facial expressions , all of that stuff - and with something like this , you 're robbed of all of this . Or I could no ( longer ) rely on things I 've done in the past . It was different and frustrating at times because I had this circus of people around me in case something became unglued . '' Muriel and the other principal witches were prepared by Mike Elizalde 's Spectral Motion , who also created and handled the animatronic troll . Jon Farhat was the visual effects supervisor and aerial second unit director . Conceptual design and production studio Picture Mill collaborated with Wirkola and Messick to create the title and opening credits sequence telling some of the early adventures of Hansel and Gretel as they grew up to become famous witch hunters . It was created with Stereo3D Toolbox through a combination of hand - drawn illustrations , practical fire effects and CGI animation . The digital color correction was supervised by Stefan Sonnenfeld . Dead Snow is my love letter to ( Sam ) Raimi and this is kind of its own thing . In the beginning , they said go crazy . But if you go too far with the humor , it becomes spoofy and loses its impact . Too gory and it just takes you out of it . -- Tommy Wirkola in 2013 Janssen said the film is `` definitely played with a bit of a wink and does n't take itself too seriously . '' Wirkola himself described it as `` a little more grounded '' and action - centered than Dead Snow . He recalled that he has tried to downplay comedy elements : `` If you go too far , it can turn into a spoof almost ... We shot a lot more than what is in the movie of course and it 's just balancing it when you 're cutting . '' Speaking of graphic violence , he said that `` the first version we tested was for sure the most extreme . Some stuff stayed in , some stuff got cut out . '' By August 2012 , Paramount was reportedly test screening two versions of the film , rated R and PG - 13 , and the R - rated cut received the positive feedback . Wirkola said , `` I was afraid . I actually made sure they could never cut it to PG - 13 ... We always knew it was going to be R . '' McKay said that Paramount 's Adam Goodman `` was perceptive enough to see the same thing and got behind it as well . '' Wirkola said , `` The pre-production and shooting went very smooth , but the post-production was very new to me and how they do things here with testing and the studio . '' He said about the test screenings in particular : `` I can see why they do it -- there 's a lot of money involved and they want it to hit as broad as possible . But I think it 's a flawed process , I really do . '' McKay said that Paramount executives might nevertheless regret the film 's R rating . Music ( edit ) Hans Zimmer worked on Witch Hunters as an executive music producer . Icelandic composer Atli Örvarsson ( co-author of Zimmer 's score for Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ) created the film score . Örvarsson had previously scored Season of the Witch so initially he was `` a bit apprehensive '' to work on another witchcraft film but was `` too fond of the story to say no and found Tommy Wirkola 's take on the subject matter to be very refreshing . '' Örvarsson found it easier to collaborate with Wirkola due to their shared Nordic heritage and said that their discussions about the music for the film `` might have had some of the most cold and dark humor of any Hollywood music meetings . '' The film 's soundtrack , Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters - Music from the Motion Picture , was released in MP3 format by Paramount Music on January 22 , 2013 . A physical soundtrack album was released on January 29 , 2013 from La - La Land Records . The song `` Bundy '' by Norwegian rock band Animal Alpha is used during the film 's end credits , but is not included on the film 's soundtrack . <Th_colspan="2"> Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters - Music from the Motion Picture <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Atli Örvarsson Released January 22 , 2013 ( digital ) , January 29 , 2013 ( physical ) Genre Orchestral , electronic , choir Label Paramount Music , La - La Land Records Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> show Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` The Witch Hunters '' 2 : 29 2 . `` Business Is Good '' 2 : 11 3 . `` Trolls Serve Witches '' 3 : 33 4 . `` Lost Children Crying , Vol. 2 '' 2 : 33 5 . `` You Do the Bleeding '' 3 : 34 6 . `` There Are Good Witches in the World '' 4 : 11 7 . `` This Place Could Use a Bit of Color '' 4 : 17 8 . `` Goodbye Muriel '' 3 : 21 9 . `` Do n't Eat the Candy '' 3 : 48 10 . `` Burn ' Em All '' 5 : 03 11 . `` White Magic '' 1 : 52 12 . `` Shoot Anything That Moves '' 3 : 29 13 . `` The Fairy Tale '' 2 : 53 14 . `` Augsburg Burns '' 4 : 20 Distribution ( edit ) To promote the home release , `` a full - size witch 's house '' was put on display at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 Theatrical release ( edit ) Initially slated for a March 2 , 2012 release , the film was pushed by Paramount Pictures to a ten - month delay for January 11 , 2013 . Co-producer Kevin Messick later said : `` We 'd finished it but we were still discussing adding a coda scene , which we were able to shoot . And there was always the consideration that Jeremy ( Renner ) had Avengers and Bourne coming out . So the studio made a wise strategic move in finding a good release date for us . '' Wirkola said that `` the main reason is because they wanted to wait on Jeremy . He was cast before Mission : Impossible , Bourne and The Avengers . They wanted to wait until after those . I was , of course , disappointed then , but actually it helped because we came in under budget '' and so the delay enabled him to re-add and shoot an additional scene that is set in the desert and which was cut from his original screenplay . The first trailer for the film was released on September 5 , 2012 . The film was again delayed by two weeks to January 25 , 2013 in the United States and Canada . A statement from Paramount suggested that the film was delayed to enable it to be released in IMAX 3D format . In early January 2013 , illegal copies of the film were discovered in a major anti-piracy bust . Prior to its North American premiere , Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters was first released in Russia on January 17 , followed by the releases in Indonesia and the Philippines on January 23 , and in several nations across Latin America and South - East Asia on January 24 . On the same day ( January 25 ) it was also released in more countries of Latin America , with the other parts of the world following between January 31 and mid-March 2013 . The film was also released in the motion effects theaters using 4DX and D - Box motion enhancement technologies . In Mexico , it was the first feature film to be shown in Cinemex 's new X4D Motion EFX theater format , provided by MediaMation . Home media ( edit ) The `` extreme version '' home release was announced by Wirkola to feature more comedy and `` more guts and blood and gore , stuff that did n't make the ( theatrical ) cut . '' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters was released by Paramount Home Media Distribution on June 11 in its original theatrical cut and a longer , unrated cut `` with never - before - seen footage that was too intense for theaters '' . It is available in the versions : either a double Blu - ray edition ( the 1080p AVC video and the 6 - channel Dolby TrueHD audio ) or a triple Blu - ray 3D / Blu - ray / DVD limited edition , both coming with an UltraViolet digital copy and three behind - the - scenes special features : `` Reinventing Hansel & Gretel '' ( 15 : 41m ) , `` The Witching Hours '' ( 9 : 01m ) and `` Meet Edward the Troll '' ( 5 : 25m ) . In addition , just the theatrical cut of the film will be made available on a single DVD . The unrated version is 10 minutes longer ( 98 minutes long ) . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Los Angeles Times predicted the film would become a `` box - office bull 's - eye , with pre-release audience surveys indicating an expected $30 million for the opening weekend in the United States . One week prior to the U.S. release , the film opened to a `` huge '' $8.6 million in Russia ( the all - time 50th best opening in Russia / CIS ) , which made its international prospects look good , according to Yahoo ! News . Entertainment Weekly predicted the film would `` likely top the chart in its debut weekend '' with $17 million ; similarly , MovieWeb predicted $17.5 million . Paramount said they counted on $20 million . Speaking on January 31 , Wirkola claimed the film had so far `` opened in 19 territories and went to number one in 18 of them . '' The U.S. initial midnight screening at selected theaters made an estimated $500,000 , a `` so - so result '' . The film took the top position on its first day 's screening at 3,373 locations across the country , earning an estimated $6 million and suggesting a three - day total of $15 -- 17 million , according to various estimates . The film topped the weekend 's North American box office with $19 million , the first day 's under performance blamed on bad weather on the U.S. East Coast . In addition , it earned $25 million in several other territories where it had already been released ( representing about 40 % of the international market ) . However , it held well during its box office run , dropping only 52 % in its second weekend and 39 % in its third and fourth . On March 19 , Reuters reported that while the film `` was no blockbuster in the United States '' , it was much better received in other countries for a $205.9 million total haul to date , including $24.1 million in Brazil , $19 million in Russia , $14 million in Mexico and $12.8 million in Germany . The film 's theatrical run ended on April 25 , with a total gross of $225.7 million including $55.7 million domestically . Overall , Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters was Paramount 's fourth highest - grossing film of 2013 , following new graphic novel and franchise entries : World War Z , Star Trek Into Darkness , and G.I. Joe : Retaliation , respectively . It is estimated that , following published production costs , marketing and advertising fees , and the percentage of overseas revenue that was lost by the domestic studio , similar fantasy reboots such as Snow White and the Huntsman , Mirror , Mirror , Jack the Giant Slayer , Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter , and I , Frankenstein fail to match the total studio winnings for Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters , which makes it one of the most financially successful films of the fantasy - reboot genre , despite having the smallest estimated budget and lowest Metascore of the recent entries . Critical response ( edit ) If the very title has you rolling your eyes , do n't even bother . If , however , it makes you think you 'd like to see the further adventures of the fairy tale characters , by all means take a chance . -- Daniel M. Kimmel On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 15 % based on 130 reviews with an average rating of 4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Alternately bloody and silly , Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters fails as both a fantasy adventure and as a parody of same . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 21 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote `` this convoluted hybrid of fairy tale and fantasy / action / comedy / horror aims for campy fun , but comes off tedious and blood - spattered . '' Andrew Barker of Variety called the film `` inconsistently acted , and somehow both underwritten and overplotted , '' and while the action is `` frequent and competently staged , '' it might feel too repetitive `` as yet another witch is ripped apart limb from limb , sending yet another wave of viscera sluicing toward the camera . '' Similarly , Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post wrote that `` after a while it 's easy to become numb to the repulsive sights and bored by action that once seemed intense and exciting '' in this `` rarely funny spoof that 's heavy on bone - crushing and blood - gushing , '' giving it one - and - half star out of four . Steven Farber of The Hollywood Reporter also wrote a scathing review , saying that while `` Wirkola makes the most of the 3D technology '' , `` the film is too fanciful to be truly revolting '' for its gore effects and `` despite its few wry jokes , the script is awfully thin . '' Roger Moore of The Charlotte Observer gave the film one - and - a-half out of four stars , writing that Wirkola `` focuses on the fights and flings all manner of viscera at the 3 - D camera as limbs are whacked off and heads and torsos explode . Less attention was paid to the story , and the dialogue is a tad over-reliant on the random f - word to land a laugh . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film zero out of four stars , writing that `` nothing makes a whole lot of sense in this incoherent movie , whose director 's philosophy seems to be : When in doubt , cut somebody 's head off . '' Kat Murphy of MSN gave it one star out of four , comparing this `` big - budget faux fairy tale about skanky witches '' to a `` downscale video game for dull - eyed teens happy to lap up lame wisecracks and lots of gore . '' According to Vulture 's Bilge Ebiri , `` if the similarly situated Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter took itself too seriously , the problem with Hansel & Gretel is that it does n't quite take itself seriously enough . '' Keith Staskiewicz of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C - , calling it `` an intermittently fun , but overexcited and predictable mish - mash . '' Alicia Malone of IGN rated it a 4.5 / 10 , stating `` there are a few funny moments , but overall Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters is too similar to many films we 've seen before . '' Calum Marsh of Slant Magazine lambasted the film 's `` sub-Tim Burton aesthetic '' and wrote that `` the result suggests A Knight 's Tale as penned by Seth MacFarlane , '' giving it zero out of four stars . Scott A. Gray of Exclaim ! praised some elements of the film , such as `` lush and colourful art design that recalls a Guillermo Del Toro production , sound creature makeup and special effects , decently choreographed action scenes and a pair of leads who do their damnedest to sell the limp script '' , giving it a score of 4 / 10 . Chris Knight of The Vancouver Sun called it a `` mess of a fairy tale '' , expecting `` a wiccan outcry at the film 's depiction -- nay , endorsement -- of the torture of witch - folk . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave it one star out of four , concerned how it `` has an alarming number of females being strung up , burned , shot , decapitated and eviscerated . '' Some reception of the film , however , was much more positive , in particular by reviewers for horror outlets . Michael Gingold of Fangoria gave it two - and - half out of four skulls , while Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting gave it four out of five skulls , stating it `` is n't a movie meant to scare or make you think but it is one of the most entertaining and enjoyable movies of its kind that I 've seen in years . '' Scott Weinberg of FEARnet wrote that `` aside from some very clunky editorial missteps in the film 's second half , there 's a good deal of wit , enthusiasm , energy , and amusing attitude to be found in the dumb - yet - self - aware Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters , '' all while noting that he is `` not the type to act snobbish around a ridiculous film that obviously knows it 's ridiculous . '' According to Ryan Larson of Shock Till You Drop , the film `` is a mixed bag '' but `` fortunately , the lows do n't appear as often as you would think , '' and , `` if taken at face value , Hansel & Gretel is well worth the view . '' William Bibbiani of CraveOnline , who criticized the film 's inadequately `` limp '' marketing campaign , found the movie itself `` inherently stupid '' but in a good way , `` played with humor , ultraviolence and anachronistic fetish . '' Cinema Blend 's Sean O'Connell stated that the film is `` often mean and nasty , but that 's really its saving grace . '' Peter Paras of E ! recommended this `` super violent , pretty funny flick '' for how it `` revels in the mayhem '' . Tom Russo of The Boston Globe , giving the film three out of five stars , called it a `` splattery fanboy fun . Preposterous , clearly , but fun . '' Jonathon Natsis of Filmink wrote : `` Hansel and Gretel is not a ' film ' . It 's a ' movie ' , in all its unabashed , excitable glory ... big on blood - soaked entertainment and low on pretension . '' Rick Florino of Artistdirect gave it four out of five stars , stating : `` This has all the elements of a classic action flick , and it 's destined for cult status . Welcome to the most fun movie of 2013 . '' DVD Talk 's Jamie S. Rich summed up : `` Is Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters a good movie ? Probably not . At least not in any way that is defensible by regular critical standards . Is it a hell of a good time ? Absolutely so . Unabashedly so . That 's all it wants to be . '' This Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters may ( be ) the only ( one ) ; and , if so , no big whoop . But the good witches and the bad ones will linger in moviegoers ' memories . And we 'll always have Edward . -- Richard Corliss Neil Geinzlinger of The New York Times wrote that `` it may not stay in the public eye long because this movie is probably not going to put up Twilight - like numbers , '' adding that `` the script does n't give them enough of the witty lines that can elevate these types of movies to must - see status , which is odd , since the producers include Will Ferrell . '' Vince Horiuchi of The Salt Lake Tribune suggested that this film should have been made 30 years ago by Sam Raimi and starring Bruce Campbell , while instead `` the Hansel and Gretel we 're left with runs out of its magic potion far too early to let us enjoy its wicked possibilities . '' A more positive comparison to Raimi and Campbell 's Army of Darkness was made by Pete Vonder Haar of the Houston Press , who gave it three out of five `` witch hazels '' and wrote : `` I 'm not sure if witches are the next vampires / zombies , or if the hinted - at franchise potential has any legs , but this was a perfectly vulgar way to spend 90 minutes . '' Tim Grierson of Screen International wrote that Hansel and Gretel `` works best as an unapologetic B - movie action flick '' and `` feels like a first film in a franchise that 's meant to set up the main characters and conflicts , which can then be fleshed out in sequels '' but `` the problem is that there is n't enough here to warrant a return trip to this semi-magical land . '' Richard Corliss of TIME agreed with this sentiment , stating that `` one might be enough -- too much , for some tastes . '' Cult status ( edit ) At the conclusion of 2013 , Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters made multiple annual movie lists dedicated to underappreciated or underrated films . Movies.com opined it `` is , hands down , the most underappreciated film of the year ... ' Proper ' filmmaking or not , if you 've got me cheering at the screening , grinning big and then walking out with a little extra adrenaline , you 've done something right . '' Ryan Doom from JoBlo.com wrote that `` while usually that 's the thing I mock , ( Hansel & Gretel ) somehow ended up pretty damn enjoyable ... Why not ? It never takes itself serious and it knows exactly what it is : a silly film that is n't afraid to do what the hell it wants . '' Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters has hence been labeled as a cult film by a number of horror - fantasy film fans , as well as by some critics who initially saw no merit in the movie . This significant financial and fan following have led some to question the initial perception of the film in relation to its debut in January , considered to be `` a refuge for films that do n't have a shot of generating good word of mouth or having a leggy run . '' While Renner 's box office draw and the film 's `` well - articulated premise '' have been listed as major factors behind its theatrical success , its ability to maintain a lasting fan following has also been attributed to its original concept , excellent gore and action sequences , Renner 's and Arterton 's tongue - in - cheek performances , and the film 's ability to not take itself too seriously . The film was nominated for the 40th People 's Choice Awards in the category Favorite Horror Movie , but lost to Carrie . Accolades ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Nominated Result 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Horror Movie Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Nominated Sequel ( edit ) On March 19 , 2013 , Paramount announced that a sequel to the film is in the works due to overseas box office numbers . Hansel & Gretel producers Ferrell , McKay , Messick , and Flynn were reported to return . In June 2013 , McKay officially confirmed his involvement and said that `` everyone feels like as good as the first one is , we can really jack it up a level with the second one . So , fingers crossed everyone will come back '' ( including Renner and Arterton ) . McKay suggested that Paramount might insist harder to make the film rated PG - 13 this time . Talking about Wirkola 's `` pretty insane '' ideas for the second film , McKay said this could be one of those instances where the sequel does go further than the first one . '' Regarding the storyline , he offered one hint : `` Think of different kinds of witchcraft . '' It was revealed that the sequel will have a 2016 release date . In September 2014 , Wirkola announced that he would not be returning to direct the sequel : `` I have been lately attached to a few more things , it 's just a matter of time and priorities . I did Dead Snow , then Hansel & Gretel , and then Dead Snow 2 . I want to do something a little bit different now and not just do sequels . I did write the script and I hope to be involved in it . But yeah , I wo n't be directing it . '' He said `` the first film was a learning curve for me working in the studio system and the script I wrote for the original was so different ( than the final movie ) . We ended up taking a lot out and altering stuff that first time . I tried taking what I learned and still delivered a sequel script that 's an R - rated action film . '' Cinema Blend reported Renner said that despite his busy schedule he agreed to reprise the role of Hansel because the first film `` was a lot of fun doing the movie , '' but without Wirkola directing again he might be less likely to return for the sequel . On August 7 , 2015 , it was reported that Bruno Aveillan will make his feature film debut helming the sequel , with Wirkola as a writer and executive producer . Television adaptation ( edit ) Deadline Hollywood reported on October 14 , 2015 that Paramount was planning a Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters TV series . It is possible that this series may ultimately be produced in place of the proposed sequel . See also ( edit ) Hansel & Gretel Get Baked Legends : The Enchanted The Brothers Grimm List of films featuring diabetes List of 3D films List of 4DX motion - enhanced films List of films shot in digital Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Tommy Wirkola 's original treatment , Gretel developed an eating disorder , but that idea was dropped . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HANSEL & GRETEL - WITCH HUNTERS ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2013 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hänsel und Gretel : Hexenjäger . In : Lexikon des Internationalen Films . February 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Freigabebescheinigung des Trailers In : FSK . February 7 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : William Bibbiani , Extreme Version : Tommy Wirkola on Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters , CraveOnline , January 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ Wurm , Gerald ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Unrated Extended Cut ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` EXCL : Wirkola 's Not Holding Back in Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . ShockTillYouDrop.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Tommy Wirkola Talk HANSEL AND GRETEL : WITCH HUNTERS and DEAD SNOW Sequel '' . Collider . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Rutledge , From Nazi zombies to Hansel & Gretel - Tommy Wirkola interview , 3 News , 31 Jan 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel ( Blu - ray / DVD ) Horror Movie , DVD , & Book Reviews , News , Interviews at Dread Central '' . Dreadcentral.com. 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy dusts off Hansel and Gretl for new look at what really might have gone down in that forest '' . Daily News . New York . 2012 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Foy , Scott ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Warriors of Witchcraft ( DVD ) Horror Movie , DVD , & Book Reviews , News , Interviews at Dread Central '' . Dreadcentral.com . ^ Jump up to : Mottram , James ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Season of the witches - Hollywood 's new villains meet match in ' Hansel and Gretel ' South China Morning Post '' . Scmp.com . Jump up ^ 2013 Movie Preview : Season of the Witch , CineMovie , 18 December 2012 ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` ' Hansel & Gretel ' will bewitch box office this weekend '' . latimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki & Fleming , Mike ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Paramount Schedules ' Hansel & Gretel 3D ' For March 2 , 2012 ; MGM Co-Financing '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : Making Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters , Time Out Sydney , 30 Jan 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Official Site January 25 , 2013 '' . Hanselandgretelmovie.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Michell , A crum of an idea led to Hansel & Gretel hit film , theage.com.au , January 29 , 2013 Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Tommy Wirkola Tackling Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . FirstShowing.net . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( 2009 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Dante Harper to Polish Script for Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters Horror Movie , DVD , & Book Reviews , News , Interviews at Dread Central '' . Dreadcentral.com . ^ Jump up to : Kristy Puchko , Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Producer Adam McKay Says Critics Response Was Predictable And Lazy , CinemaBlend.com , 2013 - 06 - 07 ^ Jump up to : Jonathon Natsis , Extreme Vision Archived May 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , FilmInk , January 30 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Producer Had Early Talks With ' Twilight ' Cast '' . MTV Movies Blog . Jump up ^ Kevin Messick ' Hansel And Gretel ' Interview , ScreenTeamMedia , 29 January 2013 ^ Jump up to : Turek , Ryan ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Shock Interview : Tommy Wirkola Talks Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Shock Till You Drop . Jump up ^ Meredith Woerner , The grotesque witch concept art from Hansel & Gretel will probably turn you on , io9 , February 9 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Jan 17 , 2013 -- Jeremy Renner Interview For ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' ( flicksandbits.com ) '' . Jeremy Lee Renner . Jump up ^ Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Interview Tommy Wirkola , TvShowsandseries , 4 January 2013 ^ Jump up to : Tommy Wirkola - Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Interview , MSN , 13 - 01 - 15 Jump up ^ Yesenia Interviews Tommy Wirkola , `` Hansel & Gretel 3D '' Director , Yesi OnAir , 20 January 2013 ^ Jump up to : Grimms ' unlikely bounty hunters Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters breaks the norm for its stars , writes Jenny Cooney Carrillo. , smh.com.au , February 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Will ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Jeremy Renner - Reluctant Hero Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . ripitup.co.nz . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Tim ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Arterton to play Gretel ? '' . Sky Movies . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam Goodwin , Gemma Arterton joins Jeremy Renner in Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters , Filmonic , January 5 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hansel & Gretel : Interview with Star Jeremy Renner , EmanuelLevy.com Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner . `` ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' : FIRST LOOK Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . ^ Jump up to : Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters - Premiere , EPIXHD , 25 January 2013 Jump up ^ Hansel and Gretel : Not Your Ordinary Witch , EPIXHD , 23 January 2013 Jump up ^ Hansel And Gretel : Witch Hunters - Jeremy Renner & Gemma Arterton on YouTube , cinemit , 19 January 2013 Jump up ^ Drees , Rich ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Famke Janssen To Be The Prey Of HANSEL & GRETEL : WITCH HUNTERS '' . Film Buff Online . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Famke Janssen will bewitch ' Hansel and Gretel ' '' . UK.Reuters.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Famke Janssen Talks HANSEL AND GRETEL : WITCH HUNTERS , X-MEN Sequels , and HEMLOCK GROVE '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Adam Pockross , ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Five Film Facts : Bond Girls Abound , Yahoo ! Movies , Jan 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ HANSEL & GRETEL interview - Jeremy Renner & Gemma Arterton interview ( w / BRETT ) on YouTube , MachinimaETC , 24 January 2013 ^ Jump up to : HANSEL AND GRETEL WITCH HUNTERS INTERVIEWS Jeremy Renner Gemma Arterton Famke Janssen , PreviewWorld , 7 January 2013 Jump up ^ Famke Janssen - Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Interview , MSN , 13 - 01 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Interview : Famke Janssen - `` Muriel '' - HANSEL & GRETEL 2013 , VibenonFilms , 4 January 2013 Jump up ^ Hansel And Gretel Exclusive : Gemma Arterton - Jeremy Renner - Famke Janssen Archived May 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , KIIS FM , January 29 , 2013 Jump up ^ Derek Mears ' Hansel And Gretel ' Interview ! , ScreenTeamMedia , 6 January 2013 Jump up ^ Nastasi , Alison ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Jason Voorhees Joins ' Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Moviefone ( AOL Inc . ) . Jump up ^ Rebecca Murray , Exclusive Interview with Derek Mears On ' Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters ' and ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' , About.com Guide Jump up ^ Famke Janssen ' Hansel And Gretel ' Interview ! , ScreenTeamMedia , 6 January 2013 Jump up ^ Hansel and Gretel Witch Hunters Interview - Gemma Arterton ( 2013 ) , MovieclipsCOMINGSOON , 5 January 2013 Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Peter Stormare Cast in ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Berdal Joins ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' '' . Dark Horizons . Jump up ^ Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters - Interview - Pihla Viitala , Films N Movies , January 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Peter Stormare ' Hansel And Gretel ' Interview ! , ScreenTeamMedia , January 2013 Jump up ^ Stephen Scott ' Hansel And Gretel ' Interview ! , ScreenTeamMedia , 13 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters -- Set Photos of Renner and Arterton In Costume '' Archived April 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... SciFi Mafia . 2011 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Reader report from the set of Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Moviehole.net . Jump up ^ Exclusive Interview with Stars Jeremy Renner and Gemma Arterton , Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters , FlickDirect , 1 / 21 / 2013 Jump up ^ HANSEL & GRETEL - WITCH HUNTERS - Official Clip - `` Desert Witch '' on YouTube , paramountintl , 30 January 2013 ^ Jump up to : Gingold , Michael ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Gemma Arterton : Life 's a `` WITCH '' for `` HANSEL & GRETEL '' `` . Fangoria.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel to Hunt Witches in 3 - D Next March '' Archived February 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ReelzChannel . February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Jeremy Renner and Gemma Arterton seek vengeance in ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' - First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ STEREOTEC : Projects , Stereotec.com Jump up ^ Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters Complete B - Roll ( 2013 ) - Jeremy Renner Movie HD on YouTube , MovieclipsCOMINGSOON , 4 January 2013 Jump up ^ Famke Janssen : How I Got Injured on the Set of Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters , People , 27 January 2013 Jump up ^ Famke Janssen Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Premiere Interview , ClevverMovies , 30 - 01 - 2013 ^ Jump up to : Van McNeil , Famke Janssen Hansel and Gretel Interview. , 99.1 The Mix , Jan 25 2013 Jump up ^ ' Hansel & Gretel ' stuntwoman injured in gruesome accident , Toronto Sun , January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Bill Desowitz , Hansel and Gretel Make Kick - Ass Witch Hunters : The Grimm fairy tale gets a gory and funny reworking with plenty of supporting VFX. , Animation World Network , January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Review : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Daily Dead . 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ryan Turek , Shock Interview : Hansel & Gretel 's Witchy Woman Famke Janssen , Shock Till You Drop , January 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Visual Effects of Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters , Reviews on the Run , June 06 , 2013 Jump up ^ Interview : Jon Farhat - Visual Effects Supervisor - HANSEL & GRETEL 2013 , VibenonFilms , 4 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Picture Mill . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Insurge Picks up Sci - Fi Project ~ My Paramount Canada '' . Myparamountcanada.com . February 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Testing R - Rated and PG - 13 Versions of HANSEL AND GRETEL : WITCH HUNTERS '' . Collider. 2012 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Producer Says Sequel Will Be `` Insane '' and Probably PG - 13 ? , Bloody-Disgusting.com , June 07 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters -- Review '' . Inside Pulse . January 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Schweiger , Interview with Atli Örvarsson , Film Music Magazine , January 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters - Music from the Motion Picture : Atli Örvarsson : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters - Music from the Motion Picture '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters '' . La - La Land Records . Jump up ^ E3 2013 : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Set Up Shop ! Give Away Candy and Blu - rays ! , Dread Central , June 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) . `` ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Delays To 2013 So Jeremy Renner More Of Global Draw '' . Deadline Hollywood 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Madison , Jennifer ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Not your average fairytale : Jeremy Renner and Gemma Arterton are Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters as Hollywood re-imagines Brothers Grimm '' . London : Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly . `` ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' : What are the reviews saying ? '' . CSMonitor.com . Jump up ^ `` Palmdale probation check leads to $160 K movie piracy bust The Antelope Valley Times '' . Theavtimes.com. 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` HANSEL AND GRETEL : WITCH HUNTERS : : Worldwide Release Dates '' . Apps.paramountpictures.com . Jump up ^ `` 4DX Movies '' . Cj4dx.com . Jump up ^ `` TechnologiesHansel and Gretel Witch Hunters '' . D - BOX. 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` MediaMation Announces Deal With Cinemex : 4D Theater Roll - Out in Mexico '' . January 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemex for 4D Theater Rolled - Out Entertainment Engineering '' . Entertainment Engineering . April 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Spurlin , Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( Unrated ) ( Blu - ray ) , DVD Talk , June 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Phillip Yu , ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Hits Blu - ray / DVD on June 11 , Yahoo ! Movies , March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters 3D Blu - ray : Limited Edition , Blu-ray.com . Jump up ^ Paramount Home Media Distribution , The Legendary Tale Of Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Transforms Into A Rollicking -- And Unrated -- Action Spectacle Flying Onto Blu - ray TM , Blu - ray 3D TM And DVD June 11 , 2013 , PR Newswire . Jump up ^ The Dumpuary Movie Club : Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters , Grantland , January 28 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Weak $18 M But Opens # 1 ; ' Parker ' And ' Movie 43 ′ Flop - Yahoo ! News '' . News.yahoo.com . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner . `` Box office preview : ' Hansel and Gretel ' set to lead Grimm weekend Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` BOX OFFICE PREDICTIONS : Will Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters Win the Weekend ? '' . MovieWeb.com . ^ Jump up to : Lupian , Christian ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Friday Box Office : HANSEL AND GRETEL : WITCH HUNTERS Tops PARKER and MOVIE 43 with $6 Million '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner . `` Box office update : ' Hansel and Gretel ' wins Friday with $6 million Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) . `` ' Hansel and Gretel ' : 3D Witch Whackers Leading Slow Weekend Box Office - Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' nabs $19 M , No. 1 at box office `` . CBS News . 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Renner starrer `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' opens as No. 1 in North America - Xinhua English.news.cn `` . News.xinhuanet.com. 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Action remake of Hansel & Gretel wins box office The Straits Times Communities '' . Straitstimes.com. 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Box Office Mojo . ^ Jump up to : Greg Gilman , Paramount planning ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' sequel , Reuters , March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( Jan 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Most Successful Movie Studios of 2013 '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Movie Hype '' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters -- Movie Review `` . Scifimoviepage.com . Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hansel & Gretel ' : No happily ever after , or during '' . Usatoday.com . January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Critic Review for Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters on '' . Washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Farber , Steven ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel grow up with a grudge in ' Witch Hunters ' '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` A grim ' Gretel ' , ' Hans ' - down awful '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) - Critics ' Reviews - MSN Movies '' . Movies.msn.com . Jump up ^ Ebiri , Bilge . `` Movie Review : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Malone , Alicia ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters Review - IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gray , Scott A. `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters - Directed by Tommy Wirkola Film Reviews `` . Exclaim.ca . Jump up ^ `` Movie review : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters a medieval mess of a fairy tale '' . Vancouversun.com. 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters -- brisk and disposable ( in 3 - D , no less ) '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael . `` '' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' ( Movie Review ) `` . Fangoria.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonny Gives ' Hansel And Gretel ' A Spin And Likes What He Sees Bloody Disgusting Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' Review '' . FEARnet. 1996 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Larson , Ryan . `` Review : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . Shock Till You Drop . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William . `` Review : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . CraveOnline . Jump up ^ `` Hansel And Gretel : Witch Hunters Review '' . CinemaBlend.com . Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters : 5 Surprises in the Super Violent , Pretty Funny Jeremy Renner Flick E ! Online '' . Uk.eonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Movie review : ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' - A&E '' . Boston.com. 2013 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Natsis , Hansel & Gretel - Witch Hunters Archived April 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , FilmInk , January 29 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Movie Review -- 4 out of 5 stars - ARTISTdirect News '' . Artistdirect.com . Jump up ^ `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 3D ) : DVD Talk Review of the Theatrical '' . Dvdtalk.com. 2012 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' TIME.com '' . Entertainment.time.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Hansel & Gretel - Witch Hunters ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film review : ' Hansel & Gretel ' go witch hunting , but fail to offer enough shocks The Salt Lake Tribune '' . Sltrib.com. 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Vonder , Pete ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Reviews For The Easily Distracted : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters - Houston - Arts - Art Attack '' . Blogs.houstonpress.com . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Review Screen '' . Screendaily.com . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jeffrey ( Feb 21 , 2014 ) . `` And the nominees are n't : 10 underrated streaming films overlooked by Oscar '' . Tech Hiive . Jump up ^ Seigars , James . `` My top 10 list of films that came out in 2013 '' . Moviepilot . Jump up ^ The Best `` Worst '' Movies of 2013 , Movies.com , archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Doom , Ryan ( Jan 30 , 2014 ) . `` The F * ckin Black Sheep : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) '' . joblo.com . Jump up ^ Bonanno , Luke ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Movie Review '' . DVDizzy.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jay ( Jan 24 , 2014 ) . `` Movie review : I , Frankenstein a deliriously loopy invention '' . Canada.com . Jump up ^ Doom , Ryan ( Jan 30 , 2014 ) . `` The F * ckin Black Sheep : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) '' . joblo.com . Jump up ^ Calcagno , Robert ( Jan 27 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' I , Frankenstein ' stays dead in slow weekend '' . Daily Trojan . Jump up ^ `` ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ' sequel on the way '' . Toronto Sun . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters 2 Will Be Insane Promises Producer Adam McKay '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` CineEurope : Paramount Screens ' Transformers : Age of Extinction ' One Day Before World Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wirkola Not Helming `` HANSEL & GRETEL 2 '' `` . Fangoria . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy . `` ' Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters 2 ′ Update ; Script Has Been Finished '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Future Of Hansel And Gretel : Witch Hunters 2 Just Took A Huge Blow '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters 2 Names Director '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Switching ' Hansel & Gretel ' from Film to TV Series ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters premiere . Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters on IMDb Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters at Box Office Mojo Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters at Rotten Tomatoes Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters at Metacritic `` Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters '' . TV Tropes . Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters on Facebook <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Films 1990s Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) 2000s The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) 2010s Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="3"> `` Hansel and Gretel '' by the Brothers Grimm Film Hansel and Gretel ( 1954 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 2002 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 2007 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Hansel & Gretel ( 2013 ) Hansel & Gretel Get Baked ( 2013 ) Animation Babes in the Woods ( 1932 ) The Candy House ( 1934 ) Bewitched Bunny ( 1954 ) Hansel and Gretel : An Opera Fantasy ( 1954 ) Get Lost ( 1956 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XI '' ( 2000 ) TV Hansel and Gretel ( 1958 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1983 ) Once Upon a Time ( 2011 ) ( `` True North '' , `` Chosen '' ) Opera Hansel and Gretel Other Freeway II : Confessions of a Trickbaby ( 1999 ) Terror Toons 2 : The Sick and Silly Show ( 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Tommy Wirkola <Td_colspan="2"> Kill Buljo ( 2007 ) Dead Snow ( 2009 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Dead Snow : Red vs. Dead ( 2014 ) What Happened to Monday ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hansel_%26_Gretel:_Witch_Hunters&oldid=865379286 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films American films Horror adventure films German films 2013 3D films 2013 horror films 2010s action films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American action films American action adventure films American action comedy films American comedy horror films American fantasy films German 3D films German action films German adventure films German comedy films German fantasy films German horror films Action horror films American black comedy films Dark fantasy films Fictional twins Films about trolls Films about twins Films based on Hansel and Gretel Films directed by Tommy Wirkola Films produced by Adam McKay Films produced by Beau Flynn Films produced by Will Ferrell Films set in the 1820s Films set in Bavaria Films shot in California Films shot in Germany Films shot in Braunschweig Girls with guns films IMAX films American splatter films Splatter films Steampunk films Vigilante films Witch hunting Films about witchcraft Babelsberg Studio films Gary Sanchez Productions films MTV Films films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 15 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters
2. Dark fantasy action horror comedy film
3. Jeremy Renner and Gemma Arterton
4. Witch exterminators for hire
5. Box office success and planned sequel |
-423,284,461,265,279,600 | who has won more trophies man u or liverpool | Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry - wikipedia Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Liverpool F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Locale North West England Teams Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. First meeting 28 April 1894 1893 -- 94 Football League test match Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Latest meeting 10 March 2018 Premier League Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Stadiums Anfield ( Liverpool ) Old Trafford ( Manchester United ) <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Meetings total 200 Most player appearances Ryan Giggs ( 48 ) Top scorer Steven Gerrard ( 9 ) George Wall ( 9 ) Sandy Turnbull ( 9 ) All - time series Liverpool : 65 Drawn : 55 Manchester United : 80 Largest victory Liverpool 7 -- 1 Newton Heath 12 October 1895 ( 1895 -- 96 Second Division ) The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional association football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in Argentina , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively . The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1894 test match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1894 test match ( edit ) The first ever meeting between both clubs came in a Football League test match in 1894 , a post-season series to determine who will receive First Division membership for 1894 -- 95 . As Newton Heath finished bottom of the First Division at the end of 1893 -- 94 , they had to play off against the champions of the Second Division , Liverpool . Liverpool won the tie 2 -- 0 at Ewood Park in Blackburn , earning them First Division membership and condemning Newton Heath to the Second Division . 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) <Td_colspan="5"> Domestic honours Competition <Td_colspan="2"> Liverpool <Td_colspan="2"> Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="2"> 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total <Td_colspan="2"> 49 <Td_colspan="2"> 58 <Td_colspan="5"> European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total <Td_colspan="2"> 11 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="5"> Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total <Td_colspan="2"> 0 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Combined total Combined total <Td_colspan="2"> 60 <Td_colspan="2"> 66 Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 68 47 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 80 55 65 Table correct as of 10 March 2018 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 10 March 2018 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League <Td_colspan="4"> League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 43 16 26 <Td_colspan="3"> Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 68 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round <Td_colspan="3"> Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 <Td_colspan="3"> Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue <Th_colspan="3"> Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match <Td_colspan="3"> Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Head to Heads Manchester United '' . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Football Club Match Record and Head to Head Stats v Liverpool '' . MUFCinfo.com . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Liverpool vs Manchester Utd '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- The Super Clasico '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- the Old Firm '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Deby Della Madonnina '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Liverpool vs Manchester United is on a par with El Clasico ... and there is NOTHING wrong with English football '' . Daily Mail . 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aldred , Tanya ( 22 January 2004 ) . `` Rivals uncovered '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ryan Giggs '' . Football Focus . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remain Manchester United 's ' biggest rival ' says Ryan Giggs '' . The Independent . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Greatest Rivalries in Club Football : From Boca to the Bernabeu '' . The Bleacher Report . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` MAN UNITED AND LIVERPOOL REMAIN TOP TV DRAWS DESPITE 2013 -- 14 WITHOUT TROPHIES '' . Sporting Intelligence . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd drops down wealth league '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Matt ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` THE LIST : The greatest rivalries in club football , Nos 10 -- 1 '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe '' . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10724872/are-liverpool-and-everton-bigger-than-manchester-united-and-city Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/26/manchester-united-officially-knock-liverpool-off-their-perch-after-winning-42nd-major-honour-6474309/ Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2017/02/26/33095882/man-utd-usurp-liverpool-as-englands-most-successful-club Jump up ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/manchester-united/look-away-liverpool-fans-manchester-united-are-now-officially-the-most-successful-club-in-england-35753198.html Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/manchester-united-ajax-europa-league-final-most-successful-club-a7754166.html Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2008 ) . Mad for It . London : HarperSport . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 728080 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 1893 -- 94 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FA CHARITY / COMMUNITY SHIELD '' . Jump up ^ Evan Bleier ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Man United v Liverpool rivalry in quotes '' . men . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Room '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool v Man United : which club 's golden age is the best ? '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd v Liverpool : A strange kind of sporting love affair ? '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Blog : The history of Liverpool - Man United '' . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/club/manchester-united/360/blog/post/3133905/manchester-united-gruelling-season-couldnt-have-ended-better-with-europa-league-trophy Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT -- LIVERPOOL -- The legacy of the boot room '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley '' . Liverpool FC . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Keegan ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` The lessons for Manchester United to learn from Liverpool 's demise -- Manchester Evening News '' . men . Jump up ^ `` History by Decade '' . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United official history 1910 to 1919 -- Official Manchester United Website '' . Jump up ^ `` No Manchester United manager has won a trophy in their first TWO seasons in charge '' . Mail Online . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY -- 29 -- 1968 : Manchester Utd win European Cup '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` The greatest challenge of Sir Alex Ferguson 's career is almost over '' . theguardian.co.uk . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson hopes Manchester United record beaten -- ESPN FC '' . ESPNFC.com . Jump up ^ `` Rooney : I Hate Liverpool '' . 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool : the Class of 92 , Spice Boys and Cantona 's return '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United news : Gary Neville says Liverpool badge - kissing celebration was ' absolutely worth ' £ 10,000 fine '' . The Independent . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Complicated Than Hate '' . The Players ' Tribune . 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gary Neville and Jamie Carragher look back on Manchester United v Liverpool clash '' . Sky Sports . 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez reignites Evra row as angry United skipper grabs striker after handshake snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez should n't play for Liverpool again ! Fergie hits out ' disgraceful ' striker after snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bang out of order ! Dalglish blasts interviewer as Scot claims he did n't see Suarez snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry ! Suarez and Dalglish issue apologies over conduct at Old Trafford shame game '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United and Liverpool to escape FA action after Old Trafford clash '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The day that Phil crossed the great divide ! '' . Liverpool Echo. 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Owen completes switch to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Eyeing Heinze '' . thesoccerblog.org. 3 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2007 ) . The Man Utd Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 27 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Paul ( June 2004 ) . `` United All - Time Transfer List '' . Red11.org . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Matt ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` United We Stand '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Brady , Robert ( 2006 ) . An Undividable Glow -- The story of FCUM 's first season . Robert Brady . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9553620 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 6 February 2007 ) . `` US business duo at Liverpool helm '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` Liverpool braced for takeover bid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Liverpool appoint Martin Broughton as chairman to oversee sale of club '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Auditors cast doubt on future of Liverpool after losses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover to go ahead as owners lose case '' . ESPN . 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover completed by US company NESV '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wembley to act over spitting '' . The Independent . London : Independent News and Media . 13 May 1996 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield Admits Excrement Thrown at Utd Fans '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Fans Vandalise Old Trafford '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Dominic ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Sick chants , three arrests and four red cards ruin FA Youth Cup clash between Liverpool and Manchester United '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge slams Manchester United fans who marred Youth Cup game '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.givemesport.com/728246-liverpool-fans-unveil-abusive-banner-towards-manchester-united-fans-on-motorway Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Liverpool supporters welcomed to Manchester with ' murderers ' banner '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/manchester-united-liverpool-fans-clash-7580435 Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/reason-manchester-united-liverpool-fans-7581048 Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36372274 Jump up ^ `` Football News -- all the latest breaking football stories -- Mirror Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Simon ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Classic Liverpool v Manchester United encounters '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Ian ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool lift Worthington Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC News . 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool striker Luis Suarez handed eight - match ban '' . BBC News . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 February 2012 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19653230 External links ( edit ) FootballDerbies.com Complete results at LFCHistory.net United versus Liverpool at StretfordEnd.co.uk <Th_colspan="2"> Liverpool Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs `` Anfield Rap '' `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool L.F.C. Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal <Td_colspan="2"> Book WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Manchester United Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station The Class of ' 92 <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC <Th_colspan="2"> Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 A62 Arsenal -- Manchester United Aston Villa -- West Bromwich Black Country Brighton -- Crystal Palace Bristol Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds United Chester -- Wrexham East Anglia East Lancashire East Midlands Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest Essex Humber Leeds United -- Millwall Lincolnshire Liverpool -- Manchester United London Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 M69 Manchester Merseyside North East Tees -- Wear Tyne -- Tees Tyne -- Wear Nottingham Potteries Roses Rules Second City Severnside South Coast Steel City West Country West Lancashire West Yorkshire Wool City Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Highland Lanarkshire New Firm North Old Firm Renfrewshire Tayside Wales Chester -- Wrexham Severnside South Wales Northern Ireland Belfast Big Two North Belfast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C. -- Manchester_United_F. C. _rivalry&oldid = 843347654 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Malti 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Liverpool F.C. vs Manchester United F.C. rivalry
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4,914,597,279,507,388,000 | where is i'm a celebrity being filmed | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent series , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality television , Survival , Game show Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios as ITV Granada ) Developed by LWT James Allen , Natalka Znak , Brent Baker and Stewart Morris . Directed by Ian Hamilton ( 2002 ) Chris Power ( 2003 -- ) Presented by Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 No. of episodes 182 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Cowles Chris Brogden Becca Walker Location ( s ) Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 60 -- 120 mins ( including adverts ) Production company ( s ) LWT / Granada Television ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2002 -- 05 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 08 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( 2002 -- 09 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2010 -- ) Audio format Stereo Original release 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.itv.com/celebrity I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! ( often shortened to I 'm a Celebrity or I 'm a Celeb ) is a British survival reality television game show , first aired on 25 August 2002 , in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name . It is filmed in Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom . In the Republic of Ireland , TV3 began simulcasts at the beginning of series 3 in 2004 . The series moved to their sister channel 3e for series 12 , 13 and 14 . The series moved to UTV Ireland in 2015 for series 15 . The show has been contracted to air until at least 2019 , taking it to at least 19 series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Bushtucker trial 1.2 Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes 2 Filming location 3 Popularity and criticism 3.1 Controversies 4 Series details 5 Main series results 5.1 Series 1 ( 2002 ) 5.2 Series 2 ( 2003 ) 5.3 Series 3 ( 2004 ) 5.4 Series 4 ( 2004 ) 5.5 Series 5 ( 2005 ) 5.6 Series 6 ( 2006 ) 5.7 Series 7 ( 2007 ) 5.8 Series 8 ( 2008 ) 5.9 Series 9 ( 2009 ) 5.10 Series 10 ( 2010 ) 5.11 Series 11 ( 2011 ) 5.12 Series 12 ( 2012 ) 5.13 Series 13 ( 2013 ) 5.14 Series 14 ( 2014 ) 5.15 Series 15 ( 2015 ) 5.16 Series 16 ( 2016 ) 5.17 Series 17 ( 2017 ) 5.18 Series records and statistics 6 Series ratings 7 I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp 7.1 History 7.2 Presenters 8 References 9 External links Format This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In return for their appearance on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers , ITV Studios , make donations . The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle . The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities ' contracts private , prompting much speculation from the media . The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone , text message , or the `` red button '' ( a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services ) for the celebrity they would like to complete a `` Bushtucker Trial '' -- a physical task usually involving snakes , spiders or other creepy - crawlies found in the jungle -- and , later in each series , to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show . The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show , and is branded `` King / Queen of the Jungle '' . Bushtucker trial Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp . Bushtucker Trials take two formats : eating trials , or physical / mental tasks . In the eating trials , contestants are required to eat a variety of different `` jungle '' foods . Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star , which equals one meal for camp ( although the number of meals per star can vary ) . These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website . The foods that are required to be eaten can include : crickets ( in a variety of forms , such as cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead ) , green ants , mealworms , witchetty grub , roasted spider or tarantulas , kangaroo testicles , kangaroo penis , kangaroo vaginal parts , crocodile penis , cockroach ( prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks , eaten alive or dead ) . Other past foods include beach worms , bull 's tongues , the anus of various animals , vomit fruits , cooked pigs ' brains , various animal testicles , raw fish eyes , sheep eyes , blended rats or mice tails . The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars . These can include searching through dung , going through tunnels , negotiating obstacles on high wires , or performing other tasks . Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general . Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek . Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series . Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the `` Dingo Dollar Challenge '' . This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars . Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved , it is taken to a small woodshack shop , with shopkeeper ' Kiosk Keith ' . They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies . Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia . The `` Celebrity Chest '' was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series , in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge , which involves the celebrities collecting ' dingo dollars ' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp , if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong , Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop , leaving nothing for the camp . Formerly , ' The Celebrity Chest ' had a question with a choice of answers , similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge , the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members . If correct , they would win a treat , if incorrect , they would be told what the treat was . In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats . Filming location On location in the `` Jungle '' in Dungay , north - eastern New South Wales The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns , in Queensland , Australia . Since the second series , the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park , near Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia . Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on - site medical facilities , containers for the storage of props , and other back - stage facilities . Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions . From this area , a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios . The road then heads down into a valley via four - wheel drive access to the set of the show . Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth , although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open - air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from . While the roof of the main building is bright red , when filming is out of season , this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view . The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges . As they are so close to the celebrities , the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down . Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here ; in fact , some are performed well away from the area . Once out of the jungle , the contestants stay at the five - star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia . The health and well - being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS . McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges . Popularity and criticism The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively -- in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time . The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements , but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras . In one episode , a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles . Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked . In actuality , the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south . In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants , which sparked some criticism . It was also reported that , as a result , cash - strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series , and that the quality of the trials had gone down . Controversies ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red - button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run - off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney . The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints , on 23 November 2006 episode , the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed . 30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy . Due to late running , seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted , although this did not affect the result . Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7 . Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was . Former Sex Pistols manager , Malcolm McLaren , who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute , alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed , and the trials posed no real danger . He alleged that the show doctor told him that `` ' Things are so safe , I would send my own kids in to do the show ' . There is nothing bad in there . They 're hoodwinking the public '' . ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty . Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show . In 2012 , the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism , which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell , resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards . The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial . Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of ' animal cruelty for entertainment ' . ITV also received a further 500 complaints . In January 2016 , it was revealed no further action would be taken . Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew , which saw Ant joke that they get `` paid in ... '' following a word that was construed by many viewers as `` abos '' an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians . A spokesperson later responded , stating that Ant had actually said `` Avo 's which is short for avocados '' . Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series , and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health . There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador , due to her alleged role in the ' bullying ' . On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction , she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp , the ITV2 spin - off series stating that she was she `` under pressure '' , and that they were taken out of context . After his eviction from the camp , Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms , and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show . He latter accused of show of ' editing him ' to look like a bully . Following his third place eviction , Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of ' picking on him ' , stating that he has `` loves them '' and that there 's `` no beef between ( them ) '' . He also addressed claims that he had a `` game plan '' , stating that he was just being himself . Series details Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year . To date , there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Series Start date End date Sponsors Days in camp Campmates <Th_colspan="3"> Honour places Viewers ( millions ) Winner Second place Third place 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) N / A 15 8 Tony Blackburn Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Christine Hamilton 7.58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) V 10 Phil Tufnell John Fashanu Linda Barker 8.55 23 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) First Choice 16 Kerry Katona Jennie Bond Peter Andre 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 1 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 01 ) 18 11 Joe Pasquale Paul Burrell Fran Cosgrave 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12 Carol Thatcher Sheree Murphy Sid Owen 9.32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Iceland 19 Matt Willis Myleene Klass Jason Donovan 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 20 11 Christopher Biggins Janice Dickinson Jason `` J '' Brown 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 21 12 Joe Swash Martina Navratilova George Takei 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 13 Gino D'Acampo Kim Woodburn Jimmy White 9.37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) Stacey Solomon Shaun Ryder Jenny Eclair 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) Dougie Poynter Mark Wright Fatima Whitbread 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 12 Charlie Brooks Ashley Roberts David Haye 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 22 Kian Egan David Emanuel Lucy Pargeter 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 23 Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Jake Quickenden Melanie Sykes 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Aunt Bessie 's 22 13 Vicky Pattison George Shelley Ferne McCann 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12 Scarlett Moffatt Joel Dommett Adam Thomas 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) Tombola Arcade Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Jamie Lomas Iain Lee 9.96 Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com , online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company , Kia . Main series results The first three series of I 'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast . From series 4 onwards , the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November / early December . Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Walked or withdrew Late arrival Series 1 ( 2002 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 1 ) 8 contestants , 25 August -- 8 September 2002 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Tony Blackburn BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Day 1 Day 15 1st Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Socialite , model , columnist & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Christine Hamilton Author & public speaker Day 1 Day 14 3rd Nell McAndrew Glamour model & television presenter Day 1 Day 13 4th Rhona Cameron Comedian Day 1 Day 12 5th Darren Day Actor , singer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 6th Nigel Benn Former Middleweight champion boxer Day 1 Day 10 7th Uri Geller Magician , television personality & self - proclaimed psychic Day 1 Day 9 8th Series 2 ( 2003 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 2 ) 10 contestants , 28 April -- 12 May 2003 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Phil Tufnell Former England left - arm orthodox spin bowler Day 1 Day 15 1st John Fashanu Former England striker & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd Linda Barker Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 15 3rd Wayne Sleep Royal Ballet dancer Day 1 Day 14 4th Antony Worrall Thompson Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 13 5th Toyah Willcox Singer - songwriter & actress Day 1 Day 12 6th Catalina Guirado Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 11 7th Chris Bisson Holby City & Prime Suspect actor Day 1 Day 10 8th Danniella Westbrook Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 9 9th Siân Lloyd Television weather reporter Day 1 Day 8 10th Series 3 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 3 ) 10 contestants , 26 January -- 9 February 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Kerry Katona Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 16 1st Jennie Bond BBC royal correspondent Day 1 Day 16 2nd Peter Andre Pop singer Day 1 Day 16 3rd Lord Brocket Television presenter Day 1 Day 15 4th Katie Price Glamour model Day 1 Day 14 5th Alex Best Glamour model Day 1 Day 13 6th John Lydon Sex Pistols band member & presenter Day 1 Day 11 7th Neil Ruddock Former England footballer Day 1 Day 11 8th Diane Modahl Olympic middle distance runner Day 1 Day 10 9th Mike Read Radio DJ & journalist Day 1 Day 9 10th Series 4 ( 2004 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 4 ) 11 contestants , 21 November -- 6 December 2004 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Pasquale Comedian Day 1 Day 18 1st Paul Burrell Former Royal Household servant Day 1 Day 18 2nd Fran Cosgrave Nightclub manager , television personality & bodyguard Day 1 Day 18 3rd Janet Street - Porter Broadcaster & journalist Day 1 Day 17 4th Sophie Anderton Glamour model Day 1 Day 15 5th Antonio Fargas Starsky & Hutch actor Day 1 Day 14 6th Sheila Ferguson The Three Degrees singer Day 1 Day 13 7th Vic Reeves Vic and Bob comedian Day 5 Day 12 8th Nancy Sorrell Model & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 9th Natalie Appleton Former All Saints singer Day 1 Day 10 10th Brian Harvey East 17 singer Day 2 Day 7 11th Series 5 ( 2005 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 5 ) 12 contestants , 20 November -- 5 December 2005 : Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Carol Thatcher Journalist & author Day 1 Day 18 1st Sheree Murphy Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 18 2nd Sid Owen EastEnders actor & singer Day 1 Day 18 3rd Jimmy Osmond Singer , actor & businessman Day 1 Day 17 4th Bobby Ball Cannon and Ball comedian & actor Day 6 Day 16 5th Antony Costa Former Blue singer Day 1 Day 15 6th Jenny Frost Former Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 14 7th David Dickinson Former Bargain Hunt presenter Day 1 Day 12 8th Kimberley Davies Former Neighbours actress Day 1 Day 11 9th Jilly Goolden Wine critic & journalist Day 1 Day 11 10th Tommy Cannon Cannon and Ball comedian Day 6 Day 10 11th Elaine Lordan Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 1 12th Series 6 ( 2006 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 6 ) 12 contestants , 13 November -- 1 December 2006 : Team Base Camp Team Snake Rock <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Matt Willis Busted band member Day 1 Day 19 1st Myleene Klass Hear'Say singer Day 1 Day 19 2nd Jason Donovan Stage & screen performer Day 1 Day 19 3rd David Gest Music promoter & television producer Day 1 Day 18 4th Dean Gaffney Former EastEnders actor Day 5 Day 18 5th Jan Leeming Journalist & broadcaster Day 1 Day 17 6th Malandra Burrows Emmerdale actress Day 6 Day 16 7th Phina Oruche Footballer 's Wives actress Day 1 Day 15 8th Lauren Booth Broadcaster , journalist & activist Day 1 Day 14 9th Faith Brown Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 13 10th Scott Henshall Model & fashion designer Day 1 Day 12 11th Toby Anstis Global Radio presenter Day 1 Day 11 12th Series 7 ( 2007 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 7 ) 11 contestants , 12 -- 30 November 2007 : Team Croc Creek Team Snake Rock Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Christopher Biggins Film , television & stage actor Day 5 Day 20 1st Janice Dickinson Supermodel Day 1 Day 20 2nd Jason `` J '' Brown Former 5ive singer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Cerys Matthews Singer - songwriter Day 1 Day 19 4th Gemma Atkinson Hollyoaks actress & glamour model Day 1 Day 18 5th Anna Ryder Richardson Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 16 6th Rodney Marsh Retired England footballer Day 1 Day 15 7th John Burton Race Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 14 8th Lynne Franks Spokeswoman & writer Day 1 Day 13 9th Katie Hopkins The Apprentice contestant Day 2 Day 12 10th Marc Bannerman EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 11 11th Series 8 ( 2008 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 8 ) Series 8 : Sunday 16 November -- 5 December 2008 : Home Camp Away Camp Entered after contestants were brought together . <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Joe Swash EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 21 1st Martina Navratilova Retired professional tennis player Day 1 Day 21 2nd George Takei Former Star Trek actor Day 1 Day 21 3rd David Van Day Former Dollar singer Day 5 Day 20 4th Simon Webbe Blue singer Day 1 Day 19 5th Nicola McLean Glamour model Day 1 Day 18 6th Brian Paddick Liberal Democrat & retired policeman Day 1 Day 17 7th Esther Rantzen Television presenter & charity campaigner Day 1 Day 16 8th Timmy Mallett Children 's television presenter Day 5 Day 15 9th Carly Zucker Personal trainer & model Day 1 Day 14 10th Dani Behr Television presenter , model & singer Day 1 Day 13 11th Robert Kilroy - Silk Former Labour Party politician & television presenter Day 1 Day 12 12th Series 9 ( 2009 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 9 ) Series 9 : 15 November -- 4 December 2009 Base Camp Camp Exile Left before camp was split <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Gino D'Acampo Chef & television presenter Day 1 Day 21 1st Kim Woodburn How Clean Is Your House ? presenter Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jimmy White Professional snooker player Day 1 Day 21 3rd Justin Ryan Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 20 4th Stuart Manning Former Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 19 5th Sabrina Washington Former Mis - Teeq singer Day 1 Day 18 6th George Hamilton Film actor Day 1 Day 17 7th Joe Bugner Heavyweight boxer Day 4 Day 16 8th Samantha Fox Former model & singer Day 1 Day 14 9th Colin McAllister Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 10th Lucy Benjamin Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 10 11th Katie Price Businesswoman & television personality Day 2 Day 9 12th Camilla Dallerup Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer Day 1 Day 4 13th Series 10 ( 2010 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 10 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me out of Here ! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series , as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the `` Coming Out '' show at the conclusion of series 9 . This is the first series in HD . Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials . Series 10 : 14 November -- 4 December 2010 Camp Sheila Camp Bruce Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Famous for Entered Exited Finished Stacey Solomon The X Factor contestant Day 1 Day 21 1st Shaun Ryder Former Happy Mondays singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd Jenny Eclair Comedian & novelist Day 4 Day 20 3rd Dom Joly Comedian Day 4 Day 19 4th Kayla Collins Playboy model Day 1 Day 19 5th Aggro Santos Rapper Day 1 Day 18 6th Linford Christie Retired Olympic sprinter Day 1 Day 17 7th Gillian McKeith Nutritionist , author & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Britt Ekland Actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Alison Hammond This Morning presenter Day 6 Day 15 10th Lembit Öpik Former Liberal Democratic Party MP Day 1 Day 13 11th Sheryl Gascoigne Author Day 1 Day 12 12th Nigel Havers Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 9 13th Series 11 ( 2011 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 11 ) The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011 . The official line - up was confirmed on 9 November 2011 . Series 11 : 13 November -- 3 December 2011 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Dougie Poynter McFly bassist Day 1 Day 21 1st Mark Wright The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 21 2nd Fatima Whitbread Olympic javelin thrower Day 1 Day 20 3rd Antony Cotton Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 20 4th Willie Carson Former horse racing jockey Day 1 Day 19 5th Crissy Rock Benidorm actress Day 1 Day 18 6th Emily Scott Swimwear model Day 5 Day 17 7th Jessica - Jane Clement Glamour model , actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th Lorraine Chase Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 15 9th Pat Sharp Television & radio broadcaster Day 3 Day 14 10th Sinitta 80s pop singer Day 3 Day 13 11th Stefanie Powers Stage & screen actress Day 1 Day 12 12th Freddie Starr Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 3 13th Series 12 ( 2012 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 12 ) The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012 . The official line - up was revealed on 7 November 2012 . Series 12 : 11 November -- 1 December 2012 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Charlie Brooks EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 21 1st Ashley Roberts Former The Pussycat Dolls singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd David Haye Heavyweight boxer Day 1 Day 20 3rd Eric Bristow Professional darts player Day 1 Day 19 4th Hugo Taylor Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 18 5th Rosemary Shrager Celebrity chef Day 5 Day 17 6th Helen Flanagan Coronation Street actress & model Day 1 Day 16 7th Colin Baker Former Doctor Who actor Day 1 Day 15 8th Linda Robson Birds of a Feather actress Day 1 Day 13 9th Limahl Kajagoogoo band member Day 5 Day 12 10th Nadine Dorries Conservative Party politician Day 1 Day 11 11th Brian Conley Actor & comedian Day 1 Day 9 12th Series 13 ( 2013 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 13 ) The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013 . The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013 . The line - up was confirmed on 13 November 2013 . Series 13 : 17 November 2013 -- 8 December 2013 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Kian Egan Former Westlife singer Day 1 Day 22 1st David Emanuel Royal fashion designer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Lucy Pargeter Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 21 3rd Joey Essex The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 20 4th Amy Willerton Miss Universe Great Britain 2013 Day 1 Day 20 5th Rebecca Adlington Former Olympic swimmer Day 1 Day 19 6th Alfonso Ribeiro Sitcom actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Steve Davis Former professional snooker player Day 1 Day 18 8th Matthew Wright The Wright Stuff presenter Day 1 Day 17 9th Vincent Simone Strictly Come Dancing professional Day 5 Day 17 10th Laila Morse EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 16 11th Annabel Giles Television presenter & author Day 5 Day 15 12th Series 14 ( 2014 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 14 ) The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 . On 15 October 2014 , a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website . On 11 November , the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV . On 20 November , a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show . Series 14 : 16 November 2014 -- 7 December 2014 Team Croc Creek / Rescuer Team Celebrity Slammer Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty Retired World Superbike racer Day 1 Day 23 1st Jake Quickenden The X Factor contestant Day 5 Day 23 2nd Melanie Sykes Television presenter & model Day 1 Day 23 3rd Edwina Currie Former Conservative Party politician & author Day 5 Day 22 4th Tinchy Stryder Rapper Day 1 Day 21 5th Kendra Wilkinson Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 21 6th Vicki Michelle Sitcom actress Day 1 Day 20 7th Michael Buerk Newsreader & war journalist Day 1 Day 19 8th Nadia Forde Model , television personality & singer Day 1 Day 18 9th Jimmy Bullard Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 17 10th Craig Charles Actor , comedian & presenter Day 1 Day 4 11th Gemma Collins The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 3 12th Series 15 ( 2015 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 15 ) The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014 . Series 15 : 15 November 2015 -- 6 December 2015 Red Team ( Leader : Tony Hadley ) Yellow Team ( Leader : Susannah Constantine ) Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Vicky Pattison Geordie Shore star Day 3 Day 22 1st George Shelley Union J singer Day 1 Day 22 2nd Ferne McCann The Only Way is Essex star Day 3 Day 22 3rd Kieron Dyer Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 21 4th Jorgie Porter Hollyoaks actress Day 1 Day 21 5th Tony Hadley Spandau Ballet singer Day 1 Day 20 6th Duncan Bannatyne Former Dragons ' Den panelist & entrepreneur Day 1 Day 19 7th Lady Colin Campbell Royal biographer & socialite Day 1 Day 17 8th Chris Eubank Retired professional boxer Day 1 Day 17 9th Yvette Fielding Actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 10th Brian Friedman Dancer & The X Factor choreographer Day 1 Day 15 11th Susannah Constantine Fashion journalist Day 1 Day 13 12th Spencer Matthews Made in Chelsea star Day 3 Day 5 13th Series 16 ( 2016 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 16 ) The show returned in 2016 , and is the second in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015 . It began airing on 13 November 2016 . Series 16 : 13 November 2016 -- 4 December 2016 Jungle Celebs City Celebs Entered after contestants were brought together <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Scarlett Moffatt Gogglebox star Day 1 Day 22 1st Joel Dommett Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 22 2nd Adam Thomas Emmerdale actor Day 1 Day 22 3rd Sam Quek Olympic hockey player Day 1 Day 21 4th Wayne Bridge Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 20 5th Martin Roberts Homes Under the Hammer presenter Day 5 Day 20 6th Larry Lamb Actor Day 1 Day 19 7th Carol Vorderman TV presenter & former Countdown co-host Day 1 Day 18 8th Jordan Banjo Diversity Dance Troupe Member Day 1 Day 17 9th Ola Jordan Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer Day 1 Day 16 10th Lisa Snowdon Fashion model & presenter Day 1 Day 15 11th Danny Baker Radio presenter Day 5 Day 13 12th Series 17 ( 2017 ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) The show returned in 2017 , and is the third in a three - year contract , as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016 . It began airing on 19 November 2017 . Series 17 : 19 November 2017 -- 10 December 2017 Team Snake Rock Team Croc Creek Left before camp was split <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Known for Entered Exited Finished Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 22 1st Jamie Lomas Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 22 2nd Iain Lee Comedian Day 5 Day 22 3rd Jennie McAlpine Coronation Street actress Day 1 Day 21 4th Amir Khan Professional boxer Day 1 Day 20 5th Dennis Wise Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 19 6th Stanley Johnson Politician & author Day 1 Day 18 7th Vanessa White The Saturdays singer Day 1 Day 17 8th Rebekah `` Becky '' Vardy Wife of Jamie Vardy Day 1 Day 16 9th Kezia Dugdale Politician & former Scottish Labour leader Day 5 Day 15 10th Shappi Khorsandi Stand - up comedian Day 1 Day 13 11th Jack Maynard DJ & YouTube personality Day 1 Day 3 12th Series records and statistics This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . 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( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Biggest winning percentage : 83.42 % -- Gino D'Acampo ( Series 9 ) Closest winning percentage : 50.56 % -- Charlie Brooks ( Series 12 ) Longest stay in camp : 23 days -- Carl `` Foggy '' Fogarty & Melanie Sykes ( Series 14 ) Shortest stay in camp : 1 day -- Elaine Lordan ( Series 5 ) Most appearances : 2 series -- Katie Price ( Series 3 and Series 9 ) Most bushtucker trials : 12 trials -- Adam Thomas ( Series 16 ) Most consecutive bushtucker trials : 7 trials -- Helen Flanagan ( Series 12 ) Most refused bushtucker trials : 2 trials -- Lady Colin Campbell ( Series 15 ) Series ratings Series Start date End date No. of shows Highest rating ( millions ) Lowest rating ( millions ) Average rating ( millions ) 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 8 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 15 10.95 6.14 7.58 28 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 28 ) 12 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 12 ) 12.73 5.15 8.55 26 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) 17 14.99 8.96 11.02 21 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 21 ) 6 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) 16 11.43 7.04 8.66 5 20 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 5 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) 12.35 7.69 9.32 6 13 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 13 ) 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 17 10.05 6.97 7.96 7 12 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 19 8.84 5.00 7.45 8 16 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 5 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 20 10.19 7.91 8.78 9 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 19 10.86 7.86 9.37 10 14 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 4 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) 13.48 6.68 10.37 11 13 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 3 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) 11.10 6.98 10.08 12 11 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 1 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) 11.51 8.81 10.49 13 17 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 8 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 20 13.05 9.62 11.14 14 16 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) 7 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 11.97 9.21 10.26 15 15 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 6 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 21 11.32 8.88 9.86 16 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 12.66 9.21 10.42 17 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 22 12.69 8.88 9.96 Note for `` Average rating '' : Since 2010 incl . HD viewers and since 2011 incl . `` ITV + 1 '' consumers . I 'm a Celebrity : Extra camp <Th_colspan="2"> I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Created by Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios ) Presented by See presenters below Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 17 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Location ( s ) Australia Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV2 Picture format 576i : SDTV ( 2002 -- 2010 ) 1080p : HDTV ( 2011 -- present ) Original release 27 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 27 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.itv.com/celebrity I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp ( previously I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! ) is a companion show , broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland . It features behind - the - scenes footage of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off . Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5 -- 8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK . Since series 9 , the show has been filmed completely live in Australia with occasional celebrity interviews based in London , shown through webcam . History Logo used from 2007 to 2015 In the first series , the show was presented by Irish TV presenter Louise Loughman . In series 2 -- 3 , the show was presented by Mark Durden - Smith and Tara Palmer - Tomkinson . In series 4 , Palmer - Tomkinson was absent and Durden - Smith was the only host . For the fifth series , Palmer - Tomkinson returned to present the show . Durden - Smith did not , as he decided to spend time with his children instead . He was replaced by Matt Brown . Palmer - Tomkinson did not return for series 6 . In series 6 , Brendon Burns initially presented the show , but left after three episodes . This led to Durden - Smith returning for the rest of the series , where he presented from the UK . He was joined by new presenters Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier ( briefly Steve Wilson before Brazier took over ) , who presented from the jungle in Australia . Also this series , a 5pm teatime programme , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Exclusive , ran each weekday on ITV . It was co-hosted by series 5 runner - up Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield in 2006 . It did not return for a second series . For series 7 -- 8 , Matt Willis and his wife Emma took over from the previous hosts , Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier , in Australia . Because they were having a child in early 2009 , they did not return to present series 9 . Durden - Smith also presented the show , from the UK , for the final time . Series 9 to 10 saw new presenter Caroline Flack take over with roving reporter Joe Swash , email / people reporter Russell Kane , and a panel of celebrity pundits , which changed approximately every three to five days . For series 11 , Flack left in order to present another ITV2 show , The Xtra Factor , and was replaced by Laura Whitmore . Swash and Kane both stayed on for the eleventh series . On 16 June 2012 , it was announced that Kane would not return to Get Me Out of Here ! NOW ! . He was replaced by stand - up comic Rob Beckett . All three presenters returned to present the thirteenth and fourteenth series of the show . Due to tour commitments , Beckett did not return for Series 15 . He was replaced by comedian David Morgan . On 14 April 2016 , Laura Whitmore stated that she would not be returning to the Jungle . On 31 May 2016 during an interview on Up Late with Rylan , Morgan confirmed that he would not be returning to the series due to other work commitments . They were replaced by Vicky Pattison , Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey . On 13 April 2017 , Pattison and Ramsey both stated on social media that they would not be returning to the show in 2017 . It was confirmed that 2016 winner Scarlett Moffatt was announced as a new presenter in September 2017 and will join long - running presenter Joe Swash on the new series . It was also confirmed that Joel Dommett would join the presenting lineup . Presenters Various TV presenters and comedians have hosted the show since it began in 2002 , with Joe Swash having presented the most series , at nine . Series Year Presenter ( s ) Comedian 2002 Louise Loughman N / A 2003 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Mark Durden - Smith Mark Durden - Smith 5 2005 Tara Palmer - Tomkinson Matt Brown 6 2006 Kelly Osbourne Steve Wilson Jeff Brazier Brendon Burns 7 2007 Emma Willis Matt Willis N / A 8 2008 9 2009 Caroline Flack Joe Swash Russell Kane 10 11 2011 Laura Whitmore Joe Swash 12 2012 Rob Beckett 13 2013 14 2014 15 2015 David Morgan 16 2016 Vicky Pattison Stacey Solomon Joe Swash Chris Ramsey 17 2017 Scarlett Moffatt Joe Swash Joel Dommett Notes : Jump up ^ Durden - Smith later returned for Series 6 , 7 and 8 as the UK co-presenter of the show . References ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Jungle Sums ! Ant & Dec sign for three more I 'm A Celeb series '' . 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes at the Jungle Camp '' . Official Ant and Dec. 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` See inside stunning I 'm a Celebrity hotel where stars swap gruelling jungle life for jaw - dropping luxury '' . The Mirror. 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Celeb ' bosses ' regret Price return ' '' . Digital Spy. 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Pete ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` I 'm a Celeb vote cock - up storm '' . London : The Sun . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 83 '' . Ofcom. 23 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin , Issue 108 '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom. 8 May 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bannerman 's ex hopes Cerys ' rots in hell ' '' . RTÉ. 5 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cerys and Marc criticise ' misleading ' footage '' . RTÉ. 28 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walkout jungle star blasts the show '' . RTÉ . n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ITV apologises for rat killing on I 'm A Celebrity ... '' BBC News . 7 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's D'Acampo and Manning face rat charges '' . BBC . 6 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` David Cameron defends decision to suspend Nadine Dorries '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom to probe ITV after Ferne McCann eats a huge LIVE spider '' . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity 's live spider eating cleared despite nearly 1,500 complaints '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity bosses forced to deny Ant McPartlin said ' racial slur ' during show '' . The Sun . 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity celebrities accused of ' bullying ' Iain Lee '' . TellyMix. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's ' Mean Girls ' do n't know the damage they can do to Iain '' . Metro. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibb , Jessica ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Rebekah Vardy 's call to be axed as mental health ambassador after ' bullying ' '' . mirror . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 's Rebekah Vardy defends herself over bullying claims as she insists she did n't badmouth Iain Lee '' . The Sun . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise interview CUT OFF as he addresses Iain ' bullying ' claims '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Roxanne ( 9 December 2017 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity 2017 : Dennis Wise SLAMS ITV editing ' I looked like a bully ' '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ' return date confirmed by ITV '' . Digital Spy. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Essex boy , a con - artist , a boy band bassist and a former Olympian ... meet this year 's I 'm A Celebrity contestants '' . Daily Mail . 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! Series 12 - Episode 1 '' . Radio Times . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And the countdown begins ... '' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . ITV. 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! '' . ITV . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Emily Hewett for ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` The I 'm A Celeb promo is here and Dec 's got something he needs to get off his chest ... '' Jump up ^ `` I 'm A Celebrity 2014 : Launch date revealed with Ant and Dec set to '' . 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity lineup confirmed : Michael Buerk , Kendra , Craig Charles '' . Digital Spy. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ITV News on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Timmy Ehegötz ( Hrsg . ) : `` Internationaler Lizenzhandel mit Fernsehformaten . '' Untertitel : Die programmpolitische Relevanz des TV - Formathandels für deutsche Fernsehsender -- analysiert an dem Formatimport `` Ich bin ein Star Holt mich hier raus ! '' . Tredition , Hamburg 2015 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7323 - 2627 - 3 , S. 80 . Jump up ^ I 'm a comic , get me out of here Chortle.co.uk Jump up ^ `` COMIC Russell Kane is leaving ITV2 's I 'm a Celebrity spin - off after three years '' . The Sun . 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ' series 12 start date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian . `` Comedian David Morgan replaces Rob Beckett on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here Now ! '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Solomon Insists There 's No Hard Feelings After Being Dropped From ' I 'm A Celeb ' Spin - Off Show '' . HuffPost. 3 October 2017 . External links I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! at itv.com I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! on IMDb Coordinates : 28 ° 15 ′ 42.75 '' S 153 ° 21 ′ 1.79 '' E / 28.2618750 ° S 153.3504972 ° E / - 28.2618750 ; 153.3504972 <Th_colspan="2"> I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK ) <Td_colspan="2"> Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Winners Tony Blackburn Phil Tufnell Kerry Katona Joe Pasquale Carol Thatcher Matt Willis Christopher Biggins Joe Swash Gino D'Acampo Stacey Solomon Dougie Poynter Charlie Brooks Kian Egan Carl Fogarty Vicky Pattison Scarlett Moffatt Georgia `` Toff '' Toffolo <Th_colspan="2"> International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! <Td_colspan="2"> Australia France Germany Hungary India Romania Sweden United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=816191781 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2010s British reality television series 2002 British television programme debuts I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK ) ITV reality television programmes English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in New South Wales Television shows set in Queensland Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 21 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)
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-4,003,190,487,750,796,300 | why does the third period in the periodic table contain 8 elements | Period 3 element - wikipedia Period 3 element Jump to : navigation , search Period 3 in the periodic table Hydrogen <Td_colspan="30"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="24"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="24"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="14"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="13"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( hide ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row ( or period ) of the periodic table of the chemical elements . The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring ( periodic ) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases : a new row is begun when the periodic table skips a row and a chemical behaviour begins to repeat , meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns . The third period contains eight elements : sodium , magnesium , aluminium , silicon , phosphorus , sulfur , chlorine , and argon . The first two , sodium and magnesium , are members of the s - block of the periodic table , while the others are members of the p - block . Note that there is a 3d subshell , but it is not filled until period 4 , such giving the period table its characteristic shape of `` two rows at a time '' . All of the period 3 elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Periodic trends 1.1 Atomic radius 1.2 Electronegativity 1.3 Ionization energy 2 Elements 2.1 Sodium 2.2 Magnesium 2.3 Aluminium 2.4 Silicon 2.5 Phosphorus 2.6 Sulfur 2.7 Chlorine 2.8 Argon 3 Biological role 4 Table of elements 5 References Periodic trends ( edit ) Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Atomic radius ( edit ) Calculated period 3 atomic radii in picometers . Main article : Atomic radius As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases , the atomic radius decreases . Electronegativity ( edit ) Main article : Electronegativity As the atomic mass of elements in Period 3 increases , the electronegativity increases . Ionization energy ( edit ) Main article : Ionization energy As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases , the amount of energy required to remove its electrons ( Ionization energy ) increases . Elements ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> Chemical element Chemical series Electron configuration 11 Na Sodium Alkali metal ( Ne ) 3s 12 Mg Magnesium Alkaline earth metal ( Ne ) 3s 13 Al Aluminium Post-transition metal ( Ne ) 3s 3p 14 Si Silicon Metalloid ( Ne ) 3s 3p 15 Phosphorus Polyatomic nonmetal ( Ne ) 3s 3p 16 Sulfur Polyatomic nonmetal ( Ne ) 3s 3p 17 Cl Chlorine Diatomic nonmetal ( Ne ) 3s 3p 18 Ar Argon Noble gas ( Ne ) 3s 3p Sodium ( edit ) Main article : Sodium Sodium ( symbol Na ) is a soft , silvery - white , highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals ; its only stable isotope is Na . It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars , sodalite and rock salt . Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth 's bodies of water , most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride . Many sodium compounds are useful , such as sodium hydroxide ( lye ) for soapmaking , and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient . The free metal , elemental sodium , does not occur in nature but must be prepared from sodium compounds . Elemental sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide . The same ion is also a component of many minerals , such as sodium nitrate . Magnesium ( edit ) Main article : Magnesium Magnesium ( symbol Mg ) is an alkaline earth metal and has common oxidation number + 2 . It is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole . Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole ( behind iron , oxygen and silicon ) , making up 13 % of the planet 's mass and a large fraction of planet 's mantle . The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon ( which in turn is made from three helium nuclei ) . Due to magnesium ion 's high solubility in water , it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater . The free element ( metal ) is not found naturally on Earth , as it is highly reactive ( though once produced , it is coated in a thin layer of oxide ( see passivation ) , which partly masks this reactivity ) . The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light , making it a useful ingredient in flares . The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine . Commercially , the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium - magnesium alloys , sometimes called `` magnalium '' or `` magnelium '' . Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium , these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength . Magnesium ions are sour to the taste , and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters . Aluminium ( edit ) Main article : Aluminium Aluminium ( symbol Al ) or aluminum ( American English ) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements and a post-transition metal . It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances . Aluminium is the third most abundant element ( after oxygen and silicon ) , and the most abundant metal , in the Earth 's crust . It makes up about 8 % by weight of the Earth 's solid surface . Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively . Instead , it is found combined in over 270 different minerals . The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite . Aluminium is remarkable for the metal 's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation . Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials . The most useful compounds of aluminium , at least on a weight basis , are the oxides and sulfates . Silicon ( edit ) Main article : Silicon Silicon ( symbol Si ) is a tetravalent metalloid . It is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon , the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table , but more reactive than germanium , the metalloid directly below it in the table . Controversy about silicon 's character dates to its discovery : silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824 , and given the name silicium ( from Latin : silicis , flints ) , with an - ium word - ending to suggest a metal . However , its final name , suggested in 1831 , reflects the more physically similar elements carbon and boron . Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass , but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature . It is most widely distributed in dusts , sands , planetoids , and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide ( silica ) or silicates . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth 's crust ( about 28 % by mass ) after oxygen . Most silicon is used commercially without being separated , and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature . These include direct industrial building - use of clays , silica sand and stone . Silica is used in ceramic brick . Silicate goes into Portland cement for mortar and stucco , and when combined with silica sand and gravel , to make concrete . Silicates are also in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain , and in traditional quartz - based soda - lime glass . More modern silicon compounds such as silicon carbide form abrasives and high - strength ceramics . Silicon is the basis of the ubiquitous synthetic silicon - based polymers called silicones . Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy . Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining , aluminum - casting , and fine chemical industries ( often to make fumed silica ) , the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics ( < 10 % ) is perhaps even more critical . Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits , the basis of most computers , a great deal of modern technology depends on it . Phosphorus ( edit ) Main article : Phosphorus Phosphorus ( symbol P ) is a multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group , phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state , as inorganic phosphate rocks . Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms -- white phosphorus and red phosphorus -- but due to its high reactivity , phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth . The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced ( white phosphorus , in 1669 ) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen -- hence its name given from Greek mythology , Φωσφόρος meaning `` light - bearer '' ( Latin Lucifer ) , referring to the `` Morning Star '' , the planet Venus . Although the term `` phosphorescence '' , meaning glow after illumination , derives from this property of phosphorus , the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white ( but not red ) phosphorus and should be called chemiluminescence . It is also the lightest element to easily produce stable exceptions to the octet rule . The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers . Other applications include the role of organophosphorus compounds in detergents , pesticides and nerve agents , and matches . Sulfur ( edit ) Main article : Sulfur Sulfur ( symbol S ) is an abundant , multivalent non-metal . Under normal conditions , sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature . Chemically , sulfur can react as either an oxidant or reducing agent . It oxidizes most metals and several nonmetals , including carbon , which leads to its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds , but it reduces several strong oxidants , such as oxygen and fluorine . In nature , sulfur can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals . Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes . Being abundant in native form , sulfur was known in ancient times , mentioned for its uses in ancient Greece , China and Egypt . Sulfur fumes were used as fumigants , and sulfur - containing medicinal mixtures were used as balms and antiparasitics . Sulfur is referenced in the Bible as brimstone in English , with this name still used in several nonscientific terms . Sulfur was considered important enough to receive its own alchemical symbol . It was needed to make the best quality of black gunpowder , and the bright yellow powder was hypothesized by alchemists to contain some of the properties of gold , which they sought to synthesize from it . In 1777 , Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was a basic element , rather than a compound . Elemental sulfur was once extracted from salt domes where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form , but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century . Today , almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur - containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum . The element 's commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers , because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it , and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid , a primary industrial chemical . Other well - known uses for the element are in matches , insecticides and fungicides . Many sulfur compounds are odiferous , and the smell of odorized natural gas , skunk scent , grapefruit , and garlic is due to sulfur compounds . Hydrogen sulfide produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes . Chlorine ( edit ) Main article : Chlorine Chlorine ( symbol Cl ) is the second lightest halogen , found in the periodic table in group 17 . The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions , called dichlorine . It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements ; for this reason , chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent . The most common compound of chlorine , sodium chloride , has been known since ancient times ; however , around 1630 , chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont . The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , who called it `` dephlogisticated muriatic acid air , '' having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid , because acids were thought at the time to necessarily contain oxygen , a number of chemists , including Claude Berthollet , suggested that Scheele 's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element , and Scheele named the supposed new element within this oxide as muriaticum . The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac and Louis - Jacques . This was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810 , who named it chlorine , from the Greek word χλωρος ( chlōros ) , meaning `` green - yellow . '' Chlorine is a component of various compounds , including table salt . It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth 's crust . The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses , as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry . As a common disinfectant , chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary . In the upper atmosphere , chlorine - containing molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion . Argon ( edit ) Main article : Argon Argon ( symbol Ar ) is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table ( the noble gases ) . Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth 's atmosphere , at 0.93 % , making it more common than carbon dioxide . Nearly all of this argon is radiogenic argon - 40 derived from the decay of potassium - 40 in the Earth 's crust . In the universe , argon - 36 is by far the most common argon isotope , being the preferred argon isotope produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas . The name `` argon '' is derived from the Greek word αργον meaning `` lazy '' or `` the inactive one '' , a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions . The complete octet ( eight electrons ) in the outer atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements . Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 . Argon is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air . Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high - temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive ; for example , an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning . Argon gas also has uses in incandescent and fluorescent lighting , and other types of gas discharge tubes . Argon makes a distinctive blue - green gas laser . Biological role ( edit ) Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants . In animals , sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes , allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated ; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macromineral . Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body ; its ions are essential to all living cells , where they play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP , DNA , and RNA . Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function . Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll , and is thus a common additive to fertilizers . Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives , antacids ( e.g. , milk of magnesia ) , and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required ( e.g. , to treat eclampsia ) . Despite its prevalence in the environment , aluminium salts are not known to be used by any form of life . In keeping with its pervasiveness , it is well tolerated by plants and animals . Because of their prevalence , potential beneficial ( or otherwise ) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest . Silicon is an essential element in biology , although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals , however various sea sponges need silicon in order to have structure . It is much more important to the metabolism of plants , particularly many grasses , and silicic acid ( a type of silica ) forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic diatoms . Phosphorus is essential for life . As phosphate , it is a component of DNA , RNA , ATP , and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes . Demonstrating the link between phosphorus and life , elemental phosphorus was historically first isolated from human urine , and bone ash was an important early phosphate source . Phosphate minerals are fossils . Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in some aquatic systems . Today , the most important commercial use of phosphorus - based chemicals is the production of fertilizers , to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil . Sulfur is an essential element for all life , and is widely used in biochemical processes . In metabolic reactions , sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory ( oxygen - replacing ) materials for simple organisms . Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins biotin and thiamine , the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur . Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin . Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins , as the amino acids cysteine and methionine . Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin , found in outer skin , hair , and feathers , and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned . Elemental chlorine is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all lifeforms , and is used as a pulmonary agent in chemical warfare ; however , chlorine is necessary to most forms of life , including humans , in form of chloride ions . Argon has no biological role . Like any gas besides oxygen , argon is an asphyxiant . Table of elements ( edit ) <Th_colspan="19"> ( hide ) Period 3 in the periodic table 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Th_colspan="3"> Group → <Th_colspan="3"> ↓ Period Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg <Td_colspan="10"> Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar <Td_colspan="19"> <Td_colspan="19"> black = solid green = liquid red = gas gray = unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element <Td_colspan="10"> Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : <Td_colspan="6"> Metal Metalloid <Td_colspan="3"> Nonmetal Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Period 3 Element from Scienceaid.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Abundance and form of the most abundant elements in Earth 's continental crust '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Housecroft , C.E. ; Sharpe , A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Prentice Hall . pp. 305 -- 306 . ISBN 978 - 0131755536 . Jump up ^ Ash , Russell ( 2005 ) . The Top 10 of Everything 2006 : The Ultimate Book of Lists . Dk Pub . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1321 - 3 . Jump up ^ Anthoni , J Floor ( 2006 ) . `` The chemical composition of seawater '' . Jump up ^ Shakhashiri , Bassam Z . `` Chemical of the Week : Aluminum '' . Science is Fun . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nave , R. Abundances of the Elements in the Earth 's Crust , Georgia State University Jump up ^ Herbert Diskowski , Thomas Hofmann `` Phosphorus '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a19_505 Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; & Earnshaw , A. ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd Edn . ) , Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3365 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Magnesium in health '' . Jump up ^ Aluminum Compounds , Inorganic . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a01_527. pub2 . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Forrest H. ( 1984 ) . `` Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 4 : 21 -- 41 . PMID 6087860 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 04.070184. 000321 . <Th_colspan="2"> Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Chemistry Portal <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Periodic table <Td_colspan="2"> ( Large cells ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="14"> 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="30"> He Li Be <Td_colspan="24"> Ne Na Mg <Td_colspan="24"> Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc <Td_colspan="14"> Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y <Td_colspan="14"> Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og <Td_colspan="2"> Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_3_element&oldid=801117510 '' Categories : Periods in the periodic table Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Pages containing element color directly Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Latina Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Period 3 elements in the periodic table
2. Atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy trends in Period 3
3. Sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon
4. Biological role of Period 3 elements
5. Properties and uses of Period 3 elements |
2,231,106,162,265,840,600 | who did lisa maxwell play in grange hill | Lisa Maxwell ( actress ) - wikipedia Lisa Maxwell ( actress ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lisa Maxwell <Td_colspan="2"> at the 2009 BAFTA award ceremony in London ( 1963 - 11 - 24 ) 24 November 1963 ( age 54 ) Elephant and Castle , London , England Occupation Actress , television presenter Years active 1976 -- present Spouse ( s ) Paul Jessup ( m . 2014 ) Children Lisa Maxwell ( born 24 November 1963 ) is an English actress and television presenter , best known for her roles in The Bill as Samantha Nixon , in EastEnders as Naomi and in Hollyoaks as Tracey Donavan . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Comedy 2.3 Presenting 2.4 Other appearances 3 Personal life 4 Selected TV and filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in the Elephant & Castle district of Southwark , south London in November 1963 , she was trained at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts , and first acted on TV aged 11 in a schools programme A Place Like Home . In 1981 she participated in BBC TV 's A Song for Europe as a member of the group Unity . They finished in last place with the song `` For Only a Day '' . When she was conceived , her father John Murphy had a pregnant wife . Her 22 - year - old mother Val returned to her parents ' home , where all three brought her up . She met her father for the first time when she was 45 . She has three paternal half - siblings . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Maxwell 's first senior role was in Remembrance ( 1982 ) , and in the same year she voiced Kira in the Jim Henson film The Dark Crystal . In 1993 she auditioned for the part of Daphne Moon in Frasier , but the part eventually went to Jane Leeves . She played Detective Inspector Samantha Nixon in the ITV1 drama The Bill between 2002 and 2009 . She joined the cast in late - 2001 and filmed her last scenes on The Bill on 20 March 2009 . In September 2013 she appeared in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders , playing Naomi , the girlfriend of established character , David Wicks ( Michael French ) . In 2016 , Maxwell played Judy Garland in the UK tour of End of the Rainbow and also joined the cast of Hollyoaks as Tracey Donovan , the mother of established character , Grace Black ( Tamara Wall ) and her half - brothers , Adam ( Jimmy Essex ) , Liam ( Maxim Baldry ) and Jesse ( Luke Jerdy ) . In May 2018 it was announced that she would be appearing in Celebrity Masterchef later that year . Comedy ( edit ) Maxwell appeared on The Russ Abbot Show in 1990 which led to her getting her own short - lived TV show , the Lisa Maxwell Show on BBC television in 1991 . Presenting ( edit ) In 1985 , Maxwell won a television vote to become a presenter on the BBC Two pop music show No Limits . The other winning presenter was Jeremy Legg . She then went on to become a presenter on a number of children 's programmes including Children 's ITV flagship magazine programme Splash ! In March 2009 , Maxwell began appearing as a regular panellist on ITV 's lunchtime chat show , Loose Women . However soon after starting she was forced to take a break after she fractured two ribs . She returned to the show on 10 June 2009 . In March 2014 , it was announced that she was to leave the show immediately , saying `` It 's not the same show '' . Other appearances ( edit ) On 5 August 2008 , Maxwell appeared in an episode of Daily Cooks Challenge . On 7 March 2009 Maxwell , along with Patrick Robinson participated in Let 's Dance for Comic Relief . They danced to Riverdance . On 27 February 2010 , she took part in an episode of All Star Family Fortunes On 30 April 2011 , Maxwell was a participant on ITV 's Sing If You Can show . On 7 November 2012 , Maxwell was a contestant in All Star Mr & Mrs with her partner Paul . On 4 January 2013 , Maxwell took part in a celebrity episode of The Million Pound Drop Live as a part of the Channel 4 mash - up evening along with Sherrie Hewson , Jane McDonald and Denise Welch . On 28 December 2013 , Maxwell took part in a celebrity edition of the ITV game show The Cube in a Loose Women special alongside Sherrie Hewson and Denise Welch . Together they were defeated by The Cube , but took away £ 1,000 which they split between their three chosen charities . On 3 May 2014 , she appeared in a special Crime episode of Pointless Celebrities Personal life ( edit ) In April 2009 , during an appearance on The Paul O'Grady Show , Maxwell revealed the deciding factor in her leaving The Bill was the long hours worked and that she had suffered two miscarriages during 2008 . She also said her friend and co-star Roberta Taylor had convinced her to leave the show for the sake of her health . On 28 February 2012 , just before a leap day ( which would be the traditional day for a woman to propose ) , she proposed to her long - term partner Paul Jessup , with whom she has been in a relationship since 1997 . She has one child with Jessup , a daughter who was born in October 1999 , called Beau . They married in 2014. On April 14th 2018 Maxwell appeared on an episode of Pointless Celebrities along with Trudie Goodwin . Selected TV and filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Remembrance N / A 1982 The Dark Crystal Kira ( voice ) 1985 The Tripods Zerlina 1985 The Benny Hill Show Hill 's Angel 1987 - 1991 The Laughter Show various 1990 - 1992 The Russ Abbot Show various Bottom Lilly Linneker Episode : `` Digger '' Comedy Playhouse Mojo Episode : `` Once in a Lifetime '' 2002 − 09 The Bill Sgt. / Acting D.I. / D.I. Samantha Nixon Series Lead 2003 Murder Investigation Team Special Guest 2005 Broken News N / A 2006 Free Jimmy Lise Voice only 2009 − 14 Loose Women Herself Regular panellist 2009 The Paul O'Grady Show Christmas Pantomime Fairy Rosebud 2011 71 Degrees North Contestant 2013 EastEnders Naomi Guest role 2016 − 2017 Hollyoaks Tracey Donovan Recurring guest role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lisa Maxwell Loose Women , ITV , 29 April 2010 Jump up ^ How I found my father after 45 years Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` ' EastEnders ' : Lisa Maxwell to play David Wicks 's girlfriend '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Harry ( 7 August 2016 ) . `` Hollyoaks casts The Bill star Lisa Maxwell as Grace Black 's mum '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity MasterChef fires up the ovens for another hot summer '' . BBC . 16 May 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ ' Loose Women ' Star Lisa Maxwell Quits The ITV Show With Immediate Effect Jump up ^ Pointless Celebrities Series 6 - Episode 8 Radio Times ^ Jump up to : `` Bill star reveals baby heartache '' Digital Spy , 18 April 2009 Jump up ^ The Sun Jump up ^ Davies , Alex ( 20 September 2018 ) . `` Who is Lisa Maxwell 's husband ? Inside Celeb Masterchef star 's family life '' . OK ! Magazine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lisa Maxwell ( actress ) . Lisa Maxwell on IMDb WorldCat Identities VIAF : 100749155 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Maxwell_(actress)&oldid=861117685 '' Categories : 1963 births English film actresses English television actresses Living people English television presenters English soap opera actresses Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 BLP articles lacking sources from October 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 06 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Lisa Maxwell - English actress and television presenter
2. The Bill - TV drama series where Lisa Maxwell played Samantha Nixon
3. EastEnders - Soap opera where Lisa Maxwell played Naomi
4. Hollyoaks - TV series where Lisa Maxwell played Tracey Donovan
5. Career - Lisa Maxwell's acting, comedy, and presenting work |
6,095,991,008,962,344,000 | who won epl goal of the season 2017 | BBC goal of the season - wikipedia BBC goal of the season Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the English football award . For the Irish football award , see Goal of the Season ( Ireland ) . For similar awards , see Goal of the Year ( disambiguation ) . In English football , the Goal of the Season is an annual competition and award given on BBC 's Match of the Day , in honour of the most spectacular goal scored that season . It is typically contested between the winners of the preceding ten Goals of the Month , although the goal can and has come from any game in the regular season , including international qualifiers and friendlies -- potentially from the opening league games of the season to the end of the European season UEFA Champions League final . In several instances , the goal has come in the final game of the domestic season , the FA Cup Final , the most recent example of which is Steven Gerrard 's last minute goal in 2006 . However , in 1980 - 81 for example the superb goal scored by Ricky Villa in the FA Cup Final replay for Tottenham Hotspur against Manchester City could not be considered as voting had already taken place . In general , the winning goal has occurred for an English side within the domestic English league or cups , although these are not particular rules -- Kenny Dalglish 's goal in 1982 -- 83 for Scotland being an example . The goal usually comes from competitions to which the BBC holds television rights and which are shown under the Match of the Day banner -- at present Premier League highlights and FA Cup live matches and highlights -- although some have come from the equivalent Sportscene broadcast by BBC Scotland . Due to the lack of BBC European club football coverage , held predominantly by ITV and Sky , no goal of the season has ever been scored in European club competition despite many contenders . Due to a transfer of broadcast rights , the entries for the 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 seasons were decided on ITV 's The Premiership , which have been subsequently recognised by the BBC . When the BBC previously could not show league footage from 1988 -- 89 to 1991 -- 92 , the winning goal in each season was scored in the FA Cup which they held the rights to . League rights holder ITV had its own competition during these seasons for Goal of the Season , broadcast on the Saint and Greavsie show . Previously the channels had shared league and cup rights ( showing different matches to each other ) and for many years ITV broadcast its own Golden Goals competition as an equivalent of Goal of the Season . From 2013 -- 14 season onwards , the Goal of the Season has been chosen by a Twitter poll and the BBC Sport website . Jack Wilshere is the first player to win Goal of the Season in consecutive seasons ( 2013 -- 14 and 2014 -- 15 ) since the start of the Premier League . The 1987 - 88 competition was unique in that all 10 goals shortlisted were scored by Liverpool players . As of 2015 - 16 , this is the only occasion where the contenders were made up entirely of goals scored by players for one club . For several years in the late 2000s , the winner was not subject to public vote due to the 2007 Phone - in scandals . The winning goal was instead decided by pundits in the studio . 2014 -- 15 goal of the season controversy ( edit ) On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the 2014 -- 15 season , Match of the Day held an online vote at around 11 pm GMT for the Goal of the Season award . Users were able to vote via the BBC website or via Twitter . The poll was quickly rigged by Arsenal supporters , many from the Far East , resulting in Jack Wilshere winning the award for his final day strike against West Bromwich Albion , despite not being the favourite . Host Gary Lineker expressed surprise as he read out the winner , and pundit Alan Shearer suggested that Charlie Adam should have won the award for his 66 - yard effort against Chelsea ; fellow pundit Danny Murphy felt former Fulham team - mate Bobby Zamora should have won . The incident was labelled a `` shambles '' by Pete Smith of The Stoke Sentinel who thought that Stoke City 's Adam should have won , and a `` concerted campaign by Arsenal fans '' by Alan Pattullo of The Scotsman , who also believed that the Scottish midfielder was deserving of the award . Mark Brus of Caught Offside also criticized the choice stating that a goal in a meaningless game should not have won Goal of the Season and that Juan Mata 's acrobatic effort against Liverpool was worthy of the award . The following season , before the final episode of that season 's Match of the Day , the programme 's producers changed the rules to prevent a similar situation . The Goal of the Season award has since been decided by the pundits on the show , who will choose the winner based on the top three goals voted for by the public . List of winners ( edit ) Source Season Scorer Nationality For Against Stadium Competition Date Commentator Notes 1970 -- 71 Hunt , Ernie Ernie Hunt England Coventry City Everton Highfield Road First Division 3 October 1970 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1971 -- 72 Radford , Ronnie Ronnie Radford England Hereford United Newcastle United Edgar Street FA Cup 5 February 1972 Motson , John John Motson 1972 -- 73 Osgood , Peter Peter Osgood England Chelsea Arsenal Stamford Bridge FA Cup 17 March 1973 Coleman , David David Coleman 1973 -- 74 Mullery , Alan Alan Mullery England Fulham Leicester City Craven Cottage FA Cup 26 January 1974 Motson , John John Motson 1974 -- 75 Walsh , Mickey Mickey Walsh Ireland Blackpool Sunderland Bloomfield Road Second Division 1 February 1975 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1975 -- 76 Francis , Gerry Gerry Francis England Queens Park Rangers Liverpool Loftus Road First Division 16 August 1975 Motson , John John Motson 1976 -- 77 McDermott , Terry Terry McDermott England Liverpool Everton Maine Road FA Cup 23 April 1977 Motson , John John Motson 1977 -- 78 Gemmill , Archie Archie Gemmill Scotland Nottingham Forest Arsenal City Ground First Division 21 January 1978 Coleman , David David Coleman 1978 -- 79 Kennedy , Ray Ray Kennedy England Liverpool Derby County Baseball Ground First Division 24 February 1979 Motson , John John Motson 1979 -- 80 Fashanu , Justin Justin Fashanu England Norwich City Liverpool Carrow Road First Division 9 February 1980 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1980 -- 81 Morley , Tony Tony Morley England Aston Villa Everton Goodison Park First Division 7 February 1981 Motson , John John Motson 1981 -- 82 Regis , Cyrille Cyrille Regis England West Bromwich Albion Norwich City The Hawthorns FA Cup 13 February 1982 Parry , Alan Alan Parry 1982 -- 83 Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Scotland Scotland Belgium Heysel Stadium , Brussels Euro 1984 qualifying 15 December 1982 Gubba , Tony Tony Gubba 1983 -- 84 Wallace , Danny Danny Wallace England Southampton Liverpool The Dell First Division 16 March 1984 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1984 -- 85 Sharp , Graeme Graeme Sharp Scotland Everton Liverpool Anfield First Division 20 October 1984 Motson , John John Motson 1985 -- 86 Robson , Bryan Bryan Robson England England Israel Tel Aviv Friendly 26 February 1986 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1986 -- 87 Houchen , Keith Keith Houchen England Coventry City Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium FA Cup 16 May 1987 Motson , John John Motson 1987 -- 88 Aldridge , John John Aldridge Ireland Liverpool Nottingham Forest Hillsborough FA Cup 9 April 1988 Motson , John John Motson 1988 -- 89 Aldridge , John John Aldridge Ireland Liverpool Everton Wembley Stadium FA Cup 20 May 1989 Motson , John John Motson 1989 -- 90 Wright , Ian Ian Wright England Crystal Palace Manchester United Wembley Stadium FA Cup 12 May 1990 Motson , John John Motson 1990 -- 91 Gascoigne , Paul Paul Gascoigne England Tottenham Hotspur Arsenal Wembley Stadium FA Cup 14 April 1991 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1991 -- 92 Thomas , Mickey Mickey Thomas Wales Wrexham Arsenal Racecourse Ground FA Cup 4 January 1992 Gubba , Tony Tony Gubba 1992 -- 93 Atkinson , Dalian Dalian Atkinson England Aston Villa Wimbledon Selhurst Park Premier League 3 October 1992 Tyldesley , Clive Clive Tyldesley 1993 -- 94 Wallace , Rod Rod Wallace England Leeds United Tottenham Hotspur Elland Road Premier League 17 April 1994 Sinstadt , Gerald Gerald Sinstadt 1994 -- 95 Le Tissier , Matthew Matthew Le Tissier England Southampton Blackburn Rovers Ewood Park Premier League 10 December 1994 Tyldesley , Clive Clive Tyldesley 1995 -- 96 Yeboah , Tony Tony Yeboah Ghana Leeds United Wimbledon Selhurst Park Premier League 23 September 1995 Davies , Barry Barry Davies 1996 -- 97 Sinclair , Trevor Trevor Sinclair England Queens Park Rangers Barnsley Loftus Road FA Cup 25 January 1997 Motson , John John Motson 1997 -- 98 Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands Arsenal Leicester City Filbert Street Premier League 27 August 1997 Gubba , Tony Tony Gubba 1998 -- 99 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Wales Manchester United Arsenal Villa Park FA Cup 14 April 1999 Champion , Jon Jon Champion 1999 -- 2000 Di Canio , Paolo Paolo Di Canio Italy West Ham United Wimbledon Upton Park Premier League 26 March 2000 Brotherton , Simon Simon Brotherton 2000 -- 01 Bartlett , Shaun Shaun Bartlett South Africa Charlton Athletic Leicester City The Valley Premier League 1 April 2001 Champion , Jon Jon Champion 2001 -- 02 Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands Arsenal Newcastle United St James ' Park Premier League 2 March 2002 Mowbray , Guy Guy Mowbray 2002 -- 03 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur Highbury Premier League 16 November 2002 Tyldesley , Clive Clive Tyldesley 2003 -- 04 Hamann , Dietmar Dietmar Hamann Germany Liverpool Portsmouth Anfield Premier League 17 March 2004 Tyldesley , Clive Clive Tyldesley 2004 -- 05 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Middlesbrough Old Trafford FA Cup 29 January 2005 Motson , John John Motson 2005 -- 06 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England Liverpool West Ham United Millennium Stadium FA Cup 13 May 2006 Motson , John John Motson 2006 -- 07 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Bolton Wanderers Old Trafford Premier League 17 March 2007 Wilson , Steve Steve Wilson 2007 -- 08 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur White Hart Lane Premier League 15 September 2007 Motson , John John Motson 2008 -- 09 Johnson , Glen Glen Johnson England Portsmouth Hull City Fratton Park Premier League 22 November 2008 Brotherton , Simon Simon Brotherton 2009 -- 10 Figueroa , Maynor Maynor Figueroa Honduras Wigan Athletic Stoke City Britannia Stadium Premier League 12 December 2009 Gubba , Tony Tony Gubba 2010 -- 11 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney England Manchester United Manchester City Old Trafford Premier League 12 February 2011 Wilson , Steve Steve Wilson 2011 -- 12 Cissé , Papiss Papiss Cissé Senegal Newcastle United Chelsea Stamford Bridge Premier League 2 May 2012 Wilson , Steve Steve Wilson 2012 -- 13 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Netherlands Manchester United Aston Villa Old Trafford Premier League 22 April 2013 Mowbray , Guy Guy Mowbray 2013 -- 14 Wilshere , Jack Jack Wilshere England Arsenal Norwich City Emirates Stadium Premier League 19 October 2013 Pearce , Jonathan Jonathan Pearce 2014 -- 15 Wilshere , Jack Jack Wilshere England Arsenal West Bromwich Albion Emirates Stadium Premier League 24 May 2015 Motson , John John Motson 2015 -- 16 Alli , Dele Dele Alli England Tottenham Hotspur Crystal Palace Selhurst Park Premier League 23 January 2016 Green , Alan Alan Green 2016 -- 17 Can , Emre Emre Can Germany Liverpool Watford Vicarage Road Premier League 1 May 2017 Fisher , Martin Martin Fisher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Match of the Day : 25 Years of Goal of the Season video ( 1995 , voiced by John Motson ) Jump up ^ `` MOTD Live Poll '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) , Goal of the Season contenders ( 1987 - 88 ) , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ Simon Rice ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` Jack Wilshere wins Match of the Day Goal of the Season award after Arsenal fans hijack vote '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Pete Smith ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Stoke City : Charlie Adam denied goal of the season by Arsenal fans in MOTD shambles '' . The Stoke Sentinel . Jump up ^ Alan Pattulo ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Arsenal fans rob Charlie Adam of goal of the season '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ Mark Brus ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` Wilshere goal of the season : Meaningless Arsenal goal should not have won ahead of this Manchester United '' . Caught Offside . Jump up ^ Sean Kearns ( 14 May 2016 ) . `` Match of the Day change rules on goal of the season award to stop Arsenal fans from hijacking vote '' . Metro . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Goal of the Season from 1970 - 71 to Present '' . My Football Facts . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` The Joy of Six : Training - ground set - piece goals '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Motson ( 2005 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top five thunderbolt strikes of all time '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradford ( 2006 ) , p. 480 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vote for your greatest QPR goal ! '' . Queens Park Rangers. 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Motson ( 2010 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Clough ( 2009 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Villa 's Fab 50 top player countdown : 21 Tony Morley '' . Aston Villa . 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lepkowski , Chris ( 15 January 2008 ) . `` Albion legends - Cyrille Regis '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cyrille Regis : An Iconic Footballer Tells His Story '' . Cross Rhythms. 15 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` FA Cup semi crackers , great cricket spats and the best BMX stunt ever '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Neil ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Mersey Derby Memories : Graeme Sharp 's screamer gives Everton FC Anfield victory in 1984 '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Auclair ( 2009 ) , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : `` Was it too early to be Goal of the Season ? '' . Daily Mirror. 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards ( 2011 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Le Tisser ( 2009 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 10 June 1995 ) . `` Matthew Le Tissier , you will not be surprised to hear , is a useful golfer . And he is getting plenty of practice just now '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Albert - Number 8 '' . BBC Sport. 7 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swindon Town confirm Paolo di Canio as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bartlett wins Goal of the Season '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2001 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Special : Thierry Henry 's Top 10 Greatest Moments For Arsenal '' . Goal.com. 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the Season 2003 / 04 Premiership ITV Goal 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the season '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the season '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2006 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the season '' . BBC Sport. 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the season '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goal of the season '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fig gets goal gong '' . Wigan Today . 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi , Wayne Rooney and Neymar shortlisted for Fifa Puskas Award for goal of the year '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ @ BBCSport ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Alan Hansen and Alan Shearer choose Papiss Cisse 's goal for Newcastle against Chelsea as @ BBCMOTD 's goal of the season '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Wilshere goal voted best of 2013 / 14 Barclays Premier League season '' . Premier League . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dele wins Match of the Day 's Goal of the Season '' . Tottenham Hotspur. 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ed ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Liverpool 's Emre Can wonder goal against Watford is officially THE Goal of the Season '' . Liverpool ECHO . 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-9,208,052,913,724,960,000 | what was the impact of the seneca falls convention of 1848 | Seneca Falls convention - wikipedia Seneca Falls convention Jump to : navigation , search This mahogany tea table was used on July 16 , 1848 , to compose much of the first draft of the Declaration of Sentiments . 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It advertised itself as `` a convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman '' . Held in Seneca Falls , New York , it spanned two days over July 19 -- 20 , 1848 . Attracting widespread attention , it was soon followed by other women 's rights conventions , including the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention in Rochester , New York , two weeks later . In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women 's Rights Conventions met in Worcester , Massachusetts . Female Quakers local to the area organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton , who was not a Quaker . They planned the event during a visit to the area by Philadelphia - based Lucretia Mott . Mott , a Quaker , was famous for her oratorical ability , which was rare for non-Quaker women during an era in which women were often not allowed to speak in public . The meeting comprised six sessions including a lecture on law , a humorous presentation , and multiple discussions about the role of women in society . Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents , the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions , to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures . A heated debate sprang up regarding women 's right to vote , with many -- including Mott -- urging the removal of this concept , but Frederick Douglass , who was the convention 's sole African American attendee , argued eloquently for its inclusion , and the suffrage resolution was retained . Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document , mostly women . The convention was seen by some of its contemporaries , including featured speaker Mott , as one important step among many others in the continuing effort by women to gain for themselves a greater proportion of social , civil and moral rights , while it was viewed by others as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete equality with men . Stanton considered the Seneca Falls Convention to be the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an opinion that was echoed in the History of Woman Suffrage , which Stanton co-wrote . The convention 's Declaration of Sentiments became `` the single most important factor in spreading news of the women 's rights movement around the country in 1848 and into the future '' , according to Judith Wellman , a historian of the convention . By the time of the National Women 's Rights Convention of 1851 , the issue of women 's right to vote had become a central tenet of the United States women 's rights movement . These conventions became annual events until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Reform movement 1.2 Abolitionism 1.3 Women 's rights 1.4 Political gains 1.5 Quaker influence 2 Planning 2.1 Announcement 2.2 Declaration , grievances , resolutions 3 First day 3.1 Morning session 3.2 Afternoon session 3.3 Evening speech 4 Second day 4.1 Morning session , day two 4.2 Afternoon session , day two 4.3 Evening session , day two 5 Afterward 5.1 News reports 5.2 Religious reaction 5.3 Further conventions 5.4 Remembrances 6 Historiography 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Reform movement ( edit ) In the decades leading up to 1848 , a small number of women began to push against restrictions imposed upon them by society . A few men aided in this effort . In 1831 , Reverend Charles Grandison Finney began allowing women to pray aloud in gatherings of men and women . The Second Great Awakening was challenging women 's traditional roles in religion . Recalling the era in 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis set Finney 's decision as the beginning of the American women 's reform movement . Abolitionism ( edit ) Starting in 1832 , abolitionist and journalist William Lloyd Garrison organized anti-slavery associations which encouraged the full participation of women . Garrison 's ideas were not welcomed by a majority of other abolitionists , and those unwilling to include women split from him to form other abolitionist societies . A few women began to gain fame as writers and speakers on the subject of abolition . In the 1830s , Lydia Maria Child wrote to encourage women to write a will , and Frances Wright wrote books on women 's rights and social reform . The Grimké sisters published their views against slavery in the late 1830s , and they began speaking to mixed gatherings of men and women for Garrison 's American Anti-Slavery Society , as did Abby Kelley . Although these women lectured primarily on the evils of slavery , the fact that a woman was speaking in public was itself a noteworthy stand for the cause of women 's rights . Ernestine Rose began lecturing in 1836 to groups of women on the subject of the `` Science of Government '' which included the enfranchisement of women . James and Lucretia Mott In 1840 , at the urging of Garrison and Wendell Phillips , Lucretia Coffin Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled with their husbands and a dozen other American male and female abolitionists to London for the first World 's Anti-Slavery Convention , with the expectation that a motion put forward by Phillips to include women 's participation in the convention would be controversial . In London , the proposal was rebuffed after a full day of debate ; the women were allowed to listen from the gallery but not allowed to speak or vote . Mott and Stanton became friends in London and on the return voyage , and together planned to organize their own convention to further the cause of women 's rights , separate from abolition concerns . In 1842 Thomas M'Clintock and his wife Mary Ann became founding members of the Western New York Anti-Slavery Society and helped write its constitution . When he moved to Rochester in 1847 , Frederick Douglass joined Amy and Isaac Post and the M'Clintocks in this Rochester - based chapter of the American Anti-Slavery Society . Women 's rights ( edit ) In 1839 in Boston , Margaret Fuller began hosting conversations , akin to French salons , among women interested in discussing the `` great questions '' facing their sex . Sophia Ripley was one of the participants . In 1845 , Fuller published The Great Lawsuit , asking women to claim themselves as self - dependent . In the 1840s , women in America were reaching out for greater control of their lives . Husbands and fathers directed the lives of women , and many doors were closed to female participation . State statutes and common law prohibited women from inheriting property , signing contracts , serving on juries and voting in elections . Women 's prospects in employment were dim : they could expect only to gain a very few service - related jobs and were paid about half of what men were paid for the same work . In Massachusetts , Brook Farm was founded by Sophia Ripley and her husband George Ripley in 1841 as an attempt to find a way in which men and women could work together , with women receiving the same compensation as men . The experiment failed . In the fall of 1841 , Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave her first public speech , on the subject of the Temperance movement , in front of 100 women in Seneca Falls . She wrote to her friend Elizabeth J. Neal that she moved both the audience and herself to tears , saying `` I infused into my speech an Homeopathic dose of woman 's rights , as I take good care to do in many private conversations . '' Lucretia Mott met with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Boston in 1842 , and discussed again the possibility of a woman 's rights convention . They talked once more in 1847 , prior to Stanton moving from Boston to Seneca Falls . Women 's groups led by Lucretia Mott and Paulina Wright Davis held public meetings in Philadelphia beginning in 1846 . A wide circle of abolitionists friendly to women 's rights began in 1847 to discuss the possibility of holding a convention wholly devoted to women 's rights . In October 1847 , Lucy Stone gave her first public speech on the subject of women 's rights , entitled The Province of Women , at her brother Bowman Stone 's church in Gardner , Massachusetts . In March 1848 , Garrison , the Motts , Abby Kelley Foster , Stephen Symonds Foster and others hosted an Anti-Sabbath meeting in Boston , to work toward the elimination of laws that apply only to Sunday , and to gain for the laborer more time away from toil than just one day of rest per week . Lucretia Mott and two other women were active within the executive committee , and Mott spoke to the assemblage . Lucretia Mott raised questions about the validity of blindly following religious and social tradition . Political gains ( edit ) Further information : Married Women 's Property Acts in the United States On April 7 , 1848 , in response to a citizen 's petition , the New York State Assembly passed the Married Woman 's Property Act , giving women the right to retain property they brought into a marriage , as well as property they acquired during the marriage . Creditors could not seize a wife 's property to pay a husband 's debts . Leading up to the passage of this law , in 1846 , supporters issued a pamphlet , probably authored by Judge John Fine , which relied on its readers ' familiarity with the United States Declaration of Independence to demand `` That all are created free and equal ... '' , and that this idea should apply equally to the sexes . `` Women , as well as men , are entitled to the full enjoyment of its practical blessings '' . A group of 44 married women of western New York wrote to the Assembly in March 1848 , saying `` your Declaration of Independence declares , that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed . And as women have never consented to , been represented in , or recognized by this government , it is evident that in justice no allegiance can be claimed from them ... Our numerous and yearly petitions for this most desirable object having been disregarded , we now ask your august body , to abolish all laws which hold married women more accountable for their acts than infants , idiots , and lunatics . '' Gerrit Smith made woman suffrage a plank in the Liberty Party platform on June 14 -- 15 , 1848 . The General Assembly in Pennsylvania passed a similar married woman 's property law a few weeks later , one which Lucretia Mott and others had championed . These progressive state laws were seen by American women as a sign of new hope for women 's rights . On June 2 , 1848 in Rochester , New York , Gerrit Smith was nominated as the Liberty Party 's presidential candidate . Smith was Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's first cousin , and the two enjoyed debating and discussing political and social issues with each other whenever he came to visit . At the National Liberty Convention , held June 14 -- 15 in Buffalo , New York , Smith gave a major address , including in his speech a demand for `` universal suffrage in its broadest sense , females as well as males being entitled to vote . '' The delegates approved a passage in their party platform addressing votes for women : `` Neither here , nor in any other part of the world , is the right of suffrage allowed to extend beyond one of the sexes . This universal exclusion of woman ... argues , conclusively , that , not as yet , is there one nation so far emerged from barbarism , and so far practically Christian , as to permit woman to rise up to the one level of the human family . '' At this convention , five votes were placed calling for Lucretia Mott to be Smith 's vice-president -- the first time in the United States that a woman was suggested for federal executive office . Quaker influence ( edit ) Many members of the Religious Society of Friends , known as Quakers , made their homes in western New York state , near Seneca Falls . A particularly progressive branch lived in and around Waterloo in Seneca County , New York . These Quakers strove for marital relationships in which men and women worked and lived in equality . The M'Clintocks came to Waterloo from a Quaker community in Philadelphia . They rented property from Richard P. Hunt , a wealthy Quaker and businessman . The M'Clintock and Hunt families opposed slavery ; both participated in the free produce movement , and their houses served as stations on the Underground Railroad . Though women Friends had since the 1660s publicly preached , written and led , and traditional Quaker tenets held that men and women were equals , Quaker women met separately from the men to consider and decide a congregation 's business . By the 1840s , some Hicksite Quakers determined to bring women and men together in their business meetings as an expression of their spiritual equality . In June 1848 , approximately 200 Hicksites , including the Hunts and the M'Clintocks , formed an even more radical Quaker group , known as the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends , or Progressive Friends . The Progressive Friends intended to further elevate the influence of women in affairs of the faith . They introduced joint business meetings of men and women , giving women an equal voice . Planning ( edit ) Lucretia and James Mott visited central and western New York in the summer of 1848 for a number of reasons , including visiting the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca Nation and former slaves living in the province of Ontario , Canada . Mott was present at the meeting in which the Progressive Friends left the Hicksite Quakers . They also visited Lucretia 's sister Martha Coffin Wright in Auburn , NY , where Mott also preached to prisoners at the Auburn State Penitentiary . Lucretia Mott 's skill and fame as an orator drew crowds wherever she went . Announcement ( edit ) Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848 with two of her three sons After Quaker worship on Sunday July 9 , 1848 , Lucretia Coffin Mott joined Mary Ann M'Clintock , Martha Coffin Wright ( Mott 's witty sister , several months pregnant ) , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Jane Hunt for tea at the Hunt home in Waterloo . The two eldest M'Clintock daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr. may have accompanied their mother . Jane Hunt had given birth two weeks earlier , and was tending the baby at home . Over tea , Stanton , the only non-Quaker present , vented a lifetime 's worth of pent - up frustration , her `` long - accumulating discontent '' about women 's subservient place in society . The five women decided to hold a women 's rights convention in the immediate future , while the Motts were still in the area , and drew up an announcement to run in the Seneca County Courier . The announcement began with these words : `` WOMAN 'S RIGHTS CONVENTION. -- A Convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman '' . The notice specified that only women were invited to the first day 's meetings on July 19 , but both women and men could attend on the second day to hear Lucretia Mott speak , among others . On July 11 , the announcement first appeared , giving readers just eight days ' notice until the first day of convention . Other papers such as Douglass 's North Star picked up the notice , printing it on July 14 . The meeting place was to be the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Seneca Falls . Built by a congregation of abolitionists and financed in part by Richard Hunt , the chapel had been the scene of many reform lectures , and was considered the only large building in the area that would open its doors to a women 's rights convention . Declaration , grievances , resolutions ( edit ) At their home in Waterloo on Sunday , July 16 , the M'Clintocks hosted a smaller planning session for the convention . Mary Ann M'Clintock and her eldest daughters , Elizabeth and Mary Ann , Jr. , discussed with Stanton the makeup of the resolutions that would be presented to the convention for approval . Each woman made certain her concerns were appropriately represented among the ten resolutions that they composed . Taken together , the resolutions demanded that women should have equality in the family , education , jobs , religion , and morals . One of the M'Clintock women selected the Declaration of Independence from 1776 as a model for the declaration they wanted to make at their convention . The Declaration of Sentiments was then drafted in the parlor on a round , three - legged , mahogany tea table . Stanton changed a few words of the Declaration of Independence to make it appropriate for a statement by women , replacing `` The history of the present King of Great Britain '' with `` The history of mankind '' as the basis for `` usurpations on the part of man toward woman . '' The women added the phrase `` and women '' to make `` ... all men and women are created equal ... '' A list of grievances was composed to form the second part of the Declaration . Between July 16 and July 19 , at home on her own writing desk , Stanton edited the grievances and resolutions . Henry Brewster Stanton , a lawyer , politician and Stanton 's husband , helped substantiate the document by locating `` extracts from laws bearing unjustly against woman 's property interests . '' On her own , Stanton added a more radical point to the list of grievances and to the resolutions : the issue of women 's voting rights . To the grievances , she added `` He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise '' , and to the Sentiments , she added a line about man depriving woman of `` the elective franchise , thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation ... '' Stanton then copied the Declaration and resolutions into final draft form for presentation at the meeting . When he saw the addition of woman suffrage , Henry Stanton warned his wife `` you will turn the proceedings into a farce . '' He , like most men of his day , was not in favor of women gaining voting rights . Because he intended to run for elective office , he left Seneca Falls to avoid being connected with a convention promoting such an unpopular cause . Elizabeth Cady Stanton asked her sister Harriet Cady Eaton to accompany her ; Eaton brought her young son Daniel . On July 16 , Lucretia Mott sent a note to Stanton apologizing in advance for James Mott not being able to attend the first day , as he was feeling `` quite unwell '' . Lucretia Mott wrote to say she would bring her sister , Martha Wright , and that the two women would participate in both days of the convention . First day ( edit ) On July 19 , 1848 , the morning of the first day of convention , the organizing committee arrived at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel shortly before ten o'clock on a hot , sunny day to find a crowd gathered outside and the church doors locked -- an overlooked detail . Stanton 's young nephew Daniel was lifted through an open window so that he could unbar the doors from the inside . Even though the first session had been announced as being exclusively for women , some young children of both sexes had been brought by their mothers , and about 40 men were there expecting to attend . The men were not turned away , but were asked to remain silent . Mary Ann M'Clintock , Jr. , 26 years old , was appointed secretary , to take notes . Morning session ( edit ) Lucretia Mott was described as `` the moving spirit of the occasion '' . Starting at 11 o'clock , Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke first , exhorting each woman in the audience to accept responsibility for her own life , and to `` understand the height , the depth , the length , and the breadth of her own degradation . '' Lucretia Mott then spoke , encouraging all to take up the cause . Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments in its entirety , then re-read each paragraph so that it could be discussed at length , and changes incorporated . The question of whether men 's signatures would be sought for the Declaration was discussed , with the vote looking favorable for including men , but the motion was tabled until the following day when men themselves could participate . The first session adjourned at 2 : 30 p.m. Afternoon session ( edit ) After a pause for refreshment in the 90 ° heat , an afternoon session began with Stanton and then Mott addressing the audience . The Declaration of Sentiments was read again and more changes were made to it . The resolutions , now numbering eleven with Stanton 's addition of women 's suffrage , were read aloud and discussed . Lucretia Mott read a humorous newspaper piece written by her sister Martha Wright in which Wright questioned why , after an overworked mother completed the myriad daily tasks that were required of her but not of her husband , she was the one upon whom written advice was `` so lavishly bestowed . '' Twenty - seven - year - old Elizabeth W. M'Clintock then delivered a speech , and the first day 's business was called to a close . Evening speech ( edit ) In the evening , the meeting was opened to all persons , and Lucretia Mott addressed a large audience . She spoke of the progress of other reform movements and so framed for her listeners the social and moral context for the struggle for women 's rights . She asked the men present to help women gain the equality they deserved . The editor of the National Reformer , a paper in Auburn , New York , reported that Mott 's extemporaneous evening speech was `` one of the most eloquent , logical , and philosophical discourses which we ever listened to . '' Second day ( edit ) A larger crowd attended on the second day , including more men . Amelia Bloomer arrived late and took a seat in the upstairs gallery , there being none left in the main seating area . Quaker James Mott was well enough to attend , and he chaired the morning meeting ; it was still too radical a concept that a woman serve as chair in front of both men and women . Morning session , day two ( edit ) After Mott opened the meeting , the minutes of the previous day were read , and Stanton presented the Declaration of Sentiments . In regard to the grievance `` He has taken from her all right in property , even to the wages she earns , '' Assemblyman Ansel Bascom stood to say that he had recently been at the New York State Assembly which passed the Married Woman 's Property Act . Bascom spoke at length about the property rights it secured for married women , including property acquired after marriage . Further discussion of the Declaration ensued , including comments by Frederick Douglass , Thomas and Mary Ann M'Clintock , and Amy Post ; the document was adopted unanimously . The question of men 's signatures was solved by having two sections of signatures , one for women followed by one for men . One hundred of the 300 present signed the Declaration of Sentiments , including 68 women and 32 men . Amelia Bloomer was one of the participants who did not endorse the Declaration ; she was focused at that time on the temperance movement . Ansel Bascom was the most conspicuous attendee who chose not to sign the Declaration . The National Reformer reported that those in the audience who evidently regarded the Declaration as `` too bold and ultra '' , including the lawyers known to be opposed to the equal rights of women , `` failed to call out any opposition , except in a neighboring BAR - ROOM . '' Afternoon session , day two ( edit ) Frederick Douglass stood up to speak in favor of women 's right to vote . At the afternoon session , the eleven resolutions were read again , and each one was voted on individually . The only one that was materially questioned was the ninth , the one Stanton had added regarding women 's right to vote . It read : Resolved , that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise . Those who opposed this resolution argued that its presence would cause the other , more rational resolutions to lose support . Others argued that only the social , civil and religious rights of women should be addressed , not the political rights . James and Lucretia Mott were against the resolution ; Lucretia said to Stanton , `` Why Lizzie , thee will make us ridiculous . '' Stanton defended the concept of woman suffrage , saying women would then be able to affect future legislation and gain further rights . Frederick Douglass , the only African American at the meeting , stood and spoke eloquently in favor ; he said that he could not accept the right to vote himself as a black man if woman could not also claim that right . Douglass projected that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere . `` In this denial of the right to participate in government , not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens , but the maiming and repudiation of one - half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world . '' Douglass 's powerful words rang true with many in attendance , and the resolution passed by a large majority . Lucretia Mott spoke to end the session . Evening session , day two ( edit ) Quaker Thomas M'Clintock served as chair for the evening session , opening it at half - past seven . The minutes were read , then Stanton spoke in defense of the many severe accusations brought against the much - abused `` Lords of Creation . '' Following Stanton , Thomas M'Clintock read several passages from Sir William Blackstone 's laws , to expose for the audience the basis of woman 's current legal condition of servitude to man . Lucretia Mott stood to offer another resolution : `` Resolved , That the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women , for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit , and for the securing to woman an equal participation with men in the various trades , professions and commerce . '' This , the twelfth resolution , passed . Mary Ann M'Clintock , Jr. spoke briefly , calling upon woman to arouse from her lethargy and be true to herself and her God . Douglass again rose to speak in support of the cause of woman . Lucretia Mott spoke for an hour with one of her `` most beautiful and spiritual appeals '' . Although Lucretia Mott 's reputation as a speaker drew the audience , Mott recognized Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Ann M'Clintock as the `` chief planners and architects '' of the convention . To close the meeting , a committee was appointed to edit and publish the convention proceedings , with Amy Post , Eunice Newton Foote , Mary Ann M'Clintock , Jr. , Elizabeth W. M'Clintock and Stanton serving . Afterward ( edit ) News reports ( edit ) Local newspapers printed reports of the convention , some positive , others not . The National Reformer reported that the convention `` forms an era in the progress of the age ; it being the first convention of the kind ever held , and one whose influence shall not cease until woman is guaranteed all the rights now enjoyed by the other half of creation -- Social , Civil and POLITICAL . '' The Oneida Whig did not approve of the convention , writing of the Declaration : `` This bolt is the most shocking and unnatural incident ever recorded in the history of womanity . If our ladies will insist on voting and legislating , where , gentleman , will be our dinners and our elbows ? Where our domestic firesides and the holes in our stockings ? '' Soon , newspapers across the country picked up the story . Reactions varied widely . In Massachusetts , the Lowell Courier published its opinion that , with women 's equality , `` the lords must wash the dishes , scour up , be put to the tub , handle the broom , darn stockings . '' In St. Louis , Missouri , the Daily Reveille trumpeted that `` the flag of independence has been hoisted for the second time on this side of the Atlantic . '' Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune wrote `` When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober earnest what adequate reason he can give , for refusing the demand of women to an equal participation with men in political rights , he must answer , None at all . However unwise and mistaken the demand , it is but the assertion of a natural right , and such must be conceded . '' Religious reaction ( edit ) Some of the ministers heading congregations in the area attended the Seneca Falls Convention , but none spoke out during the sessions , not even when comments from the floor were invited . On Sunday , July 23 , many who had attended , and more who had not , attacked the Convention , the Declaration of Sentiments , and the resolutions . Women in the congregations reported to Stanton , who saw the actions of the ministers as cowardly ; in their congregations , no one would be allowed to reply . Further conventions ( edit ) Signers of the Declaration of Sentiments hoped for `` a series of Conventions , embracing every part of the country '' to follow their own meeting . Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia Mott , who would not be staying in the Upstate New York area for much longer , some of the participants at Seneca Falls organized the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention two weeks later in Rochester , New York with Lucretia Mott as its featured speaker . Unlike the Seneca Falls convention , the Rochester convention took the controversial step of electing a woman , Abigail Bush , as its presiding officer . In the next two years , `` the infancy ... of the movement '' , other local and state women 's rights conventions were called in Ohio , Indiana , and Pennsylvania . Charlotte Woodward , alone among all 100 signers , was the only one still alive in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment passed . Woodward was not well enough to vote herself . Remembrances ( edit ) U.S. postage stamp commemorating the Seneca Falls Convention titled 100 Years of Progress of Women : 1848 -- 1948 ( Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left , Carrie Chapman Catt in middle , Lucretia Mott on right . ) A stamp was issued in 1948 in remembrance of the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Carrie Chapman Catt , and Lucretia Mott as part of a Centennial Celebration in Seneca Falls . The Women 's Rights National Historical Park was established in 1980 , and covers a total of 6.83 acres ( 27,600 m2 ) of land in Seneca Falls and nearby Waterloo , New York , USA . The park consists of four major historical properties , including the Wesleyan Methodist Church , which was the site of the Seneca Falls Convention , Elizabeth Cady Stanton 's home , and the M'Clintock House , which was where the Declaration of Sentiments , resolutions , and speeches were drawn up for the Seneca Falls Convention . The Wesleyan Methodist Church and the M'Clintock House were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . In 1998 First Lady Hillary Clinton gave a speech on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention . Historiography ( edit ) In 1870 , Paulina Wright Davis authored a history of the antebellum women 's rights movement , The History of the National Woman 's Rights Movement , and received approval of her account from many of the involved suffragists including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Davis ' version gave the Seneca Falls meeting in 1848 a minor role , equivalent to other local meetings that had been held by women 's groups in the late 1840s . Davis set the beginning of the national and international women 's rights movement at Worcester , Massachusetts in 1850 , at the National Women 's Rights Convention when women from many states were invited , the influence of which was felt across the continent and in Great Britain . Stanton seemed to agree ; in an address to the National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) convention in 1870 , on the subject of the women 's rights movement , she said `` The movement in England , as in America , may be dated from the first National Convention , held at Worcester , Mass. , October , 1850 . '' In 1876 , in the spirit of the nation 's centennial celebrations , Stanton and Susan B. Anthony decided to write a more expansive history of the women 's rights movement . They invited Lucy Stone to help , but Stone declined to be part of the project ; she was of the opinion that Stanton and Anthony would not fairly portray the divisive split between NWSA and American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . Stanton and Anthony wrote without her and , in 1881 , they published the first volume of the History of Woman Suffrage , and placed themselves at each of its most important events , marginalizing Stone 's contribution . According to Lisa Tetrault , a professor of women 's history , the Seneca Falls Convention was central to their rendition of the movement 's history . Neither Stanton nor Anthony had been at the 1850 convention , which was associated with their rivals . Stanton , however , had played a key role at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 , at which Stone had not been present . In the early 1870s , Stanton and Anthony began to present Seneca Falls as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , an origin story that downplayed Stone 's role . Pointing out that the women 's rights movement could be said to have begun even earlier than Seneca Falls , Tetrault said the History of Woman Suffrage dealt with these earlier events relatively briefly in its first three chapters , the first of which is titled `` Preceding Causes . '' In the volume , Stanton did not mention the Liberty Party 's plank on woman suffrage pre-dating the Seneca Falls Convention by a month , and she did not describe the Worcester National Women 's Rights Convention , organized by Stone and Davis in 1850 , as the beginning of the women 's rights movement . Rather , Stanton named the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention in London as the birth of the `` movement for woman 's suffrage , in both England and America '' . She positioned the Seneca Falls meeting as her own political debut , and characterized it as the beginning of the women 's rights movement , calling it `` the greatest movement for human liberty recorded on the pages of history -- a demand for freedom to one - half the entire race . '' Stanton worked to enshrine the Declaration of Sentiments as a foundational treatise in a number of ways , not the least of which was by imbuing the small , three - legged tea table upon which the first draft of it was composed an importance similar to that of Thomas Jefferson 's desk upon which he wrote the Declaration of Independence . The M'Clintocks gave Stanton the table , then Stanton gave it to Susan B. Anthony on the occasion of her 80th birthday , though Anthony had no part in the Seneca Falls meeting . In keeping with Stanton 's promotion of the table as an iconic relic , women 's rights activists put it in a place of honor at the head of the casket at the funeral of Susan B. Anthony on March 14 , 1906 . Subsequently , it was displayed prominently on the stage at each of the most important suffrage meetings until 1920 , even though the grievance and resolution about woman suffrage was not written on it . The table is kept at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C. Lucretia Mott reflected in August 1848 upon the two women 's rights conventions in which she had participated that summer , and assessed them no greater than other projects and missions she was involved with . She wrote that the two gatherings were `` greatly encouraging ; and give hope that this long neglected subject will soon begin to receive the attention that its importance demands . '' Historian Gerda Lerner has pointed out that religious ideas provided a fundamental source for the Declaration of Sentiments . Most of the women attending the convention were active in Quaker or evangelical Methodist movements . The document itself drew from writings by the evangelical Quaker Sarah Grimké to make biblical claims that God had created woman equal to man and that man had usurped God 's authority by establishing `` absolute tyranny '' over woman . According to author Jami Carlacio , Grimké 's writings opened the public 's eyes to ideas like women 's rights , and for the first time they were willing to question conventional notions about the subordination of women . See also ( edit ) Conference of Badasht , Persian women 's rights , June -- July 1848 First - wave feminism Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( CEDAW ) , ( 1979 ) List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists National Women 's Conference Timeline of women 's suffrage Women 's suffrage organizations Women 's Rights National Historical Park , which contains the site of the Seneca Falls Convention Timeline of feminism in the United States Timeline of feminism References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Dumenil , 2012 , p. 56 . Many scholarly sources describe Seneca Falls as `` the first women 's rights convention '' , including Wellman , 2004 ( the book 's title itself include those words ) ; Isenberg , 1998 , p. 1 ; and McMillen , 2008 , p. 115 , and no scholarly source describes an earlier meeting as `` women 's rights convention '' . Seneca Falls is given that recognition because it was the first that was organized by women explicitly for the purpose of discussing women 's rights as such . It was not , however , the first convention at which the topic of women 's rights was among the topics that were discussed . The Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , defended the right of women to speak out on the great issues of the day and specifically in opposition to slavery . In June 1848 , two other conventions included a discussion the rights of women : The Conference of Badasht in Persia , a foundational meeting of the Bábí religion at which Táhirih advocated women 's rights , supported by Quddús and the standards set were endorsed by the Báb and Bahá'u'llah which became norms in the Bahá'í Faith and echo still in Persian culture , and the National Liberty Party Convention in New York at which Gerrit Smith said that women should be able to vote . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 189 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/report-of-the-womans-rights-convention.htm ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 102 , Jump up ^ Wellman , 2004 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Buhle , 1978 p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Isenberg , 1998 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Thomas Wentworth ; Meyer , Howard N. The magnificent activist , Da Capo Press , 2000 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Buhle , 1978 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Marshall , Megan . The Peabody Sisters : Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 2005 : 387 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 71169 - 7 ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Quaker Influence . Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hankins , 2004 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Isenberg , 1998 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Dorothy May ; Edwards , June ; Knox , Helene . Standing Before Us , Skinner House Books , 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Anti-Sabbath Convention . Proceedings of the Anti-Sabbath Convention , Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Isenberg , 1998 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Historynow.org . Judith Wellman . The Seneca Falls Convention : Setting the National Stage for Women 's Suffrage , Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 176 . Judith Wellman offers the theory that Gerrit Smith and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , during a possible visit by Smith to Seneca Falls between June 2 and June 14 , 1848 , challenged or encouraged each other to introduce women 's voting rights in their separate political and social spheres , as both subsequently did so , Smith taking the first shot . Jump up ^ Claflin , Alta Blanche . Political parties in the United States 1800 - 1914 , New York Public Library , 1915 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Faulkner , Carol ( 2011 ) . Lucretia Mott 's Heresy . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 132 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4321 - 5 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Martha C. Wright . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wellman , 2004 , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : Stanton , 1881 Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Jane Hunt . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Wesleyan Chapel . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1922 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . National Museum of American History . Declaration of Sentiments table , 1848 . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Declaration of Sentiments . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 193 . Stanton 's use of the word ' never ' was incorrect : prior to 1848 , women had voted in certain times and places . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Mani , 2007 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Wellman , 2004 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Wellman , 2004 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ McMillen , 2008 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : McMillen , 2008 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : National Reformer , Auburn , Thursday , August 3 , 1848 . Woman 's Rights Convention . Retrieved on April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Report of the Woman 's Rights Convention , July 19 -- 20 , 1848 . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mani , 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Signers of the Declaration of Sentiments . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , D.C. Life And Writings Of Amelia Bloomer , 1895 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ USConstitution.net . Text of the `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , and the resolutions . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhle , 1978 p. 97 . Jump up ^ Stanton , 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ McMillen , 2008 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Thomas M'Clintock . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton , 1997 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Oneida Whig , Tuesday Morning , August 1 ( 1848 ) . Bolting Among The Ladies . Retrieved on April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McMillen , 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ University of Rochester . River Campus Libraries . Report of The Woman 's Rights Convention Rochester , 1848 , `` We presented ourselves there before them as an oppressed class , with trembling frames and faltering tongues , and we did not expect to be able to speak so as to be heard by all at first , but she trusted we should have the sympathy of the audience , and that they would bear with our weaknesses now in the infancy as we were of the movement , that our trust in the omnipotency of Right was our only faith that we should succeed . '' -- Abigail Bush , August 2 , 1848 . Retrieved on April 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . More Women 's Rights Conventions . Retrieved on April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Charlotte Woodward . Retrieved on April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Women of Achievement Library ( Author Index ) '' . Thelizlibrary.org. 1998 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Worcester Women 's History Project . Why Commemorate the 1850 Woman 's Rights Convention ? , Retrieved on May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Andrea Moore , Ph. D. ( 2002 ) Lucy Stone and Coy 's Hill . The Trustees of Reservations . Archived on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved on January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tetrault ( 2014 ) , pp. 71 , 121 , 137 . Tetrault says she describes the Seneca Falls story as a `` myth '' not to indicate that it is false but in the technical sense of `` a venerated and celebrated story used to give meaning to the world . '' See Tetrault ( 2014 ) , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress . American Memory . Miller NAWSA Scrapbooks , 1897 -- 1911 . rbcmil scrp5003502 Some Interesting Objects at the Suffrage Convention : a news clipping with both accurate and inaccurate statements . Retrieved on April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Historywired.com . Declaration of Sentiments Table ( 1848 ) . Retrieved on April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . David M. Kennedy , ed . What hath God wrought : the transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . New York : Oxford University Press , USA . p. 837 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507894 - 2 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lerner , 1998 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Carlacio , 2002 . 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Sisters : The Lives of America 's Suffragists . Hill and Wang , New York , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 9528 - 9 Baker , Jean H. Votes for Women : The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513016 - 2 Blackwell , Alice Stone . Lucy Stone : Pioneer of Woman 's Rights . Charlottesville and London : University Press of Virginia , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1990 - 8 Buhle , Mari Jo ; Buhle , Paul . The concise history of woman suffrage . University of Illinois , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00669 - 0 Capron , E.W. `` National Reformer . '' National Reform Nomination For President Gerrit Smith of New York 3 August 1848 . Carlacio , Jami ( 2002 ) . `` ' Ye Knew Your Duty , but Ye Did It Not ' : The Epistolary Rhetoric of Sarah Grimke '' . Rhetoric Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 63 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327981RR2103_3 . Dumenil , Lynn , Editor - in - Chief ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199743360 Faulkner , Carol . Lucretia Mott 's Heresy : Abolition and Women 's Rights in Nineteenth - Century America . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4321 - 5 Hankins , Barry . The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31848 - 4 Hinks , Peter P , John R. McKivigan , and R. Owen Williams . Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition : Greenwood Milestones in African American History . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2007 . Isenberg , Nancy . Sex and citizenship in antebellum America , University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2442 - 9 Kerr , Andrea Moore . Lucy Stone : Speaking Out for Equality . New Jersey : Rutgers University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1860 - 1 Lerner , Gerda ; Grimké , Sarah Moore . The feminist thought of Sarah Grimké , Oxford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510604 - 0 Mani , Bonnie G. Women , Power , and Political Change . Lexington Books , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 1890 - 0 McMillen , Sally Gregory . Seneca Falls and the origins of the women 's rights movement . Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518265 - 0 Osborn , Elizabeth R . The Seneca Falls Convention : Teaching about the Rights of Women and the Heritage of the Declaration of Independence . ERIC Digest . Ryerson , Lisa Marsh ( 1999 ) . `` Falls revisited : Reflections on the legacy of the 1848 Women 's Rights Convention '' . Vital Speeches of the Day . 65 ( 11 ) : 327 -- 31 . Schenken , Suzanne O'Dea . From Suffrage to the Senate . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . pp. 644 -- 646 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 960 - 6 Spender , Dale . ( 1982 ) Women of Ideas and what Men Have Done to Them . Ark Paperbacks , Routledge & Kegan Paul , London , 1983 , pp. 347 -- 357 . ISBN 0 - 7448 - 0003 - X Stansell , Christine ( 1998 ) . `` The Road From Seneca Falls '' . The New Republic . 219 ( 6 ) : 26 -- 38 . Tetrault , Lisa . The Myth of Seneca Falls : Memory and the Women 's Suffrage Movement , 1848 - 1898 ( 2014 ) online review Wellman , Judith . The Road to Seneca Falls : Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women 's Rights Convention , University of Illinois Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02904 - 6 Primary sources ( edit ) Lasser , Carol and Merrill , Marlene Deahl , editors . Friends and Sisters : Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell , 1846 - 93 . University of Illinois Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01396 - 4 Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; Anthony , Susan Brownell ; Gage , Matilda Joslyn . History of Woman Suffrage , Volume I , covering 1848 -- 1861 . Copyright 1881 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; edited by Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch . Elizabeth Cady Stanton , As Revealed in Her Letters , Diary and Reminiscences , Harper & Brothers , 1922 . Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ; edited by Ann D. Gordon ; assistant editor Tamara Gaskell Miller . The selected papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , Rutgers , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2317 - 6 External links ( edit ) National Park Service . Women 's Rights . Report of the Woman 's Rights Convention , July 19 -- 20 , 1848 Text of the `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , and the resolutions Seneca Falls in 1848 , National Park Service : Women 's Rights Newspaper clippings reporting on the convention The Rights of Women , The North Star , Rochester , New York , July 28 , 1848 Bolting Among The Ladies , Oneida Whig , Oneida , New York , August 1 , 1848 Woman 's Rights Convention , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , August 3 , 1848 Woman 's Rights , The Recorder , Syracuse , New York , August 3 , 1848 Woman 's Rights Convention , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , August 10 , 1848 Women out of their Latitude , The Mechanics Advocate , Albany , New York , ( August 12 , 1848 ) `` Women out of their Latitude '' , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , August 31 , 1848 Woman 's Rights , National Reformer , Auburn , New York , September 14 , 1848 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events <Td_colspan="2"> International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related <Td_colspan="2"> Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. 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Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Feminism portal Women 's history portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seneca_Falls_Convention&oldid=832890163 '' Categories : History of New York ( state ) History of women 's rights in the United States 1848 in the United States Seneca Falls , New York Feminism and history Feminism in New York ( state ) History of Methodism History of Quakerism History of women in New York ( state ) Quakerism in the United States 1848 in New York ( state ) 1848 conferences Elizabeth Cady Stanton July 1848 events 1848 in women 's history Women 's conferences Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1,359,620,073,640,234,800 | internal rate of return and modified internal rate of return | Modified internal rate of return - wikipedia Modified internal rate of return The modified internal rate of return ( MIRR ) is a financial measure of an investment 's attractiveness . It is used in capital budgeting to rank alternative investments of equal size . As the name implies , MIRR is a modification of the internal rate of return ( IRR ) and as such aims to resolve some problems with the IRR . Contents ( hide ) 1 Problems with the IRR 2 Calculation of the MIRR 2.1 Example 3 Comparing projects of different sizes 4 References Problems with the IRR ( edit ) While there are several problems with the IRR , MIRR resolves two of them . Firstly , IRR is sometimes misapplied , under an assumption that interim positive cash flows are reinvested at the same rate of return as that of the project that generated them . This is usually an unrealistic scenario and a more likely situation is that the funds will be reinvested at a rate closer to the firm 's cost of capital . The IRR therefore often gives an unduly optimistic picture of the projects under study . Generally for comparing projects more fairly , the weighted average cost of capital should be used for reinvesting the interim cash flows . Secondly , more than one IRR can be found for projects with alternating positive and negative cash flows , which leads to confusion and ambiguity . MIRR finds only one value . Calculation of the MIRR ( edit ) MIRR is calculated as follows : MIRR = F V ( positive cash flows , reinvestment rate ) − P V ( negative cash flows , finance rate ) n − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( MIRR ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( n ) ) ( \ frac ( FV ( ( \ text ( positive cash flows , reinvestment rate ) ) ) ) ( - PV ( ( \ text ( negative cash flows , finance rate ) ) ) ) ) ) - 1 ) , where n is the number of equal periods at the end of which the cash flows occur ( not the number of cash flows ) , PV is present value ( at the beginning of the first period ) , FV is future value ( at the end of the last period ) . The formula adds up the negative cash flows after discounting them to time zero using the external cost of capital , adds up the positive cash flows including the proceeds of reinvestment at the external reinvestment rate to the final period , and then works out what rate of return would cause the magnitude of the discounted negative cash flows at time zero to be equivalent to the future value of the positive cash flows at the final time period . Spreadsheet applications , such as Microsoft Excel , have inbuilt functions to calculate the MIRR . In Microsoft Excel this function is `` = MIRR ( ... ) '' . Example ( edit ) If an investment project is described by the sequence of cash flows : Year Cash flow 0 - 1000 - 4000 5000 2000 then the IRR r ( \ displaystyle r ) is given by NPV = − 1000 + − 4000 ( 1 + r ) 1 + 5000 ( 1 + r ) 2 + 2000 ( 1 + r ) 3 = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( NPV ) ) = - 1000 + ( \ frac ( - 4000 ) ( ( 1 + r ) ^ ( 1 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 5000 ) ( ( 1 + r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 2000 ) ( ( 1 + r ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = 0 ) . In this case , the answer is 25.48 % ( with this conventional pattern of cash flows , the project has a unique IRR ) . To calculate the MIRR , we will assume a finance rate of 10 % and a reinvestment rate of 12 % . First , we calculate the present value of the negative cash flows ( discounted at the finance rate ) : P V ( negative cash flows , finance rate ) = − 1000 + − 4000 ( 1 + 10 % ) 1 = − 4636.36 ( \ displaystyle PV ( ( \ text ( negative cash flows , finance rate ) ) ) = - 1000 + ( \ frac ( - 4000 ) ( ( 1 + 10 \ % ) ^ ( 1 ) ) ) = - 4636.36 ) . Second , we calculate the future value of the positive cash flows ( reinvested at the reinvestment rate ) : F V ( positive cash flows , reinvestment rate ) = 5000 ⋅ ( 1 + 12 % ) 1 + 2000 = 7600 ( \ displaystyle FV ( ( \ text ( positive cash flows , reinvestment rate ) ) ) = 5000 \ cdot ( 1 + 12 \ % ) ^ ( 1 ) + 2000 = 7600 ) . Third , we find the MIRR : MIRR = 7600 4636.36 3 − 1 = 17.91 % ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( MIRR ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( \ frac ( 7600 ) ( 4636.36 ) ) ) - 1 = 17.91 \ % ) . The calculated MIRR ( 17.91 % ) is significantly different from the IRR ( 25.48 % ) . Comparing projects of different sizes ( edit ) Like the internal rate of return , the modified internal rate of return is not valid for ranking projects of different sizes , because a larger project with a smaller modified internal rate of return may have a higher net present value . However , there exist variants of the modified internal rate of return which can be used for such comparisons . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lin , S.A.Y. , `` The modified internal rate of return and investment criterion , '' The Engineering Economist 21 ( 4 ) , 1976 , 237 - 247 . Jump up ^ Beaves , R.G. , `` Net present value and the rate of return : Implicit and explicit reinvestment assumptions , '' The Engineering Economist 33 , 1988 , 275 - 302 . Jump up ^ Internal Rate of Return : A Cautionary Tale Jump up ^ Shull , D.M. , `` Efficient capital project selection through a yield - based capital budgeting technique , '' The Engineering Economist 38 ( 1 ) , 1992 , 1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hajdasinski , M. , `` Remarks in the context of ' The case for the generalized net present value formula ' , '' The Engineering Economist 40 ( 2 ) , 1995 , 201 - 210 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modified_internal_rate_of_return&oldid=813538619 '' Categories : Mathematical finance Investment Capital budgeting Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 23 : 40 . About Wikipedia | 1. Modified internal rate of return (MIRR)
2. Financial measure of investment attractiveness
3. Problems with the internal rate of return (IRR)
4. Calculation of the MIRR
5. Comparing projects of different sizes |
7,826,060,944,291,550,000 | explain and identify igbo religion before western influences | Odinani - wikipedia Odinani This article is about the traditional spiritual practices of the Igbo people . For their traditional cultural practices in general , see Igbo culture . Part of the series on Odinani Igbo religion and spirituality Divinities ( Alusi ) Ala Amadioha Anyanwu Igwe Agwu Nsi Ekwensu Ikenga Legendary creatures and concepts Mmuo Ogu na Ofo Inouwa Ogbanje Topics Chi Ekpe Osu Inouwa Nze na Ozo Calendar Sacred places Earth Aguleri Ibini Ukpabi Derivatives Obeah Jonkonnu Odinani ( Igbo : ọ̀dị̀nànị̀ ) comprises the traditional religious practices and cultural beliefs of the Igbo people of southern Nigeria . Odinani has monotheistic and panentheistic attributes , having a single God as the source of all things . Although a pantheon of spirits exists , these are lesser spirits prevalent in Odinani expressly serving as elements of Chineke ( or Chukwu ) , the supreme being or high god . Chineke is a compound word encompassing the concept of chí is the creator ( nà ) is a verb meaning ' that ' while ékè means create . Chineke therefore means the Creator or the God that created all things . The concept of Chúkwú ( ' supreme chi ' ) was largely propagated by the Aro - Igbo of Arochukwu in eastern Igboland who wielded much spiritual force over the eastern Niger Delta in the 18th century due to their operating of the Ibini Ukpabi oracle . Lesser spirits known as ágbàrà or álúsí operate below the high god Chineke and are parts of him divided by gender in his mind . These spirits represent natural forces ; agbara as a divine force manifests as separate alusi in the Igbo pantheon . A concept of ' the eye of sun or god ' ( ányá ánwụ́ ) exists as a feminine solar deity which forms a part of the solar veneration among the Nri - Igbo in northern Igboland . Alusi are mediated by dibia and other priests who do not contact the high god directly . Through áfà , ' divination ' , the laws and demands of the alusi are communicated to the living . Alusi are venerated in community shrines around roadsides and forests while smaller shrines are located in the household for ancestral veneration . Deceased ancestors live in the spirit world where they can be contacted . Below the alusi are minor and more general spirits known as mmúọ loosely defined by their perceived malevolent or benign natures . These minor spirits are not venerated and are sometimes considered the lost souls of the dead . The number of people practicing Igbo religion decreased drastically in the 20th century with the influx of Christian missionaries under the auspices of the British colonial government of Nigeria . In some cases Igbo traditional religion was syncretised with Christianity , but in many cases indigenous rites were demonised by Christian missionaries who pointed out the practice of human sacrifice and some other cultural practices that were illegal under the colonial government . Earlier missionaries referred to many indigenous religious practices as juju . Igbo religion is most present today in harvest ceremonies such as new yam festival ( ị́wá jí ) and masquerading traditions such as mmanwu and Ekpe . Remnants of Igbo religious rites spread among African descendants in the Caribbean and North America in era of the Atlantic slave trade . Igbo ọ́bị̀à was transferred to the former British Caribbean and Guyana as obeah and aspects of Igbo masquerading traditions can be found among the festivals of the Garifuna people and jonkonnu of the British Caribbean and North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Beliefs 2.1 Chi 2.2 Cosmology 2.3 Justice 2.4 Reincarnation 2.4. 1 Ogbanje 3 Deities 3.1 Ala 3.2 Amadioha 3.3 Ikenga 3.4 Ekwensu 3.5 Mmuo and minor forces 4 Practices 4.1 Dibia 4.1. 1 Afa divination 4.2 Ancestral veneration 4.3 Kola nut 4.4 Architecture 4.4. 1 Mbari 4.4. 2 Uto pyramids 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Odinani in northern Igbo dialects is the compound of the words ọ̀ dị̀ ( ' located ' ) + n ( nà , ' within ' ) + ànị̀ ( the one god ) ( consisting of anu ( E nu ) above ( the heavens ) and Ana , below ( the earth ) ) . Other dialectal variants include odinala , odinana , omenala , omenana , and omenani . The word odinani and all its variations is also associated with the culture and customary laws of the Igbo people . Many of the laws and culture were counterparts with religion such as taboos and laws concerning sacred spaces like a deities sacred forest . Since customary law is recognised in Nigeria , many in Igbo society find themselves syncretising these beliefs with other beliefs and religions . Beliefs ( edit ) Entrance to the cave of the Ibini Ukpabi oracle at Arochukwu , 1900s . Odinani could loosely be described as a monotheistic and panentheistic faith with a strong central spiritual force at its head from which all things are believed to spring ; however , the contextual diversity of the system may encompass theistic perspectives that derive from a variety of beliefs held within the religion . Chukwu as the central deity is classed among the ndi mmuo , ' invisible beings ' , an ontological category of beings which includes Ala the divine feminine earth force , chi the ' personal deity ' , ndichie the ancestors , and mmuo the minor spirits . The other ontological category consists of ndi mmadu , ' visible beings ' , which include ánụ́ animals , ósísí plants , and the final class ùrò which consists of elements , minerals and inanimate beings . Chukwu as the creator of everything visible and invisible and the source of lesser divinities is also referred to as Chineke . Chukwu is genderless and is reached through various spiritual forces mainly under the spirit class of Alusi who are incarnations of the high god ; no sacrifices , however , are given to Chukwu and no shrines and altars are erected for him . If an Arushi is assigned to an individual , it becomes a chi , a personal guardian god . The chi manifests as mmuo , spirits , and as a persons spirit is earth bound it chooses sex , type , and lifespan before incarnation in the human world . Chi ( edit ) Interior of a chi shrine at Nkarahia , southern Igboland , 1900s . Chi is the personal spirit of a person ḿmúọ́ , in Igbo culture it is this spirit which determines destiny . Hence the saying , onye kwe , Chi ya ekwe ( `` If a person agrees to a thing , his spirit agrees also '' ) . Culturally , people are seen as the creators or makers of their own destiny . The breath of life is in the heart , óbì . Chi refers to the light and the day in contrast to the dark . The universal chi indirectly in charge of everything is Chukwu who is the supreme being that is beyond the limits of time and space . Chukwu 's name is a compound of the words chí + úkwú ( ' great in size , supreme ' ) . Chi is believed to be a spiritual connection between an individual and the high god and it dictates the trajectory of a person 's spiritual journey on earth . Each chi is personal and is in communion with and inseparable from the universal chi of all things . The high god , Chukwu , is believed to assign chi before and at the time of an individuals birth . It is a guardian spirit providing care , guardianship , and providence , in this respect , the concept of chi is analogous to the concept of a guardian angel in Christianity , the daemon in ancient Greek religion , and the genius in ancient Roman religion . Unlike Chukwu who is genderless , chi can be masculine . A dibia can identify a person 's chi through divination ( áfà ) and advices adherents of ways to placate it . Chukwu is also referred to as Chineke which is a compound of the words chí the divine masculine force and ékè the creative and divisive feminine force . Eke came out of the hands of Chi but are considered one ; Chi created the world while Eke divided it incorporating a divisive trickster energy that introduced death and suffering . Chineke is also interpreted as chí ne ké , ' chi the creatrix ' , and chí nne éké , ' chi the creative mother ' . Eke is ones ancestral guardian spirit . Chineke or Chukwu is high up away at the periphery of human life and remains a mystery to the people . Households usually contain a chi shrine which could be focused on a tree . In marriage a woman takes her chi shrine along with all her belongings to her matrimonial home . Around Nkarahia , in southern Igboland , there are the most elaborate chi shrines which are decorated with colourful china plates inset into the clay walls of the chi shrine building ; the altars hold sacred emblems , while the polished mud benches hold offerings of china , glass , manillas , and food . As a marker of personal fortune or misfortune , good acts or ill , chi can be described as a focal point for ' personal religion ' . Cosmology ( edit ) The community of visible interacting beings and the cosmos is referred to as ụ̀wà , which includes all living things íhẹ́ ndi dị́ ńdụ̀ , including animals and vegetation and their mineral elements which possess a vital force and are regarded as counterparts to invisible forces in the spirit world . These living things and geomorphological features of the world therefore possess a guardian deity . Igbo cosmology presents a balance between the feminine and masculine , perhaps , with a preponderance of female representation in Igbo lore . In Igbo cosmology , the world was divided into four corners by the high god corresponding to èké órìè àfọ̀ ǹkwọ́ which are the days of the week in the Igbo calendar regarded as market days . The universe is regarded as a composite of bounded spaces in an overlapping hemispherical structure , the total spaces are referred to as élú nà àlà . In one Igbo cosmological theory reported by W.R.G. Morton in the 1950s from an elder in Ibagwa Nike in northern Igboland , Chukwu sees that the sun travels across the world in the day time and then cuts into two in order for the moon to pass on a perpendicular route , and so the world is divided into four parts and four days . The quarterly division of the earth and the days makes the number four sacred ( ńsọ́ ) to the Igbo . The élú nà àlà space is defined by two boundaries : élú ígwé , ' sky 's limit ' composed of heavenly bodies under the main forces of the ' masculine ' sun and ' feminine ' moon , and élú àlà , ' earth or lands limit ' consisting of the four material elements of fire and air ( masculine ) , and earth and water ( feminine ) . Ogbo Obodo figures for the cult of Nkpetime , near Asaba , 1900s . The pattern of two and four reoccur in Chukwu 's creations . The days correspond to the four cardinal points and are its names in Igbo , èké east , órìè west , àfọ̀ north , ǹkwọ́ south . The Nri - Igbo claim the market days to have been introduced to the Igbo by their divine progenitor and king Eri in the 9th century after encountering the days as deities . These alusi are venerated as the primary or as a major deity under Chineke in parts of Igboland . In terms of hierarchy , some communities recognise èké as the head of these alusi , while others prioritise órìè and ǹkwọ́ first after the high god . Market days may have local deities representing the spirits in some places , in many southern Igbo towns Agwu is the patron of Eke , Ogwugwu the patron of Orie , Amadioha the patron of Afo and Ala for Nkwo . Justice ( edit ) Main article : Ogu na Ofo Ofo and ogu is a law of retributive justice . It vindicates anyone that is wrongly accused of a crime as long as their `` hands are clean '' . It is only a person who is on the righteous side of Ogu - na - Ofo that can call its name in prayer , otherwise such a person will face the wrath of Amadioha ( the god of thunder and lightning ) . Kola nut is used in ceremonies honour Chukwu , chi , Arushi and ancestors and is used as a method of professing innocence when coupled with libations . The Igbo often make clay altars and shrines of their deities which are sometimes anthropomorphic , the most popular example being the wooden statues of Ikenga . Typically , only men are allowed to make representational figures of supernatural forces . Reincarnation ( edit ) See also : Igbo name An Igbo naming ceremony for a child of Igbuzo heritage in Washington , D.C. Parents of the child confer with the Diokpa ( eldest member of the family or ' patron ' ) on the names of the child . The Igbo have traditionally believed in reincarnation , ilo - uwa . People are believed to reincarnate into families that they were part of while alive . People can usually reincarnate seven times , giving seven opportunities to enter the spirit world successfully as an ancestor . The person 's cycle number on earth is unknown to them . Unlike in Hinduism , humans can only reincarnate as humans . Families hire fortune tellers to reveal the ancestral identity of the child in their former life , the baby is sometimes named after this relative . The personality of the ancestor is not identical to the child 's but rather the concept establishes a vital relationship with the child and characteristics of the ancestor . Before a relative dies , it is said that the soon to be deceased relative sometimes give clues of who they will reincarnate as in the family . Once a child is born , he or she is believed to give signs of who they have reincarnated from . This can be through behaviour , physical traits and statements by the child . A diviner can help in detecting who the child has reincarnated from . It is considered an insult if a male is said to have reincarnated as a female . An ancestor may reincarnate as multiple people in which case share a mortal bond ; upon the death of one person , it is believed that the others may die a sudden death if they see the corpse . Ogbanje ( edit ) Main article : Ogbanje An ogbanje is a reincarnating evil spirit that would deliberately plague a family with misfortune . In folklore , the ogbanje upon being born by the mother , under a certain amount of time ( usually before puberty ) , would deliberately die and then come back and repeat the cycle , causing the family grief . This time period varies between minutes , hours , days and years . Female circumcision was sometimes thought to get rid of the evil spirit , whereas finding the evil spirits Iyi - uwa , which they have dug somewhere secret , would ensure the ogbanje would never plague the family with misfortune again . The Iyi - uwa is a stone that the ogbanje 's way of coming back to the world and also a way of finding its targeted family . The stone is deep enough to not have been planted physically by a child . The iyi - uwa is dug out by a priest and destroyed . Furthermore , female ogbanje die during pregnancies along with the baby , male ogbanje die before the birth of a wife 's baby or the baby dies . The child is confirmed to no longer be an ogbanje after the destruction of the stone or after they successfully give birth to another baby . Deities ( edit ) Main article : Alusi Shrine representation of the alusi Ifejioku . Chukwu 's incarnations and ministers in the world ( ụ̀wà ) are the Alusi , supernatural forces that regulate human life . In southern Igbo dialects especially , ágbàrà is the term for these forces . The alusi are regarded as channels to Chukwu . The alusi , who are also known as arushi , anusi , or arusi in differing dialects all spring from Ala the earth spirit who embodies the workings of the world . There are lesser alusi in Odinani , each of whom are responsible for a specific aspect of nature or abstract concept . According to Igbo belief , these lesser alusi , as elements of Chukwu , have their own specific purpose . Alusi manifest in natural elements and their shrines are usually found in forests in which they are based around specific trees . At shrines , íhú mmúọ́ , an object such as a hung piece of cloth or a group of statues are placed at an alusi 's group of trees to focus worship . Deities are described as ' hot ' and often capricious so that much of the public approach shrines cautiously and are advised to avoid them at most times , priests are entrusted in the maintenance of most shrines . Many of these shrines are by the roadside in rural areas . Tender palm fronds symbolise spiritual power and are objects of sacralisation , shrines are cordoned off with omu to caution the public of the deities presence . Larger clay modelings in honour of an alusi also exist around forests and rivers . Other alusi figures may be found in and around peoples homes and the shrines of dibia , much of these are related to personal chi , cults , and ancestral worship . Ala ( edit ) Main article : Ala ( Odinani ) External image <Td_colspan="2"> Mabri : Art as Process in Igboland by Herbert M. Cole , a description of mbari Ala ( meaning ' earth ' and ' land ' in Igbo , also Ájá - ànà ) is the feminine earth spirit who is responsible for morality , fertility and the dead ancestors who are stored in the underworld in her womb . Ala is at the head of the Igbo pantheon , maintaining order and carrying out justice against wrongdoers . Ala is the most prominent and worshipped alusi , almost every Igbo village has a shrine dedicated to her called íhú Ala where major decisions are taken . Ala is believed to be involved in all aspects of human affairs including festivals and at offerings . Ala stands for fertility and things that generate life including water , stone and vegetation , colour ( àgwà ) , beauty ( mmá ) which is connected to goodness in Igbo society , and uniqueness ( áfà ) . She 's a symbol of morality who sanctioned omenala Igbo customs from which these moral and ethical behaviours are upheld in Igbo society . Ala is the ground itself , and for this reason taboos and crimes are known as ńsọ́ Ala ( ' desecration of Ala ' ) , all land is holy as the embodiment of Ala making her the principal legal sanctioning authority . Prohibitions include murder , suicide , theft , incest , and abnormalities of birth such as in many places the birth of twins and the killing and eating of pregnant animals , if a slaughtered animal is found to be pregnant sacrifices are made to Ala and the foetus is buried . People who commit suicides are not buried in the ground or given burial rites but cast away in order not to further offend and pollute the land , their ability to become ancestors is therefore nullified . When an individual dies a ' bad death ' in the society , such as from the effects of divine retributive justice or breaking a taboo , they are not buried in the earth , but are discarded in a forest so as not to offend Ala . As in cases of most alusi , Ala has the ability to be malevolent if perceived to be offended and can cause harm against those who offend her . The royal python is revered as an agent of Ala . Within the earth 's spherical limit , in a cosmological sense , is a designation of the ' earth 's bosom ' within , ímé àlà , a hemispherical base to the earth with an opening or ' mouth ' at its highest point , ónụ́ àlà . This is composed of mainly deep dark sea water ( ohimiri ) . Ime ala is considered as the underworld . Ala in addition to embodying nature , is the cosmic base on which the vault of heaven , ígwé , rests . As the foundation of all existence , children 's umbilical cords are saved and symbolically buried under a tree to mark the child 's first sharing of family owned lands ; this tree could either be an oil palm , bread - fruit tree , raffia palm , or plantain tree depending on the cultural region . In some places , such as Nri , the royal python , éké , is considered a sacred and tame agent of Ala and a harbinger of good fortune when found in a home . The python is referred to as nne ' mother ' in areas where the python is revered , it is a symbol of female beauty and gentleness . Killing of the python is expressly forbidden in these places and sanctions are taken against the killer including the funding of expensive human sized burials that are given to slain pythons . Amadioha ( edit ) Main article : Amadioha Amadioha ( from ámádí + ọ̀hà , ' free will of the people ' in Igbo ) is the Alusi of justice , thunder , lightning and the sky . He is referred to as Amadioha in southern Igboland , Kamalu , Kamanu , Kalu among the Aro and other Cross River Igbo people , Igwe among the Isuama Igbo and in northwestern Igboland , and Ofufe in certain parts of Igboland . His governing planet is the Sun . His color is red , and his symbol is a white ram . Metaphysically , Amadioha represents the collective will of the people and he is often associated with Anyanwu . He is the expression of divine justice and wrath against taboos and crimes ; in oaths he is sworn by and strikes down those who swear falsely with thunder and lightning . Amadioha shrines exist around Igboland , his main shrine is located at Ozuzu in the riverine Igbo region in northern Rivers State . While Anyanwu is more prominent in northern Igboland , Amadioha is more prominent in the south . His day is Afo , which is the second market day . In mbari houses Amadioha is depicted beside Ala as her consort . Ikenga ( edit ) Main article : Ikenga A miniature abstract cylindrical Ikenga figure . Ikenga ( literally ' place of strength ' ) is an alusi and a cult figure of the right hand and success found among the northern Igbo people . He is an icon of meditation exclusive to men and owners of the sculpture dedicate and refer to it as their ' right hand ' which is considered instrumental to personal power and success . Ikenga is a source of encoded knowledge unraveled through psychological principles . The image of Ikenga comprises someone 's chi ( ' personal god ' ) , his ndichie ( ancestors ) , aka Ikenga ( right hand ) , ike ( power ) as well as spiritual activation through prayer and sacrifice . Igbo cultures value of resourcefulness and individualism in society utilises the concept of Ikenga to regulate the relationship between individuality and family relations and obligations , as well as free will and industriousness balanced with destiny decided persons chi . Ikenga acts as a physical medium to the consciousness and emphasises individual initiative through reflection and meditation . Success validates the Ikenga and the sculptures act as visual representation of a persons inner success , people give offerings in thanks to the Ikenga after providing energy to overcome any unwanted pre-life choices . These choices are at the hands of the persons earth bound spirit , mmuo , who chooses sex , type , and lifespan before incarnation . The successful Ikenga influenced the saying of well being ' íkéǹgàm kwụ̀ ọ̀tọ́ ta ta ' meaning that ' my Ikenga stands upright today ' . During festivals of Ogbalido or olili Ikenga ( ' feast of Ikenga ' ) sculptures of him may be paraded around a village or displayed at the village centre if too monumental to transport . When a person does not become successful with hard work the Ikenga has ' fallen ' and is seen as a sign of danger , if meditation and cajoling the Ikenga fails , the sculpture is ' thrown down ' and broken which spiritually kills the Ikenga ; a new one is carved to replace it . Ikenga figures are common cultural artefacts ranging for six inches to 6 feet high and can be humanistic or highly stylised . There are anthropomorphic , architectonic , and abstract cylindrical Ikenga sculptures . Ikenga is a symbol of success and personal achievement . Ikenga is mostly maintained , kept or owned by men and occasionally by women of high reputation and integrity in the society . At burials , a mans Ikenga is broken into two with one piece buried with him and the other destroyed . Ekwensu ( edit ) Main article : Ekwensu This Alusi was adept at bargains and trade , and praying to Ekwensu was said to guarantee victory in negotiations . As a force of change and chaos , Ekwensu also represented the spirit of war among the Igbo , invoked during times of conflict and banished during peacetime to avoid his influences inciting bloodshed in the community , warriors set up shrines to Ekwensu to help war efforts . This is based upon the finding of old shrines dedicated to the worship of the spirit as well as the recounting of old oral stories which depict the character of Ekwensu . Ekwensu was a bringer of violence and possessed people with anger . Ekwensu holds the propensity of bringing misfortune and is regarded as an evil spirit in this sense . Among the Christian Igbo Ekwensu is representative of Satan and is seen as a force which places itself opposite to that of Chukwu . Ekwensu festivals are held in some Igbo towns where military success is celebrated and wealth is flaunted . Mmuo and minor forces ( edit ) Mmuo is a broad class of minor spirits or divinities manifesting in natural elements under the class of elder divinities with major cults . Feminine mmuo inhabit earth and water and masculine mmuo inhabit fire and air . This class can be broken down by the alusi , serviceable mmuo , agwu are related to unusual and deranged human behaviours , these spirits interact with human in a capricious nature that often makes them dangerous . Other cult deities exist around Igboland such as Njoku Ji , yam and fire deity overseeing agriculture , Idemili , ' the pillar of water ' , the female alusi based in Idemili North and South who holds up the waters , and Mkpataku the ' bringer of wealth ' or ' coming in of wealth ' . In addition to minor spirits there are evil wondering spirits of wrong doers called ogbonuke . Practices ( edit ) Dibia ( edit ) A dibia from the early 20th century with tools of his practice including bells and a miniature Ikenga figure . Dibia are the mystic mediators between the human world and the spirit world and act as healers , scribes , teachers , diviners and advisors of people in the community . They are usually consulted at the shrine of a communities major deity . Dibia is a compound of the words di ( ' professional , master , husband ' ) + ọ́bị̀à ( ' doctoring , sciences ' ) . The dibia are believed to be destined for spiritual work . The dibia sees the spiritual world at any time and interprets what messages being sent and sees the spiritual problems of living people . They are given the power by the spirit world to identify any alusi by name and the possible ways of placating and negotiating with the deity . Dibia are thought to be revealed to possess the power over one of three elements namely water ( and large bodies of water ) , fire and vegetation . Dibia whose elements are vegetation can go on to become herbalists by their supposed instinctual knowledge of the health benefits of certain plants they are instinctually drawn to , fire element dibia can handle fire unscathed during their initiation , and water element dibia do not drown . Dibia can partially enter the spirit world and communicate this by rubbing chalk on one half of their face . Dibia and obia practices were transported to the British Caribbean during the slave trade and became known as obeah . Áfà divination ( edit ) The name of divination in Igbo derives from ígbá áfà or áhà meaning ' to name ' coming from the diviners skill in rooting out problems hence naming them . The dibia or ogba afa , ' interpreter of afa ' , is considered a master of esoteric knowledge and wisdom and igba afa is a way in which people can find out the cause of such things as misfortunes . The diviner interprets codes from àlà mmuọ the unseen by throwing divination seeds , cowries , and beads , or observing a divination board sometimes called osho which can be used in pronouncing curses on the evil . In this way the diviner is endowed with special sight . it is related the sciences of homeopathic medicine known as ọ́gwụ̀ , a practitioner consciously picks to either of these abilities . Animals that are special in divination and sacrifice include a white he - goat , a white ram , a tortoise and male wall gecko . These animals are prized for their rarity , price and therefore the journey taken to obtain . Chameleons and rats are used for more stronger medicines and deadly poisons , and antidotes can include lambs , small chickens , eggs , and oils . Nzu is used in rites from birth to death and is used to mark sacred buildings and spaces . Agwu Nsi is the Igbo patron deity of health and divination and is related to insanity , confusion , and unusual human behaviour which is linked to possession of Agwu by the diviner . Agwu can be manifested by other alusi so that there could be images of a divination Ikenga or Ikenga Agwu for instance . Ancestral veneration ( edit ) A male ancestral figure . Ndebunze , or Ndichie , are the deceased ancestors who are considered to be in the spirit world , àlà mmúọ́ . In Odinani , it is believed that the dead ancestors are invisible members of the community ; their role in the community , in conjunction with Ala , is to protect the community from epidemics and strife such as famine and smallpox . Ancestors helped chi look after men . Shrines for the ancestors in Igbo society were made in the central house , or òbí or òbú , of the patriarch of a housing compound . The patriarchal head of the household is in charge of venerating the patriarchal ancestors through libations and offerings , through this the living maintain contact with the dead . Only a patriarch whose father is dead , and therefore in the spirit world where they await reincarnation into the community , were able to venerate ancestors . Female ancestors were called upon by matriarchs . At the funeral of a mans father there is a hierarchy in Igbo culture of animals that will be killed and eaten in his honor . Usually this depended on the rarity and price of the animal , so a goat or a sheep were common and relatively cheaper , and therefore carried less prestige , while a cow is considered a great honor , and a horse the most exceptional . Horses can not be given for women . Horses were more common among the northeastern Igbo due to tsetse fly zone that Igboland is situated in and renders it an unsuitable climate for horses . Horse heads are traditionally decorated and kept in a reliquary and at shrines . A number of major masking institutions exist around Igboland that honour ancestors and reflect the spirit world in the land of the living . Young women , for example , are incarnated in the society through the àgbọ́ghọ̀ mmúọ́ masking tradition in which mean represent ideal and benevolent spirits of maidens of the spirit world in the form of feminine masks . These masks are performed at festivals at agricultural cycles and at funerals of prominent individuals in the society . Kola nut ( edit ) An ókwá ọ́jị̀ bowl in the Chazen Museum of Art , Wisconsin . Kola nut ( ọ́jị̀ , or ọ́jị̀ Ìgbò ) offerings and prayers ( ị́gọ́ ọ́jị̀ , ' kola nut blessing ' , ị́wá ọ́jị̀ , ' kola nut breaking ' ) can be performed personally between one and his spirit or in a group in a form of a prayer or chant . The saluter addresses their personal god or chi as well as alusi and their ancestors . These kola nuts are held in a special round bowl called ọ́kwá with a compartment at the centre of the bowl for condiments for the kola nut such as alligator pepper ( or capsicum cayene , ósẹ̀ ọ́jị́ ) and ground peanuts . The bowl and kola nut rite is used to welcome visitors into a household . After the prayer , the ceremony ends with the saluter sharing pieces of the kola with the group , known as ị́ké ọ́jị̀ . The kola is supposed to cut by hand , but more recently knives have become acceptable . When the cola has three cotyledons , or parts , it is considered an ọ́jị̀ ìkéǹgà in some northern communities ( going by other names in communities Ikenga does n't operate ) and is considered a sign of great luck , bravery and nobility . O wetalu oji wetalu ndu -- ' one who brings kola brings life ' is a popular saying that points to the auspiciousness of the kola rite . Architecture ( edit ) Mbari ( edit ) Scene in an mbari house , 1904 . Among a small area of the Urata - Igbo cultural area , near Owerri , there is a tradition of building votive monument houses called ḿbàrí primarily dedicated to the ágbàrà Àlà specific to the community and sometimes other community deities . The name joins the word ḿbà ( ' nation , town , society ' ) + rí ( ' eat ' ) in reference to the ' festival of life ' held after its completion . These votive shrines are typically designed with four columns and a central volt , around the columns are modelled deities , spirits , and depictions of human life , the entire building built out of clay from termite mounds symbolically named jí ( ' yam ' ) by the initiated spirit workers called ńdí m̀gbè . Ndi mgbe are secluded from the community for a couple of months during the rites of building the mbari to a deity . Mbari are requested by a deity who the diviner tells the community feels neglected and can not feel pride in the face of other deities in the spirit world . A string of unusual and unfortunate events befalling the community is linked to the aggrieved deity . An mbari is commissioned and artists are chosen . After the completion of the mbari the spirit workers are reincorporated into the community and a feast is held for the opening of the mbari house where elders and the community come to exhibit the critique the expensive mbari . The mbari house is not a source of worship and is left to dilapidate , being reabsorbed by nature in symbolic sense related to Ala . Uto pyramids ( edit ) External image <Td_colspan="2"> Pyramids Nsude village shrine , Abaja , Northern Igbo by G.I. Jones , 1930s Before the twentieth century , circular stepped pyramids were built in reverence of Ala at the town of Nsude in northern Igboland . In total ten clay / mud pyramidal structures were still existing in 1935 . The base section of a pyramid was 60 ft. in circumference and 3 ft. in height . The next stack was 45 ft. in circumference . Circular stacks continued , till it reached the top . The structures were temples for the god Ala / Uto who was believed to live at the top . A stick was placed at the top to represent the god 's residence . The structures were laid in groups of five parallel to each other . Because it was built of clay / mud like the Deffufa of Nubia , time has taken its toll requiring periodic reconstruction . See also ( edit ) Igbo culture Ibo loa Igbo portal Religion portal Spirituality portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benjamin Ray says of the position of African religions : But as we have seen , there are other elements ( besides monotheistic ones ) which tend towards polytheism or pantheism . What , we may ask , accounts for these different tendencies ? As Evans - Pritchard and Peel suggest , they do not derive so much from different observers ' standpoints as from the different standpoints within the religious systems themselves This , of course , does not mean that African religions consist of conflicting `` systems '' ( monotheism , polytheism , pantheism , totemism ) , which lack any inherent unity . Rather , the totality of elements in each religious system can be viewed from different internal perspectives according to different contextual alignments . What is misleading is to seize upon one perspective or tendency and make it the dominant framework . This may satisfy the observer 's own theological preferences , e.g. , monotheism , but only at the expense of over-systematizing the contextual diversity of African religious thought . Ray , Benjamin C. ( 1976 ) . African Religions : Symbol , Ritual , and Community . Prentice - Hall . p. 53 . ISBN 0130186228 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Afulezy , Uju `` On Odinani , the Igbo Religion '' , Niger Delta Congress , Nigeria , April 03 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : M.O. Ené `` The fundamentals of Odinani '' , KWENU : Our Culture , Our Future , April 03 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Obeah . Merriam Webster . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Douglas B. ( 2009 ) . Murder at Montpelier : Igbo Africans in Virginia . Univ . Press of Mississippi . pp. 14 , 36 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 246 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Rucker , Walter C. ( 2006 ) . The river flows on : Black resistance , culture , and identity formation in early America . LSU Press . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 3109 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Eltis , David ; Richardson , David ( 1997 ) . Routes to slavery : direction , ethnicity , and mortality in the transatlantic slave trade . Routledge . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4820 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ogbuene , Chigekwu G. ( 1999 ) . The concept of man in Igbo myths . Peter Lang . p. 207 . ISBN 0820447048 . ^ Jump up to : Echema , Austin ( 2010 ) . Igbo Funeral Rites Today : Anthropological and Theological Perspectives . footnotes : LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 21 , 48 . ISBN 3643104197 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Okwunodu Ogbechie , Sylvester ( 2008 ) . Ben Enwonwu : the making of an African modernist . University Rochester Press . p. 161 . ISBN 1580462359 . Jump up ^ Ikenga International Journal of African Studies . Institute of African Studies , University of Nigeria. 1972 . p. 103 . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Uzor , Peter Chiehiụra ( 2004 ) . The traditional African concept of God and the Christian concept of God : Chukwu bụ ndụ -- God is life , the Igbo perspective . Peter Lang . p. 194 . ISBN 3631521456 . Jump up ^ Obiego , Cosmas Okechukwu ( 1984 ) . African Image of the Ultimate Reality : An Analysis of Igbo Ideas of Life and Death in Relation to Chukwu - God . Peter Lang . p. 88 . ISBN 3820474609 . Jump up ^ Ebelebe , Charles A. ( 2009 ) . Africa and the New Face of Mission : A Critical Assessment of the Legacy of the Irish Spiritans Among the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria . Univiversity Press of America . p. 24 . ISBN 0761845968 . ^ Jump up to : Agbasiere , Joseph Thérèse ( 2000 ) . Women in Igbo Life and Thought . Psychology Press . pp. 48 -- 64 . ISBN 0415227038 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Herbert M. ( 1982 ) . Mbari : Art and the Life Among the Owerri Igbo . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0253303974 . ^ Jump up to : Wiredu , Kwesi ( 2008 ) . A Companion to African Philosophy . John Wiley & Sons . p. 420 . ISBN 0470997370 . Jump up ^ Asante , Molefi K. ; Nwadiora , Emeka ( 2007 ) . Spear Masters : An Introduction to African Religion . University Press of America . p. 108 . ISBN 0761835741 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Okoh , Michael ( 2012 ) . Fostering Christian Faith in Schools and Christian Communities Through Igbo Traditional Values : Towards a Holistic Approach to Christian Religious Education and Catechesis in Igboland ( Nigeria ) . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 37 , 58 . ISBN 3643901682 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Udeani , Chibueze C. ( 2007 ) . Inculturation as Dialogue : Igbo Culture and the Message of Christ . Rodopi . p. 35 . ISBN 9042022299 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Ndukaihe , Vernantius Emeka ( 2006 ) . Achievement as Value in the Igbo / African Identity : The Ethics . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 185 -- 187 . ISBN 3825899292 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Uzukwu , Elochukwu Eugene ( 2012 ) . God , Spirit , and Human Wholeness : Appropriating Faith and Culture in West African Style . Wipf and Stock . pp. 63 , 123 . ISBN 1610971906 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot , P. Amaury ( July 1916 ) . `` Some Beliefs of To - day and Yesterday ( Niger - Delta Tribes . ) '' . Journal of the Royal African Society . The Royal African Society . 15 ( 60 ) : 307 -- 308 . Jump up ^ Opata , Damian Ugwutikiri ( 1998 ) . Essays on Igbo World View . AP Express Publishers . p. 62 . ISBN 9782001155 . ^ Jump up to : Ụkaegbu , Jọn Ọfọegbu ( 1991 ) . `` Igbo Identity and Personality Vis - à - vis Igbo Cultural Symbols '' . Pontifical University of Salamanca : 60 . Jump up ^ Anyahuru , Israel ; Ohiaraumunna , Tom ( 2009 ) . Musical Sense and Musical Meaning : An Indigenous African Perception . Rozenberg Publishers . p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Morton , W.R.G. ( 1956 ) . `` God , man and the land in a Northern Ibo village - group '' . African Abstracts . International African Institute . 7 -- 9 : 15 . Jump up ^ Isichei , Elizabeth Allo ( 1997 ) . A History of African Societies to 1870 . Cambridge University Press . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45599 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Chigere , Nkem Hyginus M.V. ( 2001 ) . Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 20 , 56 . ISBN 3825849643 . Jump up ^ Ejizu , Christopher I. ( 1986 ) . Ofo : Igbo Ritual Symbol . Fourth Dimension Publishers . ISBN 9781562684 . Jump up ^ T. Phillips ( ed . ) `` Ceramic altar for the new yam harvest festival '' , BritishMuseum.org , London , April 03 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gugler , Josef ; Flanagan , William G. ( 1978 ) . Urbanization and Social Change in West Africa . Cambridge University Press . p. 82 . ISBN 0521291186 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Nnam , Nkuzi Michael ( 2007 ) . Colonial Mentality in Africa . Hamilton Books . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 1461626307 . ^ Jump up to : Udoye , Edwin Anaegboka ( 2011 ) . Resolving the Prevailing Conflicts Between Christianity and African ( Igbo ) Traditional Religion Through Inculturation . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 45 -- 53 , 104 . ISBN 364390116X . Jump up ^ Newell , William Hare ( 1976 ) . `` Ancestoride ! Are African Ancestors Dead ? '' . Ancestors . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 293 -- 294 . ISBN 90 - 279 - 7859 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ilogu , Edmund ( 1974 ) . Christianity and Ibo culture . Brill . pp. 34 -- 36 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 04021 - 8 . Jump up ^ Olupona , Jacob K. ; Nyang , Sulayman S. ; Kalu , Ogbu U. ( 1993 ) . `` Religion and social control in Igboland '' . Religious Plurality in Africa : Essays in Honour of John S. Mbiti . Walter de Gruyter . p. 118 . ISBN 3110850079 . Jump up ^ Isichei , Elizabeth Allo ( 1977 ) . Igbo worlds : an anthology of oral histories and historical descriptions . Macmillan . pp. 27 , 334 . ISBN 0333198379 . Jump up ^ Oriji , John ( 2011 ) . Political Organization in Nigeria Since the Late Stone Age : A History of the Igbo People . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 44 -- 48 . ISBN 023011668X . ^ Jump up to : Ogbaa , Kalu ( 1995 ) . Igbo . The Rosen Publishing Group . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 0823919773 . Jump up ^ Hodder , Ian ( 1987 ) . The Archaeology of Contextual Meanings . Cambridge University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 0521329248 . Jump up ^ Ilogu , Edmund ( 1974 ) . Christianity and Ibo Culture . Brill Archive . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 9004040218 . ^ Jump up to : Onunwa , Udobata R. ( 2010 ) . A Handbook of African Religion and Culture . Dorrance Publishing . pp. 18 , 40 . ISBN 1434953963 . Jump up ^ Jones , G.I. ( 2000 ) . The Trading States of the Oil Rivers : A Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria . James Currey Publishers . p. 28 . ISBN 0852559186 . Jump up ^ McCall , John . Dancing Histories : Heuristic Ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo . Page 123 Jump up ^ Oriji , John . Sacred Authority in Igbo Society . Page 115 Jump up ^ Diala , Isidore . Ritual and Mythological Recuperation in the Drama of Esiaba Irobi . Page 101 Jump up ^ Uchendu , Victor C. The Igbo of Southeast Nigeria . Page 96 Jump up ^ Diala , Isidore . Ritual and Mythological Recuperation in the Drama of Esiaba Irobi . Page 104 Jump up ^ Iwu , Maurice . Handbook of African medicinal plants . Page 320 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Iroegbu . Igbo - Okija Oracles and Shrines , Development and Cultural Justice Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred ( 2009 ) . Gardner 's Art through the Ages : Non-Western Perspectives . Igbo : Cengage Learning . p. 219 . ISBN 0495573671 . ^ Jump up to : Basden , G.T. ( 2013 ) . Among the Ibos of Nigeria : 1912 . Routledge . p. 45 . ISBN 1136248498 . Jump up ^ Cole , Herbert M. `` Igbo Art in Social Context '' . University of Iowa Museum of Art . p. 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Okere , Rose . `` Ikenga In Traditional Igbo Society '' . Ngrguardiannews.com . Jump up ^ Agozino , Emmanuel . ' Ekwensu : God of victory not devil ' , Nigerian Compass , Nsukka , April 03 , 2010 Jump up ^ Bewaji , John A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Olodumare : God in Yoruba Belief and the Theistic Problem of Evil '' ( PDF ) . African Studies Quarterly . University of Florida . 2 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Nwaorgu , Andrew E. ( 2001 ) . Cultural symbols : the Christian perspective . T ' Afrique International Association . pp. 92 -- 95 . ISBN 9780529020 . ^ Jump up to : Achebe , Nwando ( 2011 ) . The Female King of Colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe . Indiana University Press . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 0253222486 . ^ Jump up to : Iroegbu , Patrick E. ( 2010 ) . Healing Insanity : A Study of Igbo Medicine in Contemporary Nigeria . Xlibris Corporation . pp. 344 -- 346 . ISBN 1450096298 . Jump up ^ Aguwa , Jude C.U. ( 1995 ) . The Agwu deity in Igbo religion : a study of the patron spirit divination and medicine in an African society . Fourth Dimension Publishing . p. 108 . ISBN 9789781563997 . Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. ( 1991 ) . African Divination Systems : Ways of Knowing . Georgetown University Press . p. 200 . ISBN 0253343097 . Jump up ^ Iroegbu , Patrick ; Gottschalk - Batschkus , Christine E. ( 2002 ) . `` Igbo Medicine Practitioners and Ways of Healing Insanity in Southeastern Nigeria '' . In Green , Joy C. Handbook of ethnotherapies . BoD -- Books on Demand . p. 157 . ISBN 3831141843 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Opata , Damian Ugwutikiri ( 2009 ) . Ajija : an Igbo agent of death and destruction . Great AP Express . p. 28 . ISBN 9788087744 . Jump up ^ Chukwube , Okwuchukwu Stan ( 2008 ) . Renewing the Community and Fashioning the Individual : A Study of Traditional Communal Reconciliation Among the Igbo . ProQuest . p. 30 . ISBN 0549638601 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Njoku , Akuma - Kalu ; Uzukwu , Elochukwu ( 2014 ) . Interface Between Igbo Theology and Christianity . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 144387034X . Jump up ^ Gomez , Michael Angelo ( 1998 ) . Exchanging Our Country Marks : The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South . University of North Carolina Press . p. 129 . ISBN 0807846945 . Jump up ^ Ottenberg , Simon ( 2006 ) , Toyin Falola , ed. , Igbo Religion , Social Life , and Other Essays , Africa World Press , p. 348 , ISBN 1592214436 Jump up ^ Spinage , Clive ( 2012 ) . African Ecology : Benchmarks and Historical Perspectives . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 932 . ISBN 3642228712 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ian ( 2005 ) . Riding in Africa . Ian Williams . p. 30 . ISBN 0595373011 . Jump up ^ Werness , Hope B. ( 2003 ) . Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art : Worldview , Symbolism , and Culture in Africa , Oceania , and North America . A&C Black . p. 145 . ISBN 0826414656 . Jump up ^ Idigo , Anthony Chike ( 2002 ) . Oji : cola acuminata - Oji Igbo : the cornerstone of Igbo traditional ceremonies . Snaap Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780491732 . Jump up ^ Ukagba , George Uzoma ( 2010 ) . The Kpim of Feminism : Issues and Women in a Changing World . Trafford Publishing . p. 194 . ISBN 1426924070 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Eboh , Simeon Onyewueke ( 2004 ) . African Communalism : The Way to Social Harmony and Peaceful Co-existence . Transaction Publishers . p. 143 . ISBN 3889397158 . Jump up ^ Udoye , Edwin Anaegboka ( 2011 ) . Resolving the Prevailing Conflicts Between Christianity and African ( Igbo ) Traditional Religion Through Inculturation . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 142 . ISBN 364390116X . Jump up ^ Cole , Herbert M. `` Mabri : Art as Process in Igboland '' . University of Iowa Museum of Art . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Basden , G. S ( 1966 ) . Among the Ibos of Nigeria , 1912 . Psychology Press : p. 109 , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 1633 - 8 Further reading ( edit ) Umeh , John Anenechukwu ( 2007 ) . After God is Dibia : Igbo cosmology , divination & sacred science in Nigeria . Karnak House . ISBN 1872596096 . Agbasiere , Joseph Thérèse ( 2000 ) . Women in Igbo Life and Thought . Psychology Press . ISBN 0415227038 . External links ( edit ) An insight guide to Igboland 's Culture , Religion and Language G.I. 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American religion Religions Abakuá Brazilian Macumba Candomblé ( Bantu Jejé Ketu ) Cuban Vodú Dominican Vudú Haitian Vodou Kumina Louisiana Voodoo Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Spiritual Baptist Umbanda Winti Diverse roots Ifá Orisha ( Yoruba ) Loa ( Fon and Ewe ) Alusi ( Igbo ) Winti ( Akan ) Nkisi ( Kongo ) Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Native American religion See also Hoodoo ( folk magic ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odinani&oldid=835939062 '' Categories : Igbo religion Folk religion African traditional religions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Igbo - language text All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Odinani - traditional spiritual practices of the Igbo people
2. Chineke - the supreme being in Odinani
3. Alusi - lesser spirits in the Igbo pantheon
4. Chi - personal spirit and connection to the high god in Odinani
5. Reincarnation - belief in the cycle of birth and death in Igbo culture |
-7,993,339,764,776,771,000 | what do you mean by concave and convex mirror | Curved mirror - wikipedia Curved mirror Reflections in a spherical convex mirror . The photographer is seen reflected at top right A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface . The surface may be either convex ( bulging outwards ) or concave ( bulging inwards ) . Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere , but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices . The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors , found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects , since spherical mirror systems , like spherical lenses , suffer from spherical aberration . Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment . They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images . Contents ( hide ) 1 Convex mirrors 1.1 Uses of convex mirror 1.2 Image 2 Concave mirrors 2.1 Uses 2.2 Image 3 Mirror shape 4 Analysis 4.1 Mirror equation , magnification , and focal length 4.2 Ray tracing 4.3 Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Convex mirrors ( edit ) A convex mirror diagram showing the focus , focal length , centre of curvature , principal axis , etc . A convex mirror , diverging mirror , or fish eye mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source . Convex mirrors reflect light outwards , therefore they are not used to focus light . Such mirrors always form a virtual image , since the focal point ( F ) and the centre of curvature ( 2F ) are both imaginary points `` inside '' the mirror , that can not be reached . As a result , images formed by these mirrors can not be projected on a screen , since the image is inside the mirror . The image is smaller than the object , but gets larger as the object approaches the mirror . A collimated ( parallel ) beam of light diverges ( spreads out ) after reflection from a convex mirror , since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror . Uses of convex mirror ( edit ) Convex mirror lets motorists see around a corner . Detail of the convex mirror in the Arnolfini Portrait The passenger - side mirror on a car is typically a convex mirror . In some countries , these are labeled with the safety warning `` Objects in mirror are closer than they appear '' , to warn the driver of the convex mirror 's distorting effects on distance perception . Convex mirrors are preferred in vehicles because they give an upright , though diminished , image . Also they provide a wider field of view as they are curved outwards . These mirrors are often found in the hallways of various buildings ( commonly known as `` hallway safety mirrors '' ) , including hospitals , hotels , schools , stores , and apartment buildings . They are usually mounted on a wall or ceiling where hallways intersect each other , or where they make sharp turns . They are useful for people accessing the hallways , especially at locations having blind spots or where visibility may be limited . They are also used on roads , driveways , and alleys to provide safety for motorists where there is a lack of visibility , especially at curves and turns . Convex mirrors are used in some automated teller machines as a simple and handy security feature , allowing the users to see what is happening behind them . Similar devices are sold to be attached to ordinary computer monitors . Convex mirrors make everything seem smaller but cover a larger area of surveillance . Round convex mirrors called Oeil de Sorcière ( French for `` sorcerer 's eye '' ) were a popular luxury item from the 15th century onwards , shown in many depictions of interiors from that time . With 15th century technology , it was easier to make a regular curved mirror ( from blown glass ) than a perfectly flat one . They were also known as `` bankers ' eyes '' due to the fact that their wide field of vision was useful for security . Famous examples in art include the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck and the left wing of the Werl Altarpiece by Robert Campin . Image ( edit ) A virtual image in a Christmas bauble . The image on a convex mirror is always virtual ( rays have n't actually passed through the image ; their extensions do , like in a regular mirror ) , diminished ( smaller ) , and upright . As the object gets closer to the mirror , the image gets larger , until reaching approximately the size of the object , when it touches the mirror . As the object moves away , the image diminishes in size and gets gradually closer to the focus , until it is reduced to a point in the focus when the object is at an infinite distance . These features make convex mirrors very useful : since everything appears smaller in the mirror , they cover a wider field of view than a normal plane mirror does . Effect on image of object 's position relative to mirror focal point ( convex ) Object 's position ( S ) , focal point ( F ) Image Diagram S > F , S = F , S < F ( \ displaystyle S > F , \ S = F , \ S < F ) Virtual Upright Reduced ( diminished / smaller ) Concave mirrors ( edit ) A concave mirror diagram showing the focus , focal length , centre of curvature , principal axis , etc . A concave mirror , or converging mirror , has a reflecting surface that bulges inward ( away from the incident light ) . Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point. They are used to focus light . Unlike convex mirrors , concave mirrors show different image types depending on the distance between the object and the mirror . These mirrors are called `` converging mirrors '' because they tend to collect light that falls on them , refocusing parallel incoming rays toward a focus . This is because the light is reflected at different angles , since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror . Uses ( edit ) Concave mirrors are used in reflecting telescopes . They are also used to provide a magnified image of the face for applying make - up or shaving . In illumination applications , concave mirrors are used to gather light from a small source and direct it outward in a beam as in torches , headlamps and spotlights , or to collect light from a large area and focus it into a small spot , as in concentrated solar power . Concave mirrors are used to form optical cavities , which are important in laser construction . Some dental mirrors use a concave surface to provide a magnified image . The mirror landing aid system of modern aircraft carriers also uses a concave mirror . Image ( edit ) Effect on image of object 's position relative to mirror focal point ( concave ) Object 's position ( S ) , focal point ( F ) Image Diagram S < F ( \ displaystyle S < F ) ( Object between focal point and mirror ) Virtual Upright Magnified ( larger ) S = F ( \ displaystyle S = F ) ( Object at focal point ) Reflected rays are parallel and never meet , so no image is formed . In the limit where S approaches F , the image distance approaches infinity , and the image can be either real or virtual and either upright or inverted depending on whether S approaches F from above or below . F < S < 2 F ( \ displaystyle F < S < 2F ) ( Object between focus and centre of curvature ) Real image Inverted ( vertically ) Magnified ( larger ) S = 2 F ( \ displaystyle S = 2F ) ( Object at centre of curvature ) Real image Inverted ( vertically ) Same size Image formed at centre of curvature S > 2 F ( \ displaystyle S > 2F ) ( Object beyond centre of curvature ) Real image Inverted ( vertically ) Reduced ( diminished / smaller ) As the distance of the object increases , the image asymptotically approaches the focal point In the limit where S approaches infinity , the image size approaches zero as the image approaches F Mirror shape ( edit ) Most curved mirrors have a spherical profile . These are the simplest to make , and it is the best shape for general - purpose use . Spherical mirrors , however , suffer from spherical aberration -- parallel rays reflected from such mirrors do not focus to a single point . For parallel rays , such as those coming from a very distant object , a parabolic reflector can do a better job . Such a mirror can focus incoming parallel rays to a much smaller spot than a spherical mirror can . A toroidal reflector is a form of parabolic reflector which has a different focal distance depending on the angle of the mirror . Analysis ( edit ) Mirror equation , magnification , and focal length ( edit ) The Gaussian mirror equation , also known as the mirror and lens equation , relates the object distance d o ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) and image distance d i ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) to the focal length f ( \ displaystyle f ) : 1 d o + 1 d i = 1 f ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( f ) ) ) . The sign convention used here is that the focal length is positive for concave mirrors and negative for convex ones , and d o ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) and d i ( \ displaystyle d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) are positive when the object and image are in front of the mirror , respectively . ( They are positive when the object or image is real . ) For convex mirrors , if one moves the 1 / d o ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) term to the right side of the equation to solve for 1 / d i ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) , the result is always a negative number , meaning that the image distance is negative -- the image is virtual , located `` behind '' the mirror . This is consistent with the behavior described above . For concave mirrors , whether the image is virtual or real depends on how large the object distance is compared to the focal length . If the 1 / f ( \ displaystyle 1 / f ) term is larger than the 1 / d o ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) term , 1 / d i ( \ displaystyle 1 / d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) is positive and the image is real . Otherwise , the term is negative and the image is virtual . Again , this validates the behavior described above . The magnification of a mirror is defined as the height of the image divided by the height of the object : m ≡ h i h o = − d i d o ( \ displaystyle m \ equiv ( \ frac ( h_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ( h_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) ) = - ( \ frac ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ( d_ ( \ mathrm ( o ) ) ) ) ) . By convention , if the resulting magnification is positive , the image is upright . If the magnification is negative , the image is inverted ( upside down ) . Ray tracing ( edit ) Main article : Ray tracing ( physics ) The image location and size can also be found by graphical ray tracing , as illustrated in the figures above . A ray drawn from the top of the object to the surface vertex ( where the optical axis meets the mirror ) will form an angle with that axis . The reflected ray has the same angle to the axis , but is below it ( See Specular reflection ) . A second ray can be drawn from the top of the object passing through the focal point and reflecting off the mirror at a point somewhere below the optical axis . Such a ray will be reflected from the mirror as a ray parallel to the optical axis . The point at which the two rays described above meet is the image point corresponding to the top of the object . Its distance from the axis defines the height of the image , and its location along the axis is the image location . The mirror equation and magnification equation can be derived geometrically by considering these two rays . Ray transfer matrix of spherical mirrors ( edit ) Further information : Ray transfer matrix analysis The mathematical treatment is done under the paraxial approximation , meaning that under the first approximation a spherical mirror is a parabolic reflector . The ray matrix of a spherical mirror is shown here for the concave reflecting surface of a spherical mirror . The C ( \ displaystyle C ) element of the matrix is − 1 f ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( f ) ) ) , where f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the focal point of the optical device . Boxes 1 and 3 feature summing the angles of a triangle and comparing to π radians ( or 180 ° ) . Box 2 shows the Maclaurin series of arccos ( − r R ) ( \ displaystyle \ arccos \ left ( - ( \ frac ( r ) ( R ) ) \ right ) ) up to order 1 . The derivations of the ray matrices of a convex spherical mirror and a thin lens are very similar . See also ( edit ) Anamorphosis Concentrated solar power - a method of solar power generation using curved mirrors or arrays of mirrors List of telescope parts and construction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NAYAK . ENGINEERING PHYSICS . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 9781259006449 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Hecht , Eugene ( 1987 ) . `` 5.4. 3 '' . Optics ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . pp. 160 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . Jump up ^ Venice Botteghe : Antiques , Bijouterie , Coffee , Cakes , Carpet , Glass Archived 2017 - 03 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lorne Campbell , National Gallery Catalogues ( new series ) : The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings , pp. 178 - 179 , 188 - 189 , 1998 , ISBN 1 - 85709 - 171 - X Jump up ^ Joshi , Dhiren M. Living Science Physics 10 . Ratna Sagar . ISBN 9788183322904 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sura 's Year Book 2006 ( English ) . Sura Books . ISBN 9788172541248 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Al - Azzawi , Abdul ( 2006 - 12 - 26 ) . Light and Optics : Principles and Practices . CRC Press . ISBN 9780849383144 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Java applets to explore ray tracing for curved mirrors Concave mirrors -- real images , Molecular Expressions Optical Microscopy Primer Spherical mirrors , online physics lab `` Grinding the World 's Largest Mirror '' Popular Science , December 1935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curved_mirror&oldid=845550198 '' Categories : Mirrors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Македонски 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Curved mirror
2. Convex mirror
3. Concave mirror
4. Uses of curved mirrors
5. Ray tracing in curved mirrors |
-7,402,883,779,519,268,000 | what units does a doppler radar measure in | Doppler radar - wikipedia Doppler radar Jump to : navigation , search Doppler effect . A Doppler radar is a specialized radar that uses the Doppler effect to produce velocity data about objects at a distance . It does this by bouncing a microwave signal off a desired target and analyzing how the object 's motion has altered the frequency of the returned signal . This variation gives direct and highly accurate measurements of the radial component of a target 's velocity relative to the radar . Doppler radars are used in aviation , sounding satellites , Major League Baseball 's StatCast system , meteorology , radar guns , radiology and healthcare ( fall detection and risk assessment , nursing or clinic purpose ) , and bistatic radar ( surface - to - air missiles ) . Partly because of its common use by television meteorologists in on - air weather reporting , the specific term `` Doppler Radar '' has erroneously become popularly synonymous with the type of radar used in meteorology . Most modern weather radars use the pulse - Doppler technique to examine the motion of precipitation , but it is only a part of the processing of their data . So , while these radars use a highly specialized form of Doppler radar , the term is much broader in its meaning and its applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 1.1 Doppler effect 1.2 Frequency variation 1.3 Technology 2 History 2.1 Doppler navigation 2.1. 1 Wind speed correction 2.1. 2 Locus - based navigation 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Further reading 5 External links Concept ( edit ) Doppler effect ( edit ) The emitted signal toward the car is reflected back with a variation of frequency that depend on the speed away / toward the radar ( 160 km / h ) . This is only a component of the real speed ( 170 km / h ) . The Doppler effect ( or Doppler shift ) , named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 , is the difference between the observed frequency and the emitted frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the waves . It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren approaches , passes and recedes from an observer . The received frequency is higher ( compared to the emitted frequency ) during the approach , it is identical at the instant of passing by , and it is lower during the recession . This variation of frequency also depends on the direction the wave source is moving with respect to the observer ; it is maximum when the source is moving directly toward or away from the observer and diminishes with increasing angle between the direction of motion and the direction of the waves , until when the source is moving at right angles to the observer , there is no shift . Imagine a baseball pitcher throwing one ball every second to a catcher ( a frequency of 1 ball per second ) . Assuming the balls travel at a constant velocity and the pitcher is stationary , the catcher catches one ball every second . However , if the pitcher is jogging towards the catcher , the catcher catches balls more frequently because the balls are less spaced out ( the frequency increases ) . The inverse is true if the pitcher is moving away from the man . He catches balls less frequently because of the pitcher 's backward motion ( the frequency decreases ) . If the pitcher moves at an angle , but at the same speed , the frequency variation at which the receiver catches balls is less , as the distance between the two changes more slowly . From the point of view of the pitcher , the frequency remains constant ( whether he 's throwing balls or transmitting microwaves ) . Since with electromagnetic radiation like microwaves frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength , the wavelength of the waves is also affected . Thus , the relative difference in velocity between a source and an observer is what gives rise to the doppler effect . Frequency variation ( edit ) The formula for radar Doppler shift is the same as that for reflection of light by a moving mirror . There is no need to invoke Einstein 's theory of special relativity , because all observations are made in the same frame of reference . The result derived with c as the speed of light and v as the target velocity gives the shifted frequency ( f r ( \ displaystyle f_ ( r ) ) ) as a function of the original frequency ( f t ( \ displaystyle f_ ( t ) ) ) : f r = f t ( 1 + v / c 1 − v / c ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( r ) = f_ ( t ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + v / c ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) \ right ) ) which simplifies to f r = f t ( c + v c − v ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( r ) = f_ ( t ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( c + v ) ( c-v ) ) \ right ) ) The `` beat frequency '' , ( Doppler frequency ) ( f d ( \ displaystyle f_ ( d ) ) ) , is thus : f d = f r − f t = 2 v f t ( c − v ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( d ) = f_ ( r ) - f_ ( t ) = 2v ( \ frac ( f_ ( t ) ) ( ( c-v ) ) ) ) Since for most practical applications of radar , v ≪ c ( \ displaystyle v \ ll c ) , so ( c − v ) → c ( \ displaystyle \ left ( c-v \ right ) \ rightarrow c ) . We can then write : f d ≈ 2 v f t c ( \ displaystyle f_ ( d ) \ approx 2v ( \ frac ( f_ ( t ) ) ( c ) ) ) Technology ( edit ) U.S. Army soldier using a radar gun , an application of Doppler radar , to catch speeding violators . There are four ways of producing the Doppler effect . Radars may be : Coherent pulsed ( CP ) , Pulse - Doppler radar , Continuous wave ( CW ) , or Frequency modulation ( FM ) . Doppler allows the use of narrow band receiver filters that reduce or eliminate signals from slow moving and stationary objects . This effectively eliminates false signals produced by trees , clouds , insects , birds , wind , and other environmental influences . Cheap hand held Doppler radar may produce erroneous measurements . CW Doppler radar only provides a velocity output as the received signal from the target is compared in frequency with the original signal . Early Doppler radars included CW , but these quickly led to the development of frequency modulated continuous wave ( FMCW ) radar , which sweeps the transmitter frequency to encode and determine range . With the advent of digital techniques , Pulse - Doppler radars ( PD ) became light enough for aircraft use , and Doppler processors for coherent pulse radars became more common . That provides Look - down / shoot - down capability . The advantage of combining Doppler processing with pulse radars is to provide accurate velocity information . This velocity is called range - rate . It describes the rate that a target moves toward or away from the radar . A target with no range - rate reflects a frequency near the transmitter frequency and can not be detected . The classic zero doppler target is one which is on a heading that is tangential to the radar antenna beam . Basically , any target that is heading 90 degrees in relation to the antenna beam can not be detected by its velocity ( only by its conventional reflectivity ) . In military airborne applications , the Doppler effect has 2 main advantages . Firstly , the radar is more robust against counter-measure . Return signals from weather , terrain , and countermeasures like chaff are filtered out before detection , which reduces computer and operator loading in hostile environments . Secondly , against a low altitude target , filtering on the radial speed is a very effective way to eliminate the ground clutter that always has a null speed . Low - flying military plane with countermeasure alert for hostile radar track acquisition can turn perpendicular to the hostile radar to nullify its Doppler frequency , which usually breaks the lock and drives the radar off by hiding against the ground return which is much larger . History ( edit ) AN / APN - 81 Doppler radar navigation system , mid-1950s Doppler radar tends to be lightweight because it eliminates heavy pulse hardware . The associated filtering removes stationary reflections while integrating signals over a longer time span , which improves range performance while reducing power . The military applied these advantages during the 1940s . Continuous - broadcast , or FM , radar was developed during World War II for United States Navy aircraft , to support night combat operation . Most used the UHF spectrum and had a transmit Yagi antenna on the port wing and a receiver Yagi antenna on the starboard wing . This enabled bombers to fly an optimum speed when approaching ship targets , and let escort fighter aircraft train guns on enemy aircraft during night operation . These strategies were adapted to semi-active radar homing . Modern Doppler systems are light enough for mobile ground surveillance associated with infantry and surface ships . These detect motion from vehicles and personnel for night and all weather combat operation . Modern police radar are a smaller , more portable version of these systems . Early Doppler radar sets relied on large analog filters to achieve acceptable performance . Analog filters , waveguide , and amplifiers pick up vibration like microphones , so bulky vibration damping is required . That extra weight imposed unacceptable kinematic performance limitations that restricted aircraft use to night operation , heavy weather , and heavy jamming environments until the 1970s . Digital fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) filtering became practical when modern microprocessors became available during the 1970s . This was immediately connected to coherent pulsed radars , where velocity information was extracted . This proved useful in both weather and air traffic control radars . The velocity information provided another input to the software tracker , and improved computer tracking . Because of the low pulse repetition frequency ( PRF ) of most coherent pulsed radars , which maximizes the coverage in range , the amount of Doppler processing is limited . The Doppler processor can only process velocities up to ± 1 / 2 the PRF of the radar . This is not a problem for weather radars . Velocity information for aircraft can not be extracted directly from low - PRF radar because sampling restricts measurements to about 75 miles per hour . Specialized radars quickly were developed when digital techniques became lightweight and more affordable . Pulse - Doppler radars combine all the benefits of long range and high velocity capability . Pulse - Doppler radars use a medium to high PRF ( on the order of 3 to 30 kHz ) , which allows for the detection of either high - speed targets or high - resolution velocity measurements . Normally it is one or the other ; a radar designed for detecting targets from zero to Mach 2 does not have a high resolution in speed , while a radar designed for high - resolution velocity measurements does not have a wide range of speeds . Weather radars are high - resolution velocity radars , while air defense radars have a large range of velocity detection , but the accuracy in velocity is in the tens of knots . Antenna designs for the CW and FM - CW started out as separate transmit and receive antennas before the advent of affordable microwave designs . In the late 1960s , traffic radars began being produced which used a single antenna . This was made possible by the use of circular polarization and a multi-port waveguide section operating at X band . By the late 1970s this changed to linear polarization and the use of ferrite circulators at both X and K bands . PD radars operate at too high a PRF to use a transmit - receive gas filled switch , and most use solid - state devices to protect the receiver low - noise amplifier when the transmitter is fired . Doppler navigation ( edit ) Main article : Radar navigation Doppler navigation system in the National Electronics Museum Wind speed correction ( edit ) Doppler radars were used as a navigation aid for aircraft and spacecraft . By directly measuring the movement of the ground with the radar , and then comparing this to the airspeed returned from the aircraft instruments , the wind speed could be accurately determined for the first time . This value was then used for highly accurate dead reckoning . One early example of such a system was the Green Satin radar used in the English Electric Canberra . This system sent a pulsed signal at a very low repetition rate so it could use a single antenna to transmit and receive . An oscillator held the reference frequency for comparison to the received signal . In practice , the initial `` fix '' was taken using a radio navigation system , normally Gee , and the Green Satin then provided accurate long - distance navigation beyond Gee 's 350 - mile range . Similar systems were used in a number of aircraft of the era , and were combined with the main search radars of fighter designs by the 1960s . Doppler navigation was in common commercial aviation use in the 1960s until it was largely superseded by inertial navigation systems . The equipment consisted of a transmitter / receiver unit , a processing unit and a gyro stabilised antenna platform . The antenna generated four beams and was rotated by a servo mechanism to align with the aircraft 's track by equalising the Doppler shift from the left and right hand antennas . A synchro transmitted the platform angle to the flight deck , thus providing a measure of ' drift angle ' . The ground speed was determined from the Doppler shift between the forward and aft facing beams . These were displayed on the flight deck on single instrument . Some aircraft had an additional ' Doppler Computer ' . This was a mechanical device containing a steel ball rotated by a motor whose speed was controlled by the Doppler determined ground speed . The angle of this motor was controlled by the ' drift angle ' . Two fixed wheels , one ' fore and aft ' the other ' left to right ' drove counters to output distance along track and across track difference . The aircraft 's compass was integrated into the computer so that a desired track could be set between two waypoints on an over water great circle route . It may seem surprising to 21st . century readers , but it actually worked rather well and was great improvement over other ' dead reckoning ' methods available at the time . It was generally backed up with position fixes from Loran , or as a last resort sextant and chronometer . It was possible to cross the Atlantic with an error of a couple of miles when in range of a couple of VORs or NDBs . Its major shortcoming in practice was the sea state , as a calm sea gave poor radar returns and hence unreliable Doppler measurements . But this was infrequent on the North Atlantic Locus - based navigation ( edit ) Location - based Doppler techniques were also used in the U.S. Navy 's historical Transit satellite navigation system , with satellite transmitters and ground - based receivers , and are currently used in the civilian Argos system , which uses satellite receivers and ground - based transmitters . In these cases , the ground stations are either stationary or slow - moving , and the Doppler offset being measured is caused by the relative motion between the ground station and the fast - moving satellite . The combination of Doppler offset and reception time can be used to generate a locus of locations that would have the measured offset at that intersects the Earth 's surface at that moment : by combining this with other loci from measurements at other times , the true location of the ground station can be determined accurately . See also ( edit ) Radar gun Continuous - wave radar Semi-active radar homing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CopRadar.com -- subsidiary of Sawicki Enterprises ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Police Traffic Radars '' . CopRadar.com -- subsidiary of Sawicki Enterprises . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ L.L. , M.P. , M.S. , M.R. , etc ( 2011 ) . `` Automatic fall detection based on Doppler radar motion signature '' . IEEE PervasiveHealth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ M. Mercuri , P.J. Soh , G. Pandey , P. Karsmakers , G.A.E. Vandenbosch , P. Leroux , and D. Schreurs , `` Analysis of an indoor biomedical radar - based system for health monitoring , '' IEEE Trans . Microwave Theory Techn. , vol. 61 , no . 5 , pp. 2061 - 2068 , May 2013 . Jump up ^ CopRadar.com -- subsidiary of Sawicki Enterprises ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` Doppler Principles ( Police Traffic Radar Handbook ) '' . CopRadar.com -- subsidiary of Sawicki Enterprises . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ditchburn , R.W. `` Light '' , 1961 , 1991 . Dover publications Inc. , pp331 - 333 Jump up ^ Jaffe , Bernard M. , `` Forward Reflection of Light by a Moving Mirror , '' American Journal of Physics , Vol. 41 , April 1973 , p577 - 578 Jump up ^ Ridenour , `` Radar System Engineering '' , MIT Radiation Lab series , vol 1 , year 1947 , page 629 Jump up ^ `` Ground Surveillance Radar Section '' . 1st Battalion 50th Infantry Association . Jump up ^ `` AN / SPG - 51 Gun and Missile Fire Control Radar '' . Jane 's Information Group . Jump up ^ John Barry , `` Doppler Navigator Development '' , Friends of the CRC , 17 September 1973 Further reading ( edit ) Luck , David G.C. ( 1949 ) . Frequency Modulated Radar . New York : McGraw - Hill . Liu , L ; Popescu , M ; Skubic , M ; Rantz , M ; Yardibi , T ; Cuddihy , P ( May 23 -- 26 , 2011 ) . `` Automatic Fall Detection Based on Doppler Radar Motion '' . Proceedings , 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare . Dublin , Ireland . pp. 222 -- 225 . Lay summary . External links ( edit ) Description of Doppler shift used in Continuous wave Doppler radar <Th_colspan="2"> Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - 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-3,312,475,126,553,180,700 | what is the one disease that has been successfully eradicated | Eradication of infectious diseases - Wikipedia Eradication of infectious diseases Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2014 ) A child suffering from smallpox . In 1979 , the World Health Organization announced the global eradication of smallpox . It is the only human disease to be eradicated worldwide . Eradication is the reduction of an infectious disease 's prevalence in the global host population to zero . It is sometimes confused with elimination , which describes either the reduction of an infectious disease 's prevalence in a regional population to zero , or the reduction of the global prevalence to a negligible amount . Further confusion arises from the use of the term eradication to refer to the total removal of a given pathogen from an individual ( also known as clearance of an infection ) , particularly in the context of HIV and certain other viruses where such cures are sought . Selection of infectious diseases for eradication is based on rigorous criteria , as both biological and technical features determine whether a pathogenic organism is ( at least potentially ) eradicable . The targeted organism must not have a non-human reservoir ( or , in the case of animal diseases , the infection reservoir must be an easily identifiable species , as in the case of rinderpest ) , and / or amplify in the environment . This implies that sufficient information on the life cycle and transmission dynamics is available at the time an eradication initiative is programmed . An efficient and practical intervention ( such as a vaccine or antibiotic ) must be available to interrupt transmission of the infective agent . Studies of measles in the pre-vaccination era led to the concept of the critical community size , the size of the population below which a pathogen ceases to circulate . Use of vaccination programmes before the introduction of an eradication campaign can reduce the susceptible population . The disease to be eradicated should be clearly identifiable , and an accurate diagnostic tool should exist . Economic considerations , as well as societal and political support and commitment , are other crucial factors that determine eradication feasibility . Eight attempts have been made to date to eradicate infectious diseases : two successful programs targeting smallpox and rinderpest ; four ongoing programs targeting poliomyelitis , yaws , dracunculiasis and malaria ; and two former programs targeting hookworm and yellow fever . Five more infectious diseases have been identified as of April 2008 as potentially eradicable with current technology by the Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication -- measles , mumps , rubella , lymphatic filariasis and cysticercosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eradicated diseases 1.1 Smallpox 1.2 Rinderpest 2 Global eradication underway 2.1 Poliomyelitis ( polio ) 2.2 Dracunculiasis 2.3 Yaws 2.4 Malaria 3 Regional elimination established or under way 3.1 Hookworm 3.2 Lymphatic filariasis 3.3 Measles 3.4 Rubella 3.5 Onchocerciasis 3.6 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) and new variant Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease ( vCJD ) 3.7 Syphilis 3.8 Rabies 4 Other eradicable diseases 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Eradicated diseases ( edit ) So far , two diseases have been successfully eradicated -- one specifically affecting humans ( smallpox ) , and one affecting a wide range of ruminants ( rinderpest ) . Smallpox ( edit ) Main article : Smallpox Boy with smallpox ( 1969 ) . The last natural smallpox case was of Ali Maow Maalin , in Merca , Somalia , on 26 October 1977 . Smallpox was the first disease , and so far the only infectious disease of humans , to be eradicated by deliberate intervention . It became the first disease for which there was an effective vaccine in 1798 when Edward Jenner showed the protective effect of inoculation ( vaccination ) of humans with material from cowpox lesions . Smallpox ( variola ) occurred in two clinical varieties : variola major , with a mortality rate of up to 40 percent , and variola minor , also known as alastrim , with a mortality rate less than one percent . The last naturally occurring case of Variola major was diagnosed in October 1975 in Bangladesh . The last naturally occurring case of smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed on 26 October 1977 , on Ali Maow Maalin , in the Merca District , of Somalia . The source of this case was a known outbreak in the nearby district of Kurtuware . All 211 contacts were traced , revaccinated , and kept under surveillance . After two years ' detailed analysis of national records the global eradication of smallpox was certified by an international commission of smallpox clinicians and medical scientists on 9 December 1979 , and endorsed by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization on 8 May 1980 . However , there is an ongoing controversy regarding the continued storage of the smallpox virus by labs in the US and Russia , as any accidental or deliberate release could create a new epidemic for persons born after or in the late 1980s due to the cessation of vaccinations against the smallpox virus . Rinderpest ( edit ) Main article : Rinderpest During the 20th century , there were a series of campaigns to eradicate rinderpest , a viral disease which infected cattle and other ruminants and belonged to the same family as measles , primarily through the use of a live attenuated vaccine . The final , successful campaign was led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . On 14 October 2010 , with no diagnoses for nine years , the Food and Agriculture Organization announced that the disease had been completely eradicated , making this the first ( and so far the only ) disease of livestock to have been eradicated by human undertakings . Global eradication underway ( edit ) Poliomyelitis ( polio ) ( edit ) International wild poliovirus cases by year Year Estimated Recorded -- 49,293 1980 400,000 52,552 1985 -- 38,637 350,000 35,251 -- 23,484 100,000 10,487 1995 -- 7,035 2000 -- 2,971 2005 -- 1,998 -- 1,352 2011 -- 650 2012 -- 222 2013 -- 385 2014 -- 359 2015 -- 74 2016 -- 37 2017 -- 21 <Td_colspan="3"> References : Main article : Poliomyelitis eradication A dramatic reduction of the incidence of poliomyelitis in industrialized countries followed the development of a vaccine in the 1950s . In 1960 , Czechoslovakia became the first country certified to have eliminated polio . In 1988 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , Rotary International , the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) passed the Global Polio Eradication Initiative . Its goal was to eradicate polio by the year 2000 . The updated strategic plan for 2004 -- 2008 expects to achieve global eradication by interrupting poliovirus transmission , using the strategies of routine immunization , supplementary immunization campaigns , and surveillance of possible outbreaks . The WHO estimates that global savings from eradication , due to forgone treatment and disability costs , could exceed one billion U.S. dollars per year . The following world regions have been declared polio - free : The Americas ( 1994 ) Indo - West Pacific region ( 1997 ) Europe ( 1998 ) Western Pacific region , including China ( 2000 ) Southeast Asia region ( 2014 ) , including India The lowest annual polio prevalence seen so far was in 2016 , with 37 reported cases . Three further countries remain in which poliovirus transmission has never been interrupted ( Nigeria , Pakistan , and Afghanistan ) . Nigeria was removed from the WHO list of polio - endemic countries in September 2015 but added back in 2016 , and India was removed in 2014 after no new cases were reported for one year . On 20 September 2015 , the World Health Organization announced that wild poliovirus type 2 had been eradicated worldwide , as it has not been seen since 1999 . Wild poliovirus type 3 may also be eradicated as it has not been seen since 2012 , leaving only wild poliovirus type 1 circulating in a few isolated pockets . Dracunculiasis ( edit ) Main article : Eradication of dracunculiasis International Guinea worm cases by year Year Reported cases Countries 892,055 16 1995 129,852 19 2000 75,223 16 63,717 16 2002 54,638 14 2003 32,193 13 16,026 13 2005 10,674 12 2006 25,217 10 2007 9,585 9 2008 4,619 7 2009 3,190 5 1,797 6 2011 1,060 2012 542 2013 148 5 2014 126 2015 22 2016 25 Dracunculiasis , also called Guinea worm disease , is a painful and disabling parasitic disease caused by a worm , Dracunculus medinensis . It is spread through consumption of drinking water infested with copepods hosting Dracunculus larvae . The Carter Center has led the effort to eradicate the disease , along with the CDC , the WHO , UNICEF , and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . Unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio , there is no vaccine or drug therapy for guinea worm . Eradication efforts have been based on making drinking water supplies safer ( e.g. by provision of borehole wells , or through treating the water with larvicide ) , on containment of infection and on education for safe drinking water practices . These strategies have produced many successes : two decades of eradication efforts have reduced guinea worm 's global incidence to 25 cases in 2016 , down from an estimated 3.5 million in 1986 . Success has been slower than was hoped -- the original goal for eradication was 1995 . The WHO has certified 180 countries free of the disease , and only three countries -- South Sudan , Ethiopia , and Chad -- reported cases of guinea worm in 2016 . As of 2010 , the WHO predicted it would be `` a few years yet '' before eradication is achieved , on the basis that it took 6 -- 12 years for the countries that have so far eliminated guinea worm transmission to do so after reporting a similar number of cases to that reported by Sudan in 2009 . Cases in 2016 were less than 1 % of the number in 2009 , so real progress has been made towards this prediction . Nonetheless , the last 1 % may be the hardest . The worm is able to infect dogs , domestic cats and baboons as well as humans , complicating eradication efforts . Yaws ( edit ) Yaws is a rarely fatal but highly disfiguring disease caused by the spiral - shaped bacterium ( spirochete ) Treponema pallidum pertenue , a relative of the syphilis bacteria Treponema pallidum pallidum , spread through skin to skin contact with infectious lesions . The global prevalence of this disease and the other endemic treponematoses , bejel and pinta , was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses ( TCP ) programme between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 million cases to about 2.5 million ( a 95 % reduction ) . However , following the cessation of this program these diseases remained at a low prevalence in parts of Asia , Africa and the Americas with sporadic outbreaks . According to a 2012 official WHO roadmap , the elimination should be achievable by 2020 . Yaws is currently targeted by the South - East Asian Regional Office of the WHO for elimination from the remaining endemic countries in this region ( India , Indonesia and East Timor ) by 2010 , and so far , this appears to have met with some success , since no cases have been seen in India since 2004 . The discovery that oral antibiotic azithromycin can be used instead of the previous standard , injected penicillin , was tested on Lihir Island from 2013 - 2014 ; a single oral dose of the macrolide antibiotic reduced disease prevalence from 2.4 % to 0.3 % at 12 months . The campaign was in an early stage in 2013 , still gathering data on disease incidence and planning initial large - scale treatment campaigns in Cameroon , Ghana , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , and Vanuatu . Malaria ( edit ) Malaria has been eliminated from most of Europe , North America , Australia , North Africa and the Caribbean , and parts of South America , Asia and Southern Africa . The WHO defines elimination as having no domestic transmission for the past three years . They also define an `` elimination stage '' when a country is on the verge of eliminating malaria , as being less than one case per 1000 people at risk per year . According to the 2011 WHO World Malaria Report , 28 countries are certified as having eliminated malaria . Eight countries appear to be malaria free but steps still need to be taken to ensure they do not re-establish transmission . Nine countries are in the elimination stage and eight the pre-elimination stage ( fewer than 5 cases per 1000 people at risk per year ) . In 1955 the WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Program ( GMEP ) . Support waned , and the program was suspended in 1969 . Since 2000 , support for eradication has increased . According to the WHO 's World Malaria Report 2015 , the global mortality rate for malaria fell by 60 % between 2000 and 2015 . The WHO aims to achieve a further 90 % reduction between 2015 and 2030 . Bill Gates believes that global eradication is possible by 2040 . Regional elimination established or under way ( edit ) Some diseases have already been eliminated from large regions of the world , and / or are currently being targeted for regional elimination . This is sometimes described as `` eradication '' , although technically the term only applies when this is achieved on a global scale . Even after regional elimination is successful , interventions often need to continue to prevent a disease becoming re-established . Three of the diseases here listed ( lymphatic filariasis , measles , and rubella ) are among the diseases believed to be potentially eradicable by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication , and if successful , regional elimination programs may yet prove a stepping stone to later global eradication programs . This section does not cover elimination where it is used to mean control programs sufficiently tight to reduce the burden of an infectious disease or other health problem to a level where they may be deemed to have little impact on public health , such as the leprosy , neonatal tetanus , or obstetric fistula campaigns . Hookworm ( edit ) In North American countries , such as the United States , elimination of hookworm had been attained due to scientific advances . The Rockefeller Foundation 's hookworm campaign in the 1920s was supposed to focus on the eradication of hookworm infections for those living in Mexico and other rural areas . However , the campaign was politically influenced , causing it to be less successful , and regions such as Mexico still deal with these infections from parasitic worms . This use of health campaigns by political leaders for political and economic advantages has been termed the science - politics paradox . Lymphatic filariasis ( edit ) Lymphatic filariasis is an infection of the lymph system by mosquito - borne microfilarial worms which can cause elephantiasis . Studies have demonstrated that transmission of the infection can be broken when a single dose of combined oral medicines is consistently maintained annually for approximately seven years . The strategy for eliminating transmission of lymphatic filariasis is mass distribution of medicines that kill the microfilariae and stop transmission of the parasite by mosquitoes in endemic communities . In sub-Saharan Africa , albendazole is being used with ivermectin to treat the disease , whereas elsewhere in the world albendazole is used with diethylcarbamazine . Using a combination of treatments better reduces the number of microfilariae in blood . Avoiding mosquito bites , such as by using insecticide - treated mosquito bed nets , also reduces the transmission of lymphatic filariasis . In the Americas , > 90 % of the burden of lymphatic filariasis is on the island of Hispaniola ( comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) . An elimination effort to address this is currently under way alongside the malaria effort described above ; the Dominican Republic expects to eliminate its seven remaining foci by 2010 , but lymphatic filariasis is still endemic to 110 of 140 communes in Haiti . As of October 2008 , the efforts of the Global Programme to Eliminate LF are estimated to have already prevented 6.6 million new filariasis cases from developing in children , and to have stopped the progression of the disease in another 9.5 million people who have already contracted it . Overall , of 83 endemic countries , mass treatment has been rolled out in 48 , and elimination of transmission reportedly achieved in 21 . Measles ( edit ) Five out of six WHO regions have goals to eliminate measles , and at the 63rd World Health Assembly in May 2010 , delegates agreed to move towards eventual eradication , although no specific global target date has yet been agreed . The Americas set a goal in 1994 to eliminate measles and rubella transmission by 2000 , and successfully achieved regional measles elimination in 2002 , although there have been occasional small outbreaks from imported cases since then . Europe had set a goal to eliminate measles transmission by 2010 , but were hindered by the MMR vaccine controversy and by low uptake in certain groups , and despite achieving low levels by 2008 , European countries have since experienced a small resurgence in cases . They have set a new target of 2015 . The Eastern Mediterranean also had goals to eliminate measles by 2010 ( later revised to 2015 ) , the Western Pacific aims to eliminate the disease by 2012 , and in 2009 the regional committee for Africa agreed a goal of measles elimination by 2020 . As of May 2010 , only the South - East Asian region has yet to set a target date for elimination of measles transmission . In 2005 , a global target was agreed for a 90 % reduction in measles deaths by 2010 from the 757,000 deaths in 2000 ; estimates for 2008 show a 78 % decline so far to 164,000 deaths . However , some have been pushing to attempt global eradication . This was updated at the 2010 World Health Assembly to a targeted 95 % reduction in mortality by 2015 , alongside specific vaccination and structural targets , and in a meeting in November 2010 , the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization `` concluded that measles can and should be eradicated '' . A study of the costs of eradicating measles compared to the costs of maintaining indefinite control was commissioned in 2009 by the WHO and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . In 2013 , measles deaths globally were down to 145,700 . As of mid-2013 , measles elimination in many areas is stalling . `` This year , measles and rubella outbreaks are occurring in many areas of the world where people have no immunity to these viruses . The reasons people are unvaccinated range from lack of access to vaccines in areas of insecurity , to poor performing health systems , to vaccine refusals . We need to address each of these challenges if we 're going to meet global measles and rubella elimination goals , '' said Dr. Myrna Charles of the American Red Cross , as reported in a post in the Measles and Rubella Initiative 's blog . A look at the WHO 's epidemiological graph of measles over time from 2008 - 2013 show that , with little more of two years to go to 2015 , measles cases in 2013 are moving in the wrong direction , with more cases this year than at the same point in 2012 or 2011 . During 2014 there were 23 outbreaks of measles in the United States and over 600 individual cases , which is the highest seen in decades . In 2015 the US has had one major outbreak of measles originating from an amusement park in California of a variant of the virus circulating in the Philippines in 2014 . From this there have been 113 individual measles cases and one death ( out of the total of 189 cases in the U.S. in 2015 ) . The WHO region of the Americas declared on 27 September 2016 it had eliminated measles . The last confirmed endemic case of measles in the Americas was in Brazil in July 2015 . May 2017 saw a return of measles to the US after an outbreak in Minnesota among unvaccinated children . Rubella ( edit ) Main article : Rubella The WHO region of the Americas declared on 29 April 2015 it had eliminated rubella and congenital rubella syndrome . The last confirmed endemic case of rubella in the Americas was in Argentina in February 2009 . The WHO European region missed its elimination target of 2010 due to undervaccination in Central and Western Europe ; it has set a new goal of 2015 . The disease remains problematic in other regions ; in Japan , there were 15,000 cases in 2013 . Onchocerciasis ( edit ) Onchocerciasis ( river blindness ) is the world 's second leading cause of infectious blindness . It is caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus , which is transmitted to people via the bite of a black fly . Elimination of this disease is under way in the region of the Americas , where this disease is endemic to Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Guatemala , Mexico and Venezuela . The principal tool being used is mass ivermectin treatment . If successful , the only remaining endemic locations would be in Africa and Yemen . In Africa , it is estimated that greater than 102 million people in 19 countries are at high risk of onchocerciasis infection , and in 2008 , 56.7 million people in 15 of these countries received community - directed treatment with ivermectin . Since adopting such treatment measures in 1997 , the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control reports a reduction in the prevalence of onchocerciasis in the countries under its mandate from a pre-intervention level of 46.5 % in 1995 to 28.5 % in 2008 . Some African countries , such as Uganda , are also attempting elimination and successful elimination was reported in 2009 from two endemic foci in Mali and Senegal . On 29 July 2013 , the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) announced that after 16 years of efforts , Colombia had become the first country in the world to eliminate the parasitic disease onchocerciasis . Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) and new variant Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease ( vCJD ) ( edit ) Following an epidemic of vCJD in the UK in the 1990s , there have been campaigns to eliminate BSE in cattle across the EU and beyond which appear to have achieved large reductions in the number of cattle with this disease . Cases of vCJD have also fallen since then , for instance from an annual peak of 29 cases in 2000 to 5 cases in 2008 and zero in 2012 . However , since then 2 cases have been reported in both 2013 and 2014 : 2 in France ; 1 in the United Kingdom ; and 1 in the United States . Following the ongoing eradication effort , only 7 cases of BSE were reported worldwide in 2013 : 3 in the United Kingdom ; 2 in France ; 1 in Ireland ; and 1 in Poland . This is the lowest number of cases since at least 1988 . In 2015 there were at least 6 reported cases ( 3 were of the atypical H - type ) . Syphilis ( edit ) In 2015 , Cuba became the first country in the world to eliminate mother - to - child syphilis . In 2017 the WHO certified that Antigua And Barbuda , Saint Kitts And Nevis and four British Overseas Territories Anguilla , Bermuda , Cayman Islands , and Montserrat have been certified that they have ended transmission of mother - to - child syphilis and HIV . Rabies ( edit ) Main article : Prevalence of rabies Rabies - free countries as of 2010 Because the rabies virus is almost always caught from animals , rabies eradication has focused on reducing the population of wild and stray animals , controls and compulsory quarantine on animals entering the country , and vaccination of pets and wild animals . Many island nations , including Iceland , Ireland , Japan , Malta , and the United Kingdom , managed to eliminate rabies during the twentieth century , and more recently much of continental Europe has been declared rabies - free . Other eradicable diseases ( edit ) As far as animal diseases are concerned , now that rinderpest has been stamped out , many experts believe peste des petits ruminants ( PPR ) is the next disease amenable to global eradication . Also known as goat plague or ovine rinderpest , PPR is a highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever , painful sores in the mouth , tongue and feet , diarrhea , pneumonia and death , especially in young animals . It is caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus that is related to rinderpest , measles and canine distemper . See also ( edit ) Medicine portal Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative Globalization and disease List of diseases eliminated from the United States Neglected tropical diseases Planned extinction Sanitation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dowdle , Walter R ( 1998 ) . `` The Principles of Disease Elimination and Eradication '' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 76 ( S2 ) : 22 -- 25 . PMC 2305684 . PMID 10063669 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , M.S. ( 1957 ) . `` Measles periodicity and community size '' . J. Roy . Stat . Soc . Ser . A ( 120 ) : 48 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Dowdle , Walter ; Cochi , Stephen L ( editors ) ( 2011 ) . 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Jump up ^ http://www.polioeradication.org/dataandmonitoring/poliothisweek.aspx Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( 2003 ) . Global polio eradication initiative : strategic plan 2004 - 2008 ( PDF ) . Geneva : WHO . ISBN 92 - 4 - 159117 - X . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` WHO South - East Asia Region certified polio - free '' . WHO. 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Progress towards interruption of wild poliovirus transmission -- Worldwide , January 2007 to April 2008 '' . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 57 ( 18 ) : 489 -- 494 . 2008 . PMID 18463607 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cochi and Kew ; Kew , O ( 2008 ) . `` Polio today : are we on the verge of polio eradication ? '' . JAMA. 300 ( 7 ) : 839 -- 41 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 300.7. 839 . PMID 18714066 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kounteya Sinha ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` WHO takes India off polio list '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India records one year without polio cases '' ( Press release ) . World Health Organization . 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ WHO . `` Dracunculiasis Epidemiological Data ( 1989 - 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : WHO . `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record 86 , issue 10 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Carter Center . `` Guinea Worm Wrap up 209 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Guinea Worm Disease : Case Countdown '' . Carter Center . Jump up ^ `` Carter Center : 126 Cases of Guinea Worm Disease Remain Worldwide '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Increase in reported cases resulted from improved reporting in southern Sudan following the peace agreement in 2005 `` Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis , January 2005 -- May 2007 ( sic ) '' . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 56 ( 32 ) : 813 -- 817 . 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/health_publications/guinea_worm/wrap-up/245.pdf Jump up ^ Berry , Michele ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Tail End of Guinea Worm -- Global Eradication without a Drug or a Vaccine '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 356 ( 25 ) : 2561 -- 64 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp078089 . PMID 17582064 . Jump up ^ World Health Organisation . `` Weekly Epidemiology Record 85 , no 19 , p. 166 : Dracunculiasis eradication -- global surveillance summary , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dracunculiasis ( guinea - worm disease ) '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Maurice , John ( 2012 ) . `` WHO plans new yaws eradication campaign '' . The Lancet . 379 : 1377 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 60581 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rinaldi A ( 2012 ) . `` Yaws eradication : facing old problems , raising new hopes '' . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 6 ( 11 ) : e18372 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0001837 . PMC 3510082 . PMID 23209846 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Asiedu ; Amouzou , B ; Dhariwal , A ; Karam , M ; Lobo , D ; Patnaik , S ; Meheus , A ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Yaws eradication : past efforts and future perspectives '' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 86 ( 7 ) : 499 -- 500 . doi : 10.2471 / BLT. 08.055608 . PMC 2647478 . PMID 18670655 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` WHO South - East Asia report of an intercountry workshop on Yaws eradication '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Drug and a syphilis test offer hope of yaws eradication , Thomas Reuter Foundation , accessed May 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Mitjà , Oriol ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Mass Treatment with Single - Dose Azithromycin for Yaws '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 372 ( 8 ) : 703 -- 710 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1408586 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yaws Fact sheet N ° 316 , World Health Organization , October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Malaria Elimination Group description and list of elimination countries '' . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO World Malaria Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Nájera JA , González - Silva M , Alonso PL ( 2011 ) . `` Some lessons for the future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme ( 1955 -- 1969 ) '' . PLoS Med. 8 ( 1 ) : e1000412 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000412 . PMC 3026700 . PMID 21311585 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : World Malaria Report 2015 '' . 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Radwick , Danielle ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Can Malaria Be Eradicated ? '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Jump up ^ `` International task force for disease eradication program definitions '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 Jump up ^ Birn Anne - Emanuelle ; Solórzano Armando ( 1999 ) . `` Public health policy paradoxes : science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation 's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s '' . Social Science & Medicine . 49 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 1213 . doi : 10.1016 / s0277 - 9536 ( 99 ) 00160 - 4 . PMID 10501641 . ^ Jump up to : The Carter Center . `` How is Lymphatic Filariasis Treated ? '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lymphatic Filariasis Disease -- Carter Center Lymphatic Filariasis Program '' . Cartercenter.org . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` Lymphatic filariasis prevention '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 Jump up ^ `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record 84 ( 11 & 12 ) , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . who.int . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ BBC World Service ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) . `` ' End in sight ' for elephantiasis '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sixty - third World Health Assembly Agenda provisional agenda item 11.15 Global eradication of measles '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sixty - third World Health Assembly notes from day four '' . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State of the world 's vaccines and immunization . Third edition '' . World Health Organization . 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CDC MMWR , progress towards measles elimination '' . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Global measles and rubella strategic plan : 2012 - 2020 '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record 84 ( 49 ) , 4 December 2009 '' . Jump up ^ de Quadros ( 2004 ) . `` Can measles be eradicated globally ? '' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization ( 82 ( 2 ) ) . doi : 10.1590 / S0042 - 96862004000200011 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record 86 , issues 1 - 2 : Meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization , November 2010 -- summary , conclusions and recommendations '' . Jump up ^ `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record 84 ( 44 ) , Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication , June 2009 , pages 459 - 465 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Measles Fact sheet N ° 286 , World Health Organization , November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Mid-Year 2013 : Measles and Rubella So Far '' . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Measles Case Distribution by Month and WHO Regions , 2008 - 2013 '' . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Measles Cases and Outbreaks , 2015 '' . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ First Confirmed U.S. Measles Death In More Than A Decade , Forbes , 2 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` PAHO WHO : Region of the Americas is declared free of measles '' . www.paho.org. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAHO WHO : Measles elimination in the Americas '' . www.paho.org . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . The last case of endemic measles in the Americas in the post-elimination era was reported in July 2015 in Brazil . Jump up ^ `` Anti-vaccine groups blamed in Minnesota measles outbreak '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/health/rubella-has-been-eliminated-from-the-americas-health-officials-say.html?smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0 Jump up ^ `` January -- February 2010 Rubella Watch '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/247356/Eliminating-measles-and-rubella-Framework-for-the-verification-process-in-the-WHO-European-Region.pdf?ua=1 Jump up ^ `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record '' ( PDF ) ( 83 ( 29 ) ) . 2008 Jump up ^ `` WHO Weekly Epidemiology Record '' ( 85 ( 04 ) ) . 2010 Jump up ^ The Carter Center ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Uganda Attempts Nationwide Elimination of River Blindness '' . Cartercenter.org . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lamine Diawara , Mamadou O. Traoré , Alioune Badji1 , Yiriba Bissan , Konimba Doumbia , Soula F. Goita , Lassana Konaté , Kalifa Mounkoro , Moussa D. Sarr , Amadou F. Seck , Laurent Toé , Seyni Tourée , Jan H.F. Remme ( 2009 ) . Basáñez , María - Gloria , ed . `` Feasibility of Onchocerciasis Elimination with Ivermectin Treatment in Endemic Foci in Africa : First Evidence from Studies in Mali and Senegal '' . PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 3 ( 3 ( 7 ) : e497 . ) : e497 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0000497 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NEWS SCAN : Columbia ousts river blindness ; Vaccine - derived polio in India ; Danish Salmonella trends '' . CIDRAP News . 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about BSE '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease in the UK '' ( PDF ) . The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit , University of Edinburgh. 2013 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CJD Surveillance Data 1993 - 2013 '' . The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit , University of Edinburgh . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of reported cases worldwide ( excluding the United Kingdom ) : OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health '' . oie.int . Jump up ^ `` Number of cases in the United Kingdom : OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health '' . oie.int . Jump up ^ Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) in farmed cattle worldwide , World Organization for Animal Health Jump up ^ `` WHO validates elimination of mother - to - child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba '' . WHO. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A.H. Andrews ; R.W. Blowey ; H. Boyd ; R.G. Eddy ( 2008 ) . `` Rabies '' . Bovine Medicine : Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle . p. 1165 . ISBN 9780470752395 . Jump up ^ WHO Collaboration Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research . `` Control of rabies '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rinaldi A ( 2013 ) . `` Tackling animal diseases to protect human health . As veterinary science celebrates cattle plague eradication , the inextricable link between human , animal and ecosystem health is increasingly appreciated '' . EMBO Reports . 14 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 35 . doi : 10.1038 / embor. 2012.201 . PMC 3537153 . PMID 23229587 . External links ( edit ) Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication Polio eradication page WHO home page <Th_colspan="2"> Infectious disease and microbiology Disciplines ( pathogens ) Major diseases Bacteriology ( bacteria ) Cholera Diphtheria Leprosy Syphilis Tuberculosis Virology ( viruses , prions ) AIDS Influenza Measles Polio Smallpox Mycology ( fungi ) Aspergillosis Candidiasis Tinea Parasitology ( protozoa , helminths ) Amoebic dysentery Hookworm Malaria Schistosomiasis Entomology ( ectoparasites ) Lice Scabies People Alexander Fleming Edward Jenner Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Ignaz Semmelweis Related topics Antibiotics Eradication Pandemic Transmission horizontal vertical Vaccination Zoonosis <Th_colspan="3"> Eradication of infectious diseases Eradication of human diseases Successful Smallpox / Alastrim ( Eradication of smallpox ) Underway ( global ) Dracunculiasis ( Eradication of dracunculiasis ) Poliomyelitis ( Eradication of poliomyelitis ) Malaria ( Eradication of malaria ) Yaws ( Eradication of yaws ) Underway ( regional ) Hookworm Lymphatic filariasis Measles Rubella Trachoma Onchocerciasis Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Syphilis Rabies Eradication of agricultural diseases Successful Rinderpest ( Eradication of rinderpest ) Underway Ovine rinderpest Eradication programs Global Global Polio Eradication Initiative Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance Regional United States Boll Weevil Eradication Program National Malaria Eradication Program India India National PolioPlus Pulse Polio Poliomyelitis in Pakistan Every Last Child The Final Inch Related topics Globalization and disease Mathematical modelling of disease Pandemic Transmission horizontal vertical Vaccination Zoonosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&oldid=821707940 '' Categories : Eradicated diseases Epidemiology Health campaigns Smallpox vaccines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Eradication of infectious diseases
2. Smallpox and rinderpest eradication
3. Global eradication efforts for polio, dracunculiasis, yaws, and malaria
4. Regional elimination programs for hookworm, lymphatic filariasis, measles, and rubella
5. Challenges and progress in disease eradication efforts |
-674,733,032,335,162,900 | what is the use of active directory federation services | Active Directory federation Services - wikipedia Active Directory federation Services Jump to : navigation , search Active Directory Federation Services ( AD FS ) , a software component developed by Microsoft , can run on Windows Server operating systems to provide users with single sign - on access to systems and applications located across organizational boundaries . It uses a claims - based access - control authorization model to maintain application security and to implement federated identity . Claims - based authentication involves authenticating a user based on a set of claims about that user 's identity contained in a trusted token . Such a token is often issued and signed by an entity that is able to authenticate the user by other means , and that is trusted by the entity doing the claims - based authentication . It is part of the Active Directory Services . In AD FS , identity federation is established between two organizations by establishing trust between two security realms . A federation server on one side ( the Accounts side ) authenticates the user through the standard means in Active Directory Domain Services and then issues a token containing a series of claims about the user , including its identity . On the other side , the Resources side , another federation server validates the token and issues another token for the local servers to accept the claimed identity . This allows a system to provide controlled access to its resources or services to a user that belongs to another security realm without requiring the user to authenticate directly to the system and without the two systems sharing a database of user identities or passwords . In practice a user might typically perceive this approach as follows : The user logs into their local PC ( as they typically would when commencing work in the morning ) . The user needs to obtain information from a partner company 's extranet website , for example to obtain pricing or product details . The user navigates to the partner - company extranet site , for example : http://example.com . The partner website now does not require any password to be typed in ; instead , the user credentials are passed to the partner extranet site using AD FS . The user is now logged into the partner website and can interact with the website as if logged in . AD FS integrates with Active Directory Domain Services , using it as an identity provider . AD FS can interact with other WS - * and SAML 2.0 - compliant federation services as federation partners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Versions ( edit ) ADFS 1.0 - Windows Server 2003 R2 ( additional download ) ADFS 1.1 - Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 ADFS 2.0 - Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 ( download from Microsoft.com ) ADFS 2.1 - Windows Server 2012 ADFS 3.0 - Windows Server 2012 R2 ADFS 4.0 - Windows Server 2016 See also ( edit ) Claims - based identity Digital identity Information Card LDAP SAML Windows CardSpace Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2008 WS - Federation Office 365 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introducing AD FS 2.0 '' . Microsoft TechNet . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Claims '' . MSDN. 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is Federated Identity Management ? '' . Technopedia. 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ADFS Deep Dive '' . MSDN . November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) AD FS 2.0 Content Map AD FS TechNet Library AD FS MSDN Library AD FS in Server 2016 What 's new Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_Directory_Federation_Services&oldid=822559467 '' Categories : 2008 software Windows Server Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008 R2 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS)
2. Single sign-on access
3. Claims-based authentication
4. Federated identity
5. Trust between security realms |
5,039,434,465,186,282,000 | what is the daily motion of the earth | Diurnal motion - wikipedia Diurnal motion Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diurnal motion ( Latin : diurnus , lit . ' daily ' , from dies , lit . `` day '' ) is an astronomical term referring to the apparent daily motion of stars around Earth , or more precisely around the two celestial poles . It is caused by the Earth 's rotation around its axis , so almost every star appears to move along a circular arc path called the diurnal circle . The time for one complete rotation is 23 hours , 56 minutes , and 4.09 seconds ( 1 sidereal day ) . The first experimental demonstration of this motion was conducted by Léon Foucault . Relative direction ( edit ) The relative direction of diurnal motion in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere are as follows : Facing north , below Polaris : rightward , or eastward Facing north , above Polaris : leftward , or westward Facing south : rightward , or westward Thus , northern circumpolar stars move counter clockwise around Polaris , the north pole star . At the North Pole , the cardinal directions do not apply to diurnal motion . Within the circumpolar circle , all the stars move simply rightward , or looking directly overhead , counterclockwise around the zenith , where Polaris is . Southern Celestial Hemisphere observers are to replace north with south , left with right , and Polaris with Sigma Octantis , sometimes called the south pole star . The circumpolar stars move clockwise around Sigma Octantis . East and west are not interchanged . As seen from the Equator , the two celestial poles are on the horizon due north and south , and the motion is counterclockwise ( i.e. leftward ) around Polaris and clockwise ( i.e. rightward ) around Sigma Octantis . All motion is westward , except for the two fixed points . Apparent speed ( edit ) The daily arc path of an object on the celestial sphere , including the possible part below the horizon , has a length proportional to the cosine of the declination . Thus , the speed of the diurnal motion of a celestial object equals this cosine times 15 ° per hour , 15 arcminutes per minute , or 15 arcseconds per second . Per a certain period of time , a given angular distance traveled by an object along or near the celestial equator may be compared to the angular diameter of one of the following objects : up to one Sun or Moon diameter ( about 0.5 ° or 30 ' ) every 2 minutes up to one diameter of the planet Venus in inferior conjunction ( about 1 ' or 60 `` ) about every 4 seconds 2,000 diameters of the largest stars per second Star trail and time - lapse photography capture diurnal motion blur . The apparent motion of stars near the celestial pole seems slower than that of stars closer to the celestial equator . Conversely , following the diurnal motion with the camera to eliminate its arcing effect on a long exposure , can best be done with an equatorial mount , which requires adjusting the right ascension only ; a telescope may have a sidereal motor drive to do that automatically . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diurnal_motion&oldid=789371937 '' Categories : Astrometry Stellar astronomy Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Latin - language text Talk About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Diurnal motion
2. Apparent daily motion of stars
3. Earth's rotation
4. Celestial poles
5. Circumpolar stars |
5,303,851,350,220,411,000 | who was heading the indian army during 1971 bangladesh | Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : check / review for punctuation , spelling and grammar . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 <Td_colspan="2"> Part of Indo - Pakistani Wars and Bangladesh Liberation War <Td_colspan="2"> Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Standing immediately behind from Left to Right : Indian Navy Vice Admiral Krishnan , Indian Air Force Air Marshal Dewan , Indian Army Lt Gen Sagat Singh , Maj Gen JFR Jacob ( with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder ) . Veteran newscaster , Surojit Sen of All India Radio , is seen holding a microphone on the right . <Td_colspan="2"> Date 3 -- 16 December 1971 ( 13 days ) Location Eastern Front : India -- East Pakistan border Bay of Bengal Pasha enclaves Western Front : India -- Pakistan border Line of Control Arabian Sea Result Decisive Indian victory . Eastern front : Surrender of East Pakistan military command . Western front : Unilateral Ceasefire . Territorial changes Eastern Front : Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front : Indian forces captured around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill . <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents India Provisional Bangladesh Pakistan East Pakistan <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Jagjivan Ram ( Defence Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen G.G. Bewoor ( GOC - in - C , Southern Command ) Lt. Gen K.P. Candeth ( GOC - in - C , Western Command ) Lt. Gen Manohar Lal ( GOC - in - C , Northern Command ) Lt. Gen Premindra Bhagat ( GOC - in - C , Central Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C , IV Corps ) Lt. Gen T.N. Raina ( GOC - in - C , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sartaj Singh ( GOC - in - C , XV Corps ) Lt. Gen Karan Singh ( GOC - in - C , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Depinder Singh ( GOC - in - C , XII Corps ) MajGen Farj R. Jacob ( COS , Eastern Command ) MajGen Om Malhotra ( COS , IV Corps ) MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir , Military Operations ) Adm S.M. Nanda ( Chief of Naval Staff ) VAdm S.N. Kohli ( Cdr . Western Naval Command ) ACM Pratap C. Lal ( Chief of Air Staff ) Rameshwar Kao ( Director of RAW ) Tajuddin Ahmad ( PM Provisional Government ) Col. M.A.G. Osmani ( Commander , Mukti Bahini ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff , Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Gul Hassan Khan ( Chief of General Staff ) Lt. Gen Abdul Ali Malik ( Commander , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Tikka Khan ( Commander , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sher Khan ( Commander , IV Corps ) MGen Iftikhar Janjua † ( GOC , 23rd Infantry Division ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) VAdm Muzaffar Hassan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Navy ) RAdm Rashid Ahmed ( COS , Navy NHQ ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi ( Cdr , Western Naval Command ) RAdm Leslie Norman ( Commander , Pakistan Marines ) AM Abdul Rahim Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Air Force ) AVM P.D. Callaghan ( Chief Ins , Pakistan Air Force ) Air Cdre Inamul Haq ( Cdr Eastern Air Command ) Gp. Capt . Z.A. Khan ( COS , Air AHQ Dhaka ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) <Th_colspan="2"> Strength Indian Armed Forces : 500,000 Mukti Bahini : 175,000 Total : 675,000 Pakistan Armed Forces : 365,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 2,500 -- 3,843 killed . 1 Naval aircraft Damage to western Indian airfields . Pakistani claims 130 IAF Aircraft Indian claims 45 IAF Aircraft ( Supported by Neutral assessments ) Neutral claims 45 IAF Aircraft 9,000 killed 25,000 wounded 97,368 captured 2 Destroyers 1 Minesweeper 1 Submarine 3 Patrol vessels 7 Gunboats Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged / fuel tanks destroyed Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered Pakistani claims 42 PAF Aircraft Indian claims 94 PAF Aircraft Neutral claims 75 PAF Aircraft <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 <Td_colspan="2"> Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Garibpur Gazipur Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Naval War Simla Agreement <Th_colspan="2"> Bangladesh Liberation War <Td_colspan="2"> Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War . ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh . <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan , from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka ) on 16 December 1971 . The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations that led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces . Lasting just 13 days , it is one of the shortest wars in history . During the war , Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western front and ended the war after the Eastern Command of Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender , on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka , marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh . Officially , East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971 . Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces , including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan . The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians , either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh . As a result of the conflict , a further eight to ten million people fled the country at the time to seek refuge in neighbouring India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan 3.1 Objective 3.2 Naval hostilities 3.3 Air operations 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan 3.5 Ground operations 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan 4 Foreign reaction and involvement 4.1 United States and Soviet Union 4.2 China and Iran 5 Aftermath 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 5.3 Bangladesh 6 Impact 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal 7 Long - term consequences 8 Timeline 9 Military awards 9.1 Battle honours 9.2 Gallantry awards 10 Civilian awards 11 Dramatization 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Main articles : Cable 1971 , Admiral Ahsan Mission , Bangladesh Liberation War , Mukti Bahini , 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War , and 1971 Bangladesh genocide The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 , the popular language movement in 1950 , mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 , and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government . The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast as East Pakistan was over ~ 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away , which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan . To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad , the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis . This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings . In 1969 , President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947 . In addition , there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis . The general elections , held in 1970 , resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party . The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern . The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism . To resolve the crisis , the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations and its finding were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League , the Pakistan Peoples Party , and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from the President Yahya Khan . Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory . However , the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed . After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party , endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the Awami League called for general strikes in the country . President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan . In reaction , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for the general strikes that eventually shutdown the government and the dissidents in East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan . In early March 1971 , approximately ~ 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone . The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March when it initiated its military crackdown . President Yahya Khan then called on the military , which was overwhelming led by West Pakistanis , to suppress dissent in the East after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military . Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement , the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971 . The Awami League was outlawed by the government and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India . Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan . The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal , in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east . On 26 March 1971 , Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . In April , the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur . The East Pakistan Rifles , Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army , navy , and marines , defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India . The Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini or Bangladesh Force consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide , Terrorism in Pakistan , and Anti-Pakistan sentiment After the resignations of Admiral S.M. Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the media correspondents began airing reports of Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens , that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population which led to approximately ~ 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighboring states of Eastern India . The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter , with state governments of West Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Meghalaya and Tripura establishing the refugee camps alongside the border . The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy . After the war , the Pakistan army 's generals in East held each other responsible for the committed atrocities but most burden laid to Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan who earned the notoriety from his actions as his role as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility . Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force , Tikka was known as `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences . Confessing at the hearings of War Enquiry Commission , Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly comment on his actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971 , ( General ) Tikka struck . Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing , crying and burning . ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy , not dealing with his own misguided and misled people . The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan ... ( General ) Tikka ... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy . His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land not the people ... '' . '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red . It was painted red by Bengali blood . '' However , Major - General Rao Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment and laid all responsibility to Tikka while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 . The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government . The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East , though the reactions from Pakistan 's news media pundits were mixed . By the end of September 1971 , an organised propaganda campaign , possibly orchestrated by elements within the Government of Pakistan , resulted in stickers proclaiming Crush India becoming a standard feature on the rear windows of vehicles in Rawalpindi , Islamabad and Lahore and soon spread to the rest of West Pakistan . By October , other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . By the first week of December , the conservative print media outlets in the country had published `` Jihad '' related materials to boost the recruitment in the military . India 's official engagement with Pakistan Objective Illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war . By the end of April 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan . According to Manekshaw 's own personal account , he refused , citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan and also the fact that the army tanks were in the process of being refitted . He claimed that he offered to resign , which Indira Gandhi declined . He then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms , and set a date for it and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi accepted his conditions . In reality , Indira Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action but she needed to get the military 's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion , which were critical of India 's restraint . By November 1971 , the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as `` suicidal course for Pakistan 's unity . '' Throughout November 1971 , there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan , calling for Pakistan to Crush India . India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December , when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow , preventing any Chinese intervention . On 23 November , President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war . On the evening of 3 December , at about 5 : 40 pm , the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north - western India , including Agra , which was 300 miles ( 480 km ) from the border . At the time of this attack the Taj Mahal was camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight . This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan was inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab -- Israeli Six Day War but , unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967 which involved a large number of Israeli planes , Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India . In an address to the nation on radio that same evening , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force responded with initial air strikes that very night . These air strikes were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning . This marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched a full - scale invasion of Pakistan . This involved Indian forces in a massive coordinated air , sea , and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts . The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca and on the western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil . There was no Indian intention of conducting any major offensive into Pakistan to dismember it into different states . Naval hostilities Main article : Indo - Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India , making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent . Unlike the 1965 war , the Pakistan Navy was ill - prepared for the naval conflict with India and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that the Navy was ill - prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality . The Pakistan Navy was in no condition of fighting an offensive war in deep sea against the Indian Navy and the Pakistan Navy was in no condition to mount serious defence against Indian Navy 's seaborne encroachment . In the western theatre of the war , the Indian Navy 's Western Naval Command under the Vice Admiral S.N. Kohli , successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4 / 5 December 1971 under codename : Trident . The naval attack involving the Soviet - built Osa missile boats sank the Pakistan Navy 's destroyer PNS Khyber and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz while PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged . In retaliation , the Pakistan Navy submarines , Hangor , Mangro , and Shushuk , began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships . Pakistani naval sources reported that ~ 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded , and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships , thus crippling the Pakistan Navy 's further involvement in the conflict . On 9 December 1971 , Hangor reportedly sank INS Khukri , inflicting 194 Indian casualties , and this attack was the first submarine kill since World War II . The sinking of INS Khurki was followed by another attack on Karachi port on the night of 8 / 9 December 1971 under codename : Python . A squadron of Indian Navy 's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched series of Soviet - acquired Styx missiles that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi . The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships and confusion remains the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International , acting as reconnaissance war pilots , misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship , inflicting major damages to warship and killing several officers on board . In the eastern theatre of the war , the Indian Eastern Naval Command , under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan , completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal , trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports . From 4 December onwards , the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed , and its Sea Hawk fighter - bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan including Chittagong and Cox 's Bazaar . Pakistan countered the threat by sending the submarine PNS Ghazi , which sank en route under mysterious circumstances off Visakhapatnam 's coast . Due to high number of defections , the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin where they had conducted riverine operations against the Indian Army but they too had suffered major losses that was taken in complete surprise , mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan . Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats , 1 minesweeper , 1 submarine , 2 destroyers , 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard , 18 cargo , supply and communication vessels , and large - scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi . Three merchant navy ships -- Anwar Baksh , Pasni and Madhumathi -- and ten smaller vessels were captured . Around ~ 1900 personnel were lost , while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dacca . According to one Pakistan scholar , Tariq Ali , Pakistan lost half its navy in the war . Air operations Main article : East Pakistan Air Operations , 1971 After the sneak attack , the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation and as the war progressed , the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones but the number of sorties flown by the PAF decreased day -- by -- day . The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation , partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel . This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF 's Air AHQ to cut its losses as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East . The PAF avoided making contacts with the Indian Navy after the Indian Navy raided the port of Karachi twice but the PAF did retaliate by bombing Okha harbour , destroying the fuel tanks used by the boats that had attacked . In the East , No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi , who was taken as POW , was destroyed , putting the Dhaka air defense out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East . At the end of the war , PAF pilots made successful daring escapes from East Pakistan to neighboring Burma and many PAF personnel had already left the East for Burma on their own luck before Dacca was overrun by the Indian military in December 1971 . Indian attacks on Pakistan As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan , the Indian Air Force continued with its pressing attacks against Pakistan as the campaign developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield , anti-radar , and close - support attacks by fighter jets , with night attacks against airfields and strategic targets by B - 57s and C - 130 by Pakistan and Canberras and An - 12s of India . The PAF deployed the F - 6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol missions over their own bases , but without the preferential air superiority , the PAF was unable to conduct effective offensive operations and its attacks were largely ineffective . The Indian Air Force 's raids destroyed one USAF and one UN in Dacca while the Canada 's RCAF DHC - 4 Caribou was also destroyed in Islamabad , alongside with the USAF 's Beech U-8 owned by the US military 's liaison chief Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager . Sporadic raids by the Indian air force continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war and interdiction and close - support operations were maintained . The PAF played a more limited part in the operations and were reinforced by F - 104s from Jordan , Mirages from an unidentified Middle Eastern ally ( remains unknown ) and by F - 86s from Saudi Arabia . Their arrival helped camouflage the extent of PAF losses and the Libyan F - 5s were reportedly deployed to Sargodha AFB , perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F - 5s from Saudi Arabia . The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions -- troop support ; air combat ; deep penetration strikes ; para-dropping behind enemy lines ; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target ; bombing and reconnaissance . The PAF , which was solely focused on air combat , was blown out of the subcontinent 's skies within the first week of the war . Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers , refusing to offer a fight . Hostilities officially ended at 14 : 30 GMT on 17 December , after the fall of Dacca on 15 December and India claimed large gains of territory in Pakistan ( although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war ) , and the independence of Pakistan 's East Wing as Bangladesh was confirmed . India flew 1,978 sorties in the East and about 4,000 in Pakistan , while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840 at both front . More than 80 percent of IAF sorties were close - support and interdiction and about 45 IAF aircraft were lost . Pakistan lost 75 aircraft , not including any F - 6s , Mirage IIIs , or the six Jordanian F - 104s which failed to return to their donors . The imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF 's considerably higher sortie rate and its emphasis on ground - attack missions . On the ground , Pakistan suffered the most with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India only lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded . The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan . Ground operations Indian T - 55 tanks on their way to Dhaka . Before the start of the war , the Indian Army was extremely well organized on both fronts and had enjoyed the significant numerical superiority over the Pakistan Army . The Indian Army 's extraordinary war performance at both fronts brought up the prestige , confidence , and dignity that it had lost during the war with China in 1962 . When the conflict started , the war immediately took a decisive turn in favor of India and their Bengali rebels militarily and diplomatically . On both front , Pakistan launched several ground offensives but Indian Army held their grounds and initiated well - coordinated ground operations on both fronts . Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army together with the Pakistan Marines in south border but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into the Pakistani soil and eventually made some quick and initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory as the land gained by India in Azad Kashmir , Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill . Casualties inflicted to Pakistan Army 's I Corps and II Corps were very high and many soldiers were perished due to lack of operational planning and lack of coordination within the army 's formations against Indian Army 's Southern and Western Commands . By the time the war came to end , Pakistan army soldiers and marines were highly demoralized both emotionally and psychologically on the western front and had left with no will to put up a defensive fight against the approaching Indian Army soldiers . The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army , the arms and training of soldiers and officers were needed at every level , and every level of command . On 23 November 1971 , the Indian Army conventionally penetrated to the eastern fronts and cross the East Pakistan 's borders to join their Bengali nationalist allies . As contrary to 1965 war which had emphasised set - piece battles and slow advances , this time the strategy adopted was a swift , three - pronged assault of nine infantry divisions with attached armoured units and close air support that rapidly converged on Dhaka , the capital of East Pakistan . Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of the India 's Eastern Command , led the Indian full thrust into East Pakistan and as the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command , the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission . In the meantime , the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan . The Indian campaign employed `` blitzkrieg '' techniques , exploiting weakness in the enemy 's positions and bypassing opposition , and resulted in a swift victory . Faced with insurmountable losses , the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight and psychological panic spread in the Eastern Command 's military leadership . Indian advances in East created psychological panics that demoralized the Pakistani soldiers and their Bengali soldiers who were left with great worries at the hands of Mukti Bahini . Subsequently , the Indian Army encircled Dacca and ultimately issued an ultimatum to surrender in `` 30 - minutes '' time window on 16 December 1971 . Upon hearing the ultimatum , the Pakistan Eastern Command led by its commander Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi stationed in East Pakistan surrendered without putting a fight or offering any resistance . On 16 December 1971 , Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its combined military to Indian Army -- hence ending the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan Main articles : Instrument of Surrender ( 1971 ) and East Pakistan Military Command Officially , the Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command stationed in East Pakistan was signed between the Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of Indian Eastern Command and Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the Commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command , at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16 : 31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971 . As the surrender was accepted by Lieutenant - General Aurora without a word , the surrounding crowds on the race course started shouting anti-Pakistan slogans and there were reports of abuses aimed at the surrendering commanders of Pakistani military . Following the surrender , the Indian Army took approximately ~ 90,000 Pakistani servicemen and their Bengali supporters as POWs , making it largest surrender since the World War II . Initial counts were recorded as ~ 79,676 war prisoners who were the uniformed personnel , of which 55,692 were belonged to Pakistan Army , 16,354 Paramilitary , 5,296 Police , 1,000 Navy and 800 PAF . The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as follows : Apart from soldiers , it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war . Inter-Service Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs Officer Commanding Pakistan Army 54,154 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi Pakistan Navy / Pakistan Marines 1,381 Rear - Admiral Mohammad Shariff Pakistan Air Force 833 Air Commodore Inamul Haq Paramilitary / East Pakistan Rifles / Police 22,000 Major - General Rao Farman Ali Civil government personnel 12,000 Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik Total : 90,368 ~ Foreign reaction and involvement United States and Soviet Union The Blood Telegram The Soviet Union sympathised with the East Pakistanis , and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini incursion against Pakistan during the war , in a broader view of recognizing that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China . The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed , it would take counter-measures . This assurance was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971 . However , the Indo - Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position during the conflict , according to author Robert Jackson . The Soviet Union continued their sympathetic gesture to Pakistan until mid-October when they stressed Pakistan to come up with a political settlement and affirming their continuation of industrial aid to Pakistan . By November 1971 , the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan Alexei Rodionov directed a secretive message ( Rodionov message ) that ultimately warned Pakistan that `` it will embarking a suicidal course if it escalates tensions in the subcontinent . The United States stood with Pakistan by supporting morally , politically , economically , and materially when U.S. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger refused to use rhetoric in a hopeless attempt to intervene in a large civil war . The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence into the South Asia in an informal alliance with India . During the Cold War , Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People 's Republic of China , with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972 . Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region , and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America 's new tactical ally , China . Nixon encouraged Jordan and Iran to send military supplies to Pakistan while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan , but all supplies were very limited . The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the `` genocidal '' activities of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan , most notably the Blood telegram and this prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by the United States Congress and in the international press . Then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations , George Bush , Sr , introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease - fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan . However , it was vetoed by the Soviet Union and the following days witnessed a great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon - Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw , but to no avail . It has been documented that President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F - 86 , F - 104 and F - 5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan . When Pakistan 's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain , Nixon deployed Task Force 74 led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal . Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971 . According to a Russian documentary , the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay , on her final deployment . Eagle was paid off by January 1972 at Portsmouth and was stripped of reusable equipment ( radars and missile systems primarily ) . On 6 and 13 December , the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok ; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972 . The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean . As the war progressed , it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks , therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted : `` in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which ... you ( Breznev ) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility . '' After the war , the United States accepted the new power of balance and realized India as a major dominant player in the South Asia and immediately engage in strengthening bilateral relations between two countries in the successive years . Soviet Union , while being sympathetic to Pakistan 's loss , decided to engage with Pakistan after sending an invitation through Rodionov to Bhutto who paid a state visit to Soviet Union in 1972 to strengthened the bilateral relations that continued on over the successive years . China and Iran During the course of the war , China harshly criticized India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crises and accused India of having the imperialistic design in South Asia . Before the war started , Chinese leaders and officials had been long philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders , as China feared that India was secretly supporting , infiltrating , and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government . China was also critical of Government of East Pakistan led by its Governor Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan ' s ruthless measure to deal with the Bengali opposition and did not endorse 's Pakistani position on that . When the war started , China reproached India for India 's direct involvement and infiltration in East Pakistan . China disagreed with President Yahya Khan 's consideration of military options and criticized East Pakistan Awami League politicians ' ties with India that he believed , would harm the nation 's unity . When the war started , China reacted with great alarm when the prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integrating the Pakistan - administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir became imminent . U.S. President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army 's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control , and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army 's X Corps in the Line of Control . China did not welcome the break - up of Pakistan 's unity by the East Pakistani politicians and effectively vetoed the membership of Bangladesh when it applied to the United Nations in 1972 . Over the veto of two UN resolutions concerning the Bangladesh , China reasoned with these decisions in regards to the repatriation of Pakistani POWs and civilians had not yet been implemented . Furthermore , China was also among the last countries to recognize the independence of Bangladesh , refusing to do so until 31 August 1975 . To this date China 's relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor . During the course of the conflict , Iran also stood with Pakistan politically and diplomatically . However , Iran became concerned with the imminent break - up of Pakistan which , they feared , would cause the state to fractionalize into small pieces ; therefore , Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation . At the beginning of the conflict , Iran helped sheltering PAF 's fighter jets and provided with free fuel for the PAF to take part in the conflict in an attempt to keep Pakistan 's regional integrity united . When Pakistan called for unilateral ceasefire and the surrender was announced , Shah of Iran hastily responded by preparing the Iranian military to come up with the contingency plans to forcefully invade Pakistan and annex its Balochistan province into its side of Baluchistan , by any means necessary , before anybody else does it . Aftermath India The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population and with nearly one - third of its army in captivity , clearly established India 's military and political dominance of the subcontinent . India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skillfully manipulate Pakistan 's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan . In addition , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations . There was also a meeting between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Nixon in November 1971 which she rejected the U.S. advice against intervening in the conflict . The victory also defined India 's much broader role in the foreign politics as many countries in the world had come to realize , including the United States , that the balance of power now had shifted to India as a major player in the region . Regional countries such as Afghanistan and Iran as well as Arab - speaking states such as Iraq , and Gulf states who were traditional allies of Pakistan , prompted to seek closer ties with India rather than Pakistan in successive years . The United States itself accepted a new power of balance and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974 , the United States had notified India that the U.S. had no `` interest in actions designed to achieve new power of balance . '' In spite of the magnitude of the victory , India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction . Mostly , Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goals -- the establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war . In announcing the Pakistani surrender , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared in the Indian Parliament : Dacca is now the free capital of a free country . We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph . All nations who value the human spirit will recognize it as a significant milestone in man 's quest for liberty . Colonel John Gill of National Defense University remarks that , while India achieved a military victory , it was not able to reap the political fruits it might have hoped for in Bangladesh . After a brief ' honeymoon ' phase between India and Bangladesh , their relationship began to sour . India 's relations with Bangladesh have remained frequently problematic and tense . Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during Awami League tenures , relations deteriorate when the BNP is in power in Bangladesh . A 2014 PEW opinion poll in Bangladesh found that India was perceived as the greatest threat to Bangladesh . This was the top choice ( 27 % ) of Bangladeshis . However , 70 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India : while 50 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan . Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat , a psychological setback that came from a defeat at the hands of rival India . Pakistan lost half its population and a significant portion of its economy and suffered setbacks to its geopolitical role in South Asia . In the post-war era , Pakistan struggled to absorb the lessons learned from the military interventions in the democratic system and the impact of the Pakistani military 's failure was grave and long - lasting . From the geopolitical point of view , the war ended in the breaking - up the unity of Pakistan from being the largest Muslim country in the world to its politico - economic and military collapse that resulted from a direct foreign intervention in 1971 . The Pakistani policy - making institutions further feared that the histrocity of Two - nation theory was disproved that the Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis part of Pakistan . The Pakistani government had to engaged in investigation commission when the Pakistani military suffered from a further humiliation by having their ~ 90,000 prisoners of war that were to be released by India only after the negotiation and signing of the agreement that was signed in Simla on 2 July 1972 . In addition to repatriation of prisoners of war and transferring population , the agreement established an ongoing structure for the negotiated resolution of future conflicts between India and Pakistan . In signing the agreement , Pakistan also , by implication , had to recognised the former East Pakistan as the now independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh . The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude to this kind of defeat as the state electronic media had been projecting imaginary victories despite the privately owned electronic news media coverage in the East Pakistan that reported the complexity of the situation . When the ceasefire that came from surrendering of East Pakistan was finally announced , the people could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat , spontaneous demonstrations , and massive protests erupted on the streets of major metropolitan cities in Pakistan . In 1970 , the presidential ordnance had already restored the original status of four provinces that had removed the `` West '' and simply adding `` Pakistan '' to the effect of the defeat as international acceptance of the secession of the eastern half of the country and its creation as the independent state of Bangladesh developed and was given more credence . According to Pakistani historians , the trauma was extremely severe and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high . Demoralized and finding unable to control the situation , the Yahya administration fell to its feet when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was sworn - in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military . The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military . Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force , and a third of its army . The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan 's declared strategic doctrine that the `` defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan '' . Hussain Haqqani , in his book Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military notes , Moreover , the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man . The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle . In West Pakistan 1,200 military deaths had accompanied lackluster military performance . In his book The 1971 Indo - Pak War : A Soldier 's Narrative Pakistan Army 's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi a veteran of this conflict noted , We must accept the fact that , as a people , we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country . It was not a Niazi , or a Yahya , even a Mujib , or a Bhutto , or their key assistants , who alone were the cause of our break - up , but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years . At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour . It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us . The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal . In a BBC interview , he said : The Pakistan army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . I had eight or nine months to make my preparations . I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1 ... However , independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1 . The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager , the World War II veteran and U.S. flying ace who witnessed the war in 1971 , is of the view that Pakistan did not lose the war , as India did not annex it . Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many insightful recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission 's Report . To address the economic disparity , the NFC system was established to equally distribute the taxation revenue among the four provinces , the large - scale nationalization of industries and nationwide census were carried in 1972 . The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected the equal balance and a compromise between the Islamism and the Humanism and provided a guaranteed equal human rights to all . The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganized with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service , contrary to C - in - Cs , and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services . Major investments were directed towards modernizing the navy . The military 's chain of command was centralized in JS HQ led by an appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee to coordinate the combined and well - integrated military efforts to safe guard the nation 's defence and unity . In addition , Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy as Pakistan geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war with the U.S. displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most . On January 20 , 1972 , Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons in a view of `` never to allow another foreign invasion of Pakistan . '' This crash program reached parity in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved . Bangladesh Main article : 1971 East Pakistan genocide As a result of the war , East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country , Bangladesh , as the world 's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971 . Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca . On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh , later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974 . On the brink of defeat around 14 December 1971 , the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers , their controlled local East Pakistan Police , Razakars , and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians , teachers , and other intellectuals , as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals . Young men , especially students , who were seen as possible rebels and recruiters were also targeted by the stationed military but the extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known and the issue is itself controversial and contradictory among the authors who wrote books on the pogrom as the Pakistani government itself denied the charges of their involvement in 2015 . R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from one to three million people killed . Other estimates place the death toll lower , at 300,000 . Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people , raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others . According to the authors Kenton Worcester , Sally Bermanzohn , and Mark Ungar , Bengalis themselves killed ~ 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East , however , neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue . Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis . In 2010 , the Awami League 's government decided to set up a tribunal to prosecute the people involved in alleged war crimes and those who collaborated with Pakistan . According to the Government , the defendants would be charged with crimes against humanity , genocide , murder , rape and arson . According to John H. Gill , there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war , and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern - day Bangladesh . To this day , the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the foreign relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh . Impact Pakistan : war Enquiry Commission and war prisoners Main articles : War Enquiry Commission and Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation In the aftermath of the war , the Pakistani government constituted the War Enquiry Commission , to be headed by the Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman , who was an ethnic Bengali , and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . The War Enquiry Commission was mandated with carrying out the thorough investigations into the intelligence , strategic , political , and the military failures that causes the defeat in the war . The War Commission also looks into the Pakistan 's political and military involvement in the history of East Pakistan that encompasses from 1947 -- 71 . The First War Report was submitted in July 1972 but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference of military in the national politics . Written in moral and philosophical perspective , the First Report was very lengthy but provided accounts that was unpalatable to be released to the public . Initially , there were 12 copies that were all destroyed except for the one that was kept and marked as `` Top Secret '' to prevent the backlash effects on the demoralized military . In 1976 , the Supplementary Report was also submitted that was also the comprehensive report compiled together with the First Report ; this report was also marked as classified . In 2000 , the excerpts of the Supplementary Report was leaked to Pakistan 's Dawn political correspondent , which the Dawn published it together with the India Today . The First Report is still marked as classified while the Supplementary Report 's excerpts were suppressed by the news correspondents . The War Report 's supplementary section was published by the Pakistan 's government but did not officially handed over the report to Bangladesh despite its requests . ) The War Report exposed many military failures from the strategic to the tactical -- intelligence levels while it confirmed the looting , rapes and the unnecessary killings by the Pakistan military and their local agents . It lay the blame squarely on Pakistan army generals , accusing them of debauchery , smuggling , war crimes and neglect of duty . The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight , but no actions were ever taken against those responsible besides the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army , Pakistan Air Force , Pakistan Navy , and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines . The War Commission however rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army , remarking : `` It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful '' and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that it carried out the termination of `` only a hundred or more pregnancies '' . The Commission also claimed that `` approximately 26,000 persons ( were ) killed during the action by the Pakistan military '' Bina D'Costa states that the War Commission was aware of the military 's brutality in East Pakistan but `` chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed . '' The second commission was known as Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation conducted solely by the Pakistani government that was to be determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered including the number of civilian POWs . The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over . India : Indo - Pakistani summits Main articles : Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations and Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement On 2 July 1972 , the Indo - Pakistani summit was held in Simla , Himachal Pradesh , India were the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between the President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a governments of each state playing a depository role . The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognized Bangladesh 's sovereignty in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs as India was treating the war prisoners in accordance to Geneva Conventions promulgated in 1925 . In mere five months , India systematically released more than ~ 90,000 war prisoners with Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan . The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war , though India retained a few strategic areas ( including Turtuk , Dhothang , Tyakshi ( earlier called Tiaqsi ) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley ) , which was more than 804 km2 . The Indian hardliners , however , felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto , who had pleaded for leniency , arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan . As a result of which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was criticized by a section in India for believing Bhutto 's `` sweet talk and false vows '' while the other section claimed it successful , for not letting it to fall into `` Versailles Syndrome '' trap . In 1973 , India and Pakistan reached another compromised when both countries signed trilateral agreement with Bangladesh that actually brought the war prisoners , non-Bengali and Pakistan - loyaled Bengali bureaucrats and civilian servants to Pakistan . The Delhi Agreement witnessed the mass population transfer since the partition of India in 1947 . Bangladesh : International crimes tribunal In 2009 , the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support and formally established the tribunal in 2010 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al - Badr and Al - Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Long - term consequences Steve Coll , in his book Ghost Wars , argues that the Pakistan military 's experience with India , including Pervez Musharraf 's experience in 1971 , influenced the Pakistani government to support jihadist groups in Afghanistan even after the Soviets left , because the jihadists were a tool to use against India , including bogging down the Indian Army in Kashmir . After the war , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorised the highly secretive and clandestine atomic bomb program , as part of its new deterrence policy , to defend itself and never to allow another armed invasion from India . Many Pakistani scientists , abroad working at the IAEA and European and American nuclear programs immediately returned to what remained of Pakistan and participated in making Pakistan a nuclear power . Writing about the war in Foreign Affairs magazine Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stated ' There is no parallel in contemporary history to the cataclysm which engulfed Pakistan in 1971 . A tragic civil war , which rent asunder the people of the two parts of Pakistan , was seized by India as an opportunity for armed intervention . The country was dismembered , its economy shattered and the nation 's self - confidence totally undermined . ' This statement of Bhutto has given rise to the myth of betrayal prevalent in modern Pakistan . This view was contradicted by the post-War Hamoodur Rahman Commission , ordered by Bhutto himself , which in its 1974 report indicted generals of the Pakistan Army for creating conditions which led to the eventual loss of East Pakistan and for inept handling of military operations in the East . Timeline 7 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that , `` The current struggle is a struggle for independence '' , in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka . 25 March 1971 : Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight , a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance . Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka . 26 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration of independence and sent it through a radio message on the night of 25 March ( the morning of 26 March ) . Later Major Ziaur Rahman and other Awami League leaders announced the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat Radio Station , Chittagong . The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations . 27 March 1971 : Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Gono Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) General Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani . 17 April 1971 : Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government . 3 December 1971 : War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistan launches a series of preemptive air strikes on Indian airfields . 6 December 1971 : East Pakistan is recognised as Bangladesh by India . 14 December 1971 : Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started by Pakistani Army and local collaborators . 16 December 1971 : Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East Pakistan , surrenders to the Allied Forces ( Mitro Bahini ) represented by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora of Indian Army at the surrender . India and Bangladesh gain victory . 12 January 1972 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power . Military awards Battle honours After the war , 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army , the notable amongst which are : East Pakistan 1971 ( theatre honour ) Sindh 1971 ( theatre honour ) Jammu and Kashmir 1971 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1971 ( theatre honour ) Basantar River Bogra Chachro Chhamb Defence of Punch Dera Baba Nanak Gadra City Harar Kalan Hilli Longewala Parbat Ali Poongli Bridge Shehjra Shingo River Valley Sylhet Gallantry awards For bravery , a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries . Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra , Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra : Lance Naik Albert Ekka ( Posthumously ) Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon ( Posthumously ) Major Hoshiar Singh Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal ( Posthumously ) Bangladesh Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho : Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Hamidur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Mostafa Kamal ( Posthumously ) ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin ( Posthumously ) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh ( Posthumously ) Pakistan Recipients of the Nishan - E-Haider : Major Muhammad Akram ( Posthumously ) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas ( Posthumously ) Major Shabbir Sharif ( Posthumously ) Sarwar Muhammad Hussain ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz ( Posthumously ) Civilian awards On 25 July 2011 , Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona , the Bangladesh Freedom Honour , was posthumously conferred on former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi . On 28 March 2012 , President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 individuals , six organisations , Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre . This included eight heads of states viz . former Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav , the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , former Soviet presidents Leonid IIyich Brezhnev and Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny , ex-Soviet prime minister Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin , former Yugoslav president Marshal Josip Broz Tito , ex-UK prime minister Sir Edward Richard George Heath and former Nepalese prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala . The organisations include the BBC , Akashbani ( All India Radio ) , International Committee of the Red Cross , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti . The list of foreign friends of Bangladesh has since been extended to 568 people . It includes 257 Indians , 88 Americans , 41 Pakistanis , 39 Britons , nine Russians , 18 Nepalese , 16 French and 18 Japanese . Dramatization Films Border , a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P. Dutta . This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan ( Western Theatre ) during the 1971 Indo - Pak war . Border on IMDb Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand . The aircraft in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan . These include MiG - 21s , Gnats , Hunters and Su - 7s . Some of these aircraft were also flown by war veterans such as Samar Bikram Shah ( 2 kills ) and Manbir Singh . Hindustan Ki Kasam on IMDb Aakraman , 1975 Bollywood film set during this war featuring a romantic love triangle . 1971 -- Prisoners of War , a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers . Set against the backdrop of a prisoners ' camp in Pakistan , follows six Indian prisoners awaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India - Pakistan war . The Ghazi Attack , a 2017 war film directed by Sankalp Reddy . Based on the sinking of PNS Ghazi during the war . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Indian war drama film written and directed by Major Ravi Miniseries / Dramas PNS Ghazi , an Urdu ( Pakistani ) drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR See also India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Separatist nationalism in Pakistan South Asian Muslim nationalism Pakistaniat Conservatism in Pakistan Socialism in Pakistan Bangladesh Forces Timeline of the Bangladesh War Radcliffe Line India and state - sponsored terrorism United States -- Pakistan relations before 1990 Soviet Union - Pakistan relations before 1990 Tridev Roy Operation Searchlight \ Barisal Riverine Warfare Protest of 1969 in Pakistan Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan Pakistan news media in Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) Indian Army in East Pakistan Pakistan - Afghanistan relations 1971 Winter POWs / MIA Investigations , Pakistan Pakistan military deployments in other countries Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program General : History of Bangladesh History of Myanmar List of conflicts in Asia References Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 . India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia Jump up ^ Kemp , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) . The East Moves West India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0388 - 4 . However , India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India Jump up ^ Byman , Daniel ( 2005 ) . Deadly connections : States that Sponsor Terrorism . Cambridge University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83973 - 0 . India 's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Air Force . Squadron 5 , Tuskers '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Oxford University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547697 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Chitkara , M. G ( 1996 ) . Benazir , a Profile -- M.G. Chitkara . ISBN 9788170247524 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schofield , Victoria ( 18 January 2003 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War -- Victoria Schofield . ISBN 9781860648984 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : M. Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Taylor & Francis . p. 806 . ISBN 978 - 0415976640 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vulnerable India : A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur Jump up ^ `` Chapter 10 : Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command '' . Indian Navy . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assessment -- 1971 Indo Pak Naval War '' . Orbat.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Air Chief Marshal PC Lal ( 1986 ) . My Days with the IAF . Lancer . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 008 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Longewala -- The Truth '' . India Defence Update . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Air Force -- Official website '' . Paf.gov.pk . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAF Combat Kills -- 1971 Indo - Pak Air War '' ( PDF ) . orbat.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas . Encyclopedia of the developing world , Volume 1 . Taylor & Francis , 2006 . ISBN 9780415976626 . ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare , edited by Chris Bishop ( Amber publishing 1997 , republished 2004 pages 384 -- 387 ISBN 1 - 904687 - 26 - 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinking of the Ghazi '' . Bharat Rakshak Monitor , 4 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How west was won ... on the waterfront '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Pakistan War , 1971 ; Western Front , Part I '' . acig.com . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Tikka Khan , 87 ; ' Butcher of Bengal ' Led Pakistani Army '' . Los Angeles Times . 30 March 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . p. 382 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` India : Easy Victory , Uneasy Peace '' . Time . 27 December 1971 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes '' . Pravda . 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Orton , Anna ( 2010 ) . India 's Borderland Disputes : China , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Nepal . Epitome Books . p. 117 . ISBN 9789380297156 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( November 2011 ) . `` The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 13 ( 4 ) : 398 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623528.2011. 625750 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaat claims denied by evidence '' . THE DAILY STAR. 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . , Chapter 3 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Burke , Samuel Martin ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies . University of Minnesota Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alston , Margaret ( 2015 ) . Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh . Routledge . p. 40 . ISBN 9781317684862 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel ( 2012 ) . Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 55 . ISBN 9781412847599 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myers , David G. ( 2004 ) . Exploring Social Psychology 4E . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 269 . ISBN 9780070700628 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Senator Edward , `` Crisis in South Asia -- A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement , Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee '' , 1 November 1971 , U.S. Govt . Press , page 66 . Sen. Kennedy wrote , `` Field reports to the U.S. Government , countless eye - witness journalistic accounts , reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal ( East Pakistan ) . Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops , systematically slaughtered , and in some places , painted with yellow patches marked ' H ' . All of this has been officially sanctioned , ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad . '' Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 , Chapter 8 , Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates , Sources , and Calculations : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan ( reported by Aziz , Qutubuddin . Blood and tears Karachi : United Press of Pakistan , 1974 . pp. 74 , 226 ) , some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one ( Johnson , B.L.C. Bangladesh . New York : Barnes & Noble , 1975 . pp. 73 , 75 ) that `` could have been '' 12 million . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Pranab ( 2010 ) . A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal : The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia . Peter Lang . ISBN 9781433108204 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieven , Anatol ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Pakistan : A Hard Country . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1610391624 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . 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But India was alert , Pakistani pilots were inept , and Yahya 's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust ! '' , p. 34 , Newsweek , 20 December 1971 ^ Jump up to : `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Pakistan intensifies air raids on India '' . BBC News . 3 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . China 's Quest : The History of the Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190261061 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers . New Delhi : Lancer 's Publications and Distributors . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 02 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers ( PDF ) . New Delhi , India : Sona Printers , India . ISBN 1 897829 02 7 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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These victims were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters . Jump up ^ Murshid , Tazeen M. ( 2 December 1997 ) . `` State , Nation , Identity : The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies . Routledge. 20 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 00856409708723294 . ISSN 1479 - 0270 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Muazzam Hussain ( 2012 ) . `` Killing of Intellectuals '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ Shaiduzzaman . `` Martyred intellectuals : martyred history '' . New Age . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff correspondents ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971 '' . The Daily Star . The Daily Star , 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 2010 ) . 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Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC News . 30 August 2000 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Dr Arunkumar ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Psychological Warfare and India . Lancer Publishers , Bhatt . ISBN 9788170621331 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 30 August 2000 ) . `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC . BBC Pakistan Bureau . BBC . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Genesis of Defeat -- How many Hindus have you killed ? '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Loss of Character -- `` Lust for wine , greed for houses '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` Bravado And Capitulation -- `` Further resistance is not humanly possible '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) , Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia , Routledge , pp. 76 -- 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56566 - 0 Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rehman Commission ( HRC ) Report of Inquiry into the 1971 War ( Vanguard Books Lahore , 513 ) Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report , chapter 2 , paragraph 33 ^ Jump up to : `` India Pakistan Timeline '' . BBC News , India Pakistan . 1971 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Simla Agreement '' . Bilateral / Multilateral Documents . Ministry of External Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turtuk , a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours '' . Jump up ^ `` An encounter with the ' king ' of Turtuk , a border village near Gilgit - Baltistan '' . Jump up ^ `` A portrait of a village on the border '' . Jump up ^ `` Have you heard about this Indian Hero ? '' . rediff.com. 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Simla Agreement 1972 '' . Story of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the Shimla Accord '' . 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ UN . `` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees '' . UNCHR . UNCHR . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley Walpert ( 1993 ) . Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan : his life and times . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195076615 . Jump up ^ Wierda , Marieke ; Anthony Triolo ( 31 May 2012 ) . Luc Reydams ; Jan Wouters ; Cedric Ryngaert , eds . International Prosecutors . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0199554294 . Jump up ^ Coll , Steve ( 2005 ) . Ghost Wars . The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . pg 221 , 475 . Jump up ^ Kreisler interview with Coll `` Conversations with history '' , 25 March 2005 , UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies Jump up ^ Bhutto , Zulfiqar Ali ( April 1973 ) . `` Pakistan Builds Anew '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 257 -- 278 . ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martyrs '' . National Defense Academy , Pune . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra '' . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider holders of Pakistan Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Habib , Haroon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Friends of freedom honoured '' . The Daily Star . 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` B'desh honours foreign friends '' . The Financial Express . Dhaka. 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Beyond Borders Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : The film puts across the message that fighting wars for `` borders and orders '' robs away so many lives needlessly `` . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Further reading Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1967 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7 . Cilano , Cara , ed. ( 2010 ) . Pakistaniaat : Special issue on 1971 War . Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ( 2004 ) . The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Niazi , General A.A.K. ( 1999 ) . Betrayal of East Pakistan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579275 - 1 . Palit , DK ( 1972 ) . The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War 1971 . Compton Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900193 - 10 - 1 . Raghavan , Srinath ( 2013 ) . 1971 -- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh ( PDF ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72864 - 6 . Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar ( 2010 ) . O General My General ( Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ) . The Osmany Memorial Trust , Dhaka , Bangladesh . ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 . Saigal , JR ( 2000 ) . Pakistan Splits : The Birth of Bangladesh . Manas Publications . ISBN 9788170491248 . External links Video of General Niazi Surrendering A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War -- US Department of State 's Official archive . Indian Army : Major Operations Pakistan : Partition and Military Succession USA Archives Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper . The Tilt : The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 . 16 December 1971 : any lessons learned ? By Ayaz Amir -- Pakistan 's Dawn India - Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war ( unofficial ) , Centre for Indian Military History Op Cactus Lilly : 19 Infantry Division in 1971 , a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore All for a bottle of Scotch , a personal recall of Major ( later Major General ) CK Karumbaya , SM , the battle for Magura `` The Rediff Interview / Lt Gen AA Khan Niazi '' . Rediff. 2 February 2004 . <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 History Partition of India History of Pakistan Indo - Pakistani Wars War of 1947 War of 1965 Operation Searchlight 1971 Bangladesh genocide Mukti Bahini Research and Analysis Wing Operation Jackpot Indo - Soviet Treaty Razakars Mitro Bahini Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command Simla Agreement Conflict Battle of Dhalai Battle of Atgram Battle of Garibpur Boyra incidence Operation Chengiz Khan Battle of Longewala Battle of Hilli Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Airdrop Battle of Basantar PNS Ghazi Operation Trident Air Operations Naval Operations INS Khukri US Taskforce 74 more Pakistani peace proposals Cable 1971 Six - points Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission Rodionov message War Enquiry Commission Leaders India Indira Gandhi Sam Manekshaw P.C. Lal S.M. Nanda Jagjit Singh Aurora K.P. Candeth Sourendra Nath Kohli Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Anil Tipnis T.N. Raina Sartaj Singh J.F.R. Jacob Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Kulwant Singh Pannu G.M. Hiranandani Pakistan Yahya Khan Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Abdul Hamid Khan A.A.K. Niazi Mohammad Sharif M.A.K. Lodhi Leslie Mungavin Gul Hassan Abdul Ali Malik Rashid Ahmed A. Rahim Khan Tikka Khan Muzaffar Hassan Patrick Callaghan Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tajuddin Ahmed Muhammad Mansur Ali A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman Abu Taher United States Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Archer Blood George Bush , Sr . William Westmoreland Elmo Zumwalt Chuck Yeager J.S. Farland Kenneth Keating Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Alexei Kosygin Alexei Rodionov Nikolai Pegov Yakov Malik Andrei Gromyko Sergey Gorshkov Vasili Kuznetsov Nikolai Podgorny Highest awards Param Vir Chakra L / Nk . Albert Ekka Fl . Off . N.J.S. Sekhon 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal Maj . Hoshiar Singh Nishan - E-Haider Maj . Muhammad Akram Plt . Off . Rashid Minhas Maj . Shabbir Sharif J / Swr . Muhammad Hussain L / Nk . Muhammad Mahfuz Bir Sreshtho Flt . Lt. Matiur Rahman Sepahi Hamidur Rahman Sepahi Mostafa Kamal Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir Lance Naik Noor Mohammad <Th_colspan="2"> 1971 Bangladesh genocide Perpetrators Organizers Yahya Khan Tikka Khan Rao Farman Ali Executors Abdul Quader Molla Abul Kalam Azad Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Fazlul Quader Chowdhury Ghulam Azam Motiur Rahman Nizami Muhammad Kamaruzzaman Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ashrafuz Zaman Khan Chowdhury Mueen - Uddin Organizations Pakistan Army Jamaat - e-Islami Razakars East Pakistan Central Peace Committee Al Badr Al Shams Massacres Barisal Division Barguna Bhimnali Ketnar Bil Suryamani Chittagong Division Muzaffarabad Pomara Bakhrabad Dhaka Division Bakchar Baria Char Bhadrasan Hasamdia Ishangopalpur Jinjira Madhyapara Ramna Satanikhil Sendia Shankharibazar Sree Angan Sutrapur Khulna Division Chuknagar Dakra Shankharikathi Rajshahi Division Bagbati Demra Karai Kadipur Gopalpur Rangpur Division Akhira Daldalia Golaghat Jathibhanga Kaliganj Sylhet Division Adityapur Burunga Galimpur Krishnapur Makalkandi Naria Notable victims Altaf Mahmud Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya Anwar Pasha Dhirendranath Datta Govinda Chandra Dev Harinath Dey Jogesh Chandra Ghosh Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta Laxman Das Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury Munier Choudhury Ranada Prasad Saha Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya Selina Parvin Shahidullah Kaiser more Protests Movement demanding trial of war criminals 2013 Shahbag protests Trials Hamoodur Rahman Commission International Crimes Tribunal Related events Bangladesh Liberation War Blood Telegram Concert for Bangladesh Operation Searchlight Persecution of Biharis Persecution of Hindus Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Remembrance Day <Th_colspan="2"> Military of India <Td_colspan="2"> Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia <Td_colspan="2"> Category Army Navy Air Force <Th_colspan="2"> Pakistan Armed Forces Joint services and administrative Cabinet Committee on National Security Chief of General Staff Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Inter-Services Public Relations Inter-Services Selection Board Inter-Services Intelligence Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Joint Staff Headquarters Judge Advocate General Branch Military Lands and Cantonments Department Ministry of Defence Minister of Defence National Command Authority Missiles Nuclear doctrine Strategic Plans Division Force Weapons of mass destruction National Defence University National Security Council Army Army Museum Army ranks and insignia Chief of Army Staff replaced Commander - 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Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Awards and decorations Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Military history Air Force history Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Military coups Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces <Td_colspan="2"> Category Army Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971&oldid=808172428 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Indo - Pakistani wars Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 in Bangladesh 1971 in India 1971 in Pakistan Conflicts in 1971 East Pakistan Anti-Pakistan sentiment Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving India History of Bangladesh Post-independence history of Pakistan Separatism in Pakistan History of the Indian Army Research and Analysis Wing Foreign intervention Dissolutions of countries December 1971 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Accuracy disputes from July 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2015 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkmençe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 09 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
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718,959,777,239,196,800 | is there caffeine in root beer barq's | Barq 's - wikipedia Barq 's Jump to : navigation , search Barq 's Root Beer <Td_colspan="2"> Type Root beer Manufacturer The Coca - Cola Company Country of origin USA Introduced 1898 Variants Diet Root Beer Red Creme Soda Diet Red Creme Soda French Vanilla Creme Soda French Vanilla Diet Creme Soda ( Discontinued ) Floatz ( Discontinued ) Related products A&W Root Beer , Mug Root Beer , Dad 's Root Beer , Sarsi Barq 's / ˈbɑːrks / is an American soft drink . Its brand of root beer is notable for having caffeine . Barq 's , created by Edward Barq and bottled since the turn of the 20th century , is owned by the Barq family but bottled by the Coca - Cola Company . It was known as Barq 's Famous Olde Tyme Root Beer until 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Barq 's products 2 History 3 References 4 External links Barq 's products ( edit ) Nutrition facts <Td_colspan="4"> Serving size 12 fl oz ( 355 ml ) <Td_colspan="4"> Servings per container 1 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Amount per serving <Td_colspan="2"> Calories 160 <Td_colspan="2"> Calories from fat 0 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> % Daily value * <Td_colspan="3"> Total fat 0 g 0 % <Td_colspan="3"> Saturated fat 0 g 0 % <Td_colspan="4"> Trans fat 0 g <Td_colspan="3"> Cholesterol 0 mg 0 % <Td_colspan="3"> Sodium 70 mg 3 % <Td_colspan="3"> Potassium 0 mg 0 % <Td_colspan="3"> Total carbohydrate 45 g 15 % <Td_colspan="3"> Dietary fiber 0 g 0 % <Td_colspan="4"> Sugars 45 g <Td_colspan="4"> Protein 0 g <Td_colspan="4"> Vitamin A 0 % Vitamin C 0 % Calcium 0 % Iron 0 % <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> * Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 ‐ calorie diet . Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs . Diet Barq 's Root Beer - contains no caffeine . Available in Root Beer and Vanilla Cream . Barq 's Red Crème Soda ( Barq 's Yellow Creme Soda was also produced until the early 1990s ) . Diet Barq 's Red Crème Soda Barq 's French Vanilla Crème Soda Discontinued : Diet Crème Soda Barq 's French Vanilla Discontinued : Barq 's Floatz , which is designed to taste like a root beer float . J & J Snack Foods Corporation once licensed the brand name for Barq 's Floatz ice cream squeeze tubes . History ( edit ) The Barq 's Brothers Bottling Company was founded in 1890 in the French Quarter of New Orleans , by Edward Charles Edmond Barq and his older brother , Gaston . The Barq Brothers bottled carbonated water and various soft drinks of their own creation . Early on their most popular creation was an orange - flavored soda called Orangine , which won a gold medal at the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition World 's Fair in Chicago , Illinois . Edward Barq moved to Biloxi , Mississippi , in 1897 with his new wife . The following year he opened the Biloxi Artesian Bottling Works . 1898 is often given as the debut year for what was later to be known as `` Barq 's root beer , '' but some sources say this particular product was not produced until some two years later . It was on the Mississippi coast that Barq met and employed a young boy , Jesse Robinson . Robinson was mentored by Barq and later moved to New Orleans to find his fortune . In 1934 Edward Barq , Sr. and Robinson sign a contractual agreement on Barq 's product rights . The agreement was unique from other franchises in many aspects . For one thing , Robinson was allowed to make his own concentrate . The two men remained close their entire lives , working on flavors and production challenges . A distinctive difference between the Biloxi - based root beer and the Louisiana 's was that the Louisiana bottle was printed in red ( versus Biloxi 's blue ) . This was to distinguish ownership of bottles as blue labeled ones were returned to Mississippi and vice versa . There were also regional taste differences between the various Barq 's bottlers . While there may have been minor formula differences , water generally defined these differences . For many decades Barq 's was not marketed as a `` root beer . '' This was in part a desire to avoid legal conflict with the Hires Root Beer company , which was attempting to claim a trademark on the term `` root beer . '' It was also due to differences from other root beers at the time . The formulation was sarsaparilla based , contained less sugar , had a higher carbonation , and less of a foamy head than other brands . The traditional slogan was the simple affirmation `` Drink Barq 's . It 's good '' which first appeared on the classic diamond - necked bottle , patented in 1935 by Ed Barq . In 1976 , the Biloxi Barq 's Company was purchased from the third generation of Barq family members by John Oudt and John Koerner . An aggressive television campaign was developed based on the `` Barq 's Got Sparks '' theme . Their plans to market the brand nationally were complicated by the existence of the Louisiana - based Barq 's companies which were owned and operated by Robinson 's heirs . There were extended legal conflicts over the rights and ownership of the trademark Barq 's , Barq 's Sr. and Barq 's Root Beer . The legal battle went all the way to the United States Court of Appeals , 5th Circuit , which ruled in favor of the Robinson heirs . The last family - held Louisiana Barq 's was sold by Robinson 's heirs to Coca - Cola in 2000 . In 1990 , Barq 's partnered with the Pick N Save grocery store in Dekalb , Illinois to create the World 's Largest Root Beer Float . It was mixed in an above ground swimming pool in the parking lot and consisted of 1,500 gallons of Barq 's root beer and 1,000 gallons of vanilla ice cream . In recent years Barq 's has been marketed with the slogan `` Barq 's has bite ! '' Regular Barq 's has 22.5 mg of caffeine per 12 ounce serving ( similar to green tea ) , while Diet Barq 's has no caffeine . Barq 's also contains sodium benzoate as a flavor protectant , which under the right conditions , is a precursor to the known carcinogen benzene . The Barq 's that is dispensed from Coca - Cola Freestyle machines is caffeine - free . This is because the system uses the same concentrated , microdosed ingredient for both Barq 's and Diet Barq 's ; the only difference between the two is the sweetener that is added . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caffeine Database Caffeine and Ingredients in Barqs Rootbeer , OverCaffeinated. org 's Report on the Ingredients in Barq 's Rootbeer Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon : Barq 's Root Beer redesign '' . BevReview.com. 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Coca - Cola Company Product Nutrition '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Barq 's Red Creme Soda '' . BevReview.com . Jump up ^ Barbara Powell ( June 14 , 2003 ) . `` Coca - Cola launches drink that mimics a root - beer float '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Digging for facts '' . bottlebooks.com . Jump up ^ `` Root Beer : An Exclusively American Soft Drink '' . Grub Americana . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , Bill ( 2010 ) . `` Bottles on the Border : The History and Bottles of the Soft Drink Industry in El Paso , Texas , 1881 - 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Society for Historical Archaeology . The Society for Historical Archaeology . p. 495 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barq 's Root Beer Caffeine Levels '' . Caffeine Informer . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Statement by Coca - Cola on Facebook 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingredient list on Barq 's Freestyle cartridge External links ( edit ) Barqs.com -- Official website gourmetrootbeer.com/history.html -- The History of Root Beer <Th_colspan="2"> Root beer <Td_colspan="2"> 1919 A-Treat A&W Abita B&K Barq 's Barrelhead Berghoff Berks County Big Ben 's Blue Sky Boylan Bundaberg Capt'n Eli 's Chicago Dad 's Dog n Suds Dominion Dr. Brown 's Fanta Faygo Filbert 's Fitz 's Frostie Frostop Goose Island Grandpa Graf 's Hank 's Henry Weinhard 's Hires Hosmer Mountain IBC Jones Mason 's Mug Nanton Nehi Point The Pop Shoppe Ramblin ' Saranac Sarsi Sea Dog Shasta Sioux City Sprecher Stewart 's Ted 's Thomas Kemper Tommyknockers Towne Club Twin Lights Virgil 's White Rock Zevia <Th_colspan="3"> The Coca - Cola Company List of Coca - Cola brands Soft drinks A&W Root Beer ( Canada only ) Ambasa Ameyal Barq 's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Cannings Chinotto Citra Coca - Cola Fanta Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Gold Spot Guaraná Jesus Hit Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Lilt Limca Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Mr. Pibb Nordic Mist OK Soda Pibb Xtra Pibb Zero Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin ' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Royal Tru Santiba Sarsi Seagram 's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Stoney Surge Tab Tanora Thums Up Tiky Urge Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Cappy Capri Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi - C Honest Tea Innocent Maaza Matte Leão Minute Maid Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Royal Tru Simply Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum - E Yummies VitaminWater ZICO Sports drinks Aquarius Powerade Monster Beverage ( 17.9 % stake ) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Lift Plus Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Vault Von Dutch Bottled water AdeS Arwa Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smart Water Topo Chico Valpre Coffee - based Caribou Coffee Georgia illy Dairy - based Fairlife Swerve Vio Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines ( 49 % ) Coca - Cola Hellenic ( 23.2 % ) Coca - Cola European Partners ( 18 % ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa ( 11.3 % ) Former holdings Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. ( 1944 ) POM Wonderful v. Coca - Cola ( 2014 ) Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) U.S. v. 40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca - Cola ( ( 1916 ) Other Coca - Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Freestyle Limca Book of Records My Coke Rewards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barq%27s&oldid=830079433 '' Categories : Root beer Coca - Cola brands Products introduced in 1898 Food and drink companies established in 1890 History of New Orleans 1890 establishments in Louisiana Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 16 : 45 . About Wikipedia | 1. Barq's Root Beer
2. Coca-Cola Company
3. Edward Barq
4. Caffeine in Barq's Root Beer
5. History of Barq's Root Beer |
-2,363,488,904,917,565,400 | who sang i'll make a man out of you | I 'll Make a Man Out of You - wikipedia I 'll Make a Man Out of You This article is about the Disney song . For the World War I recruiting song , see I 'll Make a Man of You . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Donny Osmond <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Released June 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 02 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 3 : 21 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Matthew Wilder David Zippel Producer ( s ) Matthew Wilder <Th_colspan="2"> Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Reflection '' ( 2 ) `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' ( 3 ) `` A Girl Worth Fighting For '' ( 4 ) `` I 'll Make a Man out of You '' is a song written by composer Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel for Walt Disney Pictures ' 36th animated feature film Mulan ( 1998 ) . Appearing on the film 's soundtrack Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack , `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' is performed by American singer Donny Osmond as the singing voice of Captain Li Shang in lieu of American actor BD Wong , who provides the character 's speaking voice . The song also features appearances by Lea Salonga as Mulan , Eddie Murphy as Mushu , and Harvey Fierstein , Jerry Tondo and Wilder himself as Yao , Chien - Po and Ling , respectively . Murphy 's line , however , is the only one to be spoken instead of sung . `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' was written to replace the song `` We 'll Make a Man of You '' after the film 's original songwriter Stephen Schwartz departed from the project in favor of working on DreamWorks ' The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) . Prior to Mulan , Osmond had auditioned for the role of Hercules in Disney 's Hercules ( 1997 ) , a role for which he was ultimately turned down by the directors because they felt that he sounded too old . Disney eventually cast Osmond as the singing voice of Shang because his singing voice is similar to Wong 's speaking voice . An up - tempo military - style song , `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' is performed by Shang during a rigorous training montage in which his young , inexperienced soldiers attempt to justify their worth . The song 's title is considered ironic because Mulan , who relies on intelligence , ultimately proves more competent than her male comrades , including Captain Li Shang , who takes a liking to her . `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' has received mostly positive reviews from film and music critics , some of whom dubbed it the film 's best song , while praising Osmond 's performance . Critics have also drawn comparisons between the song and Disney 's Hercules , while likening Mulan 's role and transformation to actress Demi Moore 's performance as Lieutenant Jordan O'Neil in the film G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) . The song has since appeared on several `` best of '' Disney songs lists , including those of Total Film and the New York Post . Discussed by film critics , film historians , academic journalists and feminists , the song has gone on to be recorded and covered in several different languages -- namely Mandarin , Cantonese and Spanish -- by entertainers Jackie Chan and Cristian Castro , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Context and use in Mulan 3 Music and lyrics 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades and recognition 5 Covers and parodies 6 Credits and personnel 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The directors cast American singer Donny Osmond as the singing voice of Shang because he and BD Wong share similar voices ; Osmond had auditioned for the role of Hercules in Disney 's Hercules , for which he was turned down because he sounded `` too old '' . `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' was written by composer Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel , who were hired to write the songs for Mulan because , according to co-director Tony Bancroft , `` Disney was trying to find different songwriters that ... would give kind of different sound to each of the songs . '' While Zippel , a Broadway lyricist , was recruited because the directors were impressed by the songwriter 's work on Disney 's Hercules ( 1997 ) , at the time Wilder , a pop singer and record producer , was best known for his hit single `` Break My Stride '' . Bancroft believes that , although the songwriters `` had two different sensibilities ... I think the blend ( of their styles ) worked well together , especially on ( ' I 'll Make a Man Out of You ' ) '' . Originally , songwriter Stephen Schwartz , who had just recently worked as a lyricist opposite composer Alan Menken on Disney 's Pocahontas ( 1995 ) and The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) , was slated to write the lyrics for Mulan , but he was replaced by Zippel `` at the last moment . '' Schwartz had written a song called `` We 'll Make a Man of You '' for `` when Mulan is trying to learn to be a soldier '' . The song was eventually replaced by Wilder and Zippel 's `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' when Schwartz was forced to resign from Mulan by Disney executives Peter Schneider and Michael Eisner because the songwriter had also agreed to write the songs for rival film studio DreamWorks ' animated feature film The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) . According to The Musical Theater of Stephen Schwartz : From Godspell to Wicked and Beyond , Schwartz believed that he would have been able to work on both films simultaneously , but ultimately chose The Prince of Egypt instead because he felt pressured by Disney . Before Mulan , American singer Donny Osmond had auditioned for the lead role in Hercules , a role for which he was ultimately not cast because the directors felt that his voice sounded `` too old '' and `` too deep '' for the character . Osmond later revealed in an interview with People that he was so embarrassed by his Hercules audition that he had nearly considered ending his singing career prematurely . A few months later , Disney contacted Osmond with interest in casting him as the singing voice of Shang after comparing his audition tapes to BD Wong and determining that both actors have `` very similar voices . '' In one scene , Osmond 's character , Shang , is hit in the stomach while singing `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' . In order to sound as realistic as possible , Osmond punched himself in the stomach several times while recording the song . Context and Use in Mulan ( edit ) `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' is performed by Captain Li Shang during Mulan 's training montage , which has also been identified as the film 's `` boot camp sequence . '' The scene explores Shang 's attempt to train his newly recruited squadron of incompetent soldiers in the hopes of ultimately transforming into a skilled army . Occupying a significant portion of the film 's plot , Shang promises to turn his team of `` rag - tag recruits '' into men . The musical number is used to `` compress dramatic time or narrate '' in a more compelling way than had solely dialogue been used . The scene begins with Shang shooting an arrow into the top of a tall pole and challenging all of his soldiers to retrieve it , each of whom fail until Mulan eventually succeeds . According to the book Into the Closet : Cross-Dressing and the Gendered Body in Children 's Literature and Film by Victoria Flanagan , Mulan is successful in retrieving the arrow because she uses `` an ingenuity that is based upon her ability to incorporate aspects of femininity into her masculine performance . '' By the end of the scene , all of the soldiers have improved dramatically and the results of their practice and training are finally revealed . In what Joshua and Judges author Athalya Brenner called `` a humorous reversal toward the end of the movie , '' Mulan and her male comrades disguise themselves as concubines in order to infiltrate the palace and rescue the emperor while `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' reprises in the background . Screenshot of Mulan ( left ) , disguised as `` Ping '' , being reprimanded by Shang ( right ) during the `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' sequence due to her incompetence . Critics have observed ways in which the scene explores Mulan 's growth and transformation as the character evolves from a clumsy , inexperienced recruit into one of the army 's most skilled soldiers , in spite of her gender . According to the book Literacy , Play and Globalization : Converging Imaginaries in Children 's Critical and Cultural Performances , the montage depicts Mulan 's gender as `` an obstacle to overcome . '' Author Phyllis Frus wrote in her book Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works , `` The need for inexperienced young men to go through a rigorous training results in a sequence common to many films , '' and that the scene `` show 's the challenges Ping / Mulan faces due to her '' inexperience . As observed by Juanita Kwok in the book Film Asia : New Perspectives on Film for English , the irony of the scene lies within the fact that `` Mulan proves herself more competent than any of the men . '' The author also observed that the scene 's first refrain accompanies shots of Shang , while its second `` coincides with Mulan climbing to the top of the pole . '' Additionally , while the earlier , all - female musical number `` Honor to Us All '' `` functions as an account of the constructedness of female gender , '' `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' `` juxtaposes and makes explicit the contention that gender is a cultural product , '' according to Johnson Cheu , author of Diversity in Disney Films : Critical Essays on Race , Ethnicity , Gender , Sexuality and Disability . The Representation of Gender in Walt Disney 's `` Mulan '' believes that the song emphasizes desirable masculine traits , namely `` discipline ... tranquility , celerity , strength and fearlessness , '' while Shang , according to Putting the Grail Back into Girl Power : How a Girl Saved Camelot , and why it Matters , `` views ( femininity ) as comparable to weakness . '' In her article Disney 's `` Mulan '' -- the `` True '' Deconstructed Heroine ? , Lisa Brocklebank argued the song explores themes such as othering , ostracism and abjection . Critics have drawn similarities between the `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' sequence and Hercules ' training montage in Disney 's Hercules ( 1997 ) , as well as actress Demi Moore 's role as Lieutenant Jordan O'Neil in the film G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) . In the book Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature , author John Stephens wrote that although both Mulan and Hercules depict `` the active male body as spectacle , '' Mulan 's is less `` straight - forward '' due to the character 's gender . Michael Dequina of The Movie Report observed that `` Mulan 's transformation is highly reminiscent of Demi Moore 's in last year 's Disney drama G.I. Jane , but Mulan oneups that film 's hour - long toughening process by efficiently covering the same ground during a single , rousing musical number . '' Music and lyrics ( edit ) I 'll Make a Man Out of You A twenty - nine second sample of `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Written in common time at a tempo of 110 beats per minute and starting out in the key of E minor , `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' has been identified as a `` heroic power ballad '' and anthem that features an upbeat , `` thumping '' rhythm . The Disney Song Encyclopedia described the song as a `` rhythmic military song . '' Beginning with `` a military - style drum '' introduction , `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' , which is immediately preceded by the emotional ballad `` Reflection '' on the film 's soundtrack album , `` breaks up the slower pace of the songs , '' according to Filmtracks.com . Similar to the song `` A Girl Worth Fighting For '' , the `` ironically titled '' `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' `` play ( s ) off Mulan 's secret '' because Shang is unaware that she is actually a girl , as observed by Jeffrey Gantz of The Phoenix . Johnson Cheu , author of Diversity in Disney Films : Critical Essays on Race , Ethnicity , Gender , Sexuality and Disability , received the song as a counterpart to the all - female musical number `` Honor to Us All '' . Going into the last verse , the song 's key shifts up to F minor and later towards the end , `` the backing track falls into silence and ( Osmond 's ) vocals come to the fore . '' Osmond 's vocal range spans one octave , from D to F. Beginning with two verses , followed by a bridge , a refrain , a final verse and repeated choruses , the song is a total of three minutes and twenty - one seconds in length . Entertainment Weekly identified the number as the film 's `` rambunctious peak . '' According to Victoria Flanagan , author of Into the Closet : Gender and Cross-dressing in Children 's Fiction : Cross-Dressing and the Gendered Body in Children 's Literature and Film , `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' is `` a playful parody of conventional masculinity . '' The lyric `` I 'll make a man out of you '' is constantly repeated and reinforced by Shang . According to author John Stephens of Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature , the song 's lyrics `` initially define masculinity in opposition to femininity , '' with its first verse beginning , `` Let 's get down to business / To defeat the Huns / Did they send me daughters / When I asked for sons ? '' Its chorus reads , `` You must be swift as the coursing river / With all the force of the great typhoon / With all the strength of a raging fire / Mysterious as the dark side of the moon '' which , according to Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature , `` essentializes masculinity by asserting that it embodies the speed , strength and power of the natural world , and yet contains this within an aura of tranquility and mystery . '' According to Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works , these lyrics `` add a hint of darkness as they celebrate male prowess '' by suggesting that one who has `` acquired fiery strength '' is also `` untamed as the moon 's dark side . '' The song has been noted by the New York Post for its `` slew of one - liners from supporting characters . '' According to The Phoenix , Osmond performs the song 's lyrics with `` grit . '' Meanwhile , the singer is backed up by a macho - sounding choir repeatedly chanting `` Be a man ! '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan covered the song in Mandarin and Cantonese for the film 's Chinese and special edition releases ; Chan 's rendition has been met with generally positive reviews . `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' has been met with mostly positive reviews from both film and music critics . Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic wrote , `` there has n't been a single chorus in all of post-Mulan pop music that has managed to rival the roaring power in the refrain . '' Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net reviewed `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' as `` a stirring , testosterone filled piece , '' describing the scene as `` amusing . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song `` has a comparable infectious punch , '' concluding , `` it 's the only song in the movie that escapes Disneyfied blandness . '' Jeff Vice of the Deseret News observed that Wong and Osmond 's `` voices sound eerily similar . '' Tom Henry of The Blade enjoyed Osmond 's delivery , describing the singer 's performance as `` solid . '' Lloyd Paseman of The Register - Guard called `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' a favorite of his . While exploring `` The History of Movie Training Montages '' , Chris Giblin of Men 's Fitness opined , `` Mulan served as proof that the fitness montage can work amazingly well in movies for kids . '' Giblin continued , `` it has the best lyrics of any serious fitness / sports montage song . Overall , a very strong montage . '' Disney.com itself cites `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' as a `` song that was so epic , so legendary , that it requires an out loud sing along anytime we hear it . '' Despite dubbing the film 's songs its `` weak link , '' TV Guide wrote that the musical numbers are `` crafted with a knowing , almost camp wink that 's totally in keeping with the subtext of the film , '' concluding that `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' sounds like a Village People song . Writing for The Seattle Times , Moira Macdonald criticized Wilder and Zippel 's songs as `` forgettable , '' calling `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' `` annoying . '' The Phoenix 's Jeffrey Gantz wrote that `` Donny Osmond shows some grit , but he 's still the voice of the Whitebread West . '' Amazon.ca 's Jason Verlinde commented , `` Unfortunately , the voice of Donny Osmond , relegated to anthems such as ' I 'll Make a Man Out of You ' does n't really enhance the story line '' . Accolades and recognition ( edit ) Total Film ranked `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' twenty - ninth on its list of the `` 30 Best Disney Songs '' . Similarly , M ranked the song twentieth on its list of the `` Top 20 Disney Songs of All Time '' . Author Stephanie Osmanski cited `` Did they send me daughters when I asked for sons ? '' as her favourite lyric . Gregory E. Miller of the New York Post cited I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' as one of `` The best ( and the most underrated ) Disney songs , '' writing , `` Captain Shang 's battle - preparation anthem is the movie 's most quotable , with a memorable chorus and a slew of one - liners from supporting characters . '' PopSugar ranked the song the nineteenth `` Catchiest Disney Song '' . On Empire 's list of the twenty `` Most Awesome Training Montages In Cinema History '' , `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' was ranked 14th . The author identified it as `` a solid training montage in which Mulan and her friends go from hapless duffers to fearless warriors in just over two minutes . '' Similarly , Men 's Fitness also ranked `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' among the greatest training montages in film history . Stephen Fiorentine of Sneaker Report wrote that `` Training montages are n't limited to just live - action movies . With movies like Mulan and Hercules , Disney mastered the art of the montage in their animated films . '' Covers and parodies ( edit ) When Mulan was released in China , Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan was hired to dub the voice of Shang and record `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' in Mandarin and Cantonese . The special edition DVD release of Mulan features a music video of Chan performing the song . The video also depicts Chan performing martial arts - inspired choreography . Positively received , Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net called Chan 's rendition `` a fun addition for Chan fans , '' while Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News wrote that he performed the song `` very ably . '' Mexican singer Cristian Castro , who voiced Shang in the film 's Latin American release , recorded `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' in Spanish , titled `` Hombres de Acción serán hoy '' . In July 2013 , a parody of the song was uploaded to YouTube titled `` I 'll Make a Mann Out Of You '' . The video uses the song with animation made in Source Filmmaker in which the Soldier from Team Fortress 2 motivates his fellow RED teammates against the BLU team . In October 2014 , a parody of `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' was uploaded to YouTube entitled `` I 'll Make a ' Mon Out of You '' . A mashup of Mulan and the popular Pokémon franchise , the video features Digimon Gatomon attempting to masquerade as Pokémon Meowth in lieu of Mulan , while Ash occupies the role of Shang as his trainer , according to Smosh . Another parody of the song , based on the Dragon Ball franchise was uploaded to YouTube by TeamFourStar . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the website Discogs . Donny Osmond -- lead vocals Lea Salonga , Eddie Murphy , Harvey Fierstein , Jerry Tondo and Matthew Wilder -- additional vocals Matthew Wilder -- songwriting and producing David Zippel -- songwriting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Noyer , Jérémie ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Bancroft balances the yin and the yang in directing Mulan '' . Animated Views . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simon , Ben ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Mulan : Special Edition '' . Animated Views . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Schwartz comments '' ( PDF ) . Stephen Schwartz . Stephen Schwartz . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` '' Defying Gravity '' details Stephen Schwartz 's sometimes difficult dealings with the Walt Disney Company `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Laird , Paul R. ( 2014 ) . The Musical Theater of Stephen Schwartz : From Godspell to Wicked and Beyond . United States : Scarecrow Press . p. 245 . ISBN 9780810891920 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` Busy Donny Osmond makes a captain sing '' . Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barlow , David H. ( 2004 ) . Anxiety and Its Disorders : The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic . United States : Guilford Press . p. 454 . ISBN 9781593850289 . ^ Jump up to : Vice , Jeff ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` Film review : Mulan '' . Deseret News . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheerer , Mark ( July 8 , 1998 ) . `` Donny Osmond rolls with the punches for ' Mulan ' success '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McEwen , John R. ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` MULAN '' . Film Quips Online . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackwelder , Rob ( 1998 ) . `` Forgettable songs no hinderance to Disney 's marvelous new style in ' Mulan ' '' . SPLICEDWIRE.com . SPLICEDwire . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Irving ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Soundtrack ( Disney ) -- Mulan '' . Sputnikmusic . Sputnikmusic.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` Mulan '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roten , Robert ( 1998 ) . `` Mulan -- Disney again shows why it is the master of a genre '' . Laramie Movie Scope . Robert Roten . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiMare , Pilip C. ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia ( 3 volumes ) : An Encyclopedia . United States : ABC - CLIO . p. 1009 . ISBN 9781598842975 . ^ Jump up to : Flanagan , Victoria ( 2013 ) . Into the Closet : Cross-Dressing and the Gendered Body in Children 's Literature and Film . United Kingdom : Routledge . ISBN 9781136777288 . ^ Jump up to : Frus , Phyllis ; Williams , Christy ( 2010 ) . Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works . United States : McFarland . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9780786455782 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Athalya ; Yee , Gale A ( 2013 ) . Joshua and Judges . United States : Fortress Press . ISBN 9780800699376 . Jump up ^ Medina , Carmen L. ; Vohlwend , Karen E. ( 2014 ) . Literacy , Play and Globalization : Converging Imaginaries in Children 's Critical and Cultural Performances . United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 86 . ISBN 9781136193781 . Jump up ^ Kwok , Juanita ; McKnight , Lucinda ( 2002 ) . Film Asia : New Perspectives on Film for English . United States : Curriculum Press . p. 85 . ISBN 9781863665438 . ^ Jump up to : Stephens , John ( 2013 ) . Ways of Being Male : Representing Masculinities in Children 's Literature . United Kingdom : Routledge . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 9781135363840 . ^ Jump up to : Cheu , Johnson ( 2013 ) . Diversity in Disney Films : Critical Essays on Race , Ethnicity , Gender , Sexuality and Disability . United States : McFarland . p. 119 . ISBN 9780786446018 . Jump up ^ The Representation of Gender in Walt Disney 's `` Mulan '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Putting the Grail Back into Girl Power : How a Girl Saved Camelot , ... : ingentaconnect '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brocklebank , Lisa ( 2000 ) . `` Disney 's `` Mulan '' -- the `` True '' Deconstructed Heroine ? `` . Marvels & Tales . Wayne State University Press . 14 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dequina , Michael ( June 4 , 1998 ) . `` Mulan ( G ) '' . The Movie Report . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You By Donny Osmond - Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Walt Disney Music Publishing . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Epic Breakdown of I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' . Official Disney Blogs . Disney . 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Verlinde , Jason . `` Mulan '' . Amazon.ca . Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Moira ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` Disney 's ` Mulan ' : Surprising Words And Scenes - And Visual Beauty , Too '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Delia , John . `` '' Mulan '' Comes to Blu - ray with a Double Feature ( Video Review ) `` . ACED Magazine . ACED Magazine . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas S. ; Robinson , Mark A. ( 2009 ) . The Disney Song Encyclopedia . United States : Scarecrow Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780810869387 . Jump up ^ `` Mulan '' . Filmtracks.com . Christian Clemmensen ( Filmtracks Publications ) . June 2 , 1998 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stingl , Alexander I ; Restivo , Sal ; Weiss , Sabrina M ( 2014 ) . Worlds of ScienceCraft : New Horizons in Sociology , Philosophy , and Science Studies . United Kingdom : Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 81 . ISBN 9781409445272 . ^ Jump up to : Gantz , Jeffrey ( June 18 , 1998 ) . `` True to its heart ? '' . The Phoenix . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Winning , Josh ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Best Disney Songs '' . Total Film . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You From Mulan - Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Walt Disney Music Publishing . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sonja , Blum ( 2008 ) . The Representation of Gender in Walt Disney 's `` Mulan '' . United Kingdom : Books on Demand . p. 15 . ISBN 9783638946384 . Jump up ^ `` Mulan ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) Various Artists '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` Mulan ( 1998 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly and Time Inc . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Gregory E ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` The best ( and the most underrated ) Disney songs '' . New York Post . NYP Holdings , Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Brett ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Disney In Depth : ' Frozen ' Soundtrack Review '' . Geeks of Doom . Creative Commons License . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Scott . `` Mulan - Special Edition '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media , LLC . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henry , Tom ( August 9 , 1998 ) . `` MULAN ( Soundtrack ) '' . The Blade . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paseman , Lloyd ( July 2 , 1998 ) . `` Eugene Register - Guard - Google News Archive Search '' . The Register - Guard . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Giblin , Chris . `` The History of Movie Training Montages '' . Men 's Fitness . Weider Publications , LLC . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mulan '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc. 1998 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Osmanski , Stephanie ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Top 20 Disney Songs of All Time '' . M. Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pehanick , Maggie ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` 25 Disney Songs We Will Never Stop Singing '' . PopSugar . PopSugar , Inc . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Awesome Training Montages In Cinema History '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media Ltd . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fiorentine , Stephen ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ranking the Best Workout Montages of All Time '' . Sneaker Report . Complex Media . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wynalda , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Awesome Facts About Jackie Chan '' . Listverse . Listverse Ltd . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( November 9 , 2004 ) . `` Hurray for a woman who follows her heart '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Castro Biography '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Mulan Latinamerica / Mulan Español O.S.T '' . freedb . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mulan Outside the U.S. '' OoCities . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' I 'll Make a ' Mon Out of You '' Is the Perfect Pokemon - Mulan Mashup `` . Dorkly . Connected Ventures , LLC . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Make A ' Mon Out Of You ( POKEMON MULAN PARODY ) '' . Smosh . Defy Media , LLC. 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Wilder & David Zippel / Jerry Goldsmith -- Disney 's Mulan ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney Sing - Along on YouTube ( on Disney 's official channel ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="3"> hide Disney 's Mulan Films Mulan ( 1998 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Characters Mulan Other characters Attractions and musicals Mulan Jr . Video games Disney 's Mulan Disney 's Animated Storybook : Mulan Music `` Honor to Us All '' `` Reflection '' `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' `` A Girl Worth Fighting For '' <Td_colspan="3"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Make_a_Man_Out_of_You&oldid=847651504 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1998 songs Donny Osmond songs Cristian Castro songs 1998 singles Songs written by Matthew Wilder Songs from Mulan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 21 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "I'll Make a Man Out of You" - Disney song
2. Mulan - Disney animated feature film
3. Captain Li Shang - character in Mulan
4. Donny Osmond - singer who performed the song
5. Training montage - scene in Mulan featuring the song |
979,973,876,252,880,900 | talk talk vs no doubt it's my life | It 's My Life ( Talk Talk song ) - wikipedia It 's My Life ( Talk Talk song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` It 's My Life '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Talk Talk <Th_colspan="2"> from the album It 's My Life B - side `` Does Caroline Know ? '' Released 13 January 1984 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl cassette ( reissue ) CD ( reissue ) Recorded Genre Synthpop new wave Length 3 : 53 Label EMI Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Mark Hollis Tim Friese - Greene Producer ( s ) Tim Friese - Greene <Th_colspan="2"> Talk Talk singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` My Foolish Friend '' ( 1983 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 1984 ) `` Such a Shame '' ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` My Foolish Friend '' ( 1983 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 1984 ) `` Such a Shame '' ( 1984 ) `` It 's My Life '' is a song by the English new wave band Talk Talk . Written by Mark Hollis and Tim Friese - Greene , it was the title track on the band 's second album and released as its first single in January 1984 . It reached # 46 in the UK charts , but did better in several other countries , reaching # 33 in Germany , # 32 in New Zealand , # 25 in France and # 7 in Italy . It was also a success in North America , entering the Top 40 in both the United States ( # 31 ) and Canada ( # 30 ) . ( Notably , it peaked at # 1 on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart . ) The single was re-released in the UK in 1985 , but this time only reached # 93 . However , in 1990 , `` It 's My Life '' was reissued again to promote the compilation album Natural History : The Very Best of Talk Talk . This time , the song was a hit in the UK , reaching # 13 , the band 's highest chart - placing single in its native country . The song is also featured on the Rockstar Games video game for PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories on the ' Flash FM ' radio station . It also is one of the songs played during gameplay for Activision Anthology for the PlayStation 2 . The song is featured on Saints Row : The Third on ' The Mix 107.77 ' radio station . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listings 3 Chart positions 4 No Doubt version 4.1 Chart performance 4.2 Music video 4.3 Track listing and formats 4.4 Official versions 4.5 Charts 4.6 Certifications 5 References Music video ( edit ) There are two versions of the video for `` It 's My Life '' . The first , envisioned by director Tim Pope as a statement against the banality of lip - synching , consists almost entirely of footage from wildlife documentaries , interspersed with shots of Talk Talk lead singer Mark Hollis standing in various places throughout the London Zoo . He keeps his hands in his coat pockets and his mouth pointedly shut tight , the latter often obscured by hand - drawn animated lines that occasionally appear in the documentary footage sequences as well . The second version , recorded at the behest of EMI , consisted of the entirety of the original video projected on a green screen behind Hollis on guitar and vocals as well as his two bandmates as they lip - synched and mimed the song , deliberately poorly and with comic exaggerated gestures . Track listings ( edit ) 1984 release 7 '' single `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 50 `` Does Caroline Know ? '' -- 4 : 36 12 '' single - North America `` It 's My Life '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 14 `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 50 `` Again , a Game ... Again '' -- 4 : 09 12 '' single - Europe `` It 's My Life '' ( 12 '' remix ) -- 6 : 16 `` Does Caroline Know ? '' -- 4 : 33 `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 50 1990 reissue 7 '' single `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 50 `` Renée '' ( live ) -- 7 : 28 CD maxi `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 50 `` Renée '' ( live ) -- 7 : 28 `` It 's My Life '' ( live ) -- 7 : 58 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 73 Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 31 US Billboard Top Tracks 23 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 44 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 29 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 49 Ireland ( IRMA ) 23 Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) 6 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Preceded by `` Hold Me Now '' by Thompson Twins Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Talk Talk version ) 5 May 1984 Succeeded by `` I Want It to Be Real '' by John Rocca No Doubt version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` It 's My Life '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by No Doubt <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Singles 1992 -- 2003 Released October 30 , 2003 Format CD digital download Recorded 2003 Genre Pop rock new wave synthpop Length 3 : 46 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Mark Hollis Tim Friese - Greene Producer ( s ) Nellee Hooper No Doubt <Th_colspan="2"> No Doubt singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Running '' ( 2003 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 2003 ) `` Bathwater ( Invincible Overlord Remix ) '' ( 2004 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Running '' ( 2003 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 2003 ) `` Bathwater ( Invincible Overlord Remix ) '' ( 2004 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` It 's My Life on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> American rock band No Doubt recorded a cover version of the song to promote their first greatest hits album The Singles 1992 -- 2003 . Because the band was on hiatus , while lead singer Gwen Stefani recorded her solo debut album , they decided to record a cover to avoid having to write a new song . The band listened to hundreds of songs from the 1980s and narrowed it down to `` It 's My Life '' and `` Do n't Change '' by Australian rock band INXS . No Doubt were dubious about recording a cover and contemplated writing new material . However , they decided on `` It 's My Life '' after rehearsing the song with producer Nellee Hooper , referring to it as a `` feel good '' song . The song was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 47th Grammy Awards . Jacques Lu Cont , the song 's programmer , created the Thin White Duke mix of `` It 's My Life '' , which won the award for Best Remixed Recording , Non-Classical . This version was featured on the video game Karaoke Revolution Volume 2 . On 9 December 2008 it was also made available as downloadable content for the Rock Band series . Chart Performance ( edit ) The cover was successful in the United States , reaching number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and remaining on the chart for 28 weeks . On the Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay chart the song debuted at # 41 on the October 10 , 2003 issue and after six weeks reached and peaked at # 5 staying there for two non-consecutive weeks , it remained on the top 10 of the chart for nine weeks and remained on it for twenty weeks . It was moderately successful on adult contemporary stations , reaching number 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart , but had high longevity and appeared atop the Adult Top 40 's recurrent chart . The single was more successful in clubs , peaking at number 16 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart , and had some play on modern rock stations , reaching number 32 on the Modern Rock Tracks . The Recording Industry Association of America certified the digital download gold for selling half a million copies . On the UK Singles Chart , `` It 's My Life '' debuted at number 20 but was unable to reach a higher position until it was released with a remix of the No Doubt song Bathwater which boosted the single up to number 17 . The single dropped off the chart after 7 weeks . It was more of a success across Europe , reaching the top ten in Italy , Finland , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , and Sweden and the top 20 in Austria , Belgium , France , and Switzerland . The single reached number 7 on the ARIA Singles Chart , lasting 17 weeks on the chart , and was listed at number 81 on the 2004 end - of - year chart . The Australian Recording Industry Association certified the single platinum in 2004 for shipping 70,000 copies . Music video ( edit ) Gwen Stefani on trial from the music video The 1930s - style music video was directed by David LaChapelle . In the song 's music video , Stefani portrays a black widow whose look closely resembles that of actress Jean Harlow ( whom Stefani portrayed in the Martin Scorsese film The Aviator ) , who is put on trial and sentenced to death for the murders of three men she knew , who are portrayed by the other members of the band . She kills the first man ( Tom Dumont ) with rat poison mixed into his dinner , the second ( Tony Kanal ) by running him over with her car , and the third ( Adrian Young ) by throwing her hair dryer into the bathtub to electrocute him . These scenes are intercut with moments of Stefani in court and being dragged to the gas chamber wearing a prison uniform where she is executed . The video ends with the three murder victims together presumably in the afterlife , laughing at her televised execution . The music video was moderately successful on video chart programs . On MTV 's Total Request Live , it reached number 7 in November 2003 and was on the countdown as late as January 2004 . The video peaked at number 8 on MuchMusic 's Countdown and remained on the program through March 2004 . At the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards , `` It 's My Life '' won the awards for Best Group Video and Best Pop Video . It also received nominations for Best Direction , Best Cinematography , and Best Art Direction . Track listing and formats ( edit ) 2 - track `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 46 `` Rock Steady '' ( live ) -- 5 : 53 CD single `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 46 `` Sunday Morning '' ( 2002 live ) -- 4 : 49 `` Rock Steady '' ( 2002 live ) -- 5 : 53 `` Bathwater '' ( 2002 live ) -- 4 : 01 UK CD single `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 46 `` Rock Steady '' ( 2002 live ) -- 5 : 53 `` Bathwater '' ( 2002 live ) -- 4 : 01 UK re-issue `` It 's My Life '' / `` Bathwater '' double A-side CD single `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 46 `` Bathwater '' ( Invincible Overlord Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` It 's My Life '' ( Jacques Lu Cont 's Thin White Duke Mix ) -- 6 : 59 `` It 's My Life '' ( Chocolate O'Brian Remix ) -- 5 : 43 `` Bathwater '' ( Invincible Overlord Remix Video ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Video ) Official versions ( edit ) `` It 's My Life '' -- 3 : 46 `` It 's My Life '' ( Jacques Lu Cont 's Thin White Duke Mix ) -- 6 : 59 `` It 's My Life '' ( Chocolate O'Brien Remix ) -- 6 : 30 `` It 's My Life '' ( Dave Aude Remix ) -- 3 : 51 ( unreleased ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Dave Aude Club Edit Mix ) - 3 : 47 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 9 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 23 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) As a double A-side with `` Bathwater '' 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales Australia Gold 35,000 + United States Gold 500,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Barnes ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` When the man from Talk Talk fell silent '' . EADT 24 . Eadt.co.uk . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . `` the EMI - signed group achieved reasonable commercial success ; even a couple of top 20 singles in the synth - pop classic It 's My Life '' Jump up ^ Amy Phillips ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Talk Talk 's Mark Hollis Resurfaces With New Music for the Kelsey Grammer TV Show `` Boss '' `` . Pitchfork . Pitchfork Media Inc . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . `` After hitting it big as new wave stars in the early and mid-80s , with massive singles like `` It 's My Life '' and `` Life 's What You Make It '' , Talk Talk abandoned synth - pop and went experimental . '' Jump up ^ Alan McGee ( 9 April 2008 ) . `` Wherefore art thou Mark Hollis ? '' . The Guardian music blog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 40 , No. 11 , May 19 , 1984 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Talk Talk -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Talk Talk -- It 's My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . 45 . It 's my life - Talk Talk ( # 7 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Talk Talk - It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Talk Talk -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Talk Talk -- It 's My Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talk Talk '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Talk Talk awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/talktalk.html Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Rock Songs , May 12 , 1984 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Talk Talk -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's My Life - TALK TALK '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts - Surfer '' . Media Control Charts . Charts-surfer.de . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . 2nd and 4th results when searching `` It 's my life '' Jump up ^ `` IT 'S MY LIFE - Talk Talk '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Vineyard and SuChin Pak ( 15 September 2003 ) . `` No Doubt To Tell Fans ' It 's My Life ' '' . MTV News . MTV.com . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paris Montoya and Tom Lanham `` It 's My Life '' . The Singles 1992 - 2003 . Interscope Records . 25 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2005 : Key winners '' . BBC News . News.bbc.co.uk. 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Members Winning Multiple Awards include Beyoncé , OutKast , Justin '' . ASCAP . Ascap.com . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Doubt - It 's My Life - Music Charts '' . aCharts.us . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/Songruns/N/NoDoubt/it.htm ^ Jump up to : `` No Doubt awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . RIAA . RIAA.com . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2004 '' . ARIA Charts . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2004 Singles '' . ARIA Charts . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Vineyard , Corey Moss ( 27 October 2003 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Bumps Off Bandmates In ' It 's My Life ' '' . MTV . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Vineyard ( 27 October 2003 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Feeling Hella Good About Role In Scorsese Flick '' . MTV . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ATRL - The TRL Archive - Recap : November 2003 '' . ATRL . vBulletin Solutions , Inc . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ATRL - The TRL Archive - Recap : January 2004 '' . ATRL . vBulletin Solutions , Inc . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MuchMusic Countdown '' . MuchMusic . BellMedia . Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2004 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Awards 2004 : The winners '' . BBC News . News.bbc.co.uk. 3 August 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's My Life : No Doubt : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's My Life / Bathwater : No Doubt : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's My Life / Bathwater at Juno Records '' . Juno . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Top 20 '' . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt : It 's My Life '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It 's My Life / Bathwater '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- No Doubt - It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- No Doubt -- It 's My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Doubt Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2003 Singles '' . ARIA Charts . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . RIAA . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> Talk Talk <Td_colspan="2"> Mark Hollis Lee Harris Paul Webb Simon Brenner Albums The Party 's Over It 's My Life The Colour of Spring Spirit of Eden Laughing Stock Live albums London 1986 Singles `` Mirror Man '' `` Talk Talk '' `` Today '' `` Another Word '' `` My Foolish Friend '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Such a Shame '' `` Dum Dum Girl '' `` Tomorrow Started ( live ) '' `` Life 's What You Make It '' `` Living in Another World '' `` Give It Up '' `` I Do n't Believe in You '' `` I Believe in You '' `` Living in Another World ' 91 ( remix ) '' `` After the Flood '' `` New Grass '' `` Ascension Day '' `` It 's My Life ( Liquid People vs. Talk Talk ) '' Compilations Natural History : The Very Best of Talk Talk History Revisited : The Remixes Asides Besides 12x12 Original Remixes The Collection Missing Pieces Introducing ... Talk Talk Video Live at Montreux 1986 Related articles Discography Tim Friese - Greene Mark Hollis ( album ) . O. rang Out of Season Streets <Th_colspan="2"> No Doubt singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Songs No Doubt `` Trapped in a Box '' The Beacon Street Collection `` Squeal '' Tragic Kingdom `` Just a Girl '' `` Spiderwebs '' `` Do n't Speak '' `` Excuse Me Mr . '' `` Happy Now ? '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` Hey You ! '' Return of Saturn `` New '' `` Ex-Girlfriend '' `` Simple Kind of Life '' `` Bathwater '' Rock Steady `` Hey Baby '' `` Hella Good '' `` Underneath It All '' `` Running '' Push and Shove `` Settle Down '' `` Looking Hot '' Other singles `` It 's My Life '' `` Bathwater ( Invincible Overlord Remix ) '' Promotional singles `` Making Out '' `` Stand and Deliver '' `` Push and Shove '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Monkey Man '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Life_(Talk_Talk_song)&oldid=842955011 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1985 singles 1990 singles 2003 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording , Non-Classical Music videos directed by David LaChapelle Music videos directed by Tim Pope No Doubt songs Songs written by Mark Hollis ( musician ) Talk Talk songs Songs written by Tim Friese - Greene 1984 songs EMI Records singles Parlophone singles Interscope Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use British English from March 2012 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "It's My Life" by Talk Talk
2. Synthpop new wave music
3. Chart positions and success of the song
4. No Doubt's cover version of "It's My Life"
5. Music video and its concept |
-5,699,411,646,632,492,000 | number of books in the library of babel | The Library of Babel - wikipedia The Library of Babel Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Library of Babel '' <Td_colspan="2"> English language cover Author Jorge Luis Borges Original title `` La biblioteca de Babel '' Translator numerous Country Argentina Language Spanish Genre ( s ) Fantasy Published in El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan Publisher Editorial Sur Publication date 1941 Published in English 1962 `` The Library of Babel '' ( Spanish : La biblioteca de Babel ) is a short story by Argentine author and librarian Jorge Luis Borges ( 1899 -- 1986 ) , conceiving of a universe in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410 - page books of a certain format and character set . The story was originally published in Spanish in Borges ' 1941 collection of stories El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan ( The Garden of Forking Paths ) . That entire book was , in turn , included within his much - reprinted Ficciones ( 1944 ) . Two English - language translations appeared approximately simultaneously in 1962 , one by James E. Irby in a diverse collection of Borges 's works titled Labyrinths and the other by Anthony Kerrigan as part of a collaborative translation of the entirety of Ficciones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Themes 3 Philosophical implications 3.1 Quine 's reduction 4 Comparison with biology 5 Influence on later writers 6 See also 7 References Plot summary ( edit ) Borges ' narrator describes how his universe consists of an enormous expanse of adjacent hexagonal rooms , each of which contains the bare necessities for human survival -- and four walls of bookshelves . Though the order and content of the books are random and apparently completely meaningless , the inhabitants believe that the books contain every possible ordering of just 25 basic characters ( 22 letters , the period , the comma , and the space ) . Though the vast majority of the books in this universe are pure gibberish , the library also must contain , somewhere , every coherent book ever written , or that might ever be written , and every possible permutation or slightly erroneous version of every one of those books . The narrator notes that the library must contain all useful information , including predictions of the future , biographies of any person , and translations of every book in all languages . Conversely , for many of the texts some language could be devised that would make it readable with any of a vast number of different contents . Despite -- indeed , because of -- this glut of information , all books are totally useless to the reader , leaving the librarians in a state of suicidal despair . This leads some librarians to superstitious and cult - like behaviours , such as the `` Purifiers '' , who arbitrarily destroy books they deem nonsense as they scour through the library seeking the `` Crimson Hexagon '' and its illustrated , magical books . Others believe that since all books exist in the library , somewhere one of the books must be a perfect index of the library 's contents ; some even believe that a messianic figure known as the `` Man of the Book '' has read it , and they travel through the library seeking him . Themes ( edit ) Borges in 1976 The story repeats the theme of Borges ' 1939 essay `` The Total Library '' ( `` La biblioteca total '' ) , which in turn acknowledges the earlier development of this theme by Kurd Lasswitz in his 1901 story `` The Universal Library '' ( `` Die Universalbibliothek '' ) : Certain examples that Aristotle attributes to Democritus and Leucippus clearly prefigure it , but its belated inventor is Gustav Theodor Fechner , and its first exponent , Kurd Lasswitz . ( ... ) In his book The Race with the Tortoise ( Berlin , 1919 ) , Dr Theodor Wolff suggests that it is a derivation from , or a parody of , Ramón Llull 's thinking machine ( ... T ) he elements of his game are the universal orthographic symbols , not the words of a language ( ... ) Lasswitz arrives at twenty - five symbols ( twenty - two letters , the space , the period , the comma ) , whose recombinations and repetitions encompass everything possible to express in all languages . The totality of such variations would form a Total Library of astronomical size . Lasswitz urges mankind to construct that inhuman library , which chance would organize and which would eliminate intelligence . ( Wolff 's The Race with the Tortoise expounds the execution and the dimensions of that impossible enterprise . ) Many of Borges ' signature motifs are featured in the story , including infinity , reality , cabalistic reasoning , and labyrinths . The concept of the library is often compared to Borel 's dactylographic monkey theorem . There is no reference to monkeys or typewriters in `` The Library of Babel '' , although Borges had mentioned that analogy in `` The Total Library '' : `` ( A ) half - dozen monkeys provided with typewriters would , in a few eternities , produce all the books in the British Museum . '' In this story , the closest equivalent is the line , `` A blasphemous sect suggested ( ... ) that all men should juggle letters and symbols until they constructed , by an improbable gift of chance , these canonical books . '' Borges would examine a similar idea in his 1975 story , `` The Book of Sand '' in which there is an infinite book ( or book with an indefinite number of pages ) rather than an infinite library . Moreover , the story 's Book of Sand is said to be written in an unknown alphabet and its content is not obviously random . In The Library of Babel , Borges interpolates Italian mathematician Bonaventura Cavalieri 's suggestion that any solid body could be conceptualized as the superimposition of an infinite number of planes . The concept of the library is also overtly analogous to the view of the universe as a sphere having its center everywhere and its circumference nowhere . The mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal employed this metaphor , and in an earlier essay Borges noted that Pascal 's manuscript called the sphere effroyable , or `` frightful '' . In any case , a library containing all possible books , arranged at random , might as well be a library containing zero books , as any true information would be buried in , and rendered indistinguishable from , all possible forms of false information ; the experience of opening to any page of any of the library 's books has been simulated by websites which create screenfuls of random letters . The quote at the beginning of the story , `` By this art you may contemplate the variation of the twenty - three letters , '' is from Robert Burton 's 1621 The Anatomy of Melancholy . Philosophical implications ( edit ) There are numerous philosophical implications within the idea of the finite library which exhausts all possibilities . Every book in the library is `` intelligible '' if one decodes it correctly , simply because it can be decoded from any other book in the library using a third book as a one - time pad . This lends itself to the philosophical idea proposed by Immanuel Kant , that our mind helps to structure our experience of reality ; thus the rules of reality ( as we know it ) are intrinsic to the mind . So if we identify these rules , we can better decode ' reality ' . One might speculate that these rules are contained in the crimson hexagon room which is the key to decoding the others . The library becomes a temptation , even an obsession , because it contains these gems of enlightenment while also burying them in deception . On a psychological level , the infinite storehouse of information is a hindrance and a distraction , because it lures one away from writing one 's own book ( i.e. , living one 's own life ) . Anything one might write would of course already exist . One can see any text as being pulled from the library by the act of the author defining the search letter by letter until they reach a text close enough to the one they intended to write . The text already existed theoretically , but had to be found by the act of the author 's imagination . Another implication is an argument against certain proofs of the existence of God , as it is carried out by David Hume using the thought experiment of a similar library of books generated not by human mind , but by nature . Quine 's reduction ( edit ) In a short essay , W. V. O. Quine noted the interesting fact that the Library of Babel is finite ( that is , we will theoretically come to a point in history where everything has been written ) , and that the Library of Babel can be constructed in its entirety simply by writing a dot on one piece of paper and a dash on another . These two sheets of paper could then be alternated at random to produce every possible text , in Morse code or equivalently binary . Writes Quine , `` The ultimate absurdity is now staring us in the face : a universal library of two volumes , one containing a single dot and the other a dash . Persistent repetition and alternation of the two is sufficient , we well know , for spelling out any and every truth . The miracle of the finite but universal library is a mere inflation of the miracle of binary notation : everything worth saying , and everything else as well , can be said with two characters . '' Comparison with Biology ( edit ) The full possible set of protein sequences ( Protein sequence space ) has been compared to the Library of Babel . In the Library of Babel , finding any book that made sense was impossible due to the sheer number and lack of order . The same would be true of protein sequences if it were not for natural selection , which has selected out only protein sequences that make sense . Additionally , each protein sequence is surrounded by a set of neighbours ( point mutants ) that are likely to have at least some function . Daniel Dennett 's 1995 book Darwin 's Dangerous Idea includes an elaboration of the Library of Babel concept to imagine the set of all possible genetic sequences , which he calls the Library of Mendel , in order to illustrate the mathematics of genetic variation . Dennett uses this concept again later in the book to imagine all possible algorithms that can be included in his Toshiba computer , which he calls the Library of Toshiba . He describes the Library of Mendel and the Library of Toshiba as subsets within the Library of Babel . Influence on later writers ( edit ) Umberto Eco 's postmodern novel The Name of the Rose ( 1980 ) features a labyrinthine library , presided over by a blind monk named Jorge of Burgos . In `` The Net of Babel '' , published in Interzone in 1995 , David Langford imagines the Library becoming computerized for easy access . This aids the librarians in searching for specific text while also highlighting the futility of such searches as they can find anything , but nothing of meaning as such . The sequel continues many of Borges 's themes , while also highlighting the difference between data and information , and satirizing the Internet . Russell Standish 's Theory of Nothing uses the concept of the Library of Babel to illustrate how an ultimate ensemble containing all possible descriptions would in sum contain zero information and would thus be the simplest possible explanation for the existence of the universe . This theory therefore implies the reality of all universes . Michael Ende reused the idea of a universe of hexagonal rooms in the Temple of a Thousand Doors from The Neverending Story , which contained all the possible characteristics of doors in the fantastic realm . A later chapter features the infinite monkey theorem . Terry Pratchett uses the concept of the infinite library in his Discworld novels . The knowledgeable librarian is a human wizard transformed into an orangutan . The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges ' Library of Babel ( 2008 ) by William Goldbloom Bloch explores the short story from a mathematical perspective . Bloch analyzes the hypothetical library presented by Borges using the ideas of topology , information theory , and geometry . In Greg Bear 's novel City at the End of Time ( 2008 ) , the sum - runners carried by the protagonists are intended by their creator to be combined to form a ' Babel ' , an infinite library containing every possible permutation of every possible character in every possible language . Bear has stated that this was inspired by Borges , who is also namechecked in the novel . Borges is described as an unknown Argentinian who commissioned an encyclopedia of impossible things , a reference to either `` Tlön , Uqbar , Orbis Tertius '' or the Book of Imaginary Beings . Fone , a short comic novel drawn by Milo Manara , features a human astronaut and his alien partner stranded on a planet named Borges Profeta . The planet is overflowed by books containing all the possible permutations of letters . Steven L. Peck wrote a novella entitled A Short Stay in Hell ( 2012 ) in which the protagonist must find the book containing his life story in an afterlife replica of Borges ' Library of Babel . The second season of Carmilla , a Canadian single - frame webseries based on the novella by J. Sheridan Le Fanu , is set in a mystical library described as `` non-Euclidean '' and omnipotent . It contains a door that , depending on the knocking pattern on its panels , can be opened into any universe . It also creates a temporary parallel universe and is able to shift a character between the parallel and the original . As the parallel universe collapses , darkness falls , and a character perishes in the void after uttering the words , `` O time thy pyramids , '' which are contained on the second - to - last page of a book in the Library of Babel . In Jonathan Nolan 's and Christopher Nolan 's screenplay for Interstellar ( film ) , the protagonist , Cooper , played by Matthew McConaughey , becomes trapped in a world which mirrors that of Borges ' i.e. Cooper 's universe consists of an enormous expanse of adjacent hexagonal rooms , or libraries , each of which contain the bare necessities for survival . Though the order and content of the books and rooms is random and apparently completely meaningless , Cooper can , by manipulating the books , affect change in the `` real '' world and is , as such , analogous to the `` Man of the Book '' , the messianic figure in The Library of Babel . Unlike the Man of the Book , however , Cooper is something more than just a metaphor and has a transformative role in his Universe , becoming a catalyst and an agent of change . See also ( edit ) Encyclopedia Galactica Hilbert 's paradox of the Grand Hotel Law of truly large numbers Universal library World Brain Akashic Records Tupper 's self - referential formula Infinite monkey theorem References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borges , Jorge Luis . The Total Library : Non-Fiction 1922 -- 1986 . Allen Lane The Penguin Press , London , 2000 . Pages 214 -- 216 . Translated by Eliot Weinberger . Jump up ^ See https://libraryofbabel.info/ Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( 1994 ) , Out of Control : The New Biology of Machines , Social Systems , and the Economic World , ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 48340 - 6 Jump up ^ Hume , David ( 1779 ) , Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Part 3 Jump up ^ W.V.O Quine . `` Universal Library '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , FH ( 2000 ) . `` The Library of Maynard - Smith : My Search for Meaning in the protein universe '' . Advances in protein chemistry . 55 : ix -- xi . PMID 11050930 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , M ( March 2007 ) . `` Beyond cataloging the Library of Babel . '' . Chemistry & Biology . 14 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 8 . PMID 17379136 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chembiol. 2007.03. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Theory of Nothing '' . Hpcoders.com.au. 2011 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bloch , William Goldbloom ( 2008 ) . The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges ' Library of Babel . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` William Goldbloom Bloch 's home page '' . Faculty.wheatoncollege.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/reviews-recommendations/review-interstellar . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/382636/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2014/11/13/363444786/the-science-of-interstellar . Missing or empty title = ( help ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Jorge Luis Borges <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Original collections A Universal History of Infamy `` On Exactitude in Science '' Ficciones `` Tlön , Uqbar , Orbis Tertius '' `` The Approach to Al - Mu'tasim '' `` Pierre Menard , Author of the Quixote '' `` The Circular Ruins '' `` The Lottery in Babylon '' `` An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain '' `` The Library of Babel '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Funes the Memorious '' `` The Form of the Sword '' `` Theme of the Traitor and the Hero '' `` Death and the Compass '' `` The Secret Miracle '' `` Three Versions of Judas '' `` The End '' `` The Sect of the Phoenix '' `` The South '' The Aleph `` The Immortal '' `` The Dead Man '' `` The Theologians '' `` Emma Zunz '' `` The House of Asterion '' `` Deutsches Requiem '' `` Averroes 's Search '' `` The Zahir '' `` The Writing of the God '' `` The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths '' `` The Wait '' `` The Aleph '' Otras Inquisiciones ( 1937 -- 1952 ) `` The Analytical Language of John Wilkins '' Dreamtigers `` Borges and I '' Dr. Brodie 's Report `` The Encounter '' `` The Gospel According to Mark '' The Book of Sand `` The Other '' `` Ulrikke '' `` The Congress '' `` There Are More Things '' `` The Disk '' `` The Book of Sand '' Shakespeare 's Memory `` Blue Tigers '' `` Shakespeare 's Memory '' Other works Historia de la eternidad `` A New Refutation of Time '' Borges on Martín Fierro `` El Golem '' Book of Imaginary Beings Labyrinths Adrogue , con ilustraciones de Norah Borges Related Leonor Acevedo Suarez ( mother ) Jorge Guillermo Borges ( father ) Norah Borges ( sister ) Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge H. Bustos Domecq Pedro Mata Uqbar Borges and mathematics VIAF : 215964311 BNF : cb13330513f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Library_of_Babel&oldid=800449959 '' Categories : 1941 short stories Mathematics fiction books Short stories by Jorge Luis Borges Fictional libraries Fictional universes Thought experiments Works set in libraries Argentine speculative fiction works Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська West - Vlams Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Library of Babel
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3,810,182,817,325,995,000 | king kong’s movements in the 1933 film were created using a manual technique called ____ | King Kong ( 1933 film ) - wikipedia King Kong ( 1933 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> King Kong <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Produced by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Screenplay by James Creelman Ruth Rose Story by Edgar Wallace Merian C. Cooper Starring Fay Wray Robert Armstrong Bruce Cabot Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Eddie Linden Vernon Walker J.O. Taylor Edited by Ted Cheesman Production company Radio Pictures Distributed by Radio Pictures Release date March 2 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 02 ) ( New York City ) March 24 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 24 ) ( Los Angeles ) April 7 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes 104 minutes ( with overture ) Country United States Language English Budget $672,000 ( $12 million adjusted for inflation ) Box office $2.8 million ( $51 million adjusted for inflation ) King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack . The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace . It stars Fay Wray , Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong , and opened in New York City on March 2 , 1933 , to rave reviews . It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the greatest horror film of all time and the twentieth greatest film of all time . The film tells of a gigantic , prehistoric , island - dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman . King Kong is especially noted for its stop - motion animation by Willis O'Brien and a groundbreaking musical score by Max Steiner . In 1991 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically and aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It has been remade twice , in 1976 and 2005 , while a reboot , Kong : Skull Island , was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Concept 4.1. 2 Script 4.2 Pre-production 4.2. 1 Casting 4.2. 1.1 Fay Wray 4.2. 1.2 Robert Armstrong and Bruce Cabot 4.2. 1.3 Other players 4.2. 2 Models 4.2. 3 Special effects 4.2. 4 Live - action scenes 4.3 Post-production 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Racist allegory 7 Box office 8 Awards and honors 9 Re-releases , censorship and restorations 10 Home media 11 Adaptations 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) In New York Harbor , filmmaker Carl Denham ( Robert Armstrong ) , famous for making wildlife films in remote and exotic locations , charters Captain Englehorn 's ( Frank Reicher ) ship Venture for his new project , but is unable to secure an actress for a female role he has reluctantly added to the script . Due to set sail that night , Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman . He meets penniless Ann Darrow ( Fay Wray ) and convinces her to join him for what he proposes as the adventure of a lifetime . The Venture quickly gets underway and , during the voyage , the surly first mate , Jack Driscoll ( Bruce Cabot ) , gradually falls in love with Ann . After weeks of secrecy , Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island , an uncharted land shown on a map in Denham 's possession . Denham also cryptically alludes to some monstrous creature rumored to dwell on the island , a legendary entity known only as `` Kong '' . When they find the island and anchor offshore , they see a native village , separated from the rest of the island by an enormous ancient stone wall . A landing party , including the filming crew and Ann , witnesses a group of natives preparing to sacrifice a young maiden as the `` bride of Kong '' . The intruders are spotted and the native chief ( Noble Johnson ) angrily stops the ceremony . When he sees the blonde Ann , he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the `` golden woman '' . They rebuff him and return to the Venture . That night , a band of natives kidnap Ann from the ship and lead her through a huge wooden gate in the wall . Tied to an altar , she is offered to Kong , who turns out to be an enormous gorilla - like ape . Kong carries her off into the jungle as the Venture crew , alerted to Ann 's abduction , arrive . They open the gate and Denham , Driscoll and some volunteers enter the jungle in hopes of rescuing Ann . They soon discover that Kong is far from the only giant prehistoric creature on the island when they are charged by a Stegosaurus , which they manage to kill . After constructing a raft in order to cross a swamp , a Brontosaurus capsizes their supplies , killing several of the men . Fleeing through the jungle , they soon encounter Kong , who tries to stop them from crossing a ravine by shaking them off a fallen tree that bridges it . Only Driscoll and Denham , on opposite sides , survive . A Tyrannosaurus threatens Ann , but Kong kills it after a colossal battle by breaking its neck and jaw . Driscoll continues to shadow Kong and Ann while Denham returns to the village for more men . Upon arriving in Kong 's lair in a mountain cave , Ann is menaced by a snake - like Elasmosaurus , which Kong wrestles and kills . While Kong is distracted killing a Pteranodon that tried to fly away with Ann , Driscoll reaches her and they climb down a vine dangling from a cliff ledge . When Kong notices and starts pulling them back up , they let go and fall unharmed into the water below . They run through the jungle and back to the village , where Denham , Englehorn and the surviving crewmen are waiting . Kong , following , breaks open the gate and murderously rampages through the village . On shore , Denham , now determined to bring Kong back alive , knocks him unconscious with a gas bomb . Shackled in chains of chrome steel , Kong is presented to a Broadway theatre audience as `` Kong , the Eighth Wonder of the World '' . Ann and Jack are brought on stage to join him , followed by an invited group of press photographers . Kong , believing that the ensuing flash photography is an attack , breaks loose as the audience flees in terror . Ann is whisked away to a hotel room on a high floor , but Kong , scaling the building , soon finds her . Kong 's hand smashes through the hotel room window , knocking Jack unconscious and seizing Ann . Kong rampages through the city . He wrecks a crowded elevated train and ultimately climbs the Empire State Building . At its top , he is met by four Observation Aircraft . Kong sets Ann down and battles the planes , managing to down one of them , but he finally succumbs to their gunfire and falls to his death . Ann and Jack are reunited . Denham arrives and pushes through a crowd surrounding Kong 's body in the street . When a policeman remarks that the planes got him , Denham tells him , `` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . '' Cast ( edit ) Fay Wray as Ann Darrow Robert Armstrong as Carl Denham Bruce Cabot as Jack Driscoll Frank Reicher as Captain Englehorn Sam Hardy as Charles Weston Noble Johnson as the Native Chief Steve Clemente as the Witch King James Flavin as Briggs , 2nd Mate Victor Wong as Charlie the Cook ( uncredited ) Everett Brown as the Native in Ape Costume ( uncredited ) Background ( edit ) An articulated skeleton of the Brontosaurus used in the film . Before King Kong entered production , a long tradition of jungle films existed , and , whether drama or documentary , such films generally adhered to a narrative pattern that followed an explorer or scientist into the jungle to test a theory only to discover some monstrous aberration in the undergrowth ( see Stark Mad ) . In such films , scientific knowledge could be turned topsy - turvy at any time , and it was this that provided the genre with its vitality , appeal , and endurance . In the early 20th century , few zoos had primate exhibits so there was popular demand to see them on film . At the turn of the 20th century , the Lumière Brothers sent film documentarians to places westerners had never seen , and Georges Méliès utilized trick photography in film fantasies that prefigured that in King Kong . Jungle films were launched in the United States in 1913 with Beasts in the Jungle , a film that mixed live actors with lions , a tiger , and other animals . The film 's popularity spawned similar pictures , including a few about `` ape men '' and gorillas . In 1918 , Elmo Lincoln starred in Tarzan of the Apes , and , in 1925 , The Lost World made movie history with special effects by Willis O'Brien and a crew that later would work on King Kong . William S. Campbell specialized in monkey - themed films with Monkey Stuff and Jazz Monkey in 1919 , with Prohibition Monkey following in 1920 . King Kong producer Ernest B. Schoedsack had earlier monkey experience directing Chang : A Drama of the Wilderness in 1927 ( also with Merian C. Cooper ) and Rango in 1931 , both of which prominently featured monkeys in authentic jungle settings . Capitalizing on this trend , Congo Pictures released the hoax documentary Ingagi in 1930 , advertising the film as `` an authentic incontestable celluloid document showing the sacrifice of a living woman to mammoth gorillas . '' Ingagi was an unabashed black exploitation film , immediately running afoul of the Hollywood code of ethics , as it implicitly depicted black women having sex with gorillas , and baby offspring that looked more ape than human . The film was an immediate hit , and by some estimates it was one of the highest - grossing movies of the 1930s at over $4 million . Although Cooper never listed Ingagi among his influences for King Kong , it has long been held that RKO green - lit Kong because of the bottom - line example of Ingagi and the formula that `` gorillas plus sexy women in peril equals enormous profits '' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) Merian C. Cooper 's fascination with gorillas began with his boyhood reading of Paul Du Chaillu 's Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa ( 1861 ) and was furthered in 1929 by studying a tribe of baboons in Africa while filming The Four Feathers . After reading W. Douglas Burden 's The Dragon Lizards of Komodo , he fashioned a scenario depicting African gorillas battling Komodo dragons intercut with artificial stand - ins for joint shots . He then narrowed the dramatis personae to one ferocious , lizard - battling gorilla ( rather than a group ) and included a lone woman on expedition to appease those critics who belabored him for neglecting romance in his films . A remote island would be the setting and the gorilla would be dealt a spectacular death in New York City . Cooper took his concept to Paramount Studios in the first years of the Great Depression but executives shied away from a project that sent film crews on costly shoots to Africa and Komodo . In 1931 , David O. Selznick brought Cooper to RKO as his executive assistant , and , to sweeten the deal , promised him he could make his own films . Cooper began immediately developing The Most Dangerous Game , a story about a big game hunter , and hired his friend and former film partner , Ernest B. Schoedsack , to direct . A huge jungle stage set was built , with Robert Armstrong and Fay Wray as the stars . Once the film was underway , Cooper turned his attention to the studio 's big - budget - out - of - control fantasy , Creation , a story about a group of travelers shipwrecked on an island of dinosaurs . The film employed special effects wizard Willis O'Brien . When Cooper screened O'Brien's stop - motion Creation footage , he was unimpressed , but realized he could economically make his gorilla picture by scrapping the Komodo dragons and costly location shoots for O'Brien's animated dinosaurs and the studio 's existing jungle set . It was at this time Cooper probably cast his gorilla as a giant named Kong , and planned to have him die at the Empire State Building . The RKO board was wary about the project , but gave its approval after Cooper organized a presentation with Wray , Armstrong , and Cabot , and O'Brien's model dinosaurs . In his executive capacity , Cooper ordered the Creation production shelved , and put its crew to work on Kong . Script ( edit ) Cooper assigned recently hired RKO screenwriter and best - selling British mystery / adventure writer Edgar Wallace the job of writing a screenplay and a novel based on his gorilla fantasy . Cooper understood the commercial appeal of Wallace 's name and planned to publicize the film as being `` based on the novel by Edgar Wallace '' . Wallace conferred with Cooper and O'Brien ( who contributed , among other things , the `` Ann 's dress '' scene ) and began work on January 1 , 1932 . He completed a rough draft called The Beast on January 5 , 1932 . Cooper thought the draft needed considerable work but Wallace died on February 10 , 1932 , just after beginning revisions . Despite not using any of the draft in the final production beyond the previously agreed upon plot outline , Cooper gave a screen credit to Wallace as he had promised it as a producer . Cooper called in James Ashmore Creelman ( who was working on the script of The Most Dangerous Game at the time ) and the two men worked together on several drafts under the title The Eighth Wonder . Some details from Wallace 's rough draft were dropped , notably his boatload of escaped convicts . Wallace 's Danby Denham character , a big game hunter , became film director Carl Denham . His Shirley became Ann Darrow and her lover - convict John became Jack Driscoll . The ' beauty and the beast ' angle was first developed at this time . Kong 's escape was switched from Madison Square Garden to Yankee Stadium and ( finally ) to a Broadway theater . Cute moments involving the gorilla in Wallace 's draft were cut because Cooper wanted Kong hard and tough in the belief that his fall would be all the more awesome and tragic . Time constraints forced Creelman to temporarily drop The Eighth Wonder and devote his time to the Game script . RKO staff writer Horace McCoy was called in to work with Cooper , and it was he who introduced the island natives , a giant wall , and the sacrificial maidens into the plot . Leon Gordon also contributed to the screenplay in a minimal capacity ; both he and McCoy went uncredited in the completed film . When Creelman returned to the script full - time , he hated McCoy 's ' mythic elements ' , believing the script already had too many over-the - top concepts , but Cooper insisted on keeping them in . RKO head Selznick and his executives wanted Kong introduced earlier in the film ( believing the audience would grow bored waiting for his appearance ) , but Cooper persuaded them that a suspenseful build - up would make Kong 's entrance all the more exciting . Cooper felt Creelman 's final draft was slow - paced , too full of flowery dialogue , weighted - down with long scenes of exposition , and written on a scale that would have been prohibitively expensive to film . Writer Ruth Rose ( Schoedsack 's wife ) was brought in to for rewrites and , although she had never written a screenplay , undertook the task with a complete understanding of Cooper 's style , streamlining the script and tightening the action . Rather than explaining how Kong would be transported to New York , for example , she simply cut from the island to the theater . She incorporated autobiographical elements into the script with Cooper mirrored in the Denham character , her husband Schoedsack in the tough but tender Driscoll character , and herself in struggling actress Ann Darrow . Rose also rewrote the dialogue and created the film 's opening sequence , showing Denham meeting Ann on the streets of New York . Cooper was delighted with Rose 's script , approving the newly re-titled Kong for production . Cooper and Schoedsack decided to co-direct scenes but their styles were different ( Cooper was slow and meticulous , Schoedsack brisk ) and they finally agreed to work separately , with Cooper overseeing O'Brien's miniature work and directing the special effects sequences , and Schoedsack directing the dialogue scenes . Pre-production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Fay Wray ( edit ) Fay Wray ( 1933 ) Fay Wray played bit parts in Hollywood until cast as the lead in Erich von Stroheim 's 1928 silent film , The Wedding March . She met Kong co-directors Cooper and Schoedsack when cast as Ethne Eustace in The Four Feathers in 1929 . Cooper cast her in 1932 as Eve Trowbridge in The Most Dangerous Game . After the RKO board approved the Kong test , Cooper decided a blonde would provide contrast to the gorilla 's dark pelt . Dorothy Jordan , Jean Harlow , and Ginger Rogers were considered , but the role finally went to Wray who wore a blonde wig in the film and was inspired more by Cooper 's enthusiasm than the script to accept the role . According to her autobiography , On the Other Hand , Wray recounts that Cooper had told her he planned to star her opposite the `` tallest , darkest leading man in Hollywood '' . She assumed he meant Clark Gable until he showed her a picture of Kong climbing the Empire State Building . On the film 's 50th anniversary in 1983 , one New York theater held a Fay Wray scream - alike contest in its lobby , and , two days after her death on August 8 , 2004 , the lights of the Empire State Building were dimmed for 15 minutes in her memory . Robert Armstrong and Bruce Cabot ( edit ) Armstrong portrait Michigan native and veteran Broadway and silent film character actor Robert Armstrong played Wray 's alcoholic brother in The Most Dangerous Game and , during filming , became a member of the Cooper - Schoedsack inner circle . He was a shoo - in as Denham when Kong was cast . The film 's romantic angle ( rather than its jungle or animal angle ) was played - up after animal films fared poorly at the box office in the early months of 1933 . One exhibitor displayed a promotional still of Wray swooning in Armstrong 's arms with the caption , `` Their Hearts Stood Still ... For There Stood Kong ! A Love Story of Today That Spans the Ages ! '' . Although the film 's romantic subplot belongs to Cabot and Wray , established star Armstrong was chosen for the ad rather than the unknown Cabot . Months later , Armstrong again played Carl Denham in Kong 's sequel , Son of Kong ( 1933 ) . New Mexico native Jacques De Bujac was signed by Selznick as a contract player , given the name Bruce Cabot , and met Cooper when auditioning for The Most Dangerous Game . He almost walked out of his Kong audition ( mistakenly believing he was trying out as a stunt double for Joel McCrea ) but was convinced otherwise and received the role of Jack Driscoll , his first starring role . He was an inexperienced actor and described his participation in Kong as standing in the right place , doing what he was told , and collecting a paycheck . Other players ( edit ) German - born Broadway veteran and silent film director Frank Reicher was cast as Captain Englehorn of the SS Venture , Victor Wong as the ship 's cook Charlie , James Flavin as Second Mate Briggs , and a host of stuntmen and bit players as the ship 's crew . Noble Johnson and Steve Clemente were members of the Cooper - Schoedsack inner circle and cast as the Native Chief and the Witch Doctor respectively while Etta McDaniel played a native mother of a child she rescues from Kong 's rampage . Sam Hardy was cast as a theatrical agent and Sandra Shaw ( later Mrs. Gary Cooper ) was cast as the New York woman Kong drops to the street from the hotel ledge . Merian C. Cooper , who was shot down in World War I in an Airco DH. 4 and made a prisoner of war by the Germans , and who later flew with the Kosciuszko Squadron , played the airplane pilot and Schoedsack the machine gunner in uncredited roles in the film 's final scenes . Models ( edit ) Play media Two Western lowland gorillas at Ueno Zoo displaying prominent belly and buttocks . Kong modelers would streamline the armature 's torso to minimize the comical and awkward aspects of the gorilla 's physique . After the RKO board approved the production of a test reel , Marcel Delgado constructed Kong ( or the `` Giant Terror Gorilla '' as he was then known ) per designs and directions from Cooper and O'Brien on a one - inch - equals - one - foot scale to simulate a gorilla 18 feet tall . Four models were built : two jointed 18 - inch aluminum , foam rubber , latex , and rabbit fur models ( to be rotated during filming ) , one jointed 24 - inch model of the same materials for the New York scenes , and a small model of lead and fur for the plummeting - down - the - Empire - State - Building scene . At least two armatures have survived - one believed to be the original made for the test footage - and are owned by Peter Jackson and Bob Burns . In 2009 , one sold for £ 121,000 ( $200,000 ) at Christie 's in London . Kong 's torso was streamlined to eliminate the comical appearance of the real world gorilla 's prominent belly and buttocks . His lips , eyebrows , and nose were fashioned of rubber , his eyes of glass , and his facial expressions controlled by thin , bendable wires threaded through holes drilled in his aluminum skull . During filming , Kong 's rubber skin dried out quickly under studio lights , making it necessary to replace it often and completely rebuild his facial features . The stop - motion animated King Kong , battling a Curtiss F8C Helldiver airplane , on top of the Empire State Building A huge bust of Kong 's head , neck , and upper chest was made of wood , cloth , rubber , and bearskin by Delgado , E.B. Gibson , and Fred Reefe . Inside the structure , metal levers , hinges , and an air compressor were operated by three men to control the mouth and facial expressions . Its fangs were 10 inches in length and its eyeballs 12 inches in diameter . The bust was moved from set to set on a flatcar . Its scale matched none of the models and , if fully realized , Kong would have stood thirty to forty feet tall . Two versions of Kong 's right hand and arm were constructed of steel , sponge rubber , rubber , and bearskin . The first hand was non articulated , mounted on a crane , and operated by grips for the scene in which Kong grabs at Driscoll in the cave . The other hand and arm had articulated fingers , was mounted on a lever to elevate it , and was used in the several scenes in which Kong grasps Ann . A non articulated leg was created of materials similar to the hands , mounted on a crane , and used to stomp on Kong 's victims . Charles R. Knight 's Tyrannosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History , on which the large theropod of the film was based The dinosaurs were made by Delgado in the same fashion as Kong and based on Charles R. Knight 's murals in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City . All the armatures were manufactured in the RKO machine shop . Materials used were cotton , foam rubber , latex sheeting , and liquid latex . Football bladders were placed inside some models to simulate breathing . A scale of one - inch - equals - one - foot was employed and models ranged from 18 inches to 3 feet in length . Several of the models were originally built for Creation and sometimes two or three models were built of individual species . Prolonged exposure to studio lights wreaked havoc with the latex skin so John Cerasoli carved wooden duplicates of each model to be used as stand - ins for test shoots and lineups . He carved wooden models of Ann , Driscoll , and other human characters . Models of the Venture , railway cars , and war planes were built . Special effects ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Promotional image featuring Kong battling and killing the Tyrannosaurus . King Kong is well known for its groundbreaking use of special effects , such as stop - motion animation , matte painting , rear projection and miniatures , all of which were conceived decades before the digital age . The numerous prehistoric creatures inhabiting Skull Island were brought to life through the use of stop - motion animation by Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator , Buzz Gibson . The stop - motion animation scenes were painstaking and difficult to achieve and complete after the special effects crew realized that they could not stop , because it would make the movements of the creatures seem inconsistent and the lighting would not have the same intensity over the many days it took to fully animate a finished sequence . A device called the surface gauge was used in order to keep track of the stop - motion animation performance . The iconic fight between Kong and the Tyrannosaurus took seven weeks to be completed . O'Brien's protegé , Ray Harryhausen , who would work with him on several films and become one of the most prominent stop - motion animators in Hollywood , stated that O'Brien's second wife noticed that there was so much of her husband in Kong . The backdrop of Skull Island seen when the Venture crew first arrive was painted on glass by matte painters Henry Hillinck , Mario Larrinaga and Byron C. Crabbé . The scene was then composted with separate bird elements and rear projected behind the ship and the actors . The background of the scenes in the jungle ( a miniature set ) were also painted on several layers of glass to convey the illusion of deep and dense jungle foliage . The most difficult task for the special effects artists to achieve was to make live - action footage interact with separately filmed stop - motion animation - to make the interaction between the humans and the creatures of the island seem believable . The most simple of these effects were accomplished by exposing part of the frame , than running the same piece of the film through the camera again by exposing the other part of the frame with a different image . The most complex shots , where the live - action actors interacted with the stop - motion animation , were achieved via two different techniques , the Dunning process and the Williams process , in order to produce the effect of a travelling matte . The Dunning process , invented by cinematographer Carroll H. Dunning , employed the use of blue and yellow lighting , filtered and photographed into black - and - white film . Bi packing of the camera was used for these types of effects . With it , the special effects crew could combine two strips of different film at the same time , creating the final composite shot in the camera . It was used in the climactic scene where one of the Curtiss Helldiver planes attacking Kong crashes from the top of the Empire State Building , and in the scene where natives are running through the foreground , while Kong is fighting other natives at the wall . On the other hand , the Williams process , invented by cinematographer Frank D. Williams , did not require a system of colored lights and could be used for wider shots . It was used in the scene where Kong is shaking the sailors off the log , as well as the scene where Kong pushes the gates open . The Williams process did not use bipacking , but rather an optical printer , the first such device that synchronized a projector with a camera , so that several strips of film could be combined into a single composted image . Through the use of the optical printer , the special effects crew could film the foreground , the stop - motion animation , the live - action footage , and the background , and combine all of those elements into one single shot . The optical printer would continue to be used for films until the late 1980s , when they were superseded by digital composting . Another technique that was used in combining live actors and stop - motion animation was rear - screen projection . The actor would have a translucent screen behind him where a projector would project footage onto the back of the translucent screen . The translucent screen was developed by Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman , who received a Special Achievement Oscar . It was used in the famous scene where Kong and the Tyrannosaurus fight while Ann watches from the branches of a nearby tree . The stop - motion animation was filmed first . Fay Wray then spent a twenty - two hour period sitting in a fake tree acting out her observation of the battle , which was projected onto the translucent screen while the camera filmed her witnessing the projected stop - motion battle . She was sore for days after the shoot . The same process was also used for the scene where sailors from the Venture kill a Stegosaurus . O'Brien and his special effects crew also devised a way to use rear - projection in miniature sets . A tiny screen was built into the miniature onto which live - action footage would then be projected . A fan pumped cool air to prevent the footage that was projected from melting or catching fire . This miniature rear projection was used in the scene where Kong is trying to grab Driscoll , who is hiding in a cave . The scene where Kong puts Ann in the top of a tree switched from a puppet in Kong 's hand to a projected footage of Ann sitting . The scene where Kong fights the snake - like reptile in his lair was likely the most significant special effects achievement of the film , due to the way in which all of the elements in the sequence work together at the same time . The scene was accomplished through the use of a miniature set , stop - motion animation for Kong , background matte paintings , real water , foreground rocks with bubbling mud , smoke and two miniature rear screen projections of Driscoll and Ann . Over the years , some media reports have alleged that in certain scenes Kong was played by an actor wearing a gorilla suit . However , film historians are generally agreed that all scenes involving Kong were achieved with animated models . Live - action scenes ( edit ) King Kong was filmed in several stages over an eight - month period . Some actors had so much time between their Kong periods that they were able to fully complete work on other films . Cabot completed Road House and Wray appeared in the horror films Dr. X and Mystery of the Wax Museum . She estimated she worked for ten weeks on Kong over its eight - month production . In May and June 1932 , Cooper directed the first live - action Kong scenes on the jungle set built for The Most Dangerous Game . Some of these scenes were incorporated into the test reel later exhibited for the RKO board . The script was still in revision when the jungle scenes were shot and much of the dialogue was improvised . The jungle set was scheduled to be struck after Game was completed , so Cooper filmed all of the other jungle scenes at this time . The last scene shot was that of Driscoll and Ann racing through the jungle to safety following their escape from Kong 's lair . In July 1932 , the native village was readied while Schoedsack and his crew filmed establishing shots in the harbor of New York City . Curtiss F8C - 5 / O2C - 1 Helldiver war planes taking off and in flight were filmed at a U.S. Naval airfield on Long Island . Views of New York City were filmed from the Empire State Building for backgrounds in the final scenes and architectural plans for the mooring mast were secured from the building 's owners for a mock - up to be constructed on the Hollywood sound stage . King Kong views Ann on the limb of a tree In August 1932 , the island landing party scene and the gas bomb scene were filmed south of Los Angeles on a beach at San Pedro , California . All of the native village scenes were then filmed on the RKO - Pathé lot in Culver City with the native huts recycled from Bird of Paradise ( 1932 ) . The great wall in the island scenes was a hand - me - down from DeMille 's The King of Kings ( 1927 ) and dressed up with massive gates , a gong , and primitive carvings . The scene of Ann being led through the gates to the sacrificial altar was filmed at night with hundreds of extras and 350 lights for illumination . A camera was mounted on a crane to follow Ann to the altar . The Culver City Fire Department was on hand due to concerns that the set might go up in flames from the many native torches used in the scene . The wall and gate were destroyed in 1939 for Gone With the Wind 's burning of Atlanta sequence . Hundreds of extras were once again used for Kong 's rampage through the native village , and filming was completed with individual vignettes of mayhem and native panic . Meanwhile , the scene depicting a New York woman being dropped to her apparent death from a hotel window was filmed on the sound stage using the articulated hand . At the same time , a scene depicting poker players surprised by Kong 's face peering through a window was filmed using the ' big head ' , although the scene was eventually dropped . When filming was completed , a break was scheduled to finish construction of the interior sets and to allow screenwriter Ruth Rose time to finish the script . In September -- October 1932 , Schoedsack returned to the sound stage after completing the native village shoots in Culver City . The decks and cabins of the Venture were constructed and all the live - action shipboard scenes were then filmed . The New York scenes were filmed , including the scene of Ann being plucked from the streets by Denham , and the diner scene . Following completion of the interior scenes , Schoedsack returned to San Pedro and spent a day on a tramp steamer to film the scene of Driscoll punching Ann , and various atmospheric harbor scenes . The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles was rented for one day to film the scenes where Kong is displayed in chains and the backstage theater scenes following his escape . Principal photography wrapped at the end of October 1932 with the filming of the climax wherein Driscoll rescues Ann at the top of the Empire State Building . Schoedsack 's work was completed and he headed to Syria to film outdoor scenes for Arabia , a project that was never completed . In December 1932 -- January 1933 , the actors were called back to film a number of optical effects shots which were mostly rear - screen projections . Technical problems inherent in the process made filming difficult and time - consuming . Wray spent most of a twenty - two hour period sitting in a fake tree to witness the battle between Kong and a Tyrannosaurus . She was sore for days after . Many of the scenes featuring Wray in the articulated hand were filmed at this time . In December , Cooper re shot the scene of the female New Yorker falling to her death . Stunt doubles were filmed for the water scenes depicting Driscoll and Ann escaping from Kong . A portion of the jungle set was reconstructed to film Denham snagging his sleeve on a branch during the pursuit scene . Originally , Denham ducked behind a bush to escape danger , but this was later considered cowardly and the scene was re shot . The final scene was originally staged on the top of the Empire State Building , but Cooper was dissatisfied and re shot the scene with Kong lying dead in the street with the crowd gathered about him . Post-production ( edit ) King Kong was settled upon as the title , and the film cut from 125 to 100 minutes , with scenes that slowed the pace or diverted attention from Kong deleted . Infamously , the deleted scene was what later became known as the `` Spider Pit Sequence '' , where a number of sailors from the Venture survived a fall into a ravine , only to be eaten alive by various large spiders , insects and other creatures . In a studio memo , Merian C. Cooper said that he cut the scene out himself because it `` stopped the story '' . Aside from some still photographs and pre-production artwork , no trace of it has ever been found . Decades later , Peter Jackson would incorporate a re-imagining of this sequence for his 2005 King Kong remake , and he also shot another version of the scene for fun using stop - motion animation , which was included among the bonus features of the two - disc DVD of the 1933 original . Murray Spivack provided the sound effects for the film . Kong 's roar was created by mixing the recorded roars of zoo lions and tigers , subsequently played backwards slowly . Spivak himself provided Kong 's `` love grunts '' by grunting into a megaphone and playing it at a slow speed . For the huge ape 's footsteps , Spivak stomped across a gravel - filled box with plungers wrapped in foam attached to his own feet , while the sounds of his chest beats were recorded by Spivak hitting his assistant ( who had a microphone held to his back ) on the chest with a drumstick . Spivak created the hisses and croaks of the dinosaurs with an air compressor for the former and his own vocals for the latter . The vocalizations of the Tyrannosaurus were additionally mixed in with puma screams . Bird squawks were used for the Pteranodon . Spivak also provided the numerous screams of the various sailors . Fay Wray herself provided all of her character 's screams in a single recording session . For budget reasons , RKO decided not to have an original film score composed , instead instructing composer Max Steiner to simply reuse music from other films . Cooper thought the film deserved an original score and paid Steiner $50,000 to compose it . Steiner completed the score in six weeks and recorded it with a 46 - piece orchestra . The studio later reimbursed Cooper . The score was unlike any that came before and marked a significant change in the history of film music . King Kong 's score was the first feature - length musical score written for an American `` talkie '' film , the first major Hollywood film to have a thematic score rather than background music , the first to mark the use of a 46 - piece orchestra , and the first to be recorded on three separate tracks ( sound effects , dialogue , and music ) . Steiner used a number of new film scoring techniques , such as drawing upon opera conventions for his use of leitmotifs . Release ( edit ) King Kong held its world premiere at Grauman 's Chinese Theater . King Kong opened at the 6,200 - seat Radio City Music Hall in New York City and the 3,700 - seat RKO Roxy across the street on Thursday , March 2 , 1933 . The film was preceded by a stage show called Jungle Rhythms . Crowds lined up around the block on opening day , tickets were priced at $. 35 to $. 75 , and , in its first four days , every one of its ten - shows - a-day were sold out -- setting an all - time attendance record for an indoor event . Over the four - day period , the film grossed $89,931 . The film had its official world premiere on March 23 , 1933 at Grauman 's Chinese Theater in Hollywood . The ' big head bust ' was placed in the theater 's forecourt and a seventeen - act show preceded the film with The Dance of the Sacred Ape performed by a troupe of African American dancers the highpoint . Kong cast and crew attended and Wray thought her on - screen screams distracting and excessive . The film opened nationwide on April 10 , 1933 , and worldwide on Easter Day in London , England . Reception ( edit ) Variety thought the film was a powerful adventure . The New York Times gave readers an enthusiastic account of the plot and thought the film a fascinating adventure . John Mosher of The New Yorker called it `` ridiculous '' , but wrote that there were `` many scenes in this picture that are certainly diverting '' . The New York World - Telegram said it was `` one of the very best of all the screen thrillers , done with all the cinema 's slickest camera tricks '' . The Chicago Tribune called it `` one of the most original , thrilling and mammoth novelties to emerge from a movie studio . '' On February 3 , 2002 , Roger Ebert included King Kong in his `` Great Movies '' list , writing that `` In modern times the movie has aged , as critic James Berardinelli observes , and ' advances in technology and acting have dated aspects of the production . ' Yes , but in the very artificiality of some of the special effects , there is a creepiness that is n't there in today 's slick , flawless , computer - aided images ... Even allowing for its slow start , wooden acting and wall - to - wall screaming , there is something ageless and primeval about `` King Kong '' that still somehow works . '' King Kong holds an average score of 98 % based on 54 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes . Racist allegory ( edit ) In the 19th and early twentieth century , people of African descent were commonly visually represented as ape - like , a metaphor that fitted racist stereotypes , further bolstered by the emergence of scientific racism . Early blockbuster films frequently mirrored racial tensions . While King Kong is often compared to the story of Beauty and the Beast , many film scholars have argued that the film was a racist cautionary tale about interracial romance , in which the film 's `` carrier of blackness is not a human being , but an ape '' . Cooper and Schoedsack rejected any allegorical interpretations , insisting in interviews that the film 's story contained no hidden meanings . Box office ( edit ) The film was a box office success making about $2 million in rentals on its initial release , with an opening weekend estimated at $90,000 . Receipts fell by up to 50 % in the second week of the film 's release because of the national `` bank holiday '' called in President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first days in office ; the film still did nicely . During the film 's first run it made a profit of $650,000 . It was re-released in 1938 , 1942 , 1946 , 1952 and 1956 . After the 1952 re-release , Variety estimated the film had made $4 million in cumulative domestic rentals for that year . Awards and honors ( edit ) Kong did not receive any Academy Awards nominations . Selznick wanted to nominate O'Brien and his crew for a special award in visual effects but the Academy declined . Such a category did not exist at the time and would not exist until 1938 . Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman received a special achievement award for the development of the translucent acetate / cellulose rear screen -- the only Kong - related award . The film has since received some significant honors . In 1975 , Kong was named one of the 50 best American films by the American Film Institute , and , in 1991 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically and aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 1998 , the AFI ranked the film # 43 on its list of the 100 greatest movies of all time . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 12 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 24 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Kong -- Nominated Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . '' -- # 84 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 13 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 41 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Fantasy film Re-releases , censorship and restorations ( edit ) King Kong was re-released in 1938 , 1942 , 1946 , 1952 and 1956 , to great box office success . Stricter decency rules had been put into effect in Hollywood since its 1933 premiere and each time it was censored further , with several scenes , being either trimmed or excised altogether . These scenes were as follows : A Brontosaurus mauling crewmen in the water , chasing one up a tree and killing him ; Kong undressing Ann Darrow and sniffing his fingers ; Kong biting and stepping on natives when he attacks the village ; Kong biting a reporter in New York ; Kong mistaking a sleeping woman for Ann and dropping her to her death , after realizing his mistake . After the 1956 re-release , the film was sold to television ( first being broadcast March 5 , 1956 ) . RKO had failed to preserve copies of film 's negative or release prints with the excised footage , and the cut scenes were considered lost for years . In 1969 , a 16mm print , including the censored footage , was found in Philadelphia . The cut scenes were added to the film , restoring it to its original theatrical running time of 100 minutes . This version was re-released to art houses by Janus Films in 1970 . Over the next two decades , Universal Studios carried out further photochemical restoration on King Kong . This was based on a 1942 release print , with missing censor cuts taken from a 1937 print , which `` contained heavy vertical scratches from projection . '' An original release print located in the UK in the 1980s was found to contain the cut scenes in better quality . After a 6 - year worldwide search for the best surviving materials , a further , fully digital , restoration utilizing 4K resolution scanning was completed by Warner Bros. in 2005 . This restoration also had a 4 - minute overture added , bringing the overall running time to 104 minutes . King Kong was also , somewhat controversially , colorized in the late 1980s for television . Home media ( edit ) In 1984 , King Kong was one of the first films to be released on LaserDisc by the Criterion Collection , and was the very first movie to have an audio commentary track included . Criterion 's audio commentary was by film historian Ron Haver ; in 1985 Image Entertainment released another LaserDisc , this time with a commentary by film historian and soundtrack producer Paul Mandell . Neither of these commentaries has since resurfaced on any other format . King Kong had numerous VHS and LaserDisc releases of varying quality prior to receiving an official studio release on DVD . Those included a Turner 60th anniversary edition in 1993 featuring a front cover which had the sound effect of Kong roaring when his chest was pressed . It also included the colorized version of the film and a 25 - minute documentary , It Was Beauty Killed the Beast ( 1992 ) . The documentary is also available on two different UK King Kong DVDs , while the colorized version is available on DVD in the UK and Italy . Warner Home Video re-released the black and white version on VHS with the 25 - minute documentary included under the Warner Bros. Classics label in 1999 . In 2005 Warner Bros. released their digital restoration of King Kong in a US 2 - disc Special Edition DVD , coinciding with the theatrical release of Peter Jackson 's remake . It had numerous extra features , including a new , third audio commentary by visual effects artists Ray Harryhausen and Ken Ralston , with archival excerpts from actress Fay Wray and producer / director Merian C. Cooper . Warners issued identical DVDs in 2006 in Australia and New Zealand , followed by a US digibook - packaged Blu - ray in 2010 . In 2014 the Blu - ray was repackaged with three unrelated films in a 4 Film Favorites : Colossal Monster Collection . At present , Universal holds worldwide rights to Kong 's home video releases outside of the US , Australia and New Zealand . All Universal 's releases only contain their earlier , 100 minute , pre-2005 restoration . Adaptations ( edit ) The 1933 King Kong film and character inspired imitations and installments . Son of Kong , a direct sequel to the 1933 film was released nine months after the first film 's release . In the early 1960s , RKO had licensed the King Kong character to Japanese studio Toho and produced two King Kong films , King Kong vs. Godzilla and King Kong Escapes , both directed by Ishirō Honda . In 1976 , Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis released his version of King Kong , a modern remake of the 1933 film , which was followed by a sequel in 1986 titled King Kong Lives . In 2005 , Universal Pictures released another remake of King Kong , directed by Peter Jackson . Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. released a Kong reboot film titled Kong : Skull Island in 2017 which was directed by Jordan Vogt - Roberts . See also ( edit ) 1930s portal Film portal Horror portal United States portal List of films featuring giant monsters List of stop motion films Skull Island Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) The Lost World ( 1925 ) Ingagi ( 1930 ) Stark Mad ( 1929 ) References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : King Kong at the American Film Institute Catalog Jump up ^ King Kong ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Jewel , ' RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 ' , Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television , Vol 14 No 1 , 1994 p39 Jump up ^ Miller , Frank ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong ( 1933 ) Awards and Honors '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes : Best Horror Movies Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of All Time - Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Peary Jump up ^ Morton 21 Jump up ^ Gerald Peary , ' Missing Links : The Jungle Origins of King Kong ' ( 1976 ) , repr . Gerald Peary : Film Reviews , Interviews , Essays and Sundry Miscellany , 2004 . Jump up ^ Erish , Andrew ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Illegitimate Dad of King Kong '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Morton 17 -- 8 Jump up ^ Morton 18 -- 20 Jump up ^ Morton 22 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Morton 25 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Erb 31 ^ Jump up to : Morton 28 Jump up ^ Goldner ( page unknown ) Jump up ^ Morton 28 -- 9 Jump up ^ Morton 29 ^ Jump up to : Morton 31 -- 3 Jump up ^ United Press International Jump up ^ Erb 54 -- 5 Jump up ^ Morton 31 -- 2 Jump up ^ Morton 32 Jump up ^ Morton 49 Jump up ^ Goldner , Orville ; Turner , George E. ( 1975 ) . The Making of King Kong -- The Story Behind a Film Classic . New York : Ballantine Books , a division of Random House . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4535 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morton 33 Jump up ^ Peter Jackson interviewed about his film memorablia collection YouTube . Retrieved 1st February 2017 Jump up ^ Original King Kong model sells for 200k CBS News . Retrieved 1st February 2017 Jump up ^ Morton 33 -- 5 Jump up ^ Morton 35 -- 6 Jump up ^ Morton 36 Jump up ^ Orville Goldner , George E Turner ( 1975 ) . Making of King Kong : The Story Behind a Film Classic . ISBN 0 - 498 - 01510 - 6 . See also Spawn of Skull Island ( 2002 ) . ISBN 1 - 887664 - 45 - 9 Jump up ^ Morton 36 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Charlie Gemora , 58 , had King Kong role '' . New York Times . 20 August 1961 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( 27 November 1990 ) . `` Saying so long to Mr. Kong '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Glut , Donald F. ( 2001 ) . Jurassic Classics : A Collection of Saurian Essays and Mesozoic Musings . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 192 . ISBN 9780786462469 . Over the years , various actors have claimed to have played Kong in this ( Empire State Building ) scene , including a virtually unknown performer named Carmen Nigro ( AKA Ken Roady ) , and also noted gorilla impersonator Charles Gemora ... In Nigro 's case , the claim seems to have been simply fraudulent ; in Gemora 's , the inaccurate claim was apparently based on the actor 's memory of playing a giant ape in a never - completed King Kong spoof entitled The Lost Island . Jump up ^ Glut , Donald F. ( 2005 ) . `` His Majesty , King Kong - IV '' . In Woods , Paul A. King Kong Cometh ! . London : Plexus . p. 64 . ISBN 9780859653626 . Cooper denied any performance by an actor in a gorilla costume in King Kong ... Perhaps a human actor was used in a bit of forgotten test footage before the film went into production , but thus far the matter remains a mystery . Jump up ^ Goldner 173 Jump up ^ Goldner 165 Jump up ^ Goldner 159 Jump up ^ Goldner 185 Jump up ^ `` The Missing Spider Pit Scene '' Retrieved : March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morton 75 -- 6 Jump up ^ Shay , Don . ( 1982 ) Cinefex issues 7 - 10 page 41 Jump up ^ Morton 76 -- 7 Jump up ^ Helvering , David Allen ; The University of Iowa ( 2007 ) . Functions of dialogue underscoring in American feature film . ProQuest . pp. 21 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 23504 - 0 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Morton 78 Jump up ^ Bigelow Jump up ^ Hall Jump up ^ Mosher , John ( March 11 , 1933 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corporation : 56 . Jump up ^ `` New York Reviews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : The Wilkerson Daily Corporation : 2 . March 7 , 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Ape Packs Thrills in New Talkie '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : Tribune Publishing : Part 7 , p. 8 . April 23 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Ebert Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Goff , Phillip Atiba ; Eberhardt , Jennifer L. ; Williams , Melissa J. ; Jackson , Matthew Christian ( 2008 ) . `` Not yet human : Implicit knowledge , historical dehumanization , and contemporary consequences . '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 94 ( 2 ) : 293 . ISSN 1939 - 1315 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.94. 2.292 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Marie Erb ( 2009 ) . Tracking King Kong : A Hollywood Icon in World Culture . Wayne State University Press . p. xvii . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3430 - X . Jump up ^ Ahamed , Liaquat ( 2009 ) . Lords of Finance . Penguin Books . p. 452 . ISBN 9780143116806 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Morton 81 , 84 Jump up ^ Morton 81 Jump up ^ Morton 85 ^ Jump up to : Morton 83 -- 4 Jump up ^ Rainho , Manny ( March 2015 ) . `` This Month in Movie History '' . Classic Images ( 477 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Millimeter Magazine article , 1 January 2006 Retrieved : March 15 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Robert A. Harris On King Kong '' Retrieved : March 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` King Kong : Miscellaneous Notes '' at TCM Retrieved : March 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ DVDCompare.com : King Kong ( 1933 ) Retrieved : April 8 , 2012 Jump up ^ DVDBeaver.com King Kong comparison Retrieved : June 14 , 2015 Bibliography American Film Institute ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Bigelow , Joe ( 1933 ) . `` King Kong review '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Doherty , Thomas Patrick ( 1999 ) . Pre-Code Hollywood : Sex , Immorality , and Insurrection in American Cinema , 1930 -- 1934 . Columbia University Press . p. 293 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11094 - 4 . Ebert , Roger ( 3 February 2002 ) . `` King Kong Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1933 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Erb , Cynthia Marie ( 2009 ) . Tracking King Kong : a Hollywood Icon in World Culture . Detroit , MI : Wayne State University Press . pp. 54 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3430 - 0 . Erish , Andrew ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Illegitimate Dad of King Kong '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Goldner , Orville and George E. Turner ( 1975 ) . The Making of King Kong : The Story Behind a Film Classic . A.S. Barnes . ISBN 0 - 498 - 01510 - 6 . Gottesman , Ronald and Harry Geduld , ed. ( 1976 ) . The Girl in the Hairy Paw : King Kong as Myth , Movie , and Monster . Avon . ISBN 0 - 380 - 00610 - 3 . Hall , Mordaunt ( March 3 , 1933 ) . `` King Kong '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Haver , Ronald ( 1987 ) . David O. Selznick 's Hollywood . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 47665 - 9 . `` King Kong Collection '' . Amazon.com UK . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Maltin , Leonard , ed. ( 2007 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2008 Movie Guide . New York : Signet . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 22186 - 5 . Morton , Ray ( 2005 ) . King Kong : The History of a Movie Icon from Fay Wray to Peter Jackson . New York , NY : Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 669 - 8 . Peary , Gerald ( 2004 ) . `` Missing Links : The Jungle Origins of King Kong '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Rotten Tomatoes ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` King Kong ( 1933 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . United Press International . `` Empire State Building to Dim Lights in Remembrance of Actress Fay Wray '' . United Press International , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to King Kong ( 1933 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : King Kong ( 1933 film ) King Kong at the American Film Institute Catalog King Kong on IMDb King Kong at the TCM Movie Database King Kong at AllMovie King Kong at Box Office Mojo King Kong at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> King Kong Films King Kong ( 1933 ) Son of Kong ( 1933 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) King Kong ( 1976 ) King Kong Lives ( 1986 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) Related films Creation ( unfinished ) Wasei Kingu Kongu ( 1933 ) King Kong Appears in Edo ( 1938 ) Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) Queen Kong ( 1976 ) Bye Bye Monkey ( 1978 ) Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) Theatre King Kong ( 2013 ) Characters King Kong Carl Denham Jack Driscoll Mechani - Kong Gorosaurus Godzilla Animation The King Kong Show ( 1966 -- 1969 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Kong : The Animated Series ( 2000 - 2001 ) Kong : King of the Apes ( 2016 ) Video games King Kong 2 : Ikari no Megaton Punch ( 1986 ) King Kong 2 : Yomigaeru Densetsu ( 1986 ) Peter Jackson 's King Kong ( 2005 ) Kong : The 8th Wonder of the World ( 2005 ) Attractions King Kong Encounter ( 1986 ) Kongfrontation ( 1990 ) King Kong : 360 3 - D ( 2010 ) Skull Island : Reign of Kong ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Comics Popular culture Skull Island Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Kaiju Godzilla MonsterVerse Monsterland and Monster Island <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack <Td_colspan="2"> Grass ( 1925 ) Chang : A Drama of the Wilderness ( 1927 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Rango ( 1931 ) The Most Dangerous Game ( 1932 ) The Monkey 's Paw ( 1933 ) King Kong ( 1933 ) Blind Adventure ( 1933 ) Son of Kong ( 1933 ) Long Lost Father ( 1934 ) The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1935 ) Trouble in Morocco ( 1937 ) Outlaws of the Orient ( 1937 ) Dr. Cyclops ( 1940 ) Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Edgar Wallace Novels The Four Just Men ( 1905 ) Kate Plus Ten ( 1919 ) The Crimson Circle ( 1922 ) The Valley of Ghosts ( 1922 ) The Clue of the New Pin ( 1923 ) The Dark Eyes of London ( 1924 ) The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder ( 1925 ) The Terrible People ( 1926 ) The Big Foot ( 1927 ) The Forger ( 1927 ) The Calendar ( 1930 ) The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories ( 1932 ) Plays The Man Who Changed His Name ( 1928 ) Screenplays The Valley of Ghosts ( 1928 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) King Kong ( 1933 ) Adaptations J.G. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. King Kong (1933 film)
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-2,061,776,234,387,232,800 | do not store for yourself treasures on earth | Matthew 6 : 19 -- 20 - wikipedia Matthew 6 : 19 -- 20 Jump to : navigation , search Matthew 6 : 19 and 6 : 20 are the nineteenth and twentieth verses of the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . These verses open the discussion of wealth . These verses are paralleled in Luke 12 : 33 . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : 19 : Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth , where moth and rust doth corrupt , and where thieves break through and steal : 20 : But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven , where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt , and where thieves do not break through nor steal : This passage marks a change in subject matter from the first half of the chapter . While the earlier portion focused on proper procedure for worship , and criticized those who made public display of their piety , this section begins a discussion of wealth and material goods , and why they are not useful . The use of the word , `` treasures , '' could refer to the contents of a treasure box or a store house . Moths are often associated with the destruction of fabrics , and in this era , pieces of clothing were a major investment . What is meant by the Greek , brosis , sometimes translated as `` rust , '' is less certain . The word generally means `` eating . '' This could refer to the oxidization that eats away metals , or it could be referring to vermin , such as the mice that might consume a supply of grain , the worms that eat through wood , or even a reiteration of the aforementioned moths . The text goes on to say that in contrast to all of the material things that can be destroyed or stolen , investments in Heaven can not be threatened by others . Thus Jesus suggests that this is the most secure form of investment . This is a very rational and economic argument for piety , somewhat similar to Pascal 's Wager . The idea of heaven as a storehouse for spiritual treasures existed before Jesus , being found in several Jewish works of the period and having an analogue in the Hindu theory of karma . It has been noted that the verse may specifically be an encouragement to alms giving , an argument that one should spend money on alms rather than luxuries . It contains very similar wording to Matthew 19 : 1 , which is specifically on alms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . pg. 138 Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Morris , Leon . The Gospel According to Matthew . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Preceded by Matthew 6 : 18 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 6 Succeeded by Matthew 6 : 21 <Th_colspan="2"> Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 Verse Matthew 6 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Places Galilee Terms Lord 's Prayer Sermon on the Mount <Td_colspan="2"> ← chapter 5 Gospel of Matthew chapter 7 → <Th_colspan="2"> Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version <Td_colspan="2"> ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_6:19 -- 20&oldid = 807923241 '' Categories : Matthew 6 Heaven Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Sermon on the Mount
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-267,702,269,310,827,070 | when was the lion the witch and the wardrobe first published | The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe - wikipedia The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe Jump to : navigation , search For the film adaptation of the novel , see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . For other uses ( disambiguation ) , see The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( disambiguation ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe <Td_colspan="2"> First edition dustjacket Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Cover artist Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Chronicles of Narnia Genre Children 's fantasy novel , Christian literature Publisher Geoffrey Bles Publication date 16 October 1950 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book OCLC 7207376 LC Class PZ8. L48 Li Followed by Prince Caspian The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C.S. Lewis , published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950 . It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1950 -- 1956 ) . Among all the author 's books it is also the most widely held in libraries . Although it was written as well as published first in the series , it is volume two in recent editions , which are sequenced by the stories ' chronology ( the first being The Magician 's Nephew ) . Like the others , it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and her work has been retained in many later editions . Most of the novel is set in Narnia , a land of talking animals and mythical creatures that one White Witch has ruled for 100 years of deep winter . In the frame story , four English children are relocated to a large , old country house following a wartime evacuation . The youngest visits Narnia three times via the magic of a wardrobe in a spare room . All four children are together on her third visit , which verifies her fantastic claims and comprises the subsequent 12 of 17 chapters except for a brief conclusion . In Narnia , the siblings seem fit to fulfill an old prophecy and so are soon adventuring both to save Narnia and their lives . Lewis wrote the book for , and dedicated it to , his goddaughter Lucy Barfield . She was the daughter of Owen Barfield , Lewis 's friend , teacher , adviser , and trustee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Character list 3 Writing 4 Illustrations 5 Reception 6 Allusions 7 Differences between editions 8 Adaptations 8.1 Television 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Audio 8.4 Film 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In 1940 , four siblings -- Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie -- are among many children evacuated from London during World War II to escape the Blitz . They are sent to the countryside to live with professor Digory Kirke . Exploring the professor 's house , Lucy finds a wardrobe which doubles as a magic portal to a forest in a land called Narnia . At a lamppost oddly located in the forest , she meets Tumnus , a faun , who invites her to tea in his home . There the faun confesses that he invited her not out of hospitality , but with the intention of betraying her to the White Witch . The witch has ruled Narnia for years , using magic to keep it frozen in a perpetual winter . She has ordered all Narnians to turn in any humans ( `` Sons of Adam '' or `` Daughters of Eve '' ) they come across . But now that he has come to know and like a human , Tumnus repents his original intention and escorts Lucy back to the lamppost . Lucy returns through the wardrobe and finds that only a few seconds have passed in normal time during her absence . Her siblings do not believe her story about another world inside the wardrobe , which is now found to have a solid back panel . During a game of hide - and - seek on some days later , Lucy again passes into Narnia . This time her brother Edmund chances to follow her . He meets Jadis , who calls herself Queen of Narnia . When she learns that he is human and has two sisters and a brother , she places an enchantment on him . She urges him to bring his siblings to her castle , promising in return to make him her heir . When Lucy and Edmund return together through the wardrobe , Edmund realizes that the queen he met and the witch Lucy describes are one and the same . He denies to the others that he has been in Narnia at all . Peter and Susan are puzzled by Lucy 's insistence , and consult the Professor , who surprises them by taking Lucy 's side in the debate of Narnia 's existence . Soon afterward , all four children enter Narnia together after hiding in the wardrobe to avoid the professor 's dour housekeeper , Mrs. Macready . Remembering the winter cold ahead , they take coats from the wardrobe before exploring . Lucy guides them to Tumnus 's cave , but they find it ransacked , with a notice from Jadis ( the White Witch ) proclaiming his arrest for harbouring humans . A talking beaver intercepts them , proves himself a friend , and hides the children in his den . There , he and Mrs. Beaver tell them of a prophecy that Jadis 's power will fail when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel . Aslan , the great lion and the rightful King , has been absent for many years but is now `` on the move again '' in Narnia . Edmund steals away to Jadis 's castle , which is filled with statues of Narnian victims she has turned to stone . Jadis is furious when Edmund appears alone and angrier still to learn that Aslan may have returned . She takes him on her sledge to catch the others or to reach Aslan 's court before them . Meanwhile , Mr Beaver realises that Edmund has betrayed them , and they set off at once to seek Aslan at the Stone Table . As they travel , the Witch 's spell over Narnia begins to break : Father Christmas ( who has not been seen in Narnia for a hundred years ) arrives with magical presents : a sword for Peter , a horn and a bow with arrows for Susan , a knife and a bottle of healing cordial for Lucy . The snow melts , and winter ends . Aslan welcomes the children and the Beavers to his camp near the Stone Table . Upon hearing Edmund 's situation , he orders a rescue party of loyal Narnians . After much hardship at the hands of the Witch and her sledge driver , Edmund is rescued from their camp and reunited with his siblings . Jadis approaches in truce to parley with Aslan . She insists that , according to `` deep magic from the dawn of time '' , she holds the right to kill Edmund following his treason . Aslan bargains with her privately and she renounces her claim . That evening , Aslan secretly returns to the Stone Table , shadowed by Susan and Lucy . Upon noticing them , Aslan welcomes their company but warns them not to interfere with what is about to happen . He has traded his own life to the witch for Edmund 's , and the girls watch as Jadis oversees his shaming before her underlings . She orders Aslan tied to the Stone Table , shaved and muzzled ; and she administers the killing blow herself . Confident now of victory , the Witch leads her army away to battle . Susan and Lucy remain weeping over Aslan 's abandoned body . They un-muzzle him and see mice gnaw away his bonds . The Stone Table breaks and Aslan is restored to life . He tells Lucy and Susan that Jadis was unaware of the `` deeper magic from before the dawn of time '' that will resurrect an innocent killed in place of a traitor . Aslan carries Lucy and Susan on his back as he hurries to Jadis 's castle . He breathes upon the stone statues in the courtyard , restoring them to life . Meanwhile , Peter and Edmund lead the Narnians against Jadis , and Edmund is seriously wounded . Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements . The Narnians rout Jadis 's supporters , and Aslan kills Jadis . Aslan breathes life into those Jadis has turned to stone on the battlefield , and Lucy uses her magic cordial to revive the wounded , starting with Edmund . The Pevensie children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel . Soon afterward , Aslan slips away and disappears . Fifteen years later , the four rulers chase a wish - granting white stag through the forest whereupon they rediscover the lamppost . They soon find their way not through branches but coats . They come back through the wardrobe in the Professor 's house and are suddenly children again , dressed in their old clothes . Almost no time has passed in the real world , despite their many years in Narnia . The four children consult the Professor . He forgives them the absence of the four coats they stole , and hints that theirs would prove not to be the first adventure in Narnia , nor by any means the last . Character list ( edit ) The Pevensie Siblings Raised in London , evacuated to the Dorset countryside , and reaching adulthood in Narnia , they are the four main characters . In one chapter , Father Christmas arrives to endow those present ( three Pevensies and two beavers ) with a feast , weapons , and magical items . After the restoration of Narnia , a Tetrarchy is established with the four siblings as the rulers . Lucy Pevensie is the youngest Pevensie child and , in some respects , the primary protagonist of the story . She is the first to discover the land of Narnia when she finds her way through the magical wardrobe in the Professor 's house . When Lucy tells her three siblings , they do n't believe her : Peter and Susan think she is just playing a game while Edmund persistently ridicules her about it . She is later crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant . Edmund Pevensie is the second - youngest of the Pevensie children . He has a bad relationship with his siblings . Edmund is known to be a liar , and often harasses children younger than him . He often singles out Lucy as his favourite target . In Narnia he meets the White Witch , who plies him with enchanted Turkish delight , drink , and smooth talk . Lured by the White Witch 's promise of power and an unlimited supply of the magical treats , Edmund betrays his siblings . He eventually regrets his actions and repents . After he helps Aslan and the good denizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch , he is crowned and named King Edmund the Just . He has no endowments , because of his betrayal . Susan Pevensie is the second - oldest of Pevensie children . She does not believe in Narnia until she actually goes there . Along with Lucy , she accompanies Aslan on the journey to his apparent self - sacrifice and secretly witnesses the horrific event . Tending to his carcass , she removes a muzzle from him to restore his dignity and oversees a horde of mice who gnaw away his bonds . She then shares the joy of his resurrection and the endeavor to bring reinforcements to a critical battle . She is crowned Queen of Narnia alongside Lucy and pronounced Queen Susan the Gentle . Peter Pevensie is the eldest of the Pevensie siblings . He judiciously settles disputes between his younger brother and sisters , often rebuking Edmund for his attitude . At first , Peter disbelieves Lucy 's stories about Narnia , but changes his mind when he sees it for himself . He is hailed as a hero for the slaying of Maugrim and for his command in the battle to overthrow the White Witch . He is eventually crowned High King of Narnia and dubbed King Peter the Magnificent . At the Country Home The house that shelters the Pevensie children is run by a Professor , staffed by servants , and frequently toured by historians . The Professor is a kindly old gentleman who takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London . He is the first to believe that Lucy did indeed visit a land called Narnia . He tries to convince the others logically that she did n't make it up . The book hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on . He is identified in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as Professor Kirke , and appears as a young boy , Digory Kirke , a main character in the prequel , in which he witnesses Aslan 's creation of Narnia . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between himself and Aslan on the smaller scale of the house in Dorset ; in that he is rarely seen , can be sought for impartial wisdom , provides a sense of stability , and sometimes can not be found . Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for the Professor and takes it upon herself to guide the tour groups . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between herself and the White Witch , albeit on the smaller scale ; for example , she effectively rules the country house in the absence of the Professor ( terrifyingly so in the imagination of a young girl torn from her home and mother ) . The Pevensies certainly see her as an antagonist and dub her `` The Macready '' . She is stated to be not very fond of children , imposes strict rules on their behavior , and disturbs their peace with the tours . Narnians The magical land of Narnia is populated by talking animals , mythological species , and sentient flora . Aslan , a lion , is the rightful King of Narnia and other magic countries . He sacrifices himself to save Edmund , but is resurrected in time to aid the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions . As the `` son of the Emperor beyond the sea '' ( an allusion to the first person of the Holy Trinity in Christianity ( the Father ) Aslan is the all powerful creator of Narnia . He is the deity that links all created worlds together and is thus all knowing , all present , and all powerful . The White Witch is the land 's self - proclaimed queen and the primary antagonist of the story . She tyrannizes Narnia through her magically imposed rule . Her spell on Narnia has made winter persist for a hundred years with no end in sight . When provoked , she turns creatures to stone with her wand . She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that `` two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve '' ( meaning humans ; two male , two female ) will claim the right to rule and supplant her . She is usually referred to simply as `` the White Witch '' but her actual name , `` Jadis , '' appears in one proclamation in this book . Lewis later wrote a prequel to include her back - story and account for her presence in the Narnian world . Tumnus , a faun , is the first individual Lucy meets in Narnia . Tumnus befriends Lucy , despite the White Witch 's standing order to turn in any human found in Narnia . He initially plans to obey the order but , after getting to like Lucy , he can not bear to alert the Witch 's forces . He instead escorts her back towards the safety of her own country . His good deed is later given away by Edmund who innocently tells the White Witch that Lucy mentioned meeting a faun . The witch orders Tumnus arrested and turns him to stone , but he is later restored to life by Aslan . Mr. and Mrs. Beaver , two beavers , are friends of Tumnus . They play host to Peter , Susan , and Lucy and lead them to Aslan . A Dwarf serves the White Witch . He 's never named in the book but called Ginabrik in the film , where he has a more significant role . Maugrim ( Fenris Ulf in most American editions ) the wolf is the chief of the White Witch 's secret police . She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children . He tries to kill Susan who flees and sees to the safety of others . She sounds her horn . Peter answers the call and slays Maugrim . Giant Rumblebuffin is a character who is turned to stone by the White Witch . Aslan restores him to life by breathing on him . Although slightly dim - witted , he is very kind . His significant contribution is to break down the gate of the Witch 's castle to let the rescued Narnians out , and also to crush some of her army . Writing ( edit ) Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' Shortly before the Second World War many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape bomber attacks on London by Nazi Germany . On 2 September 1939 three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet that has survived as part of another manuscript : This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . The plot element of entering a new world through the back of a wardrobe had certainly entered Lewis 's mind by 1946 , when he used it to describe his first encounter with really good poetry : I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known . It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day , when you opened the door , to lead to the garden of the Hesperides ... How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain . Roger Lancelyn Green thinks that he might even have completed it . In September 1947 Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children : `` I have tried one myself but it was , by the unanimous verdict of my friends , so bad that I destroyed it . '' In August 1948 , during a visit by an American writer , Chad Walsh , Lewis talked vaguely about completing a children 's book he had begun `` in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . After this conversation not much happened until the beginning of the next year . Then everything changed . In his essay `` It All Began With a Picture '' Lewis continues : `` At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . '' The major ideas of the book echo lines Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets : ... Of wrath ended And woes mended , of winter passed And guilt forgiven , and good fortune Jove is master ; and of jocund revel , Laughter of ladies . The lion - hearted ... are Jove 's children . On 10 March 1949 Roger Lancelyn Green dined with Lewis at Magdalen College . After the meal Lewis read two chapters from his new children 's story to Green . Lewis asked Green 's opinion of the tale and Green said that he thought it was good . The manuscript of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May . When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition , three new `` chronicles '' , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , had also been completed . Illustrations ( edit ) Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , allowed him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series . Lewis chose Pauline Baynes , possibly based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's recommendation . Baynes had greatly impressed Tolkien with her illustrations for his Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) . However , Baynes claimed that Lewis learned about her work after going into a bookshop and asking for a recommendation for an illustrator who was skilled at portraying both humans and animals . In December 1949 , Bles showed Lewis the first drawings for the novel , and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her , particularly on the level of detail . Lewis 's appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter he wrote to Baynes after The Last Battle won the Carnegie Medal for best children 's book of 1956 : `` is it not rather ' our ' medal ? I 'm sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text '' . The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations ; American editions generally had fewer . The popular United States paperback edition published by Collier between 1970 and 1994 , which sold many millions , had only 17 illustrations , many of them severely cropped from the originals , giving many readers in that country a very different experience when reading the novel . All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition , although these lacked the clarity of early printings . Reception ( edit ) Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel . He completed the sequel by end of 1949 , less than a year after finishing the initial book . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe had few readers during 1949 and was not published until late in 1950 , so his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public . While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children 's writer , the initial critical response was muted . At the time it was fashionable for children 's stories to be realistic ; fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent , appropriate only for very young readers and potentially harmful to older children , even hindering their ability to relate to everyday life . Some reviewers considered the tale overtly moralistic or the Christian elements over-stated -- attempts to indoctrinate children . Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might frighten children . Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , feared that the Narnia tales would not sell , and might damage Lewis ' reputation and affect sales of his other books . Nevertheless , the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers , and Lewis 's publisher was soon eager to release further Narnia stories . In the United States a 2004 study found that The Lion was a common read - aloud book for seventh - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . In 2005 it was included on TIME 's unranked list of the 100 best English - language novels published since 1923 . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number five among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was the second most common book that UK adults had read as children , after Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . ( Adults , perhaps limited to parents , ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the next generation should read , or their children should read during their lifetimes . ) TIME magazine included the novel in its `` All - TIME 100 Novels '' ( best English - language novels from 1923 to 2005 ) . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 9 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . It has also been published in 47 foreign languages . Allusions ( edit ) Lewis wrote that `` The Narnian books are not as much allegory as supposal . Suppose there were a Narnian world and it , like ours , needed redemption . What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there ? '' The main story is an allegory of Christ 's crucifixion : Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund , a traitor who may deserve death , in the same way that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners . Aslan is killed on the Stone Table , symbolizing Mosaic Law , which breaks when he is resurrected , symbolizing the replacement of the strict justice of Old Testament law with redeeming grace and forgiveness granted on the basis of substitutional atonement , according to Christian theology . As with the Christian Passion , it is women ( Susan and Lucy ) who tend Aslan 's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection . The significance of the death contains elements of both the ransom theory of atonement and the satisfaction theory : Aslan suffers Edmund 's penalty ( satisfaction ) , and buys him back from the White Witch , who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery ( ransom ) . In Christian belief , Christ is associated with the Biblical `` Lion of Judah '' of Revelation 5 : 5 . Professor Kirke is based on W.T. Kirkpatrick , who tutored a 16 - year - old Lewis . `` Kirk , '' as he was sometimes called , taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly , skills that would be invaluable to him later . Narnia is caught in endless winter that has lasted a century when the children first enter . Norse tradition mythologises a `` great winter , '' known as the Fimbulwinter , said to precede Ragnarök . The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kay by The Snow Queen in Hans Christian Andersen 's novella of that name . The dwarves and giants are found in Norse mythology ; fauns , centaurs , minotaurs and dryads derive from Greek mythology . Father Christmas , of course , was part of popular English folklore . There are several parallels between the White Witch and the immortal white queen , Ayesha , of H. Rider Haggard 's She , a novel greatly admired by C.S. Lewis . The Story of the Amulet written by Edith Nesbit also contains scenes that can be considered precursors to sequences presenting Jadis , particularly in The Magician 's Nephew . Nesbit 's short story The Aunt and Amabel includes the motif of a girl entering a wardrobe to gain access to a magical place . The freeing of Aslan 's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of Aesop 's fable of `` The Lion and the Mouse . '' In the fable , a lion catches a mouse , but the mouse persuades the lion to release him , promising that the favor would be rewarded . Later in the story , he gnaws through the lion 's bonds after he has been captured by hunters . It is also reminiscent of a scene from Edgar Allan Poe 's story `` The Pit and the Pendulum , '' in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds . In a later book , `` Prince Caspian , '' we learn that as reward for their actions , mice gained the same intelligence and speech as other Narnian animals . Differences between editions ( edit ) Due to labor union rules , the text of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition of by Macmillan US in 1950 . Lewis took that opportunity to make the following changes to the original British edition published by Geoffrey Bles earlier that same year : In chapter one of the American edition , the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition . In chapter six of the American edition , the name of the White Witch 's chief of police is changed to `` Fenris Ulf '' from `` Maugrim '' in the British . In chapter thirteen of the American edition , `` the trunk of the World Ash Tree '' takes the place of `` the fire - stones of the Secret Hill '' . When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994 , they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide . The current US edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words . Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The story has been adapted three times for television . The first adaptation was a ten - part serial produced by ABC Weekend Television for ITV and broadcast in 1967 . In 1979 , an animated TV - movie , directed by Peanuts director Bill Meléndez , was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . A third television adaptation was produced in 1988 by the BBC using a combination of live actors , animatronic puppets and animation . Only this last one was the first of a series of 3 Narnia adaptations . The programme was nominated for an Emmy and won a BAFTA . It was followed by three further Narnia adaptations . Theatre ( edit ) Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London 's Westminster Theatre , produced by Vanessa Ford Productions . The play , adapted by Glyn Robbins , was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . Jules Tasca , Ted Drachman , and Thomas Tierney collaborated on a musical adaptation published in 1986 . In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intention . It starred among others popular young Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while music was composed by Lito Villareal . In 1998 , the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell , for which the acting edition has been published . The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell 's work in June 2016 . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) In 2003 , there was an Australian commercial stage production which toured the country by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions , using both life - size puppets and human actors . It was directed by notable film director Nadia Tass , and starred Amanda Muggleton , Dennis Olsen , Meaghan Davies and Yolande Brown . In 2011 , a two - actor stage adaptation by Le Clanché du Rand opened Off - Broadway in New York City at St. Luke 's Theatre . The production was directed by Julia Beardsley O'Brien and starred Erin Layton and Andrew Fortman . As of 2014 , the production is currently running with a replacement cast of Abigail Taylor - Sansom and Rockford Sansom . Audio ( edit ) Multiple audio editions have been released , both straightforward readings and dramatizations . In 1981 , Michael Hordern read abridged versions of the classic tale ( and the others in the series ) . In 2000 , an unabridged audio book was released , narrated by Michael York . ( All the books were released in audio form , read by different actors . ) In 1988 , BBC Radio 4 mounted a full dramatization . In 1998 , Focus on the Family Radio Theatre also adapted this story . Both the original BBC version and the Focus on the Family version have been broadcast on BBC radio . Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books . The BBC series uses the title Tales of Narnia , while the Focus on the Family version uses the more familiar Chronicles moniker . The Focus on the Family version is also longer , with a full orchestra score , narration , a larger cast of actors , and introductions by Douglas Gresham , C.S. Lewis ' stepson . Film ( edit ) In 2005 , the story was adapted for a theatrical film , co-produced by Walt Disney and Walden Media . It has so far been followed by two more films : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The latter was co-produced by Twentieth - Century Fox and Walden Media . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Fantasy portal Narnia portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Catalog Record . `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first U.S. edition ) . LCC record . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis , C.S. ( Clive Staples ) 1898 -- 1963 '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 ^ Jump up to : `` Bibliography : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . ISFDB . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 p. 75 Jump up ^ for she is mentioned by name in the notice left by Maugrim after the arrest of Tumnus in chapter 6 , `` Into the Forest . '' Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . `` It All Began with a Picture '' . Radio Times . 15 July 1960 . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Of Other Worlds '' , by C.S. Lewis `` . Huntington . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24 . Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edwards , Owen Dudley ( 2007 ) . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , Roger Lancelyn , and Walter Hooper ( 2002 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully Revised and Expanded Edition . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1966 ) , `` Different Tastes in Literature '' . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2004 ( 1947 ) ) . Collected Letters : Volume 2 ( 1931 - 1949 ) . p. 802 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 072764 - 0 . Letter to E.L. Baxter dated 10 September 1947 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , pp. xix , 53 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1935 ) , `` The Alliterative Metre '' . In Hooper , ed. ( 1969 ) , Selected Literary Essays , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521074414 , p. 25 . The connection argued in Michael Ward ( 2008 ) , Planet Narnia : the seven heavens in the imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195313871 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter . `` Lucy Barfield ( 1935 -- 2003 ) '' . SEVEN : An Anglo - American Literary Review . Volume 20 , 2003 , p. 5 . ISSN 0271 - 3012 . `` The dedication ... was probably taken from Lewis 's letter to Lucy of May 1949 '' . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Veith , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas , James Flood , Diane Lapp , and Nancy Frey ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / RT. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( 16 October 2005 ) . `` All - TIME 100 Novels : The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten books parents think children should read '' . The Telegraph . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ GoodKnight , Glen H. `` Translations of The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis '' ( index ) . Narnia Editions & Translations ( inklingsfocus.com ) . Updated 3 August 2010 . Confirmed 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ James E. Higgins . `` A Letter from C.S. Lewis '' . The Horn Book Magazine . October 1966 . Archived 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn . Journey into Narnia . Pasadena , CA : Hope Publ House . ISBN 9780932727893 . pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Beatrice . C.S. Lewis : The Man Behind Narnia . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802853011 . p. 122 . ( Second edition of C.S. Lewis : Christian and Storyteller . Eerdmans. 1997 . ISBN 9780802851215 . ) Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume 3 : Narnia , Cambridge , and Joy , 1950 - 1963 . Zondervan . p. 497 . ISBN 0060819227 . Jump up ^ Lindsley , Art . `` C.S. Lewis : His Life and Works '' . C.S. Lewis Institute . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No sex in Narnia ? How Hans Christian Andersen 's `` Snow Queen '' problematizes C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia `` . Free Online Library ( thefreelibrary.com ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. `` Howstuffworks `` The World of Narnia '' `` . Howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` C.S. Lewis And The Scholarship Of Imagination In E. Nesbit And Rider Haggard -- Research and Read Books , Journals , Articles at Questia Online Library '' . Questia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What C.S. Lewis Took From E. Nesbit '' . Project Muse . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Prince Caspian , Chapter 15 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Devin ( 2013 ) . Inside Narnia : A Guide to Exploring The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Abingdon Press . ISBN 0801065992 . Jump up ^ Schakel , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Way Into Narnia : A Reader 's Guide . Wm . B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802829849 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bell , James ; Dunlop , Cheryl ( 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the World of Narnia . Alpha . ISBN 1592576176 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : Literary Sources for the C.S . Abingdon Press . ISBN 9781426785559 . pp. 138 , 173 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Catalog - Book Information '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter ( 1998 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Complete Guide to His Life & Works . HarperCollins . pp. 787 , 960 . Jump up ^ WorldCat libraries have catalogued the related works in different ways including `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( book , 1986 , OCLC 14694962 ) ; `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( musical score , 1986 , OCLC 16713815 ) ; `` Narnia : a dramatic adaptation of C.S. Lewis 's The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( video , 1986 , OCLC 32772305 ) ; `` Narnia : based on C.S. Lewis ' ( classic story ) The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( 1987 , OCLC 792898134 ) . Google Books uses the title `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' and hosts selections , perhaps from the play by Tasca alone , without lyrics or music . `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' at Google Books ( books.google.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trumpets The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . TheBachelorGirl.com. 29 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Evidently `` the Bachelor Girl '' was a former member of the Trumpets cast . Jump up ^ David , B.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Narnia Revisited '' . From a Filipino school newspaper , probably in translation , posted 12 September 2002 to a discussion forum at Pinoy Exchange ( pinoyexchange.com/forums ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . `` Stephen Gresham , stepson of C.S. Lewis '' saw the second staging by invitation and returned with his wife to see it again . `` ( T ) his approval from the family and estate of the well - loved author is enough evidence that the Trumpets adaptations is at par with other version . '' Jump up ^ See also blog reprint of local paper article at ( 1 ) . Article in English . Blog in Filipino . Jump up ^ Garcia , Rose ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Is Sam Concepcion the next Christian Bautista ? '' . PEP ( Philippine Entertainment Portal ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Adrian ( 4 December 1998 ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe : The Royal Shakespeare Company 's Stage Adaptation . An Acting Edition . Oberon Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1840020496 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jim ( 2 January 2003 ) . `` Mythical , magical puppetry '' . The Age ( theage.com.au ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Yench , Belinda . `` Welcome to the lion 's den '' . The Blurb ( Australian arts and entertainment ) ( theblurb.com.au ) . Archived from the original on 8 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 ... This review mistakenly identifies C.S. Lewis as the author of Alice in Wonderland . Jump up ^ Charles Quittner . `` The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Is Cute and Compact '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Graeber , Laurel ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Spare Times for Children for Sept. 5 - 11 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Citations Ford , Paul F. ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : Revised Edition . San Francisco : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . Hooper , Walter , ed. ( 1982 ) . On Stories and Other Essays on Literature . By C.S. Lewis . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . Schakel , Peter J. ( 2002 ) . Imagination and the arts in C.S. Lewis : journeying to Narnia and other worlds . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1407 - X . Veith , Gene ( 2008 ) . The Soul of Prince Caspian : Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia . David C. Cook . ISBN 0 - 7814 - 4528 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Sammons , Martha C. ( 1979 ) . A Guide Through Narnia . Wheaton , Illinois : Harold Shaw Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87788 - 325 - 4 . Downing , David C. ( 2005 ) . Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 6 . Ryken , Leland ; and Mead ; Marjorie Lamp ( 2005 ) . A Reader 's Guide Through the Wardrobe : Exploring C.S. Lewis 's Classic Story . London : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3289 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) -- immediately , the full - colour C.S. Lewis centenary edition The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database <Th_colspan="2"> The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe <Td_colspan="1"> Prince Caspian <Td_colspan="1"> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader <Td_colspan="1"> The Silver Chair <Td_colspan="1"> The Horse and His Boy <Td_colspan="1"> The Magician 's Nephew <Td_colspan="1"> The Last Battle <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film Soundtrack Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film Soundtrack Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film Soundtrack Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Film <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Works by C.S. Lewis Poetry Spirits in Bondage ( 1919 ) Dymer ( 1926 ) Fiction <Td_colspan="2"> The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) The Screwtape Letters ( 1942 ) The Great Divorce ( 1945 ) Till We Have Faces ( 1956 ) Screwtape Proposes a Toast ( 1959 ) Letters to Malcolm : Chiefly on Prayer ( 1964 ) Boxen ( 1985 ) The Space Trilogy Out of the Silent Planet ( 1938 ) Perelandra ( 1943 ) That Hideous Strength ( 1945 ) The Dark Tower ( manuscript ) ( 1977 ) The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Non-fiction The Allegory of Love ( 1936 ) The Personal Heresy ( 1939 ) The Problem of Pain ( 1940 ) A Preface to Paradise Lost ( 1942 ) The Abolition of Man ( 1943 ) Miracles ( 1947 ) Mere Christianity ( 1952 ) Surprised by Joy ( 1955 ) The Four Loves ( 1960 ) Studies in Words ( 1960 ) The World 's Last Night and Other Essays ( 1960 ) An Experiment in Criticism ( 1961 ) A Grief Observed ( 1961 ) They Asked for a Paper : Papers and Addresses ( 1962 ) Selections from Layamon 's Brut ( 1963 ) The Discarded Image ( 1964 ) The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses ( 1965 ) Of Other Worlds ( 1966 ) God in the Dock ( 1970 - 1971 ) VIAF : 179642103 LCCN : no97081413 GND : 7548964 - 8 BNE : XX2054247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe&oldid=815144532 '' Categories : 1950 British novels 1950s fantasy novels British children 's novels British novels adapted into films Christian fiction and allegory High fantasy novels Jinn in popular culture Novels adapted into television programs The Chronicles of Narnia books 1950 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 58 . 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-5,350,129,680,728,549,000 | united kingdom is still the part of european union | Brexit - wikipedia Brexit United Kingdom 's planned withdrawal from the European Union Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdom in the European Union Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act Membership The Euro European Movement UK Nationality law UK Euroscepticism Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday Officials and bodies EU Committee European Scrutiny Committee Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London Young European Movement UK UK European Commissioners Permanent EU Representatives Legislation 1972 EC Act 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004 -- 05 EU Bill 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) 2016 EU membership referendum Issues Endorsements Opinion polling Results Causes Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People 's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave ( official lead group ) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.EU Bpoplive Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe Nucleus People 's Vote Pejorative term for pro-EU advocacy Project Fear Media coverage Brexit : The Movie In or Out Aftermath International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bills 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Proposed London independence The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 ( including meaningful vote ) Gibraltar 2017 General Election EU Withdrawal Agreement ( Public Vote ) Bill 2017 - 19 UK 's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU ( Brexit Department ) Department for International Trade Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain Calls for second vote European Union Withdrawal Agreement ( Public Vote ) Bill 2017 - 19 Organisations campaigning for a second vote via People 's Vote Best for Britain Britain for Europe European Movement UK Healthier IN the EU Open Britain Scientists for EU See also Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom Part of a series on the History of the United Kingdom Timeline ( show ) Georgian period Napoleonic Wars Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Brexit Post-war period ( social history ) Topics ( show ) History of women Military history United Kingdom portal Brexit ( / ˈbrɛksɪt , ˈbrɛɡzɪt / ) is the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom ( UK ) from the European Union ( EU ) . In a referendum on 23 June 2016 , 51.9 % of the participating UK electorate voted to leave the EU ; the turnout was 72.2 % . On 29 March 2017 , the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union . The European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 declares `` exit day '' to be 29 March 2019 at 11 pm UTC . Prime Minister Theresa May announced the government 's intention that the UK would not seek permanent membership of the European single market or the EU customs union after leaving the EU and promised to repeal the European Communities Act of 1972 and incorporate existing European Union law into UK domestic law . A new government department , the Department for Exiting the European Union , was created in July 2016 . Negotiations with the EU officially started in June 2017 , aiming to complete the withdrawal agreement by October 2018 . In June 2018 , the UK and the EU published a joint progress report outlining agreement on issues including customs , VAT and Euratom . The UK joined the European Communities ( EC ) in 1973 , with membership confirmed by a referendum in 1975 . In the 1970s and 1980s , withdrawal from the EC was advocated mainly by Labour Party members and trade union figures . From the 1990s , the main advocates of withdrawal were the newly founded UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) and an increasing number of Eurosceptic Conservative Party members . Prime Minister David Cameron held the referendum in fulfilment of a 2015 manifesto pledge . Cameron , who had campaigned for `` Remain '' , resigned after the referendum result and was succeeded by Theresa May , who called a snap general election less than a year later , in which she lost her overall majority . Her minority government is supported in key votes by the Democratic Unionist Party . Six weeks after the referendum , the Bank of England introduced quantitative easing and lower interest rates , devaluing sterling and allowing a rise in inflation that outpaced wage growth for most of 2017 . The drop in the value of sterling has been claimed to have been caused in part by hedge - fund managers betting on Brexit against polls predicting that the Remain camp would narrowly win . There is a broad consensus in existing economic research that Brexit is likely to reduce UK 's real per capita income in the medium term and long term . There is also agreement among economists that the Brexit referendum itself damaged the economy in the subsequent two years . Studies on effects that have materialised since the referendum show annual losses of £ 404 for the average UK household , and losses between 1.3 % and 2.1 % of UK GDP . Brexit is likely to reduce immigration from European Economic Area ( EEA ) countries to the UK , and poses challenges for UK higher education and academic research . As of June 2018 , the size of the `` divorce bill '' , the UK 's inheritance of existing EU trade agreements , and relations with the Republic of Ireland remain uncertain . The precise impact on the UK depends on whether it becomes a `` hard '' Brexit or a `` soft '' Brexit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Background 2.1 Referendum Party and UKIP 2.2 Opinion polls 1977 -- 2015 3 Referendum of 2016 3.1 Negotiations for EU reform 3.2 Campaign groups 3.3 Referendum result 3.4 Demographic analysis of voters 3.5 Resignations , contests , and appointments 3.6 Potential irregularities 4 Procedure for leaving the EU 4.1 Reversibility 4.2 Date of Brexit 5 Negotiations 5.1 Timing 5.2 History 6 Post-Article 50 British legislation 6.1 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 6.2 Additional government bills 6.2. 1 Euratom 6.3 Voting on the final outcome 7 Developments since the Referendum of 2016 7.1 Elections 7.2 Economy 7.3 Immigration 8 Impact on the United Kingdom 8.1 Immigration 8.1. 1 Long term 8.1. 2 Immediate effects 8.2 Economic effects 8.2. 1 Immediate effects 8.2. 2 Long - term economic analyses 8.2. 3 Short - term economic analyses 8.2. 4 Loss of agencies 8.3 Higher education and academic research 8.4 Scotland 8.5 International agreements 8.6 Options for continuing relationship with the EU 8.7 Border with Republic of Ireland 8.8 Border with France 8.9 Gibraltar and Spain 8.10 Relations with CANZUK countries 9 Consequences of withdrawal for the EU 9.1 Structure and budget 9.2 Council of the European Union 9.3 European Parliament 9.4 Legal system 9.5 Fishing 9.6 World Trade Organization 10 Public opinion and comment 10.1 Public comment up to February 2017 UK white paper 10.2 Public comment pre - and post-Article 50 notification 10.3 Post-referendum opinion polling 10.4 US position 11 Cultural responses to the referendum vote 11.1 Brexit in the visual arts 11.2 Brexit in novels 11.3 Brexit in theatre 11.4 Brexit in film 12 Establishment of pro-European political organisations 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links 17.1 Relating to court cases Terminology In the wake of the referendum , many new pieces of Brexit - related jargon have entered popular use . Brexit Brexit ( like its early variant , Brixit ) is a portmanteau of `` British '' and `` exit '' . In popular usage , it was derived by analogy from Grexit , referring to a hypothetical withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone ( and possibly also the EU ) . However , the term Brexit may have first been used in reference to a possible UK withdrawal from the EU by Peter Wilding , in a Euractiv blog post on 15 May 2012 ; this is given as the first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary ) . Hard and soft Brexit The terms `` hard Brexit '' and `` soft Brexit '' are often used unofficially in terms of the process , but commonly by news media , and are understood to describe the prospective relationship between the UK and the EU after withdrawal , ranging from hard , which could involve the UK trading with the EU like any other non-EU - member country under World Trade Organization rules but with no obligation to accept free movement of people , to soft , which might involve retaining membership of the EU single market for goods and services and at least some free movement of people , according to European Economic Area rules . May 's desire for a ' red , white , and blue Brexit ' was widely mocked . Divorce bill It is expected that the UK will make a contribution toward financial commitments that were approved while the UK was still a member of the EU but are still outstanding . In the first phase of negotiations the total amount was referred to as the single financial settlement , or just the settlement . Especially in the media , this has been called an exit bill or divorce bill , while the EU talk of settling the accounts . Brexiteer Those supporting Brexit are sometimes referred to as `` Brexiteers '' . Remainer Those opposing Brexit are sometimes referred to as `` Remainers '' . The derogatory term `` Remoaner '' ( a portmanteau of `` remainer '' and `` moaner '' ) is sometimes used by pro-Brexit media outlets . Background Main articles : History of European Union -- United Kingdom relations and Foreign relations of the United Kingdom The `` Inner Six '' European countries signed the Treaty of Paris in 1951 , establishing the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) . The 1955 Messina Conference deemed that the ECSC was a success , and resolved to extend the concept further , thereby leading to the 1957 Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) . In 1967 these became known as the European Communities ( EC ) . The UK attempted to join in 1963 and 1967 , but these applications were vetoed by the President of France , Charles de Gaulle . After de Gaulle relinquished the French presidency the UK successfully applied for membership and the Conservative prime minister Edward Heath signed the Treaty of Accession in 1972 , Parliament passed the European Communities Act later in the year and the UK became a member of the EC on 1 January 1973 with Denmark and Ireland . The opposition Labour Party contested the October 1974 general election with a commitment to renegotiate Britain 's terms of membership of the EC and then hold a referendum on whether to remain in the EC on the new terms . After Labour won the election , the United Kingdom held its first national referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Communities in 1975 . Despite significant division within the ruling Labour Party all major political parties and the mainstream press supported continuing membership of the EC . On 5 June 1975 , 67.2 % of the electorate and all but two UK counties and regions voted to stay in ; support for the UK to leave the EC in 1975 appears unrelated to the support for Leave in the 2016 referendum . Comparison of results of 1975 and 2016 referendums The Labour Party campaigned in the 1983 general election on a commitment to withdraw from the EC without a referendum , although after a heavy defeat Labour changed its policy . In 1985 , the Thatcher government ratified the Single European Act -- the first major revision to the Treaty of Rome -- without a referendum . In October 1990 , under pressure from senior ministers and despite Margaret Thatcher 's deep reservations , the United Kingdom joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) , with the pound sterling pegged to the deutschmark . Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister the following month , amid Conservative Party divisions arising partly from her increasingly Eurosceptic views . The United Kingdom and Italy were forced to withdraw from the ERM in September 1992 , after the pound sterling and the lira came under pressure ( `` Black Wednesday '' ) . Under the Maastricht Treaty , the European Communities became the European Union on 1 November 1993 , reflecting the evolution of the organisation from an economic union into a political union . Referendum Party and UKIP In 1994 , Sir James Goldsmith formed the Referendum Party to contest the 1997 general election on a platform of providing a referendum on the nature of the United Kingdom 's relationship with the EU . It fielded candidates in 547 constituencies at that election , and won 810,860 votes or 2.6 % of the total votes cast , although it failed to win a single parliamentary seat due to its vote being spread across the country . The Referendum Party disbanded after Goldsmith 's death in 1997 . The UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , a Eurosceptic political party , was also formed in 1993 . It achieved third place in the UK during the 2004 European elections , second place in the 2009 European elections and first place in the 2014 European elections , with 27.5 % of the total vote . This was the first time since the 1910 general election that any party other than the Labour or Conservative parties had taken the largest share of the vote in a nationwide election . UKIP 's electoral success in the 2014 European election has been documented as the strongest correlate of the support for the leave campaign in the 2016 referendum . UKIP won two by - elections ( triggered by defecting Conservative MPs ) in 2014 ; in the 2015 general election it took 12.6 % of the total vote , and held one of the two seats won in 2014 . Opinion polls 1977 -- 2015 Both pro - and anti-EU views have had majority support at different times since 1977 . In the European Communities membership referendum of 1975 , two - thirds of British voters favoured continued EC membership . In a statistical analysis published in April 2016 , Professor John Curtice of Strathclyde University defined Euroscepticism as the wish to sever or reduce the powers of the EU , and conversely Europhilia as the desire to preserve or increase the powers of the EU . According to this definition , the British Social Attitudes ( BSA ) surveys show an increase in euroscepticism from 38 % ( 1993 ) to 65 % ( 2015 ) . Euroscepticism should , however , not be confused with the wish to leave the EU : the BSA survey for the period July -- November 2015 shows that 60 % backed the option `` continue as an EU member '' , and only 30 % backed the option to `` withdraw '' . Referendum of 2016 Main article : United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Negotiations for EU reform Main article : United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership , 2015 -- 16 In 2012 , Prime Minister David Cameron initially rejected calls for a referendum on the UK 's EU membership , but then suggested the possibility of a future referendum to endorse his proposed renegotiation of Britain 's relationship with the EU . According to the BBC , `` The prime minister acknowledged the need to ensure the UK 's ( renegotiated ) position within the European Union had ' the full - hearted support of the British people ' but they needed to show ' tactical and strategic patience ' . '' Under pressure from many of his MPs and from the rise of UKIP , in January 2013 , Cameron announced that a Conservative government would hold an in -- out referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 , on a renegotiated package , if elected in 2015 . The Conservative Party won the 2015 general election with a majority . Soon afterwards the European Union Referendum Act 2015 was introduced into Parliament to enable the referendum . Cameron favoured remaining in a reformed European Union , and sought to renegotiate on four key points : protection of the single market for non-eurozone countries , reduction of `` red tape '' , exempting Britain from `` ever - closer union '' , and restricting EU immigration . In December 2015 , opinion polls showed a clear majority in favour of remaining in the EU ; they also showed support would drop if Cameron did not negotiate adequate safeguards for non-eurozone member states , and restrictions on benefits for EU citizens . The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016 . Some limits to in - work benefits for new EU immigrants were agreed , but before they could be applied , a country such as the UK would have to get permission from the European Commission and then from the European Council . In a speech to the House of Commons on 22 February 2016 , Cameron announced a referendum date of 23 June 2016 , and commented on the renegotiation settlement . He spoke of an intention to trigger the Article 50 process immediately following a leave vote , and of the `` two - year time period to negotiate the arrangements for exit . '' Campaign groups Main article : Campaigning in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 The official campaign group for leaving the EU was Vote Leave after a contest for the designation with Leave.EU . A `` Vote Leave '' poster in Omagh , Northern Ireland , saying `` We send the EU £ 50 million every day . Let 's spend it on our NHS instead . '' The official campaign to stay in the EU , chaired by Stuart Rose , was known as Britain Stronger in Europe , or informally as ' Remain ' . Other campaigns supporting remaining in the EU included Conservatives In , Labour in for Britain , # INtogether ( Liberal Democrats ) , Greens for a Better Europe , Scientists for EU , Environmentalists For Europe , Universities for Europe and Another Europe is Possible . Referendum result Main article : Results of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 The result was announced on the morning of 24 June : 51.9 % voted in favour of leaving the European Union , and 48.1 % voted in favour of remaining a member of the European Union . Comprehensive results are available from the UK Electoral Commission Referendum Results site . A petition calling for a second referendum attracted more than four million signatures , but was rejected by the government on 9 July . <Td_colspan="4"> United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 National result <Th_colspan="2"> Choice Votes % Leave the European Union 17,410,742 51.89 % Remain a member of the European Union 16,141,241 48.11 % <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Valid votes 33,551,983 99.92 % <Td_colspan="2"> Invalid or blank votes 25,359 0.08 % <Td_colspan="2"> Total votes 33,577,342 100.00 % <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Registered voters and turnout 46,500,001 72.21 % <Td_colspan="2"> Voting age population and turnout 51,356,768 65.38 % <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Electoral Commission National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) Leave : 17,410,742 ( 51.9 % ) Remain : 16,141,241 ( 48.1 % ) <Td_colspan="4"> ▲ Results by region ( left ) and by council district ( GB ) & UK Parliament constituency ( NI ) ( right ) Leave Remain Demographic analysis of voters According to Thomas Sampson , an economist at the London School of Economics , `` Older and less - educated voters were more likely to vote ' leave ' ... A majority of white voters wanted to leave , but only 33 percent of Asian voters and 27 percent of black voters chose leave . There was no gender split in the vote , with 52 percent of both men and women voting to leave . Leaving the European Union received support from across the political spectrum ... Voting to leave the European Union was strongly associated with holding socially conservative political beliefs , opposing cosmopolitanism , and thinking life in Britain is getting worse rather than better . '' Econometric studies show `` first , education and , to a lesser extent , age were the strongest demographic predictors of voting behavior ... Second , poor economic outcomes at the individual or area level were associated with voting to leave ... Third , support for leaving the European Union is strongly associated with self - reported opposition to immigration , but not with exposure to immigration . '' Resignations , contests , and appointments Main article : Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 After the result was declared , Cameron announced that he would resign by October . He stood down on 13 July 2016 , with Theresa May becoming Prime Minister after a leadership contest . George Osborne was replaced as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Philip Hammond , former Mayor of London Boris Johnson was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , and David Davis became Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union . Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn lost a vote of confidence among his parliamentary party , and an unsuccessful leadership challenge was launched . On 4 July , Nigel Farage announced his resignation as leader of UKIP . Potential irregularities There are allegations that Vote Leave broke electoral law and that the breach influenced the result . Kyle Taylor of Fair Vote Project ( which aims to rerun the referendum ) stated : `` The issue is too big to have half the country or more than half the country , wonder ' was that actually the result ? Is this the future the country wants ? ' That 's first and foremost , let 's be certain , everybody play by the rules . '' Taylor maintains further , `` on the basis of fairness , it has to be the same vote posed in the same way '' . Allegations of cyberwarfare and Russian interference in the Brexit referendum , as well as unlawful donations by Saudi Arabia , have been made since the vote . On 11 May 2018 , the Electoral Commission found against Leave.EU , which ran a separate campaign to the official pro-Brexit group Vote Leave , following its investigations into alleged irregularities during the referendum campaign . It found that Leave.EU had unlawfully overspent at least £ 77,380 - 10 % more than the statutory spending limit -- though the real figure `` may well have been considerably higher '' . Additionally , its investigations found that Leave.EU inaccurately reported three loans it had received , including `` a lack of transparency and incorrect reporting around who provided the loans , the dates the loans were entered into , the repayment date and the interest rate . '' Finally , Leave.EU had also failed to provide the required invoice or receipt for `` 97 payments of over £ 200 , totalling £ 80,224 . '' The Electoral Commission 's director of political finance and regulation and legal counsel complained that the £ 70,000 fine he was permitted to impose on Leave.EU did not meet the severity of the offences committed by a `` key player in the EU referendum '' . Further he announced that there was ample evidence of criminal activity from the group campaign chief , Liz Bilney , and that she `` knowingly or recklessly signed a false declaration accompanying the Leave.EU referendum spending return '' . The Electoral Commission has referred the matter to the police . Leave. EU 's co-founder Arron Banks has stated that he rejects the outcome of the investigation and will be challenging it in court . Procedure for leaving the EU Main article : United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Withdrawal from the European Union is governed by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union . Under the Article 50 invocation procedure , a member notifies the European Council , whereupon the EU is required to negotiate and conclude an agreement with ( the leaving ) State , setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal , taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the ( European ) Union . The negotiation period is limited to two years unless extended , after which the treaties cease to apply . There was a discussion whether parallel negotiation of withdrawal terms and future relationships under Article 50 are appropriate ( Chancellor Merkel 's initial view ) or whether Britain did not have the right to negotiate future trade with the EU27 as this power is arguably reserved to the EU as long as the UK is a member ( the view of a European Commission lawyer ) . Although the 2015 Referendum Act did not expressly require Article 50 to be invoked , the UK government stated that it would expect a leave vote to be followed by withdrawal . Following the referendum result , Cameron resigned and said that it would be for the incoming Prime Minister to invoke Article 50 . Letter from Theresa May invoking Article 50 The Supreme Court ruled in the Miller case in January 2017 that the government needed parliamentary approval to trigger Article 50 . Subsequently , the House of Commons overwhelmingly voted , on 1 February 2017 , for a government bill authorising the prime minister to invoke Article 50 , and the bill passed into law as the European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 . Theresa May then signed a letter invoking Article 50 on 28 March 2017 , which was delivered on 29 March by Tim Barrow , the UK 's ambassador to the EU , to European Council President Donald Tusk . Reversibility Main article : United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union § Reversibility It has been argued that the Article 50 withdrawal process may be halted unilaterally by the British government , with which opinion the author of Article 50 itself , Lord Kerr , has expressed agreement . The European Parliament 's Brexit committee has noted that unilateral revocation , regardless of its legality , poses a substantial moral hazard , with EU member states potentially able to abuse it to blackmail the Union . Date of Brexit Both parties to the withdrawal negotiation are bound by Article 50 ( 3 ) , which states explicitly that the EU treaties will cease to apply `` from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or , failing that , two years after '' the withdrawal notification unless the EU Council and UK agree to extend the two - year period . On the EU side , the EU 's Directives for the negotiation of an agreement notes that `` The Agreement should set a withdrawal date which is at the latest 30 March 2019 at 00 : 00 ( Brussels time ) , '' -- i.e. Central European Time -- `` unless the European Council , in agreement with the United Kingdom , unanimously decides to extend this period in accordance with Article 50 ( 3 ) of the Treaty on European Union . '' On the British side , the European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 defines `` exit day '' as `` 29 March 2019 at 11.00 p.m '' . Negotiations Main article : Brexit negotiations Timing The British and EU negotiators agreed that initial negotiations , relating especially to residency rights , would commence in June 2017 ( immediately after the French presidential and parliamentary elections ) , and full negotiations , relating especially to trading agreements , could commence in October 2017 ( immediately after the German federal election , 2017 ) . The first day of talks was 19 June . History On 28 June 2016 , Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel , and on the following day European Council President Tusk , stated that the UK could remain in the European Single Market ( ESM ) only if the UK accepted its four freedoms of movement : for goods , capital , services , and labour . In October , Prime Minister Theresa May emphasised that ending the jurisdiction of EU law and free movement from Europe were the UK 's priorities , along with British and EU companies having maximum freedom to trade in the UK and the ESM . In November 2016 , May proposed that Britain and the other EU countries mutually guarantee the residency rights of the 3.3 million EU immigrants in Britain and those of the 1.2 million British citizens living on the Continent , in order to exclude their fates being bargained during Brexit negotiations . Despite initial approval from a majority of EU states , May 's proposal was blocked by Tusk and Merkel . In January 2017 , the Prime Minister presented 12 negotiating objectives and confirmed that the UK government would not seek permanent single market membership . The European Parliament 's lead negotiator Guy Verhofstadt responded that there could be no `` cherry - picking '' by the UK in the talks . The statutory period for negotiation began on 29 March 2017 , when the UK formally submitted a letter notifying withdrawal . The letter called for a `` deep and special relationship '' between the UK and the EU , and warned that failure to reach an agreement would result in EU - UK trade under World Trade Organisation terms , and a weakening of the UK 's co-operation in the fight against crime and terrorism . The letter suggested prioritising an early deal on the rights of EU citizens in the UK and vice versa , and stated that the UK would not seek to remain within the ESM . Instead , the UK would seek a free trade agreement with the EU . In response , Merkel insisted that the EU would not discuss future co-operation without first settling the terms of leaving the EU ; Verhofstadt referred to the letter as `` blackmail '' with regard to the point on security and terrorism , and EU Commission president Jean - Claude Juncker said the UK 's decision to quit the block was a `` choice they will regret one day '' . On 29 April 2017 , immediately after the first round of French presidential elections , the EU27 heads of state accepted negotiating guidelines prepared by Tusk . The guidelines take the view that Article 50 permits a two - phased negotiation , in which the UK first agrees to a financial commitment and to lifelong benefits for EU citizens in Britain , and then negotiations on a future relationship can begin . In the first phase , the EU27 would demand the UK pay a `` divorce bill '' , initially estimated as amounting to £ 52bn and then , after additional financial demands from Germany , France , and Poland , to £ 92bn . A report of the European Union Committee of the House of Lords , published on 4 March 2017 , stated that if there is no post-Brexit deal at the end of the negotiating period , the UK could withdraw without payment . On 22 May 2017 , the European Council authorised its negotiators to start the Brexit talks and it adopted its negotiating directives . The first day of talks took place on 19 June , where Davis and Michel Barnier , European Chief Negotiator for Brexit , agreed to prioritise the question of residency rights , while Davis conceded that a discussion of the Northern Irish border would have to await future trade agreements . On 22 June 2017 , Prime Minister May guaranteed that no EU citizen living legally in the UK would be forced to leave , and offered that any EU citizen who lived in the UK for more than five years until an unspecified deadline between March 2017 and March 2019 would enjoy the same rights as a UK citizen , conditional on the EU providing the same offer to British expatriates living in the EU . The Prime Minister detailed her residency proposals on 26 June , but drew no concessions from EU negotiators , who had declined to expedite agreement on expatriates by the end of June 2017 , and who are hoping for European courts to continue to have jurisdiction in the UK with regards to EU citizens , according to their negotiation aims published in May 2017 . The second round of negotiations began in mid-July 2017 . Progress was made on the Northern Irish border question ; UK negotiators requested a detailed breakdown of the `` divorce bill '' demand ; and the EU negotiators criticised the UK 's citizenship rights offer . David Davis did not commit to a net payment by the UK to the EU with regards to the requested divorce bill , while Michel Barnier would not compromise on his demand for the European Court of Justice to have continuing jurisdiction over the rights of EU citizens living in the UK after Brexit , rejecting the compromise proposal of a new international body made up of British and EU judges . On 16 August 2017 , the UK government disclosed the first of several papers detailing British ambitions following Brexit , discussing trade and customs arrangements . On 23 August , Theresa May announced that Britain will leave the EU Court of Justice 's direct jurisdiction when the Brexit transition period that is planned after March 2019 ends , but that both the British courts and the EU Court of Justice will also keep `` half an eye '' on each other 's rulings afterwards as well . One of the UK government 's position papers published in August called for no additional restrictions for goods already on the market in the UK and EU . The third round of negotiations began on 28 August 2017 . There was disagreement over the financial settlement ; The Irish Times explained that British negotiators referred to the seven - year Multiannual Financial Framework ( MFF or Maff ) for the period 2014 - 2020 agreed by member states and the EU parliament as a `` planning tool '' for the next period rather than a legally - binding financial obligation on member states . The British case is that the MFF sets ceilings on spending under various headings and is later radically revised during the annual budget process when real legal obligations on each state arises . This contrasts with the EU Commission 's methodology for calculating the UK Brexit bill which involves dividing the MFF into the shares historically agreed by each member state . On the Irish border question there was a `` breakthrough '' , with the British side guaranteeing free movement of EU citizens within the Common travel area constituting Ireland and the United Kingdom . On 5 September 2017 , Davis said that `` concrete progress '' had been made over the summer in areas such as protecting the rights of British expats in the EU to access healthcare and over the future of the Irish border , while significant differences over the `` divorce bill '' remained . On 9 September , the EU Commission published several negotiating papers , including one in which the EU concedes / declares that it is the responsibility of the UK to propose solutions for the post-Brexit Irish border . The paper envisages that a `` unique '' solution would be permissible here ; in other words , any such exceptional Irish solution would not necessarily be a template for post-Brexit relationships with the other EU members . On 22 September 2017 , May announced further details of her Brexit proposal . In addition to offering 20 billion euros over a two - year transition period and continued acceptance of European immigrants , she also offered a `` bold new security relationship '' with the EU which would be `` unprecedented in its depth '' and to continue to make `` an ongoing contribution '' to projects considered greatly to the EU and UK 's advantage , such as science and security projects . She also confirmed that the UK would not `` stand in the way '' of Juncker 's proposals for further EU integration . Barnier welcomed May 's proposal as `` constructive , '' but that it also `` must be translated into negotiating positions to make meaningful progress '' . Similarly , President of France Emmanuel Macron was adamant that the EU would not begin negotiations on future EU - UK relationships until `` the regulation of European citizens , the financial terms of the exit , and the questions of Ireland '' were `` clarified '' by the UK . The fourth round of talks began on 25 September , with Barnier declaring he had no mandate from the EU27 to discuss a transition deal suggested by Prime Minister May . Davis reiterated that the UK could honour commitments made during its EU membership only in the context of a future `` special partnership '' deal with the EU . At the European Council meeting of 19 / 20 October 2017 , the 27 leaders of the EU states were to decide whether or not to start trade negotiations with the UK . However , Davis has conceded that so soon after the German elections on 24 September , a German coalition government may not be in place in time for making this decision in October , delaying any European Council decision until their December meeting . EU negotiators have stated that an agreement must be reached between Britain and the EU by October 2018 in order to leave time for national parliaments to endorse Brexit . On 9 October 2017 , May announced to the British Parliament that Britain could operate as an `` independent trading nation '' after Brexit if no trade deal is reached with the EU . In December 2017 , EU leaders announced an agreement to begin the next phase of negotiations , with talks on a transition period after March 2019 to begin in early 2018 and discussions on the future UK - EU relationship , including trade and security , to begin in March . After elections in March 2018 , the Italian president appointed a eurosceptic Italian government on 1 June 2018 , a development expected to affect the Brexit outcome . On 10 June 2018 , the Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar cleared the path for the June negotiations by postponing the Irish border question until the final Brexit deal in October 2018 . On 19 June 2018 , the UK and the EU published a joint statement outlining agreements at the negotiators ' level . Michel Barnier praised the `` dedication and commitment '' of the negotiating teams , and said progress had been made in issues like customs , VAT and the European nuclear agreement , Euratom . Post-article 50 British legislation European Union ( withdrawal ) Act 2018 Main article : European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 In October 2016 , Theresa May promised a `` Great Repeal Bill '' , which would repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and restate in UK law all enactments previously in force under EU law . Subsequently renamed the European Union ( Withdrawal ) bill , it was introduced to the House of Commons on 13 July 2017 . On 12 September 2017 , the repeal bill ( now renamed as the EU Withdrawal Bill ) passed its first vote and second reading by a margin of 326 votes to 290 votes in the House of Commons . The bill was further amended on a series of votes in both Houses of Parliament . After the Act became law on 26 June 2018 , the European Council decided on 29 June to renew its call on Member States and Union institutions to step up their work on preparedness at all levels and for all outcomes . The Withdrawal Act fixes the period ending 21 January 2019 for the government to decide on how to proceed if the negotiations have not reached agreement in principle on both the withdrawal arrangements and the framework for the future relationship between the UK and EU ; while , alternatively , making future ratification of the withdrawal agreement as a treaty between the UK and EU depend upon the prior enactment of another act of Parliament for approving the final terms of withdrawal when the current Brexit negotiations are completed . In any event , the act does not alter the two year period for negotiating allowed by Article 50 that ends at the latest on 29 March 2019 if the UK has not by then ratified a withdrawal agreement . The Withdrawal Act , and two bills relating to world and cross-border trade after the withdrawal , that were progressing through Parliament when the Act became law in June 2018 , allow for various outcomes including no negotiated settlement . Additional government bills A report published in March 2017 by the Institute for Government commented that , in addition to the European Union ( Withdrawal ) bill , primary and secondary legislation will be needed to cover the gaps in policy areas such as customs , immigration and agriculture . The report also commented that the role of the devolved legislatures was unclear , and could cause problems , and as many as fifteen new additional Brexit Bills may be required , which would involve strict prioritisation and limiting Parliamentary time for in - depth examination of new legislation . In 2016 and 2017 , the House of Lords published a series of reports on Brexit - related subjects , including : Brexit : the options for trade Brexit : UK - Irish relations Brexit : future UK - EU security and police cooperation Brexit : fisheries Brexit : environment and climate change Brexit : the Crown Dependencies Brexit : justice for families , individuals and businesses ? Brexit : trade in non - financial services Euratom The Nuclear Safeguards Bill 2017 -- 19 , relating to withdrawal from Euratom , was presented to Parliament in October 2017 and began its Report Stage in January 2018 . Voting on the final outcome Replying to questions at a parliamentary committee about Parliament 's involvement in voting on the outcome of the negotiations with the EU , the Prime Minister said that `` delivering on the vote of the British people to leave the European Union '' was her priority . The shadow Brexit secretary , Keir Starmer , commented that the government did not want a vote at the beginning of the process , to trigger Article 50 , nor a vote at the end . Developments since the referendum of 2016 Elections Opinion polls in the fortnight following the referendum suggested that the immediate reaction in the Netherlands and other European countries was a decline in support for Eurosceptic movements . A general election was held on 8 June 2017 , announced at short notice by the new Prime Minister Theresa May . The Conservative Party , Labour and UKIP made manifesto pledges to implement the referendum , although the Labour manifesto differed in its approach to Brexit negotiations , such as unilaterally offering permanent residence to EU immigrants . The Liberal Democrat Party and the Green Party manifestos proposed a policy of remaining in the EU via a second referendum . The Scottish Nationalist Party manifesto proposed a policy of waiting for the outcome of the Brexit negotiations and then holding a referendum on Scottish independence . Compared to the 2015 general election , the Conservatives gained votes ( but nevertheless lost seats and their majority in the House of Commons ) . Labour gained significantly on votes and seats , retaining its position as the second - largest party . The DUP and Sinn Féin also made gains in votes and seats . Parties losing votes included the SNP , Liberals , Greens , and especially UKIP . On 26 June the Conservatives and the DUP reached a confidence and supply agreement whereby the DUP would back the Conservatives in key votes in the House of Commons over the course of the parliament . The agreement included additional funding of £ 1 billion for Northern Ireland , highlighted mutual support for Brexit and national security , expressed commitment to the Good Friday Agreement , and indicated that policies such as the state pension triple lock and winter fuel payments would be maintained . Economy Six weeks after the referendum , the Bank of England sought to cushion the potential shock to the economy by lowering interest rates to the record low of 0.25 % , and by creating 70 billion pounds of new money , thereby depreciating the pound and encouraging commercial banks to pass on lower borrowing costs . A year - long `` wage squeeze '' attributed to the referendum ended in February 2018 , with wage growth catching up with inflation . Inflation had gradually risen to 3 % before receding again . Since the referendum , absolute employment has continuously risen to previously unrecorded levels , and by early 2018 relative unemployment reached its lowest level ( 4.2 % ) recorded since 1975 . During 2017 the UK continued to be the favourite European destination for foreign physical investment ( as distinct from company takeovers ) , creating 50,000 new jobs , ahead of Germany ( 31,000 jobs ) and France . Factors mentioned were sterling devaluation since the referendum , broadband , and American investment . Immigration Official figures for June 2017 ( published in February 2018 ) showed that net EU immigration to the UK had slowed to about 100,000 immigrants per year , corresponding to the immigration level of 2014 . Meanwhile , immigration from non-EU countries had increased . Taken together , the two inflows into the UK result in an only slightly reduced net immigration of 230,000 newcomers in the year to June 2017 . The Head of the Office of National Statistics suggested that Brexit could well be a factor for the slowdown in EU immigration , but cautioned there might be other reasons . Impact on the United Kingdom The Department for Exiting the European Union ( DExEU ) produced reports on the economic impact on 58 industries of Britain leaving the EU . The Labour Party made a freedom of information request for details about the reports , but DExEU said that publishing the information would undermine policy formulation , and that it needed to carry out policymaking in a `` safe space '' . Labour then proposed a motion of a rarely - used type known as a `` humble address '' in the Commons on 1 November 2017 , calling for the papers to be released ; the motion was passed unanimously . The leader of the house , Andrea Leadsom , said that there could be some delay while ministers decided how to release the information without prejudicing Brexit negotiations . Immigration Long term Immigration was cited as the second-most important reason for those voting to Leave . KPMG , based on a survey of 2,000 EU workers in UK , estimates that about a million EU citizens working in the UK , see their future in Britain as over or hanging in the balance . A 2017 paper by King 's College London economists Giuseppe Forte and Jonathan Portes found that `` while future migration flows will be driven by a number of factors , macroeconomic and otherwise , Brexit and the end of free movement will result in a large fall in immigration from EEA countries to the UK . '' According to a 2016 study by Portes , `` The spectrum of options for UK immigration policy post Brexit remains wide ... However , almost any plausible outcome will result in an increase in regulatory burdens on business ; a reduction in the flows of both unskilled and skilled workers ; and an increase in illegal working . The key question for policymakers will be how to minimise these negative impacts while at the same time addressing domestic political demands for increased control without antagonising our EU partners to the point of prejudicing other key aspects of the negotiations . This will not be an easy task . '' Will Somerville of the Migration Policy Institute wrote that `` Future migration levels are impossible to predict in the absence of policy and economic certainty '' , but estimated immediately after the referendum that the UK `` would continue to receive 500,000 or more immigrants ( from EU and non-EU countries taken together ) per year , with annual net migration around 200,000 '' . The decline in EEA immigration is likely to have an adverse impact on the British health sector . According to the New York Times , Brexit `` seems certain '' to make it harder and costlier for the N.H.S. , which already suffers from chronic understaffing , to recruit nurses , midwives and doctors from the rest of Europe . Immediate effects Official figures in March 2017 indicated that EU immigration to the UK continued to exceed emigration , but the difference between immigration and emigration ( `` net migration '' ) had fallen to its lowest for three years . The number of EU nurses registering with the NHS fell from 1,304 in July 2016 to 46 in April 2017 . Economic effects Main article : Economic effects of Brexit Immediate effects Research on the effects that have already materialised in the United Kingdom since the referendum results show that the referendum result pushed up UK inflation by 1.7 percentage points , leading to an annual cost of £ 404 for the average British household . Another study on the effects that had already materialised found `` contrary to public perception , by the third quarter of 2017 the economic costs of the Brexit vote are already 1.3 % of GDP . The cumulative costs amount to almost 20 billion pounds and are expected to grow to more than 60 billion pounds by end - 2018 . '' An extension of the latter study to June 2018 showed that the losses amounted to 2.1 % of GDP and that the fiscal costs were £ 23 billion ( £ 440 million a week ) . According to a Financial Times analysis , the Brexit referendum results had by December 2017 reduced national British income by between 0.6 % and 1.3 % , which amounts to almost £ 350 million a week . University of California , Berkeley , economist Barry Eichengreen noted in August 2017 that some of the adverse effects of uncertainty brought about by the Brexit referendum were being made apparent , as British consumer confidence was down and spending had declined to its lowest level in four years . In November 2017 , it was reported that European banks had reduced their UK - related assets by € 350bn in the 12 months after Brexit vote , and that the trend was expected to increase ahead of the March 2019 Brexit deadline . Long - term economic analyses There is overwhelming or near - unanimous agreement among economists that leaving the European Union will adversely affect the British economy in the medium - and long - term . Surveys of economists in 2016 showed overwhelming agreement that Brexit would likely reduce the UK 's real per - capita income level . A 2017 survey of the existing academic literature found `` the research literature displays a broad consensus that in the long run Brexit will make the United Kingdom poorer because it will create new barriers to trade , foreign direct investment , and immigration . However , there is substantial uncertainty over how large the effect will be , with plausible estimates of the cost ranging between 1 and 10 percent of the UK 's income per capita . '' These estimates differ depending on whether the UK stays in the European Single Market ( for instance , by joining the EEA ) , makes a free trade agreement with the EU , or reverts to the trade rules that govern relations between all World Trade Organization members . In January 2018 , the UK government 's own Brexit analysis was leaked ; it showed that UK economic growth would be stunted by 2 % - 8 % for at least 15 years following secession from the EU , depending on the leave scenario . Most economists , including the UK Treasury , argue that being in the EU has a strong positive effect on trade and as a result the UK 's trade would be worse off if it left the EU . According to a group of University of Cambridge economists , under a `` hard Brexit '' whereby the UK reverts to WTO rules , one - third of UK exports to the EU would be tariff - free , one - quarter would face high trade barriers and other exports risk tariffs in the range of 1 - 10 % . A 2017 study based on data from 2010 found that `` almost all UK regions are systematically more vulnerable to Brexit than regions in any other country . Due to their longstanding trade integration with the UK , Irish regions have levels of Brexit exposure , which are similar to those of the UK regions with the lowest levels of exposure , namely London and northern parts of Scotland . Meanwhile , the other most risk - exposed EU regions are all in southern Germany , with levels of risk which are typically half that of any UK or Irish region , and one third of that displayed by many UK regions . There is also a very noticeable economic geography logic to the levels of exposure with north - western European regions typically being the most exposed to Brexit , while regions in southern and eastern Europe are barely affected at all by Brexit , at least in terms of the trade linkages ... Overall , the UK is far more exposed to Brexit risks than the rest of the EU . '' After the referendum , the Institute for Fiscal Studies published a report funded by the Economic and Social Research Council which warned that Britain would lose up to £ 70 billion in reduced economic growth if it did not retain Single Market membership , with new trade deals unable to make up the difference . One of these areas is financial services , which are helped by EU - wide `` passporting '' for financial products , which an Oliver Wyman report for a pro-EU lobby group estimated indirectly accounted for up to 71,000 jobs and £ 10 billion of tax annually , and some banks announced plans to relocate some of their operations outside the UK . According to a 2016 article by John Armour , Professor of Law and Finance at Oxford University , `` a ' soft ' Brexit , whereby the UK leaves the EU but remains in the single market , would be a lower - risk option for the City than other Brexit options , because it would enable financial services firms to continue to rely on regulatory passporting rights . '' A 2017 study found , on the basis of `` plausible , empirically based estimates of the likely impacts on growth and wages using relationships from the existing empirical literature '' , that `` Brexit - induced reductions in migration are likely to have a significant negative impact on UK GDP per capita ( and GDP ) , with marginal positive impacts on wages in the low - skill service sector . '' It is unclear how changes in trade and foreign investment will interact with immigration , but these changes are likely to be important . Former Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King commented that warnings of economic doom regarding leaving the EU were overstated and that the UK should leave the single market and probably the customs union in order to gain more opportunities , which would lead to improved British economic performance . Short - term economic analyses Short - term macroeconomic forecasts by the Bank of England and other banks of what would happen immediately after the Brexit referendum proved to be too pessimistic . The assessments assumed that the referendum results would create greater uncertainty on financial markets and in business and reduce consumer confidence more than it did . According to Oxford University economist Simon Wren - Lewis , `` short term unconditional macroeconomic forecasts are extremely unreliable '' and they are something that academic economists do not do , unlike banks . Wren - Lewis notes that long - term projections of the impact of Brexit , on the other hand , have a strong empirical foundation . University of California , Berkeley , economist Barry Eichengreen wrote that economists `` have had little success at reliably predicting when and why uncertainty arises '' and that it is unclear how severe the impact of uncertainty actually is . King 's College London economist Jonathan Portes said that `` short - term economic forecasting is very unreliable '' , and compared short - term economic forecasts to weather forecasts and the long - term economic forecasts to climate forecasts : the methodologies used in long - term forecasts are `` well - established and robust '' . Other economists note that central bank forecasts are not intended for pinpoint accuracy . London School of Economics economist Thomas Sampson notes that it is harder to assess the short - term impact that the transition process to Brexit will have , but that long - term assessments of the post-Brexit period are more reliable . According to the Financial Times , economists are in agreement that the short - term effects are uncertain . On 5 January 2017 Andy Haldane , the Chief Economist and the Executive Director of Monetary Analysis and Statistics at the Bank of England , said that the BoE 's own forecast predicting an immediate economic downturn due to the referendum result was inaccurate and noted strong market performance immediately after the referendum , although some have pointed to prices rising faster than wages . Haldane said that the field of economics was `` to some degree in crisis '' because of its failure to predict the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , and added that the Brexit economic forecast was only inaccurate in its near - term assessment , and that over time , the Bank still expected that Brexit would harm economic growth . Imperial College London economist David Miles responded to Haldane , saying that there was no crisis in economics , and that economists did not purport to be able to forecast with full certainty or predict the precise timing of events . Miles said that it was widely acknowledged among economists that short - term forecasts , such as the BoE 's , are unreliable . Loss of agencies Brexit requires relocating the offices and staff of the European Medicines Agency and European Banking Authority , currently based in London . The agencies together employ more than 1,000 people and will respectively relocate to Amsterdam and Paris . The EU is also considering restricting the clearing of euro - denominated trades to eurozone jurisdictions , which would end London 's dominance in this sector . Higher education and academic research Main article : Brexit and arrangements for science and technology According to a 2016 study by Ken Mayhew , Emeritus Professor of Education and Economic Performance at Oxford University , Brexit poses the following threats to higher education : `` loss of research funding from EU sources ; loss of students from other EU countries ; the impact on the ability of the sector to hire academic staff from EU countries ; and the impact on the ability of UK students to study abroad . '' The UK received more from the EU for research than it contributed with universities getting just over 10 % of their research income from the EU . All funding for net beneficiaries from the EU , including universities , was guaranteed by the government in August 2016 . Before the funding announcement , a newspaper investigation reported that some research projects were reluctant to include British researchers due to uncertainties over funding . Currently the UK is part of the European Research Area and the UK is likely to wish to remain an associated member . Scotland As suggested by the Scottish Government before the referendum , the First Minister of Scotland announced that officials were planning an independence referendum due to the result of Scotland voting to remain in the European Union when England and Wales voted to leave . In March 2017 , the SNP leader and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon requested a second Scottish independence referendum in 2018 or 2019 ( before Britain 's formal exit from the EU ) . The UK Prime Minister immediately rejected the requested timing , but not the referendum itself . The referendum was approved by the Scottish Parliament on 28 March 2017 . Sturgeon called for a `` phased return '' of an independent Scotland back to the EU . After the referendum , First Minister Sturgeon suggested that Scotland might refuse consent for legislation required to leave the EU , though some lawyers argue that Scotland can not block Brexit . On 21 March 2018 , the Scottish Parliament passed the Scottish Continuity Bill . This was passed due to stalling negotiations between the Scottish Government and the British Government on where powers within devolved policy areas should lie after exit day from the European Union . This Act allows for all devolved policy areas to remain within the remit of the Scottish Parliament and reduces the executive power upon exit day that the UK Withdrawal Bill provides for Ministers of the Crown . The Bill gained Royal Assent on 28 April 2018 . International agreements The Financial Times said that there were approximately 759 international agreements , spanning 168 non-EU countries , that the UK would no longer be a party to upon leaving the EU . This figure does not include World Trade Organisation or United Nations opt - in accords , and excludes `` narrow agreements '' , which may also have to be renegotiated . Options for continuing relationship with the EU Main article : Continuing UK relationship with the EU The UK 's post-Brexit relationship with the remaining EU members could take several forms . A research paper presented to the UK Parliament in July 2013 proposed a number of alternatives to membership which would continue to allow access to the EU internal market . These include remaining in the European Economic Area , negotiating deep bilateral agreements on the Swiss model , or exit from the EU without EEA membership or a trade agreement under the WTO Option . There may be an interim deal between the time the UK leaves the EU and when the final relationship comes in force . Border with Republic of Ireland Further information : Republic of Ireland -- United Kingdom border The UK / Republic of Ireland border crosses this road at Killeen ( near Newry ) , marked only by a speed limit in km / h . ( Northern Ireland uses mph . ) There is still great uncertainty about Brexit 's impact on the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , in particular the impact it may have on the economy and people of the island were a `` hard border '' to be put in place . At present ( November 2017 ) , both the UK and the Republic of Ireland are members of the EU , and therefore both are in the Customs Union and the Single Market . There is freedom of movement for all EU nationals within the Common Travel Area and there are no customs or fixed immigration controls at the border . Since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement ( an international treaty between the UK and Ireland as well as an agreement within Northern Ireland ) , the border has been essentially invisible . Following Brexit , the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland will become a land border between the EU and a non-EU state . It is therefore possible that the border will return to being a `` hard '' one , with fewer , controlled , crossing posts and a customs infrastructure . This would be a return to the position before both states joined the EU with the additional point that , unless the Free Travel Area is maintained , passport checks may also be required . This outcome , or one like it , is referred to as a `` Hard Border '' and both the EU and the UK have agreed this would be a poor outcome to be avoided if possible . Creating a border control system between Ireland and Northern Ireland could jeopardise the Good Friday Agreement . When in 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , the border between the Free State and Northern Ireland , which chose to remain in the UK , became an international frontier . This event became commonly known as the `` partition of Ireland '' . Trade in goods and services across this frontier became subject to differing tax and tariff arrangements . Consequently , an infrastructure of Customs posts was put in place at designated crossing areas . All traffic was subject to inspection by the jurisdiction it was passing in to . This could entail full vehicle searches with consequent delay and inconvenience . However passport checks were not applied . The Republic of Ireland , Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom were part of the Common Travel Area . This allowed travel between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain , without passport controls . The Isle of Man and the Channel Isles are also part of the area . This arrangement came into existence in 1922 with the establishment of the Irish Free State and so predated the freedom of travel provisions consequent on membership of the EU , which to some degree superseded it . In 2011 , the British and Irish Governments agreed informally to continue their common controls on entry to the CTA ( for non-EEA nationals ) . According to statements by Theresa May and Enda Kenny , it is intended to maintain this arrangement after the United Kingdom leaves the EU . After Brexit , in order to control migration by EU citizens ( other than Irish nationals ) across the open Northern Irish land border into the United Kingdom , the UK and Irish governments suggested in October 2016 an outline plan entailing British immigration controls being applied to Irish ports and airports . This would avoid passport checks being required between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . However , this agreement was never finalised and was met by opposition from political parties in the Republic of Ireland , On 23 March 2017 , it was confirmed that British immigration officials would not be allowed to use Irish ports and airports in order to combat British immigration concerns following Brexit . A referendum for the reunification of Ireland was suggested by Sinn Féin leader Martin McGuinness immediately after the UK EU referendum results were announced . In April 2017 the European Council agreed that , in the event of Irish reunification , Northern Ireland would rejoin the EU . Border with France The President of the Regional Council of Hauts - de-France , Xavier Bertrand , stated in February 2016 that `` If Britain leaves Europe , right away the border will leave Calais and go to Dover . We will not continue to guard the border for Britain if it 's no longer in the European Union , '' indicating that the juxtaposed controls would end with a leave vote . French Finance Minister Emmanuel Macron also suggested the agreement would be `` threatened '' by a leave vote . These claims have been disputed , as the Le Touquet 2003 treaty enabling juxtaposed controls was not an EU treaty , and would not be legally void upon leaving . After the Brexit vote , Xavier Bertrand asked François Hollande to renegotiate the Touquet agreement , which can be terminated by either party with two years ' notice . Hollande rejected the suggestion , and said : `` Calling into question the Touquet deal on the pretext that Britain has voted for Brexit and will have to start negotiations to leave the Union does n't make sense . '' Bernard Cazeneuve , the French Interior Minister , confirmed there would be `` no changes to the accord '' . He said : `` The border at Calais is closed and will remain so . '' Gibraltar and Spain Main article : Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Cars crossing into Gibraltar clearing customs formalities . Gibraltar is outside the customs union , VAT area and Schengen Zone . Gibraltar is outside the European Union 's common customs area and common commercial policy and so has a customs border with Spain . Nevertheless , the territory remains within the European Union until Brexit is complete . During the campaign leading up to the referendum the Chief Minister of Gibraltar warned that Brexit posed a threat to Gibraltar 's safety . Gibraltar overwhelmingly voted to remain in the EU . After the result Spain 's Foreign Minister renewed calls for joint Spanish -- British control of the peninsula . These calls were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar 's Chief Minister and questions were raised over the future of free - flowing traffic at the Gibraltar -- Spain border . The UK government states it will only negotiate on the sovereignty of Gibraltar with the consent of its people . In February 2018 , Sir Joe Bossano , Gibraltar 's Minister for Enterprise , Training , Employment and Health and Safety ( and former Chief Minister ) expressed frustration at the EU 's attitude , suggesting that Spain was being offered a veto , adding `` It 's enough to convert me from a supporter of the European Union into a Brexiteer '' . In April 2018 , Spanish Foreign Minister Alfonso Dastis announced that Spain hopes to sign off on a bilateral agreement with Britain over Gibraltar before October so as not to hinder a Brexit transition deal . Talks between London and Madrid had progressed well . While reiterating the Spanish long - term aim of `` recovering '' Gibraltar , he said that Spain would not hold Gibraltar as a `` hostage '' to the EU negotiations . Relations with CANZUK countries Brexit has also created a resurgence in academic and political advocacy for negotiating trade and migration agreements with the `` CANZUK '' countries - those of Canada , Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . This has been echoed by multiple politicians in the four countries , including Liberal Senator , James Paterson in Australia , Shadow Foreign Affairs Minister , Erin O'Toole in Canada and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , Boris Johnson in the United Kingdom . Organisations such as CANZUK International have also championed the movement , stating that relationships between the four countries will flourish after Brexit . However , numerous academics have criticised this alternative for EU membership as `` post-imperial nostalgia '' . Consequences of withdrawal for the EU Structure and budget Shortly after the referendum , the German parliament published an analysis on the consequences of a Brexit on the EU and specifically on the economic and political situation of Germany . According to this , Britain is , after the United States and France , the third-most important export market for German products . In total Germany exports goods and services to Britain worth about € 120 billion annually , which is about 8 % of German exports , with Germany achieving a trade surplus with Britain worth € 36.3 billion ( 2014 ) . Should there be a `` hard Brexit '' , exports would be subject to WTO customs and tariffs . The trade weighted average tariff is 2.4 % , but the tariff on automobiles , for instance , is 9.7 % , so trade in automobiles would be particularly affected ; this would also affect German automobile manufacturers with production plants in the United Kingdom . In total , 750,000 jobs in Germany depend upon export to Britain , while on the British side about three million jobs depend on export to the EU . The study emphasises however that the predictions on the economic effects of a Brexit are subject to significant uncertainty . According to the Lisbon Treaty ( 2009 ) , Council of the EU decisions made by qualified majority voting can only be blocked if at least four members of the Council form a blocking minority . This rule was originally developed to prevent the three most populous members ( Germany , France , Britain ) from dominating the Council of the EU . However , after a Brexit of the economically liberal British , the Germans and like - minded northern European countries ( the Irish , Dutch , Scandinavians and Baltic states ) would lose an ally and therefore also their blocking minority . Without this blocking minority , other EU states could overrule Germany and its allies in questions of EU budget discipline or the recruitment of German banks to guarantee deposits in troubled southern European banks . With Brexit , the EU would lose its second - largest economy , the country with the third - largest population and `` the financial capital of the world '' , as the German newspaper Münchner Merkur put it . Furthermore , the EU would lose its second - largest net contributor to the EU budget ( 2015 : Germany € 14.3 billion , United Kingdom € 11.5 billion , France € 5.5 billion ) . Thus , the departure of Britain would result in an additional financial burden for the remaining net contributors , unless the budget is reduced accordingly : Germany , for example , would have to pay an additional € 4.5 billion for 2019 and again for 2020 ; in addition , the UK would no longer be a shareholder in the European Investment Bank , in which only EU members can participate . Britain 's share amounts to 16 % , € 39.2 billion ( 2013 ) , which Britain would withdraw unless there is an EU treaty change . Council of the European Union The departure of the UK is expected to have a major effect on the EU . In many policy votes Britain had allied with the relatively more economically liberal Germany who together with other northern EU allies had a blocking minority of 35 % in the Council of the European Union . The exit of the UK from the European Union means that this blocking minority can no longer be assembled leading to speculation that it could enable the other EU countries to enforce specific proposals such as relaxing EU budget discipline or providing EU - wide deposit guarantees within the banking union . European Parliament UK MEPs are expected to retain full rights to participate in the European Parliament up to the Article 50 deadline . However , there have been discussions about excluding UK MEPs from key committee positions . The EU will need to decide on the revised apportionment of seats in the European Parliament in time for the next European Parliament election , expected to be held in June 2019 , when the United Kingdom 's 73 MEPs will have vacated their seats . In April 2017 , a group of European lawmakers discussed what should be done about the vacated seats . One plan , supported by Gianni Pittella and Emmanuel Macron , is to replace the 73 seats with a pan-European constituency list ; other options which were considered include dropping the British seats without replacement , and reassigning some or all of the existing seats from other countries to reduce inequality of representation . Legal system The UK 's exit from the European Union will leave the Republic of Ireland and Cyprus as the only two remaining common law jurisdictions in the EU . Paul Gallagher , a former Attorney General of Ireland , has suggested this will isolate those countries and deprive them of a powerful partner that shared a common interest in ensuring that EU legislation was not drafted or interpreted in a way that would be contrary to the principles of the common law . Lucinda Creighton , a former Irish government minister for legal affairs , has said that Ireland relies on the `` bureaucratic capacity of the UK '' to understand , influence and implement EU legislation . Fishing The combined EU fishing fleets land about 6 million tonnes of fish per year , of which about 3 million tonnes are from UK waters . The UK 's share of the overall EU fishing catch is only 750,000 tonnes ( 830,000 tons ) . This proportion is determined by the London Fisheries Convention of 1964 and by the EU 's Common Fisheries Policy . The UK government announced in July 2017 that it would end the 1964 convention in 2019 . Loss of access to UK waters will particularly affect the Irish fishing industry which obtains a third of its catch there . The Common Fisheries Policy gives access for any member country to the waters of any other member country . The policy is generally considered a disadvantage to fish - rich countries and is a major reason why Norway and Iceland are not members . The European Economic Area treaty gives access to the inner market but does not include fishing . World trade Organization Questions have arisen over how existing international arrangements with the EU under World Trade Organization terms should evolve . Some countries -- such as Australia and the United States -- wish to challenge the basis for division ( i.e. , division between the UK and the continuing EU ) of the trade schedules previously agreed between them and the EU , because it reduces their flexibility . As of 2018 , the WTO does not have any protocols covering trade in services . Public opinion and comment Public comment up to February 2017 UK white paper Various EU leaders said that they would not start any negotiation before the UK formally invokes Article 50 . Jean - Claude Juncker ordered all members of the EU Commission not to engage in any kind of contact with UK parties regarding Brexit . In October 2016 , he stated that he was agitated that the British had not developed a sense of community with Europeans during 40 years of membership ; Juncker denied that Brexit was a warning for the EU , envisaged developing an EU defence policy without the British after Brexit , and rejected a suggestion that the EU should negotiate in such a way that Britain would be able to hold a second referendum . On 5 November 2016 , Juncker reacted to reports of some European businesses seeking to make agreements with the UK government , and warned : `` I am telling them ( companies ) that they should not interfere in the debate , as they will find that I will block their path . '' Juncker stated in February 2017 that the UK would be expected to pay outstanding commitments to EU projects and pensions as part of the withdrawal process , suggesting such bills would be `` very hefty . '' German foreign secretary Frank - Walter Steinmeier met Britain 's foreign secretary Boris Johnson on 4 November 2016 ; Johnson stressed the importance of British - German relationships , whereas Steinmeier responded that the German view was that the UK should have voted to stay in the EU and that the German priority now was to preserve the remaining union of 27 members . There could be no negotiations before the UK formally gives notice . A long delay before beginning negotiations would be detrimental . Britain could not keep the advantages of the single market but at the same time cancel the `` less pleasant rules '' . Newly appointed prime minister Theresa May made clear that negotiations with the EU required a `` UK - wide approach '' . On 15 July 2016 , she said : `` I have already said that I wo n't be triggering article 50 until I think that we have a UK approach and objectives for negotiations -- I think it is important that we establish that before we trigger article 50 . '' According to The Daily Telegraph , the Department for Exiting the European Union spent over £ 250,000 on legal advice from top Government lawyers in two months , and had plans to recruit more people . Nick Clegg said the figures showed the Civil Service was unprepared for the very complex negotiations ahead . In the wake of the United Kingdom 's vote to leave the European Union , the Department for International Trade ( DIT ) for striking and extending trade agreements between the UK and non-EU states was created by Prime Minister Theresa May , shortly after she took office on 13 July 2016 . It employs about 200 trade negotiators and is overseen by the Secretary of State for International Trade , currently Liam Fox . On 17 January 2017 , Prime Minister Theresa May , announced a series of 12 negotiating objectives in a speech at Lancaster House . These consist of an end to European Court of Justice jurisdiction , withdrawal from the single market with a `` comprehensive free - trade agreement '' replacing this , a new customs agreement excluding the common external tariff and the EU 's common commercial policy , an end to free movement of people , co-operation in crime and terrorism , collaboration in areas of science and technology , engagement with devolved administrations , maintaining the Common Travel Area with Ireland , and preserving existing workers ' rights . She also confirmed , `` that the Government will put the final deal that is agreed between the UK and the EU to a ( meaningful ) vote in both Houses of Parliament , before it comes into force . '' The Government has stated its intention to `` secure the specific interests of Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , as well as those of all parts of England '' . Through the Joint Ministerial Committee on EU Negotiations ( JMC ( EN ) ) , the Government intends to involve the views of the Scottish Parliament , the Welsh Assembly and the Northern Ireland Assembly in the process of negotiating the UK 's exit from the EU . For instance , at the January 2017 meeting of the JMC ( EN ) , the Scottish Government 's proposal to remain in the European Economic Area was considered . Public comment pre - and post-article 50 notification EU negotiator Guy Verhofstadt , the European parliament 's chief negotiator , said that : `` All British citizens today have also EU citizenship . That means a number of things : the possibility to participate in the European elections , the freedom of travel without problem inside the union . We need to have an arrangement in which this arrangement can continue for those citizens who on an individual basis are requesting it . '' The suggestion being an `` associate citizenship '' . An EU meeting to discuss Brexit was called for 29 April 2017 , Donald Tusk stating that the `` priority would be giving `` clarity '' to EU residents , business and member states about the talks ahead `` . Barnier called for talks to be completed by October 2018 to give time for any agreement to be ratified before the UK leaves in March 2019 . Sinn Féin called for a referendum to create a united Ireland , following the Northern Ireland majority decision ( 56 % to 44 % ) to vote no to Brexit and 2 March election to the Northern Ireland Assembly wherein Sinn Féin increased its number of seats . In early May , Jean - Claude Juncker said that the UK leaving the EU was a `` tragedy '' and that it is partly the responsibility of the EU . `` The EU , in many respects has done too much , especially the Commission '' , including `` too much regulation and too many interferences in the lives of our fellow citizens '' . The European Commission has , following the `` Better regulation '' initiative , in place since before Brexit , reduced the number of legislative proposals from 130 to 23 per year . Post-referendum opinion polling Following the EU referendum , there have been several opinion polls on the question of whether the UK was `` right '' or `` wrong '' to vote to leave the EU . The results of these polls are shown in the table below . Date ( s ) conducted Right Wrong Undecided Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type hide Notes 8 - 9 Jul 2018 <Td_colspan="8"> Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign . 8 - 9 Jul 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,669 YouGov Online 6 Jul 2018 <Td_colspan="8"> The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers Statement , setting out a proposal on the future UK - EU relationship . 3 - 4 Jul 2018 41 % 46 % 13 % 5 % 1,641 YouGov Online 25 - 26 Jun 2018 43 % 46 % 11 % 3 % 1,645 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Jun 2018 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,663 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Jun 2018 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 1,606 YouGov Online 11 - 12 Jun 2018 43 % 46 % 12 % 3 % 1,638 YouGov Online 4 - 5 Jun 2018 44 % 44 % 13 % 0 % 1,619 YouGov Online 28 - 29 May 2018 40 % 47 % 13 % 7 % 1,670 YouGov Online 20 - 21 May 2018 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 1,660 YouGov Online 13 - 14 May 2018 44 % 45 % 12 % 1 % 1,634 YouGov Online 8 - 9 May 2018 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,648 YouGov Online 30 Apr - 1 May 2018 42 % 47 % 11 % 5 % 1,585 YouGov Online 24 - 25 Apr 2018 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,668 YouGov Online 16 - 17 Apr 2018 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,631 YouGov Online 9 - 10 Apr 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,639 YouGov Online 26 - 27 Mar 2018 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,659 YouGov Online 5 - 6 Mar 2018 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,641 YouGov Online 2 Mar 2018 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Mansion House speech , outlining the UK Government 's policy on the future UK - EU relationship . 26 - 27 Feb 2018 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,622 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Feb 2018 42 % 45 % 12 % 3 % 1,650 YouGov Online 12 - 13 Feb 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,639 YouGov Online 5 - 6 Feb 2018 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 2,000 YouGov Online 28 - 29 Jan 2018 40 % 46 % 14 % 6 % 1,669 YouGov Online 16 - 17 Jan 2018 45 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 1,672 YouGov Online 7 - 8 Jan 2018 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 1,663 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Dec 2017 42 % 45 % 12 % 3 % 1,610 YouGov Online 15 Dec 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations . 10 - 11 Dec 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,680 YouGov Online 4 - 5 Dec 2017 42 % 45 % 13 % 3 % 1,638 YouGov Online 7 - 8 Nov 2017 42 % 46 % 12 % 4 % 2,012 YouGov Online 23 - 24 Oct 2017 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,637 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Oct 2017 42 % 45 % 14 % 3 % 1,648 YouGov Online 10 - 11 Oct 2017 42 % 47 % 11 % 5 % 1,680 YouGov Online 22 - 24 Sep 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,716 YouGov Online 22 Sep 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Florence speech , in an attempt to ' unblock ' the Brexit negotiations . 30 - 31 Aug 2017 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,658 YouGov Online 21 - 22 Aug 2017 43 % 45 % 11 % 2 % 1,664 YouGov Online 31 Jul - 1 Aug 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,665 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Jul 2017 43 % 43 % 14 % 0 % 1,593 YouGov Online 10 - 11 Jul 2017 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 1,700 YouGov Online 21 - 22 Jun 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,670 YouGov Online 19 Jun 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Brexit negotiations begin . 12 - 13 Jun 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,651 YouGov Online 8 Jun 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> United Kingdom general election , 2017 5 - 7 Jun 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 2,130 YouGov Online 30 - 31 May 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,875 YouGov Online 24 - 25 May 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 2,052 YouGov Online 16 - 17 May 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,861 YouGov Online 3 - 14 May 2017 45 % 41 % 14 % 4 % 1,952 GfK Online 9 - 10 May 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,651 YouGov Online 2 - 3 May 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 2,066 YouGov Online 25 - 26 Apr 2017 43 % 45 % 12 % 2 % 1,590 YouGov Online 20 - 21 Apr 2017 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,590 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Apr 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,727 YouGov Online 12 - 13 Apr 2017 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 2,069 YouGov Online 5 - 6 Apr 2017 46 % 42 % 11 % 4 % 1,651 YouGov Online 29 Mar 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> The United Kingdom invokes Article 50 . 26 - 27 Mar 2017 44 % 43 % 13 % 1 % 1,957 YouGov Online 20 - 21 Mar 2017 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,627 YouGov Online 1 - 15 Mar 2017 46 % 41 % 13 % 5 % 1,938 GfK Online 13 - 14 Mar 2017 44 % 42 % 15 % 2 % 1,631 YouGov Online 10 - 14 Mar 2017 49 % 41 % 10 % 8 % 2,003 Opinium Online 27 - 28 Feb 2017 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,666 YouGov Online 21 - 22 Feb 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 2,060 YouGov Online 12 - 13 Feb 2017 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 2,052 YouGov Online 30 - 31 Jan 2017 45 % 42 % 12 % 3 % 1,705 YouGov Online 17 - 18 Jan 2017 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 1,654 YouGov Online 17 Jan 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech , setting out the UK Government 's negotiating priorities . 9 - 12 Jan 2017 52 % 39 % 9 % 13 % 2,005 Opinium Online 9 - 10 Jan 2017 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 1,660 YouGov Online 3 - 4 Jan 2017 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,740 YouGov Online 18 - 19 Dec 2016 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,595 YouGov Online 4 - 5 Dec 2016 44 % 42 % 14 % 2 % 1,667 YouGov Online 28 - 29 Nov 2016 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,624 YouGov Online 14 - 15 Nov 2016 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,717 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Oct 2016 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,608 YouGov Online 11 - 12 Oct 2016 45 % 44 % 11 % 1 % 1,669 YouGov Online 2 Oct 2016 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech , announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017 . 13 - 14 Sep 2016 46 % 44 % 10 % 2 % 1,732 YouGov Online 30 - 31 Aug 2016 47 % 44 % 9 % 3 % 1,687 YouGov Online 22 - 23 Aug 2016 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 1,660 YouGov Online 16 - 17 Aug 2016 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,677 YouGov Online 8 - 9 Aug 2016 45 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 1,692 YouGov Online 1 - 2 Aug 2016 46 % 42 % 12 % 4 % 1,722 YouGov Online 13 Jul 2016 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . <Td_colspan="9"> There have also been opinion polls on the question of how people would vote in a second referendum on the same question . The results of these polls are shown in the table below . Date ( s ) conducted Remain Leave Neither Lead Sample Conducted by Polling type hide Notes 15 Dec 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations . 8 - 10 Dec 2017 46 % 43 % 12 % 3 % 2,006 ICM Online 5 - 8 Dec 2017 51 % 41 % 8 % 10 % 1,509 BMG Research Online 30 Nov - 1 Dec 2017 49 % 46 % 6 % 3 % 1,003 Survation Online 14 - 17 Nov 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,509 BMG Research Online 18 - 24 Oct 2017 44 % 40 % 16 % 4 % 1,648 YouGov Online 19 - 20 Oct 2017 46 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 1,005 Opinium Online 17 - 20 Oct 2017 47 % 44 % 8 % 3 % 1,506 BMG Research Online 4 - 5 Oct 2017 49 % 45 % 6 % 4 % 2,047 Survation Online 23 Sep 2017 46 % 47 % 6 % 1 % 1,174 Survation Online 22 Sep 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Florence speech , in an attempt to ' unblock ' the Brexit negotiations . 19 - 22 Sep 2017 45 % 44 % 12 % 1 % 2,004 Opinium Online 15 - 20 Sep 2017 47 % 47 % 5 % 0 % 1,614 Survation Online 12 - 15 Sep 2017 47 % 43 % 10 % 4 % 1,447 BMG Research Online 12 - 15 Sep 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 2,009 Opinium Online 15 - 18 Aug 2017 47 % 44 % 9 % 3 % 2,006 Opinium Online 8 - 11 Aug 2017 46 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 1,512 BMG Research Online 23 - 24 Jul 2017 46 % 43 % 11 % 3 % 1,609 YouGov Online 14 - 15 Jul 2017 47 % 48 % 5 % 1 % 1,024 Survation Online 11 - 14 Jul 2017 46 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 1,518 BMG Research Online 28 - 30 Jun 2017 52 % 44 % 5 % 8 % 1,017 Survation Telephone 23 - 30 Jun 2017 46 % 42 % 13 % 4 % 1,661 YouGov Online 16 - 21 Jun 2017 46 % 50 % 4 % 4 % 5,481 Panelbase Online 19 Jun 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Brexit negotiations begin . 16 - 17 Jun 2017 50 % 48 % 3 % 2 % 1,005 Survation Online 10 Jun 2017 48 % 46 % 6 % 2 % 1,036 Survation Online 8 Jun 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> United Kingdom general election , 2017 2 - 7 Jun 2017 46 % 51 % 3 % 5 % 3,018 Panelbase Online 2 - 5 Jun 2017 47 % 44 % 9 % 3 % 1,503 BMG Research Online 26 May - 1 Jun 2017 47 % 49 % 4 % 2 % 1,224 Panelbase Online 25 - 30 May 2017 35 % 38 % 27 % 3 % 1,199 Kantar TNS Online 19 - 22 May 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,499 BMG Research Online 12 - 15 May 2017 47 % 50 % 3 % 3 % 1,026 Panelbase Online 5 - 9 May 2017 47 % 49 % 4 % 2 % 1,027 Panelbase Online 28 Apr - 2 May 2017 48 % 49 % 3 % 1 % 1,034 Panelbase Online 21 - 24 Apr 2017 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,552 BMG Research Online 20 - 24 Apr 2017 46 % 50 % 4 % 4 % 1,026 Panelbase Online 28 - 31 Mar 2017 46 % 46 % 8 % 0 % 1,576 BMG Research Online 23 - 30 Mar 2017 44 % 43 % 14 % 1 % 1,643 YouGov Online 29 Mar 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> The United Kingdom invokes Article 50 . 21 - 24 Feb 2017 45 % 46 % 9 % 1 % 1,543 BMG Research Online 19 - 24 Jan 2017 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 1,643 YouGov Online 17 Jan 2017 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech , setting out the UK Government 's negotiating priorities . 6 - 9 Jan 2017 44 % 45 % 11 % 1 % 1,520 BMG Research Online 14 - 21 Dec 2016 44 % 43 % 13 % 1 % 1,569 YouGov Online 6 - 9 Dec 2016 43 % 46 % 11 % 3 % 1,532 BMG Research Online 25 - 27 Nov 2016 46 % 47 % 6 % 1 % 2,035 ComRes Online 22 - 25 Nov 2016 43 % 43 % 14 % 0 % 1,523 BMG Research Online 20 - 25 Oct 2016 44 % 43 % 13 % 1 % 1,631 YouGov Online 19 - 24 Oct 2016 45 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 1,546 BMG Research Online 10 - 12 Oct 2016 44 % 44 % 12 % 0 % 1,002 Survation Online 2 Oct 2016 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech , announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017 . 16 - 20 Sep 2016 42 % 46 % 11 % 4 % 1,601 YouGov Online 31 Aug - 9 Sep 2016 43 % 45 % 13 % 2 % 1,711 YouGov Online 20 - 27 Jul 2016 43 % 44 % 13 % 1 % 1,673 YouGov Online 13 Jul 2016 <Td_colspan="8"> Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . 3 - 4 Jul 2016 45 % 45 % 10 % 0 % 1,820 YouGov Online 29 - 30 Jun 2016 48 % 42 % 9 % 6 % 2,006 Opinium Online 29 - 30 Jun 2016 45 % 37 % 19 % 8 % 1,017 BMG Research Online 23 Jun 2016 <Td_colspan="8"> United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 <Td_colspan="9"> In July 2017 , LSE / Opinium research indicated that 60 % of Britons wanted to retain EU citizenship after Brexit . Us position Rex Tillerson , former United States Secretary of State , considers that the European Union and the United Kingdom should perform a fast Brexit to avoid useless disagreement . Cultural responses to the referendum vote For main article on Brexit in Art and Literature , see Brexit in Literature and the Arts . Brexit in the visual Arts Anti-Brexit protesters in Manchester Düsseldorf carnival parade in February 2018 The response of artists and writers to Brexit has in general been negative , reflecting a reported overwhelming percentage of people involved in Britain 's creative industries voting against leaving the European Union . Responses by visual artists to Brexit include a mural , painted in May 2017 , by the secretive graffiti artist Banksy near the ferry port at Dover in southern England . It shows a workman using a chisel to chip off one of the stars on the European Union Flag . In his 2017 art exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery in London , the artist Grayson Perry showed a series of ceramic , tapestry and other works of art dealing with the divisions in Britain during the Brexit campaign and in its aftermath . This included two large ceramic pots , Perry called his Brexit Vases , standing on plinths ten feet apart , on the first of which were scenes involving pro-European British citizens , and on the second scenes involving anti-European British citizens . These were derived from what Perry called his `` Brexit tour of Britain . '' Brexit in novels One of the first novels to engage with a post-Brexit Britain was Rabbitman by Michael Paraskos ( published 9 March 2017 ) . Rabbitman is a dark comic fantasy in which the events that lead to the election of a right - wing populist American president , who happens also to be a rabbit , and Britain 's vote to leave the European Union , were the result of a series of Faustian pacts with the Devil . As a result , Rabbitman is set partly in a post-Brexit Britain in which society has collapsed and people are dependent on European Union food aid . Mark Billingham 's Love Like Blood ( published 1 June 2017 ) is a crime thriller in which Brexit sees a rise in xenophobic hate crime . In the novel The Remains of the Way ( published 6 June 2017 ) , David Boyle imagines Brexit was a conspiracy led by a forgotten government quango , still working away in Whitehall , originally set up by Thomas Cromwell in the sixteenth century during the reign of King Henry VIII , and now dedicated to a Protestant Brexit . Post-Brexit Britain is also the setting for Amanda Craig 's The Lie of the Land ( published 13 June 2017 ) , a satirical novel set ten years after the vote to leave the European Union , in which an impoverished middle class couple from Islington in north London are forced to move from the heart of the pro-European Union capital , to the heart of the pro-Brexit countryside in Devon . Brexit is also the baseline for Douglas Board 's comic political thriller Time of Lies ( published 23 June 2017 ) . In this novel , the first post-Brexit general election in 2020 is won by a violent right - wing former football hooligan called Bob Grant . Board charts the response to this of the hitherto pro-European Union metropolitan political elite . Stanley Johnson 's Kompromat ( scheduled for July 2017 ) is a political thriller that suggests the vote to leave the European Union was a result of Russian influence on the referendum , although Johnson has insisted his book is not intended to point the finger at Russia 's secret services , but is `` just meant to be fun . '' Brexit in Theatre In June 2017 , the National Theatre in London presented a play by Carol Ann Duffy , entitled My Country ; a work in progress . An allegorical work , the play uses the device of a convention called by the goddess Britannia , who is concerned about the future of the British people . The play differs from some artistic responses in that Duffy and the National Theatre - based the attitudes of the characters in part on the responses of ordinary people in interviews that were conducted by the regional offices of the UK Arts Councils , but excluding responses from London and the south - east of England , where most people voted not to leave the EU . As a result , according to Dominic Cavendish , writing in The Daily Telegraph , `` the bias is towards the Leave camp '' . Brexit in film In 2016 , the television director Martin Durkin wrote and directed an 81 minute long documentary film titled `` Brexit : The Movie '' which advocated with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union . The film was produced by the production company Wag TV with a budget of £ 300,000 . The production costs were sourced primarily through crowdfunding via Kickstarter alongside a £ 50,000 contribution from the hedge fund Spitfire Capital . In May 2016 the film premiered in Leicester Square , with notable figures such as Nigel Farage and David Davis ( who later became Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ) in attendance . Establishment of pro-European political organisations Following the Brexit vote , there have been several attempts to set up a new pro-European political party . Examples include ' The Democrats ' ( a proposal by former Daily Mail political editor James Chapman ) , ' The Radicals ' ( proposed by Jeremy Cliffe , former Berlin bureau chief of The Economist ) and the Renew Britain party . In 2017 , newly elected Liberal Democrats leader Vince Cable criticised ' pop up ' anti-Brexit parties formed following the 2016 referendum , saying of those groups policies `` ... it is the kind of ideology - free , technocratic , authoritarian centrism that would be more at home in , say , Singapore . '' and `` Voters beware . '' See also Book : Brexit Book : Brexit , Article 50 , and other articles Book : Britain , Ireland and the European Union Media related to Brexit at Wikimedia Commons Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Interpretation of EU Treaty law by European Court of Justice Multi-speed Europe Referendums related to the European Union Scientific mobility and the EU Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities Dutch withdrawal from the European Union Frexit Meaningful vote Notes Jump up ^ See : References Jump up ^ `` Brexit preparedness '' . European Commission . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK confirms it will leave customs union '' . 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Michael ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Theresa May confirms Britain will leave Single Market as she sets out 12 - point Brexit plan '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : PM to trigger Article 50 by end of March '' . BBC News . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The `` i '' newspaper , 27 June 2018 ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Peter S. ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` ' Brexit , ' a Feel - Good Vote That Could Sink Britain 's Economy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . finding economists who say they believe that a Brexit will spur the British economy is like looking for a doctor who thinks forswearing vegetables is the key to a long life ^ Jump up to : Sampson , Thomas ( 2017 ) . `` Brexit : The Economics of International Disintegration '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 ( 4 ) : 163 -- 184 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 31.4. 163 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . The results I summarize in this section focus on long - run effects and have a forecast horizon of 10 or more years after Brexit occurs . Less is known about the likely dynamics of the transition process or the extent to which economic uncertainty and anticipation effects will impact the economies of the United Kingdom or the European Union in advance of Brexit . Jump up ^ `` ' Hard ' Brexit offers ' £ 135bn annual boost ' to economy '' . BBC News . 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What are the economic effects of Brexit so far ? '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . The Brexit vote two years ago has damaged the UK economy , as a weaker pound has squeezed household incomes and uncertainty has hit investment . On that , economists from all sides agree -- despite having their differences over the extent of the damage and whether the harm will intensify . ^ Jump up to : Breinlich , Holger ; Leromain , Elsa ; Novy , Dennis ; Sampson , Thomas ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` The consequences of the Brexit vote for UK inflation and living standards : First evidence '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Born , Benjamin ; Müller , Gernot ; Schularick , Moritz ; Sedláček , Petr ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` £ 300 million a week : The output cost of the Brexit vote '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the cost of Brexit so far ? '' . Centre for European Reform . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Portes , Jonathan ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Immigration after Brexit '' . National Institute Economic Review . 238 ( 1 ) : R13 -- R21 . doi : 10.1177 / 002795011623800111 . ISSN 0027 - 9501 . ^ Jump up to : Mayhew , Ken ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` UK higher education and Brexit '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S155 -- S161 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx012 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ben ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` A Wiki Hacker Compiled a Dictionary of Brexit 's Most Useless Words '' . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Britain and the EU : A Brixit looms '' . The Economist. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hjelmgaard , Kim ; Onyanga - Omara , Jane ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Explainer : The what , when , and why of `` Brexit '' `` . USA Today . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit , n . '' OED Online . Oxford University Press , March 2017 . Web . 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Peter ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` Stumbling towards the Brexit '' . BlogActiv.eu . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Friederichsen , Paul ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Coining catchy `` Brexit '' term helped Brits determine EU vote `` . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hard '' Brexit most likely outcome for UK leaving EU , says S&P `` . Reuters. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : What are the options ? Alternative Brexit models '' . BBC News . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bienkov , Adam ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` ' Red , white and blue Brexit ' : The worst UK political slogans of all time '' . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Keep , Matthew ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Brexit : the exit bill '' ( pdf ) . House of Commons Library . CBP - 8039 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . When the UK leaves the EU it is expected to make a contribution towards the EU 's outstanding financial commitments -- spending that was agreed while the UK was a member . The media have labelled this as an ' exit bill ' or ' divorce bill ' , the EU see it as a matter of ' settling the accounts ' . The issue has been discussed in the first phase of Brexit negotiations under the title of the ' single financial settlement ' ( the settlement ) . Jump up ^ Kuenssberg , Laura ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Brexiteers ' letter adds to pressure on May '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Devlin , Kate ( 3 June 2018 ) . `` BREXIT BLOCK : Army of Remainers will go DOOR - TO - DOOR in bid to overturn EU exit '' . Jump up ^ `` Stop crying , remoaners ! There 's never been a better time to be British '' . 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 : De Gaulle says `` non '' to Britain -- again `` . BBC News . 27 November 1976 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Into Europe '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` English text of EU Accession Treaty 1972 , Cmnd. 7463 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Britain joins the EEC '' . BBC News . 1 January 1973 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex May , Britain and Europe since 1945 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY -- 26 -- 1975 : Labour votes to leave the EEC '' . BBC . Jump up ^ the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides Jump up ^ `` Research Briefings -- The 1974 -- 1975 UK Renegotiation of EEC Membership and Referendum '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Voted for Brexit ? A comprehensive district level analysis '' . Becker , Fetzer , Novy , University of Warwick . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vaidyanathan , Rajini ( 4 March 2010 ) . `` Michael Foot : What did the `` longest suicide note '' say ? `` . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Dury , Hélène . `` Black Wednesday '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU treaties '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPA The EU in brief '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Heath , Anthony ; Jowell , Roger ; Taylor , Bridget ; Thomson , Katarina ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` Euroscepticism and the referendum party '' . British Elections & Parties Review . 8 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 110 . doi : 10.1080 / 13689889808413007 . ISSN 1368 - 9886 . Jump up ^ CARTER , N. ; EVANS , M. ; ALDERMAN , K. ; GORHAM , S. ( 1 July 1998 ) . `` Europe , Goldsmith and the Referendum Party '' . Parliamentary Affairs . 51 ( 3 ) : 470 -- 485 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. pa. a028811 . ISSN 0031 - 2290 . Jump up ^ `` UK Election 1997 '' . Politicsresources.net . Archived from the original on 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 key lessons from the European election results '' . The Guardian . 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Does Migration Cause Extreme Voting ? '' ( PDF ) . Becker and Fetzer , University of Warwick. 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Osborn ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` 2015 UK general election results in full '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Mortimore , Roger . `` Polling history : 40 years of British views on `` in or out '' of Europe `` . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Tarran , Brian ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` The Economy : a Brexit vote winner ? '' . Significance. 13 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1740 - 9713.2016. 00891. x . Jump up ^ Nicholas Watt ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` Cameron defies Tory right over EU referendum : Prime minister , buoyed by successful negotiations on eurozone banking reform , rejects `` in or out '' referendum on EU `` . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . David Cameron placed himself on a collision course with the Tory right when he mounted a passionate defence of Britain 's membership of the EU and rejected out of hand an `` in or out '' referendum . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` PM accused of weak stance on Europe referendum '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Cameron said he would continue to work for `` a different , more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU '' . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron ' prepared to consider EU referendum ' '' . BBC News . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Mr Cameron said ... he would `` continue to work for a different , more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU '' . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron promises in / out referendum on EU '' . BBC News . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron sets out EU reform goals '' . BBC News . 11 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ New Open Europe / ComRes poll : Failure to win key reforms could swing UK 's EU referendum vote openeurope.org , 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Spaventa , Eleanore . `` Explaining the EU deal : the `` emergency brake '' `` . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister sets out legal framework for EU withdrawal '' . UK Parliament . 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The process for withdrawing from the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Jon Stone ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Vote Leave designated as official EU referendum Out campaign '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave.eu '' . Leave.eu . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Other major campaign groups included Grassroots Out , Get Britain Out and Better Off Out . Jump up ^ `` Conservatives In '' . Conservatives In . Archived from the original on 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Alan Johnson MP . `` Labour in for Britain -- The Labour Party '' . Labour.org.uk . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain in Europe '' . Liberal Democrats . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greens for a Better Europe '' . Green Party . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Scientists for EU . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Environmentalists For Europe homepage '' . Environmentalists For Europe . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universities for Europe '' . Universities for Europe . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` We need to take back control '' : Brexit whistleblower Shahmir Sanni on why there must be a new EU referendum New Statesman Jump up ^ S Rosenberg , `` EU referendum : What does Russia gain from Brexit ? '' ( 26 June 2016 ) BBC News . `` ' Highly probable ' that Russia interfered in Brexit referendum , Labour MP says '' ( 13 December 2016 ) Independent . J Kanter and A Bienkov , `` Labour MPs think the government is hiding info about Russia interfering with Brexit '' ( 23 February 2016 ) Business Insider . `` Brexit : foreign states may have interfered in vote , report says '' ( April 2017 ) Guardian . F O'Toole , `` What connects Brexit , the DUP , dark money and a Saudi prince ? '' ( 16 May 2017 ) Irish Times . `` Nigel Farage is `` person of interest '' in FBI investigation into Trump and Russia '' ( 2 June 2017 ) Guardian Jump up ^ `` Leave.EU fined £ 70,000 over Brexit spending '' . BBC News . 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Matthew ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Leave.EU fined £ 70k over breaches of electoral law '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Samson , Adam ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` Leave.EU campaign fined by UK Electoral Commission '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Article 50 ( 3 ) of the Treaty on European Union . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` UK officials seek draft agreements with EU before triggering article 50 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Renwick , Alan ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` What happens if we vote for Brexit ? '' . The Constitution Unit Blog . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Ben . `` Reality Check : How plausible is second EU referendum ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ In a leaflet sent out before the referendum , the UK government stated `` This is your decision . The Government will implement what you decide . '' `` Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK . The EU referendum , Thursday , 23rd June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Charlie ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ram , Vidya . `` U.K. govt . must get Parliament nod for Brexit : Supreme Court '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ; Mason , Rowena ; Asthana , Anushka ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Supreme court rules parliament must have vote to trigger article 50 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : MPs overwhelmingly back Article 50 bill '' . BBC . 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 50 : May signs letter that will trigger Brexit '' . BBC News . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tusk , Donald ( @ eucopresident ) ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Article 50 letter . # Brexit '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stamp , Gavin ; Hunt , Alex ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` Theresa May officially starts Brexit process '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Szyszczak , Erika ; Lydgate , Emily ( 10 October 2016 ) . Triggering Article 50 TEU : A Legal Analysis ( PDF ) ( Report ) . UK Trade Policy Observatory , University of Sussex . ISBN 978 - 1 - 912044 - 70 - 2 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ( ... ) the weight of academic opinion is that Article 50 TEU does allow for a Member State to revoke the application to withdraw and simply revert to the status quo . Jump up ^ `` Brexit is reversible , says author of Brexit treaty '' . 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` a revocation of notification ( by Article 50 ) needs to be subject to conditions set by all EU27 , so that it can not be used as a procedural device or abused in an attempt to improve on the current terms of the United Kingdom 's membership '' `` European Plenary sitting 10 April 2017 '' . European Parliament . 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Directives for the negotiation of an agreement with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal from the European Union ( Section II. 8 ) '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nikos Chrysoloras ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` Your Guide to Key Dates in the Brexit Negotiations '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Dan ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Brexit : UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Merkel lobt May - Angebot zum Brexit ( Merkel praises May 's offer on Brexit ) '' . Die Zeit . Hamburg. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Heffer , Greg ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` '' It 's not single market à la carte '' Donald Tusk tells UK it 's FREE MOVEMENT or nothing `` . Daily Express . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit - Bundestagsdebatte : Mit Merkel wird es kein Rosinenpicken für die Briten geben '' ( Brexit parliamentary debate : With Merkel there will be no cherrypicking for the British ) . Die Welt. 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May -- her full Brexit speech to Conservative conference '' . Independent . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Theresa May 's Conservative party conference speech -- key points analysed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hope , Christopher ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` British expats set to be granted right to carry on living in EU with Theresa May ' close to reciprocal rights deal ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Steven ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Angela Merkel says `` nein '' to Theresa May 's calls for early deal on rights of EU migrants and British ex-pats `` . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March '' . BBC News . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuenssberg , Laura ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Brexit : UK to leave single market , says Theresa May '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : The UK 's letter triggering Article 50 '' . BBC News . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Asthana , Anushka ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Do n't blackmail us over security , EU warns May '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Council ( Art . 50 ) guidelines for Brexit negotiations '' . Council of the European Union Website . Council of the European Union . 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Peter ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` EU Brexit guidelines : What 's in the document , and what it really means '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Divorce settlement or leaving the club ? A breakdown of the Brexit bill '' March 2017 , A breakdown of the Brexit bill ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Worstall , Tim ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` It Is To Laugh at Their Mistake -- EU 's Brexit Bill Claim Now At € 100 Billion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC News , 4 March 2017 , `` Brexit : UK ' not obliged ' to pay divorce bill say peers ''. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Council ( Art 50 ) authorises the start of Brexit talks and adopts negotiating directives -- Consilium '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks '' , The Guardian , 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 Jump up ^ Boffey , Daniel ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Donald Tusk echoes John Lennon to suggest UK could stay in EU '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Abert , Eric ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Brexit : les expatriés , premier bras de fer entre Londres et Bruxelles ( Brexit : Expatriates , the first armwrestling match between London and Brussels ) '' . Le Monde . Paris . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bush , Stephen ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Theresa May and Jean - Claude Juncker 's dinner leaked because no - one thinks Brexit will work '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit - Verhandlungen : London will EU - Bürger in Grossbritannien halten '' ( Brexit negotiations : London wants to keep EU citizens in Britain ) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reality Check : Britain and EU at odds over citizens ' rights '' . BBC News . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU and UK ' singing from same hymn sheet ' on Northern Ireland '' . The Irish Times . 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nuspliger , Niklus ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Zweite Verhandlungsrunde in Brüssel : London bleibt zu Brexit - Rechnung unverbindlich '' ( Second round of negotiations in Brussels : London remains non-committal to Brexit bill ) . Neue Zürcher Zeitung . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK and EU at odds over `` exit bill '' `` . BBC News . 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK forwarders : Brexit customs proposal short on details '' . joc.com . Jump up ^ `` PM : UK leaving EU court 's jurisdiction '' . BBC . 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit : Jean - Claude Juncker criticises UK 's position papers '' . BBC News . 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huge gulf in negotiations on UK 's Brexit bill '' . The Irish Times . 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major breakthrough in Irish strand of Brexit talks '' . The Irish Times . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : `` Significant differences '' over exit bill says Davis `` . BBC News . 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't use Irish border as test case for EU - UK border , says Barnier '' . The Irish Times . 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Guardian Wires ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Theresa May 's Brexit speech in Florence - watch live '' . Retrieved 1 November 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Keep EU trade as it is until 2021 - May '' . BBC . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Laura Smith - Spark , . `` UK PM seeks to break Brexit deadlock '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : EU 's Brexit Chief Welcomes ' Constructive ' Speech '' . USNews.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK needs to clarify issues - Macron '' . BBC News . 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hopes and frustrations as Brexit talks resume after May speech '' . Reuters. 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster , Peter ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Brexit trade talks deadline to slip to December , says European Parliament chief '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Council Conclusions '' ( PDF ) . 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK explores ' no deal ' Brexit '' . BBC . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage '' . BBC News . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Italian ) government : Giuseppe Conte to head populist coalition '' . BBC News . 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin Kettle ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` Threatened by Italy and Brexit , the EU must turn the tide '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . In those circumstances , Brexit does not merely become a second - order issue for the EU . Any Brexit deal would also resonate differently in Britain . The EU with which British MPs and voters may be asked to approve a deal this autumn could be a less stable and predictable political entity . The fear is that this would play into the hands of May 's caution and Jeremy Corbyn 's anti-EU instincts . Jump up ^ `` Border deal is not likely until October , Taoiseach claims '' . The Irish Times . 11 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commons set for Brexit vote showdown '' . BBC News . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joint statement from the negotiators of the European Union and the United Kingdom Government on progress of negotiations under Article 50 TEU '' ( PDF ) . Consilium.eu. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 2017 - 19 -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU repeal bill wins first Commons vote '' . BBC . 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Conclusions adopted by the European Council ( Art . 50 ) , 29 June 2018. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hannah White and Jill Rutter , `` Legislating Brexit : The Great Repeal Bill and the wider legislative challenge '' , Institute for Government , 20 March 2017 , p. 9 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Brexit could place ' huge burden ' on Parliament '' . BBC . 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Suzanna ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Analysis of the Nuclear Safeguards Bill 2017 - 19 '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Anushka Asthana ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` Theresa May indicates MPs will not be given vote on final Brexit deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Oltermann , Philip ; Scammell , Rosie ; Darroch , Gordon ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit causes resurgence in pro-EU leanings across continent '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Asthana , Anushka ; Walker , Peter ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Theresa May calls for general election to secure Brexit mandate '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General election 2017 : UKIP needed to stop Brexit ' backsliding ' '' . BBC News . 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Anushka Asthana ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Labour vows to rip up and rethink Brexit white paper '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2017 : Labour 's ' day one ' pledge to EU nationals '' . BBC News . 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is your chance , ' Lib Dems tell voters opposed to Hard Brexit '' . The Herald . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party leader Caroline Lucas calls for second EU referendum '' . The Independent . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lib Dem leader Tim Farron responds to Theresa May 's general election announcement '' . The Independent . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stronger for Scotland '' ( PDF ) . 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 -- via SNP website . Jump up ^ `` SNP manifesto summary : Key points at - a-glance '' . BBC News . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2017 Results '' . BBC News . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Conservatives agree pact with DUP to support May government '' . BBC News . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Larry ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` This is the Bank of England 's all - action response to Brexit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Partington , Richard ( 17 April 2018 ) . `` UK pay growth outpaces inflation for first time in a year '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trotz Brexit : Bei Investoren bleibt Großbritannien die Nummer eins in Europa ( Despite Brexit : For investors Britain remains Number One in Europe ) '' . 11 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 -- via FAZ . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Annual net migration of EU citizens to UK falls below 100,000 '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Jim Pickard ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Key details of Brexit impact reports on 58 industries to stay secret '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Walker ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Brexit impact papers to be released in victory for Labour '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Helm , Toby Helm Observer Political ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` A million skilled EU workers see their future outside Britain '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Forte , Giuseppe ; Portes , Jonathan ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Macroeconomic Determinants of International Migration to the UK '' . Rochester , NY . Jump up ^ Somerville , Will ( June 2016 ) . When the Dust Settles : Migration Policy after Brexit . Migration Policy Institute Commentary . ^ Jump up to : Bennhold , Katrin ( 21 November 2017 ) . `` Where Brexit Hurts : The Nurses and Doctors Leaving London '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Jamie ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Net migration to UK drops to lowest level for three years '' . Retrieved 1 November 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` 96 % drop in EU nurses registering to work in Britain since Brexit vote '' . Retrieved 1 November 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Centre for Economic Policy Research '' . cepr.org . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Chris ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` The real price of Brexit begins to emerge '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eichengreen , Barry ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` The experts strike back ! How economists are being proved right on Brexit Barry Eichengreen '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European banks slash UK - related assets by € 350bn after Brexit vote '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Richard ( 31 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit Beckons : Thinking ahead by leading economists '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . On 23 June 2016 , 52 % of British voters decided that being the first country ever to leave the EU was a price worth paying for ' taking back control ' , despite advice from economists clearly showing that Brexit would make the UK ' permanently poorer ' ( HM Treasury 2016 ) . The extent of agreement among economists on the costs of Brexit was extraordinary : forecast after forecast supported similar conclusions ( which have so far proved accurate in the aftermath of the Brexit vote ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit survey '' . igmchicago.org . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brexit survey II '' . igmchicago.org . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sodha , Sonia ; Helm , Toby ; Inman , Phillip ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` Economists overwhelmingly reject Brexit in boost for Cameron '' . The Observer . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most economists still pessimistic about effects of Brexit '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Unlike the short - term effects of Brexit , which have been better than most had predicted , most economists say the ultimate impact of leaving the EU still appears likely to be more negative than positive . But the one thing almost all agree upon is that no one will know how big the effects are for some time . Jump up ^ Wren - Lewis , Simon . `` Why is the academic consensus on the cost of Brexit being ignored ? '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit to Hit Jobs , Wealth and Output for Years to Come , Economists Say '' . Bloomberg L.P. 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . The U.K. economy may be paying for Brexit for a long time to come ... It wo n't mean Armageddon , but the broad consensus among economists -- whose predictions about the initial fallout were largely too pessimistic -- is for a prolonged effect that will ultimately diminish output , jobs and wealth to some degree . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul ; Mitchell , Ian ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` The Brexit vote , economics , and economic policy '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S12 -- S21 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx017 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ `` Most economists say Brexit will hurt the economy -- but one disagrees '' . The Economist . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is the real reason the UK 's economic forecasts look so bad '' . The Independent . 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . One thing economists do generally agree on is that leaving the European Union and putting new trade barriers between Britain and our largest and closest trading partners is extremely unlikely to boost UK productivity growth -- and is far more likely to slow it Jump up ^ `` The Government 's Own Brexit Analysis Says The UK Will Be Worse Off in Every Scenario Outside The EU '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Secret data show Britain worse off under all Brexit scenarios '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HM Treasury analysis : the long - term economic impact of EU membership and the alternatives '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit and the UK 's Public Finances '' ( PDF ) ( IFS Report 116 ) . Institute for Fiscal Studies . May 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The economic consequences '' . The Economist . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` If it ai n't broke , do n't Brexit '' . The Economist . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Corsetti , Giancarlo ; Crowley , Meredith ; Exton , Oliver ; Han , Lu ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` A granular analysis of the exposure of UK exports to EU tariffs , quotas and antidumping under ' no deal ' '' . VoxEU.org . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen , Wen ; Los , Bart ; McCann , Philip ; Ortega - Argilés , Raquel ; Thissen , Mark ; van Oort , Frank ( 2017 ) . `` The continental divide ? Economic exposure to Brexit in regions and countries on both sides of The Channel '' . Papers in Regional Science . 97 : n / a -- n / a . doi : 10.1111 / pirs. 12334 . ISSN 1435 - 5957 . Jump up ^ Steven Swinford ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` Britain could be up to £ 70billion worse off if it leaves the Single Market after Brexit , IFS warns '' . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claim ' hard Brexit ' could cost UK £ 10bn in tax '' . Financial Times . 4 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` At least 12 banks are moving some operations from London to Dublin after Brexit '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Armour , John ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Brexit and financial services '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S54 -- S69 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx014 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ Portes , Jonathan ; Forte , Giuseppe ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` The economic impact of Brexit - induced reductions in migration '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 33 ( suppl_1 ) : S31 -- S44 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grx008 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . Jump up ^ `` Mervyn King : Britain better off going for hard Brexit '' . The Guardian . 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central bank of the year : Bank of England - Central Banking '' . Central Banking . 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macro , Mainly ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` mainly macro : How Brexit advocates intend to smear economics '' . mainly macro . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England Economist : Brexit Predictions Were Wrong '' . Associated Press . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Inman , Phillip ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Chief Economist of Bank of England Admits Errors in Brexit Forecasting '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Steven ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Bank of England Admits ' Michael Fish Moment ' with Dire Brexit Predictions '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brexit vote is starting to have major negative consequences ' -- experts debate the data The Guardian ^ Jump up to : David Miles ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Andy Haldane is wrong : there is no crisis in economics '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Collis , Helen ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Brussels releases criteria to host EU agencies after Brexit '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU states set for squabble over who gets London 's agencies after Brexit '' . Reuters. 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Philip ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Europe nears decision on base for euro clearing '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Between 2007 -- 2013 the UK received € 8.8 billion from the EU for research while contributing € 5.4 billion to the EU 's research budget . UK research and the European Union : the role of the EU in funding UK research ( PDF ) . London : Royal Society . 2016 . pp. 12 , Figure 4 . Jump up ^ Around 11 % of the research income of British universities came from the EU in 2014 -- 2015 University Funding Explained ( PDF ) . London : UK Universities . July 2016 . Jump up ^ Elgot , Jessica ; Elliott , Larry ; Davis , Nicola ( 13 August 2016 ) . `` Treasury to guarantee post-Brexit funding for EU - backed projects '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` UK scientists dropped from EU projects because of post-Brexit funding fears '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It is likely that the UK would wish to remain an associated member of the European Research Area , like Norway and Iceland , in order to continue participating in the EU framework programmes . '' UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . Paris : UNESCO Publishing . 2015 . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . Jump up ^ Simons , Ned ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Nicola Sturgeon Denies She Has `` Machiavellian '' Wish For Brexit `` . The Huffington Post UK . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Says New Vote on Independence Is ' Highly Likely ' '' . The New York Times . 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicola Sturgeon says Scotland will pursue EU membership after independence '' . The Independent . 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` Theresa May rejects Nicola Sturgeon 's referendum demand '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sturgeon : independent Scotland may need `` phased '' return to EU `` . The Guardian . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Could Scotland block Brexit ? '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott ; Mark . `` Can Scotland block Brexit ? '' . PublicLawForEveryone.com . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitehall lawyers drawing up plans to challenge Continuity Bill in courts '' . Herald Scotland . 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forging a new UK - wide agricultural framework post-Brexit '' . LSE. 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McClean , Paul ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` After Brexit : the UK will need to renegotiate at least 759 treaties '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Through analysis of the EU treaty database , the FT found 759 separate EU bilateral agreements with potential relevance to Britain , covering trade in nuclear goods , customs , fisheries , trade , transport and regulatory co-operation in areas such as antitrust or financial services . This includes multilateral agreements based on consensus , where Britain must re-approach 132 separate parties . Around 110 separate opt - in accords at the UN and World Trade Organisation are excluded from the estimates , as are narrow agreements on the environment , health , research and science . Some additional UK bilateral deals , outside the EU framework , may also need to be revised because they make reference to EU law . Some of the 759 are so essential that it would be unthinkable to operate without them . Air services agreements allow British aeroplanes to land in America , Canada or Israel ; nuclear accords permit the trade in spare parts and fuel for Britain 's power stations . Both these sectors are excluded from trade negotiations and must be addressed separately . ^ Jump up to : `` Leaving the EU -- RESEARCH PAPER 13 / 42 '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Niamh ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Brexit will not mean hard border , leaders vow '' . The Times , Ireland edition . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ George Mitchell : UK and Ireland need to realise what 's at stake in Brexit talks . Belfast Telegraph , 8 April 2018 Jump up ^ Brexit : the unexpected threat to peace in Northern Ireland Nic Robertson , CNN , 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ Brexit threatens Good Friday agreement , Irish PM warns . David Smith , The Guardian , 14 March 2018 Jump up ^ David Trimble : Ireland risks provoking ( loyalist ) paramilitaries over post-Brexit border . Henry McDonald , The Guardian , 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Ireland - UK Accord to Further Secure the Common Travel Area '' . Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . The Joint Statement and the accompanying Memorandum of Understanding on visa data exchange was signed by Minister for Justice , Equality and Defence , Alan Shatter , T.D. and UK Immigration Minister , Damien Green , M.P. , in Dublin today . Jump up ^ `` Britain does not want return to Northern Ireland border controls , says May '' . The Irish Times . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Republic signals support for UK plan to avoid post-Brexit `` hard border '' `` . The Guardian . 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Ireland has no agreement with UK on use of Irish ports '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK officials at Irish ports ruled out '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Siobhan ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Northern Ireland 's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Ellen ( 29 April 2017 ) . `` EU approval ' brings united Ireland closer ' '' . The Times , Ireland edition . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` French minister : Brexit would threaten Calais border arrangement '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Would Brexit really move `` the Jungle '' to Dover ? `` . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xavier Bertrand a les accords du Touquet dans le viseur '' . Libération . Jump up ^ Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the French Republic concerning the Implementation of Frontier Controls at the Sea Ports of both Countries on the Channel and North Sea ( PDF ) , The Stationery Office , 4 February 2003 , cm6172 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2008 , retrieved 5 July 2016 , This Treaty is concluded for an unlimited duration and each of the Contracting Parties may terminate it at any time by written notification ... The termination shall come into effect two years after the date of this notification . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Elsa ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` François Hollande rejects suspension of Le Touquet treaty at Calais despite UK Brexit '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` The Brexit vote result has reignited a 300 - year - old fight between Britain and Spain '' . Vox . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the ' next day after Brexit ' '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Spain calls for joint control of Gibraltar '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Joe Duggan ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Chief Minister Fabian Picardo says ' British means British ' at National Day political rally '' . Jump up ^ `` Govt 's stark analysis highlights Brexit border challenge '' . Gibraltar Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` the UK would seek the best possible deal for Gibraltar as the UK exits the EU , and there would be no negotiation on the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of its people . '' Theresa May , 6 April 2017 , `` UK wo n't negotiate away Gibraltar sovereignty , May tells Tusk '' . The Guardian . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Sir Joe slams EU 's ' disgraceful ' stance on Brexit and Gibraltar ' : The Gibraltar Chronicle , 2 February 2018 Jump up ^ `` Spain hopes for Brexit deal on Gibraltar before October : foreign minister '' . Reuters. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph -- `` CANZUK : after Brexit , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and Britain can unite as a pillar of Western civilisation '' : https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/13/canzuk-after-brexit-canada-australia-new-zealand-and-britain-can/ Jump up ^ CapX -- `` Why CANZUK is Britain 's best hope after Brexit '' : https://capx.co/why-canzuk-is-britains-best-hope-after-brexit/ Jump up ^ The Express -- `` Britain right to ditch ' antiquated ' EU and seek new global trade , says Australian senator '' : https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/856874/Brexit-news-Australian-senator-James-Paterson-CANZUK-UK-EU-exit Jump up ^ Open Canada -- `` Bigger national security ideas enter the Conservative leadership debate '' : https://www.opencanada.org/features/better-late-never-bigger-national-security-ideas-enter-conservative-leadership-debate/ Jump up ^ USA Today -- `` Brexit boosts ' CANZUK ' replacement for European Union : Column '' : https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2016/06/24/brexit-boosts-canzuk-replacement-european-union-column/86347818/ Jump up ^ The Express -- `` Visa - free movement across UK , Canada , Australia and NZ ? Campaign boost as 200,000 sign up '' : https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/806280/commonwealth-visa-free-UK-australia-canada-new-zealand Jump up ^ The Express -- `` Free movement in the COMMONWEALTH : Petition reaches 214,000 as Brexit plans revealed '' : https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/909657/UK-Australia-New-Zealand-Canada-Brexit-plans-free-movement-visa-petition-CANZUK Jump up ^ Global News -- `` Push for free movement of Canadians , Kiwis , Britons and Australians gains momentum '' : https://globalnews.ca/news/3975037/push-for-free-movement-of-canadians-kiwis-britons-and-australians-gains-momentum/ Jump up ^ Daily Times -- `` Post-imperial nostalgia : Brexit and the Empire '' : https://dailytimes.com.pk/24383/post-imperial-nostalgia-brexit-and-the-empire/ Jump up ^ Andreas Koenig ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Ökonomische Aspekte eines EU - Austritts des Vereinigten Königreichs ( Brexit ) '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Deutscher Bundestag . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ M. Chardon ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Sperrminorität '' ( in German ) . Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Holger Romann ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Nach dem Brexit - Votum : EU - Wirtschaftspolitik -- was geht da ? '' ( in German ) . ARD . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dorothea Siems ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Sperrminorität '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Austritt des UK : Diese Folgen hat der Brexit für Deutschland und die EU '' ( UK Exit from EU : Brexit has these consequences for Germany and the EU ) . Merkur.de ( in German ) . 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Die Briten haben sich für einen Abschied entschieden , Europa wird nun anders aussehen . Der Kontinent verliert seine ( neben Frankreich ) stärkste Militärmacht samt Atomwaffenarsenal , seine zweitgrößte Volkswirtschaft , das Land mit der drittgrößten Bevölkerung , die Finanzhauptstadt der Welt und einen von zwei Plätzen im UN-Sicherheitsrat . ( The British have decided to leave . Europe will now look different . The continent will be losing its strongest military power ( alongside France ) , ... its second largest economy , the country with the third largest population , the financial capital of the world , and one of two seats on the UN Security Council . ) Jump up ^ Hendrik Kafsack ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` EU - Haushalt : Deutschland überweist das meiste Geld an Brüssel '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters / dpa ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` Brexit wird teuer für Deutschland '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A two - speed post-Brexit Europe is best avoided '' https://www.ft.com/content/e0051162-1ee0-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c Jump up ^ `` European Parliament moves to sideline British MEPs '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MEPs debate who inherits British seats '' . politico.eu . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Is Brexit an opportunity to reform the European Parliament ? '' ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Burns , Kevin ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Legal experts say common law Ireland to be `` isolated '' within EU after Brexit `` . Irish Legal News . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Government 's legal bill `` to go up after Brexit '' `` . Irish Legal News . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Main world producers ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Boffey ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` UK fishermen may not win waters back after Brexit , EU memo reveals '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Source : House of Lords , NAFC Marine Centre , University of the Highlands and Islands . Jump up ^ Milne , Claire ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Is the EU ' pinching our fish ' ? '' . fullfact.org . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lorna Siggins ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Fishing announcement UK 's `` first serious shot on Brexit '' `` . The Irish Times . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 25 November 2017 ) . `` Australia raises doubts over post-Brexit plans for EU food import quotas '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` No notification , no negotiation : EU officials banned from Brexit talks with Britain '' . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker on populist right - wingers : `` I want to stand against these forces '' `` . 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker warnt Firmen vor eigenen Brexit - Deals '' ( Juncker warns companies against making their own Brexit deals ) ( in German ) . 5 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Ich sage ihnen , dass sie sich nicht in die Debatte einmischen sollen , denn sie werden feststellen , dass ich ihnen den Weg versperre . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Claude Juncker : UK faces hefty Brexit bill '' . 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visit in Berlin : Johnson 's timetable ( for Brexit ) does not envisage changes '' . 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Libby ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` May tells Sturgeon Holyrood will be ' fully engaged ' in article 50 decision '' . London , UK . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Hughes ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` Brexit department spends more than £ 250,000 on legal advice in just two months '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May signals Whitehall rejig with two new Cabinet posts '' . civilserviceworld.com . CSW . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Trading places / Negotiating post-Brexit deals . Economist , 4 -- 10 February 2017 , page 25 Jump up ^ `` The government 's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU : PM speech '' . Gov.uk. 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ HM Government ( February 2017 ) . The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Williams Lea Group . pp. 17 -- 20 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British citizens should have freedom of movement after Brexit , says chief EU negotiator '' . The Local . 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU summit on 29 April to discuss way ahead '' . BBC . 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit revives Sinn Féin campaign for united Ireland vote '' . Politico. 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit -- the Brexit , `` a tragedy '' , according to Jean - Claude Juncker `` . The Brussels Times . 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better regulation '' . European Commission -- European Commission . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit ' dream ' '' . BBC News . 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Cabinet agrees ' collective ' stance on future EU deal '' . BBC News . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hard facts ' for both sides in Brexit talks - Theresa May '' . BBC News . 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage '' . BBC News . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit '' . BBC News . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit negotiations : Barnier rules out ' concessions ' '' . BBC News . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' No turning back ' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered '' . BBC News . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK to leave single market , says Theresa May '' . BBC News . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March '' . BBC News . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May vows to be ' one nation ' prime minister '' . BBC News . 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage '' . BBC News . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit '' . BBC News . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit negotiations : Barnier rules out ' concessions ' '' . BBC News . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' No turning back ' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered '' . BBC News . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : UK to leave single market , says Theresa May '' . BBC News . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March '' . BBC News . 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May vows to be ' one nation ' prime minister '' . BBC News . 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Poll finds that 60 % of Britons want to keep their EU citizenship The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Washington appelle à des négociations `` rapides '' entre UE et Londres `` . FIGARO. 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Mia Jankowicz , `` Britain 's thriving art scene strangled by Brexit chaos '' in Politics.co.uk , 20 March 2017 : Online Link Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen , `` Banksy Brexit mural of man chipping away at EU flag appears in Dover '' in The Guardian ( UK newspaper ) , 8 May 2017 Jump up ^ Mick Brown , `` Grayson Perry : What I learnt from my Brexit tour around Britain '' , in The Daily Telegraph ( UK newspaper ) , 27 May 2017 Jump up ^ Michael Paraskos , Rabbitman ( London : Friction Fiction , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Mark Billingham , Love Like Blood , ( London : Little Brown Books , 2017 ) Jump up ^ David Boyle , Remains of the Day ( London : Real Press , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Amanda Craig , The Lie of the Land ( London : Little Brown Books , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Douglas Board , Time of Lies ( London : Lightning Books , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Katie Spencer , `` Literature goes Brexit : EU vote prompts writers to tackle issue '' , Sky News report , 19 March 2017 Click for Link Jump up ^ Kettle , Martin ( 10 March 2017 ) `` Brexit stage left : how theatre became the best way to understand today 's Britain '' The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 11 March 2017 ) `` The National Theatre takes on Brexit in My Country , a work in progress '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ About Brexit The Movie Jump up ^ `` The easiest way to set up a new pro-European centrist political party '' . Markpack.org.uk. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` People Keep Trying To Start Pro-EU British Centrist Movements on Twitter '' . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I was asked to lead a new pro remain party , here 's why I said no '' . leftfootforward.org. 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Further reading William Outhwaite ( ed . ) , Brexit : Sociological Responses ( London : Anthem Press , 2017 ) . ISBN 9781783086443 Hobolt , Sara B. ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` The Brexit vote : a divided nation , a divided continent '' . Journal of European Public Policy . 23 ( 9 ) : 1259 -- 1277 . doi : 10.1080 / 13501763.2016. 1225785 . ISSN 1350 - 1763 . Peers , Steve ( 2016 ) . The Brexit : The Legal Framework for Withdrawal from the EU or Renegotiation of EU Membership . Oxford , UK : Hart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84946 - 874 - 9 . OCLC 917161408 . Ansorg , N. & Haastrup , T. : `` Brexit Beyond the UK 's Borders : What It Means for Africa '' , GIGA Focus Afrika No. 03 / 2016 External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : The withdrawal clause Look up Brexit in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . UK government 's official negotiation documents EU 's official negotiation documents UK Parliament -- Brexit News Reading list of post-EU Referendum publications by Parliament and the Devolved Assemblies -- House of Commons Library Record of Brexit - related business in the devolved legislatures ( Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) -- House of Commons Library Gov UK -- Department for Exiting the European Union BBC : `` Brexit : What are the options ? '' ( 10 October 2016 ) The Brexit Papers , Bar Council , December 2016 Plan for Britain : The government 's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU : PM 's speech delivered and published on 17 January 2017 -- transcript of speech as delivered at Lancaster House , London The United Kingdom 's exit from and new partnership with the European Union , February 2017 ( `` White paper '' ) Brexit at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Quotes about Brexit on Euronews European Council Brexit Guidelines The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law , 2014 , by Marcus Klamert , Legal Officer , European Commission Relating to Court cases Judgment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union <Th_colspan="2"> hide United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Treaty of Lisbon Withdrawal from the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.EU BeLeave Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Act 2018 Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Agriculture Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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-6,084,360,700,454,136,000 | when is a number called a divisor of a number | Divisor - wikipedia Divisor Jump to : navigation , search `` Divisible '' redirects here . For divisibility of groups , see Divisible group . This article is about an integer that divides another integer . For the second argument of a division operation , see Division ( mathematics ) . For divisors in algebraic geometry , see Divisor ( algebraic geometry ) . For divisibility in ring theory , see Divisibility ( ring theory ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The divisors of 10 illustrated with Cuisenaire rods : 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 In mathematics , a divisor of an integer n ( \ displaystyle n ) , also called a factor of n ( \ displaystyle n ) , is an integer m ( \ displaystyle m ) that may be multiplied by some integer to produce n ( \ displaystyle n ) . In this case one says also that n ( \ displaystyle n ) is a multiple of m . ( \ displaystyle m . ) An integer n ( \ displaystyle n ) is divisible by another integer m ( \ displaystyle m ) if m ( \ displaystyle m ) is a divisor of n ( \ displaystyle n ) ; this implies dividing n ( \ displaystyle n ) by m ( \ displaystyle m ) leaves no remainder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 General 3 Examples 4 Further notions and facts 5 In abstract algebra 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Definition ( edit ) Two versions of the definition of a divisor are commonplace : If m ( \ displaystyle m ) and n ( \ displaystyle n ) are integers , and more generally , elements of an integral domain , it is said that m ( \ displaystyle m ) divides n ( \ displaystyle n ) , m ( \ displaystyle m ) is a divisor of n ( \ displaystyle n ) , or n ( \ displaystyle n ) is a multiple of m ( \ displaystyle m ) , and this is written as m ∣ n , ( \ displaystyle m \ mid n , ) if there exists an integer k ( \ displaystyle k ) , or an element k ( \ displaystyle k ) of the integral domain , such that m k = n ( \ displaystyle mk = n ) . Under this definition , the statement m ∣ 0 ( \ displaystyle m \ mid 0 ) holds for every m ( \ displaystyle m ) . As before , but with the additional constraint k ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle k \ neq 0 ) . Under this definition , the statement m ∣ 0 ( \ displaystyle m \ mid 0 ) does not hold for m ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle m \ neq 0 ) . In the remainder of this article , which definition is applied is indicated where this is significant . General ( edit ) Divisors can be negative as well as positive , although sometimes the term is restricted to positive divisors . For example , there are six divisors of 4 ; they are 1 , 2 , 4 , − 1 , − 2 , and − 4 , but only the positive ones ( 1 , 2 , and 4 ) would usually be mentioned . 1 and − 1 divide ( are divisors of ) every integer . Every integer ( and its negation ) is a divisor of itself . Every integer is a divisor of 0 . Integers divisible by 2 are called even , and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd . 1 , − 1 , n and − n are known as the trivial divisors of n . A divisor of n that is not a trivial divisor is known as a non-trivial divisor . A non-zero integer with at least one non-trivial divisor is known as a composite number , while the units − 1 and 1 and prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors . There are divisibility rules which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number 's digits . The generalization can be said to be the concept of divisibility in any integral domain . Examples ( edit ) Plot of the number of divisors of integers from 1 to 1000 . Prime numbers have exactly 2 divisors , and highly composite numbers are in bold . 7 is a divisor of 42 because 7 × 6 = 42 ( \ displaystyle 7 \ times 6 = 42 ) , so we can say 7 ∣ 42 ( \ displaystyle 7 \ mid 42 ) . It can also be said that 42 is divisible by 7 , 42 is a multiple of 7 , 7 divides 42 , or 7 is a factor of 42 . The non-trivial divisors of 6 are 2 , − 2 , 3 , − 3 . The positive divisors of 42 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 42 . 5 ∣ 0 ( \ displaystyle 5 \ mid 0 ) , because 5 × 0 = 0 ( \ displaystyle 5 \ times 0 = 0 ) . The set of all positive divisors of 60 , A = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 20 , 30 , 60 ) ( \ displaystyle A = \ ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 20 , 30 , 60 \ ) ) , partially ordered by divisibility , has the Hasse diagram : Further notions and facts ( edit ) There are some elementary rules : If a ∣ b ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b ) and b ∣ c ( \ displaystyle b \ mid c ) , then a ∣ c ( \ displaystyle a \ mid c ) , i.e. divisibility is a transitive relation . If a ∣ b ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b ) and b ∣ a ( \ displaystyle b \ mid a ) , then a = b ( \ displaystyle a = b ) or a = − b ( \ displaystyle a = - b ) . If a ∣ b ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b ) and a ∣ c ( \ displaystyle a \ mid c ) , then a ∣ ( b + c ) ( \ displaystyle a \ mid ( b + c ) ) holds , as does a ∣ ( b − c ) ( \ displaystyle a \ mid ( b-c ) ) . However , if a ∣ b ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b ) and c ∣ b ( \ displaystyle c \ mid b ) , then ( a + c ) ∣ b ( \ displaystyle ( a + c ) \ mid b ) does not always hold ( e.g. 2 ∣ 6 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ mid 6 ) and 3 ∣ 6 ( \ displaystyle 3 \ mid 6 ) but 5 does not divide 6 ) . If a ∣ b c ( \ displaystyle a \ mid bc ) , and gcd ( a , b ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle ( a , b ) = 1 ) , then a ∣ c ( \ displaystyle a \ mid c ) . This is called Euclid 's lemma . If p ( \ displaystyle p ) is a prime number and p ∣ a b ( \ displaystyle p \ mid ab ) then p ∣ a ( \ displaystyle p \ mid a ) or p ∣ b ( \ displaystyle p \ mid b ) . A positive divisor of n ( \ displaystyle n ) which is different from n ( \ displaystyle n ) is called a proper divisor or an aliquot part of n ( \ displaystyle n ) . A number that does not evenly divide n ( \ displaystyle n ) but leaves a remainder is called an aliquant part of n ( \ displaystyle n ) . An integer n > 1 ( \ displaystyle n > 1 ) whose only proper divisor is 1 is called a prime number . Equivalently , a prime number is a positive integer which has exactly two positive factors : 1 and itself . Any positive divisor of n ( \ displaystyle n ) is a product of prime divisors of n ( \ displaystyle n ) raised to some power . This is a consequence of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . A number n ( \ displaystyle n ) is said to be perfect if it equals the sum of its proper divisors , deficient if the sum of its proper divisors is less than n ( \ displaystyle n ) , and abundant if this sum exceeds n ( \ displaystyle n ) . The total number of positive divisors of n ( \ displaystyle n ) is a multiplicative function d ( n ) ( \ displaystyle d ( n ) ) , meaning that when two numbers m ( \ displaystyle m ) and n ( \ displaystyle n ) are relatively prime , then d ( m n ) = d ( m ) × d ( n ) ( \ displaystyle d ( mn ) = d ( m ) \ times d ( n ) ) . For instance , d ( 42 ) = 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = d ( 2 ) × d ( 3 ) × d ( 7 ) ( \ displaystyle d ( 42 ) = 8 = 2 \ times 2 \ times 2 = d ( 2 ) \ times d ( 3 ) \ times d ( 7 ) ) ; the eight divisors of 42 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 14 , 21 and 42 . However the number of positive divisors is not a totally multiplicative function : if the two numbers m ( \ displaystyle m ) and n ( \ displaystyle n ) share a common divisor , then it might not be true that d ( m n ) = d ( m ) × d ( n ) ( \ displaystyle d ( mn ) = d ( m ) \ times d ( n ) ) . The sum of the positive divisors of n ( \ displaystyle n ) is another multiplicative function σ ( n ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( n ) ) ( e.g. σ ( 42 ) = 96 = 3 × 4 × 8 = σ ( 2 ) × σ ( 3 ) × σ ( 7 ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 14 + 21 + 42 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( 42 ) = 96 = 3 \ times 4 \ times 8 = \ sigma ( 2 ) \ times \ sigma ( 3 ) \ times \ sigma ( 7 ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 14 + 21 + 42 ) ) . Both of these functions are examples of divisor functions . If the prime factorization of n ( \ displaystyle n ) is given by n = p 1 ν 1 p 2 ν 2 ⋯ p k ν k ( \ displaystyle n = p_ ( 1 ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( 1 ) ) \ , p_ ( 2 ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( 2 ) ) \ cdots p_ ( k ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( k ) ) ) then the number of positive divisors of n ( \ displaystyle n ) is d ( n ) = ( ν 1 + 1 ) ( ν 2 + 1 ) ⋯ ( ν k + 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle d ( n ) = ( \ nu _ ( 1 ) + 1 ) ( \ nu _ ( 2 ) + 1 ) \ cdots ( \ nu _ ( k ) + 1 ) , ) and each of the divisors has the form p 1 μ 1 p 2 μ 2 ⋯ p k μ k ( \ displaystyle p_ ( 1 ) ^ ( \ mu _ ( 1 ) ) \ , p_ ( 2 ) ^ ( \ mu _ ( 2 ) ) \ cdots p_ ( k ) ^ ( \ mu _ ( k ) ) ) where 0 ≤ μ i ≤ ν i ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq \ mu _ ( i ) \ leq \ nu _ ( i ) ) for each 1 ≤ i ≤ k . ( \ displaystyle 1 \ leq i \ leq k . ) For every natural n ( \ displaystyle n ) , d ( n ) < 2 n ( \ displaystyle d ( n ) < 2 ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) . Also , d ( 1 ) + d ( 2 ) + ⋯ + d ( n ) = n ln n + ( 2 γ − 1 ) n + O ( n ) . ( \ displaystyle d ( 1 ) + d ( 2 ) + \ cdots + d ( n ) = n \ ln n+ ( 2 \ gamma - 1 ) n + O ( ( \ sqrt ( n ) ) ) . ) where γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) is Euler -- Mascheroni constant . One interpretation of this result is that a randomly chosen positive integer n has an expected number of divisors of about ln n ( \ displaystyle \ ln n ) . In abstract Algebra ( edit ) Given the definition for which 0 ∣ 0 ( \ displaystyle 0 \ mid 0 ) holds , the relation of divisibility turns the set N ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( N ) ) of non-negative integers into a partially ordered set : a complete distributive lattice . The largest element of this lattice is 0 and the smallest is 1 . The meet operation ∧ is given by the greatest common divisor and the join operation ∨ by the least common multiple . This lattice is isomorphic to the dual of the lattice of subgroups of the infinite cyclic group Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) ) . See also ( edit ) Arithmetic functions Divisibility rule Divisor function Euclid 's algorithm Fraction ( mathematics ) Table of divisors -- A table of prime and non-prime divisors for 1 -- 1000 Table of prime factors -- A table of prime factors for 1 -- 1000 Unitary divisor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ for instance , Sims 1984 , p. 42 or Durbin 1992 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Herstein 1986 , p. 26 Jump up ^ This statement either requires 0 0 or needs to be restricted to nonzero integers . Jump up ^ This statement either requires 0 0 or needs to be restricted to nonzero integers . Jump up ^ a ∣ b , a ∣ c ⇒ b = j a , c = k a ⇒ b + c = ( j + k ) a ⇒ a ∣ ( b + c ) ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b , \ , a \ mid c \ Rightarrow b = ja , \ , c = ka \ Rightarrow b + c = ( j + k ) a \ Rightarrow a \ mid ( b + c ) ) . Similarly , a ∣ b , a ∣ c ⇒ b = j a , c = k a ⇒ b − c = ( j − k ) a ⇒ a ∣ ( b − c ) ( \ displaystyle a \ mid b , \ , a \ mid c \ Rightarrow b = ja , \ , c = ka \ Rightarrow b-c = ( j-k ) a \ Rightarrow a \ mid ( b-c ) ) Jump up ^ Hardy , G.H. ; Wright , E.M. ( April 17 , 1980 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers . Oxford University Press . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 853171 - 0 . References ( edit ) Durbin , John R. ( 1992 ) . Modern Algebra : An Introduction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 51001 - 7 . Richard K. Guy , Unsolved Problems in Number Theory ( 3rd ed ) , Springer Verlag , 2004 ISBN 0 - 387 - 20860 - 7 ; section B . Herstein , I.N. ( 1986 ) , Abstract Algebra , New York : Macmillan Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 02 - 353820 - 1 Øystein Ore , Number Theory and its History , McGraw -- Hill , NY , 1944 ( and Dover reprints ) . Sims , Charles C. ( 1984 ) , Abstract Algebra : A Computational Approach , New York : John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 09846 - 9 <Th_colspan="3"> Divisibility - based sets of integers Overview Integer factorization Divisor Unitary divisor Divisor function Prime factor Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Arithmetic number Factorization forms Prime Composite Semiprime Pronic Sphenic Square - free Powerful Perfect power Achilles Smooth Regular Rough Unusual Constrained divisor sums Perfect Almost perfect Quasiperfect Multiply perfect Hemiperfect Hyperperfect Superperfect Unitary perfect Semiperfect Practical Erdős -- Nicolas With many divisors Abundant Primitive abundant Highly abundant Superabundant Colossally abundant Highly composite Superior highly composite Weird Aliquot sequence - related Untouchable Amicable Sociable Betrothed Other sets Deficient Friendly Solitary Sublime Harmonic divisor Frugal Equidigital Extravagant <Th_colspan="4"> Fractions and ratios Division and ratio Dividend : Divisor = Quotient Fraction Numerator / Denominator = Quotient <Td_colspan="2"> Algebraic Aspect Binary Continued Decimal Dyadic Egyptian Golden Silver Integer Irreducible Reduction LCD Musical interval Percentage Unit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divisor&oldid=807260993 '' Categories : Elementary number theory Division ( mathematics ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Divisor definition
2. Divisibility rules
3. Prime numbers and divisors
4. Proper divisors
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5,303,959,658,826,465,000 | former region of east central scotland dan word | Stirling - wikipedia Stirling This article is about the city in Scotland . For other uses , see Stirling ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Stirling Scottish Gaelic : Sruighlea Scots : Stirlin <Td_colspan="2"> Historic Stirling and Dumyat <Td_colspan="2"> Stirling Stirling shown within the Stirling council area Population 36,142 Census 2011 OS grid reference NS795935 Edinburgh 43 mi ( 69 km ) Civil parish Stirling Council area Stirling Lieutenancy area Stirling and Falkirk Country Scotland Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town STIRLING Postcode district FK7 - FK9 Dialling code 01786 <Td_colspan="2"> Police Scottish Fire Scottish Ambulance Scottish <Td_colspan="2"> EU Parliament Scotland UK Parliament Stirling Scottish Parliament Stirling <Td_colspan="2"> List of places UK Scotland 56 ° 07 ′ 02 '' N 3 ° 56 ′ 23 '' W / 56.1172 ° N 3.9397 ° W / 56.1172 ; - 3.9397 Coordinates : 56 ° 07 ′ 02 '' N 3 ° 56 ′ 23 '' W / 56.1172 ° N 3.9397 ° W / 56.1172 ; - 3.9397 The Wolf Craig Seal . The ancient coat of arms of Stirling also show a wolf upon a rock above a stream . Stirling ( / ˈstɜːrlɪŋ / ; Scots : Stirlin ; Scottish Gaelic : Sruighlea ( ˈs̪t̪ɾuʝlə ) ) is a city in central Scotland . The market town , surrounded by rich farmland , grew up connecting the royal citadel , the medieval old town with its merchants and tradesmen , the bridge and the port . Located on the River Forth , Stirling is the administrative centre for the Stirling council area , and is traditionally the county town of Stirlingshire . Proverbially it is the strategically important `` Gateway to the Highlands '' . It has been said that `` Stirling , like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together '' . Similarly `` he who holds Stirling , holds Scotland '' is often quoted . Stirling 's key position as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth , made it a focal point for travel north or south . When Stirling was temporarily under Anglo - Saxon sway , according to a 9th - century legend , it was attacked by Danish invaders . The sound of a wolf roused a sentry , however , who alerted his garrison , which forced a Viking retreat . This led to the wolf being adopted as a symbol of the town as is shown on the 1511 Stirling Jug . The area is today known as Wolfcraig . Even today the wolf appears with a goshawk on the council 's coat of arms along with the recently chosen motto : `` Steadfast as the Rock '' . Once the capital of Scotland , Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle . Stirling also has a medieval parish church , the Church of the Holy Rude , where , on 29 July 1567 , the infant James VI was anointed King of Scots by the Bishop of Orkney with the service concluding after a sermon by John Knox . The poet King was educated by George Buchanan and grew up in Stirling . He was later also crowned King of England and Ireland on 25 July 1603 , bringing closer the countries of the United Kingdom . Modern Stirling is a centre for local government , higher education , tourism , retail , and industry . The mid-2012 census estimate for the population of the city is 36,440 ; the wider Stirling council area has a population of about 93,750 . One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland , Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130 . In 2002 , as part of Queen Elizabeth 's Golden Jubilee , Stirling was granted city status . Contents 1 History 2 Governance 3 Geography 4 Areas of Stirling 5 Demography 6 Culture 7 Religion 8 Economy 9 Transport 10 Sports and recreation 10.1 Marathon 10.2 Curling 10.3 Football 10.3. 1 Men 10.3. 2 Women 10.4 Rugby 10.5 Basketball 10.6 Athletics 10.7 Hockey 10.8 Cricket 11 Education 12 On film and TV 13 Twinned cities 14 Notable people 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Stirling Castle ( southwest aspect ) A stone cist , found in Coneypark Nursery in 1879 , is Stirling 's oldest catalogued artefact . Bones from the cist were radiocarbon dated and found to be over four millennia old , originating within the date range 2152 to 2021 BC . Nicknamed Torbrex Tam , the man , whose bones were discovered by workmen , died while still in his twenties . Other Bronze Age finds near the city come from the area around Cambusbarron . It had been thought that the Randolphfield standing stones were more than 3000 years old but recent radiocarbon dating suggests they may date from the time of Bruce . The earliest known structures on Gillies Hill were built by Iron Age people over 2000 years ago . Two structures are known : what is currently called Wallstale Dun on the southern end of Touchadam Craig , and Gillies Hill fort on the northwest end of the craig . South of the city , the King 's Park prehistoric carvings can still be found . Whether the ancient Maeatae or Manaw Gododdin tribes settled in Stirling is not clear . The Auld Brig at Stirling The castle rock has been strategically significant since at least the Roman occupation of Britain , due to its naturally defensible crag and tail hill : the bedrock on which Stirling Castle was built . However , if the Romans were ever on the current castle site then they did n't leave more than a coin or two . Nevertheless , Stirling enjoys a unique position on the border between the Lowlands and Highlands . Its other notable geographic feature is its proximity to the lowest site of subjugation of the River Forth . Control of the bridge brought military advantage in times of unrest and ; excise duty , or pontage dues in peacetime . Unsurprisingly excise men were installed in a covered booth in the centre of the bridge to collect tax from any entering the royal burgh with goods . Stirling remained the river 's lowest reliable crossing point ( that is , without a weather - dependent ferry or seasonal ford ) until the construction of the Alloa Swing Bridge between Throsk and Alloa in 1885 . The origin of the name Stirling is uncertain , but folk etymology suggests that it originates in either a Scots or Gaelic term meaning the place of battle , struggle or strife . Other sources suggest that it originates in a Brythonic name meaning `` dwelling place of Melyn '' . It is supposed that Stirling is the fortress of Iuddeu or Urbs Giudi where Oswiu of Northumbria was besieged by Penda of Mercia in 655 , as recorded in Bede and contemporary annals . The Bridge Seal : Hic Armis Brutti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti The Castle Seal : Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse The city has two Latin mottoes , which appeared on the earliest burgh seal of which an impression of 1296 is on record . The first alludes to the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes , Osbrecht and Ella . They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons in order to defeat the Scots . Having secured Stirling castle , they built the first stone bridge over the Forth . On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription : `` Anglos , a Scotis separat , crux ista remotis ; Arma hic stant Bruti ; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti . '' Bellenden translated this loosely as `` I am free marche , as passengers may ken , To Scottis , to Britonis , and to Inglismen . '' It may be the stone cross was a tripoint for the three kingdom 's borders or marches ; the cross functioning both as a dividing territorial marker , and as a uniting witness stone like in the Bible story in Joshua 22 . `` Angles and Scots here demarked , By this cross kept apart . Brits and Scots armed stand near , By this cross stand safe here . '' This would make the cross on the centre of the first stone bridge the Heart of Scotland . The Stirling seal only has the second part and it 's slightly different . Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti ( Brits and Scots armed and near , by this cross stand safe here . ) Apparently the Latin is not first rate having four syllables in `` cruce tuti '' but the meaning seems to be that the Lowland Strathclyde Britons on the southern shore and the Highland Pictish Scots on the northern shore stand protected from each other by their common Christianity . The second motto is : Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse ( Contained within this seal pressed down , the wood an ' castle o ' Stirlin ' town . ) It has been claimed that the `` Bridge '' seal was regarded as the Burgh seal proper , the `` Castle '' seal being simply a reverse , used when the seal was affixed by a lace to a charter . This agrees with a description in an official publication ( which spells Bruti with only one letter t ) . Clearer images are available with different lettering . Sibbald conflated the two mottos into a single rhyme ; he gave no indication that he was aware of Boece 's work . Stirling was first declared a royal burgh by King David in the 12th century , with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs . A ferry , and later bridge , on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence , as did its tidal port at Riverside . Major battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence took place at the Stirling Bridge in 1297 and at the nearby village of Bannockburn in 1314 involving William Wallace and Robert the Bruce respectively . After the battle of Stirling Bridge , Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lübeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports ( like Stirling ) and these German cities . There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict , notably in 1304 . The tomb of James III , King of Scots and Margaret of Denmark at Cambuskenneth Abbey Another important historical site in the area is the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey , the resting place of King James III of Scotland and his queen , Margaret of Denmark . The king died at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces nominally led by his son and successor James IV . During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , the Battle of Stirling also took place in the centre of Stirling on 12 September 1648 . The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th century Jacobite risings . In 1715 , the Earl of Mar failed to take control of the castle . In January 1746 , the army of Bonnie Prince Charlie seized control of the town but failed to take the Castle . On their consequent retreat northwards , they blew up the church of St. Ninians where they had been storing munitions ; only the tower survived and can be seen to this day . The castle and the church are shown on Blaeu 's map of 1654 which was derived from Pont 's earlier map . Church of the Holy Rude ( Holy Cross ) Standing near the castle , the Church of the Holy Rude is one of the town 's most historically important buildings . Founded in 1129 it is the second oldest building in the city after Stirling castle . It was rebuilt in the 15th century after Stirling suffered a catastrophic fire in 1405 , and is reputed to be the only surviving church in the United Kingdom apart from Westminster Abbey to have held a coronation . On 29 July 1567 the infant son of Mary , Queen of Scots , was anointed James VI of Scotland in the church . James ' bride , Anne of Denmark was crowned in the church at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh . The Holy Rude congregation still meet and some 19th century parish records survive . Musket shot marks that may come from Cromwell 's troops during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms are clearly visible on the tower and apse of the church . Map of Veere , known in Stirling as Campvere , the staple port for Scotland between 1541 and 1799 Joan Blaeu , 1652 Economically , the city 's port supported foreign trade , historically doing significant trade in the Low Countries , particularly with Bruges in Belgium and Veere in the Netherlands . In the 16th century there were so many Scots in Danzig in Prussia that they had their own church congregation and trade is mentioned with that city in Stirling Council 's minutes of 1560 . Around John Cowane 's time there is an account which states there were about 30,000 Scots families living in Poland although that was possibly an exaggeration . Trade with the Baltic also took place such as a timber trade with Norway . Cattle ( 1878 ) by Joseph Denovan Adam ( 1841 -- 1896 ) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum After the Jacobite threat had faded but before the railways were established , the Highland cattle drovers would use the Auld Brig on their way to market at Falkirk or Stenhousemuir . Three times a year , tens of thousands of cattle , sheep and ponies were moved together to the trysts in the south with some drovers going as far as Carlisle or even London 's Smithfield . There is a record of a four mile long tailback ( of livestock ) developing from St. Ninians to Bridge of Allan after a St. Ninians tollman had a dispute . In the early 19th century an `` exceedingly low '' cost steamboat service used to run between Stirling and Newhaven or Granton . The coming of the railways in 1848 started the decline of the river traffic , not least because the Alloa Swing Bridge downstream restricted access for shipping . The railways did provide opportunity too with one Riverside company selling their reaping machines as far afield as Syria and Australia . Similarly , in 1861 , a company making baby carriages was set up . These prams were exported to Canada , South America , India and South Africa . The Princes Street drill hall was completed in 1908 . After the blockades of the World Wars there was some increase in the use of the port including a tea trade with India . However , with normal shipping lanes open , the growth of the railways including The Forth Rail Bridge , left the harbour uneconomical and by the mid 20th century the port had ceased to operate . Governance ( edit ) Henry Campbell - Bannerman is one of Stirling 's most famous publicly - elected representatives , serving as local MP from 1868 -- 1908 and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1905 -- 1908 . James Guthrie ( artist ) . Study oil on canvas , 1908 , Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum There is also a bust at the Smith near artwork of other local politicians and a related full - length portrait in Edinburgh . There is a statue of Henry Campbell Bannerman next to the Municipal Buildings in the city centre . In terms of local government , the city of Stirling is a part of the wider Stirling Council area , which governs on matters of local administration as set out by the Local Government etc ( Scotland ) Act 1994 . The current members of the Council were voted in 2017 for a term of office of 5 years . The May 2017 local government election resulted in the Scottish Conservative party and Scottish National Party each winning nine councillors , while the Labour Party won four seats and the Scottish Green Party won one . The Provost of Stirling is Cllr Christine Simpson . For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament , the city of Stirling forms part of the Stirling constituency of the Scottish Parliament constituency . The Stirling Scottish Parliament ( or Holyrood ) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region . Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) by the first past the post system of election , and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation . The constituency is represented by Bruce Crawford , MSP of the Scottish National Party . In terms of national government , the city of Stirling forms part of county constituency of Stirling constituency of the House of Commons , electing one Member of Parliament ( MP ) to the House of Commons of the parliament of the United Kingdom by first past the post system . Stephen Kerr of the Scottish Conservative Party is the MP for Stirling constituency of the House of Commons since defeating Steven Paterson by 148 votes at the General Election in June 2017 . As Scotland comprises a single European Parliament Constituency , Stirling participates in electing six MEPs using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation every five years . Historical voting records can be found in online databases . Geography ( edit ) The Abbey Craig is one of a series of local Crag and Tail hills Stirling Bridge and the National Wallace Monument Stirling is renowned as the Gateway to the Highlands and is generally regarded as occupying a strategic position at the point where the flatter , largely undulating Scottish Lowlands meet the rugged slopes of the Highlands along the Highland Boundary Fault . The starkness of this contrast is evidenced by the many hills and mountains of the lower Highlands such as Ben Vorlich and Ben Ledi which can be seen to the northwest of the city . On the other hand , the Carse of Stirling , stretching to the west and east of the city , is one of the flattest and most agriculturally productive expanses of land in the whole of Scotland . The land surrounding Stirling has been most affected by glacial erosion and deposition . The city itself has grown up around its castle which stands atop an ancient quartz - dolerite sill , known as the Stirling Sill , a major defensive position which was at the lowest crossing point on the River Forth . Stirling stands on the Forth at the point where the river widens and becomes tidal . To the east of the city the Ochil Hills dominate the skyline with the highest peak in the range being Ben Cleuch , although Dumyat is more noticeable from Stirling . The Ochils meet the flat carse ( floodplain ) of the River Forth to the east of the distinctive geographical feature of Abbey Craig , a crag and tail hill upon which stands the 220 ft ( 67m ) high National Wallace Monument . The climate of Stirling differs little from that of much of the rest of central Scotland . The warm Gulf Stream air current from the Atlantic Ocean is the predominant influence , with a prevailing southwesterly wind . That said , the areas round Stirling Town Centre encounter significantly less snow in Winter than many of its very close neighbours such as Denny and Dunblane . Although this could be said as being anecdotal , it is likely to be because it is at a lower level and could be said to have its own microclimate . Areas of Stirling ( edit ) Top of the Town consists of Broad Street , Castle Wynd , Ballengeich Pass , Lower Castle Hill Road , Darnley Street , Baker Street ( formerly Baxters St ) , St John Street and St Mary 's Wynd . These streets all lead up to Stirling Castle and are the favourite haunt of tourists who stop off at the Old Town Jail , Mar 's Wark , Argyll 's Lodging and the castle . Ballengeich Pass leads to the graveyard at Ballengeich and the Castle Wynd winds past the old graveyard . The Top of the Town from Broad Street upwards is renowned for its cobblestoned roads , and cars can be heard rattling over the cobblestones on the way down . Craft shops and tourist - focused shops are evident on the way up and once at the top , panoramic views are available across Stirling and beyond . All areas The fire station built on the old quarry , the soon to change Craigforth Crescent in The Raploch and The Castle Business Park towards the M9 . Viewed from Stirling Castle Broad Street at the heart of Stirling 's Old Town area ( called Top of the Town by locals ) Abbey Craig Airthrey Allan Park Back o ' Hill Bannockburn Borestone Braehead Bridgehaugh Broomridge Brucefields Burghmuir Cambusbarron Cambuskenneth Causewayhead Chartershall Corn Exchange Cornton Coxethill Craigforth Craigmill Craig Leith Cultenhove Dumyat Forthbank Gillies Hill Gowan Hill Hillpark Kenningknowes Kersemill Kildean King 's Park Ladyneuk Laurelhill Livilands Loanhead Logie Meadowforth Mercat Cross Pirnhall Queenshaugh Raploch Randolphfield Riverside Spittal Hill Springkerse St. Ninians Top of the Town Torbrex Whins of Milton Viewforth Westhaugh Wolfcraig Historical place names for Stirling town in 1858 - 61 were compiled by O.S. map makers . Demography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The settlement of Stirling had a population of 48,440 , in 2012 . According to the 2001 census , 52.7 % of the population was female compared to 47.2 % male . Stirling had both a smaller proportion of under 16s , at 16.7 % compared to the Scottish average of 19.2 % , and a smaller proportion of those of pensionable age : 17.8 % -- compared to the Scottish average of 18.6 % . The highest proportion of the population , at 24.3 % , was concentrated in the 16 -- 29 age group . Stirling also had a higher proportion of non-Scottish born residents at 16.5 % , compared to the Scottish average of 12.8 % . The population was also slightly younger than the Scottish average of 37 -- the median age for males was 34 ; and the median age for females was 36 , to the national average of 39 . The population peaks and troughs significantly when the students come and go from the city . Historical records also exist both in book form and in online databases . Culture ( edit ) The Stirling Wolf ( 1704 , oil on canvas , Artist Unknown ) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum Walking the Marches is a custom probably started in the 12th century . The only way the town 's boundaries could be protected was to walk round inspecting them annually . The walk was followed by a dinner . This was traditionally done by the Birlaw men made up from members of the Seven Trades , the Guildry and Council . In 2014 the tradition was revived after an official abeyance of several years . There are about sixteen libraries and two mobile libraries in Stirling . The Smith Art Gallery and Museum is now free to tourists and residents alike . Shearer 's 1895 Penny Guide to Stirling and Neighbourhood used to list it under `` How to spend a few hours on a wet day '' . The Macrobert Arts Centre has a variety of exhibitions and performances . There are many events at the Tolbooth and The Albert Halls . Stirling has hosted the National Mòd several times : in 1909 , 1961 , 1971 , 1987 and 2008 . Religion ( edit ) Woman Clasping the Bible George Harvey ( 1806 -- 1876 ) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum The earliest known version of Psalm 1 in Scots by Alexander Montgomerie from Zabur or The Book of Psalms . He was one of a circle of poets in the Stirling court of James VI . There are currently about 20 churches in the city . These include : Church of Scotland Allan Park South Church Cambusbarron Parish Church Church of the Holy Rude North Parish Church St Columba 's Church St Mark 's Parish Church St Ninians Old Parish Church Viewfield Church Roman Catholic Holy Spirit , St. Ninians Our Lady and St Ninian 's , Bannockburn St Margaret of Scotland and Holy Spirit , Raploch St Mary 's Church , Top of the Town Other churches Cornerstone Community Church Cornton Baptist Church Holy Trinity Episcopal Church St Ninians United Free Church of Scotland Stirling Baptist Church Stirling Free Church Stirling Methodist Church St. Ninian 's Community Church The Salvation Army Islam Central Scotland Islamic Centre Economy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At the centre of a large rural agricultural hinterland that encompasses some of the flattest and most productive land in Scotland , Stirling principally functioned as a market town , symbolised by its Mercat cross , with farmers coming to sell their products and wares in the large agricultural market that was held in the town . Today , agriculture still plays a part in the economic life of Stirling , given its focus at the heart of a large rural area , but to a much lesser extent than previously . With Stirling 's development as a market town and its location as the focus of transport and communications in the region , it has developed a substantial retail sector serving a wide range of surrounding communities as well as the city itself . Primarily centred on the city centre , there are a large number of chain stores , as well as the Thistles shopping centre . However this has been augmented by out - of - town developments such as the Springkerse Retail Park on the city bypass to the east of Stirling , and the development of a large Sainsbury 's in the Raploch . A major new regeneration project on the site of the former port area and the 40 - acre ( 160,000 m ) former Ministry of Defence site , adjacent to Stirling Railway Station , is currently underway . Known as Forthside , it has the aim of developing a new waterfront district linked to the railway station via a new pedestrian bridge . The development comprises retail , residential and commercial elements , including a conference centre , hotel and Vue multiplex cinema , that will ultimately expand the city centre area , linking it to the River Forth , which has been cut off from the city centre area since the construction of the A9 bypass under the railway station in the 1960s . For the first time in 100 years , local people will have access to the banks of the River Forth in the city centre with landscaped public areas , footpaths , cycleways and an improved public transport network . The 19th - century Wallace Monument In the service sector , financial services as well as tourism are the biggest employers . The financial services and insurance company Prudential have a large and well - established base at Craigforth on the outskirts of Stirling . In terms of tourism , the presence of such historical monuments as Stirling Castle , the National Wallace Monument and other nearby attractions like Blair Drummond Safari Park , the key role which Stirling has played in Scottish history , as well as the scenery of the area , has bolstered Stirling 's position as an important tourist destination in Scotland . The University of Stirling and Stirling Council are two of the biggest employers in the area . Knowledge related industries , research and development as well as life sciences have clustered around the university in the Stirling University Innovation Park , close to its main campus . Other public sector agencies that are major employers in the city include Police Scotland , Scottish Prison Service , NHS Forth Valley and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency . Mauchline ware started producing wooden snuff - boxes in 1790 in Mauchline , Ayrshire . They were produced of the wood from the trees from the Castle craig . Today they are highly collectible . Stirling is home to national construction companies Ogilvie Group , chaired by Duncan Ogilvie , who is listed in the Times Rich List as being worth £ 35 million . A Bank of Scotland survey in 2009 found that workers in Stirling had the highest average earnings of £ 716 a week . Transport ( edit ) The City of Stirling is home to a large number of commuters but has fewer commuting to work in other areas , than travel into the city . About half of Scotland 's population live within an hour 's travel time of Stirling . Local bus services to districts within the city are almost completely provided by buses operated by First Scotland East . The surrounding towns , like Bridge of Allan , Alloa , Falkirk and Glasgow via Cumbernauld have services from the bus station . Coaches to many Scottish towns and cities also run regularly . There are also railway links from Stirling railway station , including inter-city rail services to Glasgow Queen Street , Edinburgh Waverley and London King 's Cross . Services to Dunblane , Dundee , Inverness and Alloa also run . Stirling Council provides some approximate journey times . Working lines include the Highland Main Line , the Edinburgh -- Dunblane line and the Croy Line . Boats at Riverside , Stirling Cities with motorways links close to Stirling include Glasgow , via the M80 motorway past Cumbernauld , and Edinburgh , via the M9 motorway past Falkirk . To the north the M9 provides access to Dunblane with easy links to Perth and further beyond the Central Belt . Stirling has no airport but there are international airports at Glasgow and Edinburgh which can be reached within an hour . Light aircraft can be chartered at Cumbernauld Airport . Stirling used to have steamboats which carried hundreds of passengers a day . There is currently no working port at Stirling but there are plans to develop the river and the harbour which might include links with towns on the Firth of Forth . Since the Forth is tidal at Stirling , development of pontoon style landing stages could potentially allow river taxis and tourist boats to operate during the summer . In 2017 electification of the Stirling - Alloa - Dunblane railway is likely to lead to significant disruption of road traffic in Stirling which could last for some time . Sports and recreation ( edit ) The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport located on the campus at the University of Stirling Stirling is home to professional league teams in football , rugby and cricket . Marathon ( edit ) The first Stirling Scottish Marathon was held on May 21 , 2017 . April 29 , 2018 is the date of the planned 2018 event . Curling ( edit ) The National Curling Academy is located in Stirling Sports Village . It was opened in 2017 by Eve Muirhead . They use facilities linked to The Peak . It was hoped this would increase the chances of British medals at events like the Winter Olympics and Paralympics . Football ( edit ) Men ( edit ) The senior football team , Stirling Albion , play in the Scottish League Two at their home ground at Forthbank Stadium . In July 2010 , the Stirling Albion Supporters ' Trust successfully took over the running of the club buying out the long - serving chairman , Peter McKenzie , after 14 months of campaigning . This made Stirling Albion the first fully owned community club in the history of British football , after previous attempts made by Manchester United , Liverpool and Rangers . Women ( edit ) Stirling University L.F.C. are the premier women 's football team . They play in the Scottish Women 's Premier League . Their home ground is The Gannochy Sports Centre at Stirling University . Rugby ( edit ) Stirling County currently play in rugby 's Scottish Premiership Division One . Basketball ( edit ) Stirling Knights Basketball Team are based at the Peak at Forthbank beside Forthbank Stadium . Athletics ( edit ) The athletics team Central Athletic Club are based at the University of Stirling . Hockey ( edit ) The University Stirling Wanderers Hockey Club have also moved to a brand new ( international standard ) pitch at Forthbank for season 2008 -- 09 . Cricket ( edit ) Next to this pitch there is also the ground of Stirling County Cricket Club , whose pavilion captured an architectural award in June 2009 , three years after its opening . Scotland international footballers Billy Bremner , John Colquhoun , Duncan Ferguson , female footballer Frankie Brown and brothers Gary and Steven Caldwell were born in Stirling . So were rugby internationals Kenny Logan , Allister Hogg and Alison McGrandles , jockey Willie Carson , and cricketer Dougie Brown . The University of Stirling is a major centre of sports training and education in Scotland . It was designated as Scotland 's University for Sporting Excellence by the Scottish Government in 2008 . The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport is a purpose - built facility on the campus which opened in 2002 . Also at the university is the Scottish National Swimming Academy , where Rio 2016 , Olympic silver medalists and students at the university , Duncan Scott and Robbie Renwick trained . Commonwealth gold medalist Ross Murdoch , who also competed at Rio 2106 , is a student at the university . The Gannochy National Tennis centre , which is seen as a tennis centre of excellence , was where Andy Murray and his brother Jamie Murray honed their skills as juniors . Gordon Reid , wheel chair Olympic gold medalist in 2016 , was a tennis scholar at the university . The university men 's and women 's golf teams are consistently ranked among the best in European . The university has a dedicated sports studies department , which is within the Faculty of Health Science and Sport , and is ranked amongst the best in the United Kingdom for its provision of sports facilities , with the maximum 5 - star award , shared by 16 other universities in the UK . The University of Stirling also currently hosts the Scottish men 's lacrosse champions . Stirling and its surrounding area has a number of 9 - and 18 - hole golf courses , the largest of which is the Stirling Golf Course , located in the Kings Park area of the city . The Peak , a new Sports Village , was opened in April 2009 to cater for a range of sporting activities . In June 2014 , Stirling will become the home of Scottish cricket after an agreement between Stirling County Cricket Club , Cricket Scotland and Stirling Council . It is hoped that the redevelopment of the ground will start at end 2014 with the intention being to upgrade it to international match standards . Scotland will play the majority of their home international games at the ground , starting with the World T20 qualifiers in the summer of 2015 . The development will see a new pavilion and indoor training facility built at New Williamfield , the home of Stirling County Cricket Club , with Cricket Scotland relocating its headquarters from the National Cricket Academy at Ravelston , Edinburgh . Education ( edit ) The University of Stirling opened in 1967 on a greenfield site outside the town . Currently there are 11,100 students studying at the university , of which 7,995 are undergraduates and 3105 are postgraduates . There are 120 nationalities represented on the university campus , with 19 % of students coming from overseas . It has grown into a major research centre , with a large Innovation Park located immediately adjacent to the main university campus . Innovation Park has grown since its initiation in 1993 , and is now home to 40 companies engaging in various forms of research and development . In January 2008 it was announced that students from Singapore would be able to gain degrees in retail from the University of Stirling in a tie - up with the country 's Nanyang Polytechnic ( NYP ) . Looking out over Airthrey Loch on the main campus of The University of Stirling Stirling is also home to part of the wider Forth Valley College which was formed on 1 August 2005 from the merger of Falkirk , Stirling and Clackmannan colleges . There are four main high schools in Stirling itself -- Stirling High School , with a school roll of 964 pupils , Wallace High School with 958 pupils , St Modan 's High School with 912 pupils , and Bannockburn High School in Broomridge with 752 pupils . All the city 's secondary school premises have been redeveloped as a result of a Public - private partnership scheme . Stirling also has a Gaelic - medium unit situated in the city 's Riverside Primary School which teaches pupils from across Stirling and Clackmannanshire through the medium of Scottish Gaelic . On Film and tv ( edit ) Stirling : Gateway To The Highlands ( 1938 ) B&W 20 mins silent -- video 1 : Street scenes from Stirling . video 2 : pre-WW2 soldiers at the castle . Stirling Charities Day ( 13 May 1939 ) B&W 7 mins silent -- Includes shots of kids , costumes and carriages . Neighbours -- ( 1952 ) violent Oscar winning animation by the Stirling - born Canadian film maker Norman McLaren . River Forth ( 1956 ) B&W silent 15 mins -- Including animals being herded through the streets . The Heart Of Scotland ( 1962 ) colour sound 24 mins -- Shots of the castle with commentary on Bruce and Wallace . Holiday Scotland ( 1966 ) colour and sound 42 mins -- Includes Stirling Castle and Stirling Bridge . Kidnapped ( 1971 ) dir . Delbert Mann -- Starring Michael Caine -- with several scenes in Stirling Castle . Royal Stirling ( 1972 ) colour and sound 23 mins -- Includes a lion cub at the castle , motor racing and shots of Blair Drummond Safari Park The University Of Stirling ( 1973 ) colour and sound 19 min -- 1970s campus , students and teachers ( includes Norman MacCaig ) . FutureWorld Stirling 1984 ( 1984 ) 28 minutes -- dir . Peter G. Reilly for Stirling District Council -- has Magnus Magnusson explaining ambitious plans for the Top of the Town . It is more of a series of pieces to camera than Cumbernauld , Town for Tomorrow , as Magnusson moves from the Smith through various well - known but dilapidated buildings to Gowan Hill and back to the castle . At each stop he presents John W. Morgan 's script which gives something of the history or the proposed plans for revitalising the area . Gregory 's Two Girls ( 1999 ) dir . Bill Forsyth -- has scenes at and around Stirling Castle . To End all Wars ( 2001 ) dir . David L. Cunningham has scenes at Stirling Castle . Way Back Home ( 2010 ) Has Danny MacAskill perform stunts on his bike on Stirling Bridge . KJB : The Book That Changed the World ( 2011 ) Has John Rhys - Davies narrating scenes about James VI at Stirling Castle . Britain 's Lost Routes with Griff Rhys Jones ( 2012 ) Episode 3 shows the difficulties `` Highland Cattle Drovers '' might have had at Frew and shows aerial shots and taking cows across the Auld Brig . Secrets of Great British Castles ( 2015 ) Dan Jones presents the History of Stirling Castle up to James VI . Netflix drama Outlaw King had scenes filmed at Mugdock Country Park with a production / support team camped at Falleninch Field , situated beneath Stirling Castle . Twinned cities ( edit ) Vyborg , Russia Villeneuve d'Ascq , France Dunedin , Florida , United States Óbuda , Hungary Summerside , Prince Edward Island , Canada Kecioren , Turkey Notable people ( edit ) Anna Sloan - Olympic curler - She currently plays third for the Eve Muirhead rink Frank and Harold Barnwell -- pilots and aircraft designers Frank Beattie -- footballer Billy Bremner -- former Leeds & Internationalist footballer Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman -- former resident Gary Caldwell -- former Internationalist footballer Steven Caldwell -- footballer Willie Carson -- jockey Duncan Ferguson -- footballer John Grierson -- documentary film pioneer King James VI of Scotland -- former resident John Joseph Jolly Kyle -- pioneer chemist Christian Maclagan -- Sunday School teacher , antiquarian , early archaeologist and suffragist Mary , Queen of Scots -- former resident John McAleese -- team leader during the SAS assault on the Iranian embassy in May 1980 Norman McLaren -- animation pioneer Muir Mathieson -- film music composer Neil Oliver -- television presenter John Paton -- Victoria Cross recipient Kirsty Young -- television presenter See also ( edit ) Black Bond Lecropt List of places in Stirling ( district ) List of places in Scotland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Area Profile Populations for Localities in Scotland '' . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Marquess of Bute , John ; Lonsdale , H.W. ; MacPhail , J.R.N. ( 1897 ) . The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland . Edinburgh : William Blackwood & Sons . p. 368 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , William ( 1898 ) . Old faces , old places , and old stories of Stirling . E. Mackay . pp. 292 -- 303 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alexander . `` quotation 1856 '' . quoted in The Story of Stirling by Bruce Durie chapter 2 . The History Press . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alexander ( 1865 ) . A summer in Skye . London : Sampson Low , Marston . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ronald , James ( 1897 ) . The Merchants ' guide book to Stirling and district . Stirling : E. MacKay . pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Stair - Kerr , Eric ( 1913 ) . Stirling Castle : its place in Scottish history . Glasgow : James Maclehose and Sons . p. 159 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Groome , Francis H. `` Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland : A Survey of Scottish Topography , Statistical , Biographical and Historical '' . Gazetteer for Scotland . Thomas C. Jack , Grange Publishing Works . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William ; Gillespie , Robert ( 1880 ) . The history of Stirlingshire ( 3rd ed . ) . Glasgow : Thomas D. Morison . pp. 63 -- 65 & 368 -- 369 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling ( Scotland ) '' . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Stirling Jug '' . The Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolfcraig , Stirling - Cameraman '' . Blipfoto . Jump up ^ `` Stirling reveals new motto after vote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coat of Arms '' . Stirling Council . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stair - Kerr , Eric ( 1913 ) . Stirling Castle : its place in Scottish history . Glasgow : James Maclehose and Sons . p. 79 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates '' . Stirling Council . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OS 25 inch map 1892 - 1949 , with Bing opacity slider '' . National Library of Scotland . Ordnance Survey . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Historic Environment Scotland . `` Cairn ( Period Unassigned ) , Cist ( S ) ( Period Unassigned ) , Beaker ( 46189 ) '' . Canmore . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Alastair ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` Stirling 's oldest resident revealed to be 4000 - year - old ' Torbrex Tam ' '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , A.F. ( 1898 ) . Transactions 1878 - 1879 . Stirling : Stirling Field Club ( now Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society ) . pp. 13 -- 22 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Paterson , P.T. `` Byegone Days of Cambusbarron '' . cambusbarron dot com . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ancient ' standing stones are linked to 1314 battle '' . The Herald . Herald & Times Group . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas of Hillforts '' . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wallstale - Canmore '' . canmore.rcahms.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Gillies Hill - Canmore '' . canmore.rcahms.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` King 's Park , Stirling , Stirlingshire '' The Northern Antiquarian `` . Megalithix.wordpress.com. 25 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , James Sturk ( 1906 ) . The old Castle Vennal of Stirling : and its occupants , with the old brig of Stirling / by J.S. Fleming ; illustrated by ... the author ; with introductory chapter by John Honeyman . Stirling : Observer office . pp. 151 -- 160 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Durie , Bruce ( 3 November 2014 ) . The Story of Stirling . The History Press . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Shave , Paul . `` UPPER FORTH RIVER TO STIRLING '' . Forth Yacht Clubs ' Association . Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OS 25 inch , 1892 - 1905 '' . National Library of Scotland . Ordnance Survey . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The new statistical account of Scotland . Edinburgh and London : W. Blackwood and Sons . 1845 . pp. 390 -- 453 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , William ( 1898 ) . Old faces , old places , and old stories of Stirling . Stirling : E. Mackay . p. 299 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , John ; Brown , William ( 1830 ) . Select Views of the Royal Palaces of Scotland : from drawings by William Brown Glasgow : with illustrative descriptions of their local situation , present appearance and antiquities . Edinburgh : Cadell & Co. pp. 144 -- 147 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackie , Charles ( 1835 ) . The castles of Mary , Queen of Scots ; being a historical description of every castellated erection which formed a residence or a prison to that Queen . Embellished with engravings from original drawings by G.F. Sargent ( 3rd ed . ) . London : T. Tegg . p. 41 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Iain Taylor . `` Place names '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Penny Guide to Stirling , Stirling Castle , Wallace Monument , Bannockburn , Etc . R.S. Shearer. 1895 . p. 23 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling ( Scotland ) '' . Heraldry of the World . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ RM Urquhart , Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry , London , 1973 Jump up ^ Nimmo , William ; Gillespie , Robert ( 1880 ) . The history of Stirlingshire . Glasgow : Thomas D. Morison . pp. 63 -- 64 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Holinshed , Raphael ( 1807 ) . Holinshed 's Chronicles of England , Scotland , and Ireland 1577 ( Vol 1 ) . London : J. Johnson ( etc . ) pp. 203 -- 204 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , William ; Turnbull ( ed . ) , William B. ( 1858 ) . The buik of the croniclis of Scotland : or , A metrical version of the History of Hector Boece . Published by the authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty 's Treasury , under the direction of the Master of the Rolls -- Longman , Brown , Green , Longmans , and Roberts . pp. 441 -- 442 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Shearer , John Elliot ( 1897 ) . Shearer 's Stirling : historical and descriptive , with extracts from Burgh records and Exchequer Roll volumes , 1264 to 1529 , view of Stirling in 1620 , and an old plan of Stirling . Stirling : R.S. Shearer & Son . p. 17 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew ( 1708 ) . Exposition of the Old and New Testaments ... with practical remarks and observations ( Vol 2 ) . London : Nisbet . pp. 103 -- 109 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua 22 '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Broun , Dauvit ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` Britain and the beginning of Scotland '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the British Academy . 3 : 107 -- 137 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Marquess of Bute , John ; Lonsdale , H.W. ; MacPhail , J.R.N. ( 1897 ) . The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland . Edinburgh : William Blackwood & Sons . p. 370 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Scottish antiquary , or , Northern notes & queries . Edinburgh : T. and A. Constable . 1895 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beginners ' Latin -- Problems with Latin and the documents '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Charters and Other Documents Relating to the Royal Burgh of Stirling , A.D. 1124 - 1705 . Glasgow : Printer for the Provost , Magistrates , and Council of the Burgh of Stirling. 1884 . Jump up ^ `` home '' . Seven Incorporated Trades of Stirling . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Charters and Other Documents Relating to the Royal Burgh of Stirling , A.D. 1124 - 1705 . Glasgow : Printer for the Provost , Magistrates , and Council of the Burgh of Stirling. 1884 . Jump up ^ Sibbald ( 1707 ) . Sibbald 's History & Description of Stirlingshire Ancient and Modern 1707 ( 1892 ed . ) . Edinburgh : R.S. Shearer & Son . p. 42 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ronald , James ( 1899 ) . Landmarks of Old Stirling . Stirling : Eneas Mackay . pp. 240 -- 285 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverside Heritage Trail '' ( PDF ) . Stirling Council . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lübeck letter , 1297 '' . Scottish Archives For Schools . National Records of Scotland . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Castle Timeline '' . Undiscovered Scotland . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cambuskenneth Abbey '' . Historic Scotland . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , David R. ( 2001 ) . On the Trail of Bonnie Prince Charlie . Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 946487 - 68 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blaeu , Joan . `` Sterlinensis praefectura , ( vulgo ) , Sterlin - Shyr / Auct . Timoth . Pont '' . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Pont , Timothy . `` ( The East Central Lowlands ( Stirling , Falkirk & Kilsyth ) ) -- Pont 32 '' . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Church Of The Holy Rude '' . Church of Scotland . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Male Heads of families 1834 - 35 '' . Genealogy and Family History . Old Scottish . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nimmo , William ; Gillespie , Robert ( 1880 ) . The history of Stirlingshire ( 3rd ed . ) . Glasgow : Thomas D. Morison . p. 369 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , David B. ( 1919 ) . The Stirling merchant gild and life of John Cowane . Stirling : Morris , David B . pp. 195 -- 210 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cook , W.R. ( ed . ) ; Morris , David R ( ed . ) ( 1916 ) . The Stirling guildry book . Extracts from the records of the merchant guild of Stirling ... 1592 - 1846 . Stirling : Glasgow , Stirlingshire and Sons of the Rock Society . p. 271 . 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Falkirk Local History Society . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clingan - Smith , Oswald . `` Interview with a representative of Art UK '' . artuk . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , William ( 1898 ) . Old faces , old places , and old stories of Stirling . Stirling : E. Mackay . pp. 35 -- 36 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The new statistical account of Scotland . Edinburgh and London : W. Blackwood and Sons . 1845 . pp. 432 -- 433 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drysdale , William ( 1898 ) . Old faces , old places , and old stories of Stirling . Stirling : E. Mackay . pp. 44 -- 45 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverside Heritage Trail '' ( PDF ) . Stirling Council . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling , Princes Street , Drill Hall '' . Canmore . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Elspeth . `` Anne McGuire MP '' . smithartgalleryandmuseum . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , James . `` Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman ( 1836 -- 1908 ) , Statesman '' . National Galleries of Scotland , Scottish National Portrait Gallery . ArtUK . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stirling Council website Jump up ^ Stirling Council - Provost Information . Retrieved 10 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Bruce Crawford , MSP for Stirling '' . The Scottish Parliament . 2010 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Paterson becomes first SNP MP for Stirling after gaining seat from Labour '' . Daily Record . 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gareth Iwan ( 9 June 2017 ) . `` Conservatives gain seats from SNP in both Stirling and Clackmannanshire '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results '' . A Vision of Britain Through Time . Portsmouth University . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Miers , Richenda ( 2006 ) . Scotland . The Globe Pequot Press . p. 271 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . 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Extracts from the records of the merchant guild of Stirling ... 1592 - 1846 . Stirling : Glasgow , Stirlingshire and Sons of the Rock Society . p. 150 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Walking the Marches -- Revived '' . Seven Incorporated Trades of Stirling . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Libraries and archives '' . Stirling Council . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny Guide to Stirling , Stirling Castle , Wallace Monument , Bannockburn , Etc . R.S. Shearer. 1895 . p. 22 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arts -- music , comedy and theatre '' . Stirling Council . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Mod 's places for each year on Sabhal Mòr Ostaig website Jump up ^ Ker , John ( 1888 ) . The Psalms in history and biography . Edinburgh : A. Elliot . pp. 18 -- 19 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The erection of Stirling Presbytery , 1581 '' . Scottish Church History Society . 1932 . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Park South Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cambusbarron Parish Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Holy Rude '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Parish Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St Columba 's Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St Mark 's Parish Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St Ninians Old Parish Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Viewfield Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masses '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Archdiocese of Edinburgh '' . Archdiocese of Edinburgh . Jump up ^ `` Our Lady and St Ninian 's '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St Margaret of Scotland and Holy Spirit '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St Mary 's Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cornerstone Community Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cornton Baptist Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Trinity Episcopal Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St Ninains United Free Church Of Scotland '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Baptist Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Free Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Methodist Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Ninian 's Community Church '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central Scotland Islamic Centre '' . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Council : Council '' Latest News `` . Stirling.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` InStirling report on Forthside project '' . Instirling.com . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.smithartgalleryandmuseum.co.uk/mauchline-ware/ Jump up ^ `` Aberdeenshire tops health and wealth living survey '' . BBC News . 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling 's Economic Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Stirling Council . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Bus Station '' . Stirling Council . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Train Station and Services '' . Stirling Council . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City Deal Masterplan '' ( PDF ) . Stirling Council . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gareth Iwan ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Talks set to begin as Stirling City Deal given the go - ahead by the Chancellor '' . Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowbotham , John ( 1 August 2018 ) . `` Work starts on Stirling Council 's £ 270,000 waterfront pontoon project '' . Stirling Observer . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gareth Iwan ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Main road through Stirling set to be closed for a year for rail works '' . Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Sports Village '' . Active Scotland . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brannan , Laura ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Eve Muirhead opens National Curling Academy in Stirling '' . STV . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferrie , Kevin ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` New National Curling Academy opens its doors at The Peak in Stirling '' . The Herald . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeod , Rhona ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` Eve Muirhead believes Scotland 's National Curling Academy will help medal chase '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Albion fans first in Britain to own club '' . The Herald . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Student sport - Student life - University of Stirling '' . University of Stirling . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Knights are at a solid turning point '' . Stirling News . Jump up ^ `` Stirling Wanderers Hockey club : The website for field hockey in Stirlingshire '' . Stirling Wanderers . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judges bowled over by club '' . Stirling Observer. 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` sportscotland serves communities with Lottery funding '' . sportscotland. 14 August 2004 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` University of Stirling European Golf Champions '' . University of Stirling. 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ University of Stirling External Visitor Information Archived 9 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sports Village '' . Stirling.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Scotland set to move to Stirling '' . 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Information -- Useful facts and figures '' Stirling University Facts and Figures Archived 23 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stirling University Innovation Park About us Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Alastair ( 21 January 2008 ) . `` Stirling in degree deal with Singapore polytechnic '' . Edinburgh : The Scotsman . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling High School '' . Learning and Teaching Scotland . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Modans High School '' . Learning and Teaching Scotland . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wallace High School '' . Learning and Teaching Scotland . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bannockburn High School '' . Learning and Teaching Scotland . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riverside Primary School '' . Stirling and Clackmannan . Archived from the original on 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Nairn , James S. `` Stirling : Gateway To The Highlands '' . Moving Image Archive . Stirling Town Council . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nairn , James S. `` Stirling Charities Day '' . Moving Image Archive . Regal Cinema Stirling . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Norman . `` Neighbours '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` River Forth '' . Moving Image Archive . Templar Film Studios . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Henson , Laurence . `` The Heart Of Scotland '' . Moving Image Archive . Templar Film Studios . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Henry . `` Holiday Scotland '' . Moving Image Archive . Campbell Harper Films . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kidnapped '' . Scotland the Movie . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , Mark . `` Royal Stirling '' . Moving Image Archive . Campbell Harper Films . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The University Of Stirling '' . Moving Image Archive . Eidos Films . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stirling FutureWorld ( 26th July 2017 ) '' . Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gregory 's Two Girls '' . Scotland the Movie . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` To End all Wars '' . Scotland the Movie . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Danny MacAskill -- An internet sensation , but who is the man behind the crash helmet ? '' ( 2 ) . The Scotsman. 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clips from KJB -- The Book That Changed The World '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highland Cattle Drovers '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secrets of Great British Castles '' . Channel 5 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outlaw King camp '' . Jump up ^ `` Stirling to become first UK city in more than 10 years to link with Turkey '' . BBC News . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John McAleese : Leader of the SAS team that ended the 1980 siege of the '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Steven ( 1 October 2017 ) . `` Story of heroic Scots - born SAS soldier to be turned into Netflix blockbuster '' . Mair , Craig ( 1990 ) . Stirling : The Royal Burgh . John Donald Publishers . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 420 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stirling . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stirling . 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6,026,832,383,481,413,000 | where does the phrase to 86 something come from | 86 ( term ) - wikipedia 86 ( term ) For other uses , see 86 ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When used as a verb , eighty - six , eighty - sixed , 86 , 86ed , or 86 'd is American English slang for getting rid of something , ejecting someone , or refusing service . Contents 1 Meaning 2 Etymology 3 Popular uses of term 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Meaning ( edit ) According to Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary , `` 86 '' is a slang term that is used in the American popular culture as a transitive verb in the food service industry as a term to describe an item no longer available on the menu . The Merriam Webster dictionary suggests the term may be associated with the word `` nix '' ( `` no '' or a more general prohibition ) . `` Nix '' is related to the word `` Nichts '' , which means `` nothing '' in the German language . The term is part of restaurant slang , seen among restaurant workers in the 1930s , where 86 meant `` we 're all out of it . '' Walter Winchell published examples of similar restaurant slang in his newspaper column in 1933 , which he presented as part of a `` glossary of soda - fountain lingo . '' Etymology ( edit ) Several possible origins of the term 86 have been suggested , all dated before the 1950s . Looking north at Chumley 's , 86 Bedford St , West Village 86 Bedford Street : Author Jef Klein theorizes that the bar Chumley 's at 86 Bedford Street in the West Village of Lower Manhattan was the source . Klein 's 2006 book The History and Stories of the Best Bars of New York claims that the police would call Chumley 's bar during prohibition before making a raid and tell the bartender to `` 86 '' his customers , meaning that they should exit out the 86 Bedford Street door , while the police would come to the Pamela Court entrance . Documented 1944 use : According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first verifiable use of 86 in the sense of `` refuse service to '' dates to a 1944 book about John Barrymore , a movie star of the 1920s famous for his acting and infamous for his drinking : `` There was a bar in the Belasco building ... but Barrymore was known in that cubby as an ' eighty - six ' . An ' eighty - six ' , in the patois of western dispensers , means : ' Do n't serve him . ' '' Electrical Protection : According to IEEE Std . C37. 2 - 2008 ( and previous versions of this standard which was originally published by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers ( AIEE ) as AIEE No. 26 in 1928 ) , Device Number 86 is a lockout relay , which is a `` device that trips and maintains the associated equipment or devices as inoperative until it is reset by an operator , either locally or remotely . '' In lay terms , an 86 device `` locks out '' a piece of electrical equipment , which is to say that it turns the equipment off so that it can not restart until the appropriate person investigates the problem and then resets the 86 device . Popular uses of term ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1947 : In the song `` Boogie Woogie Blue Plate '' by Louis Jordan , one line is `` 86 on the cherry pies '' as one of many examples of short - order restaurant lingo . 1957 : The main character in Gore Vidal 's play Visit to a Small Planet uses the command `` 86 '' numerous times to destroy things . In the television series Get Smart , agent Maxwell Smart was code - named Agent 86 . In the television series M * A * S * H , Colonel Sherman T. Potter often tells Corporal Klinger to `` 86 '' either his latest idea or his lady 's clothing . 1973 : Thomas Pynchon used the term `` 86 '' in Gravity 's Rainbow : `` They did finally 86 him out of Massachusetts Bay Colony . '' 1976 : Jimmy Buffett 's song `` Cliches '' from the Havana Daydreamin ' album has a line `` she 's 86 'd from the Chart Room '' , meaning she is not allowed back there . 1986 : Little Shop of Horrors . Audrey 2 . `` There must be someone you can 86 , real quiet like and get me some lunch '' 1989 : David B. Feinberg published the novel `` Eighty - sixed '' contrasting life in New York just before HIV to life in 1986 when AIDS had become a major health crisis in the city . 1990 : The Witches ( 1990 film ) . Children 's film starring Anjelica Huston , in which a potion called `` Formula 86 '' is used in order to turn all children into mice . Filmmaker Dave Markey made a documentary about the final tour of the infamous hardcore punk band Black Flag entitled Reality 86 'd . The movie was filmed in 1986 during the band 's final tour , but was n't released until 1991 . 1995 : Green Day wrote a song titled `` 86 '' off of their Insomniac album . The song is in reference to the band being banned from the punk club 924 Gilman Street -- as well as the backlash they received from the punk community at large -- due to their decision to sign to a major label . 1998 : Frasier -- in the season opener `` Good Grief '' -- tells a server to `` eighty - six the spring rolls and bring me the freaking turkey . '' 2001 : The Princess Diaries 's main protagonist Mia Thermopolis asked her bodyguard / driver Joe , `` Can we 86 the flags please ? '' ( referring to the flags on the royal limousine ) to which the latter refused . Alison Bechdel 's 2006 autobiographic novel Fun Home includes an incident about her and a few friends getting 86ed from Chumley 's Bar . Dan Fante 's 2009 novel 86 'd is about a man who gets fired and battles his alcoholism . In Charmed 's episode Give Me a Sign , the phrase is uttered by Phoebe Halliwell when she recounts an event where a demon hires a gunman to take them out . In The Mentalist episode `` The White of his Eyes '' aired in 2015 , Patrick Jane ( played by Simon Baker ) used the phrase `` 86 '' to cancel the order for `` chicken wings '' at the bar . In House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) 's chapter 50 , aired in 2016 , Will Conways urges Ted Brockhart to talk to Dreyer and 86 the bill President Underwood wants to pass . In the Family Guy episode `` Tales of a Third Grade Nothing , '' the phrase is uttered by Andy Dick as he bursts into the club . Cars 's main antagonist Chick Hicks has this number which means he rammed other cars and got rid of them . 2018 : Several T - shirts have become available with 86 / 45 printed on them , in reference to the desire to remove the 45th president Donald Trump from office . The Indonesian National Police radio code for `` copy - that '' is `` 86 '' spoken in Indonesian as Delapan Enam meaning ; `` understood '' . Episode 5 Season 2 of The Deuce James Francos character vincent refuses to ban his brother in law Bobby from a bar he runs . Franco says Bobby Is family , And i dont 86 family See also ( edit ) List of restaurant terminology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eighty - six - Definition of eighty - six by Merriam - Webster '' . merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` What does ' 86 'd ' or ' 86 It ' Mean in Restaurant Jargon ? '' . Culinary Lore . March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` linguistlist.org : Soda Jerk Slang & Coney Island Chicken ( Winchell , 1933 ) '' . linguistlist.org . Jump up ^ Klein , Jef ( 2006 ) . The History and Stories of the Best Bars of New York . Turner Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` snopes.com : Etymology of 86 '' . snopes.com . Jump up ^ New York Times , `` The Theatre : ' Visit to a Small Planet ' ; Vidal 's Foolish Notion Is Staged at Booth The Cast , '' by Brooks Atkinson ; February 8 , 1957 , page 18 Jump up ^ `` 86 by Green Day , '' . songfacts.com. 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Fante , Confronting His Demons On The Page '' . NPR.org. 29 September 2009 . External links ( edit ) Look up eighty - six in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` eighty - six '' = `` nix '' at Yaelf.com , the alt. usage. english FAQ at the Wayback Machine ( archived 27 September 2011 ) Snopes.com : Etymology of the slang term `` 86 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86_(term)&oldid=865716651 '' Categories : Slang Restaurant terminology Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 18 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. American English slang term
2. Getting rid of something
3. Refusing service
4. Restaurant slang
5. Origins and popular uses of "86" |
-7,406,434,194,788,763,000 | what is the literacy rate of pakistan in 2017 | Education in Pakistan - wikipedia Education in Pakistan Education in Pakistan <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Federal Ministry of Education <Th_colspan="2"> Literacy ( 2016 ) Total 58 % <Th_colspan="2"> Enrollment Total 97,462,900 Primary 22,650,000 Secondary 2,884,400 Post secondary 1,949,000 Education in Pakistan is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education and the provincial governments , whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development , accreditation and in the financing of research and development . Article 25 - A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years . `` The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law '' . The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into six levels : preschool ( for the age from 3 to 5 years ) , primary ( grades one through five ) , middle ( grades six through eight ) , high ( grades nine and ten , leading to the Secondary School Certificate or SSC ) , intermediate ( grades eleven and twelve , leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate or HSSC ) , and university programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees . The literacy rate ranges from 87 % in Islamabad to 20 % in the Kohlu District . Between 2000 and 2004 , Pakistanis in the age group 55 -- 64 had a literacy rate of almost 38 % , those ages 45 -- 54 had a literacy rate of nearly 46 % , those 25 -- 34 had a literacy rate of 57 % , and those ages 15 -- 24 had a literacy rate of 72 % . Literacy rates vary regionally , particularly by sex . In tribal areas female literacy is 9.5 % . While Azad Jammu & Kashmir has a literacy rate of 74 % . Moreover , English is fast spreading in Pakistan , with more than 92 million Pakistanis ( 49 % of the population ) having a command over the English language , which makes it one of the top English - speaking nations in the world . On top of that , Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates and 10,000 computer science graduates per year . Despite these statistics , Pakistan still has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the world and the second largest out of school population ( 5.1 million children ) after Nigeria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stages of formal education 1.1 Primary education 1.2 Secondary education 1.3 Tertiary education 1.4 Quaternary education 1.5 Nonformal and informal education 2 Gender disparity 3 Qualitative dimension 4 Achievements 4.1 International praise 4.2 Abdus Salam 4.3 Ayub Ommaya 4.4 Mahbub - ul - Haq 4.5 Atta - ur - Rahman 5 Education expenditure as percentage of GDP 6 University rankings 7 Religion and education 8 Literacy rate ( Census ) 8.1 Literacy rate by Province 8.2 Literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas 8.3 Youth literacy rate ( 2012 ) 9 International education 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Stages of formal education ( edit ) Primary education ( edit ) A primary school in a village in the Sindh region Only 87 % of Pakistani children finish primary school education . The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the British system . Pre-school education is designed for 3 -- 5 years old and usually consists of three stages : Play Group , Nursery and Kindergarten ( also called ' KG ' or ' Prep ' ) . After pre-school education , students go through junior school from grades 1 to 5 . This is followed by middle school from grades 6 to 8 . At middle school , single - sex education is usually preferred by the community , but co-education is also common in urban cities . The curriculum is usually subject to the institution . The eight commonly examined disciplines are : Arts Computer Studies and ICT General Science Modern languages with literature i.e. Urdu and English Mathematics Religious Education i.e. Islamic Studies Social Studies ( including Citizenship , Geography , History , Economics , Sociology , Tourism and sometimes elements of law , politics and PHSE ) Most schools also offer drama studies , music and physical education but these are usually not examined or marked . Home economics is sometimes taught to female students , whereas topics related to astronomy , environmental management and psychology are frequently included in textbooks of general science . Sometimes archaeology and anthropology are extensively taught in textbooks of social studies . SRE is not taught at most schools in Pakistan although this trend is being rebuked by some urban schools . Provincial and regional languages such as Punjabi , Sindhi , Pashto and others may be taught in their respective provinces , particularly in language - medium schools . Some institutes give instruction in foreign languages such as Turkish , Arabic , Persian , French and Chinese . The language of instruction depends on the nature of the institution itself , whether it is an English - medium school or an Urdu - medium school . As of 2009 , Pakistan faces a net primary school attendance rate for both sexes of 66 percent : a figure below estimated world average of 90 percent . Pakistan 's poor performance in the education sector is mainly caused by the low level of public investment . As of 2007 , public expenditure on education was 2.2 percent of GNPs , a marginal increase from 2 percent before 1984 - 85 . In addition , the allocation of government funds is skewed towards higher education , allowing the upper income class to reap the majority of the benefits of public subsidy on education . Lower education institutions such as primary schools suffer under such conditions as the lower income classes are unable to enjoy subsidies and quality education . As a result , Pakistan has one of the lowest rates of literacy in the world and the lowest among countries of comparative resources and socio - economic situations . Secondary education ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Secondary education in Pakistan begins from grade 9 and lasts for four years . After end of each of the school years , students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education ( or BISE ) . Upon completion of grade 9 , students are expected to take a standardised test in each of the first parts of their academic subjects . They again give these tests of the second parts of the same courses at the end of grade 10 . Upon successful completion of these examinations , they are awarded a Secondary School Certificate ( or SSC ) . This is locally termed a ' matriculation certificate ' or ' matric ' for short . The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including electives ( such as Biology , Chemistry , Computer and Physics ) as well as compulsory subjects ( such as Mathematics , English , Urdu , Islamic studies and Pakistan Studies ) . Students then enter an intermediate college and complete grades 11 and 12 . Upon completion of each of the two grades , they again take standardised tests in their academic subjects . Upon successful completion of these examinations , students are awarded the Higher Secondary School Certificate ( or HSSC ) . This level of education is also called the FSc / FA / ICS or ' intermediate ' . There are many streams students can choose for their 11 and 12 grades , such as pre-medical , pre-engineering , humanities ( or social sciences ) , computer science and commerce . Each stream consists of three electives and as well as three compulsory subjects of English , Urdu , Islamiat ( grade 11 only ) and Pakistan Studies ( grade 12 only ) . Alternative qualifications in Pakistan are available but are maintained by other examination boards instead of BISE . Most common alternative is the General Certificate of Education ( or GCE ) , where SSC and HSSC are replaced by Ordinary Level ( or O Level ) and Advanced Level ( or A Level ) respectively . Other qualifications include IGCSE which replaces SSC . GCE and GCSE O Level , IGCSE and GCE AS / A Level are managed by British examination boards of CIE of the Cambridge Assessment and / or Edexcel International of the Pearson PLC . Generally , 8 - 10 courses are selected by students at GCE O Levels and 3 - 5 at GCE A Levels . Advanced Placement ( or AP ) is an alternative option but much less common than GCE or IGCSE . This replaces the secondary school education as ' High School Education ' instead . AP exams are monitored by a North American examination board , College Board , and can only be given under supervision of centers which are registered with the College Board , unlike GCE O / AS / A Level and IGCSE which can be given privately . Another type of education in Pakistan is called `` Technical Education '' and combines technical and vocational education . The vocational curriculum starts at grade 5 and ends with grade 10 . Three boards , the Punjab Board of Technical Education ( PBTE ) , KPK Board of Technical Education ( KPKBTE ) and Sindh Board of Technical Education ( SBTE ) offering Matric Tech. course called Technical School Certificate ( TSC ) ( equivalent to 10th grade ) and Diploma of Associate Engineering ( DAE ) in engineering disciplines like Civil , Chemical , Architecture , Mechanical , Electrical , Electronics , Computer etc . DAE is a three years program of instructions which is equivalent to 12th grade . Diploma holders are called associate engineers . They can either join their respective field or take admission in B. Tech. and BE in their related discipline after DAE . Tertiary education ( edit ) The University of the Punjab , established 1882 in Lahore , is the oldest university of Pakistan . According to UNESCO 's 2009 Global Education Digest , 6 % of Pakistanis ( 9 % of men and 3.5 % of women ) were university graduates as of 2007 . Pakistan plans to increase this figure to 10 % by 2015 and subsequently to 15 % by 2020 . There is also a great deal of variety between age cohorts . Less than 6 % of those in the age cohort 55 - 64 have a degree , compared to 8 % in the 45 - 54 age cohort , 11 % in the 35 - 44 age cohort and 16 % in the age cohort 25 - 34 . GIK Institute from the Clock Tower Quaid - i - Azam University entrance After earning their HSSC , students may study in a professional institute for Bachelor 's degree courses such as engineering ( BE / BS / BSc Engineering ) , medicine ( MBBS ) , dentistry ( BDS ) , veterinary medicine ( DVM ) , law ( LLB ) , architecture ( BArch ) , pharmacy ( Pharm. D ) and nursing ( BSc Nursing ) . These courses require four or five years of study . The accreditation councils which accredit the above professional degrees and register these professionals are : Pakistan Engineering Council ( PEC ) , Pakistan Medical and Dental Council ( PMDC ) , Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council ( PVMC ) , Pakistan Bar Council ( PBC ) , Pakistan Council for Architects and Town Planners ( PCATP ) , Pharmacy Council of Pakistan ( PCP ) and Pakistan Nursing Council ( PNC ) . Students can also attend a university for Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) , Bachelor of Science ( BSc ) , Bachelor of Commerce ( BCom ) or Bachelor of Business Administration ( BBA ) degree courses . There are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan : Pass or Honors . Pass degree requires two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects ( such as Chemistry or Economics ) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects ( such as English , islamiyat and Pakistan Studies ) . Honours degree requires four years of study , and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study , such as Biochemistry ( BSc Hons . Biochemistry ) . Pass Bachelors is now slowly being phased out for Honours throughout the country . Quaternary education ( edit ) Most of Master 's degree programs require two years education . Master of Philosophy ( MPhil ) is available in most of the subjects and can be undertaken after doing Masters . Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) education is available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a MPhil degree . Students pursuing MPhil or PhD degrees must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that field . MPhil and PhD education in Pakistan requires a minimum of two years of study . Nonformal and informal education ( edit ) Out of the formal system , the public sectors runs numerous schools and training centres , most being vocational - oriented . Among those institutions can be found vocational schools , technical training centres and agriculture and vocational training centres . An apprenticeship system is also framed by the state of Pakistan . Informal education is also important in Pakistan and regroups mostly school - leavers and low - skilled individuals , who are trained under the supervision of a senior craftsman . Few institutes are run by corporates to train university students eligible for jobs and provide experience during education fulfilling a gap between university and industry for example : Appxone Private Limited is training Engineers with professional development on major subjects of Electronics and Computer science and other fields . Gender disparity ( edit ) See also : Women 's education in Pakistan In Pakistan , gender discrimination in education occurs among the poorest households but is non-existent among rich households . Only 18 % of Pakistani women have received 10 years or more of schooling . Among other criticisms the Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels . However , in recent years some progress has been made in trying to fix this problem . In 1990 - 91 , the female to male ratio ( F / M ratio ) of enrollment was 0.47 for primary level of education . It reached to 0.74 in 1999 - 2000 , showing the F / M ratio has improved by 57.44 % within the decade . For the middle level of education it was 0.42 in the start of decade and increased to 0.68 by the end of decade , so it has improved almost 62 % . In both cases the gender disparity is decreased but relatively more rapidly at middle level . The gender disparity in enrollment at secondary level of education was 0.4 in 1990 - 91 and 0.67 in 1999 - 2000 , showing that the disparity decreased by 67.5 % in the decade . At the college level it was 0.50 in 1990 - 91 and reached 0.81 in 1999 - 2000 , showing that the disparity decreased by 64 % . The gender disparity has decreased comparatively rapidly at secondary school . There is great difference in the rates of enrollment of boys , as compared to girls in Pakistan . According to UNESCO figures , primary school enrollment for girls stand at 60 per cent as compared to 84 percent for boys . The secondary school enrollment rate stands at a lower rate of 32 percent for females and 46 per cent males . Regular school attendance for female students is estimated at 41 per cent while that for male students is 50 per cent . A particularly interesting aspect of this gender disparity is representation of Pakistani women in STEMM ( science , technology , engineering , mathematics and medicine ) . In 2013 , the issue of women doctors in Pakistan was highlighted in local and international media . According to Pakistan Medical and Dental Council , in many medical colleges in Pakistan , as many as 80 % of students are women , but majority of these women do not go on to actually practice medicine , creating a shortage of doctors in rural areas and several specialties ( especially surgical fields ) . In 2014 , Pakistan Medical and Dental Council introduced a gender - based admission policy , restricting women to 50 % of available seats ( based on the gender ratios in general population ) . This quota was challenged and subsequently deemed unconstitutional ( and discriminatory ) by Lahore High Court . Research indicates several problems faced by women doctors in Pakistan in their career and education , including lack of implementation of women - friendly policies ( like maternity leave , breast - feeding provisions and child - care facilities ) , and systemic sexism prevalent in medical education and training . Pakistan 's patriarchal culture , where women 's work outside the home is generally considered less important than her family and household obligations , also make it difficult for women to balance a demanding career . Despite the importance of the issue , no new policies ( except now - defunct - quota ) have been proposed or implemented to ensure women 's retention in workforce . Qualitative dimension ( edit ) In Pakistan , the quality of education has a declining trend . Shortage of teachers and poorly equipped laboratories have resulted in the out - dated curriculum that has little relevance to present day needs . Achievements ( edit ) International praise ( edit ) Since the HEC 's reforms have been carried out in 2002 , HEC has received praise from the international higher education observers . Prof. Atta - ur_Rahman , founding Chairman of HEC , has received number of prestigious international awards for the remarkable transformation of the higher education sector under his leadership . German academic , Dr. Wolfgang Voelter of Tübingen University in Germany over viewed the performance of HEC under the leadership of Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman and described the reforms in HEC as `` A miracle happened . '' After teaching and visiting in 15 universities of Pakistan , Voelter wrote that the `` scenario of education , science and technology in Pakistan has changed dramatically , as never before in the history of the country . The chairperson of the Senate Standing Committee on Education recently announced the first 6 years of HEC under Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman as `` Pakistan 's golden period in higher education '' . Recently ThomsonReuters in an independent assessment of Pakistan 's progress in international publications has acknowledged that in the last decade there has been a fourfold increase in international publications and a tenfold growth in highly cited papers , statistics that were better than the BRIC countries American academic Prof. Fred M. Hayward has also praised the reform process undertaken by Pakistan , admitting that `` since 2002 , a number of extraordinary changes have taken place . '' Hayward pointed out that `` over the last six years almost 4,000 scholars have participated in PhD programs in Pakistan in which more than 600 students have studied in foreign PhD programs . '' The HEC instituted major upgrades for scientific laboratories , rehabilitating existing educational facilities , expanding the research support , and overseeing the development of one of the best digital libraries in the region . Seeking to meeting the international standard , a quality assurance and accreditation process was also established , of which , ~ 95 % of students sent abroad for training returned , an unusually high result for a developing country in response to improved salaries and working conditions at universities as well as bonding and strict follow - up by the commission , Fulbright , and others . '' The HEC 's reforms brought about by Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman were also applauded by the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development ( UNCSTD ) which reported that the `` progress made was breath - taking and has put Pakistan ahead of comparable countries in numerous aspects . '' In limited time , the HEC established and provided free access to scientific literature by high - speed Internet for all universities , the upgrade of research equipment accessible across the country , and the programme of establishing new universities of science and technology , including science parks attracted the foreign investors , prove the efficiency and the long - term benefits for the country enabled . The UNCSTD has closely monitored the development in Pakistan in the past years , coming to the unanimous conclusion that HEC 's program initiated under the leadership of Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman is a `` best - practice '' example for developing countries aiming at building their human resources and establishing an innovative , technology - based economy. `` . A number of institutions have been named after Prof. Rahman including the `` Atta - ur - Rahman Institute of Natural Product Discovery '' ( RIND ) at Malaysia 's largest university , Universiti Teknologi Mara and the Atta - ur - Rahman School of Applied Biosciences at National University of Science & Technology in Islamabad . Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman has won four international awards for the revolutionary changes in the higher education sector brought in the HEC . The Austrian government conferred its highest civil award ( `` Grosse Goldene Ehrenzeischen am Bande '' ) in recognition of his eminent contributions . Nature , a leading science journal , has also written a number of editorials and articles about the transformation brought about in Pakistan in the higher education sector under the HEC . In an article entitled `` Pakistan Threat to Indian Science '' published in a leading daily newspaper Hindustan Times , India , it has been reported that Prof. C.N.R. Rao , Chairman of the Indian Prime Minister 's Scientific Advisory Council made a presentation to the Indian Prime Minister at the rapid progress made by Pakistan in the higher education sector under the leadership of Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman , Chairman , Higher Education Commission . It was reported that as result of the reforms brought about in Pakistan `` Pakistan may soon join China in giving India serious competition in science '' . `` Science is a lucrative profession in Pakistan . It has tripled the salaries of its scientists in the last few years . '' . Prof. Atta - ur - Rahman was conferred the highest national Award of the People 's Republic of China in September 2014 for his contributions to develop strong linkages between Pakistan and China in various fields of higher education , science and technology . Dr Javaid Laghari the next Chairman continued the reforms initiated earlier . During his 4 - year tenure , the world ranking of universities declined due to budgetary cuts and other problems faced by HEC , although seven Pakistan universities were ranked among the top 250 universities of Asia according to QS World University Rankings 2013 . Research output out of Pakistan increased by over 50 % within three years , which was the second highest increase worldwide . According to Scimago world scientific database , if Pakistan continues at the same pace , its ranking will increase from 43 to 27 globally by 2017 . Abdus Salam ( edit ) University of Engineering and Technology , Lahore Main article : Abdus Salam Abdus Salam was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces . Salam , Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel prize for this work . Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Prize in any field . Salam heavily contributed to the rise of Pakistani physics to the Physics community in the world . Ayub Ommaya ( edit ) Ayub Ommaya was a Pakistani neurosurgeon who heavily contributed to his field . Over 150 research papers have been attributed to him . He also invented the Ommaya Reservoir medical procedure . It is a system of delivery of medical drugs for treatment of patients with brain tumours . Mahbub - ul - Haq ( edit ) Mahbub - ul - Haq was a Pakistani economist who along with Indian economist Amartya Sen developed the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , the modern international standard for measuring and rating human development . Atta - ur - Rahman ( edit ) Atta - ur - Rahman is a Pakistani scientist known for his work in the field of natural product chemistry . He has over 1052 research papers , books and patents attributed to him . He was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society ( London ) in 2006 and won the UNESCO Science Prize in 1999 . Education expenditure as percentage of GDP ( edit ) Public expenditure on education lies on the fringes of 2 percent of GDP of this nation . However , in 2009 the government approved the new national education policy , which stipulates that education expenditure will be increased to 7 % of GDP , an idea that was first suggested by the Punjab government . The author of an article , the history of education spending in Pakistan since 1972 , argues that this policy target raises a fundamental question : What extraordinary things are going to happen that would enable Pakistan to achieve within six years what it has been unable to lay a hand on in the past six decades ? The policy document is blank on this question and does not discuss the assumptions that form the basis of this target . Calculations of the author show that during the past 37 years , the highest public expenditure on education was 2.80 percent of GDP in 1987 - 88 . Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was actually reduced in 16 years and maintained in 5 years between 1972 -- 73 and 2008 - 09 . Thus , out of total 37 years since 1972 , public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP either decreased or remained stagnant for 21 years . The author argues if linear trend were maintained since 1972 , Pakistan could have touched 4 percent of GDP well before 2015 . However , it is unlikely to happen because the levels of spending have had remained significantly unpredictable and unsteady in the past . Given this disappointing trajectory , increasing public expenditure on education to 7 percent of GDP would be nothing less than a miracle but it is not going to be of godly nature . Instead , it is going to be the one of political nature because it has to be `` invented '' by those who are at the helm of affairs . The author suggests that little success can be made unless Pakistan adopts an `` unconventional '' approach to education . That is to say , education sector should be treated as a special sector by immunizing budgetary allocations for it from fiscal stresses and political and economic instabilities . Allocations for education should not be affected by squeezed fiscal space or surge in military expenditure or debts . At the same time , there is a need to debate others options about how Pakistan can `` invent '' the miracle of raising education expenditure to 7 percent of GDP by 2015 . University Rankings ( edit ) Main article : Rankings of universities in Pakistan According to the Quality Standard World University Ranking for 2014 , QAU , PIEAS , AKU , NUST , LUMS , CIIT , KU , Punjab University , UAF and UET Lahore are ranked among top 300 universities in Asia . Religion and education ( edit ) Education in Pakistan is heavily influenced by religion . For instance , one study of Pakistani science teachers showed that many rejected evolution based on religious grounds . However , most of the Pakistani teachers who responded to the study ( 14 out of 18 ) either accepted or considered the possibility of the evolution of living organisms , although nearly all Pakistani science teachers rejected human evolution because they believed that ' human beings did not evolve from monkeys . ' This is a major misconception and incorrect interpretation of the science of evolution , but according to the study it is a common one among many Pakistani teachers . Although many of the teachers rejected the evolution of humans , `` all agreed that there is ' no contradiction between science and Islam ' in general '' . Literacy rate ( census ) ( edit ) Literacy Rate of Pakistan population plus 15 1980 2015 by UNESCO Institute of Statistics Literacy map - Pakistan Literacy over time in selected districts From census to census the definition of literacy has been undergoing changes , with the result that the literacy figure has vacillated irregularly during the last 5 censuses . A summary of the censuses is as follows : Year of census Total Male Female Urban Rural Definition of being `` literate '' Age group 1951 ( West Pakistan ) 17.9 % 21.4 % 13.9 % N / A N / A One who can read a clear print in any language All Ages 1961 ( West Pakistan ) 16.9 % 26.1 % 6.7 % 34.8 % 10.6 % One who is able to read with understanding a simple letter in any language Age 5 and above 1972 21.7 % 30.2 % 11.6 % 41.5 % 14.3 % One who is able to read and write in some language with understanding Age 10 and Above 1981 26.2 % 35.1 % 16.0 % 47.1 % 17.3 % One who can read newspaper and write a simple letter Age 10 and Above 1998 43.92 % 54.81 % 32.02 % 63.08 % 33.64 % One who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter , in any language Age 10 and Above 2017 ( awaiting census results ) 58 % `` Ability to read and understand simple text in any language from a newspaper or magazine , write a simple letter and perform basic mathematical calculation ( ie , counting and addition / subtraction ) . '' Literacy rate by Province ( edit ) Province <Th_colspan="5"> Literacy rate 1972 1981 1998 2017 ( awaiting census results ) Punjab 20.7 % 27.4 % 46.56 % Sindh 30.2 % 31.5 % 45.29 % Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15.5 % 16.7 % 35.41 % Balochistan 10.1 % 10.3 % 26.6 % Literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas ( edit ) Region <Th_colspan="3"> Literacy Rate 1981 1998 2017 ( awaiting census results ) Islamabad ( ICT ) 47.8 % 72.40 % Azad Jammu & Kashmir ( AJK ) 25.7 % 55 % Gilgit - Baltistan 3 % ( female ) 37.85 % Tribal Areas ( FATA ) 6.38 % 17.42 % Youth literacy rate ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Country Youth literacy rate Male Female Pakistan 71 % 79 % 61 % India 81 % 88 % 74 % Bangladesh 77 % 75 % 78 % Nepal 83 % 88 % 78 % Bhutan 74 % 80 % 68 % International education ( edit ) As of January 2015 , the International Schools Consultancy ( ISC ) listed Pakistan as having 439 international schools . ISC defines an ' international school ' in the following terms `` ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school , primary or secondary students , wholly or partly in English outside an English - speaking country , or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages , offers an English - medium curriculum other than the country 's national curriculum and is international in its orientation . '' This definition is used by publications including The Economist . See also ( edit ) Education in Pakistan portal List of districts of Pakistan by Human Development Index List of special education institutions in Pakistan Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan Pakistan studies Pakistani textbooks controversy Right to Education Pakistan , an advocacy campaign Catholic Board of Education , Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Riazul Haq . `` Education woes : Pakistan misses UN target with 58 % literacy rate '' . The Express Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Education , Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` VU Solution '' . VU Solution . Jump up ^ `` Education System in Pakistan Problems , Issues & Solutions '' . pgc.edu. 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Blood , ed. ( 1994 ) . `` ( https://edupk.pk/ Pakistan - EDUCATION ) '' . Pakistan : A Country Study . GPO for the Library of Congress . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . External link in title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Figure 7.7 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dr Pervez Tahir . `` Education spending in AJK '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ List of countries by English - speaking population Jump up ^ InpaperMagazine . `` Towards e-learning '' . Jump up ^ `` Literacy Rate in Pakistan Province Wise Pakistan Literacy Rate '' . Ilm.com.pk. 2010 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youth and skills : putting education to work , EFA global monitoring report , 2012 ; 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stuteville , Sarah ( August 16 , 2009 ) . `` seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html '' . The Seattle Times . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Institute for Statistics . `` Adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rasool Memon , Ghulam ( 2007 ) . `` Education in Pakistan : The Key Issues , Problems and The New Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Management and Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 55 . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vocational education in Pakistan '' . UNESCO - UNEVOC . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Global Education Digest 2009 ( PDF ) . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Tasnim ; Khan , Rana Ejaz Ali ( 2004 ) . `` Gender Disparity in Education - Extents , Trends and Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research ( Faculty of Languages & Islamic Studies ) . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Rafia ( 2013 - 07 - 26 ) . `` The doctor brides '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Are Pakistan 's female medical students to be doctors or wives ? '' . BBC News . 2015 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan sees high rate of female medical students , but few doctors '' . Women in the World in Association with The New York Times - WITW. 2015 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is there a doctor in the house ? In Pakistan , quite possibly '' . The National . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The PMDC Quota Rule : A Boon or a Bane for Pakistan 's Healthcare Future ? JPMS Medical Blogs '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Abid , Abdul Majeed ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Female doctors becoming ' trophy ' wives : Is quota the right move ? '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lahore High Court Decision W.P. No 28142 of 2014 Asma Javaid , etc. , vs. Government of Punjab , etc . Available at http://sys.lhc.gov.pk/appjudgments/2014LHC6198.pdf Jump up ^ `` Controlling the Entry of Male and Female Students in Medical and Dental Colleges '' . Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law . 2017 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Doctor in the House : Balancing Work and Care in the Life of Women Doctors in Pakistan - ProQuest '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Voelter , PhD , Wolfgang ( 6 December 2008 ) . `` The golden period '' . Dawn area studies , 2008 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Voelter , Wolfgang . `` The golden period '' . Dawn ePaper . The golden period , The Dawn , retrieved 20 March 2010 Jump up ^ The report is available at http://images.info.science.thomsonreuters.biz/Web/ThomsonReutersScience/%7Bdab71dc1-d7d8-48af-88a6-fa7efa61ae22%7D_Pakistan_Citation_Report_FINAL.pdf ^ Jump up to : Haq , Riaz ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` In Defense of HEC 's Key Role in Pakistan 's Higher Education '' . Pakistaniaat , California . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Fred M. ( Winter 2009 ) . Higher Education Transformation in Pakistan : Political & Economic Instability , International Higher Education Quarterly ( 54 ) , archived from the original on 27 February 2010 , retrieved 20 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : Prof Atta - ur - Rahman ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` HEC -- why India felt threatened '' . The News International , 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rode , Bernd Michael . Letter from Chairman / European Coordinator of ASEA - UNINET published in DAWN today , DildilpakistanWordpress , retrieved 10 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Welcome to RiND '' . aurins.uitm.edu.my . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atta - ur - Rahman School of Applied Biosciences ( ASAB ) - National University of Sciences and Technology ( NUST ) '' . www.nust.edu.pk . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/Flyer-Lecture_Pakistan_WSD14.pdf Jump up ^ Pak threat to Indian science , Hindustan Times , 23 July 2006 , retrieved 19 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` The News International : Latest News Breaking , Pakistan News '' . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ishfaq Ahmad ( 1998 - 11 - 21 ) . `` CERN and Pakistan : a personal perspective '' . CERN Courier . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Riazuddin ( 1998 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Pakistan Physics Centre '' . ICTP . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://royalsociety.org/people/atta-ur-rahman-12136/ Jump up ^ `` Google Groups '' . groups.google.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No improvement witnessed in utilisation of education budgets '' . The News . 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Khawar Ghumman . `` Education to be allocated seven pc of GDP '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived September 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mazhar Siraj ( 4 July 2010 ) . `` Increasing Education Expenditure to 7 percent of GDP in Pakistan : Eyes on the Miracle '' . Business Recorder . Islamabad Jump up ^ `` QS University Rankings : Asia 2014 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Asghar , A. ( 2013 ) Canadian and Pakistani Muslim teachers ' perceptions of evolutionary science and evolution education. Evolution : Education and Outreach 2013 , 6 : 10 ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan : where and who are the world 's illiterates ? ; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006 : literacy for life ; 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Literacy trends in Pakistan ; 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Copy of Statistical Profile2. cdr '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy rate in Pakistan '' . The Nation. 2018 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Govt redefines literacy for count - The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan '' . CENSUS . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4166/1/MPRA_paper_4166.pdf Jump up ^ `` AJK literacy rate 1981 census - Google Search '' . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch : `` With Friends Like These ... '' - Human Rights Watch - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Government Steps Up Efforts To Improve Literacy Status In Fata '' . Allvoices.com. 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.khalidaziz.com/Agenda_for_Fata_Reform.pdf Jump up ^ `` International School Consultancy Group > Home '' . ^ Jump up to : `` International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The new local '' . The Economist. 17 December 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Halai , Anjum ( Aga Khan University Institute for Educational Development ) . `` Gender and Mathematics Education : Lessons from Pakistan '' ( Archive ) . K.K. Aziz. ( 2004 ) The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan . Vanguard . ISBN 969 - 402 - 126 - X Nayyar , A.H. & Salim , Ahmad . ( 2003 ) The Subtle Subversion : The State of Curricula and Text - books in Pakistan - Urdu , English , Social Studies and Civics . Sustainable Development Policy Institute . The Subtle Subversion Pervez Hoodbhoy and A.H. Nayyar . Rewriting the history of Pakistan , in Islam , Politics and the state : The Pakistan Experience , Ed . Mohammad Asghar Khan , Zed Books , London , 1985 . Mubarak Ali . In the Shadow of history , Nigarshat , Lahore ; History on Trial , Fiction House , Lahore , 1999 ; Tareekh Aur Nisabi Kutub , Fiction House , Lahore , 2003 . Rubina Saigol . Knowledge and Identity - Articulation of Gender in Educational Discourse in Pakistan , ASR , Lahore 1995 Tariq Rahman , Denizens of Alien Worlds : A Study of Education , Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan Karachi , Oxford University Press , 2004 . Reprint. 2006 Tariq Rahman , Language , Ideology and Power : Language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi , Oxford UP , 2002 . Tariq Rahman , Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi : Oxford UP , 1996 . Rept . several times . see 2006 edition . World Bank Case Study on Primary Education in Pakistan External links ( edit ) World Data on Education , IBE ( 2011 ) - overview of Pakistan 's education system TVET in Pakistan , UNESCO - UNEVOC ( 2013 ) - overview of the technical and vocational education system in Pakistan `` Pakistan ruined by language myth '' - Zubeida Mustafa <Th_colspan="2"> Education in Pakistan By region By province / territory Gilgit -- Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Balochistan Azad Jammu and Kashmir By city Islamabad Karachi Lahore Lower Dir Institutions By level Cadet colleges Schools Madrassas Intermediate colleges Universities Research institutes Special education institutions By profession Accounting Architecture Business Computing Dental Engineering Law Medical Nursing Pharmacy Veterinary By region Abbottabad Bahawalpur DG Khan Faisalabad Gujranwala Hyderabad Islamabad Jhelum Karachi Lahore Multan Peshawar Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sargodha Sialkot Sukkur Organizations Regulatory Ministry HEC NAVTTC Accreditation bodies Professional bodies PBC PCATP PCP PEC PMDC PNC PVMC Learned societies Boards Abbottabad AJK Bahawalpur Catholic Dera Ghazi Khan Faisalabad Federal Board Gujranwala Hyderabad Karachi ( intermediate ) Karachi ( secondary ) Lahore Larkana Multan Peshawar Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sargodha Swat Other PAS PERN PSF Student federations Testing Services <Td_colspan="2"> NTS Media Libraries Books and publishing Textbooks controversy Projects Daanish Schools TCF GCT Read Foundation Related topics History Pakistan International School Women 's education Academic grading Islamic studies Pakistan studies Educators Pakistani students abroad Rankings of universities <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Portal WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Pakistan topics <Td_colspan="2"> Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khalji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 706 Islamisation Baloch insurgency Kargil War Liberalization War in North - West Pakistan <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Features Beaches Deserts Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Passes Rivers Valleys Waterfalls Wetlands Areas Arabian Sea Gwadar Bay Indus Plain Pothohar Plateau Salt Range Sistan Basin Geology Coal fields Gas fields Minerals Oil fields Tectonics Volcanoes Floods Environment Botanical gardens Ecoregions Environmental issues Forests Protected areas national parks game reserves sanctuaries Wildlife flora fauna Zoos Other topics Archaeological sites Climate weather records Borders Natural disasters earthquakes floods Subdivisions provinces districts cities World Heritage Sites <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Governance <Td_colspan="2"> State President National Security Council ( C NS ECC AEDB NCA ) Government National government Cabinet Ministries Prime Minister Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Local government Union councils Legislative Parliament ( Majlis - 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profit education Free education Free school ( England ) Independent school UK Independent school preparatory public Private school Selective school Separate school State or public school State - integrated school ( New Zealand ) By style of education Adult education Alternative school Boarding school Day school Folk high school Free skool Homeschool International school K - 12 Madrasa Magnet school Montessori school One - room schools Parochial school Ranch school Sink school Virtual school Vocal school Yeshiva By scope College preparatory Compulsory education Democratic education Gifted education Remedial education Vocational education Historical <Td_colspan="2"> Ancient higher - learning institutions Platonic Academy Lyceum Monastic schools Cathedral schools Medieval universities Schools imposed on indigenous peoples in Canada in New Zealand in the United States in South Africa Informal or illegal in Ireland in Greece in South Tyrol <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Science and technology in Pakistan <Td_colspan="2"> Aerospace Aeronautical industry Space programme Antarctic program Architecture Defence industry Education Electricity Energy policy Non-renewable energy Coal Gas Oil Nuclear energy Renewable energy Hydro - power Solar energy Wind energy Information technology Telecommunications Supercomputing List of inventions and discoveries List of scientists Media Metallurgy Military history Mining Scientific and technological history Transport Automotive industry Aviation Highways and motorways Railways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&oldid=845464357 '' Categories : Education in Pakistan Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 23 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Education system in Pakistan
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449,724,567,188,354,050 | who is renowned in the field of painting | Michelangelo - wikipedia Michelangelo Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Michelangelo ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Michelangelo <Td_colspan="2"> Portrait of Michelangelo by Daniele da Volterra Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni ( 1475 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1475 Caprese near Arezzo , Republic of Florence ( present - day Tuscany , Italy ) 18 February 1564 ( 1564 - 02 - 18 ) ( aged 88 ) Rome , Papal States ( present - day Italy ) Known for Sculpture , painting , architecture , and poetry Notable work David Pietà The Last Judgment Sistine Chapel ceiling Movement High Renaissance <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Signature <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni ( / ˌmaɪkəlˈændʒəloʊ / ; Italian : ( mikeˈlandʒelo di lodoˈviːko ˌbwɔnarˈrɔːti siˈmoːni ) ; 6 March 1475 -- 18 February 1564 ) was an Italian sculptor , painter , architect , and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence , who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art . Considered to be the greatest living artist during his lifetime , he has since been described as one of the greatest artists of all time . Despite making few forays beyond the arts , his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man , along with his rival and fellow Florentine Medici client , Leonardo da Vinci . A number of Michelangelo 's works of painting , sculpture , and architecture rank among the most famous in existence . His output in every field of interest was prodigious ; given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence , sketches , and reminiscences taken into account , he is the best - documented artist of the 16th century . He sculpted two of his best - known works , the Pietà and David , before the age of thirty . Despite holding a low opinion of painting , Michelangelo also created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art : the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome , and The Last Judgment on its altar wall . As an architect , Michelangelo pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library . At the age of 74 , he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter 's Basilica . Michelangelo transformed the plan so that the western end was finished to his design , as was the dome , with some modification , after his death . Michelangelo was unique as the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive . In fact , two biographies were published during his lifetime ; one of them , by Giorgio Vasari , proposed that his work transcends that of any other artist , living or dead and is `` supreme in not one art alone but in all three '' . In his lifetime , the master was often called Il Divino ( `` the divine one '' ) . One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità , a sense of awe - inspiring grandeur . The attempts by subsequent artists to imitate Michelangelo 's impassioned and highly personal style resulted in Mannerism , the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early life , 1475 -- 88 1.2 Apprenticeships , 1488 -- 92 1.3 Bologna , Florence and Rome , 1492 -- 99 1.4 Florence , 1499 -- 1505 1.5 Sistine Chapel ceiling , 1505 -- 12 1.6 Florence under Medici popes , 1513 -- early 1534 1.7 Rome , 1534 -- 46 1.8 St Peter 's Basilica , 1546 -- 64 2 Personal life 3 Works 3.1 Madonna and Child 3.2 Male figure 3.3 Sistine Chapel ceiling 3.4 Figure compositions 3.5 Architecture 3.6 The final years 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Life See also : List of works by Michelangelo Early life , 1475 -- 88 The Madonna of the Stairs ( 1490 -- 92 ) , Michelangelo 's earliest known work in marble Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo , Tuscany ( known today as Caprese Michelangelo ) . For several generations , his family had been small - scale bankers in Florence , but the bank failed , and his father , Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni , briefly took a government post in Caprese , where Michelangelo was born . At the time of Michelangelo 's birth , his father was the Judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi . Michelangelo 's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena . The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa ; this claim remains unproven , but Michelangelo himself believed it . Several months after Michelangelo 's birth , the family returned to Florence , where he was raised . At later times , during his mother 's prolonged illness and after her death in 1481 , when he was just six years old , Michelangelo lived with a nanny and her husband , who was a stonecutter , in the town of Settignano , where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm . There Michelangelo gained his love for marble , as Giorgio Vasari quotes him : `` If there is some good in me , it is because I was born in the subtle atmosphere of your country of Arezzo . Along with the milk of my nurse I received the knack of handling chisel and hammer , with which I make my figures . '' Apprenticeships , 1488 -- 92 As a young boy , Michelangelo was sent to Florence to study grammar under the Humanist Francesco da Urbino . The young artist , however , showed no interest in his schooling , preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of painters . The city of Florence was at that time the greatest centre of the arts and learning in Italy . Art was sponsored by the Signoria ( the town council ) , by the merchant guilds and by wealthy patrons such as the Medici and their banking associates . The Renaissance , a renewal of Classical scholarship and the arts , had its first flowering in Florence . In the early 15th century , the architect Filippo Brunelleschi had studied the remains of Classical buildings in Rome and created two churches , San Lorenzo 's and Santo Spirito , which embodied the Classical precepts . The sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti had laboured for fifty years to create the bronze doors of the Baptistry , which Michelangelo was to describe as `` The Gates of Paradise '' . The exterior niches of the Church of Orsanmichele contained a gallery of works by the most acclaimed sculptors of Florence -- Donatello , Ghiberti , Andrea del Verrocchio , and Nanni di Banco . The interiors of the older churches were covered with frescos ( mostly in Late Medieval , but also in the Early Renaissance style ) , begun by Giotto and continued by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel -- both of whose works Michelangelo studied and copied in drawings . During Michelangelo 's childhood , a team of painters had been called from Florence to the Vatican , in order to decorate the walls of the Sistine Chapel . Among them was Domenico Ghirlandaio , a master in fresco painting , perspective , figure drawing , and portraiture who had the largest workshop in Florence at that period . In 1488 , at the age of 13 , Michelangelo was apprenticed to Ghirlandaio . The next year , his father persuaded Ghirlandaio to pay Michelangelo as an artist , which was rare for someone of fourteen . When in 1489 , Lorenzo de ' Medici , de facto ruler of Florence , asked Ghirlandaio for his two best pupils , Ghirlandaio sent Michelangelo and Francesco Granacci . From 1490 to 1492 , Michelangelo attended the Humanist academy that the Medici had founded along Neo-Platonic lines . At the academy , both Michelangelo 's outlook and his art were subject to the influence of many of the most prominent philosophers and writers of the day , including Marsilio Ficino , Pico della Mirandola and Poliziano . At this time , Michelangelo sculpted the reliefs Madonna of the Steps ( 1490 -- 1492 ) and Battle of the Centaurs ( 1491 -- 1492 ) . The latter was based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and was commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici . Michelangelo worked for a time with the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni . When he was seventeen , another pupil , Pietro Torrigiano , struck him on the nose , causing the disfigurement that is conspicuous in all the portraits of Michelangelo . Bologna , Florence and Rome , 1492 -- 99 Lorenzo de ' Medici 's death on 8 April 1492 brought a reversal of Michelangelo 's circumstances . Michelangelo left the security of the Medici court and returned to his father 's house . In the following months he carved a polychrome wooden Crucifix ( 1493 ) , as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito , which had allowed him to do some anatomical studies of the corpses from the church 's hospital . Between 1493 and 1494 he bought a block of marble , and carved a larger than life statue of Hercules , which was sent to France and subsequently disappeared sometime in the 18th century . On 20 January 1494 , after heavy snowfalls , Lorenzo 's heir , Piero de Medici , commissioned a snow statue , and Michelangelo again entered the court of the Medici . In the same year , the Medici were expelled from Florence as the result of the rise of Savonarola . Michelangelo left the city before the end of the political upheaval , moving to Venice and then to Bologna . In Bologna , he was commissioned to carve several of the last small figures for the completion of the Shrine of St. Dominic , in the church dedicated to that saint . At this time Michelangelo studied the robust reliefs carved by Jacopo della Quercia around main portal of the Basilica of St Petronius , including the panel of The Creation of Eve the composition of which was to reappear on the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Towards the end of 1494 , the political situation in Florence was calmer . The city , previously under threat from the French , was no longer in danger as Charles VIII had suffered defeats . Michelangelo returned to Florence but received no commissions from the new city government under Savonarola . He returned to the employment of the Medici . During the half year he spent in Florence , he worked on two small statues , a child St. John the Baptist and a sleeping Cupid . According to Condivi , Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de ' Medici , for whom Michelangelo had sculpted St. John the Baptist , asked that Michelangelo `` fix it so that it looked as if it had been buried '' so he could `` send it to Rome ... pass ( it off as ) an ancient work and ... sell it much better . '' Both Lorenzo and Michelangelo were unwittingly cheated out of the real value of the piece by a middleman . Cardinal Raffaele Riario , to whom Lorenzo had sold it , discovered that it was a fraud , but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome . This apparent success in selling his sculpture abroad as well as the conservative Florentine situation may have encouraged Michelangelo to accept the prelate 's invitation . Michelangelo 's Pietà , St Peter 's Basilica ( 1498 -- 99 ) Michelangelo arrived in Rome 25 June 1496 at the age of 21 . On 4 July of the same year , he began work on a commission for Cardinal Raffaele Riario , an over-life - size statue of the Roman wine god Bacchus . Upon completion , the work was rejected by the cardinal , and subsequently entered the collection of the banker Jacopo Galli , for his garden . In November 1497 , the French ambassador to the Holy See , Cardinal Jean de Bilhères - Lagraulas , commissioned him to carve a Pietà , a sculpture showing the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of Jesus . The subject , which is not part of the Biblical narrative of the Crucifixion , was common in religious sculpture of Medieval Northern Europe and would have been very familiar to the Cardinal . The contract was agreed upon in August of the following year . Michelangelo was 24 at the time of its completion . It was soon to be regarded as one of the world 's great masterpieces of sculpture , `` a revelation of all the potentialities and force of the art of sculpture '' . Contemporary opinion was summarised by Vasari : `` It is certainly a miracle that a formless block of stone could ever have been reduced to a perfection that nature is scarcely able to create in the flesh . '' It is now located in St Peter 's Basilica . Florence , 1499 -- 1505 Main article : David ( Michelangelo ) The Statue of David , completed by Michelangelo in 1504 , is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance . Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499 . The republic was changing after the fall of its leader , anti-Renaissance priest Girolamo Savonarola , who was executed in 1498 , and the rise of the gonfaloniere Piero Soderini . Michelangelo was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by Agostino di Duccio : a colossal statue of Carrara marble portraying David as a symbol of Florentine freedom to be placed on the gable of Florence Cathedral . Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work , the statue of David , in 1504 . The masterwork definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination . A team of consultants , including Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci , was called together to decide upon its placement , ultimately the Piazza della Signoria , in front of the Palazzo Vecchio . It now stands in the Academia while a replica occupies its place in the square . With the completion of the David came another commission . In early 1504 Leonardo da Vinci had been commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiara in the council chamber of the Palazzo Vecchio , depicting the battle between Florence and Milan in 1440 . Michelangelo was then commissioned to paint the Battle of Cascina . The two paintings are very different : Leonardo depicts soldiers fighting on horseback , while Michelangelo has soldiers being ambushed as they bathe in the river . Neither work was completed and both were lost forever when the chamber was refurbished . Both works were much admired , and copies remain of them , Leonardo 's work having been copied by Rubens and Michelangelo 's by Bastiano da Sangallo . Also during this period , Michelangelo was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a `` Holy Family '' as a present for his wife , Maddalena Strozzi . It is known as the Doni Tondo and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame , which Michelangelo may have designed . He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist , known as the Manchester Madonna and now in the National Gallery , London . Sistine Chapel ceiling , 1505 -- 12 Main article : Sistine Chapel ceiling Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel ; the work took approximately four years to complete ( 1508 -- 12 ) In 1505 Michelangelo was invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II and commissioned to build the Pope 's tomb , which was to include forty statues and be finished in five years . Under the patronage of the pope , Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks . Although Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years , it was never finished to his satisfaction . It is located in the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome and is most famous for the central figure of Moses , completed in 1516 . Of the other statues intended for the tomb , two , known as the Rebellious Slave and the Dying Slave , are now in the Louvre . During the same period , Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , which took approximately four years to complete ( 1508 -- 1512 ) . According to Condivi 's account , Bramante , who was working on the building of St. Peter 's Basilica , resented Michelangelo 's commission for the pope 's tomb and convinced the pope to commission him in a medium with which he was unfamiliar , in order that he might fail at the task . Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the Twelve Apostles on the triangular pendentives that supported the ceiling , and to cover the central part of the ceiling with ornament . Michelangelo persuaded Pope Julius to give him a free hand and proposed a different and more complex scheme , representing the Creation , the Fall of Man , the Promise of Salvation through the prophets , and the genealogy of Christ . The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel that represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church . The composition stretches over 500 square metres of ceiling and contains over 300 figures . At its centre are nine episodes from the Book of Genesis , divided into three groups : God 's creation of the earth ; God 's creation of humankind and their fall from God 's grace ; and lastly , the state of humanity as represented by Noah and his family . On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of Jesus , seven prophets of Israel , and five Sibyls , prophetic women of the Classical world . Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are The Creation of Adam , Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden , the Deluge , the Prophet Jeremiah , and the Cumaean Sibyl . Florence under Medici popes , 1513 -- early 1534 Moses for the tomb of Pope Julius II In 1513 , Pope Julius II died and was succeeded by Pope Leo X , the second son of Lorenzo dei Medici . Pope Leo commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the façade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures . He agreed reluctantly and spent three years creating drawings and models for the façade , as well as attempting to open a new marble quarry at Pietrasanta specifically for the project . In 1520 the work was abruptly cancelled by his financially strapped patrons before any real progress had been made . The basilica lacks a façade to this day . In 1520 the Medici came back to Michelangelo with another grand proposal , this time for a family funerary chapel in the Basilica of San Lorenzo . Fortunately for posterity , this project , occupying the artist for much of the 1520s and 1530s , was more fully realised . Michelangelo used his own discretion to create the composition of the Medici Chapel , which houses the large tombs of two of the younger members of the Medici family , Giuliano , Duke of Nemours , and Lorenzo , his nephew . It also serves to commemorate their more famous predecessors , Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano , who are buried nearby . The tombs display statues of the two Medici and allegorical figures representing Night and Day , and Dusk and Dawn . The chapel also contains Michelangelo 's Medici Madonna . In 1976 a concealed corridor was discovered with drawings on the walls that related to the chapel itself . Pope Leo X died in 1521 and was succeeded briefly by the austere Adrian VI , and then by his cousin Giulio Medici as Pope Clement VII . In 1524 Michelangelo received an architectural commission from the Medici pope for the Laurentian Library at San Lorenzo 's Church . He designed both the interior of the library itself and its vestibule , a building utilising architectural forms with such dynamic effect that it is seen as the forerunner of Baroque architecture . It was left to assistants to interpret his plans and carry out instruction . The library was not opened until 1571 , and the vestibule remained incomplete until 1904 . In 1527 , Florentine citizens , encouraged by the sack of Rome , threw out the Medici and restored the republic . A siege of the city ensued , and Michelangelo went to the aid of his beloved Florence by working on the city 's fortifications from 1528 to 1529 . The city fell in 1530 , and the Medici were restored to power . Michelangelo fell out of favour with the young Alessandro Medici , who had been installed as the first Duke of Florence . Fearing for his life , he fled to Rome , leaving assistants to complete the Medici chapel and the Laurentian Library . Despite Michelangelo 's support of the republic and resistance to the Medici rule , he was welcomed by Pope Clement , who reinstated an allowance that he had previously granted the artist and made a new contract with him over the tomb of Pope Julius . Rome , 1534 -- 46 The Last Judgement ( 1534 -- 41 ) In Rome , Michelangelo lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto . It was at this time that he met the poet Vittoria Colonna , marchioness of Pescara , who was to become one of his closest friends until her death in 1547 . Shortly before his death in 1534 Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint a fresco of The Last Judgement on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel . His successor , Paul III , was instrumental in seeing that Michelangelo began and completed the project , which he laboured on from 1534 to October 1541 . The fresco depicts the Second Coming of Christ and his Judgement of the souls . Michelangelo ignored the usual artistic conventions in portraying Jesus , showing him as a massive , muscular figure , youthful , beardless and naked . He is surrounded by saints , among whom Saint Bartholomew holds a drooping flayed skin , bearing the likeness of Michelangelo . The dead rise from their graves , to be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell . Once completed , the depiction of Christ and the Virgin Mary naked was considered sacrilegious , and Cardinal Carafa and Monsignor Sernini ( Mantua 's ambassador ) campaigned to have the fresco removed or censored , but the Pope resisted . At the Council of Trent , shortly before Michelangelo 's death in 1564 , it was decided to obscure the genitals and Daniele da Volterra , an apprentice of Michelangelo , was commissioned to make the alterations . An uncensored copy of the original , by Marcello Venusti , is in the Capodimonte Museum of Naples . Michelangelo worked on a number of architectural projects at this time . They included a design for the Capitoline Hill with its trapezoid piazza displaying the ancient bronze statue of Marcus Aurelius . He designed the upper floor of the Palazzo Farnese and the interior of the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli , in which he transformed the vaulted interior of an Ancient Roman bathhouse . Other architectural works include San Giovanni dei Fiorentini , the Sforza Chapel ( Capella Sforza ) in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore and the Porta Pia . St Peter 's Basilica , 1546 -- 64 Main article : St Peter 's Basilica § Architecture The dome of St Peter 's Basilica While still working on the Last Judgement , Michelangelo received yet another commission for the Vatican . This was for the painting of two large frescos in the Cappella Paolina depicting significant events in the lives of the two most important saints of Rome , the Conversion of Saint Paul and the Crucifixion of Saint Peter . Like the Last Judgement , these two works are complex compositions containing a great number of figures . They were completed in 1550 . In the same year , Giorgio Vasari published his Vita , including a biography of Michelangelo . In 1546 , Michelangelo was appointed architect of St. Peter 's Basilica , Rome . The process of replacing the Constantinian basilica of the 4th century had been underway for fifty years and in 1506 foundations had been laid to the plans of Bramante . Successive architects had worked on it , but little progress had been made . Michelangelo was persuaded to take over the project . He returned to the concepts of Bramante , and developed his ideas for a centrally planned church , strengthening the structure both physically and visually . The dome , not completed until after his death , has been called by Banister Fletcher , `` the greatest creation of the Renaissance '' . As construction was progressing on St Peter 's , there was concern that Michelangelo would pass away before the dome was finished . However , once building commenced on the lower part of the dome , the supporting ring , the completion of the design was inevitable . On 7 December 2007 , a red chalk sketch for the dome of St Peter 's Basilica , possibly the last made by Michelangelo before his death , was discovered in the Vatican archives . It is extremely rare , since he destroyed his designs later in life . The sketch is a partial plan for one of the radial columns of the cupola drum of Saint Peter 's . Personal life Ignudo fresco from 1509 on the Sistine Chapel ceiling Michelangelo , drawn from sight by Francisco de Holanda in the late 1530s . Michelangelo was a devout Catholic whose faith deepened at the end of his life . He was abstemious in his personal life , and once told his apprentice , Ascanio Condivi : `` However rich I may have been , I have always lived like a poor man . '' Condivi said he was indifferent to food and drink , eating `` more out of necessity than of pleasure '' and that he `` often slept in his clothes and ... boots . '' His biographer Paolo Giovio says , `` His nature was so rough and uncouth that his domestic habits were incredibly squalid , and deprived posterity of any pupils who might have followed him . '' He may not have minded , since he was by nature a solitary and melancholy person , bizzarro e fantastico , a man who `` withdrew himself from the company of men . '' It is impossible to know for certain whether Michelangelo had physical relationships ( Condivi ascribed to him a `` monk - like chastity '' ) , but the nature of his sexuality is made apparent in his poetry . He wrote over three hundred sonnets and madrigals . The longest sequence displaying a great romantic friendship , was written to Tommaso dei Cavalieri ( c. 1509 -- 1587 ) , who was 23 years old when Michelangelo met him in 1532 , at the age of 57 . These make up the first large sequence of poems in any modern tongue addressed by one man to another ; they predate by fifty years Shakespeare 's sonnets to the fair youth : I feel as lit by fire a cold countenance That burns me from afar and keeps itself ice - chill ; A strength I feel two shapely arms to fill Which without motion moves every balance . -- ( Michael Sullivan , translation ) Cavalieri replied : `` I swear to return your love . Never have I loved a man more than I love you , never have I wished for a friendship more than I wish for yours . '' Cavalieri remained devoted to Michelangelo until his death . In 1542 , Michelangelo met Cecchino dei Bracci who died only a year later , inspiring Michelangelo to write forty - eight funeral epigrams . Some of the objects of Michelangelo 's affections , and subjects of his poetry , took advantage of him : the model Febo di Poggio asked for money in response to a love - poem , and a second model , Gherardo Perini , stole from him shamelessly . The openly homoerotic nature of the poetry has been a source of discomfort to later generations . Michelangelo 's grandnephew , Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger , published the poems in 1623 with the gender of pronouns changed , and it was not until John Addington Symonds translated them into English in 1893 that the original genders were restored . Even in modern times some scholars continue to insist that , despite the restoration of the pronouns , they represent `` an emotionless and elegant re-imagining of Platonic dialogue , whereby erotic poetry was seen as an expression of refined sensibilities '' . Late in life , Michelangelo nurtured a great platonic love for the poet and noble widow Vittoria Colonna , whom he met in Rome in 1536 or 1538 and who was in her late forties at the time . They wrote sonnets for each other and were in regular contact until she died . These sonnets mostly deal with the spiritual issues that occupied them . Condivi recalls Michelangelo 's saying that his sole regret in life was that he did not kiss the widow 's face in the same manner that he had her hand . Works Madonna and child The Madonna of the Steps is Michelangelo 's earliest known work in marble . It is carved in shallow relief , a technique often employed by the master - sculptor of the early 15th century , Donatello , and others such as Desiderio da Settignano . While the Madonna is in profile , the easiest aspect for a shallow relief , the child displays a twisting motion that was to become characteristic of Michelangelo 's work . The Taddeo Tondo of 1502 shows the Christ Child frightened by a Bullfinch , a symbol of the Crucifixion . The lively form of the child was later adapted by Raphael in the Bridgewater Madonna . The Bruges Madonna was , at the time of its creation , unlike other such statues depicting the Virgin proudly presenting her son . Here , the Christ Child , restrained by his mother 's clasping hand , is about to step off into the world . The Doni Tondo , depicting the Holy Family , has elements of all three previous works : the frieze of figures in the background has the appearance of a low - relief , while the circular shape and dynamic forms echo the Taddeo Tondo . The twisting motion present in the Bruges Madonna is accentuated in the painting . The painting heralds the forms , movement and colour that Michelangelo was to employ on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . The Madonna of the Steps ( 1490 -- 92 ) The Taddei Tondo ( 1502 ) Madonna and Child . Bruges , Belgium ( 1504 ) The Doni Tondo ( 1504 -- 06 ) Male figure The kneeling angel is an early work , one of several that Michelangelo created as part of a large decorative scheme for the Arca di San Domenico in the church dedicated to that saint in Bologna . Several other artists had worked on the scheme , beginning with Nicola Pisano in the 13th century . In the late 15th century , the project was managed by Niccolò dell'Arca . An angel holding a candlestick , by Niccolò , was already in place . Although the two angels form a pair , there is a great contrast between the two works , the one depicting a delicate child with flowing hair clothed in Gothic robes with deep folds , and Michelangelo 's depicting a robust and muscular youth with eagle 's wings , clad in a garment of Classical style . Everything about Michelangelo 's angel is dynamic . Michelangelo 's Bacchus was a commission with a specified subject , the youthful God of Wine . The sculpture has all the traditional attributes , a vine wreath , a cup of wine and a fawn , but Michelangelo ingested an air of reality into the subject , depicting him with bleary eyes , a swollen bladder and a stance that suggests he is unsteady on his feet . While the work is plainly inspired by Classical sculpture , it is innovative for its rotating movement and strongly three - dimensional quality , which encourages the viewer to look at it from every angle . In the so - called Dying Slave , Michelangelo has again utilised the figure with marked contraposto to suggest a particular human state , in this case waking from sleep . With the Rebellious Slave , it is one of two such earlier figures for the Tomb of Pope Julius II , now in the Louvre , that the sculptor brought to an almost finished state . These two works were to have a profound influence on later sculpture , through Rodin who studied them at the Louvre . The Bound Slave is one of the later figures for Pope Julius ' tomb . The works , known collectively as The Captives , each show the figure struggling to free itself , as if from the bonds of the rock in which it is lodged . The works give a unique insight into the sculptural methods that Michelangelo employed and his way of revealing what he perceived within the rock . Angel by Michelangelo , early work ( 1494 -- 95 ) Bacchus by Michelangelo , early work ( 1496 -- 97 ) Dying slave , Louvre ( 1513 ) Bound slave , known as Atlas ( 1530 -- 34 ) Sistine Chapel ceiling Main article : Sistine Chapel ceiling The Sistine Chapel ceiling was painted between 1508 and 1512 . The ceiling is a flattened barrel vault supported on twelve triangular pendentives that rise from between the windows of the chapel . The commission , as envisaged by Pope Julius II , was to adorn the pendentives with figures of the twelve apostles . Michelangelo , who was reluctant to take the job , persuaded the Pope to give him a free hand in the composition . The resultant scheme of decoration awed his contemporaries and has inspired other artists ever since . The scheme is of nine panels illustrating episodes from the Book of Genesis , set in an architectonic frame . On the pendentives , Michelangelo replaced the proposed Apostles with Prophets and Sibyls who heralded the coming of the Messiah . The Sistine Chapel Ceiling ( 1508 -- 12 ) Michelangelo began painting with the later episodes in the narrative , the pictures including locational details and groups of figures , the Drunkenness of Noah being the first of this group . In the later compositions , painted after the initial scaffolding had been removed , Michelangelo made the figures larger . One of the central images , The Creation of Adam is one of the best known and most reproduced works in the history of art . The final panel , showing the Separation of Light from Darkness is the broadest in style and was painted in a single day . As the model for the Creator , Michelangelo has depicted himself in the action of painting the ceiling . The Drunkenness of Noah The Deluge ( detail ) The Creation of Adam ( 1510 ) The First day of Creation As supporters to the smaller scenes , Michelangelo painted twenty youths who have variously been interpreted as angels , as muses , or simply as decoration . Michelangelo referred to them as `` ignudi '' . The figure reproduced may be seen in context in the above image of the Separation of Light from Darkness . In the process of painting the ceiling , Michelangelo made studies for different figures , of which some , such as that for The Libyan Sibyl have survived , demonstrating the care taken by Michelangelo in details such as the hands and feet . The Prophet Jeremiah , contemplating the downfall of Jerusalem , is an image of the artist himself . Studies for The Libyan Sibyl The Libyan Sibyl ( 1511 ) The Cumaean Sibyl The Prophet Jeremiah ( 1511 ) Ignudo Figure compositions Michelangelo 's relief of the Battle of the Centaurs , created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy , is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle . Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art , where it would usually only be found in images showing either the Massacre of the Innocents or the Torments of Hell . The relief treatment , in which some of the figures are boldly projecting , may indicate Michelangelo 's familiarity with Roman sarcophagus reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici , and similar marble panels created by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano , and with the figurative compositions on Ghiberti 's Baptistry Doors . The composition of the Battle of Cascina , is known in its entirety only from copies , as the original cartoon , according to Vasari , was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces . It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures , with many different postures , and many being viewed from the back , as they turn towards the approaching enemy and prepare for battle . In The Last Judgment it is said that Michelangelo drew inspiration from a fresco by Melozzo da Forlì in Rome 's Santi Apostoli . Melozzo had depicted figures from different angles , as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below . Melozzo 's majestic figure of Christ , with windblown cloak , demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by Andrea Mantegna , but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters . In The Last Judgement Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict , on an unprecedented scale , figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down . In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel , The Crucifixion of St. Peter and The Conversion of Saul , Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative . In the Crucifixion of Peter soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events . A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground , while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events . In the right foreground , Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment . Battle of the Centaurs ( 1492 ) Copy of the lost Battle of Cascina by Bastiano da Sangallo The Last Judgment , detail of the Redeemed . ( see whole image above ) The Crucifixion of St. Peter Architecture Michelangelo 's architectural commissions included a number that were not realised , notably the façade for Brunelleschi 's Church of San Lorenzo in Florence , for which Michelangelo had a wooden model constructed , but which remains to this day unfinished rough brick . At the same church , Giulio de ' Medici ( later Pope Clement VII ) commissioned him to design the Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici . Pope Clement also commissioned the Laurentian Library , for which Michelangelo also designed the extraordinary vestibule with columns recessed into niches , and a staircase that appears to spill out of the library like a flow of lava , according to Pevsner , ... revealing Mannerism in its most sublime architectural form . In 1546 Michelangelo produced the highly complex ovoid design for the pavement of the Campidoglio and began designing an upper storey for the Farnese Palace . In 1547 he took on the job of completing St Peter 's Basilica , begun to a design by Bramante , and with several intermediate designs by several architects . Michelangelo returned to Bramante 's design , retaining the basic form and concepts by simplifying and strengthening the design to create a more dynamic and unified whole . Although the late 16th - century engraving depicts the dome as having a hemispherical profile , the dome of Michelangelo 's model is somewhat ovoid and the final product , as completed by Giacomo della Porta is more so . The vestibule of the Laurentian Library has Mannerist features which challenge the Classical order of Brunelleschi 's adjacent church . Michelangelo 's redesign of the ancient Capitoline Hill included a complex spiralling pavement with a star at its centre . Michelangelo 's design for St Peter 's is both massive and contained , with the corners between the apsidal arms of the Greek Cross filled by square projections . The exterior is surrounded by a giant order of pilasters supporting a continuous cornice . Four small cupolas cluster around the dome . The final years In his old age , Michelangelo created a number of Pietàs in which he apparently reflects upon mortality . They are heralded by the Victory , perhaps created for the tomb of Pope Julius II but left unfinished . In this group , the youthful victor overcomes an older hooded figure , with the features of Michelangelo . Self - portrait of the artist as Nicodemus The Pietà of Vittoria Colonna is a chalk drawing of a type described as `` presentation drawings '' , as they might be given as a gift by an artist , and were not necessarily studies towards a painted work . In this image , Mary 's upraise arms and upraised hands are indicative of her prophetic role . The frontal aspect is reminiscent of Masaccio 's fresco of the Holy Trinity in the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella , Florence . In the Florentine Pietà , Michelangelo again depicts himself , this time as the aged Nicodemus lowering the body of Jesus from the cross into the arms of Mary his mother and Mary Magdalene . Michelangelo smashed the left arm and leg of the figure of Jesus . His pupil Tiberio Calcagni repaired the arm and drilled a hole in which to fix a replacement leg which was not subsequently attached . He also worked on the figure of Mary Magdalene . The last sculpture that Michelangelo worked on ( six days before his death ) , the Rondanini Pietà could never be completed because Michelangelo carved it away until there was insufficient stone . The legs and a detached arm remain from a previous stage of the work . As it remains , the sculpture has an abstract quality , in keeping with 20th - century concepts of sculpture ... Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564 , at the age of 88 ( three weeks before his 89th birthday ) . His body was taken from Rome for interment at the Basilica of Santa Croce , fulfilling the maestro 's last request to be buried in his beloved Florence . Statue of Victory ( 1534 ) , Palazzo Vecchio , Florence The Pietà of Vittoria Colonna ( c. 1540 ) The Rondanini Pietà ( 1552 -- 64 ) Legacy Main article : List of works by Michelangelo Michelangelo 's tomb in the Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence . Michelangelo , with Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael , is one of the three giants of the Florentine High Renaissance . Although their names are often cited together , Michelangelo was younger than Leonardo by 23 years , and older than Raphael by eight . Because of his reclusive nature , he had little to do with either artist and outlived both of them by more than forty years . Michelangelo took few sculpture students . He employed Francesco Granacci , who was his fellow pupil at the Medici Academy , and became one of several assistants on the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Michelangelo appears to have used assistants mainly for the more manual tasks of preparing surfaces and grinding colours . Despite this , his works were to have a great influence on painters , sculptors and architects for many generations to come . While Michelangelo 's David is the most famous male nude of all time and destined to be reproduced in order to grace cities around the world , some of his other works have had perhaps even greater impact on the course of art . The twisting forms and tensions of the Victory , the Bruges Madonna and the Medici Madonna make them the heralds of the Mannerist art . The unfinished giants for the tomb of Pope Julius II had profound effect on late - 19th - and 20th - century sculptors such as Rodin and Henry Moore . Michelangelo 's foyer of the Laurentian Library was one of the earliest buildings to utilise Classical forms in a plastic and expressive manner . This dynamic quality was later to find its major expression in Michelangelo 's centrally planned St Peter 's , with its giant order , its rippling cornice and its upward - launching pointed dome . The dome of St Peter 's was to influence the building of churches for many centuries , including Sant'Andrea della Valle in Rome and St Paul 's Cathedral , London , as well as the civic domes of many public buildings and the state capitals across America . Artists who were directly influenced by Michelangelo include Raphael , who imitated Michelangelo 's prophets in two of his works , including his depiction of the great master in the School of Athens . Other artists , such as Pontormo , drew on the writhing forms of the Last Judgement and the frescoes of the Capella Paolina . The Sistine Chapel ceiling was a work of unprecedented grandeur , both for its architectonic forms , to be imitated by many Baroque ceiling painters , and also for the wealth of its inventiveness in the study of figures . Vasari wrote : The work has proved a veritable beacon to our art , of inestimable benefit to all painters , restoring light to a world that for centuries had been plunged into darkness . Indeed , painters no longer need to seek for new inventions , novel attitudes , clothed figures , fresh ways of expression , different arrangements , or sublime subjects , for this work contains every perfection possible under those headings . See also Italy portal Biography portal Visual arts portal Book : Key artists Michelangelo and the Medici Michelangelo phenomenon Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The Agony and the Ecstasy Footnotes a . Michelangelo 's father marks the date as 6 March 1474 in the Florentine manner ab Incarnatione . However , in the Roman manner , ab Nativitate , it is 1475 . b . Sources disagree as to how old Michelangelo was when he departed for school . De Tolnay writes that it was at ten years old while Sedgwick notes in her translation of Condivi that Michelangelo was seven . c . The Strozzi family acquired the sculpture Hercules . Filippo Strozzi sold it to Francis I in 1529 . In 1594 , Henry IV installed it in the Jardin d'Estang at Fontainebleau where it disappeared in 1713 when the Jardin d'Estange was destroyed . d . Vasari makes no mention of this episode and Paolo Giovio 's Life of Michelangelo indicates that Michelangelo tried to pass the statue off as an antique himself . References ^ Jump up to : Michelangelo at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=vSfOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2&dq=michelangelo+pioneered+mannerist+style&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=michelangelo%20pioneered%20mannerist%20style&f=false , p = Foreword Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=-fKcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7&dq=vasari+wrote,+Michelangelo+is&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=vasari%20wrote%2C%20Michelangelo%20is&f=false , p = VII Jump up ^ Emison , Patricia . A ( 2004 ) . Creating the `` Divine Artist '' : from Dante to Michelangelo . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13709 - 7 . Jump up ^ Art and Illusion , E.H. Gombrich , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07000 - 1 ^ Jump up to : J. de Tolnay , The Youth of Michelangelo , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : C. Clément , Michelangelo , p. 5 Jump up ^ A. Condivi , The Life of Michelangelo , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : A. Condivi , The Life of Michelangelo , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Coughlan , Robert ; ( 1978 ) , The World of Michelangelo , Time - Life ; pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Coughlan , pp. 35 -- 40 Jump up ^ Giovanni Fanelli , ( 1980 ) Brunelleschi , Becocci Firenze , pp. 3 -- 10 Jump up ^ H. Gardner , p. 408 ^ Jump up to : Coughlan , pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ R. Liebert , Michelangelo : A Psychoanalytic Study of his Life and Images , p. 59 Jump up ^ C. Clément , Michelangelo , p. 7 Jump up ^ C. Clément , Michelangelo , p. 9 Jump up ^ J. de Tolnay , The Youth of Michelangelo , pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : A. Condivi , The Life of Michelangelo , p. 15 Jump up ^ Coughlan , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : J. de Tolnay , The Youth of Michelangelo , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ A. Condivi , The Life of Michelangelo , p. 17 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : J. de Tolnay , The Youth of Michelangelo , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ A. Condivi , The Life of Michelangelo , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ J. de Tolnay , The Youth of Michelangelo , pp. 26 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Hirst and Dunkerton pp. 47 -- 55 Jump up ^ Vasari , Lives of the painters : Michelangelo Jump up ^ Paoletti and Radke , pp. 387 -- 89 Jump up ^ Goldscheider , p. 10 Jump up ^ Paoletti and Radke , pp. 392 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider , p. 11 Jump up ^ Hirst and Dunkerton , p. 127 Jump up ^ Hirst and Dunkerton , pp. 336 -- 46 ; 83 -- -- 105 ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider , pp. 14 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Bartz and König , p. 134 Jump up ^ Coughlan , p. 112 ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider , pp. 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 43 Jump up ^ Coughlan , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ Goldscheider , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , Sergey Shiyan , Michelangelo : Mysteries of Medici Chapel , SLOVO , Moscow , 2006 . ISBN 5 - 85050 - 825 - 2 Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim , `` Michelangelo Drawings -- Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation '' , Moscow , Letny Sad , 2006 , ISBN 5 - 98856 - 016 - 4 Jump up ^ Coughlan , pp. 151 -- 2 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 87 Jump up ^ Coughlan , pp. 159 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : A. Condivi ( ed . Hellmut Wohl ) , The Life of Michelangelo , p. 103 , Phaidon , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Bartz and König , pp. 100 -- 102 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , pp. 102 , 109 Jump up ^ Goldscheider , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Goldscheider , pp. 8 , 21 , 22 Jump up ^ Bartz and Kŏnig , p. 16 Jump up ^ Ilan Rachum , The Renaissance , an Illustrated Encyclopedia , Octopus ( 1979 ) ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0857 - 8 Jump up ^ Gardner , pp. 480 -- 81 Jump up ^ Banister Fletcher , 17th ed. p. 719 Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo ' last sketch ' found '' . BBC News . 7 December 2007 . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crucifixion by Michelangelo , a drawing in black chalk '' . The British Museum . ^ Jump up to : Condivi , The Life of Michelangelo , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Paola Barocchi ( ed . ) Scritti d'arte del cinquecento , Milan , 1971 ; vol . I p. 10 . Jump up ^ , Condivi , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Anthony , `` Michelangelo '' , page 326 . Phaidon , 1997 . Jump up ^ Scigliano , Eric : `` Michelangelo 's Mountain ; The Quest for Perfection in the Marble Quarries of Carrara '' Archived 30 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Simon and Schuster , 2005 . Retrieved 27 January 2007 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Anthony : `` Michelangelo '' , p. 326 . Phaidon , 1997 . Jump up ^ Rictor Norton , `` The Myth of the Modern Homosexual '' , p. 143 . Cassell , 1997 . Jump up ^ Vittoria Colonna , Sonnets for Michelangelo . A Bilingual Edition edited and translated by Abigail Brundin , The University of Chicago Press 2005 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 11392 - 2 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 8 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hirst and Dunkerton , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Yvon Taillandier , Rodin , New York : Crown Trade Paperbacks , ( 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 517 - 88378 - 3 Jump up ^ Coughlan , pp. 166 -- 67 Jump up ^ Goldscieder p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Paoletti and Radke , pp. 402 -- 3 Jump up ^ Vasari , et al . Jump up ^ Bartz and König Jump up ^ Coughlan Jump up ^ Goldscheider Jump up ^ Nikolaus Pevsner , An Outline of European Architecture , Pelican , 1964 ^ Jump up to : Gardner Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Raf5I8SLQhQC&pg=PA28&dq=Pieta+michelangelo+Calcagni+leg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKv--82ubUAhULOj4KHVk4BiAQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=Pieta%20michelangelo%20Calcagni%20leg&f=false , p = 28 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=jDCKhi-QHSoC&pg=PA58&dq=Pieta+Calcagni+Mary+Magdalene&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj46Lb02ubUAhUGVj4KHQ5BBncQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Pieta%20Calcagni%20Mary%20Magdalene&f=false , p = 58 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=xy8qxGlF4jcC&pg=PA117&dq=Rondanini+Piet%C3%A0+arm&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih8Yn1pebUAhUq74MKHZf9DJ4Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=Rondanini%20Piet%C3%A0%20arm&f=false , p = 117 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Law0AQAAIAAJ&q=Rondanini+Piet%C3%A0+vasari&dq=Rondanini+Piet%C3%A0+vasari&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsssqVqObUAhUh64MKHfa1D_YQ6AEIRzAG , p = 154 Jump up ^ Coughlan , p. 179 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=sM8oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=raphael+influenced+by+Michelangelo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix2Y6o3-bUAhXHOT4KHV-HBt0Q6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=raphael%20influenced%20by%20Michelangelo&f=false , p = 49 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=WFuhUtCOmhsC&pg=PA96&dq=influenced+by+Michelangelo+raphael+Pontormo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinxPnn3ubUAhVCgj4KHUVSDo44ChDoAQhSMAk#v=onepage&q=influenced%20by%20Michelangelo%20raphael%20Pontormo&f=false , p = 96 Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Lives of the Artists : Michelangelo Further reading Ackerman , James ( 1986 ) . The Architecture of Michelangelo . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 00240 - 8 . Clément , Charles ( 1892 ) . Michelangelo . Harvard University , Digitized 25 June 2007 : S. Low , Marston , Searle , & Rivington , ltd. : London . Condivi , Ascanio ; Alice Sedgewick ( 1553 ) . The Life of Michelangelo . Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01853 - 4 . Baldini , Umberto ; Liberto Perugi ( 1982 ) . The Sculpture of Michelangelo . Rizzoli . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 0447 - X . Barenboim , Peter and Shiyan , Sergey ( 2011 ) . Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel : Genius in details ( English , Russian ) . Moscow : Looom . ISBN 978 - 5 - 9903067 - 1 - 4 Bartz , Gabriele ; Eberhard König ( 1998 ) . Michelangelo . Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0253 - X . Einem , Herbert von ( 1973 ) . Michelangelo . Trans . Ronald Taylor . London : Methuen . Gardner , Helen ; Fred S. Kleiner , Christin J. Mamiya , Gardner 's Art through the Ages . Thomson Wadsworth , ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 15 - 505090 - 7 . Gilbert , Creighton ( 1994 ) . Michelangelo On and Off the Sistine Ceiling . New York : George Braziller . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1953 ) . Michelangelo : Paintings , Sculptures , Architecture . Phaidon . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1953 ) . Michelangelo : Drawings . Phaidon . Hartt , Frederick ( 1987 ) . David by the Hand of Michelangelo -- the Original Model Discovered , Abbeville , ISBN 0 - 89659 - 761 - X Hibbard , Howard ( 1974 ) . Michelangelo . New York : Harper & Row . Hirst , Michael and Jill Dunkerton. ( 1994 ) The Young Michelangelo : The Artist in Rome 1496 -- 1501 . London : National Gallery Publications , ISBN 1 - 85709 - 066 - 7 Liebert , Robert ( 1983 ) . Michelangelo : A Psychoanalytic Study of his Life and Images . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02793 - 1 . Néret , Gilles ( 2000 ) . Michelangelo . Taschen . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8228 - 5976 - 6 . Paoletti , John T. and Radke , Gary M. , ( 2005 ) Art in Renaissance Italy , Laurence King , ISBN 1 - 85669 - 439 - 9 Pietrangeli , Carlo , et al. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration . New York : Harry N. Abrams Sala , Charles ( 1996 ) . Michelangelo : Sculptor , Painter , Architect . Editions Pierre Terrail . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87939 - 069 - 7 . Saslow , James M. ( 1991 ) . The Poetry of Michelangelo : An Annotated Translation . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . Rolland , Romain ( 2009 ) . Michelangelo . BiblioLife . ISBN 1 - 110 - 00353 - 6 . Seymour , Charles , Jr. ( 1972 ) . Michelangelo : The Sistine Chapel Ceiling . New York : W.W. Norton . Stone , Irving ( 1987 ) . The Agony and the Ecstasy . Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 17135 - 7 . Summers , David ( 1981 ) . Michelangelo and the Language of Art . Princeton University Press . Tolnay , Charles ( 1947 ) . The Youth of Michelangelo . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Tolnay , Charles de . ( 1964 ) . The Art and Thought of Michelangelo . 5 vols . New York : Pantheon Books . Wallace , William E. ( 2011 ) . Michelangelo : The Artist , the Man and his Times . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 107 - 67369 - 0 . Wilde , Johannes ( 1978 ) . Michelangelo : Six Lectures . Oxford : Clarendon Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michelangelo . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michelangelo Buonarroti . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Michelangelo Michelangelo at Encyclopædia Britannica The Digital Michelangelo Project Works by Michelangelo at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Michelangelo at Internet Archive Works by Michelangelo at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Michelangelo at the Mathematics Genealogy Project The BP Special Exhibition Michelangelo Drawings -- closer to the master Michelangelo 's Drawings : Real or Fake ? How to decide if a drawing is by Michelangelo . `` Michelangelo : The Man and the Myth '' <Th_colspan="2"> Michelangelo <Td_colspan="2"> List of works Key : * Attributed , † Lost <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Sculptures <Td_colspan="2"> Florence , c. 1488 -- 1492 † Head of a Faun Madonna of the Stairs Battle of the Centaurs Crucifix Bologna , 1494 -- 1495 Additions to the Arca di San Domenico ( St Petronius , St Proclus , Angel ) Rome , 1496 -- 1500 † Sleeping Cupid Bacchus † Standing Cupid Pietà Florence , 1501 -- 1505 David Madonna of Bruges Additions to the Piccolomini Altarpiece ( Saints Peter , Paul , Pius and Gregory ) Pitti Tondo Taddei Tondo St. Matthew * Rothschild Bronzes Tomb of Pope Julius II , 1505 -- 1545 Moses Rebellious Slave Dying Slave Young Slave Bearded Slave Atlas Slave Awakening Slave The Genius of Victory Rachel Leah Florence , 1516 -- 1534 Christ Carrying the Cross Medici Chapel Giuliano de ' Medici Night Day Dusk Dawn Medici Madonna Apollo Crouching Boy Rome , 1534 -- 1564 Brutus Florentine Pietà * Palestrina Pietà Rondanini Pietà <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Paintings <Td_colspan="2"> Panel paintings The Torment of Saint Anthony Manchester Madonna The Entombment Doni Tondo † Leda and the Swan Salone dei Cinquecento † Battle of Cascina Sistine Chapel Ceiling Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Creation of Adam The Last Judgment Cappella Paolina The Martyrdom of St Peter The Conversion of Saul <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture <Td_colspan="2"> Florence New Sacristy and Laurentian Library in the Basilica of San Lorenzo Rome Piazza del Campidoglio Palazzo Farnese St. Peter 's Basilica San Giovanni dei Fiorentini Porta Pia Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> More <Td_colspan="2"> Works on paper Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment Male Back With a Flag Epifania Milieu Cecchino dei Bracci Tommaso dei Cavalieri Vittoria Colonna Ascanio Condivi Gherardo Perini Sebastiano del Piombo Febo di Poggio Luigi del Riccio Related Art patronage of Julius II Casa Buonarroti Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects Michelangelo and the Medici Replicas of David Replicas of the Pietà Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes <Th_colspan="3"> Decoration of the Sistine Chapel Life of Moses Moses Leaving to Egypt Youth of Moses The Crossing of the Red Sea The Descent from Mount Sinai The Punishment of the Rebels The Testament and Death of Moses Life of Christ The Baptism of Christ The Temptations of Christ The Vocation of the Apostles The Sermon on the Mount The Delivery of the Keys The Last Supper Ceiling ( Gallery ) Scenes from Genesis The Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Separation of Land and Water The Creation of Adam The Creation of Eve The Fall of Man and the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden The Sacrifice of Noah The Flood The Drunkenness of Noah Prophets Jonah Jeremiah Ezekiel Joel Zechariah Isaiah Daniel Sibyls Persian Sibyl Erythraean Sibyl Delphic Sibyl Cumaean Sibyl Libyan Sibyl Altar wall The Last Judgment Tapestries The Lives of Saints Peter and Paul <Td_colspan="3"> Key : Pietro Perugino Sandro Botticelli Cosimo Rosselli Domenico Ghirlandaio Biagio d'Antonio Piero di Cosimo Luca Signorelli Bartolomeo della Gatta Michelangelo Raphael Pope Sixtus IV Art patronage of Julius II Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal VIAF : 24585191 LCCN : n80152368 ISNI : 0000 0001 2124 3640 GND : 118582143 SELIBR : 292503 SUDOC : 026650800 BNF : cb11885845q ( data ) ULAN : 500010654 MusicBrainz : 96a0fd8f - e753 - 4e47 - 8131 - 4b905b363ff5 MGP : 131589 NLA : 36432281 NDL : 00449952 NKC : jn19992000718 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 017291 BNE : XX1161659 CiNii : DA08122726 KulturNav : id RKD : 55890 IATH : w6sq93s5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo&oldid=799570912 '' Categories : Michelangelo 1475 births 1564 deaths Italian Renaissance architects Italian Renaissance painters Italian Renaissance sculptors Architects of Roman Catholic churches Artist authors Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence Gay artists Italian ecclesiastical architects Italian Roman Catholics LGBT artists from Italy LGBT Roman Catholics People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar People from the Province of Arezzo People of the Republic of Florence Renaissance artists Renaissance painters Renaissance sculptors Roman Catholic Church painters Roman Catholic Church sculptors Sonneteers Tuscan painters Tuscan sculptors 16th - century Italian architects 15th - century Italian painters Italian male painters 16th - 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1,010,666,641,918,706,800 | do they find sophia on the walking dead | Sophia Peletier - wikipedia Sophia Peletier Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Sophia Peletier <Td_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead character <Td_colspan="2"> Sophia , as portrayed by Madison Lintz in the television series ( left ) and as depicted in the comic book series ( right ) . First appearance Comic : Issue # 2 November 12 , 2003 Television : `` Tell It to the Frogs '' ( 1.03 ) November 14 , 2010 Last appearance Television : `` Nebraska '' ( 2.08 ) February 12 , 2012 Created by Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Portrayed by Madison Lintz <Th_colspan="2"> Information Occupation Assumed grade school student Family Carol ( mother ) Ed Peletier ( father , named only in the television series ) Comic : Glenn ( adoptive father ) Maggie Greene ( adoptive mother ) Hershel ( adoptive brother ) Significant other ( s ) Comic : Carl Grimes Sophia Peletier is a fictional character from the comic series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Madison Lintz in the television series of the same name . She is the daughter of Carol Peletier , who is fiercely protective of her , as is Carl Grimes , with whom she becomes close friends during the zombie outbreak . She becomes a major focal point in both media , despite her limited involvement in many of the central conflicts faced by the other characters . In the comics , Sophia is a member of the Atlanta refugee camp and becomes close friends with Carl , with whom she spends most her time - eventually becoming his girlfriend . Later , after her mother 's suicide , she begins viewing Maggie and Glenn as her parents while remaining close to Carl . Although , because of the overrun world around them and their conflicting personalities , Sophia chooses to break up with Carl , though they still remain close friends and Carl is shown to be extremely protective of her . Sophia also becomes a resident of the Alexandria Safe - Zone and later the Hilltop Colony . She is the comic 's longest surviving female character . In the television series , Sophia is abused by her father Ed , as is Carol . After Ed 's death and the departure from the Atlanta camp , Sophia goes missing near the Greene farm and her rescue becomes the driving force of the first half of season 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comic book series 2 Television series 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 3 Development and reception 4 References Comic book series ( edit ) Sophia is introduced in issue # 2 at the initial camp established by survivors of the outbreak on the outskirts of the city of Atlanta , now overrun by walkers . She is seen playing with Carl Grimes and a pair of twins named Billy and Ben , and witnesses Carl and his mother Lori reunite with his father , Rick . With the group under Rick 's guidance following Shane 's death , they arrive at an abandoned , gated community named Wiltshire Estates . The group begins to settle there , and Sophia , her mother Carol , and the rest of the group briefly enjoy living in houses and sleeping in beds ( as opposed to Dale 's crowded RV in which the group had spent the entire winter ) . However , the group soon discovers that , upon closer examination , the area is actually itself overrun ; the death of Ben and Billy 's mother Donna occurs as a result . They are briefly welcomed on to the farm of Hershel Greene , after Carl is shot by his neighbor Otis and taken there to be operated on . Following Carl 's recovery , the group leaves Hershel 's property and again presses their luck on the road . After spending a good deal of time traveling , the group comes upon an abandoned prison , which they clear of walkers and subsequently settle into . Sophia moved into a cell with Carol and her lover Tyreese , whom the group had rescued a while before discovering Wiltshire Estates . One day , while Sophia is playing cards with Carl , she asks him a question about his card and then if he would like to be her boyfriend . He rejects her offer , and the two continue on playing . When a newcomer named Michonne arrives at the prison , she begins to develop feelings for Tyreese , which Carol notices with great discomfort . Soon , they engage in sexual intercourse , as Carol sadly discovers from a distance . Because of this , Sophia receives very little attention from her mother , and is subsequently traumatized when she attempts suicide directly in front of her . Carol 's downward spiral ultimately reaches a breaking point , which causes her to attempt suicide once again . She approaches and begins talking to a walker another newcomer named Alice had been using for research , and then steps closer and allows it to bite her . She is put down by Andrea , and later buried in the prison - yard , where Sophia mourns her mother 's loss . Sophia remains in a catatonic state for a long time afterwards . As life becomes increasingly dangerous for the group , Andrea and Dale break away from the group , taking Sophia , Ben , Billy , Hershel 's daughter Maggie and Glenn along with them . Following this decision , a rival community named Woodbury , which wants to take the prison for themselves , storms an attack on the group and successfully kills everyone except Rick , Carl and Michonne . The three of them return to Hershel 's farm to discover the rest of the group living there . While reunited , Sophia refers to Maggie as her `` mother '' to Carl , much to his confusion . A group of survivors soon shows up on the farm , one of them claiming to be a scientist who knows how he can stop the outbreak and is on his way to Washington , D.C. to develop the cure . This sends the group on the road again . On the way , the scientist , Eugine , is revealed to have been lying about knowing a cure ( having only made it up so that he would be protected ) . They are met by a man named Aaron , who claims he can take them to a safe community in Alexandria , nearby Washington , D.C. Rick trusts him , and soon they are all allowed to live in the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Sophia shares a house with Glenn , Maggie and Andrea . She adjusts well to her new environment , and even participates in a Halloween event put on by the community 's leader , Douglas Monroe . During this time she also begins to call Glenn her father ; however , when she overcomes her fears established by the world outside , she admits to him and Maggie that she knows they are n't her real parents , and also begins to acknowledge Carol 's previous existence . After a man who calls himself `` Jesus '' arrives and proposes organizing a trade with the Alexandria Safe - Zone with his thriving community on a hilltop , the group heads up there , only to be stopped by a group of hostile people who refer to themselves as `` The Saviors '' and their leader , Negan . Since Rick 's group had killed so many of his men ( albeit , in self - defense ) , Negan demands a sacrifice of one of their people . He ultimately chooses Glenn , and brutally beats him to death with his baseball bat which he calls `` Lucille '' . He tells them they have one week to give him half their supplies or risk repeating the tragedy that has just unfolded . Devastated , Maggie repeatedly punches Rick in the face for not doing anything ; this prompts Carl to point his gun at her so she would stop , which in turn caused Sophia to lash out at him and bite his arm . Carl walks up to Sophia later on , and apologizes for her `` dad 's '' death . She begins to believe it is somehow her fault that everyone in her family dies , but Carl assures her that that 's `` just the way it is '' now . Glenn 's body is buried at the Hilltop Colony , where he and Maggie had previously discussed moving to with Sophia and their soon - to - be-born child . Sophia gives Carl a tearful goodbye and hugs him , and she and Maggie ultimately do move to the Hilltop Colony while the others return to the Alexandria Safe - Zone . She later expresses displeasure with the idea of remaining at the Hilltop Colony long - term to Maggie ; however , this seems to change after she befriends the ( currently unnamed ) son of Hilltop resident Brianna ( a new friend of Maggie 's ) . Some time later , Maggie becomes the de facto leader of the Hilltop Colony ( having apparently overthrown the previous leader , Gregory ) . She brings the majority of the people from the Hilltop to Alexandria , including many children ( Sophia being among them ) , only to learn that much of Alexandria has been destroyed in an attack by the Saviors . Sophia is still alive and well to date at the Hilltop Colony , and is also the only remaining survivor of the Atlanta group , besides Rick and Carl . Television series ( edit ) Sophia Peletier , along with her mother Carol and her father Ed , are staying at the camp formed by a relatively large group of survivors outside of Atlanta . As it was revealed in a flashback in the season two episode `` Chupacabra '' , Ed brought Carol and Sophia with him while moving toward a `` safe zone '' on the outskirts of the city . They meet up with Shane Walsh , Lori Grimes and her son Carl , whom Sophia quickly becomes close friends with . The six of them decide to make it together , and stumble upon the camp set up by Dale Horvath . She and Carl befriend two children named Louis and Eliza , the son and daughter of a man known as Morales and his wife Miranda . Season 1 ( edit ) Sophia is first introduced in the season one episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , where it is revealed that Ed abuses Carol , slapping her across the face for not coming with him right away . For this he is beaten savagely by Shane , who promises to beat him to death if he lays his hand on Carol , Sophia or anyone else in the camp . In the next episode , `` Vatos '' , Ed 's injuries are revealed to have confined him to his tent , and so during dinner he implored Sophia to stay with him and keep him company . However , Carol stood her ground , and said that Sophia wanted to join everyone else . Towards the end of the episode , a herd of walkers leads to the deaths of Ed and Amy , another survivor , and several unnamed people before all the walkers are killed . In the episode `` Wildfire '' , Rick Grimes decides to lead the group away from the current site and travel to the Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) because of its assumed security and to possibly find a cure for Jim , a survivor who had been bitten when the camp was attacked . Morales announces that his family will be leaving the group to find family in Alabama . Sophia is saddened by Eliza 's leaving , and Eliza gives Sophia her doll to remember her by . Sophia and Carol appear to have become more enthusiastic and open members of the group following Ed 's death . They travel with the rest of the group to the CDC . In the first season finale `` TS - 19 '' , the sole remaining CDC worker Dr. Edwin Jenner reluctantly agrees to let them all in . While there , Sophia and the others are briefly introduced to the many luxuries the CDC has to offer , such as delicious food , hot showers and a recreation room full of games and toys she and Carl can play with . However , it is soon revealed that Jenner had locked them inside the CDC , which was going to self - destruct when a timer ran out . Sophia immediately begins to cry , and Carol pleads with Jenner to let them all go , saying that Sophia does n't deserve to die in such a manner . After pleas from all of the group ( minus two survivors , Jacqui , and Amy 's sister Andrea ) , he finally lets them go with just minutes to spare . Ultimately , Sophia , Carol and everyone except for Jacqui ( who stayed behind with Jenner ) make it out alive . Season 2 ( edit ) In the season two premiere , `` What Lies Ahead '' , the group is stopped on a vehicle - jammed highway , where they stop to loot abandoned cars for supplies and new clothes . In the process , a massive herd of walkers forces the group to take cover underneath the cars . Sophia is separated from Carol , and is discovered by two walkers . She runs away from them , with Eliza 's doll in her arms . Rick runs after her and carries her to a safe spot in the nearby woods so he could go and kill the walkers . He does so successfully , but when he comes back , Sophia is nowhere to be found . Carol is beyond devastated , and Carl is very concerned as well . The group goes on a search for her , but find no trace of her . They come upon a church , and while there , Carol stops and prays to the figure of a crucified Jesus . She says that even though she prayed for Ed 's death for abusing her and `` looking '' at Sophia , her punishment should n't be Sophia 's death . This implies that Ed had a history of sexual temptations towards his daughter , and may have even acted upon them before . The group keeps searching for Sophia but is unsuccessful . In the episode `` Cherokee Rose '' , Carl 's injuries ultimately lead the whole group onto Hershel Greene 's farm , where they settle . They continue their search , but still nothing seems to turn up . In the episode `` Chupacabra '' , the only thing that comes to light is Sophia 's doll , which had been discovered by a member of the group named Daryl Dixon . Daryl goes on several searches for Sophia , being one of the most devoted members of the group in looking towards recovering her . He and Carol bond greatly because of his efforts . In the mid-season finale `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' , Glenn tells the group that he discovered that Hershel has been keeping a group of walkers , consisting largely of his family and neighbors , in his barn , as he had believed them to be sick but nonetheless curable patients . Shane goes against Rick 's orders , opens the barn , and ( along with the rest of the group ) shoots all the walkers that stumble out . Just as things seem to be over and done with , one more walker stumbles out of the barn - Sophia , who had been bitten while in the woods . ( She had then been found by Otis , who put her zombified form in the barn before his death . ) Knowing what must be done , Rick steps forward and shoots her , putting her out of her misery . In the mid-season premiere `` Nebraska '' , she is buried in a funeral ceremony , alongside Hershel 's second wife Annette and stepson Shawn ( who were also kept in his barn as walkers ) . Carol does not attend the funeral because her daughter `` died a long time ago '' . Development and reception ( edit ) Gina McIntyre of the Los Angeles Times referred to the second season premiere `` What Lies Ahead '' as `` thrilling '' and `` heart - wrenching '' , citing Sophia 's disappearance and the shooting of Carl . Derek Boeckelmann of Daily Nexus commended the suspenseful sequences of the episode , stating that `` the show wisely puts both Carl and Sophia , the youngest survivors , on the edge of peril many times '' in the episode . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club felt that Sophia 's disappearance was contrived . Paste 's Josh Jackson felt that the side - plot of the continued hunt for Sophia takes a backseat to the events with Rick 's family at the farmhouse in `` Bloodletting '' . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall commented in his review of `` Save the Last One '' that with all the time spent lingering around that traffic jam and looking for Sophia , `` the show and its characters seem to be heading nowhere fast '' . Mark Maurer of The Star - Ledger opined that the search for Sophia had gone on long enough , and that the next episode would be the appropriate time to bring her back . Nate Rawlings of Time commented on the situation with the still - lost Sophia that the show `` really knows how to drag out a situation , does n't it ? '' Time journalist Nate Rawlings complained in his review of `` Cherokee Rose '' that Sophia had been `` missing for a month now in what has become an incredibly dragged out subplot '' . Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun pondered : `` And when are they going to wrap up this whole Sophia thing ? I 'm ready for them either to find her as a little zombie girl and do the thing that must be done , have a joyous reunion , or just let that whole subplot die . But please , stop dragging it out ! '' Zach Handlen of The A.V. Club commented on Sophia 's predicament : `` At this point , her being gone has turned into one of those jokes that goes on so long that it stops being funny , then keeps going , and at some point may actually start being funny -- or interesting -- again . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly commented that if Sophia turns out to be a zombie , `` we 're all going to laugh , and laugh , and cry , and laugh '' . Nick Venable of Cinema Blend found himself `` aghast '' that the plotline regarding the search for Sophia was still considered worthy of returning to : `` What little sympathy I had for Carol 's character has been replaced with an eternal yawn . If Sophia returns in a way that resembles anything normal without fanfare , I 'm seeking out a real little girl named Sophia , and I 'm going to punch her in the face . '' Despite being initially surprised about her character 's being killed off in `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' , actress Madison Lintz concluded that she understood its aftermath for the show . Lintz affirmed that portraying a walker was a welcoming experience for her , and stated that she was `` going to look back on and say that was amazing . '' Lintz learned of Sophia 's fate `` about a month before we shot it , which was good , because sometimes they just let you find things out from reading the script , so that was fortunate . ( Executive producer ) Gale Ann Hurd actually called and told us . I was sad because I would n't be able to see everybody every day after that , but it turned out really well . I did n't really know it was going to be that big a deal , though . '' Robert Kirkman felt that killing Sophia would add more dimension to the show , as well as add more flexibility to its storyline progression . `` When a good idea comes up , you have to go with it , '' he articulated . `` Sophia is a character who is still alive in the comic book series and who has contributed quite a bit to the overall narrative and informed a lot of story lines for a lot of different characters . Having Carol ( ... ) survive her daughter as opposed to the other way around as it is in the comics is going to lead to interesting but different stories . '' Janet Turley of The Huffington Post asserted that the episode 's concluding scene involving Sophia 's death was `` fiction not afraid to provoke '' , while Eric Goldman of IGN described it as an `` absolutely horrific scenario '' . CNN 's Henry Hanks opined that the sequence `` left ( them ) with a final scene that we 'll be talking about until then . '' New York 's Starlee Kine asserted that it contained cinematic qualities , and felt that the scene was `` satisfying , sad , and fun '' . She wrote : `` It was everything you 've ever wanted this show to be . Zombies plus no dialogue , such a winning combination ! And how great was it that Sophia was dead instead of impossibly alive somewhere , holed up with Merle or Morgan or those warmhearted gang members in Atlanta . And because she was granted more screen time than she ever was when she was alive , we were finally able to care about the loss of her short , young life . '' Jen Chaney of The Washington Post echoed synonymous sentiments ; `` Really , the final moments of the last episode before the AMC series ' December / January hiatus played like a fireworks finale on the Fourth of July , assuming your Fourth of July celebrations typically involve zombies and a pile of corpses . '' Time journalist Nate Rawlings concluded that it was the perfect resolution for what he called `` television 's slowest subplot '' . Gina McIntyre of Los Angeles Times felt that the concluding sequence was the most eventful moment of the episode , and stated that it was difficult to watch . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly affirmed that the scene reestablished The Walking Dead to full form , as well as redeemed the season 's `` general gutlessness thus far . '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall reflected similar thoughts , and observed that it was effective enough to keep the viewers chattering until the succeeding episode . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club summated : `` The Sophia reveal is a punch in the gut , because narrative fiction teaches us the longer someone stays missing , the better the chance they 'll turn up alive ; otherwise , where would the drama be ? By using the little girl in this way , the show transforms what should 've been anti-climax into a reinvention of an entire storyline . It 's not enough to make the bad parts of the earlier episodes great , but it does show that the writers had more on their mind than stalling . '' Mark Maurer of The Star - Ledger felt that albeit predictable , the segment was `` well executed '' . Josh Wigler of MTV said that the storyline ended in `` a much darker way than anyone could have imagined . '' Los Angeles Times ' Gina McIntyre notes in her review of `` Nebraska '' that the episode opens with `` Rick and the others paralyzed by the realization that Sophia is not only beyond saving , but that she 's been nearby the whole time '' . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall describes how the opening scene , `` picking up seconds after Rick put a bullet through the thing that used to be Sophia , was great : the emotion felt every bit as palpable as it was at the end of November '' . However , he stated that although the show made him `` feel the weight of Sophia 's loss in that moment where she walked out of the barn in November , once things went quieter , she went back to being a non-entity . ( When Glenn lamented that they had lost others , but , `` This was Sophia , '' I wondered if perhaps he was speaking of an alternate version of the show where Carol and Sophia were the main characters and Carl was only relevant as Sophia 's occasional playmate . ) '' The Atlantic 's Scott Meslow commented : `` It 's clear from `` Nebraska '' that The Walking Dead was banking on us caring about Sophia 's death - a tall order , since she 'd had nothing but quiet , unmemorable screen time before her disappearance , and kept our heroes from leaving the farm to do something more interesting after . But if the show 's viewers are n't mourning Sophia 's death , its characters are , with reactions ranging from striking ( Daryl 's impotent , barely contained rage ) to melodramatic ( Carol sobbing and ripping up Cherokee roses , in a none - too - subtle callback to an earlier episode ) . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : Suffer the little children '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . OCLC 3638237 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boeckelmann , Derek ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Frighteningly Good '' . Daily Nexus . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` What Lies Ahead '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Review : Season 2 , Episode 2 ( '' Bloodletting `` ) '' . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . ISSN 1540 - 3106 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' The Walking Dead ' - ' Save the Last One ' : Lori 's choice '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Mark ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap , ' Save the Last One ' : In the midnight hour '' . The Star - Ledger . Advance Publications . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Walking Dead Recap : Save the Last One '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rollings , Nate ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Walking Dead Recap : Cherokee Rose '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Andrew ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : Episode 204 , ' Cherokee Rose ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Cherokee Rose '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : Sending Our Love Down the Well '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Venable , Nick ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Watch : Season 2 , Episode 4 - Cherokee Rose '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenburg , Eli ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Q&A - Madison Lintz ( Sophia ) '' . AMC . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fangoria : MADISON LINTZ TALKS `` WALKING DEAD 'S '' SOPHIA AND `` AFTER '' ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Dissection : Robert Kirkman Talks Death and What 's Ahead '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turley , Janet ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Midseries Finale : Pretty Much Dead Already '' . Huffington Post . Arianna Huffington . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Henry ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Things come to a head on ' The Walking Dead ' '' . CNN . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kine , Starlee ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Recap : Finder 's Fee '' . New York . New York Media . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chenay , Jen ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : In ' Pretty Much Dead Already , ' they shoot zombies , do n't they ? '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( 28 November 2011 ) . `` Walking Dead Recap : Pretty Much Dead Already '' . Time . Time , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : They shoot zombies , do n't they ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Pretty Much Dead Already ' : A cheap thrill - kill , or new life for the season ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' The Walking Dead ' - ' Pretty Much Dead Already ' : Opening the barn door '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Mark ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' midseason finale recap , ' Pretty Much Dead Already ' : The new commandments '' . The Star - Ledger . Advance Publications . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Season Two : What Do You Think So Far ? '' . MTV ( Viacom ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' recap : Two guys walk into a bar ... '' Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' The Walking Dead ' - ' Nebraska ' : This guy walks into a bar ... '' HitFix . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Why It 's Too Soon to Give Up on ' The Walking Dead ' '' . The Atlantic . Jay Leuf . 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-7,021,765,067,799,337,000 | spread of technology from china india and the middle east to europe | Great Divergence - Wikipedia Great Divergence Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the era of dominance of Western Civilization . For post-1970 growth in inequality , see Great Divergence ( inequality ) . `` European miracle '' redirects here . For the 1981 book , see The European Miracle . Maddison 's estimates of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in 1990 international dollars for selected European and Asian nations between 1500 and 1950 , showing the explosive growth of some European nations from the early 19th century . The European book output rose between 500 and 1800 by a factor of 100,000 , particularly after the Printing Revolution in 1450 . `` Great Divergence '' is a term made popular by Kenneth Pomeranz 's book by that title , ( also known as the European miracle , a term coined by Eric Jones in 1981 ) referring to the process by which the Western world ( i.e. Western Europe and the parts of the New World where its people became the dominant populations ) overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization , eclipsing Mughal India , Qing China , the Ottoman Empire , Tokugawa Japan , and Joseon Korea . Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened , including geography , colonialism , resources , customary traditions , and socio - economics . Scholars also trace back the beginning of the Great Divergence to different periods , with many tracing it back to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century Britain , while others trace it back to earlier periods of Western history , such as the commercial revolution and the origins of mercantilism and capitalism during the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery , the rise of the European colonial empires , proto - globalization , the Scientific Revolution , or the Age of Enlightenment . The `` traditional view '' , sometimes described as a near - consensus view , is that the Great Divergence occurred before the Industrial Revolution , with Western European states surpassing China , Japan and the Middle East by 1750 . However , the `` revisionist '' view of the `` California School '' estimates that the divergence started around 1800 during the Industrial Revolution . Technological advances , in areas such as railroads , steamboats , mining , and agriculture , were embraced to a higher degree in the West than the East during the Great Divergence . Technology led to increased industrialization and economic complexity in the areas of agriculture , trade , fuel and resources , further separating the East and the West . Western Europe 's use of coal as an energy substitute for wood in the mid-19th century gave it a major head start in modern energy production . According to one study , `` in the twentieth century , the Great Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s , then , after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations , in the late 1980s it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology and definition 2 Conditions in pre-Great Divergence cores 2.1 Western Europe 2.2 China 2.3 Indian subcontinent 2.4 Middle East 2.5 Japan 2.6 Korea 2.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 3 Possible factors 3.1 Coal 3.2 Efficiency of markets and state intervention 3.3 State prohibition of new technology 3.4 Innovation 3.5 Wages and living standards 3.6 European colonialism 3.7 Luxury consumption 3.8 Property rights 3.9 New World 3.10 High - level equilibrium trap 3.11 Culture 3.12 Political fragmentation 3.13 Globalization 4 Economic effects 4.1 Productivity 4.2 Per capita income 4.3 Agriculture 4.4 Fuel and resources 4.5 Trade 4.6 Guilds and journeymanship 5 See also 5.1 Books 6 References 6.1 Works cited 7 Further reading 8 External links Terminology and definition ( edit ) The term `` Great Divergence '' was coined by Samuel P. Huntington in 1996 and used by Kenneth Pomeranz in his book The Great Divergence : China , Europe , and the Making of the Modern World Economy ( 2000 ) . The same phenomenon was discussed by Eric Jones , whose 1981 book The European Miracle : Environments , Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia popularized the alternate term `` European Miracle '' . Broadly , both terms signify a socioeconomic shift in which European countries advanced ahead of others during the modern period . The timing of the Great Divergence is in dispute among historians . The traditional dating is as early as the 16th century , with scholars arguing that Europe had been on a trajectory of higher growth since that date . Pomeranz and others argue that the period of most rapid divergence was during the 19th century . Citing nutrition data and chronic European trade deficits as evidence , these scholars argue that before that date Asia was wealthier and more advanced , especially China in the Yangzi Delta and India in the Bengal and Mysore regions , as well as Egypt . Others , while accepting parity of incomes between the most prosperous parts of China , India , Egypt and Europe in the late 18th century , trace the first significant changes in European economies back to the 17th century . Others argue that the cultural factors behind the divergence can be traced to earlier periods and institutions such as the Renaissance and the Chinese imperial examination system . Conditions in pre-great Divergence cores ( edit ) Unlike modern industrial economies , pre-modern economies were constrained by conditions which greatly limited economic growth . Although core regions in Eurasia had achieved a relatively high standard of living by the 18th century , shortages of land , soil degradation , deforestation , lack of dependable energy sources , and other ecological constraints limited growth in per capita incomes . Rapid rates of depreciation on capital meant that a great part of savings in pre-modern economies were spent on replacing depleted capital , hampering capital accumulation . Massive windfalls of fuel , land , food and other resources were necessary for continued growth and capital accumulation , leading to colonialism . The Industrial Revolution overcame these restraints , allowing rapid , sustained growth in per capita incomes for the first time in human history . Western Europe ( edit ) After the Viking , Muslim and Magyar invasions waned in the 10th century , Europe entered a period of prosperity , population growth and territorial expansion known as the High Middle Ages . Trade and commerce revived , with increased specialization between areas and between the countryside and artisans in towns . By the 13th century the best land had been occupied and agricultural income began to fall , though trade and commerce continued to expand , especially in Venice and other northern Italian cities . The 14th century brought a series of calamities : famines , wars , the Black Death and other epidemics . The resulting drop in the population led to falling rents and rising wages , undermining the feudal and manorial relationships that had characterized Medieval Europe . According to a 2014 study , `` there was a ' little divergence ' within Europe between 1300 and 1800 : real wages in the North Sea area more or less stabilized at the level attained after the Black Death , and remained relatively high ( above subsistence ) throughout the early modern period ( and into the nineteenth century ) ; whereas , on the other hand , real wages in the ' periphery ' ( in Germany , Italy , and Spain ) began to fall after the fifteenth century and returned to some kind of subsistence minimum during the 1500 -- 1800 period . This ' little divergence ' in real wages mirrors a similar divergence in GDP per capita : in the ' periphery ' of Europe there was almost no per capita growth ( or even a decline ) between 1500 and 1800 , whereas in Holland and England real income continued to rise and more or less doubled in this period . '' In the Age of Exploration navigators discovered new routes to the Americas and Asia . Commerce expanded , together with innovations such as joint stock companies and various financial institutions . New military technologies favored larger units , leading to a concentration of power in states whose finances relied on trade . France and Spain developed absolute monarchies reliant on high taxes and state - backed monopolies , leading to economic decline . The Dutch Republic was controlled by merchants , while Parliament gained control of England after a long struggle culminating in the Glorious Revolution . These arrangements proved more hospitable to economic development . At the end of the 16th century London and Antwerp began pulling away from other European cities , as illustrated in the following graph of real wages in several European cities : The West had a series of unique advantages compared to Asia , such as the proximity of coal mines ; the discovery of the New World , which alleviated ecological restraints on economic growth ( land shortages etc . ) ; and the profits from colonization . China ( edit ) Comparative populations ( millions , log scale ) of China and Continental Europe between 1000 and 1975 . China had a larger population than Europe throughout the Common Era . Unlike Europe , it was politically united for long periods during that time . During the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the country experienced a revolution in agriculture , water transport , finance , urbanization , science and technology , which made the Chinese economy the most advanced in the world from about 1100 . Mastery of wet - field rice cultivation opened up the hitherto underdeveloped south of the country , while later northern China was devastated by Jur'chen and Mongol invasions , floods and epidemics . The result was a dramatic shift in the centre of population and industry from the home of Chinese civilization around the Yellow River to the south of the country , a trend only partially reversed by the re-population of the north from the 15th century . By 1300 , China had fallen behind Italy in living standards . In the late imperial period ( 1368 -- 1911 ) , comprising the Ming and Qing dynasties , taxation was low , and the economy and population grew significantly , though without substantial increases in productivity . Chinese goods such as silk , tea and ceramics were in great demand in Europe , leading to an inflow of silver , expanding the money supply and facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets . By the end of the 18th century , population density levels exceeded those in Europe . China had more large cities but far fewer small ones than in contemporary Europe . The traditional view is that the Great Divergence between China and Europe had begun by 1750 , before the Industrial Revolution . Revisionist scholarship , however , estimates that the Great Divergence did not begin until the 19th century , during the Industrial Revolution . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of India The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . By the 1500s , the Indian subcontinent benefited from extensive external and internal trade . Its agriculture was highly efficient as well as its industry . For economic historian Irfan Habib , however , this was not sufficient to later lead to an important capitalistic development . Unlike China , Japan and western and central Europe , India did not experience extensive deforestation until the 19th and 20th centuries . It thus had no pressure to move to coal as a source of energy . From the 17th century , cotton textiles from Mughal India became popular in Europe , with some governments banning them to protect their wool industries . In the 18th century , India were the most important manufacturers in world trade , producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output in 1750 , with Mughal Bengal in particular being globally dominant in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . In the 17th and 18th centuries , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . Amiya Kumar Bagchi estimates 10.3 % of Bihar 's populus were involved in hand spinning thread , 2.3 % weaving , and 9 % in other manufacturing trades , in 1809 - 13 , to satisfy this demand . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient , thus Europeans had very little to offer , except for some woolens , unprocessed metals and a few luxury items . The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for Indian imports . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the Ottoman Empire The Middle East was more advanced than Western Europe in 1000 CE , on par by the middle of the 16th century , but by 1750 , leading Middle - Eastern states had fallen behind the leading Western European states of Britain and the Netherlands . An example of a Middle - Eastern country that had an advanced economy in the early 19th century was Ottoman Egypt , which had a highly productive industrial manufacturing sector , and per - capita income that was comparable to leading Western European countries such as France and higher than that of Japan and Eastern Europe . Other parts of the Ottoman Empire , particularly Syria and southeastern Anatolia , also had a highly productive manufacturing sector that was evolving in the 19th century . In 1819 , Egypt under Muhammad Ali began programs of state - sponsored industrialization , which included setting up factories for weapons production , an iron foundry , large - scale cotton cultivation , mills for ginning , spinning and weaving of cotton , and enterprises for agricultural processing . By the early 1830s , Egypt had 30 cotton mills , employing about 30,000 workers . In the early 19th century , Egypt had the world 's fifth most productive cotton industry , in terms of the number of spindles per capita . The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources , such as animal power , water wheels , and windmills , which were also the principle energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870 . While steam power had been experimented with in Ottoman Egypt by engineer Taqi ad - Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in 1551 , when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine , it was under Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to Egyptian industrial manufacturing . Boilers were manufactured and installed in Egyptian industries such as ironworks , textile manufacturing , paper mills , and hulling mills . Compared to Western Europe , Egypt also had superior agriculture and an efficient transport network through the Nile . Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions for rapid industrialization existed in Egypt during the 1820s -- 1830s . After the death of Muhammad Ali in 1849 , his industrialization programs fell into decline , after which , according to historian Zachary Lockman , `` Egypt was well on its way to full integration into a European - dominated world market as supplier of a single raw material , cotton . '' Lockman argues that , had Egypt succeeded in its industrialization programs , `` it might have shared with Japan ( or the United States ) the distinction of achieving autonomous capitalist development and preserving its independence . '' Japan ( edit ) Japanese society was governed by the Tokugawa Shogunate , which divided Japanese society into a strict hierarchy and intervened considerably in the economy through state monopolies and restrictions on foreign trade ; however , in practice , the Shogunate 's rule was often circumvented . From 725 - 1974 , Japan experienced GDP per capita growth at an annual rate of 0.04 % , with major periods of positive per capita GDP growth occurring during 1150 - 1280 , 1450 - 1600 and after 1730 . There were no significant periods of sustained growth reversals . Relative to the United Kingdom , GDP per capita was at roughly similar levels until the middle of the 17th century . By 1850 , per capita incomes in Japan were approximately a quarter of the British level . However , 18th - century Japan had a higher life expectancy , 41.1 years for adult males , compared with 34 for England , between 27.5 and 30 for France , and 24.7 for Prussia . Korea ( edit ) In its earlier days , Korea had healthy international trading relationships , receiving merchants from as far as the Middle East . Because of its strategic value to its neighboring countries , however , Korea had been invaded several times during its Goryeo and Joseon eras , starting with the Mongol invasion in the 13th century . Though repelled due to its strong navy and aid from China , the Japanese invasions in the late 16th century were particularly devastating to the peninsula and it never truly recovered until the modern era . Due to relatively frequent invasions , increased Western colonization of Asia , and the arrival of Christian missionaries , Korea began a long period of isolationism , maintaining diplomatic relationships primarily with China only . For the rest of the Joseon period , the country was marred by economic hardships , peasant revolts , and political factionalism until it was annexed by Japan in the early 20th century . Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) Pre-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa was political fragmented , just as early modern Europe was . Africa was however far more sparsely populated than Europe . According to University of Michigan political scientist Mark Dincecco , `` the high land / labor ratio may have made it less likely that historical institutional centralization at the `` national level '' would occur in sub-Saharan Africa , thwarting further state development . '' The transatlantic slave trade may have further weakened state power in Africa . Possible factors ( edit ) Scholars have proposed numerous theories to explain why the Great Divergence occurred . Coal ( edit ) The distribution of coal deposits shaped industrial development in Britain . In the Industrial Revolution , coal and coke were extensively used in metallurgy and steam engines , being cheaper , more plentiful and more efficient than wood and charcoal . Coal - fired steam engines were also used in the railways and in shipping , revolutionizing transport in the early 19th century . Kenneth Pomeranz drew attention to differences in the availability of coal between West and East . Due to regional climate , European coal mines were wetter , and deep mines did not become practical until the introduction of the Newcomen steam engine to pump out groundwater . In Chinese mines in the arid northwest , ventilation to prevent explosions was much more difficult . Another difference was geographic distance ; although China and Europe had comparable mining technologies , the distances between the economically developed regions and coal deposits were vastly different . The largest coal deposits in China are located in the northwest , within reach of the Chinese industrial core during the Northern Song . During the 11th century , China developed sophisticated technologies to extract and use coal for energy , leading to soaring iron production . The southward population shift between the 12th and 14th centuries resulted in new centers of Chinese industry far from the major coal deposits . Some small coal deposits were available locally , though their use was sometimes hampered by government regulations . In contrast , Britain contained some of the largest coal deposits in Europe . In Ottoman Egypt , where steam power was used for industrial manufacturing under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century , it had a lack of coal deposits . However , Muhammad Ali Pasha 's prospectors searched for coal deposits , and boilers were manufactured and installed in various industries . Coal was also imported from overseas , at similar prices to what imported coal cost in France , until the 1830s , when Egypt gained access to coal sources in Lebanon , which had a yearly coal output of 4,000 tons . Economic historian Jean Batou argues that , in addition to having the necessary conditions for rapid industrialization , Egypt also had the necessary conditions for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century . Efficiency of markets and state intervention ( edit ) A common argument is that Europe had more free and efficient markets than other civilizations , which has been cited as a reason for the Great Divergence . In Europe , market efficiency was disrupted by the prevalence of feudalism and mercantilism . Practices such as entail , which restricted land ownership , hampered the free flow of labor and buying and selling of land . These feudal restrictions on land ownership were especially strong in continental Europe . China had a relatively more liberal land market , hampered only by weak customary traditions . Bound labor , such as serfdom and slavery were more prevalent in Europe than in China , even during the Manchu conquest . Urban industry in the West was more restrained by guilds and state - enforced monopolies than in China , where in the 18th century the principal monopolies governed salt and foreign trade through Guangzhou . Pomeranz rejects the view that market institutions were the cause of the Great Divergence , and concludes that China was closer to the ideal of a market economy than Europe . Economic historian Paul Bairoch presents a contrary argument , that Western countries such as the Unites States , Britain and Spain did not initially have free trade , but had protectionist policies in the early 19th century , as did China and Japan . In contrast , he cites the Ottoman Empire as an example of a state that did have free trade , which he argues had a negative economic impact and contributed to its deindustrialization . The Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy , open to foreign imports , which has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire , dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740 , which lowered duties to only 3 % for imports and exports . The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists advocating free trade , such as J.R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce ( 1834 ) , but later criticized by British politicians opposing free trade , such as prime minister Benjamin Disraeli , who cited the Ottoman Empire as `` an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition '' in the 1846 Corn Laws debate : There has been free trade in Turkey , and what has it produced ? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world . As late as 1812 these manufactures existed ; but they have been destroyed . That was the consequences of competition in Turkey , and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain . State prohibition of new technology ( edit ) Jared Diamond in the book Guns , Germs , and Steel argues that explicit outlawing of new technology was an important explanation for the divergence . For example , in China in 1432 , a new Emperor outlawed the building of ocean - going ships , in which China was the world leader at the time . Diamond traces this to differences in geography . Outside Europe advanced cultures developed in areas whose geography was conducive to large , monolithic , isolated empires . In these conditions policies of technological and social stagnation could persist . On the other hand , Europe 's geography favored balkanization into smaller , closer , nation - states , as its many natural barriers ( mountains , rivers ) provide defensible borders . As a result , governments that suppressed economic and technological progress soon corrected their mistakes or were out - competed relatively quickly . He argues that geographical factors created the conditions for more rapid internal superpower change ( Spain succeeded by France and then by the United Kingdom ) than was possible elsewhere in Eurasia . Innovation ( edit ) Beginning in the early 19th century , economic prosperity rose greatly in the West due to improvements in technological efficiency , as evidenced by the advent of new conveniences including the railroad , steamboat , steam engine , and the use of coal as a fuel source . These innovations contributed to the Great Divergence , elevating Europe and the United States to high economic standing relative to the East . It has been argued the attitude of the East towards innovation is one of the other factors that might have played a big role in the West 's advancements over the East . According to David Landes , after a few centuries of innovations and inventions , it seemed like the East stopped trying to innovate and began to sustain what they had . They kept nurturing their pre-modern inventions and did not move forward with the modern times . China decided to continue a self - sustaining process of scientific and technological advancement on the basis of their indigenous traditions and achievements . The East 's attitude towards innovation showed that they focused more on experience , while the West focused on experimentation . The East did not see the need to improve on their inventions and thus from experience , focused on their past successes . While they did this , the West was focused more on experimentation and trial by error , which led them to come up with new and different ways to improve on existing innovations and create new ones . In the early 19th century , Egypt under Muhammad Ali began a program of state - sponsored industrialization , quick to adopt steam engine technology , and manufacturing boilers for installation in a number of industries , including ironworks , textile manufacturing , paper mills , and hulling mills . While there was a lack of coal deposits in Egypt , Muhammad Ali Pasha 's prospectors searched for coal deposits in Egypt while importing coal from overseas at similar prices to what imported coal cost in France , until the 1830s when Egypt gained access to coal sources in Lebanon with its yearly coal output of 4,000 tons . Economic historian Jean Batou argues that Egypt had the necessary economic conditions for rapid industrialization in the early 19th century , and for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century . Wages and living standards ( edit ) Classical economists , beginning with Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus , argued that high wages in the West stimulated labor - saving technological advancements . Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages , cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur . These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development , and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies . However , more recent studies have depicted living standards in 18th century China and pre-Industrial Revolution Europe as comparable . Life expectancy in China and Japan for adult males were 39.6 and 41.1 respectively , compared with 34 for England , between 27.5 and 30 for France , and 24.7 for Prussia . Chinese laborers in the Yangtze delta consumed 4,600 calories per day on average ( laborers in China overall consumed 2,637 calories on average ) compared with 2,000 - 2,500 calories per day for England . According to Pomeranz and others , there was modest per capita growth in both regions , the Chinese economy was not stagnant , and in many areas , especially agriculture , was ahead of Western Europe . Chinese cities were also ahead in public health . Economic historian Paul Bairoch estimated that China 's GNP per capita in 1800 was $228 in 1960 US dollars ( $1,007 in 1990 dollars ) , higher than Western Europe 's $213 ( $941 in 1990 dollars ) at the time . There have been similar findings for India . Real wages and living standards in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore were higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Workers in the textile industry , for example , earned more in Bengal and Mysore than they did in Britain , while agricultural labour in Britain had to work longer hours to earn the same amount as in Mysore . In the late 18th century , Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . Similarly for Ottoman Egypt , its per - capita income in 1800 was comparable to that of leading Western European countries such as France , and higher than the overall average income of Europe and Japan . Economic historian Jean Barou estimated that , in terms of 1960 dollars , Egypt in 1800 had a per - capita income of $232 ( $1,025 in 1990 dollars ) . In comparison , per - capita income in terms of 1960 dollars for France in 1800 was $240 ( $1,060 in 1990 dollars ) , for Eastern Europe in 1800 was $177 ( $782 in 1990 dollars ) , and for Japan in 1800 was $180 ( $795 in 1990 dollars ) . According to Paul Bairoch , in the mid-18th century , `` the average standard of living in Europe was a little bit lower than that of the rest of the world . '' He estimated that , in 1750 , the average GNP per capita in the Eastern world ( particularly China , India and the Middle East ) was $188 in 1960 dollars ( $830 in 1990 dollars ) , higher than the West 's $182 ( $804 in 1990 dollars ) . He argues that it was after 1800 that Western European per - capita income pulled ahead . However , the average incomes of China and Egypt were still higher than the overall average income of Europe . European colonialism ( edit ) A number of economic historians have argued that European colonialism played a major role in the deindustrialization of non-Western societies . Paul Bairoch , for example , cites British colonialism in India as a primary example , but also argues that European colonialism played a major role in the deindustrialization of other countries in Asia , the Middle East , and Latin America , and contributed to a sharp economic decline in Africa . Other modern economic historians have blamed British colonial rule for India 's deindustrialization in particular . The colonization of India is seen as a major factor behind both India 's deindustrialization and Britain 's Industrial Revolution . Up until the 19th century , India was the world 's leading cotton textile manufacturer , with Bengal and Mysore the centers of cotton production . In order to compete with India , Britain invested in labour - saving technical progress for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution , while implementing protectionist policies such as bans and tariffs to restrict Indian imports . At the same time , the British East India Company 's rule in India contributed to its deindustrialization , with the decline of native industry opening up a new market for British goods . British colonization forced open the large Indian market to British goods while restricting Indian imports to Britain , and raw cotton was imported from India without taxes or tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . India thus served as both an important supplier of raw goods such as cotton to British factories and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . In addition , the capital amassed from Bengal following its conquest after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth . Britain eventually surpassed India as the world 's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century . British colonial rule has been blamed for the subsequently dismal state of British India 's economy , with investment in Indian industries limited since it was a colony . Luxury consumption ( edit ) Luxury consumption is regarded by many scholars to have stimulated the development of capitalism and thus contributed to the Great Divergence . Proponents of this view argue that workshops , which manufactured luxury articles for the wealthy , gradually amassed capital to expand their production and then emerged as large firms producing for a mass market ; they believe that Western Europe 's unique tastes for luxury stimulated this development further than other cultures . However , others counter that luxury workshops were not unique to Europe ; large cities in China and Japan also possessed many luxury workshops for the wealthy , and that luxury workshops do not necessarily stimulate the development of `` capitalistic firms '' . Property rights ( edit ) Differences in property rights have been cited as a possible cause of the Great Divergence . This view states that Asian merchants could not develop and accumulate capital because of the risk of state expropriation and claims from fellow kinsmen , which made property rights very insecure compared to those of Europe . However , others counter that many European merchants were de facto expropriated through defaults on government debt , and that the threat of expropriation by Asian states was not much greater than in Europe , except in Japan . Government and policies are seen as an integral part of modern societies and have played a major role in how different economies have been formed . The Eastern societies had governments which were controlled by the ruling dynasties and thus , were not a separate entity . Their governments at the time lacked policies that fostered innovation and thus resulted in slow advancements . As explained by Cohen , the east had a restrictive system of trade that went against the free world market theory ; there was no political liberty or policies that encouraged the capitalist market ( Cohen , 1993 ) . This was in contrast to the western society that developed commercial laws and property rights which allowed for the protection and liberty of the marketplace . Their capitalist ideals and market structures encouraged innovation . Pomeranz ( 2000 ) argues that much of the land market in China was free , with many supposedly hereditary tenants and landlords being frequently removed or forced to sell their land . Although Chinese customary law specified that people within the village were to be offered the land first , Pomeranz states that most of the time the land was offered to more capable outsiders , and argues that China actually had a freer land market than Europe . Pomeranz does not address the most common form of land sale , known as the conditional sale . The conditional sale allowed the seller to return to the buyer many years after the sale , and many times , to demand extra payments . He also does not account for the inability of landlords to collect rent on second crops . However , Robert Brenner and Chris Isett emphasize differences in land tenancy rights . They argue that in the lower Yangtze , most farmers either owned land or held secure tenancy at fixed rates of rent , so that neither farmers nor landlords were exposed to competition . In 15th century England , lords had lost their serfs , but were able to assert control over almost all of the land , creating a rental market for tenant farmers . This created competitive pressures against subdividing plots , and the fact that plots could not be directly passed on to sons forced them to delay marriage until they had accumulated their own possessions . Thus in England both agricultural productivity and population growth were subject to market pressures throughout the early modern period . A 2017 study found that secure property rights in Europe , but not in large parts of the Middle - East , contributed to the increase of expensive labour - saving capital goods , such as water - mills , windmills , and cranes , in medieval Europe but its decrease in the Middle - East . New world ( edit ) Distribution of colonial empires by the end of the 18th century A variety of theories posit Europe 's unique relationship with the New World as a major cause of the Great Divergence . The high profits earned from the colonies and the slave trade constituted 7 percent a year , a relatively high rate of return considering the high rate of depreciation on pre-industrial capital stocks , which limited the amount of savings and capital accumulation . Early European colonization was sustained by profits through selling New World goods to Asia , especially silver to China . According to Pomeranz , the most important advantage for Europe was the vast amount of fertile , uncultivated land in the Americas which could be used to grow large quantities of farm products required to sustain European economic growth and allowed labor and land to be freed up in Europe for industrialization . New World exports of wood , cotton , and wool are estimated to have saved England the need for 23 to 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) of cultivated land ( by comparison , the total amount of cultivated land in England was just 17 million acres ) , freeing up immense amounts of resources . The New World also served as a market for European manufactures . Chen ( 2012 ) also suggested that the New World as a necessary factor for industrialization , and trade as a supporting factor causing less developed areas to concentrate on agriculture supporting industrialized regions in Europe . High - level equilibrium trap ( edit ) The high - level equilibrium trap theory argues that China did not undergo an indigenous industrial revolution since its economy was in a stable equilibrium , where supply and demand for labor were equal , disincentivizing the development of labor - saving capital . Culture ( edit ) Rosenberg and Birdzell claims that the so - called `` eastern culture '' of `` respect '' and `` unquestionable devotion '' to the ruling dynasty was as a result of a culture where the control of the dynasty led to a `` silent society '' that `` did not ask questions or experiment without the approval or order from the ruling class '' . On the other hand , they claimed that the West of the late medieval era did not have a central authority or absolute state , which allowed for a free flow of ideas ( Rosenberg , Birdzell , 1986 ) . This so - called `` eastern culture '' also supposedly showed a `` dismissal of change '' due to their `` fear of failure '' and disregard for the imitation of outside inventions and science ; this was different from the `` western culture '' which they claimed to be willing to experiment and imitate others to benefit their society . They claimed that this was a culture where change was encouraged , and sense of anxiety and disregard for comfort led them to be more innovative . Max Weber argued in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism that capitalism in northern Europe evolved when the Protestant work ethic ( particularly Calvinist ) influenced large numbers of people to engage in work in the secular world , developing their own enterprises and engaging in trade and the accumulation of wealth for investment . In his book The Religion of China : Confucianism and Taoism he blames Chinese culture for the non-emergence of capitalism in China . Chen ( 2012 ) similarly claims that cultural differences were the most fundamental cause for the divergence , arguing that the Humanism of the Renaissance followed by the Enlightenment ( including revolutionary changes in attitude towards religion ) enabled a mercantile , innovative , individualistic , and capitalistic spirit . For Ming Dynasty China , he claims there existed repressive measures which stifled dissenting opinions and nonconformity . He claimed that Confucianism taught that disobedience to one 's superiors was supposedly tantamount to `` sin '' . In addition Chen claimed that merchants and artificers had less prestige than they did in Western Europe . Justin Yifu Lin has argued for the role of the imperial examination system in removing the incentives for Chinese intellectuals to learn mathematics or to conduct experimentation . However , many scholars who have studied Confucian teachings have criticized the claim that the philosophy promoted unquestionable loyalty to one 's superiors and the state . The core of Confucian philosophy itself was already Humanistic and Rationalistic ; it `` ( does ) not share a belief in divine law and ( does ) not exalt faithfulness to a higher law as a manifestation of divine will . '' One of the central teachings of Confucianism is that one should remonstrate with authority . Many Confucians throughout history disputed their superiors in order to not only prevent the superiors and the rulers from wrongdoing , but also to maintain the independent spirits of the Confucians . Furthermore , the merchant class of China throughout all of Chinese history were usually wealthy and held considerable influence above their supposed social standing . Historians like Yu Yingshi and Billy So have shown that as Chinese society became increasingly commercialized from the Song dynasty onward , Confucianism had gradually begun to accept and even support business and trade as legitimate and viable professions , as long as merchants stayed away from unethical actions . Merchants in the meantime had also benefited from and utilized Confucian ethics in their business practices . By the Song period , the Scholar - officials themselves were using intermediary agents to participate in trading . This is true especially in the Ming - Qing dynasties , when the social status of merchants had rose to such significance that by the late Ming period , many scholar - officials were unabashed to declare publicly in their official family histories that they had family members who were merchants . Consequently , while Confucianism did not actively promote profit seeking , it did not hinder China 's commercial development either . Of the developed cores of the Old world , India was distinguished by its caste system of bound labor , which hampered economic and population growth and resulted in relative underdevelopment compared to other core regions . Compared with other developed regions , India still possessed large amounts of unused resources . India 's caste system gave an incentive to elites to drive their unfree laborers harder when faced with increased demand , rather than invest in new capital projects and technology . The Indian economy was characterized by vassal - lord relationships , which weakened the motive of financial profit and the development of markets ; a talented artisan or merchant could not hope to gain much personal reward . Pomeranz argues that India was not a very likely site for an industrial breakthrough , despite its sophisticated commerce and technologies . Aspects of Islamic law have been proposed as an argument for the divergence for the Muslim world . Economist Timur Kuran argues that Islamic institutions which had at earlier stages promoted development later started preventing more advanced development by hampering formation of corporations , capital accumulation , mass production , and impersonal transactions . Other similar arguments proposed include the gradual prohibition of independent religious judgements ( Ijtihad ) and a strong communalism which limited contacts with outside groups and the development of institutions dealing with more temporary interactions of various kinds , according to Kuran . According to historian Donald Quataert , however , the Ottoman Middle East 's manufacturing sector was highly productive and evolving in the 19th century . Quataert criticizes arguments rooted in Orientalism , such as `` now - discredited stereotypes concerning the inferiority of Islam '' , economic institutions having stopped evolving after the Islamic Golden Age , and decline of Ijtihad in religion negatively affecting economic evolution . Economic historian Paul Bairoch noted that Ottoman law promoted liberal free trade earlier than Britain and the United States , arguing that free trade had a negative economic impact on the Ottoman Empire and contributed to its deindustrialization , in contrast to the more protectionist policies of Britain and the United States in the early 19th century . In his book A Farewell to Alms , Gregory Clark argues that the human psychological traits ( such as literacy , numeracy , and delayed gratification ) needed for the divergence spread in England between 1200 and 1800 `` at least culturally and perhaps also genetically '' . Political fragmentation ( edit ) Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive , as entrepreneurs , innovators , ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities . This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced , large unitary empires such as China . China had both a printing press and movable type , yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe . In Europe , political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin , had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters . Economic historian Tuan - Hwee Sng has argued that the large size of the Chinese state contributed to its relative decline in the 19th century : The vast size of the Chinese empire created a severe principal - agent problem and constrained how the country was governed . In particular , taxes had to be kept low due to the emperor 's weak oversight of his agents and the need to keep corruption in check . The Chinese state 's fiscal weaknesses were long masked by its huge tax base . However , economic and demographic expansion in the eighteenth century exacerbated the problems of administrative control . This put a further squeeze on the nation 's finances and left China ill - prepared for the challenges of the nineteenth century . One reason why Japan was able to modernize and adopt the technologies of the West was due to its much smaller size relative to China . The historian Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire , with British rule later causing further deindustrialization . According to Williamson , the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity , which drove up food prices , then nominal wages , and then textile prices , which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology , though Indian textiles still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi , however , has argued that there was n't any such economic decline for several post-Mughal states , notably Bengal Subah and the Kingdom of Mysore , which were comparable to Britain in the late 18th century , until British colonial policies caused deindustrialization . Stanford political scientist Gary W. Cox argues in a 2017 study , that Europe 's political fragmentation interacted with her institutional innovations to foster substantial areas of `` economic liberty , '' where European merchants could organize production freer of central regulation , faced fewer central restrictions on their shipping and pricing decisions , and paid lower tariffs and tolls than their counterparts elsewhere in Eurasia . When fragmentation afforded merchants multiple politically independent routes on which to ship their goods , European rulers refrained from imposing onerous regulations and levying arbitrary tolls , lest they lose mercantile traffic to competing realms . Fragmented control of trade routes magnified the spillover effects of political reforms . If parliament curbed arbitrary regulations and tolls in one realm , then neighboring rulers might have to respond in kind , even if they themselves remained without a parliament . Greater economic liberty , fostered by the interaction of fragmentation and reform , unleashed faster and more inter-connected urban growth . Globalization ( edit ) A 2017 study in the American Economic Review found that `` globalization was the major driver of the economic divergence between the rich and the poor portions of the world in the years 1850 - 1900 . '' The states that benefited from globalization were `` characterised by strong constraints on executive power , a distinct feature of the institutional environment that has been demonstrated to favour private investment . '' Economic effects ( edit ) A Watt steam engine , the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world The Old World methods of agriculture and production could only sustain certain lifestyles . Industrialization dramatically changed the European economy and allowed it to attain much higher levels of wealth and productivity than the other Old World cores . Although Western technology later spread to the East , differences in uses preserved the Western lead and accelerated the Great Divergence . Productivity ( edit ) When analyzing comparative use - efficiency , the economic concept of Total Factor Productivity ( TFP ) is applied to quantify differences between countries . TFP analysis controls for differences in energy and raw material inputs across countries and is then used to calculate productivity . The difference in productivity levels , therefore , reflects efficiency of energy and raw materials use rather than the raw materials themselves . TFP analysis has shown that Western countries had higher TFP levels on average in the 19th century than Eastern countries such as India or China , showing that Western productivity had surpassed the East . Per capita income ( edit ) Some of the most striking evidence for the Great Divergence comes from data on per capita income . The West 's rise to power directly coincides with per capita income in the West surpassing that in the East . This change can be attributed largely to the mass transit technologies , such as railroads and steamboats , that the West developed in the 19th century . The construction of large ships , trains , and railroads greatly increased productivity . These modes of transport made moving large quantities of coal , corn , grain , livestock and other goods across countries more efficient , greatly reducing transportation costs . These differences allowed Western productivity to exceed that of other regions . Economic historian Paul Bairoch has estimated the GDP per capita of several major countries in 1960 US dollars after the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century , as shown below . His estimates show that the GDP per capita of Western European countries rose rapidly after industrialization . For the 18th century , and in comparison to non-European regions , Bairoch in 1995 stated that , in the mid-18th century , `` the average standard of living in Europe was a little bit lower than that of the rest of the world . '' Agriculture ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see British Agricultural Revolution . Before and during the early 19th century , much of continental European agriculture was underdeveloped compared to Asian Cores and England . This left Europe with abundant idle natural resources . England , on the other hand , had reached the limit of its agricultural productivity well before the beginning of the 19th century . Rather than taking the costly route of improving soil fertility , the English increased labor productivity by industrializing agriculture . From 1750 to 1850 , European nations experienced population booms ; however , European agriculture was barely able to keep pace with the dietary needs . Imports from the Americas , and the reduced caloric intake required by industrial workers compared to farmers allowed England to cope with the food shortages . By the turn of the 19th century , much European farmland had been eroded and depleted of nutrients . Fortunately , through improved farming techniques , the import of fertilizers , and reforestation , Europeans were able to recondition their soil and prevent food shortages from hampering industrialization . Meanwhile , many other formerly hegemonic areas of the world were struggling to feed themselves -- notably China . Fuel and resources ( edit ) The global demand for wood , a major resource required for industrial growth and development , was increasing in the first half of the 19th century . A lack of interest of silviculture in Western Europe , and a lack of forested land , caused wood shortages . By the mid-19th century , forests accounted for less than 15 % of land use in most Western European countries . Fuel costs rose sharply in these countries throughout the 18th century and many households and factories were forced to ration their usage , and eventually adopt forest conservation policies . It was not until the 19th century that coal began providing much needed relief to the European energy shortage . China had not begun to use coal on a large scale until around 1900 , giving Europe a huge lead on modern energy production . Through the 19th century , Europe had vast amounts of unused arable land with adequate water sources . However , this was not the case in China ; most idle lands suffered from a lack of water supply , so forests had to be cultivated . Since the mid-19th century , northern China 's water supplies have been declining , reducing its agricultural output . By growing cotton for textiles , rather than importing , China exacerbated its water shortage . During the 19th century , supplies of wood and land decreased considerably , greatly slowing growth of Chinese per capita incomes . Trade ( edit ) 18th century triangular trade between Europe , the New World , and Africa . During the era of European imperialism , periphery countries were often set up as specialized producers of specific resources . Although these specializations brought the periphery countries temporary economic benefit , the overall effect inhibited the industrial development of periphery territories . Cheaper resources for core countries through trade deals with specialized periphery countries allowed the core countries to advance at a much greater pace , both economically and industrially , than the rest of the world . Europe 's access to a larger quantity of raw materials and a larger market to sell its manufactured goods gave it a distinct advantage through the 19th century . In order to further industrialize , it was imperative for the developing core areas to acquire resources from less densely populated areas , since they lacked the lands required to supply these resources themselves . Europe was able to trade manufactured goods to their colonies , including the Americas , for raw materials . The same sort of trading could be seen throughout regions in China and Asia , but colonization brought a distinct advantage to the West . As these sources of raw materials began to proto - industrialize , they would turn to import substitution , depriving the hegemonic nations of a market for their manufactured goods . Since European nations had control over their colonies , they were able to prevent this from happening . Britain was able to use import substitution to its benefit when dealing with textiles from India . Through industrialization , Britain was able to increase cotton productivity enough to make it lucrative for domestic production , and overtake India as the world 's leading cotton supplier . Although Britain had limited cotton imports to protect its own industries , they allowed cheap British products into colonial India from the early 19th century . The colonial administration failed to promote Indian industry , preferring to export raw materials . Western Europe was also able to establish profitable trade with Eastern Europe . Countries such as Prussia , Bohemia and Poland had very little freedom in comparison to the West ; forced labor left much of Eastern Europe with little time to work towards proto - industrialization and ample manpower to generate raw materials . Guilds and journeymanship ( edit ) A 2017 study in the Quarterly Journal of Economics argued , `` medieval European institutions such as guilds , and specific features such as journeymanship , can explain the rise of Europe relative to regions that relied on the transmission of knowledge within closed kinship systems ( extended families or clans ) '' . Guilds and journeymanship were superior for creating and disseminating knowledge , which contributed to the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution in Europe . See also ( edit ) Colonial empire Western empires Modern history Second European colonization wave ( 19th century -- 20th century ) Rise of the New Imperialism Economic history of China ( pre-1911 ) Joseph Needham History of Western civilization Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution Books ( edit ) A Farewell to Alms Before and Beyond Divergence The Clash of Civilizations Civilization : The West and the Rest The Civilizing Process The European Miracle Great Divergence and Great Convergence The Great divergence : China , Europe , and the making of the modern world economy Guns , Germs , and Steel The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers The Rise of the West : A History of the Human Community The Wealth and Poverty of Nations Why the West Rules -- For Now References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maddison 2007 , p. 382 , Table A. 7 Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten : `` Charting the `` Rise of the West '' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries `` , The Journal of Economic History , Vol. 69 , No. 2 ( 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 445 ( 416 -- 417 , tables 1 & 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Jones 2003 . 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ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 pp. 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ Yu Yingshi 余英時 , Zhongguo Jinshi Zongjiao Lunli yu Shangren Jingshen 中國 近世 宗教 倫理 與 商人 精神 . ( Taibei : Lianjing Chuban Shiye Gongsi , 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Billy So , Prosperity , Region , and Institutions in Maritime China . ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2000 ) , 253 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Billy So , `` Institutions in market economies of premodern maritime China . '' In Billy So ed. , The Economy of Lower Yangzi Delta in Late Imperial China . ( New York : Routledge , 2013 ) , 208 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Brook , Timothy . ( 1998 ) . The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 p. 161 Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 212 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Timur Kuran , The Long Divergence : How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East , 2010 , Princeton University Press , http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9273.html Jump up ^ Timur Kuran Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics ( JITE ) / Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft Vol. 153 , No. 1 , The New Institutional Economics Religion and Economics ( March 1997 ) , pp. 41 -- 71 Published by : Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co . KG Article Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/40752985 Jump up ^ Donald Quataert ( 2002 ) . Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution . Cambridge University Press . pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms . Princeton University Press . pp. 8 , 11 , 120 , 165 , 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12135 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mokyr , J. : A Culture of Growth : The Origins of the Modern Economy . ( eBook and Hardcover ) '' . press.princeton.edu . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sng , Tuan - Hwee ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Size and dynastic decline : The principal - agent problem in late imperial China , 1700 -- 1850 '' . Explorations in Economic History . 54 : 107 -- 127 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2014.05. 002 . Jump up ^ Koyama , Mark ; Moriguchi , Chiaki ; Sng , Tuan - Hwee ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Geopolitics and Asia 's Little Divergence : A Comparative Analysis of State Building in China and Japan after 1850 '' . SSRN 2682702 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey G. Williamson ( 2011 ) . Trade and Poverty : When the Third World Fell Behind . MIT Press . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gary W. ( 2017 ) . `` Political Institutions , Economic Liberty , and the Great Divergence '' . The Journal of Economic History . 77 ( 3 ) : 724 -- 755 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050717000729 . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . Jump up ^ Luigi , Pascali , ( / ) . `` The Wind of Change : Maritime Technology , Trade , and Economic Development '' . American Economic Review . 0 ( 0 ) . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20140832&&from = f . ISSN 0002 - 8282 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : ehs1926 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Globalisation and Economic Development : A Lesson from History '' . The Long Run . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Comin 2008 . Jump up ^ Bairoch 1976 , p. 286 , table 6 Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 215 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 223 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 219 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 230 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 228 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2008 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Parthasarathi 2011 , pp. 128 , 226 -- 227 , 244 . Jump up ^ Parthasarathi 2011 , pp. 252 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz 2000 , pp. 257 -- 258 . ^ Jump up to : de la Croix , David ; Doepke , Matthias ; Mokyr , Joel . `` Clans , Guilds , and Markets : Apprenticeship Institutions and Growth in the Pre-Industrial Economy '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . doi : 10.1093 / qje / qjx026 . Works cited ( edit ) Allen , Robert ( 2001 ) , `` The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War '' ( PDF ) , Explorations in Economic History , 38 : 411 -- 447 , doi : 10.1006 / exeh. 2001.077 -- -- ( 2009 ) , `` Agricultural productivity and rural incomes in England and the Yangtze Delta , c. 1620 -- c. 1820 '' , The Economic History Review , 62 ( 3 ) : 525 -- 550 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2008. 00443. x Bairoch , Paul ( 1976 ) , `` Europe 's Gross National Product : 1800 -- 1975 '' , Journal of European Economic History , 5 ( 2 ) : 273 -- 340 Brenner , Robert ; Isett , Christopher ( 2002 ) , `` England 's Divergence from China 's Yangzi Delta : Property Relations , Microeconomics , and Patterns of Development '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 61 ( 2 ) : 609 -- 662 , doi : 10.2307 / 2700302 Broadberry , Stephen N. ; Gupta , Bishnupriya ( 2005 ) , `` Cotton textiles and the great divergence : Lancashire , India and shifting competitive advantage , 1600 -- 1850 '' , International Macroeconomics and Economic History Initiative , Centre for Economic Policy Research , archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 14 Chen , Kunting ( 2012 ) , `` Analysis of the Great Divergence under a United Endogenous Growth Model '' ( PDF ) , Annals of Economics and Finance , 13 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 353 Clark , Gregory ; Feenstra , Robert C. ( 2003 ) , `` Technology in the Great Divergence '' , in Bordo , Michael D. ( ed . ) , Globalization in Historical Perspective ( PDF ) , University of Chicago Press , pp. 277 -- 320 , doi : 10.3386 / w8596 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 06600 - 4 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Comin , Diego ( 2008 ) , `` Total Factor Productivity '' ( PDF ) , in Durlauf , Seven N. and Blume , Lawrence E. ( eds . ) , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) , Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 329 -- 331 , doi : 10.1057 / 9780230226203.1719 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 78676 - 5 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Elvin , Mark ( 1973 ) , The Pattern of the Chinese Past , Stanford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0876 - 0 Feuerwerker , Albert ( 1990 ) , `` Chinese Economic History in Comparative Perspective '' , in Ropp , Paul S. , Heritage of China , University of California Press , pp. 224 -- 241 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06441 - 6 Frank , Andre ( 2001 ) , `` Review of The Great Divergence '' , Journal of Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 60 ( 1 ) : 180 -- 182 , doi : 10.2307 / 2659525 Habib , Irfan ( 1969 ) , `` Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India '' , The Journal of Economic History , 29 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 78 , JSTOR 2115498 Hobson , John M. ( 2004 ) , The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54724 - 6 Jones , Eric ( 2003 ) ( 1st ed. 1981 ) , The European Miracle : Environments , Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia ( 3rd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52783 - 5 Landes , David ( 2006 ) , `` Why Europe and the West ? Why Not China ? '' , Journal of Economic Perspectives , 20 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 22 , doi : 10.1257 / jep. 20.2. 3 Lin , Justin Yifu ( 1995 ) , Economic Development and Cultural Change , 43 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 292 , JSTOR 1154499 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) , The World Economy , Volume 1 : A Millennial Perspective , OECD Publishing , ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 18608 - 8 -- -- ( 2007 ) , Contours of the World Economy , 1 -- 2030 AD : Essays in Macro-Economic History , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1 Myers , H. Ramon ; Wang , Yeh - Chien ( 2002 ) , `` Economic developments , 1644 -- 1800 '' , in Peterson , Willard , The Ch'ing Empire to 1800 , The Cambridge History of China , 9 , Cambridge University Press , pp. 563 -- 647 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24334 - 6 North , Douglass C. ; Thomas , Robert Paul ( 1973 ) , The Rise of the Western World : A New Economic History , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29099 - 9 Parthasarathi , Prasannan ( 2011 ) , Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not : Global Economic Divergence , 1600 -- 1850 , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49889 - 0 Pomeranz , Kenneth ( 2000 ) , The Great Divergence : China , Europe , and the Making of the Modern World Economy , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09010 - 8 Williamson , Jeffery G. ( 2008 ) , `` Globalization and the Great Divergence : terms of trade booms , volatility and the poor periphery , 1782 -- 1913 '' , European Review of Economic History , 12 ( 03 ) : 355 -- 391 , doi : 10.1017 / S136149160800230X Kim , Jinwung ( 2012 ) , History of Korea : From `` Land of the Morning Calm '' to States in Conflict , Indiana University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00024 - 8 Further reading ( edit ) Ray , Indrajit ( 2011 ) . Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution . Routledge . ISBN 1136825525 . Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) , `` From the ' Great Convergence ' to the ' First Great Divergence ' : Roman and Qin - Han State Formation and its Aftermath '' , in Scheidel , Walter , Rome and China . Comparative perspectives on ancient world empires , Oxford University Press , pp. 11 -- 23 , doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1096433 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971429 - 2 . 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-197,457,156,024,355,740 | what are canada's four major primary industries | Economy of Canada - Wikipedia Economy of Canada Jump to : navigation , search Economy of Canada <Td_colspan="2"> Toronto , the financial centre of Canada Currency Canadian dollar ( CAD ) Fiscal year 1 April -- 29 March Trade organizations NAFTA , OECD , WTO and others <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics GDP $1.529 trillion ( nominal ; 2016 ) $1.752 trillion ( PPP ; 2016 ) GDP rank 10th ( nominal ) / 17th ( PPP ) GDP growth 4.5 % ( Q2 2017 ) GDP per capita $42,210 ( nominal ; 2016 ) $46,417 ( PPP ; 2016 ) GDP per capita rank 16th ( nominal ) / 22nd ( PPP ) GDP by sector agriculture : 1.6 % , industry : 27.7 % , services : 70.7 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 1.2 % ( July 2017 ) Population below poverty line 12.9 % Gini coefficient . 315 ( 2011 ) Labour force 19.9 million ( 2016 ) Labour force by occupation agriculture : 2 % , manufacturing : 13 % , construction : 6 % , services : 76 % , other : 3 % ( 2006 est . ) Unemployment 6.2 % ( August 2017 ) Average gross salary $48,403 annually ( 2016 ) Main industries Petroleum natural gas transportation equipment chemicals minerals food products wood and paper products fish products Ease - of - doing - business rank 22nd ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External Exports $390.1 billion ( 2016 ) Export goods motor vehicles and parts , industrial machinery , aircraft , telecommunications equipment ; chemicals , plastics , fertilizers ; wood pulp , timber , crude petroleum , natural gas , electricity , aluminum Main export partners United States 76.2 % European Union 7.7 % China 4.1 % Japan 2.1 % Mexico 1.5 % Other 8.4 % Imports $416.6 billion ( 2016 ) Import goods machinery and equipment , motor vehicles and parts , crude oil , chemicals , electricity , durable consumer goods Main import partners United States 52.2 % China 12.1 % European Union 11.4 % Mexico 6.2 % Japan 3 % Other 15.1 % FDI stock Inward : $956.0 billion Outward : $1.219 trillion ( 2016 ) Gross external debt $1.791 trillion ( 31 March 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Public finances Public debt 98.8 % of GDP ( 2016 est . ) Revenues $594.7 billion ( 2016 est . ) Expenses $632.4 billion ( 2016 est . ) Economic aid donor : ODA , $3.96 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : AAA Outlook : Stable Moody 's : AAA Outlook : Stable Fitch : AAA Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $83.1 billion ( November 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy with 10th largest GDP by nominal and 17th largest GDP by PPP in the world . Canada is one of the world 's wealthiest nations with high standard of living and quality of life . As with other developed nations , the country 's economy is dominated by the service industry , which employs about three quarters of Canadians . Canada has fourth highest total estimated value of natural resources , valued at US $33.2 trillion in 2016 . It has the world 's third largest proven petroleum reserves and fourth largest exporter of petroleum . It is also the fourth largest exporter of natural gas . Canada is considered an `` energy superpower '' due to its abundant natural resources . Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary sector , with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada 's most important . Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector , based in Central Canada , with the automobile industry and aircraft industry being especially important . With a long coastline , Canada has the 8th largest commercial fishing and seafood industry in the world . Canada is one of the global leaders of the entertainment software industry . It is a member of the APEC , NAFTA , G7 , G20 , OECD and WTO . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Unemployment rate 2 Measuring productivity 2.1 Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) 2.2 Multifactor productivity ( MFP ) 3 Bank of Canada 3.1 Inflation targeting 4 Key industries 4.1 Service sector 4.2 Manufacturing 4.3 Energy 4.4 Agriculture 5 Free trade agreements 5.1 Free Trade Agreements in force 5.2 Free Trade Agreements concluded 5.3 Ongoing Free Trade Agreements Negotiations 6 Political issues 6.1 Relations with the U.S. 7 Debt issue 7.1 Central Government Debt 7.2 Household Debt 7.2. 1 Household debt in 2013 7.2. 2 Household debt in 2014 7.2. 3 Household debt in 2015 8 Royal Bank of Canada 2016 report 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) With the exception of a few island nations in the Caribbean , Canada is the only major parliamentary democracy in the western hemisphere . As a result , Canada has developed its own social and political institutions , distinct from most other countries in the world . Though the Canadian economy is closely integrated with the American economy , it has developed unique economic institutions . The Canadian economic system generally combines elements of private enterprise and public enterprise . Many aspects of public enterprise , most notably the development of an extensive social welfare system to redress social and economic inequities , were adopted after the end of World War Two in 1945 . Canada has a private to public ( Crown ) property ratio of 60 : 40 and one of the highest levels of economic freedom in the world . Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its market - oriented economic system and pattern of production . According to the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world 's largest companies in 2008 , Canada has 69 companies in the list , ranking 5th next to France . International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy , particularly of its natural resources . In 2009 , agriculture , energy , forestry and mining exports accounted for about 58 % of Canada 's total exports . Machinery , equipment , automotive products and other manufactures accounted for a further 38 % of exports in 2009 . In 2009 , exports accounted for approximately 30 % of Canada 's GDP . The United States is by far its largest trading partner , accounting for about 73 % of exports and 63 % of imports as of 2009 . Canada 's combined exports and imports ranked 8th among all nations in 2006 . Approximately 4 % of Canadians are directly employed in primary resource fields , and they account for 6.2 % of GDP . They are still paramount in many parts of the country . Many , if not most , towns in northern Canada , where agriculture is difficult , exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber . Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold , nickel , uranium , diamonds , lead , and in recent years , crude petroleum , which , with the world 's second - largest oil reserves , is taking an increasingly prominent position in natural resources extraction . Several of Canada 's largest companies are based in natural resource industries , such as EnCana , Cameco , Goldcorp , and Barrick Gold . The vast majority of these products are exported , mainly to the United States . There are also many secondary and service industries that are directly linked to primary ones . For instance one of Canada 's largest manufacturing industries is the pulp and paper sector , which is directly linked to the logging business . The reliance on natural resources has several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society . While manufacturing and service industries are easy to standardize , natural resources vary greatly by region . This ensures that differing economic structures developed in each region of Canada , contributing to Canada 's strong regionalism . At the same time the vast majority of these resources are exported , integrating Canada closely into the international economy . Howlett and Ramesh argue that the inherent instability of such industries also contributes to greater government intervention in the economy , to reduce the social impact of market changes . Natural resource industries also raise important questions of sustainability . Despite many decades as a leading producer , there is little risk of depletion . Large discoveries continue to be made , such as the massive nickel find at Voisey 's Bay . Moreover , the far north remains largely undeveloped as producers await higher prices or new technologies as many operations in this region are not yet cost effective . In recent decades Canadians have become less willing to accept the environmental destruction associated with exploiting natural resources . High wages and Aboriginal land claims have also curbed expansion . Instead many Canadian companies have focused their exploration , exploitation and expansion activities overseas where prices are lower and governments more amenable . Canadian companies are increasingly playing important roles in Latin America , Southeast Asia , and Africa . The depletion of renewable resources has raised concerns in recent years . After decades of escalating overutilization the cod fishery all but collapsed in the 1990s , and the Pacific salmon industry also suffered greatly . The logging industry , after many years of activism , has in recent years moved to a more sustainable model , or to other countries . Unemployment rate ( edit ) 10.1 Province Unemployment rate percentage of population as of July 2017 Newfoundland and Labrador 15.7 Prince Edward Island 10.0 Nova Scotia 7.9 New Brunswick 6.5 Quebec 5.8 Ontario 6.1 Manitoba 5.0 Saskatchewan 6.6 Alberta 7.8 British Columbia 5.3 Canada ( national ) 6.3 Measuring productivity ( edit ) Part of a series on the Economy of Canada Economic history of Canada Banking history Petroleum history Energy policy of Canada Canadian dollar Sectors Primary sector Agriculture Energy Petroleum Electricity Fishing Forestry Secondary sector Automotives Aerospace Tertiary sector Social programs Transportation Tourism Finance Central Bank Banking in Canada Stock exchanges Companies Companies listed on the TSX Economy by province Alberta Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan more ... Economy by city Montreal Toronto Vancouver more ... Productivity measures are key indicators of economic performance and a key source of economic growth and competitiveness . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) The OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators , published annually , presents a broad overview of productivity levels and growth in member nations , highlighting key measurement issues . It analyses the role of `` productivity as the main driver of economic growth and convergence '' and the `` contributions of labour , capital and MFP in driving economic growth . '' According to the definition above `` MFP is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation '' ( OECD 2008 , 11 ) . Measures of productivity include Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) ( OECD 2008 , 11 ) and multifactor productivity . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ( edit ) The OECD provides data for example comparing labour productivity levels in the total economy of each member nation . In their 2011 report Canada 's Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) was $ CDN 1,720,748 million . In the International Monetary Fund 's ( IMF ) quarterly World Economic Outlook released in April 2015 , the IMF forecast that Canada 's real gross domestic product ( GDP ) would grow 2.2 percent . In the July World Economic Outlook the IMF forecast that Canada 's real GDP would grow by 1.5 per cent in 2015 . According to CTV News real estate accounts for half of all GDP growth . Multifactor productivity ( MFP ) ( edit ) Another productivity measure , used by the OECD , is the long - term trend in multifactor productivity ( MFP ) also known as total factor productivity ( TFP ) . This indicator assesses an economy 's `` underlying productive capacity ( '' potential output `` ) , itself an important measure of the growth possibilities of economies and of inflationary pressures . '' MFP measures the residual growth that can not be explained by the rate of change in the services of labour , capital and intermediate outputs , and is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation . ( OECD 2008 , 11 ) According to the OECD 's annual economic survey of Canada in June 2012 , Canada has experienced weak growth of multi-factor productivity ( MFP ) and has been declining further since 2002 . One of the ways MFP growth is raised is by boosting innovation and Canada 's innovation indicators such as business R&D and patenting rates were poor . Raising MFP growth , is `` needed to sustain rising living standards , especially as the population ages . '' Bank of Canada ( edit ) Inflation targeting ( edit ) The Bank of Canada , a federal crown corporation , has the responsibility of Canada 's monetary system . During the period that John Crow was Governor of the Bank of Canada -- 1987 to 1994 -- there was a worldwide recession and the bank rate rose to around 14 % and unemployment topped 11 % . In 1991 , with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in office , the federal government and the Bank of Canada announced a new inflation targeting monetary policy that has been the cornerstone of Canada 's monetary and fiscal policy ever since . Although since that time inflation - targeting has been adopted by `` most advanced - world central banks '' , in 1991 it was innovative and Canada was an early adopter when the then - Finance Minister Michael Wilson approved the Bank of Canada 's first inflation - targeting in the 1991 federal budget . The inflation target was set at 2 per cent , which is the midpoint of an inflation range of 1 to 3 per cent . They established a set of inflation - reduction targets in order to keep inflation `` low , stable and predictable '' and to foster `` confidence in the value of money , '' contribute to Canada 's sustained growth , employment gains and improved standard of living . Inflation is measured by the total consumer price index ( CPI ) . In 2011 the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada extended Canada 's inflation - control target to December 31 , 2016 . The Bank of Canada uses three unconventional instruments to achieve the inflation target : `` a conditional statement on the future path of the policy rate , '' quantitative easing , and credit easing . As a result , interest rates and inflation eventually came down along with the value of the Canadian dollar . From 1991 to 2011 the inflation - targeting regime kept `` price gains fairly reliable . '' Following the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 the narrow focus of inflation - targeting as a means of providing stable growth in the Canadian economy , was questioned . By 2011 , the then - Bank of Canada Governor Mark Carney argued that the central bank 's mandate would allow for a more flexible inflation - targeting in specific situations where he would consider taking longer `` than the typical six to eight quarters to return inflation to 2 per cent . '' The central bank -- the Bank of Canada -- issues its rate announcement through its Monetary Policy Report which is released eight times a year . On July 15 , 2015 the Bank of Canada announced that it was lowering its target for the overnight rate by another one - quarter percentage point , to 0.5 per cent `` to try to stimulate an economy that appears to have failed to rebound meaningfully from the oil shock woes that dragged it into decline in the first quarter . '' According to the Bank of Canada announcement , in the first quarter of 2015 , the total Consumer price index ( CPI ) inflation was about 1 per cent . This reflects `` year - over-year price declines for consumer energy products . '' Core inflation in the first quarter of 2015 was about 2 per cent with an underlying trend in inflation at about 1.5 to 1.7 per cent . In response to the Bank of Canada 's July 15 , 2015 rate adjustment , Prime Minister Stephen Harper explained that the Canadian economy was being dragged down by forces beyond Canadian borders such as global oil prices , the European debt crisis , and China 's economic slowdown '' which has made the global economy `` fragile . '' The Chinese stock market had lost about US $3 trillion of wealth by July 2015 when panicked investors sold stocks , which created declines in the commodities markets , which in turn negatively impacted resource - producing countries like Canada . The Bank 's main priority has been to keep inflation at a moderate level . As part of that strategy , interest rates were kept at a low level for almost seven years . Since September 2010 , the key interest rate ( overnight rate ) was 0.5 % . In mid 2017 , inflation remained below the Bank 's 2 % target , ( at 1.6 % ) mostly because of reductions in the cost of energy , food and automobiles ; as well , the economy was in a continuing spurt with a predicted GDP growth of 2.8 percent by year end . Early on 12 July 2017 , the bank issued a statement that the benchmark rate would be increased to 0.75 % . `` The economy can handle very well this move we have today and of course you need to preface that with an acknowledgment that of course interest rates are still very low , '' Governor Stephen Poloz subsequently said . In its press release , the bank had confirmed that the rate would continue to be evaluated at least partly on the basis of inflation . `` Future adjustments to the target for the overnight rate will be guided by incoming data as they inform the bank 's inflation outlook , keeping in mind continued uncertainty and financial system vulnerabilities . '' Poloz refused to speculate on the future of the economy but said , `` I do n't doubt that interest rates will move higher , but there 's no predetermined path in mind at this stage '' . Key industries ( edit ) In 2012 , the Canadian economy had the following relative weighting by industry , as percentage value of GDP : 12.34 Real estate and rental and leasing 10.86 Manufacturing 07.96 Mining , quarrying and oil or gas extraction 07.03 Health care and social assistance 06.90 Public administration 06.55 Finance and insurance 05.41 Wholesale trade 05.41 Retail trade 05.38 Educational services 05.21 Professional scientific and technical services 04.20 Transportation and warehousing 03.31 Information and cultural industries 02.58 Administrative and support , waste management and remediation services 02.46 Utilities 02.10 Accommodation and food services 02.04 Other services ( except public administration ) 01.59 Agriculture , forestry , fishing and hunting 00.76 Management of companies and enterprises 00.75 Arts , entertainment and recreation Service sector ( edit ) The Toronto - Dominion Centre in Toronto The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted , employing about three quarters of Canadians and accounting for 70 % of GDP . The largest employer is the retail sector , employing almost 12 % of Canadians . The retail industry is mainly concentrated in a small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls . In recent years , there has been an increase in the number of big - box stores , such as Wal - Mart ( of the United States ) , Real Canadian Superstore , and Best Buy ( of the United States ) . This has led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs . The second largest portion of the service sector is the business service and hire only a slightly smaller percentage of the population . This includes the financial services , real estate , and communications industries . This portion of the economy has been rapidly growing in recent years . It is largely concentrated in the major urban centres , especially Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver ( see Banking in Canada ) . The education and health sectors are two of Canada 's largest , but both are largely under the influence of the government . The health care industry has been quickly growing , and is the third largest in Canada . Its rapid growth has led to problems for governments who must find money to fund it . Canada has an important high tech industry , and a burgeoning film , television , and entertainment industry creating content for local and international consumption ( see Media in Canada ) . Tourism is of ever increasing importance , with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States . Though the recent strength of the Canadian Dollar has hurt this sector , other nations such as China have increased tourism to Canada . Casino gaming is currently the fastest - growing component of the Canadian tourism industry , contributing $5 billion in profits for Canadian governments and employing 41,000 Canadians as of 2001 . Manufacturing ( edit ) Bombardier Aerospace is the 3rd largest manufacturer of commercial aircraft in the world . Pictured here is a CRJ - 900 airplane of Scandinavian Airlines ( Y - KFA ) built in Canada Bombardier is currently developing the Cseries family of aircraft to better compete with narrow - body aircraft from Airbus and Boeing . Pictured here is a CS300 prototype C - FFDK in testing Treemap of Canada 's goods exports in 2014 The general pattern of development for wealthy nations was a transition from a primary industry based economy to a manufacturing based one , and then to a service based economy . Canada did not escape this pattern - at its ( abnormally high World War II ) peak in 1944 , manufacturing accounted for 29 % of GDP , declining to 15.6 % in 2005 . Canada has not suffered as greatly as most other rich , industrialized nations from the pains of the relative decline in the importance of manufacturing since the 1960s . A 2009 study by Statistics Canada also found that , while manufacturing declined as a relative percentage of GDP from 24.3 % in the 1960s to 15.6 % in 2005 , manufacturing volumes between 1961 and 2005 kept pace with the overall growth in the volume index of GDP . Manufacturing in Canada was especially hit hard by the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . As of 2010 , manufacturing accounts for 13 % of Canada 's GDP , a relative decline of more than 2 % of GDP since 2005 . Central Canada is home to branch plants to all the major American and Japanese automobile makers and many parts factories owned by Canadian firms such as Magna International and Linamar Corporation . Central Canada today produces more vehicles each year than the neighbouring U.S. state of Michigan , the heart of the American automobile industry . Manufacturers have been attracted to Canada due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the United States . Canada 's publicly funded health care system is also an important attraction , as companies are exempt from the high health insurance costs US firms pay , though they are offset by corporate health care taxes . Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms , though there are some important domestic manufacturers , such as Bombardier Inc ... This has raised several concerns for Canadians . Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs , with research and executive positions confined to the United States . Energy ( edit ) See also : Petroleum production in Canada Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia , Ontario Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy - in 2009 net exports of energy products amounted to 2.9 % of GDP . Most important are the large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta and the Northern Territories , but also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan . The vast Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world 's third largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela according to USGS . In British Columbia and Quebec , as well as Ontario , Saskatchewan , Manitoba and the Labrador region , hydroelectric power is an inexpensive and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy . In part because of this , Canada is also one of the world 's highest per capita consumers of energy . Cheap energy has enabled the creation of several important industries , such as the large aluminium industries in British Columbia and Quebec . Historically , an important issue in Canadian politics is the interplay between the oil and energy industry in Western Canada and the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario . Foreign investment in Western oil projects has fueled Canada 's rising dollar . This has raised the price of Ontario 's manufacturing exports and made them less competitive , a problem similar to the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands . Also , Ontario has relatively fewer native sources of power . However , it is cheaper for Alberta to ship its oil to the western United States than to eastern Canada . The eastern Canadian ports thus import significant quantities of oil from overseas , and Ontario makes significant use of nuclear power . The National Energy Policy of the early 1980s attempted to force Alberta to sell low priced oil to eastern Canada . This policy proved deeply divisive , and quickly lost its importance as oil prices collapsed in the mid-1980s . One of the most controversial sections of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was a promise that Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Canada An inland grain terminal in Alberta Canada is also one of the world 's largest suppliers of agricultural products , particularly of wheat and other grains . Canada is a major exporter of agricultural products , to the United States and Asia . As with all other developed nations the proportion of the population and GDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century . As with other developed nations , the Canadian agriculture industry receives significant government subsidies and supports . However , Canada has been a strong supporter of reducing market influencing subsidies through the World Trade Organization . In 2000 , Canada spent approximately CDN $4.6 billion on supports for the industry . Of this , $2.32 billion was classified under the WTO designation of `` green box '' support , meaning it did not directly influence the market , such as money for research or disaster relief . All but $848.2 million were subsidies worth less than 5 % of the value of the crops they were provided for . Free trade Agreements ( edit ) Main article : Free trade agreements of Canada Canada Free - trade areas Free Trade Agreements in force ( edit ) Canada - U.S. Free Trade Agreement ( Signed 12 - Oct - 1987 , entered into force 01 - Jan - 1989 , later superseded by NAFTA ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( Entered into force 01 - Jan - 1994 , includes Canada , U.S. and Mexico ) Canada - Israel Free Trade Agreement ( Entered into force 01 - Jan - 1997 , modernization ongoing ) Canada - Chile Free Trade Agreement ( Entered into force 05 - Jul - 1997 ) Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement ( Entered into force 01 - Nov - 2002 , modernization ongoing ) Canada - European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement ( Iceland , Norway , Switzerland and Liechtenstein ; entered into force 01 - Jul - 2009 ) Canada - Peru Free Trade Agreement ( Entered into force 01 - Aug - 2009 ) Canada - Colombia Free Trade Agreement ( Signed 21 - Nov - 2008 , entered into force 15 - Aug - 2011 ; Canada 's ratification of this FTA had been dependent upon Colombia 's ratification of the `` Agreement Concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and the Republic of Colombia '' signed on 27 - May - 2010 ) Canada - Jordan Free Trade Agreement ( Signed on 28 - June - 2009 , entered into force 01 - Oct - 2012 ) Canada - Panama Free Trade Agreement ( Signed on 14 - May - 2010 , entered into force 01 - April - 2013 ) Canada - South Korea Free Trade Agreement ( Signed on 11 - March - 2014 , entered into force 01 - January - 2015 ) Free Trade Agreements concluded ( edit ) Trans - Pacific Partnership ( concluded 05 - October - 2015 ) Canada - Ukraine Free Trade Agreement ( concluded 14 - July - 2015 ) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ( concluded 05 - August - 2014 ) Ongoing Free trade Agreements negotiations ( edit ) Canada is negotiating bilateral FTAs with the following countries and trade blocs : Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Guatemala , Nicaragua and El Salvador Dominican Republic India Japan Morocco Singapore Andean Community ( FTA 's are already in force with Peru and Colombia ) Canada has been involved in negotiations to create the following regional trade blocks : Canada - Central American Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) Political issues ( edit ) Part of a series on the Economy of Canada Economic history of Canada Banking history Petroleum history Energy policy of Canada Canadian dollar Sectors Primary sector Agriculture Energy Petroleum Electricity Fishing Forestry Secondary sector Automotives Aerospace Tertiary sector Social programs Transportation Tourism Finance Central Bank Banking in Canada Stock exchanges Companies Companies listed on the TSX Economy by province Alberta Ontario Quebec Saskatchewan more ... Economy by city Montreal Toronto Vancouver more ... Relations with the U.S. ( edit ) Main article : Canada -- United States trade relations Canada and the United States share a common trading relationship . Canada 's job market continues to perform well along with the US , reaching a 30 - year low in the unemployment rate in December 2006 , following 14 consecutive years of employment growth . Flags of Canada and the United States The United States is by far Canada 's largest trading partner , with more than $1.7 billion CAD in trade per day in 2005 . In 2009 , 73 % of Canada 's exports went to the United States , and 63 % of Canada 's imports were from the United States . Trade with Canada makes up 23 % of the United States ' exports and 17 % of its imports . By comparison , in 2005 this was more than U.S. trade with all countries in the European Union combined , and well over twice U.S. trade with all the countries of Latin America combined . Just the two - way trade that crosses the Ambassador Bridge between Michigan and Ontario equals all U.S. exports to Japan . Canada 's importance to the United States is not just a border - state phenomenon : Canada is the leading export market for 35 of 50 U.S. states , and is the United States ' largest foreign supplier of energy . Bilateral trade increased by 52 % between 1989 , when the U.S. - Canada Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) went into effect , and 1994 , when the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) superseded it . Trade has since increased by 40 % . NAFTA continues the FTA 's moves toward reducing trade barriers and establishing agreed - upon trade rules . It also resolves some long - standing bilateral irritants and liberalizes rules in several areas , including agriculture , services , energy , financial services , investment , and government procurement . NAFTA forms the largest trading area in the world , embracing the 405 million people of the three North American countries . The largest component of U.S. - Canada trade is in the commodity sector . The U.S. is Canada 's largest agricultural export market , taking well over half of all Canadian food exports . Similarly , Canada is the largest market for U.S. agricultural goods , with nearly 20 % of American food exports going to its northern neighbour . Nearly two - thirds of Canada 's forest products , including pulp and paper , are exported to the United States ; 72 % of Canada 's total newsprint production also is exported to the U.S. At $73.6 billion in 2004 , U.S. - Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy trading relationship , with the overwhelming majority ( $66.7 billion ) being exports from Canada . The primary components of U.S. energy trade with Canada are petroleum , natural gas , and electricity . Canada is the United States ' largest oil supplier and the fifth - largest energy producing country in the world . Canada provides about 16 % of U.S. oil imports and 14 % of total U.S. consumption of natural gas . The United States and Canada 's national electricity grids are linked , and both countries share hydropower facilities on the western borders . While most of U.S. - Canada trade flows smoothly , there are occasionally bilateral trade disputes , particularly in the agricultural and cultural fields . Usually these issues are resolved through bilateral consultative forums or referral to World Trade Organization ( WTO ) or NAFTA dispute resolution . In May 1999 , the U.S. and Canadian governments negotiated an agreement on magazines that provides increased access for the U.S. publishing industry to the Canadian market . The United States and Canada also have resolved several major issues involving fisheries . By common agreement , the two countries submitted a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the International Court of Justice in 1981 ; both accepted the court 's 12 October 1984 ruling which demarcated the territorial sea boundary . A current issue between the United States and Canada is the ongoing softwood lumber dispute , as the U.S. alleges that Canada unfairly subsidizes its forestry industry . In 1990 , the United States and Canada signed a bilateral Fisheries Enforcement Agreement , which has served to deter illegal fishing activity and reduce the risk of injury during fisheries enforcement incidents . The U.S. and Canada signed a Pacific Salmon Agreement in June 1999 that settled differences over implementation of the 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty for the next decade . Canada and the United States signed an aviation agreement during Bill Clinton 's visit to Canada in February 1995 , and air traffic between the two countries has increased dramatically as a result . The two countries also share in operation of the St. Lawrence Seaway , connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean . The U.S. is Canada 's largest foreign investor and the most popular destination for Canadian foreign investments ; at the end of 2007 , the stock of U.S. direct investment in Canada was estimated at $293 billion , while Canadian direct investment ( stock ) in the United States was valued at $213 billion . U.S. FDI accounts for 59.5 % of total foreign direct investment in Canada while Canadian FDI in the U.S. accounts for 10 % ( 5th largest foreign investor ) . US investments are primarily directed at Canada 's mining and smelting industries , petroleum , chemicals , the manufacture of machinery and transportation equipment , and finance , while Canadian investment in the United States is concentrated in manufacturing , wholesale trade , real estate , petroleum , finance , and insurance and other services . Debt issue ( edit ) Central government debt ( edit ) The OECD reports the Central Government Debt as percentage of the GDP . In 2000 Canada 's was 40.9 percent , in 2007 it was 25.2 percent , in 2008 it was 28.6 percent and by 2010 it was 36.1 percent . The OECD reports net financial liabilities measure used by the OECD , reports the net number at 25.2 % , as of 2008 , making Canada 's total government debt burden as the lowest in the G8 . The gross number was 68 % in 2011 . The CIA World Factbook , updated weekly , measures financial liabilities by using gross general government debt , as opposed to net federal debt used by the OECD and the Canadian federal government . Gross general government debt includes both `` intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level . '' For example , the CIA measured Canada 's public debt as 84.1 % of GDP in 2012 and 87.4 % of GDP in 2011 making it 22nd in the world . Household debt ( edit ) In March 2015 the International Monetary Fund reported that Canada 's high household debt was one of two vulnerable domestic areas in Canada 's economy ; the second is its overheated housing market . According to a July 2015 report by Laura Cooper , an economist with the RBC -- the largest financial institution in Canada -- `` outstanding household credit balances '' had reached $1.83 trillion . Canadian household credit growth had reached a peak in 2009 then plummeted to a cycle - low in late 2013 . There was a quickened pace of growth in household debt in December 2012 and another in April and May 2015 . Household debt in 2013 ( edit ) According to the August 2013 third annual Ipsos Reid Debt Poll only 24 per cent of Canadians were debt free in 2013 compared to 26 per cent in 2012 . The average personal non-mortgage debt in 2013 was $15,920 up from $13,141 in 2012 . According to an IPSOS chart produced in 2013 debt levels increased `` a staggering 35 per cent '' in Western Canada compared to 10 per cent in Eastern Canada since 2012 even before the Alberta floods . In Alberta in 2013 household debt rose 63 per cent to $24,271 per household from 2012 after the 2013 Alberta floods . In 2013 the average personal debt load in British Columbia was `` up 38 per cent to $15,549 ; '' in `` Manitoba and Saskatchewan , up 32 per cent to $16,145 ; '' in Ontario , `` up 13 per cent to $17,416 , '' in Quebec up `` 3 per cent to $10,458 ; '' and in Atlantic Canada , `` up 12 per cent to $15,243 . '' Household debt in 2014 ( edit ) Statistics Canada announced in December 2014 that Canada 's household debt - to - income ratio `` hit a record high in the third quarter of 2014 , climbing to 162.6 percent from 161.5 percent in the second quarter . '' However `` household assets and net worth increased much faster than debt , '' with the national net worth at C $8.12 trillion in the third quarter of 2014 , a increase of 2.8 percent from the second quarter . Also through the inflation - targeting policy of the Bank of Canada , interest rates are kept low improving the ability of households to service their debt . `` The debt - service ratio , or interest paid as a proportion of disposable income , fell to a record low 6.8 percent in the third quarter . '' Household debt in 2015 ( edit ) By 2015 according to the Globe and Mail , `` The total debt owed by all Canadians at the end of March 2015 was a record $1.8 - trillion with mortgage debt making up $1.29 - trillion . '' According to Philip Cross of the Fraser Institute , in May 2015 , while the Canadian household debt - to - income ratio is similar to that in the US , however lending standards in Canada are tighter than those in the United States to protect against high - risk borrowers taking out unsustainable debt . Household debt , the amount of money that all adults in the household owe financial institutions , includes consumer debt and mortgage loans . Paul Krugman argued that by 2007 household debt in the United States , prior to the financial crisis , had reached 130 percent of household income . Krugman distinguished between the total domestic non-financial debt ( public plus private ) relative to GDP which is `` money we owe to ourselves '' and net foreign debt . Statistics Canada reported in March 2013 that `` credit - market debt such as mortgages rose to 165 % of disposable income , compared with 164.7 % in the prior three - month period '' in 2013 According to the IMF in 2012 , `` Housing - related debt ( mortgages ) comprises about 70 percent of gross household debt in advanced economies . The remainder consists mainly of credit card debt and auto loans . '' Royal Bank of Canada 2016 Report ( edit ) As shown in the table below -- based on the RBC Economic and Financial Market Outlook March 11 , 2016 report -- in Canada in 2015 -- while business investments decreased -- consumption , housing and government spending along with net exports contributed to a real GDP increase at a subpar 1.2 % pace . In December 2015 export volumes reached $1.2 billion -- the sixth time since 2010 with sales growing by such a large amount - evidence that the Canadian economy is transitioning . In November and December 2015 , with the weakening in the Canadian dollar , manufacturing sales and exports increased and employment rose . Job losses in construction , mining , oil and gas were countered by gains in the service sector . Between early December , 2015 and mid-January the price of oil unexpectedly dropped 24 % . RBC economists argued that fear not fundamentals led the shift in financial conditions . Risk adverse investors contributed to a global double - digit decline in the first six weeks of 2016 . In Canada , the US , UK and Euro - area yields on long - term government bonds reached an all - time low . As financial market volatility continued in March 2016 the Bank of Canada and Bank of England held their policy rate at 0.5 % . RBC Economic Forecast March 2016 Type 2014 YR 2015 YR Q1 2015 Q2 2015 Q3 2015 Q4 2015 Household consumption 2.6 1.9 0.6 1.9 2.2 1.0 * Durables 4.3 3.3 - 5.6 5.1 10.3 1.7 * Semi-Durables 3.1 2.4 0.2 3.0 1.2 2.6 * Non-durables 2.4 0.7 2.7 - 2.9 1.7 - 1.0 * Services 2.3 2.1 1.2 3.3 0.8 1.5 NPISH consumption 0.2 1.4 - 5.3 6.7 - 0.9 - 0.1 Government expenditures 0.3 1.4 3.8 2.4 0.1 1.5 Government Fixed investment 2.1 2.6 2.8 0.5 - 1.8 - 5.1 Residential investment 2.5 3.9 5.9 1.3 2.7 1.8 Non-residential investment 0.0 - 8.8 - 19.4 - 13.0 - 10.1 - 12.4 * Non-residential structures - 0.4 - 12.7 - 27.7 - 12.8 - 11.7 - 14.6 * Machinery and equipment 1.0 - 1.3 - 2.1 - 13.4 - 7.5 - 9.0 Intellectual property - 4.2 - 12.6 - 32.4 - 12.5 - 6.4 - 4.7 Final domestic demand 1.6 0.5 - 1.5 0.1 10.8 - 2.2 Exports 5.3 3.0 - 0.6 - 0.1 10.8 - 2.2 Imports 1.8 0.1 0.5 - 1.7 - 2.4 - 8.9 Inventories ( change in $ b ) 9.9 4.5 12.7 8.4 1.1 - 4.0 Real gross domestic product 2.5 1.2 - 0.9 - 0.4 2.4 0.8 See also ( edit ) Canada portal Book : Canada Canada 's Global Markets Action Plan Comparison of Canadian and American economies Economy of Alberta Economy of Ontario Economy of Quebec Economy of Saskatchewan Free trade agreements of Canada History of the petroleum industry in Canada List of Median household income of cities in Canada List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product List of companies of Canada Taxation in Canada Trans - Pacific Partnership Transport in Canada Tourism in Canada Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The OECD produces an annual report on member nations who share the goal of `` contributing to the development of the world economy '' by attaining the `` highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living while maintaining financial stability . 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Jump up ^ `` The Canada - U.S. trade and investment partnership '' . Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2008 - 10 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Canadian Foreign Direct Investment ( PRB - 0833E ) '' ... parl.gc.ca. 2008 - 06 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Central Government Debt ( Report ) . OECD. 2011 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal balances and public indebtedness OECD Economic Outlook '' . Find Articles. 2011 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ International Monetary Fund , 9 March 2015 Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Laura ( July 2015 ) . July 2015 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Canadian Credit . RBC Economics . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian consumer debt levels up 21 % , RBC survey shows : Many Canadians say they have postponed purchases to keep spending in check '' , CBC News , 29 October 2013 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` RBC Debt Omni 2013 '' ( PDF ) , Ipsos ( 13 - 059755 ) Jump up ^ Canadians paying off their debt the good old - fashioned way -- spending less : RBC poll : Financial Fitness regime is the key to healthy spending , Toronto , Ontario , 29 October 2013 , retrieved 7 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Philip Cross ( May 2015 ) , A Longer - term Perspective on Canada 's Household Debt ( PDF ) , retrieved 7 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Canada household debt - to - income ratio hits a record high , Ottawa , Ontario : Reuters , 15 December 2014 , retrieved 7 August 2015 Jump up ^ Alexandra Posadzki ( 15 December 2015 ) , Household Debt In Canada Hits Record 162.6 % Of Income After StatsCan Revisions , Canadian Press via Huffington Post , retrieved 7 August 2015 Jump up ^ Danielle Webb ; Tavia Grant ( 8 May 2015 ) , Debt : Canada 's borrowing binge : Canada 's households now owe a record $1.8 - trillion , The Globe and Mail , retrieved 7 August 2015 Jump up ^ Paul Krugman ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Block those Metaphors '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2011 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Debt Is ( Mostly ) Money We Owe to Ourselves '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Greg Quinn Bloomberg News ( 15 March 2013 ) . `` Canadians turns deaf ear to Carney 's warnings as household debt hits fresh record at 165 % '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dealing with household debt ( PDF ) ( Report ) . International Monetary Fund IMF . April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Craig ; Desjardins , Dawn ; Ferley , Paul ; Janzen , Nathan ( March 2016 ) . Fear versus Fundamentals ( PDF ) . RBC ( Report ) . Economic and Financial Market Outlook . Toronto , Ontario . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian economic history Howlett , Michael and M. Ramesh . Political Economy of Canada : An Introduction . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart , 1992 . Wallace , Iain , A Geography of the Canadian Economy . Don Mills : Oxford University Press , 2002 . `` OECD Economic Surveys : Canada 2010 '' , Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos , Paris : OECD economic surveys , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 08325 - 7 Baldwin , John Russel ( 2003 ) , Innovation and knowledge creation in an open economy , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 81086 - 8 Easterbrook , William Thomas ; Aitken , Hugh G. J ( 1988 ) . Canadian Economic History . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6696 - 8 . Hessing , Melody ; Michael Howlett , Tracy Summerville ( 2005 ) , Canadian natural resource and environmental policy , UBC Press , ISBN 9780774851459 Kealey , Gregory S ( 1995 ) , Workers and Canadian history , McGill - Queen 's University Press , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1352 - 3 Levi , Michael A ( 2009 ) , The Canadian oil sands : energy security vs. climate change , Council on Foreign Relations , Center for Geoeconomic Studies , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87609 - 429 - 7 Lipsey , Richard G ; Alice Nakamura , Canada . Industry Canada ( 2006 ) , Services industries and the knowledge - based economy , University of Calgary Press , ISBN 1 - 55238 - 149 - 8 Pomfret , Richard ( 1981 ) , `` The Economic Development of Canada '' , revised 2005 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37976 - 2 Quarter , Jack ; Laurie Mook , Ann Armstrong ( 2009 ) , Understanding the Social Economy : A Canadian Perspective , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9695 - 1 Tavidze , Albert ( 2007 ) , Progress in Economics Research , Volume 12 , Gardners Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 720 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Canada . 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-8,067,346,568,476,896,000 | when did sandra appear on the cosby show | List of the Cosby show characters - wikipedia List of the Cosby show characters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby , which aired for eight seasons on NBC from 1984 until 1992 . The show focuses on the Huxtable family , an upper middle - class African - American family living in Brooklyn , New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Cliff Huxtable 1.2 Clair Huxtable 1.3 Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux 1.4 Denise Huxtable Kendall 1.5 Theo Huxtable 1.6 Vanessa Huxtable 1.7 Rudy Huxtable 1.8 Elvin Tibideaux 1.9 Martin Kendall 1.10 Olivia Kendall 1.11 Pam Tucker 2 Recurring characters 3 Notable guest stars 4 References Main characters Cliff Huxtable Main article : Cliff Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Bill Cosby All 202 ( all ) Dr. Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable is known for his comical antics , playful admonishments , and relentless teasing humor . He lives in Brooklyn Heights , New York . Cliff had a brother , James Theodore Huxtable , who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 7 . In his high school and college years , he was an athlete who wrestled , played football , and ran track . He later served in the Navy before going to medical school . He is an OB / GYN who runs a practice from the office annexed to his home . In the show , most characters outside of family and friends refer to him as `` Dr. Huxtable '' , and he is well - respected in the community . Cliff is married to Clair Huxtable . Both Cliff and Clair attended the fictional Hillman College . Together , they have five children : Sondra , Denise , Theodore ( Theo ) , Vanessa , and Rudith ( Rudy ) . Cliff enjoys live jazz , has an extensive collection of albums , and tries to eat junk food whenever he can get away with it . Cliff is very eccentric and silly to most people around him , especially his family , however he is very kind - hearted and an extremely dedicated father with a strong sense of humor . Although he and his wife fostered a tight - knit , loving family , a running gag throughout the series is his thwarted attempts to get the grown children to leave the house . Very playful , Cliff enjoys competition , often making bets with Clair over various things , such as the date a certain jazz song was released , or having a `` Smooth Contest '' to see which of them looked more elegant for a night on the town , as judged by the children . He also plays a monthly game of pinochle against his father and some friends , which sometimes gets very passionate . Unfortunately , Cliff often finds himself on the losing end of most of his bets and games , as , for example , he has never beaten his father - in - law at chess . However , Cliff eventually broke his losing streak at pinochle against his father and his friend Homer Dobson with the help of Dr. Foster ( played by Roscoe Lee Browne ) , an expert pinochle player who also happened to be his and Clair 's literary professor at Hillman College . In the pilot episode , Cosby 's character 's full name is Clifford , as shown on a sign on the exterior of the house . His full name was subsequently changed to Heathcliff , even though in one episode Clair called him `` Heathclifford '' , and he is commonly called `` Cliff '' throughout the series . Originally , Cliff was to have worked as a chauffeur , with most of the humor coming from his interactions with customers . However , the show was changed before airing to have Cliff be a medical doctor , and the humor to come from his interactions with his family . Cliff also appears in three episodes of A Different World : the pilot ( with Rudy ) , `` Rudy and the Snow Queen '' ( also with Rudy ) and `` If Chosen , I May Not Run '' . He is the only character to appear in every episode . Clair Huxtable Main article : Clair Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Phylicia Rashād All 193 Clair Olivia Huxtable ( née Hanks ) is the elegantly tough , eloquent , and engaging wife of Cliff , who is known for her relaxed confidence and striking emphasis as shown . Aside from her deep and decorated self - expression , Clair can also be playful and silly . She is an intelligent , classy , and successful businesswoman . A great debater , Clair rarely if ever loses an argument on the show , a testament to her career as lawyer . She is also highly skilled in areas of recall about facts and dates , which she uses during discussions and debates : in one episode she is shown quoting a passage and even the page number of a book during an appearance at a television roundtable . Clair is bilingual but is only shown speaking Spanish on a couple of occasions . Several episodes also showcased her singing talent . Despite her elegant brand of toughness and strictness , Clair is a very loving mother and wife . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's wife , Camille Olivia Hanks - Cosby . Her age is directly stated only once during the series , and two separate episodes provide contradictory information on the age difference between herself and Cliff . He celebrates his 50th birthday during season three ( `` Cliff 's 50th Birthday '' ) , while she celebrates her 46th during season five ( `` Birthday Blues , '' two years later ) , indicating that she is six years younger . However , in the season four episode `` The Locker Room , '' it is stated that Clair is four years younger . Her character was originally supposed to be a housewife , but when the show finally aired , she became a lawyer . During the series , she becomes a partner in her law firm . As an attorney she helps her family with legal issues , and she successfully represents her eldest daughter , Sondra , in a case over dishonest car repairs . When it came to the Huxtable household , she was in charge , even though she let Cliff think he was in charge ( although Cliff was known to lay down the law when he had to ) . She was the chief disciplinarian of the children , as shown in an episode where Vanessa and her friends sneak off to Baltimore to see a rock concert and Clair delivers a memorable and scathing diatribe to her . Another memorable moment came when the normally composed Clair lost her temper when Sondra announced she was n't going to law school after paying her tuition to attend Princeton . Clair also appears in four episodes of A Different World : `` Clair 's Last Stand '' , `` Risky Business '' ( with Theo and Vanessa ) , `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Martin and Olivia ) and `` Success , Lies and Videotapes '' . Clair Huxtable has been ranked highly in several lists of the top television mothers . She was voted as television 's `` Favorite TV Mom '' in a poll conducted by the Opinion Research Company in 2004 . In 2009 , she was included in the Top 5 Classic TV Moms by Film.com . In May 2012 , Clair was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of `` Mommy Dearest : The TV Moms You Love '' . AOL named her the ninth Most Memorable Female TV Character . Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux Main article : Sondra Huxtable -- Tibideaux Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Sabrina LeBeauf 2 -- 8 ; recurring in 1 53 `` Bonjour Sondra '' Sondra Tibideaux ( née Huxtable ) , the eldest daughter of Cliff and Clair , did not appear on screen until mid-way through season one . She did not exist in the pilot episode ( Clair : `` Why do we have four children ? '' Cliff : `` Because we did not want five . '' ) In her first appearance , she is a sophomore in college , and Cliff notes her to be 20 years old ( episode 10 ) , making her birth year 1964 . She earned a degree from Princeton University and had intentions of pursuing a career as a lawyer , like her mother . She married her boyfriend , Elvin Tibideaux , in season four , and later gave birth to twins -- a boy and a girl -- named after Nelson and Winnie Mandela . More serious , earnest and responsible than the other children , Sondra fits many of the characteristics of the first born from a large family . Though she had her moments of bizarre thinking ( e.g. dropping out of law school to open up a wilderness store with Elvin ) , she 'd usually snap out of them relatively quickly . Because of her intelligence level and overachieving nature , she is looked upon by her parents proudly , but also is held to a higher standard than the rest of the children . Sondra appeared sporadically in early seasons of the series due to the character being off at college at the time . Sondra was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child ( e.g. a college graduate ) . Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable . Sabrina LeBeauf almost missed out on the role because she is only 10 years younger ( b . 1958 ) than Phylicia Rashad ( b . 1948 ) . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's eldest daughter , Erika , who was approximately the same age as Sondra . Denise Huxtable Kendall Main article : Denise Huxtable -- Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Final appearance Lisa Bonet 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ; recurring in 4&5 119 `` Cliff and Jake '' Denise Kendall ( née Huxtable ) is the second daughter of Cliff and Clair Huxtable . At the beginning of the series , she is sixteen years old , putting her year of birth in 1968 . She loves fashion and music , but did not want to attend school to pursue either interest . She is noted as being an individual who usually wishes to march to the beat of her own drum , and often learns lessons up front for herself rather than based off the experiences of others . A two - year stint at Hillman College ends with Denise wishing to see what she can accomplish on her own , which leads her to Africa as a photographer 's assistant . While there , she meets and marries Navy Lt. Martin Kendall , and also becomes stepmother to Martin 's three - year - old daughter Olivia , his child from a previous marriage . Denise eventually decides to become a special education teacher and makes arrangements to attend Medgar Evers College to this effect , but that idea does not work out as Denise eventually leaves New York again when Martin is posted to Singapore on a long - term assignment . It is revealed in the series finale that she is pregnant . During the first two seasons , Denise was portrayed as a very popular high - schooler , with many friends , who seemingly had a different boyfriend every episode . Along with her constantly fluctuating love life , were her various hairstyles and choices of clothing , which were occasionally made fun of by Cliff . In later seasons , however , she exhibited a more flighty nature , often expressing ideas that left Cliff and Clair greatly puzzled . In season three , Denise left home to attend Hillman College , a fictional , historically African - American college , of which her mother , father and grandfather were all alumni . The Cosby Show 's producers created a spin - off series , entitled A Different World , which initially dealt with the life of Denise at college . Denise was written out of the series following its inaugural season ( which aired concurrently with season four of The Cosby Show ) , after actress Lisa Bonet became pregnant . Shortly after the start of season five , Denise traveled to Africa for a year , and there she fell in love with and married Martin . In the season six premiere , she returned home , shocking her parents with the news of her surprise marriage to a divorced single father . However , Cliff and Clair accepted the couple when they met Olivia , who immediately won their hearts and was welcomed into the family . She appears regularly during the first three seasons , and is in only four episodes each of seasons four and five ( a picture of her can be seen in the opening credits of season four ) , she appears regularly in season six , but only appears in a handful of episodes during season seven . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's daughter , Erinn , who was approximately the same age as Denise . Additionally , Denise attended Hillman College , whereas Erinn attended Spelman College , the university that Hillman is believed to be modeled after . Theo Huxtable Main article : Theodore Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Malcolm - Jamal Warner All 176 Theodore Aloysius `` Theo '' Huxtable is the middle child and only son of Cliff and Clair Huxtable , and is athletic and obsessed with impressing girls , and obtaining a sports car or motorcycle . He is fourteen years old when the series begins , making his birth year 1970 . In the pilot episode , he is lectured by his father for not applying himself at school ( `` I brought you in this world , and I 'll take you out '' ) . Also in the early seasons , he was somewhat of a troublemaker , as illustrated through incidents both alluded to and explicitly portrayed in the series , such as letting his best friend 's younger sister pierce his ear , resulting in an infected earlobe , but his behavior had improved by the time he left high school . A running theme of the early seasons revolved around Theo 's academic struggles , especially in his sophomore - year geometry class , taught by Mrs. Westlake ( Sonia Braga ) . As the seasons progressed , Theo gradually evolved from being an under - achiever to a successful high school -- and college -- student ( in interviews , Cosby noted a similar change in his real - life son , Ennis ) . While Theo was a student at NYU , it was revealed that he suffered from dyslexia , a learning disability that inspired him to work harder , and as a result overcame it . By the final season , Theo was a student teacher , helping other children with dyslexia at a local education center . In the show 's final episode , he graduated from NYU with a degree in psychology . In the pilot , and once more in season one ( the episode `` Bad Dreams '' ) , he is referred to by Vanessa as `` Teddy '' , instead of `` Theo . '' Theo has a long - running , but on - and - off relationship with a girl named Justine , who is mentioned many times throughout the series , but appears in only nine episodes . During his high school years , Theo 's best friend was Walter Bradley ( Carl Anthony Payne II ) , better known as `` Cockroach '' , who was more of a scholastic underachiever than Theo . The two of them would occasionally compose rap songs for various school assignments . When Theo got tickets to `` Dance Mania '' ( a `` Soul Train '' - like television dance show ) , and only one of them was allowed into the studio , Theo let Cockroach have the spot , but did not feel good about it when he saw Cockroach on TV , and as the center of their friends ' attention the next day at school . This episode marked the final appearance of the character , and Cockroach was rarely mentioned in subsequent episodes . Theo appears in the series the most out of the Huxtable children . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's only son Ennis , who was approximately the same age as Theo ( and was also dyslexic ) . Theo also appears in two episodes of A Different World : `` My Dinner With Theo '' ( with Rudy ) and `` Risky Business '' ( with Clair and Vanessa ) . Vanessa Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Tempestt Bledsoe All 157 Vanessa Huxtable is the fourth child and third daughter of Cliff and Clair . In season one , she is eleven years old , making her birth year 1973 . As Vanessa grew up , she faced typical teenage problems and heartbreaks , such as wearing make - up before her 15th birthday in violation of her parents ' rules and spending a lot of time talking on the phone with her friends . Unlike her older brother , she was an excellent student and seemed to enjoy school ; at the beginning of season seven , she went off to college one year early . She became engaged in the final season to Dabnis Brickey , a man in his late twenties . Dabnis was the head of maintenance at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania , where Vanessa was enrolled . However , Vanessa realized that she was not ready to get married , and they broke off the engagement . They maintained they were `` just friends '' by the end of the season . In the early seasons , Vanessa is usually considered to be nosy , as she usually -- sneakily -- tries to find out what goes on in the Huxtable house , especially when it involves someone ( usually Theo ) in trouble with their parents . But , in a later episode , the tables are turned , as Theo catches Vanessa 's friends smoking cigarettes in her room , although Vanessa herself did not take part , and even tried to dissuade her friends from doing so . She often fought with her younger sister , Rudy , over typical childish issues . At one point , their fighting caused damage to both their bedrooms and the kitchen ceiling , driving Cliff to declare their rooms off limits because of `` World War Five '' and exile them to the basement until repairs were finished . But , on one occasion , Vanessa got into a physical tussle with Denise over a sweater that Vanessa stole from Denise 's closet after Denise did not allow her to borrow it . One of Vanessa 's best friends in high school was a girl named Kara ( played by Elizabeth Narvaez ) , who could ramble on about nothing in particular at high speed . Whenever Cliff -- who once referred to Kara as `` Turbo Tongue '' -- was on the receiving end of her babbling , he would always reply with a bewildered `` Thank you . '' Vanessa appeared sporadically in the final two seasons of the series due to the character being away at college . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's daughter , Ensa , who was approximately the same age as Vanessa . Vanessa also appears in the A Different World episode `` Risky Business '' ( with Clair and Theo ) . Rudy Huxtable Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes Keshia Knight Pulliam All 177 Rudith Lillian `` Rudy '' Huxtable is the youngest of the Huxtable children . She is only five years old at the beginning of the series , making her birth year 1979 . She comes of age during the course of the show . A number of Rudy 's friends appear in episodes as the series progresses . Among the best known are the taciturn Peter Chiara who repeatedly ran out the Huxtables ' front door when frightened ; and the chauvinist , blues - loving Kenny , whom she nicknames `` Bud '' , and who always gets advice from his ( unseen ) older brother about basically everything . This unfortunately gives him the wrong conception about certain things and gets him in trouble , although he seemed to grow out of it as the series reached its end . Keshia Knight Pulliam was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in season two , becoming the youngest nominee ever . One of her fellow nominees that year was Phylicia Rashad . Neither won . The Huxtable family was originally going to be two boys and two girls . The youngest child , Rudy , was initially supposed to be a boy , but the character was re-written for a girl ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) when no boys auditioned . Jaleel White , later known for his role as Steve Urkel on Family Matters , revealed in a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair that he had auditioned for the role of Rudy . The character is loosely based upon Cosby 's youngest daughter , Evin , who was approximately the same age as Rudy . Rudy also appears in three episodes of A Different World : the pilot ( with Cliff ) , `` Rudy and the Snow Queen '' ( also with Cliff ) and `` My Dinner with Theo '' ( with Theo ) . Elvin Tibideaux Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Geoffrey Owens 4 -- 8 ; recurring in 2&3 44 `` Cliff in Love '' Elvin Tibideaux is Sondra 's boyfriend , and later , husband . They met at Princeton , where they both earned degrees . The two constantly bickered during early episodes , until his interactions with the Huxtables , particularly Clair , challenged him to confront his `` male - chauvinist '' attitudes . When they return from their honeymoon , they shock Cliff and Clair by announcing their intentions to forego medical school and law school , and start a wilderness supply store in Brooklyn . When his children are born , Elvin then announces that he will re-apply to medical school . This decision later convinces Sondra to resume her studies at law school . Elvin was a wrestler in high school and for one year at Princeton , but had to quit after injuring his hip . During season three , he helped Theo with some strategy and moves . Martin Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Joseph C. Phillips 6 and 7 , recurring in 8 21 `` Denise : The Saga Continues '' Lt. Martin Kendall is a Navy officer , husband of Denise Huxtable , and father of Olivia . Phillips ' role as Martin Kendall came about when Denise unexpectedly married him in Africa , unbeknownst to her parents and family . When the newlyweds arrive back home , Martin learns that Denise 's family not only does not know about their marriage , they do not know about him at all , so he wants to introduce himself to the Huxtables now that he has married into their family and to show his intentions of marrying his daughter were honorable . This does not go over smoothly at first , as Clair and Cliff are uneasy with the whirlwind marriage of Martin , however in due time they become accustomed to this blended family . Kendall also had an ex-wife , named Paula ( played by Victoria Rowell of The Young and the Restless ) . In the finale , it is revealed that he and Denise are expecting a baby together . Joseph C. Phillips played Sondra 's date in a season two episode , before coming back as a new character , and playing the husband of Denise . Martin appears frequently in the sixth season but is only seen in a handful episodes of the seventh season , Joseph C. Phillips 's final season as a regular . Martin makes his final appearance in an episode of season eight , `` Olivia Comes Out of the Closet . '' Martin also appears in the Different World episode `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Clair and Olivia ) . Olivia Kendall Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Raven - Symoné 6 -- 8 63 `` Denise : The Saga Continues '' Olivia Kendall is Denise Huxtable 's precocious stepdaughter , who is three years old when she first appears in the series . Olivia is the only child of Martin and Paula Kendall . After a few years of marriage , her parents divorced , and her mother , Paula , gave Martin full custody , as she felt overwhelmed by marriage and motherhood . Olivia was then raised by her grandparents and father . When Olivia was almost four years old , her father Martin married Denise Huxtable , whom he met in Africa . The new family moved in with Denise 's parents , Clair and Cliff Huxtable , who are now Olivia 's step - grandparents . Martin , as a Naval officer , is required to travel a lot , so for a while , Olivia was unable to spend time with him . During his absences , her stepmother , Denise , raised her . Olivia continued to live with her step - grandparents while her parents were in Singapore during the final season . The character was named after Bill Cosby 's wife , Camille Olivia Hanks - Cosby . Olivia also appears in the Different World episode `` Forever Hold Your Peace '' ( with Clair and Martin ) . Pam Tucker Portrayed by Seasons No. of episodes First appearance Erika Alexander 7 -- 8 21 `` Period of Adjustment '' Pam Tucker is Clair Huxtable 's distant cousin . The daughter of a single mother , Pam comes to live with the Huxtables after her mother moved to California to take care of Pam 's grandmother . Upon moving in , Pam is a high school junior -- younger than Vanessa , but older than Rudy . At first , she is not used to the Huxtables ' upper - middle - class lifestyle or close - knit family relationships . Eventually , she fits in , and becomes just another one of the Huxtable clan . Pam makes her first appearance in the fourth episode , `` A Period of Adjustment , '' Tin season seven . Frequently , Pam is shown interacting with her best friend , Charmaine Brown ( Karen Malina White ) , and Charmaine 's boyfriend , Lance Rodman ( Allen Payne ) . The character had a mixed reception . Recurring characters Russell Huxtable ( Earle Hyman ) Cliff 's father ( 40 episodes ) Kenny , aka `` Bud '' ( Deon Richmond ) Rudy 's longtime friend ( 32 episodes ) Anna Huxtable ( Clarice Taylor ) Cliff 's mother ( 19 episodes ) Charmaine Brown ( Karen Malina White ) Pam 's best friend ( 13 episodes ) ( later became a regular on the final season of A Different World ) Winnie Tibideaux ( Domonique & Monique Reynolds , Jalese & Jenelle Grays , Jessica Ann Vaughn ) daughter of Sondra and Elvin ( 18 episodes ) Peter Chiara ( Peter Costa ) Rudy 's friend ( 13 episodes ) Walter Bradley , aka `` Cockroach '' ( Carl Anthony Payne II ) Theo 's best friend in high school ( 12 episodes ) Nelson Tibideaux ( Christopher & Clayton Griggs , Darrian & Donovan Bryant , Gary LeRoi Gray ) son of Sondra and Elvin ( 7 episodes ) Denny ( Troy Winbush ) Theo 's high school , college friend ( 11 episodes ) Lance Rodman ( Allen Payne ) Charmaine 's boyfriend ( 11 episodes ) Janet Meiser ( Pam Potillo ) Vanessa 's friend ( 10 episodes ) Howard ( Reno Wilson Theo 's college friend ( 10 episodes ) Justine Phillips ( Michelle Thomas ) Theo 's longtime girlfriend ( 8 episodes ) Kara ( Elizabeth Narvaez ) Vanessa 's friend ( 8 episodes ) Stanley ( Merlin Santana ) Rudy 's boyfriend ( 7 episodes ) Kim Ogawa ( Naoka Nakagawa ) Rudy 's friend ( 7 episodes ) Carrie Hanks ( Ethel Ayler ) Clair 's mother ( 6 episodes ) Robert Foreman ( Dondre T. Whitfield ) Vanessa 's boyfriend ( 6 episodes ) Lou Hernandez ( Alex Ruiz ) Theo 's college friend ( 6 episodes ) Dabnis Brickey ( William Thomas Jr . ) Vanessa 's fiance ( 6 episodes ) Jeffry Engels ( Wallace Shawn ) the Huxtables ' neighbor ( 5 episodes ) Smitty ( Adam Sandler ) Theo 's high school friend ( 4 episodes ) Arthur Bartell a.k.a. `` Slide '' ( Mushond Lee ) Pam 's ex-boyfriend ( 4 episodes ) Al Hanks ( Joe Williams ) Clair 's father ( 4 episodes ) Aaron Dexter ( Seth Gilliam ) Pam 's boyfriend ( 3 episodes ) Mrs. McGee ( Elaine Stritch ) Rudy 's teacher ( 3 episodes ) Jade ( Vanessa A. Williams ) Theo 's friend ( 2 episodes , season 5 ) Cheryl ( Vanessa A. Williams ) Theo 's friend ( 2 episodes , season 7 ) Notable guest stars Debbie Allen as Emma ( `` If the Dress Fits , Wear It '' , season 5 ) John Amos as Dr. Herbert ( `` The Physical '' , season 5 ) Tichina Arnold as Delores ( `` Theo 's Women '' , season 5 ) Angela Bassett as Mrs. Mitchell ( `` Mr. Quiet '' , season 1 ) , and Paula ( `` Bookworm '' , season 4 ) Norman Beaton as Carleton ( `` There 's Still No Joy in Mudville '' season 7 ) U.S. Senator Bill Bradley as Cliff 's teammate # 1 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Sônia Braga as Anna Maria Westlake ( `` Mrs. Westlake '' and `` An Early Spring '' , season 2 ) Valerie Brisco - Hooks as herself ( `` Off to the Races '' , season 2 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as Dr. Foster ( `` Shakespeare '' , season 4 ) Red Buttons as Jake , owner of Jake 's Appliances ( `` Cliff and Jake '' , season 7 ) Naomi Campbell as Julia ( `` The Birth '' and `` Cyranoise de Bergington '' , season 5 ) Betty Carter as Amanda Woods ( `` How Do You Get to Carnegie Hall '' , season 5 ) Robert Culp as Scott Kelly ( `` Bald and Beautiful '' , season 3 ) Sammy Davis , Jr. as Ray Palomino ( `` No Way , Baby '' , season 5 ) Dave DeBusschere as Cliff 's teammate # 2 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Plácido Domingo as Alberto Santiago ( `` Birthday Blues '' , season 5 ) Teresa Edwards as Opponent # 2 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Yvonne Irvin as Clair 's Sister ( `` Clair 's Sister '' , season 2 ) Al Freeman , Jr. as Ernie Scott ( `` Back to the Track , Jack '' , season 1 ) Minnie Gentry as Gramtee ( `` The Storyteller '' , season 6 ) Dizzy Gillespie as Mr. Hampton ( `` Play It Again Vanessa '' , season 1 ) Erica Gimpel as Jennifer ( `` Waterworks '' , season 4 ) Robin Givens as Susanne ( `` Theo and the Older Woman '' , season 2 ) Pam Grier as Samantha ( `` Planning Parenthood '' , season 3 ) Moses Gunn as Joe Kendall ( `` Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables '' , season 6 ) Walt Hazzard as Cliff 's teammate # 3 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Lena Horne as herself ( `` Cliff 's Birthday '' , season 1 ) Iman as Mrs. Montgomery ( `` Theo and the Joint '' , season 1 ) Danny Kaye as Dr. Burns ( `` The Dentist '' , season 2 ) , in one of his last TV appearances Alicia Keys as Maria ( `` Slumber Party '' , season 1 ) B.B. King as Riley Jackson ( `` Not Everybody Loves the Blues '' , season 6 ) LaChanze as Sylvia ( `` The Prom '' , season 4 ) Audrey Landers as Cookie Bennett ( `` Cliff and Jake '' , season 7 ) Sheldon Leonard as Dr. Wexler ( `` Physician of the Year , '' season 1 ) Nancy Lieberman as Opponent # 1 ( `` The Boys of Winter '' , season 5 ) Miriam Makeba as herself ( `` Olivia Comes Out of the Closet '' , season 8 ) S. Epatha Merkerson as Book Club Member 5 ( `` Bookworm '' , season 4 ) Melba Moore as Patricia Abbott ( `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' , season 4 ) Rita Moreno as Mrs. Granger ( `` You Only Hurt the One You Love '' , season 3 ) Lou Myers as Mr. Davis ( `` You Only Hurt the One You Love '' , & `` Andalusian Flu '' , season 3 ) Tony Orlando as Tony Castillo ( `` Mr. Quiet '' , season 1 ) Tito Puente as timbal player ( `` Play It Again , Russell '' , season 2 ) Christopher Plummer as Professor Jonathan Lawrence ( `` Shakespeare '' , season 4 ) Patricia Richardson as Mrs. Schrader ( `` Calling Doctor Huxtable '' , season 3 ) John Ritter as Ray Evans ( `` Total Control '' , season 7 ) Frank Robinson as Frank Potter ( `` There 's Still No Joy in Mudville '' , season 7 ) Victoria Rowell as Paula Kendall ( `` Cliff 's Wet Adventure '' , season 6 ) Howard `` Sandman '' Sims as himself ( `` Mr. Sandman '' , season 6 ) Special Ed as J.T. Freeze ( `` Warning : A Double - Lit Candle Can Cause a Meltdown '' , season 8 ) Bern Nadette Stanis as Carolyn Thompson ( `` Adventures in Babysitting '' , season 7 ) Leslie Uggams as Kris Temple ( `` The Return of the Clairettes '' , season 7 ) Blair Underwood as Denise 's boyfriend ( uncredited ) ( `` Jitterbug Break '' , season 1 ) , and Mark ( `` Theo and the Older Woman '' , season 2 ) Mario Van Peebles as Garvin ( `` Clair 's Sister '' , season 2 ) Jim Valvano as John Velarde ( `` The Getaway '' , season 8 ) Dick Vitale as Dan Vicente ( `` The Getaway '' , season 8 ) Malinda Williams as Althea Logan ( `` Calling Doctor Huxtable '' , season 3 ) and Shana ( `` Denise Kendall : Singles Counselor '' , season 6 ) Nancy Wilson as Lorraine Kendall ( `` Grampy and NuNu Visit the Huxtables '' , season 6 ) Stevie Wonder as himself ( `` A Touch of Wonder '' , season 2 ) Amy Yasbeck as Alicia Evans ( `` Total Control '' , season 7 ) References ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Top 10 Favorite TV Couples '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Race : Television and the Struggle for Blackness -- Herman Gray -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Polls > Maybe It 's the Sweaters ; Cliff Huxtable is the TV Dad Americans Would Have Wanted Growing Up '' . Harris Interactive . 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women Watching Television : Gender , Class , and Generation in the American ... -- Andrea L. Press -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Babies : Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic -- Mark Anthony Neal -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` With Amusement for All : A History of American Popular Culture Since 1830 -- LeRoy Ashby -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Huxtable Top 10 TV Dads TIME.com '' . Entertainment.time.com. 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Television Studies -- Jonathan Bignell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Huxtable named best TV mom -- today > entertainment -- today > entertainment > tv - TODAY.com '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stacey ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Film.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel , Jacki ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Mommy Dearest : The TV Moms You Love '' . iVillage . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jet -- Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk. 1988 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Why I wish ' Rudy ' had skipped Cosby 's trial '' . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Mark ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Cosby : His Life and Times '' . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Television Series of the 1980s : Essential Facts and Quirky Details '' . Rowman & Littlefield . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ McCann , Bob ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television '' . McFarland . Retrieved 27 July 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mike Ryan ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Jaleel White on His 31 - Year Career '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Playbook : Let 's Add a Kid ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television -- Bob McCann '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shaded Lives : African - American Women and Television -- Beretta E. Smith - Shomade '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 58 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cosby : His Life and Times -- Mark Whitaker '' . Books.google.co.uk. 2014 - 09 - 16 . p. 341 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Dictionary of African American Television -- Kathleen Fearn - Banks , Anne Burford - Johnson '' . Books.google.co.uk . p. 113 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show : Where are they now ? -- Erika Alexander -- Pam Tucker '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Replaced Classic TV Characters We Never Got Over ( Aunt Viv , Brenda Walsh , & More ! ) '' . 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Joe Reid and Kevin . `` Celebrating 30 Years of ' The Cosby Show ' by Debating Four Key ' Cosby ' Questions '' . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Cosby Show Characters Cliff Huxtable Clair Huxtable Sondra Huxtable Denise Huxtable Theodore Huxtable Rudy Huxtable Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Goodbye Mr. Fish '' Seasons 6 7 8 Related A Different World episodes characters Dwayne Cleofis Wayne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Cosby_Show_characters&oldid=820890464 '' Categories : The Cosby Show Fictional African - American people Fictional characters from New York City Lists of sitcom television characters The Cosby Show characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Cosby Show characters
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-390,816,669,243,851,800 | who designed and built the cathedral of florence | Florence cathedral - Wikipedia Florence cathedral Jump to : navigation , search Church in Tuscany , Italy <Th_colspan="2"> Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore <Td_colspan="2"> Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower <Td_colspan="2"> Il Duomo di Firenze <Td_colspan="2"> Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian ) Cathedral Sanctae Mariae Floris ( Latin ) <Td_colspan="2"> Brunelleschi 's Dome , the nave , and Giotto 's Campanile of the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore as seen from Michelangelo Hill at night and day . <Td_colspan="2"> Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore Location in Florence , Italy <Td_colspan="2"> 43 ° 46 ′ 23.1 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 22.4 '' E / 43.773083 ° N 11.256222 ° E / 43.773083 ; 11.256222 Coordinates : 43 ° 46 ′ 23.1 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 22.4 '' E / 43.773083 ° N 11.256222 ° E / 43.773083 ; 11.256222 Location Florence , Tuscany Country Italy Denomination Roman Catholic Tradition Latin Rite Website Duomo Firenze <Th_colspan="2"> History Consecrated 1436 <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture Status Cathedral , minor basilica Architect ( s ) Arnolfo di Cambio Filippo Brunelleschi Emilio De Fabris Architectural type Church Style Italian Gothic , Renaissance , Gothic Revival Groundbreaking 9 September 1296 Completed 1436 <Th_colspan="2"> Specifications Length 153 metres ( 502 ft ) Width 90 metres ( 300 ft ) Nave width 38 metres ( 125 ft ) Height 114.5 metres ( 376 ft ) Floor area 8,300 square metres ( 89,000 sq ft ) Materials Marble , brick <Th_colspan="2"> Administration Archdiocese Archdiocese of Florence <Th_colspan="2"> Clergy Archbishop Giuseppe Betori <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Historic Centre of Florence Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 1982 ( 6th session ) Reference no . 174 State Party Italy Region Europe and North America <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian pronunciation : ( katteˈdraːle di ˈsanta maˈriːa del ˈfjoːre ) ; in English `` Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower '' ) is the cathedral of Florence , Italy , or Il Duomo di Firenze , in Italian . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink , bordered by white , and has an elaborate 19th - century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris . The cathedral complex , in Piazza del Duomo , includes the Baptistery and Giotto 's Campanile . These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major tourist attraction of Tuscany . The basilica is one of Italy 's largest churches , and until the development of new structural materials in the modern era , the dome was the largest in the world . It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed . The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence , whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Exterior 2.1 Plan and structure 2.2 Dome 2.3 Façade 3 Main Portal 4 Interior 5 Crypt 6 Other burials 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of Florence 's second cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata ; the first was the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze whose first building was consecrated as a church in 393 by St. Ambrose of Milan . The ancient structure , founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs , was crumbling with age , according to the 14th - century Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani , and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city . Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period , such as Pisa and particularly Siena where the enormous proposed extensions were never completed . Giotto 's bell tower ( campanile ) The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and approved by city council in 1294 . Di Cambio was also architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio . He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome , with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata . The first stone was laid on September 9 , 1296 , by Cardinal Valeriana , the first papal legate ever sent to Florence . The building of this vast project was to last 140 years ; Arnolfo 's plan for the eastern end , although maintained in concept , was greatly expanded in size . The Duomo , as if completed , in a fresco by Andrea di Bonaiuto , painted in the 1360s , before the commencement of the dome After Arnolfo died in 1310 , work on the cathedral slowed for thirty years . When the relics of Saint Zenobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata , the project gained a new impetus . In 1331 , the Arte della Lana , the guild of wool merchants , took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed Giotto to oversee the work . Assisted by Andrea Pisano , Giotto continued di Cambio 's design . His major accomplishment was the building of the campanile . When Giotto died the January 8th of 1337 , Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was halted due to the Black Death in 1348 . In 1349 , work resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects , starting with Francesco Talenti , who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the apse and the side chapels . In 1359 , Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini ( 1360 -- 1369 ) who divided the center nave in four square bays . Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi , Giovanni d'Ambrogio , Neri di Fioravante and Andrea Orcagna . By 1375 , the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down . The nave was finished by 1380 , and by 1418 , only the dome remained incomplete . Procession outside the cathedral during the 18th century On 18 August 1418 , the Arte della Lana announced an architectural design competition for erecting Neri 's dome . The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths , Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi , the latter of whom was supported by Cosimo de Medici . Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistery in 1401 and lifelong competition between the two remained sharp . Brunelleschi won and received the commission . Ghiberti , appointed coadjutator , drew a salary equal to Brunelleschi 's and , though neither was awarded the announced prize of 200 florins , was promised equal credit , although he spent most of his time on other projects . When Brunelleschi became ill , or feigned illness , the project was briefly in the hands of Ghiberti . But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him . In 1423 , Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility . Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436 . The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25 , 1436 , ( the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar ) . It was the first ' octagonal ' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame . It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance . During the consecration in 1436 , Guillaume Dufay 's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed . The structure of this motet was strongly influenced by the structure of the dome . The Duomo and Baptistery of St. John from Piazza del Duomo The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral , begun in the 14th century , was not completed until 1887 , when the polychrome marble façade was completed with the design of Emilio De Fabris . The floor of the church was relaid in marble tiles in the 16th century . The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from Carrara ( white ) , Prato ( green ) , Siena ( red ) , Lavenza and a few other places . These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent baptistery the Battistero di San Giovanni and Giotto 's Bell Tower . There are two side doors : the Doors of the Canonici ( south side ) and the Door of the Mandorla ( north side ) with sculptures by Nanni di Banco , Donatello , and Jacopo della Quercia . The six side windows , notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments , are separated by pilasters . Only the four windows closest to the transept admit light ; the other two are merely ornamental . The clerestory windows are round , a common feature in Italian Gothic . During its long history , this cathedral has been the seat of the Council of Florence ( 1439 ) , heard the preachings of Girolamo Savonarola and witnessed the murder of Giuliano di Piero de ' Medici on Sunday , 26 April 1478 ( with Lorenzo Il Magnifico barely escaping death ) , in the Pazzi conspiracy . Exterior ( edit ) Plan and structure ( edit ) Plan of the church with various extension phases The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica , having a wide central nave of four square bays , with an aisle on either side . The chancel and transepts are of identical polygonal plan , separated by two smaller polygonal chapels . The whole plan forms a Latin cross . The nave and aisles are separated by wide pointed Gothic arches resting on composite piers . The dimensions of the building are enormous : building area 8,300 square metres ( 89,340 square feet ) , length 153 metres ( 502 feet ) , width 38 metres ( 125 feet ) , width at the crossing 90 metres ( 300 feet ) . The height of the arches in the aisles is 23 metres ( 75 feet ) . The height of the dome is 114.5 metres ( 375.7 feet ) . Dome ( edit ) By the beginning of the 15th century , after a hundred years of construction , the structure was still missing its dome . The basic features of the dome had been designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296 . His brick model , 4.6 metres ( 15.1 ft ) high , 9.2 metres ( 30.2 feet ) long , was standing in a side aisle of the unfinished building , and had long been sacrosanct . It called for an octagonal dome higher and wider than any that had ever been built , with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight . External video <Td_colspan="2"> Smarthistory -- Brunelleschi 's Dome The commitment to reject traditional Gothic buttresses had been made when Neri di Fioravanti 's model was chosen over a competing one by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini . That architectural choice , in 1367 , was one of the first events of the Italian Renaissance , marking a break with the Medieval Gothic style and a return to the classic Mediterranean dome . Italian architects regarded Gothic flying buttresses as ugly makeshifts . Furthermore , the use of buttresses was forbidden in Florence , as the style was favored by central Italy 's traditional enemies to the north . Neri 's model depicted a massive inner dome , open at the top to admit light , like Rome 's Pantheon , but enclosed in a thinner outer shell , partly supported by the inner dome , to keep out the weather . It was to stand on an unbuttressed octagonal drum . Neri 's dome would need an internal defense against spreading ( hoop stress ) , but none had yet been designed . Dome seen from the Giotto 's Campanile The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems . Brunelleschi looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions . The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete , the formula for which had long since been forgotten . The Pantheon had employed structural centring to support the concrete dome while it cured . This could not be the solution in the case of a dome this size and would put the church out of use . For the height and breadth of the dome designed by Neri , starting 52 metres ( 171 ft ) above the floor and spanning 44 meters ( 144 ft ) , there was not enough timber in Tuscany to build the scaffolding and forms . Brunelleschi chose to follow such design and employed a double shell , made of sandstone and marble . Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick , due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form , and with nothing under it during construction . To illustrate his proposed structural plan , he constructed a wooden and brick model with the help of Donatello and Nanni di Banco , a model which is still displayed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo . The model served as a guide for the craftsmen , but was intentionally incomplete , so as to ensure Brunelleschi 's control over the construction . Interior of the dome Brunelleschi 's solutions were ingenious , such as his use of the catenary arch for support . The spreading problem was solved by a set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains , serving as barrel hoops , embedded within the inner dome : one at the top , one at the bottom , with the remaining two evenly spaced between them . A fifth chain , made of wood , was placed between the first and second of the stone chains . Since the dome was octagonal rather than round , a simple chain , squeezing the dome like a barrel hoop , would have put all its pressure on the eight corners of the dome . The chains needed to be rigid octagons , stiff enough to hold their shape , so as not to deform the dome as they held it together . The Duomo viewed from the heights of Piazzale Michelangelo Each of Brunelleschi 's stone chains was built like an octagonal railroad track with parallel rails and cross ties , all made of sandstone beams 43 centimetres ( 17 in ) in diameter and no more than 2.3 metres ( 7.5 ft ) long . The rails were connected end - to - end with lead - glazed iron splices . The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome . The cross ties of the bottom chain can be seen protruding from the drum at the base of the dome . The others are hidden . Each stone chain was supposed to be reinforced with a standard iron chain made of interlocking links , but a magnetic survey conducted in the 1970s failed to detect any evidence of iron chains , which if they exist are deeply embedded in the thick masonry walls . Brunelleschi also included vertical `` ribs '' set on the corners of the octagon , curving towards the center point . The Ribs , 13 feet ( 4 meters ) deep , are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center . The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms , thus allowing the work to progress upward without the need for scaffolding . A circular masonry dome can be built without supports , called centering , because each course of bricks is a horizontal arch that resists compression . In Florence , the octagonal inner dome was thick enough for an imaginary circle to be embedded in it at each level , a feature that would hold the dome up eventually , but could not hold the bricks in place while the mortar was still wet . Brunelleschi used a herringbone brick pattern to transfer the weight of the freshly laid bricks to the nearest vertical ribs of the non-circular dome . Baptistery of St. John next to the cathedral The outer dome was not thick enough to contain embedded horizontal circles , being only 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) thick at the base and 30 centimetres ( 1 ft ) thick at the top . To create such circles , Brunelleschi thickened the outer dome at the inside of its corners at nine different elevations , creating nine masonry rings , which can be observed today from the space between the two domes . To counteract hoop stress , the outer dome relies entirely on its attachment to the inner dome and has no embedded chains . A modern understanding of physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries in the future . Brunelleschi , like all cathedral builders , had to rely on intuition and whatever he could learn from the large scale models he built . To lift 37,000 tons of material , including over 4 million bricks , he invented hoisting machines and lewissons for hoisting large stones . These specially designed machines and his structural innovations were Brunelleschi 's chief contribution to architecture . Although he was executing an aesthetic plan made half a century earlier , it is his name , rather than Neri 's , that is commonly associated with the dome . Brunelleschi 's ability to crown the dome with a lantern was questioned and he had to undergo another competition , even though there had been evidence that Brunelleschi had been working on a design for a lantern for the upper part of the dome . The evidence is shown in the curvature , which was made steeper than the original model . He was declared the winner over his competitors Lorenzo Ghiberti and Antonio Ciaccheri . His design ( now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo ) was for an octagonal lantern with eight radiating buttresses and eight high arched windows . Construction of the lantern was begun a few months before his death in 1446 . Then , for 15 years , little progress was possible , due to alterations by several architects . The lantern was finally completed by Brunelleschi 's friend Michelozzo in 1461 . The conical roof was crowned with a gilt copper ball and cross , containing holy relics , by Verrocchio in 1469 . This brings the total height of the dome and lantern to 114.5 meters ( 375 ft ) . This copper ball was struck by lightning on 17 July 1600 and fell down . It was replaced by an even larger one two years later . Cupola of the Dome The commission for this bronze ball ( atop the lantern ) went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio , in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named Leonardo da Vinci . Fascinated by Filippo 's ( Brunelleschi 's ) machines , which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball , Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and , as a result , is often given credit for their invention . Leonardo might have also participated in the design of the bronze ball , as stated in the G manuscript of Paris `` Remember the way we soldered the ball of Santa Maria del Fiore '' . The decorations of the drum gallery by Baccio d'Agnolo were never finished after being disapproved by no one less than Michelangelo . A huge statue of Brunelleschi now sits outside the Palazzo dei Canonici in the Piazza del Duomo , looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement , the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence . It is still the largest masonry dome in the world . The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio 's copper ball atop the lantern . But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the 19th century . Façade ( edit ) Façade Façade of the cathedral The original façade , designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto , was actually begun twenty years after Giotto 's death . A mid-15th - century pen - and - ink drawing of this so - called Giotto 's façade is visible in the Codex Rustici , and in the drawing of Bernardino Poccetti in 1587 , both on display in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo . This façade was the collective work of several artists , among them Andrea Orcagna and Taddeo Gaddi . This original façade was completed in only its lower portion and then left unfinished . It was dismantled in 1587 -- 1588 by the Medici court architect Bernardo Buontalenti , ordered by Grand Duke Francesco I de ' Medici , as it appeared totally outmoded in Renaissance times . Some of the original sculptures are on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo , behind the cathedral . Others are now in the Berlin Museum and in the Louvre . The competition for a new façade turned into a huge corruption scandal . The wooden model for the façade of Buontalenti is on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo . A few new designs had been proposed in later years , but the models ( of Giovanni Antonio Dosio , Giovanni de ' Medici with Alessandro Pieroni and Giambologna ) were not accepted . The façade was then left bare until the 19th century . Main portal by Augusto Passaglia Statue of Saint Reparata , to whom the previous cathedral was dedicated , in the main portal In 1864 , a competition held to design a new façade was won by Emilio De Fabris ( 1808 -- 1883 ) in 1871 . Work began in 1876 and was completed in 1887 . This neo-gothic façade in white , green and red marble forms a harmonious entity with the cathedral , Giotto 's bell tower and the Baptistery , but some think it is excessively decorated . The whole façade is dedicated to the Mother of Christ . Main portal ( edit ) The three huge bronze doors date from 1899 to 1903 . They are adorned with scenes from the life of the Madonna . The mosaics in the lunettes above the doors were designed by Niccolò Barabino . They represent ( from left to right ) : Charity among the founders of Florentine philanthropic institutions ; Christ enthroned with Mary and John the Baptist ; and Florentine artisans , merchants and humanists . The pediment above the central portal contains a half - relief by Tito Sarrocchi of Mary enthroned holding a flowered scepter . Giuseppe Cassioli sculpted the right - hand door . On top of the façade is a series of niches with the twelve Apostles with , in the middle , the Madonna with Child . Between the rose window and the tympanum , there is a gallery with busts of great Florentine artists . Interior ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Interior of the cathedral Huge clock decorated by Paolo Uccello . Dante and the Divine Comedy . Trompe l'oeil of Niccolò da Tolentino . Vasari 's fresco begun in 1568 , and completed by Federico Zuccari in 1579 . Detail under the dome . The Last Judgement ( detail ) under the dome . Tomb of Antonio d'Orso by Tino da Camaino . The Gothic interior is vast and gives an empty impression . The relative bareness of the church corresponds with the austerity of religious life , as preached by Girolamo Savonarola . Many decorations in the church have been lost in the course of time , or have been transferred to the Museum Opera del Duomo , such as the magnificent cantorial pulpits ( the singing galleries for the choristers ) of Luca della Robbia and Donatello . As this cathedral was built with funds from the public , some important works of art in this church honour illustrious men and military leaders of Florence : Lorenzo Ghiberti had a large artistic impact on the cathedral . Ghiberti worked with Filippo Brunelleschi on the cathedral for eighteen years and had a large number of projects on almost the whole east end . Some of his works were the stained glass designs , the bronze shrine of Saint Zenobius and marble revetments on the outside of the cathedral . Dante Before the City of Florence by Domenico di Michelino ( 1465 ) . This painting is especially interesting because it shows us , apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy , a view on Florence in 1465 , a Florence such as Dante himself could not have seen in his time . Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood by Paolo Uccello ( 1436 ) . This almost monochrome fresco , transferred to canvas in the 19th century , is painted in terra verde , a color closest to the patina of bronze . Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno ( 1456 ) . This fresco , transferred on canvas in the 19th century , in the same style as the previous one , is painted in a color resembling marble . However , it is more richly decorated and gives more the impression of movement . Both frescoes portray the condottieri as heroic figures riding triumphantly . Both painters had problems when applying in painting the new rules of perspective to foreshortening : they used two unifying points , one for the horse and one for the pedestal , instead a single unifying point . Busts of Giotto ( by Benedetto da Maiano ) , Brunelleschi ( by Buggiano -- 1447 ) , Marsilio Ficino , and Antonio Squarcialupi ( a most famous organist ) . These busts all date from the 15th and the 16th centuries . Above the main door is the colossal clock face with fresco portraits of four Prophets or Evangelists by Paolo Uccello ( 1443 ) . This one - handed liturgical clock shows the 24 hours of the hora italica ( Italian time ) , a period of time ending with sunset at 24 hours . This timetable was used until the 18th century . This is one of the few clocks from that time that still exist and are in working order . The church is particularly notable for its 44 stained glass windows , the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century . The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament , while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary . They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times , such as Donatello , Lorenzo Ghiberti , Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno . Christ crowning Mary as Queen , the stained - glass circular window above the clock , with a rich range of coloring , was designed by Gaddo Gaddi in the early 14th century . Donatello designed the stained - glass window ( Coronation of the Virgin ) in the drum of the dome ( the only one that can be seen from the nave ) . The beautiful funeral monument of Antonio d'Orso ( 1323 ) , bishop of Florence , was made by Tino da Camaino , the most important funeral sculptor of his time . The monumental crucifix , behind the Bishop 's Chair at the high altar , is by Benedetto da Maiano ( 1495 -- 1497 ) . The choir enclosure is the work of the famous Bartolommeo Bandinelli . The ten - paneled bronze doors of the sacristy were made by Luca della Robbia , who has also two glazed terracotta works inside the sacristy : Angel with Candlestick and Resurrection of Christ . In the back of the middle of the three apses is the altar of Saint Zanobius , first bishop of Florence . Its silver shrine , a masterpiece of Ghiberti , contains the urn with his relics . The central compartment shows us one of his miracles , the reviving of a dead child . Above this shrine is the painting Last Supper by the lesser - known Giovanni Balducci . There was also a glass - paste mosaic panel The Bust of Saint Zanobius by the 16th - century miniaturist Monte di Giovanni , but it is now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo . Many decorations date from the 16th - century patronage of the Grand Dukes , such as the pavement in colored marble , attributed to Baccio d'Agnolo and Francesco da Sangallo ( 1520 -- 26 ) . Some pieces of marble from the façade were used , topside down , in the flooring ( as was shown by the restoration of the floor after the 1966 flooding ) . It was suggested that the interior of the 45 metre ( 147 ft ) wide dome should be covered with a mosaic decoration to make the most of the available light coming through the circular windows of the drum and through the lantern . Brunelleschi had proposed the vault to glimmer with resplendent gold , but his death in 1446 put an end to this project , and the walls of the dome were whitewashed . Grand Duke Cosimo I de ' Medici decided to have the dome painted with a representation of The Last Judgment . This enormous work , 3,600 metres2 ( 38 750 ft2 ) of painted surface , was started in 1568 by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari and would last till 1579 . The upper portion , near the lantern , representing The 24 Elders of Apoc. 4 was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574 . Federico Zuccari and a number of collaborators , such as Domenico Cresti , finished the other portions : ( from top to bottom ) Choirs of Angels ; Christ , Mary and Saints ; Virtues , Gifts of the Holy Spirit and Beatitudes ; and at the bottom of the cupola : Capital Sins and Hell . These frescoes are considered Zuccari 's greatest work . But the quality of the work is uneven because of the input of different artists and the different techniques . Vasari had used true fresco , while Zuccari had painted in secco . During the restoration work , which ended in 1995 , the entire pictorial cycle of The Last Judgment was photographed with specially designed equipment and all the information collected in a catalogue . All the restoration information along with reconstructed images of the frescos were stored and managed in the Thesaurus Florentinus computer system . Crypt ( edit ) Tomb of Filippo Brunelleschi . The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974 . The archaeological history of this huge area was reconstructed through the work of Dr. Franklin Toker : remains of Roman houses , an early Christian pavement , ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church . Close to the entrance , in the part of the crypt open to the public , is the tomb of Brunelleschi . While its location is prominent , the actual tomb is simple and humble . That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was given by the Florentines . Other burials ( edit ) Zenobius of Florence Conrad II of Italy Giovanni Benelli Filippo Brunelleschi Giotto di Bondone Pope Nicholas II Pope Stephen IX John Hawkwood See also ( edit ) Italy portal Catholicism portal Roman Catholic Marian churches List of largest domes in the world Santa Reparata , Florence Inferno ( Dan Brown novel ) History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ermengem , Kristiaan Van . `` Duomo di Firenze , Florence '' . A View On Cities . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , pp. 36 -- 37 ; according to Bartlett , the people of Florence continued to call the cathedral by its former name for some time after reconstruction . ^ Jump up to : Barlett , 36 . Jump up ^ Zucconi , Guido ( 1995 ) . Florence : An Architectural Guide . San Giovanni Lupatoto , Vr , Italy : Arsenale Editrice srl . ISBN 88 - 7743 - 147 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria Del Fiore Church ( Dome ) Firenze Italy '' . En.firenze-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ King , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : `` Brunelleschi 's Dome '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , p. 9 . Jump up ^ King , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Lynne ( 2005 ) Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome : Innovations in Context , Cambridge University Press , p. 44 Jump up ^ PBS ' The Medici : Godfathers of the Renaissance , Birth of a Dynasty ( see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FFDJK8jmms at the 20 : 15 mark ) Jump up ^ The Secrets of the Florentine Dome : The Secrets of the Florentine Dome , accessdate : January 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Niel ( 2007 ) Architecture Explained . ISBN 0756628687 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ King , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Tom ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Mystery of Florence 's Cathedral Dome May Be Solved '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Tom Mueller Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Doumo Design Video Jump up ^ King , pp. 105 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Gartner , Peter , Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 -- 1446 , p 95 . Jump up ^ King , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Paolo Galluzzi , `` Leonard de Vinci , engineer and architect '' , p. 50 Jump up ^ Figures vary . archINFORM gives a 45 m wide tambour , while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola , others as little as 42 m . Jump up ^ As referenced in `` Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore : il cantiere di restauro 1980 -- 1995 '' by Cristina Acidini Luchinat and Riccardo Dalla Negra published by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Roma ) in 1995 ( ISBN 8824039561 ) Jump up ^ Thesaurus Florentinus project page ( in Italian ) , Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici e Paesaggisitici di Firenze , Ministero dei Beni Culturali References ( edit ) Bartlett , Kenneth R. ( 1992 ) . The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance . Toronto : D.C. Heath and Company . ISBN 0 - 669 - 20900 - 7 ( Paperback ) . King , Ross ( 2000 ) . Brunelleschi 's Dome : How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture . London : Chatto & Windus . Jepson , Tim ( 2001 ) . The National Geographic Traveler , Florence & Tuscany . National Geographic Society . ISBN 90 - 215 - 9720 - 9 . Henry A. Millon ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) . Italian Renaissance Architecture : from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27921 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Montrésor , Carlo ( 2000 ) . The Opera del Duomo , Museum in Florence . Mandragora . Suro , Roberto ( July 28 , 1987 ) . `` Cracks in a Great Dome in Florence May Point to Impending Disaster '' . New York Times : C3 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Tacconi , Marica S. Cathedral and Civic Ritual in Late Medieval and Renaissance Florence : The Service Books of Santa Maria del Fiore . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81704 - 2 Wirtz , Rolf C. Kunst & Architektur , Florenz . Könemann , 2005 . ISBN 3 - 8331 - 1576 - 9 . Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore : il cantiere di restauro 1980 -- 1995 , a cura di Cristina Acidini Luchinat e Riccardo Dalla Negra . Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Roma ) . 1995 . ISBN 88 - 240 - 3956 - 1 . Library of Congress permalink Devémy , Jean - François ( 2013 ) . Sur les traces de Filippo Brunelleschi , l'invention de la coupole de Santa Maria del Fiore à Florence . Suresnes : Les Editions du Net . ISBN 978 - 2 - 312 - 01329 - 9 . ( in line presentation ) Gärtner , Peter J. ( 1998 ) . Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1446 . Köln : Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0241 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Great Cathedral Mystery '' , PBS Nova TV documentary , February 12 , 2014 Hunt , Don , `` Secrets of the Duomo '' , Journal , Issue 2 , 2014 , International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Mueller , Tom , `` Brunelleschi 's Dome : How did a hot - tempered goldsmith with no formal architectural training create the most miraculous edifice of the Renaissance ? '' , National Geographic magazine , February 2014 Ricci , Massimo , Il genio di Brunelleschi e la costruzione della Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore , Livorno : Casa Editrice Sillabe S.r.l. , April 2014 . ( The genius of Filippo Brunelleschi and the construction of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore ) . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8347 - 691 - 4 . The book is the result of forty years of research on the secret technique with which Brunelleschi built the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence . Ricci makes the case for the dome being an inverted arch and uses a herringbone pattern ( spina a pesce ) for the dome 's bricks . Vereycken , Karel , `` The Secrets of the Florentine Dome '' , Schiller Institute , 2013 . ( Translation from the French , `` Les secrets du dôme de Florence '' , la revue Fusion , n ° 96 , Mai , Juin 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Maria del Fiore ( Florence ) . Official website L'Opera del Duomo , Firenze Brunelleschi 's Dome -- en `` The Cathedral '' . The Florence Art Guide . 2004 . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Museums in Florence -- Cathedral and Giotto Belltower Horner , Susan ; Horner , Joanna ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` Chapter III : The Cathedral -- Exterior '' . Walks in Florence . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014 -- 02 Il Duomo 360 Panorama View Interactive NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Cutaway Interactive ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014 - 02 ll Duomo Piazza 360 degree panorama interactive ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Compared to other Domes Interactive <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Tourism in Florence Religious sites Basilicas Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore S Lorenzo Medici Chapel S Croce Baroncelli and Pazzi Chapels S Maria Novella Tornabuoni Chapel SS Annunziata S Marco S Miniato al Monte S Maria del Carmine Brancacci Chapel S Trinita Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel Sassetti Chapel S Spirito Churches Badia Fiorentina Battistero di San Giovanni S Mary of the Angels Certosa Orsanmichele Ognissanti Oratorio dei Vanchetoni Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas San Frediano in Cestello S Gaetano S Giovannino degli Scolopi S Giovannino dei Cavalieri S Jacopo sopr'Arno S Salvatore al Vescovo S Ambrogio S Felicita Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi S Maria Maggiore S Martino del Vescovo Ss Apostoli S Pancrazio S Salvi Ss Simone e Giuda S Stefano al Ponte Other Great Synagogue Museums , galleries and palaces Bargello Casa Buonarroti Casa Guidi Galleria dell'Accademia David Garden of Archimedes Loggia del Bigallo Loggia del Mercato Nuovo Loggia del Pesce Loggia Rucellai Museo dell'Opera del Duomo Museo Galileo Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia Museo Nazionale di San Marco Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze La Specola National Archaeological Museum Orsanmichele Ospedale degli Innocenti Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai Palazzo Davanzati Palazzo Gondi Palazzo Medici Riccardi Magi Chapel Palazzo Pitti Museo delle Porcellane Palazzo Vecchio Studiolo of Francesco I Palazzo Spini Feroni Stibbert Museum Uffizi Loggia dei Lanzi Vasari Corridor Towers ( Torri ) degli Amidei degli Alberti dei Della Bella dei Gianfigliazzi dei Mannelli dei Pulci Giotto 's Campanile Library Biblioteca Riccardiana at Palazzo Medici Riccardi British Institute of Florence Gabinetto Vieusseux ( Palazzo Strozzi ) Kunsthistorisches Institut Laurentian Library National Central Library Landmarks Fountain of Neptune Giotto 's Campanile Ponte Vecchio Monument to Dante Theatres Teatro Comunale Florence Teatro della Pergola Teatro Verdi Squares Squares of Florence Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Repubblica Piazza della Signoria Piazza Santa Croce Piazzale Michelangelo Streets Via Cavour Via de ' Tornabuoni Fort Belvedere Fortezza da Basso Gardens and parks Boboli Gardens Giardino Bardini Giardino dell'Iris Giardino delle rose Orto Botanico di Firenze Parco delle Cascine Villas Medici villas di Castello La Petraia di Careggi Medicea L'Ambrogiana del Poggio Imperiale Gamberaia I Tatti Il Gioiello La Pietra Rusciano Events and traditions Calcio Fiorentino Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Scoppio del carro <Td_colspan="3"> Districts of Florence Trams in Florence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&oldid=842458929 '' Categories : Basilica churches in Florence Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1436 15th - century Roman Catholic church buildings 15th - century establishments in the Republic of Florence Church buildings with domes Fresco paintings Tourist attractions in Florence Gothic architecture in Florence Renaissance architecture in Florence Buildings containing meridian lines Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata Articles with short description Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 16 : 03 . 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-7,727,578,080,179,950,000 | where did the term out of left field come from | Out of left field - wikipedia Out of left field Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an American slang term . For the Hank Williams Jr album , see Out of Left Field . `` Out of left field '' is American slang meaning `` unexpectedly '' , `` odd '' or `` strange '' . The phrase came from baseball terminology referring to the area covered by the left fielder who has the farthest throw to first base . According to mlb.com there is another meaning : `` The term ' way out in left field ' is taken to mean ' crazy . ' '' Cook County Hospital ( by the West Side Grounds , the Chicago Cubs first location under what is now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine ) had a mental institution behind left field , ( This can not be true . Left field was against Wood St . ) ( ... ) The bottom line is , patients could be heard yelling and screaming things at fans behind the left field wall . ' '' Variations include `` out in left field '' and simply `` left field '' . Music industry ( edit ) Popular music historian Arnold Shaw wrote in 1949 for the Music Library Association that the term `` out of left field '' was first used in the idiomatic sense of `` from out of nowhere '' by the music industry to refer to a song that unexpectedly performed well in the market . Based on baseball lingo , a sentence such as `` That was a hit out of left field '' was used by song pluggers who promoted recordings and sheet music , to describe a song requiring no effort to sell . A `` rocking chair hit '' was the kind of song which came `` out of left field '' and sold itself , allowing the song plugger to relax . A 1943 article in Billboard magazine expands the use to describe people unexpectedly drawn to radio broadcasting : `` Latest twist in radio linked with the war is the exceptional number of quasi-clerical groups and individuals who have come out of left field in recent months and are trying to buy , not promote , radio time . '' Further instances of the phrase were published in the 1940s , including more times in Billboard magazine and once in a humor book titled How to Be Poor . Later explanations ( edit ) In May 1981 , columnist William Safire asked readers of The New York Times to send him any ideas they had regarding the origin of the phrase `` out of left field '' -- he did not know where it came from , and did not refer to Shaw 's work . On June 28 , 1981 , he devoted most of his Sunday column to the phrase , offering up various responses he received . The earliest scholarly citation Safire could find was a 1961 article in the journal American Speech , which defined the variation `` out in left field '' as meaning `` disoriented , out of contact with reality . '' Linguist John Algeo told Safire that the phrase most likely came from baseball observers rather than from baseball fans or players . In Safire 's Political Dictionary , Safire writes that the phrase `` out of left field '' means `` out of the ordinary , out of touch , far out . '' The variation `` out in left field '' means alternately `` removed from the ordinary , unconventional '' or `` out of contact with reality , out of touch . '' He compares the term to left - wing politics and the Left Coast -- slang for the liberal - leaning coastal cities in California , Oregon and Washington . In 1998 , American English professor Robert L. Chapman , in his book American Slang , wrote that the phrase `` out of left field '' was in use by 1953 . He did not cite Shaw 's work and he did not point to printed instances of the phrase in the 1940s . Marcus Callies , an associate professor of English and philology at the University of Mainz in Germany , wrote that `` the precise origin is unclear and disputed '' , referring to Christine Ammer 's conclusion in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms . Callies suggested that the left fielder in baseball might throw the ball to home plate in an effort to get the runner out before he scores , and that the ball , coming from behind the runner out of left field , would surprise the runner . From the Way Out In Left Field Society : `` The phrase `` way out in left field '' has evolved to mean an eccentric , odd , misguided or peculiar statement or act . Although the origin of the phrase has been challenged and debated over the years , the most logical and realistic explanation comes from an extinct baseball park called West Side Grounds that the Chicago Cubs called home from 1893 to 1915 . As legend has it , a mental hospital called the Neuropsychiatric Institute was located directly behind the left field wall . The Institute housed mental patients who could be heard making strange and bizarre comments within listening distance of players and fans . Thus , if someone said that you were `` way out in left field , '' the person was questioning your sanity and comparing you with a mental patient '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/2954187/ Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ; Dalzell , Tom ; Victor , Terry ( 2007 ) . The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English . Psychology Press . p. 396 . ISBN 0415212596 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Arnold ( December 1949 ) . `` The Vocabulary of Tin - Pan Alley Explained '' . Notes . Music Library Association . 7 ( 1 ) : 33 , 48 , 50 . doi : 10.2307 / 889665 . JSTOR 889665 . Out of left field . Used with reference to a song that unexpectedly does well . Expression , obviously adapted from baseball , goes : ' That was a hit out of left field . ' Implication is that song was not a plug song and that no work was done on it until sales and performances developed of themselves . Jump up ^ `` Religion All of a Sudden : Groups With Self - Styled Piety Capitalizing on War Nerves by Buys on Indies But Nets Sneer '' . The Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 55 ( 17 ) : 8 . April 24 , 1943 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bill ( February 8 , 1947 ) . `` Follow - up Review '' . The Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 39 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Webman , Hal ; Fischler , Alan ( June 19 , 1948 ) . `` The Record Year '' . The Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 14 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Fay , Frank ( 1945 ) . How to Be Poor . Prentice - Hall . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( May 10 , 1981 ) . `` Word - Watchers at Work '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Red ( July 1 , 1981 ) . `` Sportspeak and Stuff '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( June 28 , 1981 ) . `` Out Of Left Field '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hukill , Peter B. ( May 1961 ) . `` The Spoken Language of Medicine : Argot , Slang , Cant '' . American Speech . The American Dialect Society . 36 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 151 . doi : 10.2307 / 453853 . JSTOR 453853 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 1997 ) . `` Out of Left Field '' . In John Thorn . The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball : An All - Star Lineup Celebrates America 's National Pastime . Sterling Publishing . pp. 270 -- 273 . ISBN 1578660041 . ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 384 . ISBN 0195343344 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Robert L. ( 1998 ) . American Slang ( 2 ed . ) . HarperCollins . p. 374 . ISBN 0062732935 . ^ Jump up to : Callies , Marcus ; Keller , Wolfram R. ; Lohöfer , Astrid ( 2011 ) . `` Widening the goalposts of cognitive metaphor research '' . Bi-Directionality in the Cognitive Sciences : Avenues , Challenges , and Limitations . Human Cognitive Processing . 30 . John Benjamins Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 902722384X . Jump up ^ `` The Way Out in Left Field Society '' . Jump up ^ `` Cubs originally called West Side home '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Out_of_left_field&oldid=800498401 '' Categories : English phrases Metaphors referring to sport Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 22 : 54 . About Wikipedia | 1. American slang term
2. Baseball terminology
3. Unexpectedly
4. Odd or strange
5. Music industry |
4,240,489,291,483,139,600 | who sings i am your lady and you are my man | The Power of Love ( Jennifer Rush song ) - wikipedia The Power of Love ( Jennifer Rush song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Power of Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jennifer Rush <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Jennifer Rush Released December 1984 ( 1984 - 12 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Single Recorded 1984 CBS Studios International , Frankfurt Genre Pop Length 6 : 00 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate Producer ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge <Th_colspan="2"> Jennifer Rush singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ring of Ice '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Destiny '' ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> Jennifer Rush - `` The Power of Love '' file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Power of Love '' is a song co-written and originally recorded by Jennifer Rush in 1984 . It has been covered by several artists , most notably by Celine Dion , Laura Branigan and Air Supply . Rush 's original version , released in her native United States at the end of 1984 and in Europe during 1985 , went to number one in the United Kingdom in October 1985 and became the biggest - selling single of the year in that country . It was also a number one single in several other European countries , as well as Canada , Australia and New Zealand . Dion 's version went to number one in the United States , Canada and Australia in 1994 . The song has been translated into several languages , becoming a pop standard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Official versions 3 Track listings 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Decade - end charts 4.4 All - time charts 5 Certifications and sales 6 Air Supply version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Personnel 6.3 Charts 7 Laura Branigan version 7.1 Track listing 7.2 Personnel 7.3 Charts 8 Celine Dion version 8.1 Track listings 8.2 Charts 8.2. 1 Weekly charts 8.2. 2 Year - end charts 8.2. 3 Decade - end charts 8.3 Certifications and sales 8.4 Release history 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) `` The Power of Love '' was first recorded by Jennifer Rush for her 1984 eponymous album . It was released as a single in West Germany in December 1984 . In June 1985 , `` The Power of Love '' was issued as a single in the United Kingdom , where it topped the chart for five weeks in October 1985 and became the best - selling single of the year . As of March 2017 , it has sold 1.45 million copies in the UK . The massive success of `` The Power of Love '' in the UK followed with widespread international success for the single in the last months of 1985 and the first of 1986 , including a German re-release with a resultant number - nine charting . Eventually `` The Power of Love '' reached number one in Australia , Austria , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway and Spain ( where Rush topped the chart with a version in Spanish called `` Si tú eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer '' , translated as `` If you are my man and I 'm your woman '' ) , number three in Switzerland , Sweden and Belgium , and number seven in the Netherlands . CBS held off on releasing `` The Power of Love '' in North America feeling the disc was too European . It finally saw release in the United States and Canada in January 1986 but despite rising to number one in Canada , `` The Power of Love '' failed to become a significant US hit , stalling at number fifty - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week - ending of 5 April 1986 and spending 13 weeks within the Hot 100 . The song was performed by Rush on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in March 1986 and American Bandstand in April 1986 . Official versions ( edit ) Original album version ( 6 : 00 ) Special radio edit ( 4 : 43 ) ( This is an edit of the original album version ) Orchestral remix ( 6 : 00 ) International album version ( 5 : 45 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel ) Remix ( 4 : 20 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . This is an edit of the international album version ) Extended remix ( 7 : 10 ) ( Remixed by Walter Samuel . Different mix to the international album version / remix ) Track listings ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Europe 1st press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> Europe promo 7 '' ( CBS PROSI 24 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 <Th_colspan="3"> Europe 1st press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Original Album Version ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00 <Th_colspan="3"> Europe 2nd press 7 '' ( CBS CBSA 5003 ) / U.K. 1st press 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> Europe 2nd press 12 '' ( CBS CBSA 12.5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Nobody Move '' 3 : 12 3 . `` Into My Dreams '' 4 : 00 <Th_colspan="3"> U.K. 1st press 12 '' ( CBS TX 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 2 . `` Come Give Me Your Hand '' 3 : 49 3 . `` I See A Shadow ( Not A Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> U.K. promo 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 <Th_colspan="3"> U.K. 2nd press 7 '' ( CBS A 5003 ) / U.S. 7 '' ( Epic 34 - 05754 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 2 . `` I See a Shadow ( Not a Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> U.K. 2nd press 12 '' ( CBS TX 5003 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Extended Remix ) '' 7 : 10 2 . `` Come Give Me Your Hand '' 3 : 49 3 . `` I See A Shadow ( Not A Fantasy ) '' 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> Spain 7 '' ( CBS A 6975 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Si tu eres mi hombre y yo tu mujer '' 5 : 10 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Remix ) '' 4 : 20 <Th_colspan="3"> Europe re-released CD single ( 6614112 ) ( 1995 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power Of Love ( Special Radio Edit ) '' 4 : 43 2 . `` The Power Of Love ( Orchestral Remix ) '' 6 : 00 3 . `` Ave Maria ( Survivors Of A Different Kind ) '' 3 : 48 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 86 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( KMR ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 45 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 49 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1986 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Canada ( RPM ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 89 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1952 -- 2014 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 41 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,450,000 Air Supply version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Air Supply <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Air Supply Released July 1985 ( 1985 - 07 ) Recorded 1985 Length 5 : 22 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate Producer ( s ) Peter Collins <Th_colspan="2"> Air Supply singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just as I Am '' ( 1985 ) `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Lonely Is the Night '' ( 1986 ) Australian duo Air Supply covered `` The Power of Love '' for their 1985 eponymous album . Since the song was sung by Russell Hitchcock , the gender roles were reversed in the lyrics ( `` I 'm your lady and you are my man '' became `` You are my lady and I am your man '' ) . It was released as a single in July 1985 in the United States , and later in Canada and New Zealand . Their version was titled `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' so as not to be confused with `` The Power of Love '' by Huey Lewis and the News which was on the charts at the same time . Air Supply 's version was a moderate success in New Zealand and Canada , reaching the top 40 in both countries in late 1985 . In the US , it peaked at number 68 . This cover was featured in the 2017 film Death Note . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> 7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' 3 : 57 2 . `` Sunset '' 2 : 47 Personnel ( edit ) Russell Hitchcock - vocals Graham Russell - background vocals Steve Lukather - guitar Greg Phillinganes - keyboards David Paich - keyboards Steve Porcaro - keyboards , synthesizer Nathan East - bass John `` JR '' Robinson - drums Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Canada ( RPM ) 35 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 Laura Branigan version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Power of Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Laura Branigan <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Touch Released October 1987 ( 1987 - 10 ) Format 7 '' cassette Recorded Powertrax Studio , Hollywood Genre Pop rock soft rock Length 5 : 19 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate Producer ( s ) David Kershenbaum <Th_colspan="2"> Laura Branigan singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Shattered Glass '' ( 1987 ) `` Power of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Cry Wolf '' ( 1987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Shattered Glass '' ( 1987 ) `` Power of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` Cry Wolf '' ( 1987 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> Laura Branigan - `` The Power of Love '' file help <Td_colspan="2"> Laura Branigan recorded `` The Power of Love '' under the title `` Power of Love '' for her 1987 album , Touch . Produced by David Kershenbaum , the track was released in October 1987 as the album 's second single , after `` Shattered Glass . '' In December 1987 , `` Power of Love '' reached number twenty - six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also peaked at number nineteen on the US Adult Contemporary chart . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> 7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` Power of Love '' 4 : 44 2 . `` Spirit of Love '' 3 : 35 Personnel ( edit ) Laura Branigan -- vocals David J. Holman -- PPG programming , engineering , mixing David Kershenbaum -- production Bob Marlette -- keyboards , drum programming , arrangement Kim Scharnberg -- strings , arrangement Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 Celine Dion version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Power of Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Celine Dion <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Colour of My Love Released 8 November 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 08 ) Format CD cassette 7 '' Recorded The Enterprise Ground Control Record Plant Genre Pop rock Length 5 : 42 ( album version ) 4 : 46 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Gunther Mende Candy DeRouge Jennifer Rush Mary Susan Applegate Producer ( s ) David Foster <Th_colspan="2"> Celine Dion singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Plus haut que moi '' ( 1993 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Misled '' ( 1994 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Plus haut que moi '' ( 1993 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Misled '' ( 1994 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> Celine Dion - `` The Power of Love '' file help <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Power of Love '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Canadian singer Celine Dion covered `` The Power of Love '' for her third English - language studio album , The Colour of My Love ( 1993 ) . It was produced by David Foster and released as the first single in November 1993 in North America , in December 1993 in Japan , and in early 1994 in the rest of the world . A music video for the song was released . It only used the radio edit , which was the opening track for all releases of the song . `` The Power of Love '' became Dion 's first US number - one song , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in February 1994 . It also became her first Australian chart topper and second number - one single in Canada . The song also topped the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada . In the rest of the world , `` The Power of Love '' reached top ten in France , United Kingdom , Belgium , Sweden and New Zealand . It was certified Platinum in the United States and Australia , Gold in New Zealand and Silver in France . In the United States , it has sold 1.5 million copies . `` The Power of Love '' won the ASCAP Pop Award for Most Performed Song in the United States . It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , two Billboard Music Awards for Hot 100 Single of the Year and Hot Adult Contemporary Single of the Year , and for the Juno Award for Single of the Year . Thanks to `` The Power of Love , '' David Foster was also nominated for the Juno Award for Producer of the Year . `` The Power of Love '' became one of Dion 's signature songs . She performed it during all of her concert tours and included it on her live albums . `` The Power of Love '' was also featured on Dion 's greatest hits compilations : All the Way ... A Decade of Song ( 1999 ) , Complete Best ( 2008 ) , My Love : Essential Collection ( 2008 ) and The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster ( 2012 ) . Live performances are included on À l'Olympia ( album ) , Live à Paris ( album ) , Live à Paris ( video ) , Au cœur du stade ( video ) , Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... ( video ) , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert ( album / video ) , and Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 ( album / video ) . She also performed the song at the American Music Awards of 1995 and her CBS television special That 's Just the Woman in Me on 15 February 2008 . Track listings ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> 7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' ( Radio edit ) 4 : 42 2 . `` No Living Without Loving You '' 4 : 23 <Th_colspan="3"> CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' ( Radio edit ) 4 : 42 2 . `` No Living Without Loving You '' 4 : 23 3 . `` Did You Give Enough Love '' 4 : 22 <Th_colspan="3"> CD single ( Japan ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' ( Radio edit ) 4 : 42 2 . `` No Living Without Loving You '' 4 : 23 3 . `` If You Asked Me To '' 3 : 55 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada ( The Record 's Retail Singles Chart ) Canada ( The Record 's Contemporary Hit Radio ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 62 Chart ( 1994 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 148 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 47 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 160 US Billboard Hot 100 48 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 221,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,471,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United States 23 November 1993 CD cassette 7 '' United Kingdom 17 January 1994 See also ( edit ) 1985 in British music Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1994 List of Australian chart achievements and milestones List of best - selling singles of the 1980s in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1994 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1994 List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1994 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of number - one singles of 1985 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1986 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1994 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1986 ( Spain ) List of Top 25 singles for 1985 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1994 in Australia List of Top 40 singles for 1980 -- 89 in Australia List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s List of UK top 10 singles in 1994 RPM Year - End VG - lista 1964 to 1994 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Archive - 1980s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Official Top 20 Biggest Selling Singles Of All Time By Female Artists '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . Australia : St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jennifer Rush -- The Power of Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jennifer Rush -- The Power of Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 44 , No. 6 , May 03 1986 '' . RPM. 3 May 1986 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 43 , No. 25 , March 15 , 1986 '' . RPM. 15 March 1986 . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jennifer Rush -- The Power of Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . 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Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Celine Dion . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM. 18 December 1993 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1994 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM. 12 December 1994 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 AC Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM. 12 December 1994 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1994 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1994 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1994 '' . 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Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dean Scapolo ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 - 2006 . RIANZ . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- The Power of Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Enter The Power of Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- The Power of Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- The Power of Love '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Jennifer Rush -- `` The Power of Love '' on YouTube Celine Dion -- `` The Power of Love '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Jennifer Rush Studio albums Heidi Jennifer Rush ( 1984 ) Movin ' Heart over Mind Passion Wings of Desire Jennifer Rush ( 1992 ) Out of My Hands Credo Classics Now Is the Hour Songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Till I Loved You '' Higher Ground Compilations The Power of Jennifer Rush Stronghold -- The Collector 's Hit Box DVDs The Power of Love - The Complete Video Collection <Th_colspan="2"> Air Supply <Td_colspan="2"> Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin <Td_colspan="2"> Book Commons category <Th_colspan="2"> Laura Branigan singles Branigan `` All Night With Me '' `` Gloria '' Branigan 2 `` Solitaire '' `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' `` Deep in the Dark '' Self Control `` Self Control '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Ti Amo '' `` Satisfaction '' `` With Every Beat of My Heart '' Hold Me `` Spanish Eddie '' `` Hold Me '' `` Maybe Tonight '' `` I Found Someone '' Touch `` Shattered Glass '' `` Power of Love '' `` Cry Wolf '' `` Spirit of Love '' Laura Branigan `` Moonlight on Water '' `` Never in a Million Years '' `` Turn the Beat Around '' Over My Heart `` Did n't We Almost Win It All '' `` It 's Been Hard Enough Getting Over You '' `` How Can I Help You to Say Goodbye '' `` Love Your Girl '' The Best of Branigan `` Dim All the Lights '' Other singles `` Memories '' `` Fool 's Affair '' `` Looking Out for Number One '' `` Tell Him '' `` Come into My Life '' `` Heart of Me '' `` Tokio '' `` I Believe '' Other songs `` Mama '' `` Foolish Lullaby '' <Th_colspan="2"> Celine Dion English singles <Td_colspan="2"> Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Power_of_Love_(Jennifer_Rush_song)&oldid=804486528 '' Categories : Air Supply songs Arista Records singles Atlantic Records singles Laura Branigan songs CBS Records singles Celine Dion songs Columbia Records singles 1984 songs 1984 singles 1985 singles 1986 singles 1987 singles 1993 singles 1994 singles 1998 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Epic Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Elisabeth Andreassen songs La India songs Sten & Stanley songs Songs with lyrics by Mary Susan Applegate RMM Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jennifer Rush - "The Power of Love" song
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791,317,866,831,711,400 | when did the first £1 coin come out | One pound ( British coin ) - wikipedia One pound ( British coin ) Jump to : navigation , search `` £ 1 '' redirects here . For other uses , see List of £ 1 . One pound <Td_colspan="2"> United Kingdom Value 1 pound sterling Mass ( Round ) 9.5 g ( 12 - sided ) 8.75 g Diameter ( Round ) 22.5 mm ( 12 - sided ) 23.03 - 23.43 mm Thickness ( Round ) 3.15 mm ( 12 - sided ) 2.8 mm Edge ( Round ) Milled , with incuse lettering ( 12 - sided ) Alternately milled and plain Composition ( Round ) Nickel - brass ( 70 % Cu , 24.5 % Zn , and 5.5 % Ni ) ( 12 - sided , outer ring ) Nickel - brass ( 76 % Cu , 20 % Zn , and 4 % Ni ) ( 12 - sided , inner circle ) Nickel - plated alloy <Th_colspan="2"> Obverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Jody Clark Design date 2015 ( round ) 2016 ( 12 - sided ) <Th_colspan="2"> Reverse <Td_colspan="2"> Design The shield of the Royal Coat of Arms ( round ) Rose , leek , thistle , and shamrock encircled by a coronet ( 12 - sided ) Designer Matthew Dent ( round ) David Pearce ( 12 - sided ) Design date 2008 ( round ) 2016 ( 12 - sided ) The British one pound ( £ 1 ) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling . Its obverse bears the Latin engraving DG REG `` Dei Gratia Regina '' meaning , `` By the grace of God , Queen '' and FD meaning Fidei defensor , Defender of the Faith . It has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin 's introduction on 21 April 1983 . Four different portraits of the Queen have been used , with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015 . The design on the reverse side of the new 2017 coin features four emblems to represent each of the nations of the United Kingdom -- the English rose , the leek for Wales , the Scottish thistle , and the shamrock for Northern Ireland -- emerging from a single stem within a crown . The £ 1 coin replaced the Bank of England £ 1 note , which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988 , though still redeemable at the Bank 's offices , like all English banknotes . One - pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man , and by the Royal Bank of Scotland , but the pound coin is much more widely used . Since 28 March 2017 , two versions of the one pound coin have been in circulation -- the original round design and a new dodecagonal ( 12 - sided ) design . As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,553 million round £ 1 coins in circulation , of which the Royal Mint estimated in 2014 that 3.04 % ( i.e. about 47 million ) were counterfeit . In an effort to counter this , the Royal Mint introduced the new 12 - sided coin , which is bimetallic like the current £ 2 coin , and features an undisclosed hidden security feature called ' iSIS ' ( Integrated Secure Identification Systems ) . The round pound will remain in circulation until 15 October 2017 . After that date , the older coin can only be redeemed at banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Mintage figures 2.1 Round coin 2.2 12 - sided coin 3 Counterfeiting 4 Other pound coins in circulation 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) To date , five different obverses have been used . For the first three of these , the inscription was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 2013 , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting . The fourth design , unveiled in March 2015 , expanded the inscription slightly to ELIZABETH II DEI. GRA. REG. FID. DEF. 2015 . The fifth design , introduced in March 2017 , reverted to D.G. REG. F.D. In summary : In 1983 and 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse , in which the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem . Between 1998 and 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank - Broadley was used , again featuring the tiara , with a signature - mark IRB below the portrait . In 2015 the portrait by Jody Clark was introduced , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem , with a signature - mark JC below the portrait . In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £ 2 coin . The winner , announced in April 2008 , was Matthew Dent , whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008 . The designs for the 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together . The shield in its entirety is featured on the £ 1 coin . The coin 's obverse remains unchanged . The design of the reverse of the coin was changed each year from 1983 to 2008 to show , in turn , an emblem representing the UK , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland , and England , together with an appropriate edge inscription . This edge inscription may frequently be `` upside - down '' ( when obverse is facing upward ) . Since 2008 , national - based designs have still been minted , but alongside the new standard version , and no longer in strict rotation . The inscription ONE POUND appears on all reverse designs . In common with non-commemorative £ 2 coins , the £ 1 coin ( except 2004 -- 07 and the 2010 -- 11 ' capital cities ' designs ) has a mint mark : a small crosslet found on the milled edge that represents Llantrisant in South Wales , where the Royal Mint has been based since 1968 . The reverse of the new 12 - sided bimetallic pound coin , introduced on 28 March 2017 , was chosen by a public design competition . The competition to design the reverse of this coin was opened in September 2014 . It was won in March 2015 by 15 - year - old David Pearce from Walsall , and unveiled by Chancellor George Osborne during his Budget announcement . The design features a rose , leek , thistle and shamrock bound by a crown . The current round pound will remain legal tender alongside the new 12 - sided design until 15 October 2017 . After said date , the older round coin will only be redeemable at banks . The round pound will remain legal tender on the Isle of Man . Mintage figures ( edit ) Round coin ( edit ) Images : Royal Mint Year Design Nation represented Edge inscription Translation Mintage Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 443,053,510 1984 Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 146,256,501 1985 Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 228,430,749 1986 Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 10,409,501 Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 39,298,502 Crown over the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 7,118,825 Thistle and royal diadem Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 70,580,501 Leek and royal diadem Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 97,269,302 1991 Flax plant and royal diadem Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 38,443,575 Oak tree and royal diadem England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 36,320,487 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 114,744,500 Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 29,752,525 1995 Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 34,503,501 Celtic cross , Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 89,886,000 Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,117,450 1998 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated 1999 Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity not circulated 2000 Dragon passant Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 109,496,500 Celtic cross , Broighter collar and pimpernel Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 63,968,065 2002 Three lions passant guardant England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 77,818,000 2003 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 61,596,500 Forth Railway Bridge surrounded by railway tracks Scotland An incuse decorative feature symbolising bridges and pathways N / A 39,162,000 2005 Menai Suspension Bridge surrounded by railing and stanchions Wales 99,429,500 2006 Egyptian Arch Railway Bridge surrounded by railway station canopy dags Northern Ireland 38,938,000 2007 Gateshead Millennium Bridge surrounded by struts England 26,180,160 2008 Ornamental royal arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 3,910,000 2008 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 43,827,300 2009 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 27,625,600 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 57,120,000 Coat of arms of the City of London England DOMINE DIRIGE NOS Lord , guide us 2,635,000 Coat of arms of Belfast Northern Ireland PRO TANTO QUID RETRIBUAMUS For so much , what shall we give in return ? 6,205,000 2011 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 25,415,000 2011 Coat of arms of Cardiff Wales Y DDRAIG GOCH DDYRY CYCHWYN The red dragon will give the lead 1,615,000 2011 Coat of arms of Edinburgh Scotland NISI DOMINUS FRUSTRA In vain without the Lord 935,000 2012 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 35,700,030 2013 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 13,090,500 2013 Oak and rose England DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,270,000 2013 Leek and daffodil Wales PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD True am I to my country 5,270,000 2014 Shamrock and flax plant Northern Ireland DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 5,780,000 2014 Thistle and bluebell Scotland NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT No one attacks me with impunity 5,185,000 2014 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 79,305,200 2015 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms ( 4th portrait ) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 29,580,000 2015 The Royal Coat of Arms ( 5th portrait ) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 131,250,000 2016 The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms ( 5th portrait ) United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard 30,000 ( only in BU sets ) 2016 Four heraldic beasts United Kingdom DECUS ET TUTAMEN An ornament and a safeguard not circulated All years except 1998 and 1999 have been issued into circulation , although the number issued has varied enormously -- 1983 , 1984 and 1985 in particular had large mintages to facilitate the changeover from paper notes , while some years such as 1988 are only rarely seen ( although 1988 is more noticeable as it has a unique reverse ) . Production since 1997 has been reduced , thanks to the introduction of the circulating two pound coin . The final round coins minted for 2016 did not enter circulation , as they were only available through commemorative sets . These were the shield from the Royal Coat of Arms by Matthew Dent , and a design by Gregory Cameron , Bishop of St Asaph , of four heraldic beasts . 12 - sided coin ( edit ) Year Design Nation represented Mintage 2016 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom 300,000,000 ( initial launch in March 2017 ) 2017 Nations of the Crown United Kingdom TBA Counterfeiting ( edit ) Royal Mint surveys estimate the proportion of counterfeit £ 1 coins in circulation . This was estimated at 3.04 % in 2013 , a rise from 2.74 % . The figure previously announced in 2012 was 2.86 % , following the prolonged rise from 0.92 % in 2002 -- 2003 to 0.98 % in 2004 , 1.26 % in 2005 , 1.69 % in 2006 , 2.06 % in 2007 , 2.58 % in 2008 , 2.65 % in 2009 , 3.07 % in 2010 and 3.09 % in 2011 . Figures have generally been reported in the following year ; in 2008 ( as reported in 2009 ) , the highest levels of counterfeits were in Northern Ireland ( 3.6 % ) and the South East and London ( 2.97 % ) , with the lowest being in Northwest England . Coin testing companies estimated in 2009 that the actual figure was about twice the Mint 's estimate , suggesting that the Mint was underplaying the figures so as not to undermine confidence in the coin . It is illegal to pass on counterfeit currency knowingly ; the official advice is to hand it in , with details of where received , to the police , who will retain it and investigate . One article suggested `` given that fake coins are worthless , you will almost certainly be better off not even looking '' . The recipient has recourse against the supplier , as in any such case . Counterfeits are put into circulation by dishonest people , then circulated inadvertently by others who are unaware ; in many cases banks do not check , and circulate counterfeits . A 2011 BBC television programme withdrew 1,000 £ 1 coins from each of five major banks and found that each batch contained between 32 and 38 counterfeits ; the Mint estimated that about 31 per 1,000 £ 1 coins were counterfeit . Some of the counterfeits were found by automated machinery , others could be detected only by expert visual inspection . In July 2010 , following speculation that the Royal Mint would have to consider replacing £ 1 coins with a new design because of the fakes , bookmakers Paddy Power offered odds of 6 / 4 ( bet £ 4 to win £ 6 , plus the £ 4 stake back ; decimal odds of 2.5 ) , that the £ 1 coin would be removed from circulation . Real and fake pound coin , showing poor - quality edge inscription and milling Some counterfeits are of poor quality , with obviously visible differences ( less sharply defined , lacking intricate details , edge milling and markings visibly wrong ) . Many better counterfeits can be detected by comparing the orientation of the obverse and reverse -- they always match in genuine coins , but very often not in counterfeits . The design on the reverse must be correct for the stamped year ( e.g. , a 1996 coin should have a Celtic cross ) . It is difficult to manufacture coins with properly - produced edges ; the milling ( grooves ) may be incomplete or poor and the inscription ( often `` DECUS ET TUTAMEN '' ) may be poorly produced and sometimes in the wrong typeface . A shiny coin with less wear than its date suggests is also suspect , although it may be a genuine coin that has rarely been used . Counterfeit coins are made by different processes including casting , stamping , electrotyping , and copying with a pantograph or spark erosion . In a 2009 survey , 99 % of fake £ 1 coins found in cash centres were made of a nickel - brass , of which three fifths contained some lead and a fifth were of a very similar alloy to that used by the Royal Mint . The remaining 1 % were made of simple copper - zinc brass , or lead or tin , or both . Those made of lead or tin may have a gold - coloured coating ; counterfeits made of acrylic plastic containing metal powder to increase weight have occasionally been found . The final `` round coins '' were minted in December 2015 ; the replacement , a new 12 - sided design , was introduced in 2017 . The coin has a 12 - edged shape , similar to the pre-decimal brass threepence coin ; it has roughly the same size as the previous £ 1 coin , and is bi-metallic like the current £ 2 coin . The new design is intended to make counterfeiting more difficult , and also has an undisclosed hidden security feature called `` iSIS '' ( Integrated Secure Identification Systems ) . Current two - pound coins are made from two metals of different colour , and are much harder to counterfeit ; counterfeited coins are often easily seen to be the wrong colour . Other pound coins in circulation ( edit ) Also legally circulating but not legal tender in the UK , are some £ 1 coins of British Crown Dependencies , Gibraltar and UK South Atlantic Overseas Territories , being of the same size and composition as their UK equivalent and mostly bearing the same portraits of the UK monarch ( as with most other coins of the same territories ) . Further reading ( edit ) In an April 1993 The New Yorker article ' Real Britannia ' , Julian Barnes describes the meetings to choose the 1994 -- 1997 reverse designs . This is reprinted in his book Letters from London as ' Britannia 's New Bra Size ' . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Banknotes of the pound sterling Coin counterfeiting Coins of the pound sterling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No. 39873 '' . The London Gazette ( 11th supplement ) . 26 May 1953 . p. 3023 . Proclamation of 28 May 1953 made in accordance with the Royal Titles Act 1953 . Jump up ^ `` Project Britain - British Coins '' . 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` One Pound Coin '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New 12 - sided pound coin to enter circulation in March '' . BBC News . 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` £ 1 Counterfeit Coins '' . royalmint.com . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How can I spot a fake £ 1 coin ? '' . London : The Telegraph . 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New pound coin : Firms told to prepare for redesign '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Specification of the £ 1 coin : a technical consultation '' ( PDF ) . HM Treasury . September 2014 . Jump up ^ Giedroyc , Richard ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` ' Most secure coin in world ' launched '' . numismaticsnews.net . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK -- Bronze '' . tclayton.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 24 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katie ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` New 12 - sided pound coin to be unveiled ahead of budget announcement '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new coinage portrait of the Queen '' . BBC News . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The reveal of the Queen 's fifth coin portrait '' . Royal Mint. 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint seeks new coin designs '' , BBC News , 17 August 2005 Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new UK coins '' , dofonline.co.uk , 2 April 2008 Jump up ^ Royal Mint . `` Why does the edge inscription on the £ 2 and £ 1 coins sometimes appear `` upside down '' ? `` . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Royal Mint '' . 24carat.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New One Pound Coin '' . royalmint.com. 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ New One Pound Coin Royal Mint Jump up ^ `` Manx round pound coins to remain ' legal tender ' '' . BBC News . 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decimal coins issued £ 2 -- 20p '' . The Royal Mint Limited . 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New coin designs for 2014 unveiled by The Royal Mint '' . BBC News . 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £ 2 - 20p '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £ 2 - 20p '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 One Pound Check Your Change '' . www.checkyourchange.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dated UK Collector Coin Sales '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Round Pound 2016 United Kingdom £ 1 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 One Pound '' . www.checkyourchange.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Powell , Anna ( 16 May 2016 ) . `` Behind the design : the last ' round pound ' '' . The Royal Mint blog . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` New `` impossible '' to fake £ 1 coin enters circulation today `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clive Kahn ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` 43.5 Million Fake Pound Coins in Circulation '' . BusinessReport . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) HM Treasury FOI response relating to a period 2008 -- 2009 . hm-treasury.gov.uk ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` Three pound coins in every 100 are fake '' . London : The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Rosie Murray - West and Harry Wallop ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` Record number of fake £ 1 coins could force reissue '' . London : The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Chris Irvine ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` One £ 1 coin in 40 is a fake '' . London : The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Ben Ando ( 8 April 2009 ) . `` Fake £ 1 coin estimate ' doubled ' '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Fake Britain , Series 2 episode 1 , first broadcast on BBC1 TV on 16 May 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hilary Osborne ( 2 April 2012 ) How to spot a fake £ 1 coin Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Sarah Preece ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` £ 1 coin under threat '' . London : Live Odds and Scores . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Three blog entries analyzing counterfeits the author has been passed . blog.alism.com ^ Jump up to : The types of counterfeit one - pound coins and identifying them . coinauthentication.co.uk . February 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Report on UK £ 1 counterfeit survey '' ( PDF ) . Royal Mint . May 2009 . Jump up ^ Royal Mint Presses Last Batch of Round Pound Coins The Guardian Jump up ^ Svenja O'Donnell ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` U.K. to Replace 1 - Pound Coin With Secure 12 - Edged Design '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man ? , Royal Mint . Retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories ? , Royal Mint . Retrieved 24 January 2016 Jump up ^ `` Letter From London : Real Britannia '' . The New Yorker ( paid registration required for the full article ) . Coincraft 's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date , Richard Lobel , Coincraft . ISBN 0 - 9526228 - 8 - 2 External links ( edit ) Royal Mint -- £ 1 coin Royal Mint - the new pound coin <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) British coinage Decimal ⁄ p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( ⁄ d ) Third farthing ( ⁄ d ) Half farthing ( ⁄ d ) Farthing ( ⁄ d ) Halfpenny ( ⁄ d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( 1 ⁄ d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_pound_(British_coin)&oldid=804257764 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Currency introduced in 1983 One - base - unit coins Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Қазақша Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 20 : 19 . About Wikipedia | 1. British one pound coin
2. Design and features of the one pound coin
3. Counterfeiting of the one pound coin
4. Mintage figures of the one pound coin
5. Transition from round to 12-sided one pound coin |
-8,812,561,634,147,516,000 | when was the last debutantes presented at court | Débutante - wikipedia Débutante Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Debutante ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Traditional Ukrainian American debutante ball at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel . A debutante or deb ( from the French débutante , `` female beginner '' ) is a girl or young woman of an aristocratic or upper - class family who has reached maturity and , as a new adult , comes out into society at a formal `` debut '' . Originally , the term meant the woman was old enough to be married , and part of the purpose of her coming out was to display her to eligible bachelors and their families with a view to marriage within a select circle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 United Kingdom 3 United States 3.1 American debutante balls 3.2 Debutante balls in US television and films 4 Latin America 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Australia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harrison Fisher illustration , from The Princess Elopes by Harold MacGrath In Australia , débutante balls ( or colloquially `` deb balls '' ) are usually organised by high schools , church groups or service clubs , such as Lions or Rotary . The girls who take part are in either Year 10 , 11 or 12 at high school ( i.e. aged between 15 and 18 ) . The event is often used as a fund - raiser for local charities . The Australian debutante wears a white gown similar to a wedding dress . However , the dress does not come with a train on the skirt , and the debutante does not wear a veil . The boy wears black tie or another formal dress suit . It is customary for the female to ask a male to the débutante ball , with males not being able to `` do the deb '' unless they are asked . The débutantes and their partners must learn how to ballroom dance . Débutante balls are almost always held in a reception centre , school hall , the function room of a sporting or other community organisation venue e.g. RSL club , or ballroom . Usually they are held late in the year and consist of dinner , dancing , and speeches . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the last débutantes were presented at Court in 1958 , after which Queen Elizabeth II abolished the ceremony . Attempts were made to keep the tradition going by organising a series of parties for young girls who might otherwise have been presented at Court in their first season ( to which suitable young men were also invited ) by Peter Townend . However , the withdrawal of royal patronage made these occasions increasingly insignificant , and scarcely distinguishable from any other part of the social season . The expression `` débutante '' , or `` deb '' for short , has continued to be used , especially in the press , to refer to young girls of marriageable age who participate in a semi-public upper class social scene . The expression `` deb 's delight '' is applied to good looking unmarried young men from similar backgrounds . The presentation of débutantes to the Sovereign at Court marked the start of the British social season . Applications for young women to be presented at court were required to be made by ladies who themselves had been presented to the Sovereign ; the young woman 's mother , for example , or someone known to the family . A mother - in - law who herself had been presented might , for example , present her new daughter - in - law . The presentation of debutantes at court was also a way for young girls of marriageable age to be presented to suitable bachelors and their families in the hopes of finding a suitable husband . Bachelors , in turn , used the court presentation as a chance to find a suitable wife . Those who wanted to be presented at court were required to apply for permission to do so ; if the application was accepted , they would be sent a royal summons from the Lord Chamberlain to attend the Presentation on a certain day . According to Debrett 's , the proceedings on that day always started at 10 am . As well as débutantes , older women , and married women who had not previously been presented could be presented at Court . An 1890s - era débutante gown On the day of the court presentation , the débutante and her sponsor would be announced , the debutante would curtsy to the Sovereign , and then she would leave without turning her back . The court dress has traditionally been a white evening dress , but shades of ivory and pink were acceptable . The white dress featured short sleeves and white gloves , a veil attached to the hair with three white ostrich feathers , and a train , which the débutante would hold on her arm until she was ready to be presented . Débutantes would also wear pearls but many would also wear jewellery that belonged to the family . After the débutantes were presented to the monarch , they would attend the social season . The season consisted of events such as afternoon tea parties , polo matches , races at Royal Ascot , and balls . Many débutantes would also have their own `` coming - out party '' or , alternatively , a party shared with a sister or other member of family . United States ( edit ) American débutante balls ( edit ) 58th International Debutante Ball , 2012 , New York City ( Waldorf - Astoria Hotel ) A cotillion or débutante ball in the United States is a formal presentation of young ladies , débutantes , to `` polite society , '' typically hosted by a charity or society . The ladies introduced can vary from the ages of 16 to 18 ( younger ages are more typical of Southern regions , while older are more common place in the North ) in some areas 15 - and 16 - year - olds are called `` junior débutantes . '' One of the most prestigious , the most exclusive and the most expensive debutante balls in the world is the invitation - only International Debutante Ball held at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City , where girls from prominent world families are presented to high society . The International Debutante Ball has presented princesses , countesses , baronesses and many European royalty and aristocrats as debutantes to high society , including Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia , Vanessa von Bismarck ( great - great - granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck ) , Princess Natalya Elisabeth Davidovna Obolensky ( granddaughter of the Prince Ivan Obolensky , who is the Chairman of the International Debutante Ball and himself the grandson of John Jacob Astor IV - founder of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel ) , Princess Ines de Bourbon Parme , Countess Magdalena Habsburg - Lothringen ( great - great - granddaughter of Empress Elisabeth ' Sisi ' of Austria ) and Lady Henrietta Seymour ( daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Somerset Daughters and granddaughters of billionaire businessmen , American politicians , senators , congressmen , ambassadors and even many United States Presidents have also been presented at the International Debutante Ball ; for example , Tricia Nixon , Julie Nixon , Jennie Eisenhower , Ashley Walker Bush ( granddaughter of President George H.W. Bush and niece of President George W. Bush ) , Lucinda Robb ( granddaughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson ) , Christine Colby ( daughter of CIA director William Colby ) , Hollister Knowlton ( future wife of CIA director David Petraeus ) , Charlotte and Catherine Forbes ( granddaughters of Malcolm Forbes ) and Christina Huffington ( daughter of Arianna Huffington of the Huffington Post ) . Ivanka Trump ( daughter of President Donald Trump ) and Sasha and Malia Obama ( daughters of President Barack Obama ) have also been invited to be presented as debutantes at the International Debutante Ball in New York City . To gain entrance to a debutante ball , débutantes must usually be recommended by a distinguished committee or sponsored by an established member of élite society , typically their mothers or other female relatives . Wearing white gowns and satin or kid gloves , the débutantes stand in a receiving line , and then are introduced individually to the audience . The débutante is announced and then is walked around the stage , guided by her father who then presents her . Her younger male escort then joins her and escorts her away . Each débutante brings at least one escort , sometimes two . Many débutante balls select escorts and then pair them with the debs to promote good social pairings . Cotillions may be elaborate formal affairs and involve not only `` debs '' but junior débutantes , escorts and ushers , flower girls and pages as well . Every débutante must perform a curtsy also known as the St. James Bow or a full court bow , with the exception of Texas débutantes who are presented at the International Debutante Ball at New York City 's Waldorf Astoria Hotel , who perform the `` Texas Dip '' . This gesture is made as the young woman is formally presented . Débutante balls exist in nearly every major city in the United States but are more common and larger affairs in the American South . The Christmas Cotillion in Savannah , Georgia , first held in 1817 , is the oldest débutante ball in the United States . Many cities such as Dallas and Atlanta have several balls in a season . Dallas , for example , is home of the traditional Idlewild organisation , as well as more modern organisations such as the Dallas Symphony Orchestra Presentation Ball and La Fiesta de las Seis Banderas , both of which benefit charities . The National Cotillion and Thanksgiving Ball of Washington , DC. , hosted by Mary - Stuart Montague Price , has met every November for over 60 years with proceeds going to Children 's Hospital . In New Orleans , Louisiana , a débutante is usually presented during the Carnival season . In New York City , there are still several deb balls . One that draws from all over the world is the International Debutante Ball . Also , there are other charity and social balls such as the Infirmary ( benefits the local hospital ) , the Society of Mayflower Descendants Ball , and the Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York Ball ( founded 1835 ) . As an alternative to a ball , and more commonly in the old North , a young woman might have her own `` coming - out party , '' given by her parents . Unlike a collective ball , which would be only held at a certain time of the year , such a party could be at any time of the year , but might well be scheduled around the débutante 's birthday or graduation from high school or university . In theory , the only women who could be invited would be those who had already made their débuts , thus affording a sort of rank - order to the débutante season . `` Old - money '' families often send their preteen sons and daughters to dancing classes , called cotillion , and etiquette lessons in preparation for these parties , which launch their children into society and act as major networking events . Even less grand débutante balls typically require debs to attend a few lessons in social dance , comportment , and in executing their curtsy . The African American community has a long tradition of charitable events and activities since the early 20th century . A large portion of these activities happened during social events and formal activities , namely , cotillions and debutante balls . It was at these events that those African Americans who had the means to expand their wealth were able to meet with other successful African Americans , and make social and political and economic connections . These formal cotillion and debutante balls still thrive as a viable outlet for those seeking success to participate in one of the most traditional vestiges of the African American upper - class . Various Ukrainian émigré organisations in the United States such as the Ukrainian American Medical Association of North America , the Ukrainian Engineers ' Society of America , Plast Ukrainian Scouting Organization , and the Ukrainian American Youth Association have hosted annual black - tie debutante balls since the Second World War as fundraisers and introduce young Ukrainian ladies between the ages of 16 and 18 to their local Ukrainian communities . Ukrainian American debutante balls take place in many American cities such as Chicago , Philadelphia , Newark , Washington D.C. , and Detroit . Besides the traditional waltz of the debutantes , one of the highlights of these balls is the Kolomyjka which usually takes place past midnight wherein every guest has the opportunity to spontaneously demonstrate their Ukrainian dance skills such as the Hopak or Arkan . Kolomyjka dances tend to last upwards of a half - hour of nonstop folk dancing , ultimately returning to the traditional black - tie ball atmosphere . In most areas of the United States , the debutante ball and coming out party has largely been replaced with a combination of the senior prom and the graduation party ( see Academic graduation by country , ) which extend the ' coming out ' to include young adult males . The senior prom is a black - tie dance hosted by the school for high schoolers in their last year , seen as a teenage rite of passage . Prom season tends to last from April until May . Upon their child 's graduation from high school , parents may throw him or her a high school graduation party to celebrate the achievement and the child 's ascension into ' adulthood . ' Graduation party season may last from May until June of each year , with multiple parties held each weekend , and the parent 's coworkers , extended family , and members of the community are invited for networking , rather than solely the honoree 's friends . Instead of a ball , these parties usually follow an informal open house ( common school event ) reception model or may be a garden party , with guests coming and going as they please . Cash gifts and advice for the honoree are expected in most communities and it is considered insulting to decline attendance . Débutante balls in us television and films ( edit ) Several television series focused on young people from wealthy families include episodes with débutante events . `` The Debut , '' an episode of The O.C. ( a drama about upper middle class Californians ) , featured a representation of an American débutante ball . `` Hi , Society , '' ( season 1 episode 10 ) , `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? , '' ( season 3 episode 9 ) , `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys ( season 5 , episode 10 ) , and `` Monstrous Ball '' ( season 6 , episode 5 ) of Gossip Girl , also from The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz , features a débutante ball in New York City . `` Presenting Lorelai Gilmore '' , an episode of Gilmore Girls shows Rory Gilmore as a débutante . She makes her debut at a Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) débutante ball that her grandmother helped put together . In The Critic , Jay Sherman 's younger sister Margo is persuaded to reluctantly attend her débutante ball . Crime dramas also have investigated début - related murders . `` Zoo York , '' an episode of CSI : NY , featured the CSI team investigating the murder of a débutante . Medical examiner Evan Zao comments that he attended a débutante ball . `` Debut '' , an episode of Cold Case , tells the story of a young girl who is murdered the night of her débutante ball . In an episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , entitled `` Streetwise '' , detectives investigated the rape and murder of a débutante . Films with débutante themes include Metropolitan , Whit Stillman 's début feature film , a comedy of manners set during the deb season in Manhattan , and What a Girl Wants , a 2003 film in which Amanda Bynes plays an American teen whose estranged father is a British Lord , and who is presented at a coming out party after being reunited with her mother . In another movie featuring Bynes , She 's The Man , the main character attends a debutantes preparation program throughout the movie which ends with the Debutante 's ball . Something New , a romantic comedy has a cotillion scene of upper class African Americans on the west coast . The Debut , a film considered to be an accurate snapshot of contemporary Filipino American life , touches upon a wide variety of cultural themes within the plot of an informal débutante event . The 1992 film The Addams Family is centred around the reconciliation of Gomez and Fester Addams , who had had a falling out as teenagers when Gomez had wooed both his date and Fester 's ( Flora and Fauna Amore , the siamese twins ) at the débutante ball . In the 1994 film Little Women , a ' coming - out ' party is thrown , Aunt March is also seen talking to Marmee about when Meg will be introduced into society . In the premiere of The City , Whitney Port 's reality show , her co-worker Olivia Palermo describes her first pair of Manolo Blahnik shoes that she wore to her `` Deb '' back when she was 18 years of age . In the Disney Channel made - for - TV movie Cow Belles , starring Aly & AJ , one of their characters gets kicked out of the ball for not having enough money . In an episode of the Nickelodeon television series CatDog , there is an entire story based on the debutante of the character Shriek , a member of a gang called the Greaser Dogs who happens to come from a wealthy family . In season 4 , episode 11 , `` Time 's Arrow '' of the Netflix original series BoJack Horseman , Bojack 's elderly mother with dementia , Beatrice Sugarman , recalls the time she met Bojack 's father , Butterscotch Horseman , after he crashed her debutante ball . Latin America ( edit ) See also : Quinceañera In Mexico , Dominican Republic , Panama , Puerto Rico and Paraguay , débutantes are young girls who take part in a Festival de Debutantes , or a `` Quince Años '' upon their fifteenth birthday . In Brazil and Mexico , such events are called Baile de Debutante ( Spanish and Portuguese ) or Festa de Debutante ( only Portuguese ) , or Quince Años ( Spanish ) or Quinze Anos ( Portuguese ) . See also ( edit ) Azalea Trail Maids Bachelor and Spinster Balls Celebutante Cotillion Débutante dress High society ( social class ) List of débutante balls Philippine Debut Quinceañera . ceremony for 15 - year - old Hispanics Season ( society ) Social Register Socialite Bon viveur Southern belle Veiled Prophet Ball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Peter Townend '' . The Daily Telegraph . 18 July 2001 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The semi-autobiographical novel Past Imperfect by Julian Fellowes 2008 is an informative description of partaking in ' The Season ' in these final years compared to its height . Jump up ^ `` In vogue on NYSD '' . NYSD . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christine M. Colby to Marry '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollister Knowlton Betrothed To David H. Petraeus , a Cadet '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In vogue on NYSD '' . NYSD . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Debutantes make their bows to society at NY gala '' . AP News . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ However , in the case of Helen Barney , the term `` débutante ball '' was applied to the `` coming - out party '' given her by her uncle , William Collins Whitney , at his home at 871 Fifth Avenue in New York City on 5 January 1901 . Cleveland Amory , Who Killed Society ? , pp. 502 -- 503 . New York : Harper & Brothers , 1960 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Adrienne . `` About Cotillions of Color '' . Cotillions of Color . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hann , Christopher ( 15 November 2010 ) . `` The Lost History of Black Cotillions '' . Drew News . Drew University . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Casimir , Leslie ( 18 July 2004 ) . `` COTILLIONS MAKE A COMEBACK Courtly Tradition Updated By African - Americans '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Alvarez , Julia . Once upon a Quinceañera : Coming of Age in the USA ( Penguin , 2007 ) , the Hispanic version Chenier , Elise . `` Class , Gender , and the Social Standard : The Montreal Junior League , 1912 -- 1939 . '' Canadian Historical Review 90 # 4 ( 2009 ) : 671 -- 710 . in Canada Jabour , Anya . Scarlett 's Sisters ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2007 ) on upper class Southern belles Lewis , Cynthia , and Susan Harbage Page . `` Secret Sharing : Debutantes Coming Out in the American South . '' Southern Cultures 18 # 4 ( 2012 ) : 6 -- 25 . Marling , Karal Ann . Debutante : Rites and Regalia of American Debdom ( 2004 ) excerpt Neeland , Elizabeth C. `` The Woman in White : An Analysis of Women 's Meaning - making Experiences in Debut '' ( MA thesis . University of Georgia , 2006 ) online , a case study of the 2005 Blue Gray Colonel 's Ball in Montgomery , Alabama , to study Southern debutante culture External links ( edit ) Look up débutante in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The Débutante , Chapter XVIII of Emily Post 's Etiquette ( 1922 ) , at Bartleby.com The Debutante , a short story by Leonora Carrington The British Court Presentation The Economist -- Débutante scene in Houston Debretts Social Season and Debutantes Protocol Dresses Debutantes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debutante&oldid=842027537 '' Categories : Women by social class Beginners and newcomers High society Debutantes Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles needing cleanup from August 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from August 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2009 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Debutante ball
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-8,514,207,856,780,109,000 | a seat in the navy aft crossword clue | Glossary of nautical terms - wikipedia Glossary of nautical terms This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a partial glossary of nautical terms ; some remain current , while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries . See also Wiktionary 's nautical terms , Category : Nautical terms , and Nautical metaphors in English . See the Further reading section for additional words and references . Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y See also References Further reading A-back A foresail when against the wind , used when tacking to help the vessel turn . Abaft Toward the stern , relative to some object ( `` abaft the fore hatch '' ) . Abaft the beam Further aft than the beam : a relative bearing of greater than 90 degrees from the bow : `` two points abaft the beam , starboard side '' . That would describe `` an object lying 22.5 degrees toward the rear of the ship , as measured clockwise from a perpendicular line from the right side , center , of the ship , toward the horizon . '' Abandon ship ! An imperative to leave the vessel immediately , usually in the face of some imminent overwhelming danger . It is an order issued by the Master or a delegated person in command . ( It must be a verbal order ) . It is usually the last resort after all other mitigating actions have failed or become impossible , and destruction or loss of the ship is imminent ; and customarily followed by a command to `` man the lifeboats '' or life rafts . Abeam On the beam , a relative bearing at right angles to the ship 's keel . Able seaman Also able - bodied seaman . A merchant seaman qualified to perform all routine duties , or a junior rank in some navies . Aboard On or in a vessel . Synonymous with `` on board . '' ( See also close aboard . ) About `` To go about is to change the course of a ship by tacking . Ready about , or boutship , is the order to prepare for tacking . '' Above board On or above the deck , in plain view , not hiding anything . Pirates would hide their crews below decks , thereby creating the false impression that an encounter with another ship was a casual matter of chance . Above - water hull The hull section of a vessel above the waterline , the visible part of a ship . Also , topsides . Absentee pennant Special pennant flown to indicate absence of commanding officer , admiral , his chief of staff , or officer whose flag is flying ( division , squadron , or flotilla commander ) . Absolute bearing The bearing of an object in relation to north . Either true bearing , using the geographical or true north , or magnetic bearing , using magnetic north . See also bearing and relative bearing . Accommodation ladder A portable flight of steps down a ship 's side . Accommodation ship ( or accommodation hulk ) A ship or hulk used as housing , generally when there is a lack of quarters available ashore . An operational ship can be used , but more commonly a hulk modified for accommodation is used . Act of Pardon or Act of Grace A letter from a state or power authorising action by a privateer . See also Letter of marque . Action Stations See Battle stations . Admiral Senior naval officer of Flag rank . In ascending order of seniority , Rear Admiral , Vice Admiral , Admiral and ( until about 2001 when all UK five - star ranks were discontinued ) Admiral of the Fleet ( Royal Navy ) . Derivation Arabic , from Amir al - Bahr ( `` Ruler of the sea '' ) . Admiralty 1 . A high naval authority in charge of a state 's Navy or a major territorial component . In the Royal Navy ( UK ) the Board of Admiralty , executing the office of the Lord High Admiral , promulgates Naval law in the form of Queen 's ( or King 's ) Regulations and Admiralty Instructions . 2 . Admiralty law Admiralty law Body of law that deals with maritime cases . In the UK administered by the Probate , Divorce and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice or supreme court . Adrift 1 . Afloat and unattached in any way to the shore or seabed , but not under way . When referring to a vessel , it implies that the vessel is not under control and therefore goes where the wind and current take her ( loose from moorings or out of place ) . 2 . Any gear not fastened down or put away properly . 3 . Any person or thing that is misplaced or missing . When applied to a member of the navy or marine corps , such a person is `` absent without leave '' ( AWOL ) or , in US Navy and US Marine Corps terminology , is guilty of an `` unauthorized absence '' ( UA ) . Advance note A note for one month 's wages issued to sailors on their signing a ship 's articles . Adviso See aviso . Afloat Of a vessel which is floating freely ( not aground or sunk ) . More generally of vessels in service ( `` the company has 10 ships afloat '' ) . Afore 1 . In , on , or toward the front of a vessel . 2 . In front of a vessel . Aft 1 . The portion of the vessel behind the middle area of the vessel . 2 . Towards the stern ( of the vessel ) . Afterbrow 1 . On larger ships , a secondary gangway rigged in the area aft of midship . On some military vessels , such as US Naval vessels , enlisted personnel below E-7 board the ship at the afterbrow ; officers and CPO / SCPO / MCPO board the ship at the brow . Afternoon watch The 1200 -- 1600 watch . Aground Resting on or touching the ground or bottom ( usually involuntarily ) . Ahead Forward of the bow . Ahoy A cry to draw attention . Term used to hail a boat or a ship , as `` Boat ahoy ! '' Ahull 1 . Lying broadside to the sea . 2 . To ride out a storm with no sails and helm held to leeward . Aid to Navigation 1 . ( ATON ) Any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course , or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation . 2 . ( ATON ) Any sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation ; the term is most commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel . Common types of such aids include lighthouses , buoys , fog signals , and day beacons . Aircraft carrier A warship designed with a primary mission of deploying and recovering aircraft , acting as a seagoing airbase . Frequently shortened to carrier . Since 1918 , the term generally has been limited to a warship with an extensive flight deck designed to operate conventional fixed - wing aircraft . In United States Navy slang , also called a flat top or a bird farm . Alee 1 . On the lee side of a ship . 2 . To leeward . All hands Entire ship 's company , both officers and enlisted personnel . All night in Having no night watches . All standing Bringing a person or thing up short , that is an unforeseen and sudden stop . Allision A term used in maritime law -- To impact a stationary object ( not submerged ) , such as a bridge abutment or dolphin , pier or wharf , or another vessel made fast to a pier or wharf . More than incidental contact is required . The vessel is said to `` allide '' with the fixed object and is considered at fault . As opposed to collision . Aloft In the rigging of a sailing ship . Above the ship 's uppermost solid structure ; overhead or high above . 1 . In the rigging of a sailing ship . 2 . Above the ship 's uppermost solid structure . 3 . Overhead or high above . Alongside By the side of a ship or pier . Amidships The middle section of a vessel with reference to the athwartships plane , as distinguished from port or starboard ( `` Put your rudder amidships . '' ( Compare Midships . ) ) Ammunition ship A naval auxiliary ship specifically configured to carry ammunition , usually for naval ships and aircraft . Anchor 1 . an object designed to prevent or slow the drift of a ship , attached to the ship by a line or chain ; typically a metal , hook - like or plough - like object designed to grip the bottom under the body of water ( but see also sea anchor ) . 2 . to deploy an anchor ( `` She anchored offshore . '' ) Anchor ball Round black shape hoisted in the forepart of a vessel to show that it is anchored . Anchor buoy A small buoy secured by a light line to an anchor to indicate position of anchor on bottom . Anchor chain ( or anchor cable ) Chain connecting the ship to the anchor . Anchor detail Group of men who handle ground tackle when the ship is anchoring or getting under way . Anchor home When the anchor is secured for sea . Typically rests just outside the hawsepipe on the outer side of the hull , at the bow of a vessel . Anchor light White light displayed by a ship at anchor . Two such lights are displayed by a ship over 150 feet ( 46 m ) in length . Anchor rode The anchor line , rope or cable connecting the anchor chain to the vessel . Also Rode . Anchor sentinel A separate weight on a separate line which is loosely attached to the anchor rode so that it can slide down it easily . It is made fast at a distance slightly longer than the draft of the boat . It is used to prevent the anchor rode from becoming fouled on the keel or other underwater structures when the boat is resting at anchor and moving randomly during slack tide . Also called a kellet . Anchor watch The crewmen assigned to take care of the ship while anchored or moored , charged with such duties as making sure that the anchor is holding and the vessel is not drifting . Most marine GPS units have an Anchor Watch alarm capability . Anchor winch Horizontal capstan in the bow used for weighing anchor . Anchorage A suitable place for a ship to anchor . Area of a port or harbor . Anchor 's aweigh Said of an anchor when just clear of the bottom . Andrew Traditional lower - deck slang term for the Royal Navy . Answer The expected response of a vessel to control mechanisms , such as a turn answering to the wheel and rudder . `` She wo n't answer '' might be the report from a helmsman when turning the wheel under a pilot 's order fails to produce the expected change of direction . Anti-rolling tanks A pair of fluid - filled , usually water , tanks mounted on opposite sides of a ship below the waterline . The tanks are cross linked by piping or ducts to allow water to flow between them and at the top by vents or air pipes . The piping would be sized so that as the fluid flowed from side to side it dampened the amount of roll . Apeak More or less vertical . Having the anchor rode or chain as nearly vertical as possible without freeing the anchor . Aport Over to the port side . Apparent wind The combination of the true wind and the headwind caused by the boat 's forward motion . For example , it causes a light side wind to appear to come from well ahead of the beam . Arc of visibility The portion of the horizon over which a lighted aid to navigation is visible from seaward . Archboard The plank along the stern where the name of the ship is commonly painted . Armament A ship 's weapons . Articles of War Regulations governing the military and naval forces of UK and US ; read to every ship 's company on commissioning and at specified intervals during the commission . As the crow flies A direct line between two points ( which might cross land ) which is the way crows travel rather than ships which must go around land . See also Great circle ASDIC Purportedly an acronym . A type of sonar used by the Allies for detecting submarines during the First and Second World War . abbreviation : Allied Submarine Devices Investigation Committee ( World War I ) . The term has been generically applied to equipment for `` under - water supersonic echo - ranging equipment '' of submarines and other vessels . Ashore 1 . On the beach , shore , or land ( as opposed to aboard or on board ) . 2 . Towards the shore . 3 . `` To run ashore '' : To collide with the shore ( as opposed to `` to run aground , '' which is to strike a submerged feature such as a reef or sandbar ) Astarboard Over to the starboard side . Astern 1 . Toward the stern ( rear ) of a vessel . 2 . Behind a vessel . Astern gear The gear or gears which , when engaged with an engine or motor , result in backwards movement or force . Equivalent to reverse in a manual - transmission automobile . Asylum harbour A harbour used to provide shelter from a storm . See `` Harbor of refuge . '' ASW Anti-submarine warfare . Athwart , athwartships At right angles to the fore and aft or centerline of a ship . Auxiliary ship ( or auxiliary ) A naval ship designed to operate in any number of roles supporting combatant ships and other naval operations , including a wide range of activities related to replenishment , transport , repair , harbor services , and research . Avast Stop , cease or desist from whatever is being done . From the Dutch hou ' vast ( `` hold on '' ) , the imperative form of vasthouden ( `` to hold on to '' ) or the Italian word `` Basta '' Compare ¡ Ya basta ! Aviso ( formerly also an adviso ) A kind of dispatch boat or advice boat , survives particularly in the French navy , they are considered equivalent to the modern sloop . Awash So low in the water that the water is constantly washing across the surface . Aweigh Position of an anchor just clear of the bottom . Axial fire Fire oriented towards the ends of the ship ; the opposite of broadside fire . In the age of sail this was known as ' raking ' fire . Aye , aye / ˌaɪ ˈaɪ / Reply to an order or command to indicate that it , firstly , is heard ; and , secondly , is understood and will be carried out . ( `` Aye , aye , sir '' to officers ) . Also the proper reply from a hailed boat , to indicate that an officer is on board . Azimuth circle Instrument used to take bearings of celestial objects . Azimuth compass An instrument employed for ascertaining position of the sun with respect to magnetic north . The azimuth of an object is its bearing from the observer measured as an angle clockwise from true north . B & R rig A style of standing rigging used on sailboats that lacks a backstay . The mast is said to be supported like a `` tripod , '' with swept - back spreaders and a forestay . Used widely on Hunter brand sailboats , among others . Designed and named by Lars Bergstrom and Sven Ridder and protected by US Patent number 3866558 , dated February 18 , 1975 . Back and fill To use the advantage of the tide being with you when the wind is not . Backstays Long lines or cables , reaching from the stern of the vessel to the mast heads , used to support the mast . Baggywrinkle A soft covering for cables ( or any other obstructions ) that prevents sail chafing . Bailer A device for removing water that has entered the boat . Ballast Heavy material that is placed in the hold of a vessel to provide stability . ( See also in ballast . ) Ballast tank A device used on ships and submarines and other submersibles to control buoyancy and stability . Balls to four watch The 0000 -- 0400 watch . ( US Navy ) Bank A large area of elevated sea floor . Banyan Traditional Royal Navy term for a day or shorter period of rest and relaxation . Bar Large mass of sand or earth , formed by the surge of the sea . They are mostly found at the entrances of great rivers or havens , and often render navigation extremely dangerous , but confer tranquility once inside . See also : touch and go , grounding . Alfred Lord Tennyson 's poem `` Crossing the bar '' is an allegory for death . Bar pilot A bar pilot guides ships over the dangerous sandbars at the mouth of rivers and bays . Barber hauler A technique of temporarily rigging sailboat lazy sheet allowing the boat to sail closer to the wind . i.e. Using the lazy jib sheet to pull the jib closer to the mid line , allowing a point of sail that would otherwise not be achievable . Barbette 1 . During the second half of the 19th century , a fixed armored enclosure protecting a ship 's guns aboard warships without gun turrets , generally taking the form of a ring of armor over which guns mounted on an open - topped rotating turntable could fire . 2 . Since the late 19th century , the inside fixed trunk of a warship 's turreted gun - mounting , on which the turret revolves , containing the hoists for shells and cordite from the shell - room and magazine . Barca - longa A two - or three - masted lugger used for fishing on the coasts of Spain and Portugal and more widely in the Mediterranean Sea in the late 17th century and 18th century . The British Royal Navy also used them for shore raids and as dispatch boats in the Mediterranean . Bareboat charter An arrangement for the chartering or hiring of a vessel , whereby the vessel 's owner provides no crew or provisions as part of the agreement ; instead , the people who rent the vessel are responsible for crewing and provisioning her . Barge 1 . A towed or self - propelled flat - bottomed boat , built mainly for river , canal , and coastal transport of heavy goods . 2 . Admiral 's barge : A boat at the disposal of an admiral for his or her use as transportation between a larger vessel and the shore or within a harbor . Bark Alternative spelling of barque . Barkentine Alternative spelling of barquentine . Barque ( also bark ) A sailing vessel of three or more masts , with all masts but the sternmost square - rigged , the sternmost being fore - and - aft - rigged . Barquentine ( also barkentine ) A sailing vessel with three or more masts ; with a square - rigged foremast and all other masts fore - and - aft rigged . Barrack ship A ship or craft designed to function as a floating barracks for housing military personnel . Barrelman A sailor that was stationed in the crow 's nest . Batten 1 . A stiff strip used to support the roach of a sail , enabling increased sail area . 2 . Any thin strip of material ( wood , plastic etc ) which can be used any number of ways Batten down the hatches To prepare for inclement weather by securing the closed hatch covers with wooden battens so as to prevent water from entering from any angle . Battle Stations ( also : general quarters , action stations ) 1 . An announcement made aboard a naval warship to signal the crew to prepare for battle , imminent damage , or a damage emergency ( such as a fire ) . 2 . Specific positions in a naval warship to which one or more crew are assigned when battle stations is called . Battlecruiser A type of large capital ship of the first half of the 20th century , similar in size , appearance , and cost to a battleship and typically armed with the same kind of heavy guns , but much more lightly armored ( on the scale of cruiser ) and therefore faster than a battleship but more vulnerable to damage . Battleship A type of large , heavily armored warship of the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century armed with heavy - caliber guns , designed to fight other battleships in a line of battle . It was the successor to the ship - of - the - line of the Age of Sail . Beaching Deliberately running a vessel aground to load and unload ( as with landing craft ) , or sometimes to prevent a damaged vessel sinking . Beacon A lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the earth 's surface . ( Lights and daybeacons both constitute beacons . ) Beakhead 1 . The ram on the prow of a fighting galley of ancient and medieval times . 2 . The protruding part of the foremost section of a sailing ship of the 16th to the 18th century , usually ornate , used as a working platform by sailors handling the sails of the bowsprit . It also housed the crew 's heads ( toilets ) . Beam The width of a vessel at the widest point , or a point alongside the ship at the midpoint of its length . Beam ends The sides of a ship . `` On her beam ends '' may mean the vessel is literally on her side and possibly about to capsize ; more often , the phrase means the vessel is listing 45 degrees or more . Beam reach Sailing with the wind coming across the vessel 's beam . This is normally the fastest point of sail for a fore - and - aft rigged vessel . Beam sea A sea where waves are moving perpendicular to the direction a ship is moving Beam wind A wind at right angles to the vessel 's course . Bear Large squared off stone used with sand for scraping clean wooden decks . Bear away To steer ( a vessel ) away from the wind . Bear down or bear away Turn away from the wind , often with reference to a transit . Bear up Turn into the wind . Bearing The horizontal direction of a line of sight between two objects on the surface of the earth . See also absolute bearing and relative bearing . Beat to quarters Prepare for battle ( beat = beat the drum to signal the need for battle preparation ) Beating or Beat to Sailing as close as possible towards the wind ( perhaps only about 60 ° ) in a zig - zag course to attain an upwind direction to which it is impossible to sail directly. ( also tacking ) Beaufort scale The scale describing wind force devised by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in 1808 , in which winds are graded by the effect of their force ( originally , the amount of sail that a fully rigged frigate could carry ) . Becalm To cut off the wind from a sailing vessel , either by the proximity of land or by another vessel . Becalmed Unable to move due to lack of wind ; said of a sailing vessel . Before the mast Literally , the area of a ship before the foremast ( the forecastle ) . Most often used to refer to men whose living quarters are located here , officers being quartered in the stern-most areas of the ship ( near the quarterdeck ) . Officer - trainees lived between the two ends of the ship and become known as `` midshipmen '' . Crew members who started out as seamen , then became midshipmen , and later , officers , were said to have gone from `` one end of the ship to the other '' . ( See also hawsepiper . ) Belay 1 . To make fast a line around a fitting , usually a cleat or belaying pin . 2 . To secure a climbing person in a similar manner . 3 . An order to halt a current activity or countermand an order prior to execution . Belaying pins Short movable bars of iron or hard wood to which running rigging may be secured , or belayed . Bell A type of buoy with a large bell and hanging hammers that sound by wave action . ( See also ship 's bell . ) Below On or into a lower deck , e.g. , The captain has gone below . Below decks In or into any of the spaces below the main deck of a vessel . Belt armor A layer of heavy metal armor plated onto or within the outer hulls of warships , typically on battleships , battlecruisers , cruisers , and aircraft carriers , usually covering the warship from her main deck down to some distance below the waterline . If built within the hull , rather than forming the outer hull , the belt would be installed at an inclined angle to improve the warship 's protection from shells striking the hull . Bend 1 . A knot used to join two ropes or lines . See also hitch . 2 . To attach a rope to an object 3 . Fastening a sail to a yard Bermuda rig or Bermudan rig A triangular mainsail , without any upper spar , which is hoisted up the mast by a single halyard attached to the head of the sail . This configuration , introduced to Europe about 1920 , allows the use of a tall mast , enabling sails to be set higher where wind speed is greater . Bermuda sloop A fore - and - aft rigged sailing vessel with Bermuda rig developed in Bermuda in the 17th century . In its purest form , it is single - masted , although Bermuda sloops can have up to three masts , three - masted ships being referred to as schooners . Originally gaff rigged , but evolved to use Bermuda rig . The Bermuda sloop is the basis of nearly all modern sailing yachts . Berth ( moorings ) A location in a port or harbour used specifically for mooring vessels while not at sea . Berth ( navigation ) Safety margin of distance to be kept by a vessel from another vessel or from an obstruction , hence the phrase , `` to give a wide berth . '' Berth ( sleeping ) A bed or sleeping accommodation on a boat or ship . Best bower ( anchor ) The larger of two anchors carried in the bow ; so named as it was the last , best hope . Between the devil and the deep blue sea See devil seam . Between wind and water The part of a ship 's hull that is sometimes submerged and sometimes brought above water by the rolling of the vessel . Bight / baɪt / 1 . Bight , a loop in rope or line -- a hitch or knot tied on the bight is one tied in the middle of a rope , without access to the ends . 2 . An indentation in a coastline . Bilander ( also billander or be'landre ) a small European merchant sailing ship with two masts , the mainmast lateen - rigged with a trapezoidal mainsail , and the foremast carrying the conventional square course and square topsail . Used in the Netherlands for coast and canal traffic and occasionally in the North Sea , but more frequently used in the Mediterranean Sea . Bilge 1 . The compartment at the bottom of the hull of a ship or boat where water collects and must be pumped out of the vessel . The space between the botton hull planking and the ceiling of the hold . 2 . To spring a leak in the bilge . 3 . To break open a vessel ′ s bilge . Bilge keels A pair of keels on either side of the hull , usually slanted outwards . In yachts , they allow the use of a drying mooring , the boat standing upright on the keels ( and often a skeg ) when the tide is out . Bilged on her anchor A ship that has run upon her own anchor , so the anchor cable runs under the hull . Bill The extremity of the arm of an anchor ; the point of or beyond the fluke . Bimini top Open - front canvas top for the cockpit of a boat , usually supported by a metal frame . Bimmy A punitive instrument Binnacle The stand on which the ship 's compass is mounted . Binnacle list A ship 's sick list . The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship 's surgeon . The list was kept at the binnacle . Bird farm United States Navy slang for an aircraft carrier ( q.v. ) . Bite Verb used in reference to a rudder , as in `` the rudder begins to bite . '' When a vessel has steerageway the rudder will act to steer the vessel , i.e. it has enough water flow past it to steer with . Physically this is noticeable with tiller or unassisted wheel steering by the rudder exhibiting resistance to being turned from the straight ahead -- this resistance is the rudder `` biting '' and is how a helmsman first senses that the vessel has acquired steerageway . Bitt or bitts 1 . A post or pair mounted on the ship 's bow , for fastening ropes or cables . 2 . Strong vertical timbers or irons fastened through the deck beams used for securing ropes or hawsers . Bit heads The tops of two massive timbers that support the windlass on a sailing barge . Bitter end The last part or loose end of a rope or cable . The anchor cable is tied to the bitts ; when the cable is fully paid out , the bitter end has been reached . Black gang The engineering crew of the vessel , i.e. , crew members who work in the vessel 's engine room , fire room , and boiler room , so called because they would be covered in coal dust during the days of coal - fired steamships . Block A pulley with one or more sheaves ( grooves ) , over which a rope is roved . It can be used to chage the direction of the rope , or in pairs used to form a tackle . Blockship A vessel sunk deliberately to block a waterway to prevent the waterway ′ s use by an enemy . Blue Ensign A flag flown as an ensign by certain British ships . Prior to 1864 , ships of the Royal Navy ′ s Blue Squadron flew it ; since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864 eliminated its naval use , it has been flown instead by 1 ) British merchant vessels whose officers and crew include a certain prescibed number ( which has varied over the years ) of retired Royal Navy or Royal Naval Reserve personnel or which are commanded by an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve in possession of a Government warrant , 2 ) Royal Research Ships by warrant , regardless of their manning by naval , naval reserve , and Merchant Navy personnel , or 3 ) British - registered yachts belonging to members of certain yacht clubs , although yachts were prohibited from flying the Blue Ensign during World War I and World War II . Blue Peter A blue and white flag ( the flag for the letter `` P '' ) hoisted at the foretrucks of ships about to sail . Formerly a white ship on a blue ground , but later a white square on a blue ground . Board 1 . To step onto , climb onto , or otherwise enter a vessel . 2 . The side of a vessel . 3 . The distance a sailing vessel runs between tacks ( q.v. ) when working to windward ( q.v. ) . Boat 1 . A small craft or vessel designed to float on , and provide transport over , or under , water . 2 . Naval slang for a submarine of any size . Boat hook A pole with blunt tip and a hook on the end , sometimes with a ring on its opposite end to which a line may be attached . Typically used to assist in docking and undocking a boat , with its hook used to pull a boat towards a dock and the blunt end to push it away from a dock , as well as to reach into the water to people catch buoys or other floating objects or to reach people in the water . Boatswain or bosun ( both / ˈboʊsən / ) A non-commissioned officer responsible for the sails , ropes , rigging and boats on a ship who issues `` piped '' commands to seamen . Boatswain 's call , also bosun 's call , boatswain 's pipe , bosun 's pipe , boatswain 's whistle , or bosun 's whistle A high - pitched pipe or a non-diaphragm - type whistle used on naval ships by a boatswain , historically to pass commands to the crew but in modern times limited to ceremonial use . Boatswain 's chair or bosun 's chair A short board or swatch of heavy canvas , secured in a bridle of ropes , used to hoist a man aloft or over the ship 's side for painting and similar work . Modern boatswain 's chairs incorporate safety harnesses to prevent the occupant from falling . Boatswain 's pipe See boatswain 's call . Boatswain 's whistle See boatswain 's call . Boatwright A maker of boats , especially of traditional wooden construction . Bob or bobfly A pennant or flag bearing the owner 's colours , mounted on the Topsail trunk Bobstay A stay which holds the bowsprit downwards , counteracting the effect of the forestay and the lift of sails . Usually made of wire or chain to eliminate stretch . Body plan In shipbuilding , an end elevation showing the contour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length . Boiler room See fire room . Bolt rope A rope , sewn on to reinforce the edges of a sail . Bollard From `` bol '' or `` bole '' , the round trunk of a tree . A substantial vertical pillar to which lines may be made fast . Generally on the quayside rather than the ship . Bombay runner Large cockroach . Bonded jacky A type of tobacco or sweet cake . Bonnet A strip of canvas secured to the foot of the course ( square sail ) to increase sail area in light airs . Booby A type of bird that has little fear and therefore is particularly easy to catch . Booby hatch A sliding hatch or cover . Boom ( navigational barrier ) A floating barrier to control navigation into and out of rivers and harbours . Boom ( sailing ) A spar attached to the foot of a fore - and - aft sail . Boomer Slang term in the US Navy for a ballistic missile submarine . Boom gallows A raised crossmember that supports a boom when the sail is lowered ( obviates the need for a topping lift ) . Boomie or Booms'l rig A ketch rigged barge with gaff ( instead of spritsail ) and boom on main and mizzen . Booms'l rig could also refer to cutter rigged early barges . Boom vang or vang A sail control that lets one apply downward tension on a boom , countering the upward tension provided by the sail . The boom vang adds an element of control to sail shape when the sheet is let out enough that it no longer pulls the boom down . Boom vang tension helps control leech twist , a primary component of sail power . Boomkin See bumpkin . Booms Masts or yards , lying on board in reserve . Bore , as in Bore up or Bore away To assume a position to engage , or disengage , the enemy ship ( s ) Bosun See boatswain . Bosun 's call See boatswain 's call . Bosun 's chair See boatswain 's chair . Bosun 's pipe See boatswain 's call . Bosun 's whistle See boatswain 's call . Bottlescrew A device for adjusting tension in stays , shrouds and similar lines . Bottom 1 . The underside of a vessel ; the portion of a vessel that is always underwater . 2 . A ship , most often a cargo ship . 3 . A cargo hold . Bottomry Pledging a ship as security in a financial transaction . Bow 1 . The front of a vessel . 2 . Either side of the front ( or bow ) of the vessel , i.e. , the port bow and starboard bow . Something ahead and to the left of the vessel is `` off the port bow '' , while something ahead and to the right of the vessel is `` off the starboard bow . '' When `` bow '' is used in this way , the front of the vessel sometimes is called her bows ( plural ) , a collective reference to her port and starboard bows synonymous with bow ( singular ) as described in Definition ( 1 ) . Bow chaser See chase gun Bowline 1 . A type of knot , producing a strong loop of a fixed size , topologically similar to a sheet bend . Also a rope attached to the side of a sail to pull it towards the bow ( for keeping the windward edge of the sail steady ). . ( ( ( content ) ) ) Also a rope attached to the foresail to hold it aback when tacking. . ( ( ( content ) ) ) Bowman The person , in a team or among oarsmen , positioned nearest the bow Bowse To pull or hoist . Bowsprit A spar projecting from the bow used as an anchor for the forestay and other rigging . On a barge it may be pivoted so it may be steeved up in harbour . Bow thruster A small propeller or water - jet at the bow , used for manoeuvring larger vessels at slow speed . May be mounted externally , or in a tunnel running through the bow from side to side . Boxing the compass To state all 32 points of the compass , starting at north , proceeding clockwise . Sometimes applied to a wind that is constantly shifting . Boy Seaman a young sailor , still in training Brace abox To bring the foreyards flat aback to stop the ship . Brail To furl or truss a sail by pulling it in towards the mast , or the ropes used to do so . To brail up -- to stow the sails . Brake The handle of the pump , by which it is worked . Brass monkey or brass monkey weather Used in the expression `` it is cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey . '' Brass pounder Early 20th - century slang term for a vessel 's radio operator , so called because he repeatedly struck a brass key on his transmitter to broadcast in Morse code . Break bulk cargo ( or breakbulk cargo ) Goods that must be loaded aboard a ship individually , and not in intermodal containers or in bulk , carried by a general cargo ship . Breakwater 1 . A structure constructed on a coast as part of a coastal defense system or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and longshore drift . 2 . A structure built on the forecastle of a ship intended to divert water away from the forward superstructure or gun mounts . Breeches buoy A ring lifebuoy fitted with canvas breeches , functionally similar to a zip line , used to transfer people from one ship to another or to rescue people from a wrecked or sinking ship by moving them to another ship or to the shore . Bridge A structure above the weather deck , extending the full width of the vessel , which houses a command centre , itself called by association , the bridge . Bridge wing An open - air extension of the bridge to port or starboard , intended for use in signaling . Brig 1 . ( historically ) A vessel with two square - rigged masts . 2 . ( in the US ) An interior area of the ship used to detain prisoners ( possibly prisoners - of - war , in war - time ) and stowaways , and to punish delinquent crew members . Usually resembles a prison cell with bars and a locked , hinged door . Brig sloop A type of sloop - of - war introduced in the 1770s which had two square - rigged masts like a brig ( in contrast to ship sloops of the time , which had three masts ) . Brigantine ( also hermaphrodite brig ) A two - masted vessel , square - rigged on the foremast , but fore - and - aft - rigged on the mainmast . Brightwork Exposed varnished wood or polished metal on a boat . Bring to Cause a ship to be stationary by arranging the sails . Broach When a sailing vessel loses control of its motion and is forced into a sudden sharp turn , often heeling heavily and in smaller vessels sometimes leading to a capsize . The change in direction is called broaching - to . Occurs when too much sail is set for a strong gust of wind , or in circumstances where the sails are unstable . Broad Wide ( broad ) in appearance from the vantage point of a lookout or other person viewing activity in the vicinity of a ship , e.g. , another ship off the starboard bow with her side facing the viewer 's ship could be described as `` broad on the starboard bow '' of the viewer 's ship . Broadside 1 . One side of a vessel above the waterline . 2 . All the guns on one side of a warship or mounted ( in rotating turrets or barbettes ) so as to be able fire on the same side of a warship . 3 . The simultaneous firing of all the guns on one side of a warship or able to fire on the same side of a warship . 4 . Weight of broadside , the combined weight of all projectiles a ship can fire in a broadside , or the combined weight of all the shells a group of ships that have formed a line of battle collectively can fire on the same side . Brow See gangplank . Buffer The chief bosun 's mate ( in the Royal Navy ) , responsible for discipline . Bulbous bow A protruding bulb at the bow of a ship just below the waterline which modifies the way water flows around the hull , reducing drag and thus increasing speed , range , fuel efficiency , and stability . Bulk cargo Commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities . Bulk carrier ( also bulk freighter or bulker ) A merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo in its cargo holds . Bulkhead An upright wall within the hull of a ship , particularly a watertight , load - bearing wall . Bulwark or Bulward ( / ˈbʊlək / in nautical use ) Bulwark ( or Bulward ) The extension of the ship 's side above the level of the weather deck . Bull ensign ( also `` boot ensign '' or `` George ensign '' ) The senior ensign ( q.v. ) of a US Navy command ( i.e. , a ship , squadron , or shore activity ) . The bull ensign assumes additional responsibilities beyond those of other ensigns , such as teaching less - experienced ensigns about life at sea , planning and coordinating wardroom social activities , making sure that the officers ' mess runs smoothly , and serving as an officer for Navy - related social organizations . The bull ensign also serves as the focal point for the unit 's expression of spirit and pride . Bumboat A private boat selling goods . Bumpkin or boomkin 1 . A spar , similar to a bowsprit , but which projects from the stern . May be used to attach the backstay or mizzen sheets . 2 . An iron bar ( projecting out - board from a ship 's side ) to which the lower and topsail brace blocks are sometimes hooked . Bunker A container for storing coal or fuel oil for a ship 's engine . Bunker fuel or bunkers Fuel oil for a ship . Bunting tosser A signalman who prepares and flies flag hoists . Also known in the American Navy as a skivvy waver . Buntline One of the lines tied to the bottom of a square sail and used to haul it up to the yard when furling . Buoy A floating object of defined shape and color , which is anchored at a given position and serves as an aid to navigation . Buoyed up Lifted by a buoy , especially a cable that has been lifted to prevent it from trailing on the bottom . Burden ( Early Modern English : Burthen , Middle English : Byrthen ) The Builder 's Old Measurement , expressed in `` tons bm '' or `` tons BOM '' , a volumetric measurement of cubic cargo capacity , not of weight . This is the tonnage of a ship , based on the number of tuns of wine that it could carry in its holds . One 252 - gallon tun of wine takes up approximately 100 cubic feet -- and , incidentally , weighs 2,240 lbs ( 1 long ton , or Imperial ton ) . Burgee A small flag , typically triangular , flown from the masthead of a yacht to indicate yacht - club membership . By and large By means into the wind , while large means with the wind . `` By and large '' is used to indicate all possible situations `` the ship handles well both by and large '' . By the board Anything that has gone overboard . Cabin an enclosed room on a deck or flat . Cabin boy attendant on passengers and crew . often a young man Cable 1 . A large rope . 2 . A cable length ( q.v. ) . Cable length A measure of length or distance . Equivalent to ( UK ) 1 / 10 nautical mile , approx. 600 feet ; ( US ) 120 fathoms , 720 feet ( 219 m ) ; other countries use different values . Sometimes called simply a cable . Caboose a small ship 's kitchen , or galley on deck . Cabotage The transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country , alongside coastal waters , by a vessel or an aircraft registered in another country . Camels Loaded vessels lashed tightly , one on each side of another vessel , and then emptied to provide additional buoyancy that reduces the draught of the ship in the middle . Can 1 . A type of navigational buoy often a vertical drum , but if not , always square in silhouette , colored red in IALA region A or green in IALA region B ( the Americas , Japan , Korea and the Philippines ) . In channel marking its use is opposite that of a `` nun buoy '' . 2 . A shortened version of tin can ( q.v. ) . Canal boat A specialized watercraft designed for operation on a canal . Canister a type of antipersonnel cannon load in which lead balls or other loose metallic items were enclosed in a tin or iron shell . On firing , the shell would disintegrate , releasing the smaller metal objects with a shotgun - like effect . Canoe stern A design for the stern of a yacht which is pointed , like a bow , rather than squared off as a transom . Cape Horn fever The name of the fake illness a malingerer is pretending to suffer from . Capital ship A navy 's most important warships , generally possessing the heaviest firepower and armor and traditionally much larger than other naval vessels , but not formally defined . During the Age of Sail , generally understood to be ships - of - the - line ; during the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century , understood to be battleships and battlecruisers ; and since the 1940s considered to include aircraft carriers . Since the second half of the 20th century , ballistic missile submarines sometimes have been considered capital ships . Capsize When a ship or boat lists too far and rolls over , exposing the keel . On large vessels , this often results in the sinking of the ship . Compare Turtling , infra . Capstan A large winch with a vertical axis . A full - sized human - powered capstan is a waist - high cylindrical machine , operated by a number of hands who each insert a horizontal capstan bar in holes in the capstan and walk in a circle . Used to wind in anchors or other heavy objects ; and sometimes to administer flogging over . Captain 1 . The person lawfully in command of a vessel . `` Captain '' is an informal title of respect given to the commander of a naval vessel regardless of his or her formal rank ; aboard a merchant ship , the ship 's master is her `` captain . '' 2 . A naval officer with a rank between commander and commodore . 3 . In the US Navy , US Coast Guard , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Corps , a commissioned officer of a grade superior to a commander and junior to a rear admiral ( lower half ) , equal in grade or rank to a US Army , US Marine Corps , or US Air Force colonel . Captain of the Port 1 . In the United Kingdom , a Royal Navy officer , usually a captain , responsible for the day - to - day operation of a naval dockyard . 2 . In the United States , a US Coast Guard officer , usually a captain , responsible for enforcement of safety , security , and marine environmental protection regulations in a commercial port . Captain 's daughter The cat o ' nine tails , which in principle is only used on board on the captain 's ( or a court martial 's ) personal orders . Car carrier A cargo ship specially designed or fitted to carry large numbers of automobiles Modern pure car carriers have a fully enclosed , boxlike superstructure that extends along the entire length and across the entire breadth of the ship , enclosing the automobiles . The similar pure car / truck carrier also can accommodate trucks . Car float ( also railroad car float or rail barge ) An unpowered barge with railroad tracks mounted on its deck , used to move railroad cars across water obstacles . Caravel ( also caravelle ) A small , highly maneuverable sailing ship with lateen rig used by the Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean . Cardinal Referring to the four main points of the compass : north , south , east and west . See also bearing . Careening Tilting a ship on its side , usually when beached , to clean or repair the hull below the water line . Also known as to `` heave down '' . Cargo ship Any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo , goods , and materials from one port to another , including general cargo ships ( designed to carry break bulk cargo ) , bulk carriers , container ships , multipurpose vessels , and tankers . Tankers , however , although technically cargo ships , are routinely thought of as constituting a completely separate category . Carpenter 1 . In the Age of Sail , a warrant officer responsible for the hull , masts , spars , and boats of a vessel , and whose responsibility was to sound the well to see if the vessel was making water . 2 . A senior rating responsible for all the woodwork aboard a vessel . Carrack ( also nau ) A three - or four - masted sailing ship used by Western Europeans in the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through the early 17th century . Carrier An aircraft carrier ( q.v. ) . Carronade A short , smoothbore , cast iron naval cannon , used from the 1770s to the 1850s as a powerful , short - range anti-ship and anti-crew weapon . Carvel built A method of constructing wooden hulls by fixing planks to a frame so that the planks butt up against each other . Cf . `` clinker built '' . Cat 1 . To prepare an anchor , after raising it by lifting it with a tackle to the cat head , prior to securing ( fishing ) it alongside for sea . ( An anchor raised to the cat head is said to be catted . ) 2 . The cat o ' nine tails ( see below ) . 3 . A cat - rigged boat or catboat . Cat o ' nine tails A short nine - tailed whip kept by the bosun 's mate to flog sailors ( and soldiers in the Army ) . When not in use , the cat was kept in a baize bag , this is a possible origin for the term `` cat out of the bag , '' though livestock trade was more likely where this phrase came from . `` Not enough room to swing a cat '' also derives from this . Catamaran A vessel with two hulls . Catboat A cat - rigged vessel with a single mast mounted close to the bow , and only one sail , usually on a gaff . Catharpin A short rope or iron clamp used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so as to give a freer sweep to the yards . Cathead A beam extending out from the hull used to support an anchor when raised in order to secure or ' fish ' it . Cats paws Light variable winds on calm waters producing scattered areas of small waves . Celestial Navigation Navigation by the position of celestial objects including the stars , sun , and moon , using tools aboard ship such as a sextant , chronometer , and compass , and published tables of the position of celestial objects . Celestial Navigation was the primary method of navigation until the development of electronic global positioning systems such as LORAN and GPS . Ceiling 1 . A lining applied to the interior of a hull for both aesthetic reasons and to bar or insulate the ship 's cargo from the cold hull surface . Often made of thin strips of wood , attached horizontally with a small gap between to allow air flow to the interior hull surface . 2 . The inside planking forming the floor of a barges hold ; at the lining was carried up to the inwale . Center of effort ( or centre of effort ) The point of origin of net aerodynamic force on sails , roughly located in the geometric center of a sail , but the actual position of the center of effort will vary with sail plan , sail trim or airfoil profile , boat trim , and point of sail . Also known as center ( or centre ) of pressure Center of lateral resistance ( or centre of lateral resistance ) The point of origin of net hydrodynamic resistance on the submerged structure of a boat , especially a sailboat . This is the pivot point about which the boat turns when unbalanced external forces are applied , similar to the center of gravity . On a balanced sailboat the center of effort should align vertically with the center of lateral resistance . If this is not the case the boat will be unbalanced and exhibit either lee helm or weather helm and will be difficult to control . Centerline ( or centerline ) An imaginary line down the center of a vessel lengthwise . Any structure or anything mounted or carried on a vessel that straddles this line and is equidistant from either side of the vessel is on the centerline ( or centreline ) . Centreboard ( or centerboard ) A board or plate lowered through the hull of a dinghy on the centreline to resist leeway . Chafing Wear on line or sail caused by constant rubbing against another surface . Chafing gear Material applied to a line or spar to prevent or reduce chafing . See Baggywrinkle . Chain locker A space in the forward part of the ship , typically beneath the bow in front of the foremost collision bulkhead , that contains the anchor chain when the anchor is secured for sea . Chain - shot Cannon balls linked with chain used to damage rigging and masts . Chain - wale or channel A broad , thick plank that projects horizontally from each of a ship 's sides abreast a mast , distinguished as the fore , main , or mizzen channel accordingly , serving to extend the base for the shrouds , which supports the mast . Chains Small platforms built into the sides of a ship to spread the shrouds to a more advantageous angle . Also used as a platform for manual depth sounding . Charley Noble The metal stovepipe chimney from a cook shack on the deck of a ship or from a stove in a galley . Charthouse A compartment , especially in the Royal Navy , from which the ship was navigated . Chartplotter An electronic instrument which places the position of the ship ( from a GPS receiver ) onto a digital nautical chart displayed on a monitor , thereby replacing all manual navigation functions . Chartplotters also display information collected from all shipboard electronic instruments and often directly control autopilots . Chase gun , chase piece , or chaser A cannon pointing forward or aft , often of longer range than other guns . Those on the bow ( bow chaser ) were used to fire upon a ship ahead , while those on the rear ( stern chaser ) were used to ward off pursuing vessels . Unlike guns pointing to the side , chasers could be brought to bear in a chase without slowing . Cheeks 1 . Wooden blocks at the side of a spar . 2 . The sides of a block or gun - carriage . Chine 1 . An angle in the hull . 2 . A line formed where the sides of a boat meet the bottom . Soft chine is when the two sides join at a shallow angle , and hard chine is when they join at a steep angle . Chock Hole or ring attached to the hull to guide a line via that point . An opening in a ships bulwark normally oval in shape designed to allow mooring lines to be fastened to cleats or bits mounted to the ship 's deck . See also Panama chock and Dutchman 's chock . Chock - a-block Rigging blocks that are so tight against one another that they can not be further tightened . Chronometer A timekeeper accurate enough to be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation . Cigarette boat see go - fast boat . Citadel A fortified safe room on a vessel to take shelter in the event of pirate attack . Previously , a fortified room to protect ammunition and machinery from damage . Civil Red Ensign The British Naval Ensign or Flag of the British Merchant Navy , a red flag with the Union Flag in the upper left corner . Colloquially called the `` red duster '' . Class 1 . A group of naval ships of the same or similar design . 2 . A standard of construction for merchant vessels , including standards for specific types or specialized capabilities of some types of merchant vessels . A ship meeting the standard is in class , one not meeting them is out of class . Clean bill of health A certificate issued by a port indicating that the ship carries no infectious diseases . Also called a pratique . Clean slate At the helm , the watch keeper would record details of speed , distances , headings , etc. on a slate . At the beginning of a new watch the slate would be wiped clean . Clear To perform customs and immigration legalities prior to leaving port . Cleat A stationary device used to secure a rope aboard a vessel . Clench A method of fixing together two pieces of wood , usually overlapping planks , by driving a nail through both planks as well as a washer - like rove . The nail is then burred or riveted over to complete the fastening . Clew The lower corners of square sails or the corner of a triangular sail at the end of the boom . Clew - lines Used to truss up the clews , the lower corners of square sails . Used to reduce and stow a barge 's topsail . Clinker built A method of constructing hulls that involves overlapping planks , and / or plates , much like Viking longships , resulting in speed and flexibility in small boat hulls . Cf . `` carvel built '' . Clipper A very fast sailing ship of the 19th century that had three or more masts , a square rig , a long , low hull , and a sharply raked stem . Close aboard Near a ship . Close - hauled Of a vessel beating as close to the wind direction as possible . Clove hitch A bend used to attach a rope to a post or bollard . Also used to finish tying off the foresail . Club hauling The ship drops one of its anchors at high speed to turn abruptly . This was sometimes used as a means to get a good firing angle on a pursuing vessel . See kedge . Coal hulk A hulk used to store coal . Coal trimmer , or Trimmer person responsible for ensuring that a coal - fired vessel remains in ' trim ' ( evenly balanced ) as coal is consumed on a voyage . Coaming The raised edge of a hatch , cockpit or skylight to help keep out water . Coaster ( or coastal trading vessel ) A shallow - hulled ship used for trade between locations on the same island or continent . Cockbill Used of spars , to stow by swinging askew . Cockpit The seating area ( not to be confused with Deck ) . The area towards the stern of a small decked vessel that houses the rudder controls . Cog A type of sailing ship with a single mast and square - rigged single sail first developed in the 10th century and widely used , particularly in the Baltic Sea region , in seagoing trade from the 12th through the 14th century . Collier A bulk cargo ship designed to carry coal , especially such a ship in naval use to supply coal to coal - fired warships . Combat loading A way of loading a vessel giving military forces embarked aboard her immediate access to weapons , ammunition and supplies they need when conducting an amphibious landing . In combat loading , cargo is stowed in such a way that unloading of equipment will match up with the personnel that are landing and in the order they land so that they have immeidate access to the gear they need for combat as soon as they land . Combat loading gives primary consideration to the ease and sequence with which troops , equipment , and supplies can be unloaded ready for combat , sacrificing the more efficient use of cargo space that ship operators seek when loading a ship for the routine transportation of personnel and cargo . Comber A long , curving wave breaking on the shore . Come about 1 . To tack . 2 . To change tack . 3 . To manoeuvre the bow of a sailing vessel across the wind so that the wind changes from one side of the vessel to the other . 4 . To position a vessel with respect to the wind after tacking . Come to To stop a sailing vessel , especially by turning into the wind . Commission To formally place ( a naval vessel ) into active service , after which the vessel is said to be in commission . Sometimes used less formally to mean placing a commercial ship into service . Commodore 1 . Commodore ( rank ) , a military rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain , but below a rear admiral . Often equivalent to the rank of `` flotilla admiral '' or sometimes `` counter admiral '' in non-English - speaking navies . 2 . Convoy Commodore , a civilian put in charge of the good order of the merchant ships in British convoys during World War II , but with no authority over naval ships escorting the convoy . 3 . Commodore ( yacht club ) , an officer of a yacht club . 4 . Commodore ( Sea Scouts ) , a position in the Boy Scouts of America 's Sea Scout program . Communication tube , speaking tube , or voice tube An air - filled tube , usually armored , allowing speech between the conning tower with the below - decks control spaces in a warship . Companionway A raised and windowed hatchway in the ship 's deck , with a ladder leading below and the hooded entrance - hatch to the main cabins . Compass Navigational instrument showing the direction of the vessel in relation to the Earth 's geographical poles or magnetic poles . Commonly consists of a magnet aligned with the Earth 's magnetic field , but other technologies have also been developed , such as the gyrocompass . Complement 1 . The number of persons in a ship ′ s crew , including officers . 2 . A collective term for all of the persons in a ship ′ s crew , including officers . Comprise To include or contain : As applied to a naval task force , the listing of all assigned units for a single transient purpose ( mission ) . `` The Task Force comprises Ship A , Ship B , and Ship C . '' ' Comprise ' means exhaustive inclusion -- there are n't any other parts to the task force , and each ship has a permanent squadron existence , independent of the task force . Conn ( Also written con , conne , conde , cunde , or cun ) To direct a ship or submarine from a position of command . While performing this duty , an officer is said to have the conn . Conning officer An officer on a naval vessel responsible for instructing the helmsman on the course to steer . While performing this duty , the officer is said to have the conn . Conning tower 1 . The armoured control tower of an iron or steel warship built between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries from which the ship was navigated in battle . 2 . A tower - like structure on the dorsal ( topside ) surface of a submarine , serving in submarines built before the mid-20th century as a connecting structure between the bridge and pressure hull and housing instruments and controls from which the periscopes were used to direct the submarine and launch torpedo attacks . Since the mid-20th century , it has been replaced by the sail ( United States usage ) or fin ( European and British Commonwealth usage ) , a structure similar in appearance which no longer plays a function in directing the submarine . Consort Unpowered Great Lakes vessels , usually a fully loaded schooner , barge , or steamer barge , towed by a larger steamer that would often tow more than one barge . The consort system was used in the Great Lakes from the 1860s to around 1920 . Constant bearing , decreasing range ( CBDR ) When two boats are approaching each other from any angle and this angle remains the same over time ( constant bearing ) they are on a collision course . Because of the implication of disaster ( ships might collide ) it has come to mean a problem or an obstacle which is heading your way . Often used in the sense of a warning , as in `` watch out for this problem you might not see coming . '' Container ship A cargo ship that carries all of her cargo in truck - size intermodal containers . Convoy A group of ships traveling together for mutual support and protection . Corinthian An amateur yachter . Corrector A device to correct the ship 's compass , for example counteracting errors due to the magnetic effects of a steel hull . Corsair 1 . A French privateer , especially from the port of St - Malo . 2 . Any privateer or pirate . 3 . A ship used by privateers or pirates , especially of French nationality . 4 . Corsair , a class of 16 - foot ( 4.9 - meter ) three - handed sailing dinghy . Corvette 1 . A flush - decked sailing warship of the 17th , 18th , and 19th centuries having a single tier of guns , ranked next below a frigate . Called in the US Navy a sloop - of - war . 2 . A lightly armed and armored warship of the 20th and 21st centuries , smaller than a frigate , capable of trans - oceanic duty . Cotchel A part load . Cottonclad A steam - powered wooden warship protected from enemy fire by bales of cotton lining its sides , most commonly associated with some of the warships employed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Counter The part of the stern above the waterline that extends beyond the rudder stock culminating in a small transom . A long counter increases the waterline length when the boat is heeled , so increasing hull speed . Counterflood To deliberately flood compartments on the opposite side from already flooded ones . Usually done to reduce a list . Course The direction in which a vessel is being steered , usually given in degrees . Courses the lowest square sail on each mast -- The mainsail , foresail , and the mizzen on a four masted ship ( the after most mast usually sets a gaff driver or spanker instead of a square sail ) . Cowl 1 . A ship 's ventilator with a bell - shaped top which can be swivelled to catch the wind and force it below . 2 . A vertical projection of a ship 's funnel which directs the smoke away from the bridge . Coxswain or cockswain / ˈkɒksən / The helmsman or crew member in command of a boat . Crab A winch used for raising the leeboard which has a barrel fir pulling in the staysail sheets . Crance / Crans / Cranze iron A fitting , mounted at the end of a bowsprit to which stays are attached . Crane vessel or crane ship A ship with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads . Crazy Ivan US Navy slang for a maneuver in which a submerged Soviet or Russian submarine suddenly turns 180 degrees or through 360 degrees to detect submarines following it . Crew 1 . On warships and merchant ships , those members of a ship 's company who are not officers 2 . On leisure vessels with no formal chain of command , those persons who are not the skipper ( q.v. ) or passengers . Crew management Otherwise known as crewing , are the services rendered by specialised shipping companies to manage the human resources and manning of all types of vessels , including recruitment , deployment to vessel , scheduling , training , as well as the ongoing management and administrative duties of seafarers , such as payroll , travel arrangements , insurance and health schemes , overall career development , as well as their day - to - day welfare Cringle A rope loop , usually at the corners of a sail , for fixing the sail to a spar . They are often reinforced with a metal eye . Cro'jack or crossjack a square yard used to spread the foot of a topsail where no course is set , e.g. on the foremast of a topsail schooner or above the driver on the mizzen mast of a ship rigged vessel . Crosstrees two horizontal struts at the upper ends of the topmasts of sailboats , used to anchor the shrouds from the topgallant mast . Lateral spraders for the topmast shrouds ( standing back stays ) Crow flies , as the see as the crow flies . Crow 's nest Specifically a masthead constructed with sides and sometimes a roof to shelter the lookouts from the weather , generally by whaling vessels , this has become a generic term for what is properly called masthead . See masthead . Cruise ship A passenger ship used for pleasure voyages , where the voyage itself and the ship 's amenities are part of the experience , as well as the different destinations along the way . Transportation is not the prime purpose , as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port . A cruise ship contrasts with a passenger liner , which is a passenger ship that provides a scheduled service between published ports primarily as a mode of transportation . Large , prestigious passenger ships used for either purpose sometimes are called ocean liners . Cruiser 1 . From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century , a classification for a wide variety of gun - and sometimes torpedo - armed warships , usually but not always armored , intended for independent scouting , raiding , or commerce protection ; some were designed also to provide direct support to a battlefleet . Cruisers carried out functions performed previously by the cruising ships ( sailing frigates and sloops ) of the Age of Sail . 2 . From the early 20th century to the mid-20th century , a type of armored warship with varying armament and of various sizes , but always smaller than a battleship and larger than a destroyer , capable of both direct support of a battle fleet and independent operations , armed with guns and sometimes torpedoes . 3 . After the mid-20th century , various types of warships of intermediate size armed with guided missiles and sometimes guns , intended for air defense of aircraft carriers and associated task forces or for anti-ship missile attack against such forces ; virtually indistinguishable from large destroyers since the late 20th century . Crutches Metal Y shaped pins to hold oars whilst rowing . Cuddy A small cabin in a boat ; a cabin , for the use of the captain , in the after part of a sailing ship under the poop deck . Cunningham A line invented by Briggs Cunningham , used to control the shape of a sail . Cunt splice or cut splice A join between two lines , similar to an eye - splice , where each rope end is joined to the other a short distance along , making an opening which closes under tension . Cuntline The `` valley '' between the strands of a rope or cable . Before serving a section of laid rope e.g. to protect it from chafing , it may be `` wormed '' by laying yarns in the cuntlines , giving that section an even cylindrical shape . Cut and run When wanting to make a quick escape , a ship might cut lashings to sails or cables for anchors , causing damage to the rigging , or losing an anchor , but shortening the time needed to make ready by bypassing the proper procedures . Cut of his jib The `` cut '' of a sail refers to its shape . Since this would vary between ships , it could be used both to identify a familiar vessel at a distance , and to judge the possible sailing qualities of an unknown one . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the ships of different nations used visually distinctive types of jibs that could be determined at a distance , providing an easy way to determine friend from foe . Also used figuratively of people . Cutter 1 . A small single - masted boat , fore - and - aft rigged , with two or more headsails and often a bowsprit . The mast is set farther back than on a sloop . 2 . A small boat serving a larger vessel , used to ferry passengers or light stores between larger vessels and the shore . 3 . In the 20th and 21st centuries , a small - or medium - sized vessel whose occupants exercise official authority , such as harbor pilots ' cutters , US Coast Guard Cutters , and UK Border Agency cutters . Cutwater The forward curve of the stem ( q.v. ) of a ship Daggerboard A type of light centerboard that is lifted vertically ; often in pairs , with the leeward one lowered when beating . Dandy 1 . A rig with a small mizzen abaft the steering post . 2 . In British usage , an alternative term for a yawl ( q.v. ) . 3 . In British usage , a small after - sail on a yawl . Dart To run dart , to run dead before the wind . Davit 1 . A spar formerly used on board ships as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow , without injuring the sides of the ship . 2 . A crane , often working in pairs and usually made of steel , used to lower things over the side of a ship , including launching a lifeboat over the side of a ship . Davy Jones ' Locker An idiom for the bottom of the sea . Day beacon An unlighted fixed structure which is equipped with a dayboard for daytime identification . Day - blink Moment at dawn where , from some point on the mast , a lookout can see above low lying mist which envelops the ship . Dayboard The daytime identifier of an aid to navigation presenting one of several standard shapes ( square , triangle , rectangle ) and colors ( red , green , white , orange , yellow , or black ) . Dead ahead Exactly ahead , directly ahead , directly in front . Dead in the water Not moving ( used only when a vessel is afloat and neither tied up nor anchored ) . Term is abbreviated to DIW by the US Navy . It is often used to indicate a pirate or drug runner vessel has been immobilised . Dead run See running . Dead wake The trail of a fading disturbance in the water . See also wake . Deadeye A wooden block with three holes ( but no pulleys ) which is spliced to a shroud . It is used to adjust the tension in the standing rigging of large sailing vessels , by lacing through the holes with a lanyard to the deck . Performs the same job as a turnbuckle . Deadhead A snag ( q.v. ) . Deadlight A strong shutter fitted over a porthole or other opening that can be closed in bad weather . Deadrise The design angle of the hull at the keel ( q.v. ) relative to horizontal when viewing the cross section , or the distance of rise from the keel to a defined point on the hull . Deadwood A wooden part ( vertical timbers or planking ) of the centerline structure of a boat , usually between the sternpost and amidships . It is used to `` fill the spaces where , owing to the shape of the vessel , the floor - timbers have to be discontinued . '' Death roll In a keel boat , a death roll is the act of broaching to windward , putting the spinnaker pole into the water and causing a crash - gybe of the boom and mainsail , which sweep across the deck and plunge down into the water . During a death roll , the boat rolls from side to side , becoming gradually more unstable until either it capsizes or the skipper reacts correctly to prevent it . Debarcation or disembarkation The process of leaving a ship or aircraft , or removing goods from a ship or aircraft . Debunk The process of removing fuel from a vessel . After a ship wreck , a `` debunkering '' operation will be performed in an effort to minimize damage and protect the environment from fuel spills . Decks The top of the boat ; the surface is removed to accommodate the seating area . The structures forming the approximately horizontal surfaces in the ship 's general structure . Unlike flats , they are a structural part of the ship . Deck hand or decky A person whose job involves aiding the deck supervisor in ( un ) mooring , anchoring , maintenance , and general evolutions on deck . Deck supervisor The person in charge of all evolutions and maintenance on deck ; sometimes split into two groups : forward deck supervisor , aft deck supervisor . Deckhead The under - side of the deck above . The inside of the boat is normally paneled over to hide the structure , pipes , electrical wires . It can be in thin wood planks , often covered with a vinyl lining , or in thin PVC or now even in fiberglass planks . Deckhouse A cabin ( q.v. ) which protrudes above a ship 's deck . Deadrise The design angle of the hull at the keel ( q.v. ) relative to horizontal when viewing the cross section , or the distance of rise from the keel to a defined point on the hull . Decks awash A situation in which the deck of the vessel is partially or wholly submerged , possibly as a result of excessive listing or a loss of buoyancy . Decommission To formally take ( a naval vessel ) out of active service , after which the vessel is said to be out of commission or decommissioned . Sometimes used less formally to mean taking a commercial ship out of service . Ded . Reckoning A method of navigation by determining the ship 's position using only its previously known position and deriving its new position from the course , speed , and elapsed time provided by instruments or estimation . Ded . Reckoning is used when no other forms of more precise navigation are available ( for example , because a ship is fogged in ) because all errors are additive and must be corrected for when better navigation information is available , such as the sighting of a landmark or a celestial navigation position fix . Abbreviation for `` Deduced reckoning '' and often mistakenly referred to as `` dead reckoning '' Depot ship A ship which acts as a mobile or fixed base for other ships and submarines or supports a naval base . Depth of hold The height from the lowest part of the hull inside the ship , at its midpoint , to the ceiling that is made up of the uppermost full length deck . For old warships it is to the ceiling that is made up of the lowermost full length deck . Derrick A lifting device composed of one mast or pole and a boom or jib which is hinged freely at the bottom . Despatch boat Alternative spelling of dispatch boat . Destroyer ( originally torpedo boat destroyer ) A type of fast and maneuverable small warship introduced in the 1890s to protect capital ships from torpedo boat attack , since increased in size and capabilities to become a long - endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet , convoy , or battle group and defend them against submarines , surface ships , aircraft , and missiles . Destroyer depot ship See destroyer tender . Destroyer escort US Navy term for a smaller , lightly armed warship built in large numbers during World War II ( and in smaller numbers thereafter ) , cheaper , slower , and less - well - armed than a destroyer but larger and more heavily armed than a corvette and designed to escort convoys of merchant ships or naval auxiliaries or second - line naval forces . Employed primarily for anti-submarine warfare , but also provided some protection against aircraft and smaller surface ships . Generally known as `` frigates '' in other navies , and designated as such in the US Navy as well by the 1970s . Destroyer leader A large destroyer suitable for commanding a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships ; a type of flotilla leader . Destroyer tender A naval auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships . Known in British English as a destroyer depot ship . Devil seam The devil was possibly a slang term for the garboard seam , hence `` between the devil and the deep blue sea '' being an allusion to keel hauling , but a more popular version seems to be the seam between the waterway and the stanchions which would be difficult to get at , requiring a cranked caulking iron , and a restricted swing of the caulking mallet . Devil to pay ( or Devil to pay , and no pitch hot ) `` Paying '' the devil is sealing the devil seam . It is a difficult and unpleasant job ( with no resources ) because of the shape of the seam ( up against the stanchions ) or if the devil refers to the garboard seam , it must be done with the ship slipped or careened . Dhow the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with lateen sails used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region , typically weighing 300 to 500 tons , with a long , thin hull . They are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items , like fruit , fresh water or merchandise . Crews vary from about thirty to around twelve , depending on the size of the vessel . Dinghy 1 . A type of small boat , often carried or towed as a ship 's boat by a larger vessel . 2 . Also a small racing yacht or recreational open sailing boat , often used for beginner training rather than sailing full - sized yachts . 3 . Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor , but some are rigged for sailing . Directional light A light illuminating a sector or very narrow angle and intended to mark a direction to be followed . Dipping the eye Dipping the eye Method of attaching more than one hawser to a single bollard , so that each can be lifted off without disturbing the other ( s ) . The second hawser is passed under the first , then up through the eye of the first ( hence the name ) , before being secured over the bollard . Dispatch boat A vessel ranging in size from a small boat to a large ship tasked to carry military dispatches from ship to ship , from ship to shore , or , occasionally , from shore to shore . Displacement The weight of water displaced by the immersed volume of a ship 's hull , exactly equivalent to the weight of the whole ship . Displacement hull A hull designed to travel through the water , rather than planing over it . Disrate To reduce in rank or rating ; demote . Distinguishing mark A flag flown to distinguish ships of one seagoing service of a given country from ships of the country 's other seagoing service ( s ) when ships of more than one of the country 's seagoing services fly the same ensign . Dock 1 . In American usage , a fixed structure attached to shore to which a vessel is secured when in port , generally synonymous with pier and wharf , except that pier tends to refer to structures used for tying up commercial ships and to structures extending from shore for use in fishing , while dock refers more generally to facilities used for tying up ships or boats , including recreational craft . 2 . In British usage , the body of water between two piers or wharves which accommodates vessels tied up at the piers or wharves . 3 . To tie up along a pier or wharf . Dockyard A facility where ships or boats are built and repaired . Routinely used as a synonym for shipyard , although dockyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used for maintenance and basing activities , while shipyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used in construction . Dodger A hood forward of a hatch or cockpit to protect the crew from wind and spray . Can be soft or hard . Dog watch A short watch period , generally half the usual time ( e.g. a two - hour watch rather than a four - hour one ) . Such watches might be included in order to rotate the system over different days for fairness , or to allow both watches to eat their meals at approximately normal times . Doghouse A slang term ( in the US , mostly ) for a raised portion of a ship 's deck . A doghouse is usually added to improve headroom below or to shelter a hatch . Dogvane A small weather vane , sometimes improvised with a scrap of cloth , yarn or other light material mounted within sight of the helmsman . ( See tell - tale ) Doldrums or equatorial calms The equatorial trough , with special reference to the light and variable nature of the winds . Dolly winch A small winch mounted on the windlass which is used as an alternative to the brails winch when that is obstructed in some way . ( stack , deck cargo , for example ) Dolphin A structure consisting of a number of piles driven into the seabed or riverbed as a marker . Donkey engine A small auxiliary engine used either to start a larger engine or independently , e.g. for pumping water on steamships . Donkeyman One of a ship 's engineering crew . Often a crewman responsible for maintaining a Steam donkey , or any machinery other than the main engines . On some ships , the Petty Officer in charge of engineroom ratings . Dory or doree , dori , or ( Royal Navy ) dorey A shallow - draft , lightweight boat , about 5 to 7 metres ( 16 to 23 feet ) long , with high sides , a flat bottom and sharp bows . Traditionally used as fishing boats , both in coastal waters and in the open sea . Double - shotted The practice of loading smooth - bore cannon with two cannon - balls . Dover cliffs Very rough seas with large white capped waves . Downbound 1 . A vessel traveling downstream . 2 . Eastward - traveling vessels in the Great Lakes region ( terminology as used by the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation ) . Downhaul A line used to control either a mobile spar , or the shape of a sail . A downhaul can also be used to retrieve a sail back on deck . Drabbler An extra strip of canvas secured below a bonnet ( q.v. ) , further to increase the area of a course Draft or draught ( both / drɑːft / ) The depth of a ship 's keel below the waterline . Dragon boat ( also dragonboat ) One of a family of traditional paddled long boats of various designs and sizes found throughout Asia , Africa and the Pacific Islands . For competitive events , they are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails . Dragon boat races are traditionally held during the annual summer solstice festival . Dreadnought A type of battleship designed with an `` all - big - gun '' armament layout in which the ship 's primary gun power resided in a primary battery of its largest guns intended for use at long range , with other gun armament limited to small weapons intended for close - range defense against torpedo boats and other small warships . Most , but not all , dreadnoughts also had steam turbine propulsion . Predominant from 1906 , dreadnoughts differed from earlier steam battleships , retroactively dubbed `` predreadnoughts '' , which had only a few large guns , relied on an intermediate secondary battery used at shorter ranges for most of their offensive power , and had triple - expansion steam engines . Dress overall To string International Code of Signals flags , arranged at random , from stemhead to masthead , between mastheads ( if the vessel has more than one mast ) , and then down to the taffrail , on a ship in harbor as a sign of celebration of a national , local , or personal anniversary , event , holiday , or occasion . When a ship is properly dressed overall , ensigns fly at each masthead unless displaced by another flag -- for example , that of a flag officer on board -- in addition to the ensign flown in the usual position at the stern . Dressing down 1 . Treating old sails with oil or wax to renew them . 2 . A verbal reprimand . Dressing lines Lines running from stemhead to masthead , between mastheads , and then down to the taffrail , to which flags are attached when a ship is dressed overall . Drifter A type of fishing boat designed to catch herring in a long drift net , long used in the Netherlands and Great Britain . Drink Overboard and into the water , as it fell into the drink . Driver The large sail flown from the mizzen gaff . Driver - mast The fifth mast of a six - masted barquentine or gaff schooner . It is preceded by the jigger mast and followed by the spanker mast . The sixth mast of the only seven - masted vessel , the gaff schooner Thomas W. Lawson , was normally called the pusher - mast . Drogue / droʊɡ / A device to slow a boat down in a storm so that it does not speed excessively down the slope of a wave and crash into the next one . It is generally constructed of heavy flexible material in the shape of a cone . See also sea anchor . Drudging A technique of maintaining steerage - way when going downstream with neither engine nor wind to sail . The vessel uses its anchor to draw itself head - to - stream , then lifts the anchor and drifts stern - first downstream , ferry gliding to maintain position within the stream . As steerage begins to reduce , the vessel anchors again and then repeats the whole procedure as required . Drydock A narrow basin or vessel used for the construction , maintenance , and repair of ships , boats , and other watercraft that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in , then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform . Dunnage / ˈdʌnɪdʒ / 1 . Loose packing material used to protect a ship 's cargo from damage during transport . ( See also fardage ) 2 . Personal baggage . Dunsel A part on a ship that has no use . Earings Small lines , by which the uppermost corners of the largest sails are secured to the yardarms . East Indiaman Any ship operating under charter or license to the East India Company ( England ) , or to the Danish East India Company , French East India Company , Dutch East India Company , Portuguese East India Company , or Swedish East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries . Echo sounding Measuring the depth of the water using a sonar device . See also sounding and swinging the lead . Embayed The condition where a sailing vessel ( especially one which sails poorly to windward ) is confined between two capes or headlands by a wind blowing directly onshore . En echelon An arrangement of gun turrets whereby the turret on one side of the ship is placed further aft than the one on the other side , so that both turrets can fire to either side . Diagram showing the Minas Geraes - class battleship with its central guns arranged en echelon . Engine order telegraph A communications device used by the pilot to order engineers in the engine room to power the vessel at a certain desired speed . Also Chadburn . Engine room One of the machinery spaces of a vessel , usually the largest one , containing the ship 's prime mover ( usually a diesel or steam engine or a gas or steam turbine ) . Larger vessels may have more than one engine room . Ensign 1 . Ensign , the principal flag or banner flown by a ship to indicate her nationality . 2 . Ensign , the lowest grade of commissioned officer in the US Navy . Escort carrier An aircraft carrier , smaller and slower than a fleet carrier , used by some navies in World War II to escort convoys , ferry aircraft , and provide air support for amphibious operations . Extremis ( also known as `` in extremis '' ) the point under International Rules of the Road ( Navigation Rules ) at which the privileged ( or stand - on ) vessel on collision course with a burdened ( or give - way ) vessel determines it must maneuver to avoid a collision . Prior to extremis , the privileged vessel must maintain course and speed and the burdened vessel must maneuver to avoid collision . Eye splice A closed loop or eye at the end a line , rope , cable , etc . It is made by unraveling its end and joining it to itself by intertwining it into the lay of the line . Eye splices are very strong and compact and are employed in moorings and docking lines among other uses . Factory ship A large ocean - going vessel with extensive on - board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish or whales . Some also serve as mother ships ( q.v. ) for smaller fishing or whaling vessels . Those used for processing fish are also known as fish processing vessels . Fair 1 . A smooth curve , usually referring to a line of the hull which has no deviations . 2 . To make something flush . 3 . A line is fair when it has a clear run . 4 . A wind or current is fair when it offers an advantage to a boat . Fair winds and following seas A blessing wishing the recipient a safe journey and good fortune . Fairlead A ring , hook or other device used to keep a line or chain running in the correct direction or to prevent it rubbing or fouling . Fairwater A structure that improves the streamlining of a vessel . Fairway 1 . Generally , a navigable channel , for example in a harbor or offshore , that is the usual course taken by vessels in the area . 2 . In military and naval terms , a channel from offshore , in a river , or in a harbor that has enough depth to accommodate the draft of large vessels . Fake To coil a rope down on the deak to enable it to pay out without fouling . Falkuša A traditional fishing boat with a lateen sail on a single mast used by fishermen from the town of Komiža on the Adriatic island of Vis . Fall The part of the tackle that is hauled upon . Fall off To change the direction of sail so as to point in a direction that is more down wind . To bring the bow leeward . Also bear away , bear off or head down . This is the opposite of pointing up or heading up . Fantail Aft end of the ship , also known as the Poop deck . Fardage Wood placed in bottom of ship to keep cargo dry . ( See also dunnage ) Fashion boards Loose boards that slide in grooves to close off a companionway or cabin entrance . Fast Fastened or held firmly ( fast aground : stuck on the seabed ; made fast : tied securely ) . Fathom / ˈfæðəm / A unit of length equal to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , roughly measured as the distance between a man 's outstretched hands . Particularly used to measure depth . Fathometer A depth finder that uses sound waves to determine the depth of water . Felucca A traditional wooden sailing boat with a rig consisting of one or two lateen sails , used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean and particularly along the Nile in Egypt and Sudan , and also in Iraq . Fend off A command given to the crew to stop what they are now doing and to immediately manually prevent the boat from banging into the docks or other boats . Fender A flexible bumper used in boating to keep boats from banging into docks or each other . Often an old car tyre . Ferry glide 1 . To hold a vessel against and at an angle to the current / stream such that the vessel moves sideways over the bottom due to the effect of the current operating on the upstream side of the vessel . Fetch 1 . The distance across water which a wind or waves have traveled . 2 . To reach a mark without tacking . Fid 1 . A tapered wooden tool used for separating the strands of rope for splicing . 2 . A bar used to fix an upper mast in place . Fife rail A freestanding pinrail surrounding the base of a mast and used for securing that mast 's sails ' halyards with a series of belaying pins . Fifie A sailing boat with two masts with a standard rig consisting of a main dipping lug sail and a mizzen standing lug sail developed in Scotland ; used for commercial fishing from the 1850s until the 20th century . Fig US Navy slang for a guided - missile frigate , especially of the Oliver Hazard Perry class , derived from its class designation ( `` FFG '' ) . Fighting top An enlarged top designed to allow gunfire downward onto an enemy ship . A fighting top could have small guns installed in it or could serve as a platform for snipers armed with muskets or rifles . Figure of eight A stopper knot . Figurehead A symbolic image at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer . Fin A term used in European and British Commonwealth countries for a tower - like structure on the dorsal ( topside ) surface of a submarine ; called a sail in the United States . Fine Narrow ( fine ) in appearance from the vantage point of a lookout or other person viewing activity in the vicinity of a ship , e.g. , another ship off the starboard bow with her bow or stern facing the viewer 's ship could be described as `` fine on the starboard bow '' of the viewer 's ship . Fireboat A specialized vessel equipped with firefighting equipment such as pumps and nozzles for fighting shipboard and shoreline fires . Fire ship A ship loaded with flammable materials and explosives and sailed into an enemy port or fleet either already burning or ready to be set alight by its crew ( who would then abandon it ) in order to collide with and set fire to enemy ships . Fire room , also boiler room The compartment in which the ship 's boilers or furnaces are stoked and fired . First - rate The classification for the largest sailing warships of the 17th through 19th centuries . They had 3 masts , 850 + crew and 100 + guns . First lieutenant 1 . In the Royal Navy , the senior lieutenant on board ; responsible to the commanding officer for the domestic affairs of the ship 's company . Also known as ' Jimmy the One ' or ' Number One ' . Removes his cap when visiting the mess decks as token of respect for the privacy of the crew in those quarters . Officer in charge of cables on the forecastle . 2 . In the US Navy , the officer on a ship serving as the senior person in charge of all deck hands . First mate The second - in - command of a commercial ship . Fish 1 . To repair a mast or spar with a fillet of wood . 2 . To secure an anchor on the side of the ship for sea ( otherwise known as `` catting '' . ) 3 . A slang term for a self - propelled torpedo . Fisherman 's reef A sailing tactic for handling winds too strong for the sail area hoisted when reefing the sails is not feasible or possible . The headsail is set normally while the mainsail is let out till it is constantly luffing . This creates loss of force on the main and also reduces the efficiency of the headsail while still retaining sailing control of the vessel . Fitting - out The period after a ship is launched during which all the remaining construction of the ship is completed and she is readied for sea trials and delivery to her owners . Fixed propeller A propeller mounted on a rigid shaft protruding from the hull of a vessel , usually driven by an inboard motor ; steering must be done using a rudder . See also outboard motor and sterndrive . Flag hoist A number of signal flags strung together to convey a message , e.g. , ' England expects ... ' Flag of convenience The business practice of registering a merchant ship in a sovereign state different from that of the ship 's owners , and flying that state 's civil ensign on the ship . The practice allows the ship 's owner to reduce operating costs or avoid the regulations of the owner 's country . Flag officer 1 . A commissioned officer senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the ship or installation from which he or she exercises command , in English - speaking countries usually referring to the senior officers of a navy , specifically those who hold any of the admiral ranks and in some cases to those holding the rank of commodore . In modern American usage , additionally applied to US Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps officers and general officers in the US Army , US Air Force , and US Marine Corps entitled to fly their own flags . 2 . A formal rank in the mid-19th - century US Navy , conveyed temporarily upon senior captains in command of squadrons of ships , soon rendered obsolete by the creation of the ranks of commodore and rear admiral . Flagship 1 . A vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships . The term derives from the custom of the commander of such a group of ships , characteristically a flag officer , flying a distinguishing flag aboard the ship on which he or she is embarked . 2 . Used more loosely , the lead ship in a fleet of naval or commercial vessels , typically the first , largest , fastest , most heavily armed , or , in terms of media coverage , best - known . Flank The maximum speed of a ship . Faster than `` full speed '' . Flare 1 . A curvature of the topsides outward towards the gunwale . 2 . A pyrotechnic signalling device , usually used to indicate distress . Flatback A Great Lakes slang term for a vessel without any self - unloading equipment . Flattop Slang term for an aircraft carrier ( q.v. ) . Flemish To coil a line that is not in use so that it lies flat on the deck . Flettner rotor A spinning cylinder that uses the Magnus effect to harness wind power to propel a ship . Flight deck A flat deck used for the launch and recovery of aircraft . Floor The transverse structural timbers to which the longitudinal bottom planking is attached . The equivalent side timbers are called the frames . The keelson is fastened on top of the floors , bolting them to the keel . The planking is the exterior of the hull , while the ceiling is attached on top of the floors , and it forms the base of the hold . Floorhead Any of the upper extremities of the floor ( q.v. ) of a vessel . Flotilla leader A warship suitable for commanding a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships , typically a small cruiser or a large destroyer , in the latter case known as a destroyer leader . Flotsam Debris or cargo that remains afloat after a shipwreck . See also jetsam . Fluke The wedge - shaped part of an anchor 's arms that digs into the bottom . Flush deck An upper deck of a vessel that extends unbroken from stem to stern . Flush decker 1 . A US Navy destroyer of the World War I - era Caldwell , Wickes , or Clemson class , produced in very large numbers . 2 . Any ship with a flush deck . Flushing board Board inserted vertically in a cabin entrance . Fluyt ( also fluit or flute ) A Dutch transoceanic sailing cargo vessel , square - rigged with two or three masts that were much taller than the masts of a galleon , developed in the 16th century and widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries . Fly by night A large sail used only for sailing downwind , requiring little attention . Folding propeller A propeller with folding blades , furling to reduce drag on a sailing vessel when not in use . Following sea Wave or tidal movement going in the same direction as a ship Foo - foo band An impromptu musical band on late 19th - century sailing vessels , made up from members of the ship 's crew Foot 1 . The lower edge of any sail . 2 . The bottom of a mast . 3 . A measurement of 12 inches . Footloose If the foot of a sail is not secured properly , it is footloose , blowing around in the wind . Footboat A barges boat or dinghy . Footrope Each yard on a square rigged sailing ship is equipped with a footrope for sailors to stand on while setting or stowing the sails Force See Beaufort scale . Fore , forward ( / ˈfɒrərd / , and often written `` for'ard '' ) Towards the bow ( of the vessel ) . Fore - and - aft rig A sailing rig consisting mainly of sails that are set along the line of the keel rather than perpendicular to it . Such sails are referred to as `` fore - and - aft rigged . '' Fore - and - afters removable wooded beams running along the centre of the hold openings , beneath the hatches that they support Fore horse Transverse wooden or iron beam afore the main mast to which the foresail sheet is attached . Forecastle A partial deck , above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel ; traditionally the sailors ' living quarters . Pronounced / ˈfoʊksəl / . The name is derived from the castle fitted to bear archers in time of war . Forefoot The lower part of the stem of a ship . Foremast jack An enlisted sailor , one who is housed before the foremast . Forepeak The part of the hold of a ship within the angle of the bow . Foresail 1 . A fore and aft sail set on the foremast . 2 . The lowest sail set on the foremast of a full rigged ship or other vessel which is square - rigged . Forestays Long lines or cables , reaching from the bow of the vessel to the mast heads , used to support the mast . Forestaysail Triangular sail set on the forestay . → Forestaysail ( Wiktionary ) Foul 1 . Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement ; entangled ; the opposite of clear . For instance , a rope is foul when it does not run straight or smoothly , and an anchor is foul when it is caught on an obstruction . 2 . A breach of racing rules . 3 . An area of water treacherous to navigation due to many shallow obstructions such as reefs , sandbars , or many rocks , etc . 4 . Foul the range : To block another vessel from firing her guns at a target . Foulies Slang for oilskins , the foul - weather clothing worn by sailors . See also oilskins . Founder To fill with water and sink → Founder ( Wiktionary ) Four piper A term sometimes used to refer to United States Navy four - funneled destroyers of the Bainbridge , Paulding , Wickes , and Clemson classes , all built for service in World War I . Fourth rate In the British Royal Navy , a fourth rate was , during the first half of the 18th century , a ship of the line mounting from 46 up to 60 guns . Frame A transverse structural member which gives the hull strength and shape . Wooden frames may be sawn , bent or laminated into shape . Planking is then fastened to the frames . A bent frame is called a timber . Freeboard The height of a ship 's hull ( excluding superstructure ) above the waterline . The vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point on the highest continuous watertight deck . This usually varies from one part to another . Freighter A cargo ship . Frigate 1 . In the 17th century , any warship built for speed and maneuverability . 2 . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , a sailing warship with a single continuous gun deck , typically used for patrolling , blockading , etc. , but not in line of battle . 3 . In the second half of the 19th century , a type of warship combining sail and steam propulsion , typically of ironclad timber construction , with all guns on one deck . 4 . In the 20th and 21st centuries , a warship , smaller than a destroyer , originally introduced during World War II as an anti-submarine vessel but now general - purpose . 5 . In the US Navy from the 1950s until the 1970s , a type of guided - missile antiaircraft ship built on a destroyer - sized hull , all reclassified as `` guided - missile cruisers '' in 1975 . Full and by Sailing into the wind ( by ) , but not as close - hauled as might be possible , so as to make sure the sails are kept full . This provides a margin for error to avoid being taken aback ( a serious risk for square - rigged vessels ) in a tricky sea . Figuratively it implies getting on with the job but in a steady , relaxed way , without undue urgency or strain . Full - rigged ship A sailing vessel with three or more masts , all of them square - rigged . A full - rigged ship is said to have a `` ship rig '' . Funnel ( also stack ) The smokestack of a ship , used to expel boiler steam and smoke or engine exhaust . Furl To roll or gather a sail against its mast or spar . Fusta ( also fuste , foist , or galliot ) A narrow , light , and fast ship with shallow draft , powered by both oars and sail , with a single mast carrying a lateen sail ; a favorite of North African corsairs during the 16th and 17th centuries . Futtocks Pieces of timber that make up a large transverse frame . Gaff 1 . Gaff rig : The spar that holds the upper edge of a four - sided fore - and - aft mounted sail . 2 . Fishing gaff : A hook on a long pole to haul fish in . Gaff rigged A boat rigged with a four - sided fore - and - aft sail with its upper edge supported by a spar or gaff which extends aft from the mast . Gaff vang A line rigged to the end of a gaff and used to adjust a gaff sail 's trim . Galleass 1 . An oared warship of the 1500s equipped with a gundeck , larger and equipped with more sails than a galley . 2 . A flat - bottom commercial sailing vessel of the North Sea and western Baltic Sea . Galleon A large , multi-decked sailing ship used primarily by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries . Galley 1 . Galley , the kitchen of a ship . 2 . Galley , a type of ship propelled by oars used especially in the Mediterranean for warfare , piracy , and trade from the 700s BC to the 1500s AD , with some in use until the early 1800s . 3 . A type of oared gunboat built by the United States in the late 18th century , akin to a brigantine but termed `` galley '' for administrative and funding purposes . Galliot See fusta . Gam A meeting of two ( or more ) whaling ships at sea . The ships each send out a boat to the other , and the two captains meet on one ship , while the two chief mates meet on the other . Gammon iron The bow fitting which clamps the bowsprit to the stem . Gangplank A movable bridge used in boarding or leaving a ship at a pier ; also known as a `` brow '' . Gangway An opening in the bulwark of the ship to allow passengers to board or leave the ship . Garbling The ( illegal ) practice of mixing cargo with garbage . Garboard The strake closest to the keel ( from Dutch gaarboard ) . Garboard planks The planks immediately either side of the keel . Gash Any refuse or rubbish which is discarded into a refuse container or dustbin which is known as `` gash fanny '' ( South African Navy ) . Gasket A rope used to secure a sail ( particularly the topsail ) when stowed . Gear A vessels sails and rigging . General Quarters See Battle Stations . Gennaker A large , lightweight sail used for sailing a fore - and - aft rig down or across the wind , intermediate between a genoa and a spinnaker . Genoa or genny ( both / ˈdʒɛni / ) A large jib , strongly overlapping the mainmast . Ghost To sail slowly when there is apparently no wind . Gibe See gybe . Gig ( Captain 's gig ) A boat on naval ships at the disposal of the ship 's captain for his or her use in transportation to other ships or to the shore . Gin - pole A pole that is attached perpendicular to the mast , to be used as a lever for raising the mast . Also jin - pole . Give - way ( vessel ) Where two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve a risk of collision , this is the vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of the other . Glass A marine barometer . ( Older barometers used mercury - filled glass tubes to measure and indicate barometric pressure . ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ) A satellite based radionavigation system providing continuous worldwide coverage . It provides navigation , position , and timing information to air , marine , and land users . Go - fast boat is a small , fast boat designed with a long narrow platform and a planing hull to enable it to reach high speeds -- also called ' a rum - runner ' , or , more recently , ' a cigarette boat ' . Goat locker A mess hall reserved for Chief petty officers in the US Navy Going about or tacking Changing from one tack to another by going through the wind ( see also gybe ) . Gondola A traditional , flat - bottomed Venetian rowing boat . Gooseneck Fitting that attaches the boom to the mast , allowing it to move freely . Goosewinged Of a fore - and - aft rigged vessel sailing directly away from the wind , with the sails set on opposite sides of the vessel -- for example with the mainsail to port and the jib to starboard , to maximize the amount of canvas exposed to the wind . See also running . Grapeshot Small balls of lead fired from a cannon , analogous to shotgun shot but on a larger scale . Similar to canister shot but with larger individual shot . Used to injure personnel and damage rigging more than to cause structural damage . Grave To clean a ship 's bottom . Graving dock A narrow basin , usually made of earthen berms and concrete , closed by gates or by a caisson , into which a vessel may be floated and the water pumped out , leaving the vessel supported on blocks ; the classic form of drydock . Green - to - green A passage of two vessels moving in the opposite direction on their starboard sides , so called because the green navigation light on one of the vessels faces the green light on the other vessel . Great circle The line that follows the shortest distance between two points on the globe . Gripe Temporary eye in a line ( rope ) . Gripie Cockney ( London dialect ) name for a barge . Grog Watered - down pusser 's rum consisting of half a gill with equal part of water , issued to all seamen over twenty . ( CPOs and POs were issued with neat rum ) From the British Admiral Vernon who , in 1740 , ordered the men 's ration of rum to be watered down . He was called `` Old Grogram '' because he often wore a grogram coat , and the watered rum came to be called ' grog ' . Often used ( illegally ) as currency in exchange for favours in quantities prescribed as ' sippers ' and ' gulpers ' . Additional issues of grog were made on the command ' splice the mainbrace ' for celebrations or as a reward for performing especially onerous duties . The RN discontinued the practice of issuing rum in 1970 . A sailor might repay a colleague for a favour by giving him part or all of his grog ration , ranging from `` sippers '' ( a small amount ) via `` gulpers '' ( a larger quantity ) to `` grounders '' ( the entire tot ) . Groggy Drunk from having consumed a lot of grog . Ground The bed of the sea . Grounding When a ship ( while afloat ) touches the bed of the sea , or goes `` aground '' ( q.v. ) . Growler A small iceberg or ice floe which is barely visible above the surface of the water . Guineaman A slave ship ( q.v. ) . Guard boat A boat which makes the rounds of a fleet at anchor to see that due watch is kept at night . Guard ship 1 . A warship stationed at a port or harbour to act as a guard there . 2 . In former times in the British Royal Navy , a ship which received men impressed for naval service , often the flagship of the admiral commanding along the coast . 3 . In Soviet and Russian terminology , a guard ship ( storozhevoj korabl ' ) is a small , general purpose patrol or escort vessel . Gun deck 1 . Up through the 19th century , a deck aboard a ship that was primarily used for the mounting of cannon to be fired in broadsides . 2 . On smaller vessels ( of frigate size or smaller ) up through the 19th century , the completely covered level under the upper deck , even though in such smaller ships it carried none of the ship 's guns . 3 . On marine seismic survey vessels , the lowest deck on the ship , which carries the seismic source arrays , consisting of air guns arranged in clusters . 4 . In naval slang , to fabricate or falsify something ; in modern usage , meaning especially to falsify documentation in order to avoid doing work or make present conditions seem acceptable without having made a real effort to improve them . Gunner 's daughter see Kissing the gunner 's daughter . Gunport The opening in the side of the ship or in a turret through which the gun fires or protrudes . Gunter 1 . A wire that leads from one point near the end of a gaff to a point near the other end ; a block travels along the wire and a halyard is attached to the block , allowing the gaff to be raised to the vertical by a single halyard , though another halyard is required at the gaff jaws to control height . 2 . Hoops or parrel beads which secure a gaff loosely to a mast in a vertical position ; a halyard is bent to the gaff jaws to control height . Gunter rig A vessel with a gunter - rigged mainsail . Gunter - rigged A sail raised by means of a gunter . Gunwale / ˈɡʌnəl / Upper edge of the hull . The top timber on the rail round the outer edge of the deck . Gybe or jibe ( both / dʒ aɪ b / ) To change from one tack to the other away from the wind , with the stern of the vessel turning through the wind . ( See also going about and wearing ship . ) Half - breadth plan In shipbuilding , an elevation of the lines of a ship , viewed from above and divided lengthwise . Halyard or halliard Originally , ropes used for hoisting a spar with a sail attached ; today , a line used to raise the head of any sail . Hammock Canvas sheets , slung from the deckhead in messdecks , in which seamen slept . `` Lash up and stow '' a piped command to tie up hammocks and stow them ( typically ) in racks inboard of the ship 's side to protect crew from splinters from shot and provide a ready means of preventing flooding caused by damage . Hamper Articles that normally are indispensable aboard ship , but at certain times are in the way . Hand To furl a sail . Hand bomber A ship using coal - fired boilers shoveled in by hand . Hand over fist To climb steadily upwards , from the motion of a sailor climbing shrouds on a sailing ship ( originally `` hand over hand '' ) . Handsomely With a slow even motion , as when hauling on a line `` handsomely '' . Handy billy A loose block and tackle with a hook or tail on each end , which can be used wherever it is needed . Usually made up of one single and one double block . Hangar deck An enclosed deck , usually beneath the flight deck , on an aircraft carrier intended for use as a hangar in servicing and storing aircraft . Hank A fastener attached to the luff of the headsail that attaches the headsail to the forestay . Typical designs include a bronze or plastic hook with a spring - operated gate , or a strip of cloth webbing with a snap fastener . Harbour A harbour or harbor ( US ) , or haven , is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored . Harbours can be man - made or natural . Harbor of refuge A place where ships in transit can find shelter from a storm . These are often man - made jetty enclosed areas along a featureless coastline where no nearby natural deep water harbors exist . Hard A section of otherwise muddy shoreline suitable for mooring or hauling out . Hard - a-lee See lee - oh . Harden in Haul in the sheet and tighten the sails . Harden up Turn towards the wind ; sail closer to the wind . Harness cask A large usually round tub lashed to a vessel 's deck and containing dried and salted provisions for daily use . Harness tub See `` harness cask '' . Hardtack A hard and long - lasting dry biscuit , used as food on long journeys . Also called ship 's biscuit . Hatchway , hatch A covered opening in a ship 's deck through which cargo can be loaded or access made to a lower deck ; the cover to the opening is called a hatch . Haul 1 . To steer ( a vessel ) closer to the direction of the wind . 2 . To shift forward , i.e. , more toward the bow of the vessel . Hauling wind Pointing the ship towards the direction of the wind ; generally not the fastest point of travel on a sailing vessel . Hawsepipe , hawsehole or hawse / hɔːz / The shaft or hole in the side of a vessel 's bow through which the anchor chain passes . Hawsepiper An informal term for a merchant ship 's officer who began their career as an unlicensed merchant seaman , and so did not attend a traditional maritime academy to earn their officer 's licence ( see also before the mast ) . Hawser Large rope used for mooring or towing a vessel . Head 1 . The forwardmost or uppermost portion of the ship . 2 . The forwardmost or uppermost portion of any individual part of the ship , e.g. , the masthead , the beakhead , the stemhead , etc . 3 . The top edge of a sail . 4 . The toilet or latrine of a vessel , which in sailing ships projected from the bows and therefore was located in the `` head '' of the vessel . Head boat A fishing boat that takes recreational fishermen out for a fee paid individually by each person ( i.e. , per head ) . A head boat differs from a charter boat , which is a fishing boat that a party of fishermen hires for an agreed - upon period . Head of navigation The farthest point above the mouth of a river that can be navigated by ships . Head rail A curved rail that extends from the figurehead to the bow of a ship . Head rope Part of the bolt rope , at the head of a sail , running from the mast to the sprit . Head sea A sea where waves are directly opposing the motion of the ship . Header A change in the wind direction which forces the helmsman of a close hauled sailboat to steer away from its current course to a less favorable one . This is the opposite of a lift . Heading The direction a thing 's nose is pointing . Headsail and Headsails . Any sail flown in front of the most forward mast . Headsails the collective name for all sails afore the mast . Headstick The spar laced to the head of the topsail . Heave A vessel 's transient , vertical , up - and - down motion . Heave down Turn a ship on its side ( for cleaning ) . Also known as Careening Heaving to Or Hove to . Stopping a sailing vessel by lashing the helm in opposition to the sails . The vessel will gradually drift to leeward , the speed of the drift depending on the vessel 's design . Heel 1 . The lean caused by the wind 's force on the sails of a sailing vessel . 2 . The inclination or canting of a vessel to one side or the other from the vertical as she maneuvers , as The ship heeled to port as she turned to starboard . 3 . The lowest or last part of something , such as the heel of the mast or the heel of the vessel . Helm A ship 's steering mechanism ; see tiller and ship 's wheel . The wheel and / or wheelhouse area . See also wheelhouse . Take the helm , means take over the steering of the vessel . Helmsman A person who steers a ship . Herring buss A type of seagoing fishing vessel used by Dutch and Flemish herring fishermen from the 15th through the early 19th century . Highfield lever A particular type of tentioning lever , usually for running backstays . Their use allows the leeward backstay to be completely slackened so that the boom can be let fully out . Hitch A knot used to tie a rope or line to a fixed object . See also bend . Hog 1 . A fore - and - aft structural member of the hull fitted over the keel to provide a fixing for the garboard planks . 2 . A rough flat scrubbing brush for cleaning a ship 's bottom under water . Hogging When the peak of a wave is amidships , causing the hull to bend so the ends of the keel are lower than the middle . The opposite of sagging . Also refers to a permanent distortion of the hull in the same manner caused , over time , by the bow and stern of a ship being less buoyant than the midships section . During the Age of Sail , shipwrights employed a number of different designs of braces to stiffen ships ' hulls against this warping . Hoist The height of a fore - and - aft sail as measured next to the mast or stay . Hold In earlier use , below the orlop deck , the lower part of the interior of a ship 's hull , especially when considered as storage space , as for cargo . In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck . Holiday A gap in the coverage of newly applied paint , slush , tar or other preservative . Holystone A chunk of sandstone used to scrub the decks . The name comes from both the kneeling position sailors adopt to scrub the deck ( reminiscent of genuflection for prayer ) , and the stone itself ( which resembled a Bible in shape and size ) . Home port The port at which a vessel is based . Often confused with the ship 's port of registry , which is the port listed in the vessel 's registration documents and lettered on her stern and which may differ from her home port . In the cruise ship industry , the term `` home port '' often is mistakenly used to refer to a ship 's port of departure . Homeward bounder Deep sea expression for a sail repair , done with large herringbone stitches . Hoop Wooden or metal hoops used to secure the topsail to the topmast so it can be speedily raised or lowered . Horn A sound signal which uses electricity or compressed air to vibrate a disc diaphragm . Horns Shaped ends to the chocks where the main horse is bolted . Horn timber A fore - and - aft structural member of the hull sloping up and backwards from the keel to support the counter . Horse 1 . Sand lying mid-channel . 2 . Prominent wooden or iron beams lying across the deck of a sailing barge taking the foresheet and mainsheet . 3 . Attachment of sheets to deck of vessel ( main - sheet horse ) . 4 . ( v . ) To move or adjust sail by brute hand force rather than using running rigging . Hospital ship A ship designated and equipped to serve primarily as a floating medical healthcare facility or hospital , usually operated by military forces -- mostly navies -- for use in or near war zones . Hounds Attachments of stays to masts . Hotel load The electrical load for all non-propulsion systems on a ship . Hoveller A man who makes his living by claiming salvage on a vessel labouring in a heavy seaway . Hoy 1 . A cutter rigged craft , pole masted with a boomless gaff mainsail , with a steeved up bowsprit . They were square swim headed Thames estuary barges of 40 to 150 tons burthen . 2 . Barge making regular passages on a fixed route with mixed third - party cargoes . aka Passage barge , goods barge . Hufflers Men employed to help the barges crew along tortuous channels or through bridges . See shooting a bridge . Hulk 1 . A ship , often an old ship or one that has become obsolete or uneconomical to operate , that has had its rigging or internal equipment removed and is incapable of going to sea , but that is afloat and continues to serve a useful function , such as providing living , office , training , storage , or prison space . 2 . To convert a ship into such a hulk . 3 . Less commonly , a ship that has been launched but not completed . 4 . Also less commonly , an abandoned wreck or shell of a ship . Hull The shell and framework of the basic flotation - oriented part of a ship . Hull - down Of a vessel when only its upper parts are visible over the horizon . Hull speed The maximum efficient speed of a displacement - hulled vessel . Hydrofoil A boat with wing - like foils mounted on struts below the hull , lifting the hull entirely out of the water at speed and allowing water resistance to be greatly reduced . Icebreaker A special - purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice - covered waters . Icing A serious hazard where cold temperatures ( below about − 10 ° C ) combined with high wind speed ( typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale ) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship Idlers Members of a ship 's company not required to serve watches . These were in general specialist tradesmen such as the carpenter and the sailmaker . In ballast ( or `` in ballast condition '' ) Of a vessel : Having only ballast ( q.v. ) -- and no cargo -- as a load . In Irons / In stays When a sailing vessel has lost its forward momentum while heading into the wind , rendering it unable to steer . In ordinary An 18th - and 19th - century term originally used to refer to a naval vessel out of service for repair or maintenance , later coming to mean naval ships in reserve with no more than a caretaker crew . In - water Survey A method of surveying the underwater parts of a ship while it is still afloat instead of having to drydock it for examination of these areas as was conventionally done . In way of In the vicinity of ; in the area of . Inboard 1 . Situated within a vessel . 2 . Situated within a vessel and positioned close ( or closer than another item , when contrasted with that item ) to her centerline ( q.v. ) . 3 . Situated outside a vessel but nearer to her hull , e.g. , The larger boat was tied up alongside the ship inboard of the smaller boat . 4 . Nearer the pier or shore , e.g. , The tanker and cargo ship were tied up at the pier alongside one another with the tanker inboard of the cargo ship . Inboard motor An engine mounted within the hull of a vessel , usually driving a fixed propeller by a shaft protruding through the stern . Generally used on larger vessels . See also sterndrive and outboard motor . Inboard - Outboard drive system See sterndrive . Inglefield clip A type of clip for attaching a flag to a flag halyard . Inshore 1 . Near ( especially in sight of ) or toward the shore . 2 . Of a wind , blowing from the sea to the land . Iron Mike A slang term for autopilot . Iron topsail An auxiliary motor on a schooner . Iron wind What sailors call inboard engines . Ironclad A steam - propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates of the period from 1859 until the 1890s ( when the term `` ironclad '' fell out of use ) . Island The superstructure of an aircraft carrier that extends above the flight deck . A carrier that lacks one is said to be flush - decked . J. ( edit ) Jack 1 . A sailor . Also jack tar or just tar . 2 . A national or other official flag flown on a short jackstaff ( q.v. ) at the bow of a vessel indicating nationality or subordination to a navy or other particular seagoing service or to a government department or subnational government ( such as a state or province ) , or to indicate membership in a yacht club . Typically , crew members spoke of the jack as if it were a member of the crew . A jack contrasts with an ensign ( q.v. ) , which is a flag with a generally similar purpose flown from the vessel ′ s stern . Typically , vessels fly a jack while in port and an ensign while at sea . 3 . Informally , any flag flown by a ship . Jackass - barque Sometimes spelled jackass bark , is a sailing ship with three ( or more ) masts , of which the foremast is square - rigged and the main is partially square - rigged ( topsail , topgallant , etc . ) and partially fore - and - aft rigged ( course ) . The mizzen mast is fore - and - aft rigged . Jack Dusty A naval stores clerk . Jack Tar A sailor dressed in ' square rig ' with square collar . Formerly with a tarred pigtail . Jacklines or jack stays Lines , often steel wire with a plastic jacket , from the bow to the stern on both port and starboard . A crewmember clips his safety harness to a jackline , allowing him to walk along the deck while still being safely attached to the vessel . Jackstaff A small vertical pole on the bow of a vessel on which it flies its jack ( q.v. ) . The jackstaff was introduced in the 18th century . Jackstay Iron rod bolted clear of the mainmast , to which the luff of the mainsail is laced . Jenny See genoa Jetty A man - made wall in open water rising several feet above high tide made of rubble and rocks used to create a breakwater , shelter , erosion control , a channel , or other such purpose . Jetsam Debris ejected from a ship that sinks or washes ashore . See also Flotsam . Jib A triangular staysail at the front of a ship . More specifically , one mounted between bowsprit and the head if the mainmast . Jibboom A spar used to extend the bowsprit . Jibe See gybe . Jibe - ho See gybe - oh . Jigger - mast The fourth mast , although ships with four or more masts were uncommon , or the aft most mast where it is smallest on vessels of less than four masts . Jollies Traditional Royal Navy nickname for the Royal Marines . Jolly boat On a barge , the ship ′ s boat used to ferry crew and stores when the barge is moored off . Joggle a slender triangular recess cut into the faying surface of a frame or steamed timber to fit over the land of clinker planking , or cut into the faying edge of a plank or rebate to avoid feather ends on a strake of planking . The feather end is cut off to produce a nib . The joggle and nib in this case is made wide enough to allow a caulking iron to enter the seam . Jonah A person ( either a sailor or a passenger ) who carries a jinx , one whose presence on board brings bad luck and endangers the ship . Junk 1 . Old cordage past its useful service life as lines aboard ship . The strands of old junk were teased apart in the process called picking oakum . 2 . A sailing ship of classic Chinese design with characteristic full batten sails that span the masts usually on unstayed rigs . Jury rig Both the act of rigging a temporary mast and sails and the name of the resulting rig . A jury rig would be built at sea when the original rig was damaged , then it would be used to sail to a harbor or other safe place for permanent repairs . Kaep a type of Proa native to Palau . Kedge A technique for moving or turning a ship by using a relatively light anchor known as a kedge . The kedge anchor may be dropped while in motion to create a pivot and thus perform a sharp turn . The kedge anchor may also be carried away from the ship in a smaller boat , dropped , and then weighed , pulling the ship forward . Keel The central structural basis of the hull . Keelhauling Maritime punishment : to punish by dragging under the keel of a ship . Kellet See anchor sentinel . Keelson A baulk of timber or steel girder immediately above the keel that forms the backbone of a wooden ship . Chine keelson of more modest proportions are fitted at the junction of the floors and frames . Kentledge Weights ( often scrap or pig iron ) used as permanent high - density ballast . Ketch A two - masted fore - and - aft rigged sailboat with the aft mast ( the mizzen ) mounted ( stepped ) afore ( in front of ) the rudder . Killick A small anchor . A fouled killick is the substantive badge of non-commissioned officers in the RN . Seamen promoted to the first step in the promotion ladder are called ' Killick ' . The badge signifies that here is an able seaman skilled to cope with the awkward job of dealing with a fouled anchor . Kicking strap 1 . A rope , tackle or hydraulic ram running from the mast at or just above deck level to a point part - way along the boom of a yacht 's mainsail or mizzen . Its function is to pull the boom down , flattening the sail in strong winds , reducing twist and preventing the boom from kicking up when running . 1 . A chain rigged from the rudder to quarter , tightened when anchored , it relieve the pressure on the gudgeon pin , King plank The centerline plank of a laid deck . Its sides are often recessed , or nibbed , to take the ends of their parallel curved deck planks . Kingston valve A type of seacock ( q.v. ) designed so that sea pressure keeps it closed under normal operating conitions , but which can be opened from the inside of the ship , allowing seawater to enter internal fuel , water , or ballast tanks . Kingston valves can be opened to scuttle ( q.v. ) a ship . Kissing the gunner 's daughter Bending over the barrel of a gun for punitive beating with a cane or cat . Kitchen rudder Hinged cowling around a fixed propeller , allowing the drive to be directed to the side or forwards to manoeuvre the vessel . Knee 1 . Connects two parts roughly at right angles , e.g. deck beams to frames . 2 . A vertical rubber fender used on pushboats or piers , sometimes shaped like a human leg bent slightly at the knee Knighthead 1 . A mitred backing timber which extends the after line of the rabbet in the stem to give extra support to the ends of the planks and the bowsprit . 2 . A bollard or bitt . 3 . Either of two timbers rising from the keel of a sailing ship and supporting the inner end of the bowsprit . Knock See Header . Knockdown The condition of a sailboat being pushed abruptly to horizontal , with the mast parallel to the water surface . Knot A unit of speed : 1 nautical mile ( 1.8520 km ; 1.1508 mi ) per hour . Originally speed was measured by paying out a line from the stern of a moving boat ; the line had a knot every 47 feet 3 inches ( 14.40 m ) , and the number of knots passed out in 30 seconds gave the speed through the water in nautical miles per hour . Sometimes `` knots '' is mistakenly stated as `` knots per hour , '' but the latter is a measure of acceleration ( i.e. , `` nautical miles per hour per hour '' ) rather than of speed . Know the ropes A sailor who ' knows the ropes ' is familiar with the miles of cordage and ropes involved in running a ship . Lace To attach a sail to a spar by passing a rope through eyelet holes and around the spar or its jackstay . Ladder On board a ship , all `` stairs '' are called ladders , except for literal staircases aboard passenger ships . Most `` stairs '' on a ship are narrow and nearly vertical , hence the name . Believed to be from the Anglo - Saxon word hiaeder , meaning ladder . Lagan Debris that has sunk to the seabed . Laid up To be placed in reserve or mothballed . The latter usage is used in modern times and can refer to a specific set of procedures used by the US Navy to preserve ships in good condition . Laker Great Lakes slang for a vessel which spends all her time on the five Great Lakes . Land lubber A person unfamiliar with being on the sea . Landmark An object ashore that is visible from sea and recognizably distinct that is marked on nautical charts for the purpose of fixing position while at sea . Landsman A military rank for a naval recruit , used in the United Kingdom in the eighteenth century and first half of the nineteenth century and in the United States in the nineteenth century and in the early twentieth century . Lanyard A rope that ties something off . Larboard Obsolete term for the left side of a ship . Derived from `` lay - board '' providing access between a ship and a quay , when ships normally docked with the left side to the wharf . Replaced by port side or port , to avoid confusion with starboard . Large See By and large . Lateen sail or Latin - rig A fore - and - aft triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle to the mast . Lateral system A system of aids to navigation in which characteristics of buoys and beacons indicate the sides of the channel or route relative to a conventional direction of buoyage ( usually upstream ) . Launch 1 . Traditionally , a launch was the largest ship 's boat carried by a warship . 2 . In modern usage , a large motorboat . 3 . To dispatch a ship down a slipway , prior to fitting - out and commissioning . Lay To come and go , used in giving orders to the crew , such as `` lay forward '' or `` lay aloft '' . To direct the course of vessel . Also , to twist the strands of a rope together . To make it to a mark , buoy , or harbor , such as `` We will lay the mark '' . Lay day An unexpected delay time during a voyage often spent at anchor or in a harbor . It is usually caused by bad weather , equipment failure or needed maintenance . Laying down Laying the keel of a ship in a shipyard to begin her construction . Lazaret ( also Lazarette or Lazaretto ) 1 . A small stowage locker at the aft end of a boat . 2 . A ship or building used for quarantine of sick patients . 3 . An area on some merchant ships where provisions are stored . 4 . In modern shipbuilding and on powerboats of all sizes , the location of the steering gear equipment for the vessel . Lazy jacks , lazyjacks A network of cordage rigged to a point on the mast and to a series of points on either side of the boom that cradles and guides the sail onto the boom when the sail is lowered . Leach The after edge of a sail . Lead 1 . A plummet or mass of lead attached to a line , used in sounding depth at sea . 2 . In former usage , to estimate velocity in knots . Leadline ( also sounding line ) An instrument used in navigation to measure water depth ; the line attached to a lead . Leadsman A sailor who takes soundings with a lead , measuring the depth of water . League A unit of length , normally equal to three nautical miles . Lee helm The tendency of a sailboat to turn to leeward in a strong wind when there is no change in the rudder 's position . This is the opposite of weather helm and is the result of a dynamically unbalanced condition . See also Center of lateral resistance . Lee side The side of a ship sheltered from the wind ( cf . weather side ) . Lee shore A shore downwind of a ship . A ship which can not sail well to windward risks being blown onto a lee shore and grounded . Leeboard A large fan shaped wooden board or fin mounted in pairs on the side of a boat . They can be lowered on the lee side of the ship to reduce leeway ( similarly to a centerboardon a dinghy ) . Leeboard irons The iron bars that run from the mainmast case to the head of each leeboard , which they support . Leeboard pendant A wire connecting the fan of the leeboard , to a winch on the barges quarter . They control the fall of the leeboard . Leech The aft or trailing edge of a fore - and - aft sail ; the leeward edge of a spinnaker ; a vertical edge of a square sail . The leech is susceptible to twist , which is controlled by the boom vang , mainsheet and , if rigged with one , the gaff vang . Lee - oh or hard - a-lee The command given to come about ( tack through the wind ) on a sailing boat . Leeward ( / ˈljuːərd / in nautical use ) In the direction that the wind is blowing towards . Leeway The amount that a ship is blown leeward by the wind . Also the amount of open free sailing space available to leeward before encountering hazards . See also weatherly . Leg In navigation , a segment of a voyage between two waypoints . Length between perpendiculars , also p / p , p.p. , pp , LPP , LBP or Length BPP The length of a vessel along the waterline from the forward surface of the stem , or main bow perpendicular member , to the after surface of the sternpost , or main stern perpendicular member . Believed to give a reasonable idea of the vessel 's carrying capacity , as it excludes the small , often unusable volume contained in her overhanging ends . Length overall , or LOA The maximum length of a vessel 's hull measured parallel to the waterline , usually measured on the hull alone , and including overhanging ends that extend beyond the main bow and main stern perpendicular members . For sailing vessels , this may exclude the bowsprit and other fittings added to the hull , but sometimes bowsprits are included . Let go and haul An order indicating that the ship is now on the desired course relative to the wind and that the sails should be trimmed ( ' hauled ' ) to suit . Letter of marque and reprisal or just Letter of marque A warrant granted to a privateer condoning specific acts of piracy against a target as a redress for grievances . Liberty A relatively short period when a sailor is allowed ashore for recreation . See also shore leave . Lie to To have the ship 's sails arranged so as to counteract each other . A ship in this condition or in the process of achieving this condition is lying to . Lifebelt , lifebuoy , lifejacket , life preserver , personal flotation device A device such as a buoyant ring or inflatable jacket which keeps a person afloat in the water . Lifeboat 1 . Shipboard lifeboat , kept on board a vessel and used to take crew and passengers to safety in the event of the ship being abandoned . 2 . Rescue lifeboat , usually launched from shore , used to rescue people from the water or from vessels in difficulty . Liferaft An inflatable , covered raft , used in the event of a vessel being abandoned . Lift An enabling wind shift that allows a close hauled sailboat to point up from its current course to a more favorable one . This is the opposite of a header . Light irons Iron bars mounted near the main shrouds which support the navigation lights . Light screens Boards on which the navigation lights are hooked , that shield the direction that the red or green light shows . Lighter A flat - bottomed barge used to transfer goods and passengers to and from moored ships , traditionally unpowered and moved and steered using `` sweeps '' ( long oars ) , with their motive power provided by water currents . Lightering The process of transferring cargo from one vesel to another to reduce the draft of the first vessel . Done to allow a vessel to enter a port with limited depth or to help free a grounded vessel . Lightvessel or lightship A permanently anchored vessel performing the functions of a lighthouse , typically in a location where construction of the latter is impractical . These have largely been replaced by buoys or , as construction techniques have improved , actual lighthouses . Line The correct nautical term for the majority of the cordage or `` ropes '' used on a vessel . A line will always have a more specific name , such as mizzen topsail halyard , that specifies its use . Line astern In naval warfare , a line of battle formed behind a flagship Liner 1 . During the Age of Sail , a ship - of - the - line , a major warship capable of taking its place in the main battleline of fighting ships . 2 . Any cargo or passenger ship running scheduled service along a specific route with published ports of call , excluding ferries and other vessels engaged in short - sea trading . When referring to cargo ships , liner in this sense contrasts with tramp , which refers to a ship engaged in spot - market trade that does not follow a regular schedule or make regular calls at specific ports . When referring to passenger ships , liner in this sense refers to ships providing scheduled transportation between regular ports of call and excludes cruise ships , which voyage merely for recreational purposes and not primarily as a form of transportation between ports . 3 . Ocean liner : Any large and prestigious passenger ship , including cruise ships . List A vessel 's angle of lean or tilt to one side , in the direction called roll . Typically refers to a lean caused by flooding or improperly loaded or shifted cargo ( as opposed to ' heeling ' , which see ) . Lizard short length of rope with an eye , used to hold another rope in position . Loaded to the gunwales Literally , having cargo loaded as high as the ship 's rail ; also means extremely drunk . Lofting The technique used to convert a scaled drawing to full size used in boat construction . Loggerhead An iron ball attached to a long handle , used for driving caulking into seams and ( occasionally ) in a fight . Hence : ' at loggerheads ' . Lolling An uncontrollable list caused by inadequate transverse stability in the upright condition . Long stay The relative slackness of an anchor chain ; this term means taut and extended . Longboat 1 . In the Age of Sail , a double - banked open boat carried by a sailing ship , rowed by eight or ten oarsmen , two per thwart , although designed also to be rigged for sailing ; more seaworthy than a cutter or dinghy and with a beam greater than that of a gig . Eventually supplanted by the whaleboat . 2 . The largest , and thus the most capable , of boats carried on a ship . Longship A type of ship invented and used by the Vikings for trade , commerce , exploration , and warfare , evolving over several centuries and appearing in its complete form between the 9th and 13th centuries . Lookout A member of the crew specifically assigned to watch surrounding waters for other vessels , land , objects in the water , hazards , threats , etc . Lookouts usually have duty stations high on a vessel 's superstructure or in her rigging in order to enhance their field of view . Loose cannon An irresponsible and reckless individual whose behavior ( either intended or unintended ) endangers the group he or she belongs to . A loose cannon , weighing thousands of pounds , would crush anything and anyone in its path , and possibly even break a hole in the hull , thus endangering the seaworthiness of the whole ship . Loose footed A mainsail that is not connected to a boom along its foot . Lower deck 1 . The deck of a ship immediately above the hold . 2 . In British usage , those members of a ship 's company who are not officers , often used in the plural ( the lower decks ) Lowers The lower brails on the mainsail . Lubber 's hole A port cut into the bottom of a masthead or top ( crow 's - nest ) allowing easy entry and exit . It was considered `` un-seamanlike '' to use this method rather than going over the side from the shrouds , and few sailors would risk the scorn of their shipmates by doing so ( at least if there were witnesses ) . In practice , it is actually quicker and easier for a fit sailor to climb outside the masthead rather than through the lubber 's hole . Lubber 's line A vertical line inside a compass case indicating the direction of the ship 's head . Luff 1 . The forward edge of a sail . 2 . Process of pointing a sailing vessel closer to the wind . 3 . Fullest or roundest part of ths ships bows . Luff and touch her To bring the vessel so close to wind that the sails shake . Luff barge Old 18th century term for a sailing barge with a rounded bow , and not a swim - head . aka Paddy boat . Luff up To steer a sailing vessel more towards the direction of the wind until the pressure is eased on the ( sheet ) . Luffing 1 . When a sailing vessel is steered far enough to windward that the sail is no longer completely filled with wind ( the luff of a fore - and - aft sail begins to flap first ) . 2 . Loosening a sheet so far past optimal trim that the sail is no longer completely filled with wind . 3 . The flapping of the sail ( s ) which results from having no wind in the sail at all . Lumber hooker A Great Lakes ship designed to carry her own deck load of lumber and to tow one or two barges . The barges were big old schooners stripped of their masts and running gear to carry large cargoes of lumber . Lugger A small sailing vessel with lug sails set on two or more masts and perhaps lug topsails , widely used as traditional fishing boats , particularly off the coasts of France , England and Scotland . Lug sail A four - sided fore - and - aft sail supported by a spar along the top that is fixed to the mast at a point some distance from the center of the spar . Lying ahull Waiting out a storm by dousing all sails and simply letting the boat drift . Lying to See Lie to . Mae West A Second World War personal flotation device used to keep people afloat in the water ; named after the 1930s actress Mae West , well known for her large bosom . Magnetic bearing An absolute bearing ( q.v. ) using magnetic north . Magnetic north The direction towards the North Magnetic Pole . Varies slowly over time . Main deck The uppermost continuous deck extending from bow to stern . Mainbrace One of the braces attached to the mainmast . Mainmast ( or Main ) The tallest mast on a ship . Mains The main brails on the mainsail . Mainsheet Sail control line that allows the most obvious effect on mainsail trim . Primarily used to control the angle of the boom , and thereby the mainsail , this control can also increase or decrease downward tension on the boom while sailing upwind , significantly affecting sail shape . For more control over downward tension on the boom , use a boom vang . Mainstay The stay running from the top of the mainmast to the bottom of the foremast , or from the top of the foremast to the ship 's stem . Making way When a vessel is moving under its own power . Man - of - war or man o ' war a warship from the Age of Sail Man overboard ! An emergency call that alerts the crew ( q.v. ) that someone aboard ( q.v. ) has gone overboard ( q.v. ) and must be rescued . Man the rails To station the crew of a naval vessel along the rails and superstructure of the vessel as a method of saluting or rendering honors . Man the yards To have all of the crew of a sailing vessel not required on deck to handle the ship go aloft and spread out along the yards . Originally used in harbors to display the whole crew to the harbor authorities and the other ships present to show that the vessel 's guns were not manned and hence her intentions were peaceful , manning the yards has since became a display used in harbor during celebrations and other special events . Manifest A document listing the cargo , passengers , and crew of a ship for the use of customs and other officials . Marconi rig Another term for Bermudan rig . The mainsail is triangular , rigged fore - and - aft with the lead edge fixed to the mast . Refers to the similarity of the tall mast to a radio aerial . Marina a docking facility for small ships and yachts . Marine 1 . A soldier trained for service afloat in a ( primarily ) infantry force that specializes in naval campaigns and subordinated to a navy or a separate naval branch of service rather than to an army . Often capitalized ( e.g. , `` a Marine , '' or `` the Marines '' ) . Notable examples are the United Kingdom 's Royal Marines , formed as the Duke of York and Albany 's Maritime Regiment of Foot in 1664 with many and varied duties including providing guard to ship 's officers should there be mutiny aboard , and the US Marine Corps , formed in 1775 as a separate naval service alongside the US Navy . It is incorrect , and often viewed by marines as offensive , to refer to a marine as a `` soldier '' or `` infantryman , '' as these terms refer to personnel of an army rather than those of a marine force . It also is incorrect , and sometimes considered offensive by both merchant mariners and marines , to refer to merchant mariners ( q.v. ) as `` merchant marines , '' because merchant mariners are civilian sailors responsible for operating merchant ships and are not marines . Marines sometimes are thought by seamen to be rather gullible , hence the phrase `` tell it to the marines , '' meaning that one does not believe what is being said . 2 . An alternative term for a navy , uncommon in English , but common in other languages . 3 . Of , or pertaining to , the sea ( e.g , marine biology , marine insurance , marine life , marine salvage ) . 4 . A painting representing a subject related to the sea . Mariner A sailor . Maritime 1 . Of or related to the sea ( e.g. , maritime activities , maritime law , maritime strategy ) . 2 . Bordering on the sea ( e.g. , maritime provinces , maritime states ) . 3 . Living in or near the sea ( e.g. , maritime animals ) . 4 . Of or relating to a mariner or sailor . Marlinspike A tool used in ropework for tasks such as unlaying rope for splicing , untying knots , or forming a makeshift handle . Mast A vertical pole on a ship which supports sails or rigging . If a wooden , multi-part mast , this term applies specifically to the lowest portion . Mast case A yatchsmans tabernacle . The iron fitting in which the heel of the mast is mounted . Mast stepping The process of raising the mast . Masthead A small platform partway up the mast , just above the height of the mast 's main yard . A lookout is stationed here , and men who are working on the main yard will embark from here . See also crow 's nest . Master 1 . The captain of a commercial vessel . 2 . A senior officer of a naval sailing ship in charge of routine seamanship and navigation but not in command during combat . 3 . Master , a former naval rank . Master - at - arms A non-commissioned officer responsible for discipline on a naval ship . Standing between the officers and the crew , commonly known in the Royal Navy as ' the Buffer ' . Matelot A traditional Royal Navy term for an ordinary sailor . Material Military equipages of all descriptions for the naval services . The bombs , blankets , beans and bulletins of the Navy and Marine Corps . Taken from Nelson 's British navy as the US services became professional . Related : Materiel -- the military equipages of the Army and Air Force , taken from Napoleon 's French army as the US services became professional . Merchant marine A collective term for all merchant ships registered in a given country and the civilians ( especially those of that nationality ) who man them ; the ships and personnel in combination are said to constitute that country 's merchant marine . Called the merchant navy in the United Kingdom and some other countries . Merchant mariner A civilian officer or sailor who serves in the merchant marine ( q.v. ) . Sometimes such personnel are incorrectly called `` merchant marines , '' but both merchant mariners and marines frown on this term ; although merchant mariners are part of the merchant marine , they are civilians and are not in any way marines ( q.v. ) , which are a specialized type of military personnel . Merchant navy A name bestowed upon the merchant marine ( q.v. ) of the United Kingdom by King George V , and since adopted by some other countries as well ; the merchant navy 's personnel are civilians , and the term `` merchant navy '' does not imply that they or their ships are a part of the navy . Synonymous with the term merchant marine . Merchantman Any non-naval passenger - or cargo - carrying vessel , including cargo ships , tankers , and passenger ships but excluding troopships . Mess or messdeck 1 . An eating place aboard ship . 2 . A group of crew who live and eat together . Mess deck catering A system of catering in which a standard ration is issued to a mess supplemented by a money allowance which may be used by the mess to buy additional victuals from the pusser 's stores or elsewhere . Each mess was autonomous and self - regulating . Seaman cooks , often members of the mess , prepared the meals and took them , in a tin canteen , to the galley to be cooked by the ship 's cooks . As distinct from `` cafeteria messing '' where food is issued to the individual hand , which now the general practice . Metacenter The midway point between a vessel 's center of buoyancy when upright and her center of buoyancy when tilted . Metacentric height ( also GM ) A measurement of the initial static stability of a vessel afloat , calculated as the distance between her centre of gravity and her metacenter . A vessel with a large metacentric height rolls more quickly and therefore more uncomfortably for people on board ; a vessel with a small metacentric height will roll sluggishly and may face a greater danger of capsizing . Middles The middle brails on the mainsail , higher than the lowers , and lower than the mains . Midships The middle section of a vessel with reference to the longitudinal plane , as distinguished from fore or aft . ( Compare Amidships . ) Midshipman 1 . During the 17th century , a naval rating for an experienced seaman . 2 . From the 18th century , a naval commissioned officer candidate . 3 . From the 1790s , an apprentice naval officer . 4 . From the 19th century , an officer cadet at a naval academy . 5 . In contemporary British usage , a non-commissioned officer below the rank of lieutenant . Usually regarded as being `` in training '' to some degree . Also known as ' Snotty ' . ' The lowest form of rank in the Royal Navy ' where he has authority over and responsibility for more junior ranks , yet , at the same time , relying on their experience and learning his trade from them . 6 . In contemporary American usage , a cadet of either sex at the US Merchant Marine Academy or the US Naval Academy . When plural ( Midshipmen ) , the term refers to the student body of either academy , and more formally as `` the Regiment of Midshipmen '' for the US Merchant Marine Academy and `` the Brigade of Midshipmen '' for the US Naval Academy . Midshipmen also is the name of the US Naval Academy 's sports teams . Midshipman 's hitch An alternative to the Blackwall hitch , preferred if the rope is greasy . Made by first forming a Blackwall hitch and then taking the underneath part and placing over the bill of the hook . Midshipman 's nuts Broken pieces of biscuit as dessert . Midshipman 's roll A slovenly method of rolling up a hammock transversely , and lashing it endways by one clue . Mile see nautical mile . Military mast Hollow tubular masts used in warships in the last third of the 19th century , often equipped with a fighting top armed with light - caliber guns . Mine A self - contained explosive device intended to damage or sink surface ships or submarines , designed to be placed in water and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of , proximity of , or contact with , a surface ship or submarines . Minehunter A vessel designed or equipped to detect and destroy individual mines . It differs from a minesweeper ( q.v. ) , which is designed or equipped to clear areas of water of mines without necessarily detecting them first . Minelayer A vessel designed or equipped to deploy ( `` lay '' ) mines . Minesweeper A vessel designed or equipped to clear areas of water of mines without necessaril detecting them first . It differs from a minehunter ( q.v. ) , which is designed or equipped to detect and destroy individual mines . Mizzen 1 . A mast on a ketch or yawl , or spritsail barge It can be sloop , gaff of spritsail rig , its posioing affore of abaft the steering post defines the difference between a yawl and a ketch . On a barge its rig determines if she is a muffie or a mulie . 2 . A staysail on a ketch or yawl , usually lightweight , set from , and forward of , the mizzen mast while reaching in light to moderate air . Mizzenmast ( or Mizzen ) The third mast , or mast aft of the mainmast , on a ship . Mole A massive structure , usually of stone or concrete , used as a pier , a breakwater , or a causeway between places separated by water . May have a wooden structure built upon it and resemble a wooden pier or wharf , but a mole differs from a pier , quay , or wharf in that water can not flow freely underneath it . Monitor 1 . A turreted ironclad warship of the second half of the 19th century characterized by low freeboard , shallow draft , poor seaworthiness , and heavy guns , intended for riverine and coastal operations . 2 . In occasional 19th - century usage , any turreted warship . 3 . A shallow - draft armored shore bombardment vessel of the first half of the 20th century , designed to provide fire support to ground troops , often mounting heavy guns . 4 . Breastwork monitor : A 19th - century monitor designed with a breastwork to improve seaworthiness . 5 . River monitor : A monitor specifically designed for riverine operations , used during the 19th and 20th centuries and more recently than other types of monitor . River monitors generally are smaller and lighter than other monitors . Monkey bridge A high platform above the wheelhouse offering better visibility to the operator while maneuvering . Monkey 's fist a ball woven out of line used to provide heft to heave the line to another location . The monkey fist and other heaving - line knots were sometimes weighted with lead ( easily available in the form of foil used to seal e.g. tea chests from dampness ) although Clifford W. Ashley notes that there was a `` definite sporting limit '' to the weight thus added . Moor 1 . To attach a boat to a mooring buoy or post . 2 . To dock a ship . 3 . To secure a vessel with a cable or anchor . Mooring , also Moorings A place to moor a vessel . Mother ship ( also mothership and mother - ship ) A vessel which leads , serves , or carries smaller vessels , in the latter case either releasing them and then proceeding independently or also recovering them after they have completed a mission or operation . A mother ship sometimes contrasts with a tender ( q.v. ) , which often ( but not necessarily ) is a vessel that supports or cares for larger vessels . Mould A template of the shape of the hull in transverse section . Several moulds are used to form a temporary framework around which a hull is built . Mould loft Where the lines of the ship are drawn out full - size and the templates for the timbers are made . Mousing Several turns of light line around the mouth of a hook , to prevent unhooking accidents . Mulie A barge rigged with a spritsail main , and a large gaff rigged mizzen afore the steering wheel . It is sheeted to the saddle chock . Multipurpose vessel A cargo ship that has fittings to carry standard shipping containers and retractable tweendecks that can be moved out of the way so that the ship can carry bulk cargo . Muster Station The location on a vessel a person goes either during an emergency or a drill to prepare for one . i.e. A Muster Drill . If a person is believed missing , all hands would report to their muster station for a head count . Muzzle Iron ban around the mast to hold the heel of the sprit . M.V. ( or MV ) Prefix for `` Motor Vessel '' , used before a ship 's name . M.Y. ( or MY ) Prefix for `` Motor yacht '' , used before a yacht 's name . Narrows A narrow part of a navigable waterway . Nautical Of or pertaining to sailors , seamanship , or navigation . Maritime . Nautical chart Maps designed specifically for navigation at sea . Nautical charts use map projections designed for easy use with hand instruments such as the Mercator projection , and indicate depths , hazards , landmarks , aids to navigation such as buoys , and ashore facilities of interest to mariners . Nautical charts are generally originally published by Government agencies such as NOAA , and are now provided in both print form and digital for use in chartplotters . Nautical mile A unit of length corresponding approximately to one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian arc . By international agreement it is exactly 1,852 metres ( approximately 6,076 feet ) . Naval Programme The British system of authorizing naval construction by an annual bill in Parliament . Naval infantry 1 . Sailors subordinated to a navy trained and equipped to operate ashore temporarily as an organized infantry force , but at other times responsible for the normal duties of sailors aboard ship . 2 . A specialized , permanent force of troops subordinated to a navy and responsible for infantry operations ashore . Although more specialized than sailors trained to operate temporarily as naval infantry and bearing similarities to a marine ( q.n. ) force or marine corps , such permanent naval infantry forces often lack the full capabilities of a marine force . Naval infantry forces also usually differ from marine forces in being subordinated directly to a navy rather than to a separate branch of naval service such as a marine corps . Navigation All activities related to determining , plotting and tracking the position and course of a ship in order to keep track of its position relative to land while at sea . Navigation Charts have been used since ancient times , and remain in use as backups to modern Satellite Global Positioning Systems . Numerous map projections including the common Mercator projection were developed specifically to make navigation at sea simple to perform with straight - edges and compasses . Navigation rules Rules of the road that provide guidance on how to avoid collision and also used to assign blame when a collision does occur . Nay `` no '' ; the opposite of `` aye '' . Nipper Short rope used to bind a cable to the `` messenger '' ( a moving line propelled by the capstan ) so that the cable is dragged along too ( used where the cable is too large to be wrapped round the capstan itself ) . During the raising of an anchor the nippers were attached and detached from the ( endless ) messenger by the ship 's boys . Hence the term for small boys : `` nippers '' . Nock The throat of the mainsail . No room to swing a cat The entire ship 's company was expected to witness floggings , assembled on deck . If it was very crowded , the bosun might not have room to swing the `` cat o ' nine tails '' ( the whip ) . Non-self - sustaining See Self - sustaining . Nun A type of navigational buoy often cone - shaped , but if not , always triangular in silhouette , colored green in IALA region A or red in IALA region B ( the Americas , Japan , Korea and the Philippines ) . In channel marking its use is opposite that of a `` can buoy '' . O ( edit ) Oakum Material used for caulking hulls . Often hemp picked from old untwisted ropes . Ocean liner See Liner . Offing the more distant part of the sea as seen from the shore and generally beyond anchoring ground . Offshore 1 . Moving away from the shore . 2 . Of a wind , blowing from the land to the sea . 3 . At some distance from the shore ; located in the sea away from the coast . Oiler 1 . A naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks which refuels other ships with fuel See Oiler ( ship ) . 2 . The job title of a seaman holding a junior position in a ship 's engineering crew , senior only to the engine room wiper ( q.v. ) . See Oiler ( occupation ) Oilskins or oilies Foul - weather clothing worn by sailors . Old man , ( The ) Crew 's slang for the captain ( master or commanding officer ) of a vessel . Old salt Slang for an experienced mariner . On board ( sometimes `` onboard '' ) See `` aboard '' . On station A ship 's destination , typically an area to be patrolled or guarded . On the hard A boat that has been hauled and is now sitting on dry land . Open registry An organization that will register merchant ships owned by foreign entities , generally to provide a flag of convenience ( q.v. ) . Ordinary See in ordinary . Ordinary seaman 1 . A seaman in the British Royal Navy in the 18th century who had between one and two years of experience at sea . Later , a formal rank in the Royal Navy for the lowest grade of seaman , now obsolete . 2 . The second - lowest rank in the United States Navy from 1797 to 1917 , between landsman and seaman . Renamed `` seaman second class '' in 1917 . 3 . The rating for entry - level personnel in the deck department of a ship in the United States Merchant Marine . An ordinary seaman ( abbreviated `` OS '' ) is considered to be serving an apprenticeship to become an able seaman ( q.v. ) . Oreboat Great Lakes term for a vessel primarily used in the transport of iron ore . Orlop deck The lowest deck of a ship of the line . The deck covering in the hold . Outboard 1 . Situated outside the hull of a vessel . 2 . Situated within a vessel but positioned away ( or farther away , when contrasted with another item ) from her centerline ( q.v. ) . 3 . Farther from the hull , e.g. , The larger boat was tied up alongside the ship outboard of the smaller boat . 4 . Farther from the pier or shore , e.g. , The tanker and cargo ship were tied up at the pier alongside one another with the tanker outboard of the cargo ship . 5 . An outboard motor ( q.v. ) . 6 . A vessel fitted with an outboard motor . Outboard motor A motor mounted externally on the transom of a small boat . The boat may be steered by twisting the whole motor , instead of or in addition to using a rudder . Outdrive The lower part of a sterndrive ( q.v. ) . Outhaul A line used to control the shape of a sail . Outward bound To leave the safety of port , heading for the open ocean . Over-canvassed To have too great a sail area up to safely maneuver in the current wind conditions . Over-reaching When tacking , holding a course too long . Over the barrel Adult sailors were flogged on the back or shoulders while tied to a grating , but boys were beaten instead on the posterior ( often bared ) , with a cane or cat , while bending , often tied down , over the barrel of a gun , known as Kissing the gunner 's daughter . Overbear To sail downwind directly at another ship , stealing the wind from its sails . Overboard Off or outside a vessel . If something or someone falls , jumps , or is thrown off of a vessel into the water , the object or person is said to have gone overboard . See `` Man overboard ! '' Overfalls Dangerously steep and breaking seas due to opposing currents and wind in a shallow area , or strong currents over a shallow rocky bottom . Overhead The ceiling of any enclosed space below decks in a vessel , essentially the bottom of the deck above you . Overhaul Hauling the buntline ropes over the sails to prevent them from chafing . Overwhelmed Capsized or foundered . Owner Traditional Royal Navy term for the Captain , a survival from the days when privately owned ships were often hired for naval service . Ox - eye A cloud or other weather phenomenon that may be indicative of an upcoming storm . Packet , Packet boat , or Packet ship 1 . Originally , a vessel employed to carry post office mail packets to and from British embassies , colonies and outposts . 2 . Later , any regularly scheduled ship , carrying passengers , as in packet trade . Packet trade Any regularly scheduled cargo , passenger and mail trade conducted by ship . Packetman A seaman aboard a ship engaged in packet trade . Painter A rope attached to the bow of a dinghy , usually used to tow dingy or handle it at dockside , or in water . Panting The pulsation in and out of the bow and stern plating as the ship alternately rises and plunges deep into the water Paravane 1 . Paravane ( weapon ) -- A device stabilized by vanes that functions as an underwater glider and which is streamed from ( usually ) the bow of a vessel and is towed alongside the vessel so that the cable attaching it to the vessel cuts the moorings of submerged mines . 2 . Paravane ( water kite ) -- A towed underwater object with hydrofoils , of use in commercial and sport fishing , water sports , marine exploration , marine industry , and military operations , sometimes equipped with sensors and also of use in exerting a sideward holding force on a vessel . Also called a water kite . Parbuckle A method of lifting a roughly cylindrical object such as a spar . One end of a rope is made fast above the object , a loop of rope is lowered and passed around the object , which can be raised by hauling on the free end of rope . Parley A discussion or conference , especially between enemies , over terms of a truce or other matters . Parrel A movable loop or collar , used to fasten a yard or gaff to its respective mast . Parrel still allows the spar to be raised or lowered and swivel around the mast . Can be made of wire or rope and fitted with beads to reduce friction . Part brass rags Fall out with a friend . From the days when cleaning materials were shared between sailors . Passageway Hallway of a ship . Passenger - cargoman A merchant ship configured primarily for the transportation of cargo but also for the transportation of at least some passengers . Pawls Iron fingers that click into notches in the barrel on a winch to prevent roll - back . Pay off To let a vessel 's head fall off from the wind ( to leeward . ) Paying Filling a seam ( with caulking or pitch ) , lubricating the running rigging ; paying with slush ( q.v. ) , protecting from the weather by covering with slush . See also : the devil to pay . ( French from paix , pitch ) Paymaster The officer responsible for all money matters in RN ships including the paying and provisioning of the crew , all stores , tools and spare parts . See also : purser . Peak 1 . The upper aftermost corner of a fore - and - aft sail ; used in many combinations , such as peak - halyards , peak - brails , etc . 2 . The narrow part of a vessel 's bow , or the hold within it . 3 . The extremity of an anchor fluke ; the bill . Peaks The uppermost brails on the mainsail . Upper and lower peaks are normal , but a barge may carry a third set too . Pelagic 1 . Living in the open ocean rather than coastal or inland waters , ( e.g. , `` a pelagic shark '' ) . 2 . Taking place in the open ocean ( e.g. , `` pelagic fishing , '' `` pelagic sealing '' ) . Pendant 1 . A length of wire or rope secured at one end to a mast or spar and having a block or other fitting at the lower end . 2 . A length of wire or rope hooked to a tackle on leeboards . 3 . An alternate spelling of Pennant . Pennant A long , thin triangular flag flown from the masthead of a military ship ( as opposed to a burgee , the flags thus flown on yachts ) . Picket boat A boat on sentry duty , or one placed on a line forward of a position to warn against an enemy advance . Pier A raised structure , typically supported by widely spread piles or pillars , used industrially for loading and unloading commercial ships , receationally for walking and housing attractions at a seaside resort , or as a structure for use by boatless fishermen . The lighter structure of a pier contrasts with the more solid foundations of a quay or the closely spaced piles of a wharf . In North America , the term `` pier '' used alone connotes either a pier used ( or formerly used ) by commercial shipping or one used for fishing , while in Europe the term used alone connotes a recreational pier at a seaside resort . Pier - head jump When a sailor is drafted to a warship at the last minute , just before she sails . Pilot Navigator . A specially knowledgeable person qualified to navigate a vessel through difficult waters , e.g. harbour pilot etc . Pilot boat A type of boat used to transport maritime pilots between land and the inbound or outbound ships that they are piloting . PIM Points ( or plan ) of intended movement . The charted course for a naval unit 's movements . Pinnace 1 . Pinnace ( ship 's boat ) , a small , light boat propelled by oars or a sail , used as a tender to larger vessels during the Age of Sail . 2 . Full - rigged pinnace , a small `` race built '' galleon , squared rigged with either two or three masts . 3 . In modern usage , any small boat other than a launch or lifeboat associated with a larger vessel . Pintle The pin or bolt on which a ship 's rudder pivots . The pintle rests in the gudgeon . Pipe ( Bos'n's ) , or a bos'n's call A whistle used by Boatswains ( bosuns or bos'ns ) to issue commands . Consisting of a metal tube which directs the breath over an aperture on the top of a hollow ball to produce high pitched notes . The pitch of the notes can be changed by partly covering the aperture with the finger of the hand in which the pipe is held . The shape of the instrument is similar to that of a smoking pipe . Pipe down A signal on the bosun 's pipe to signal the end of the day , requiring lights ( and smoking pipes ) to be extinguished and silence from the crew . Piping the side A salute on the bos'n's pipe ( s ) performed in the company of the deck watch on the starboard side of the quarterdeck or at the head of the gangway , to welcome or bid farewell to the ship 's Captain , senior officers and honoured visitors . Piracy An act of robbery or criminal violence at sea by the occupants of one vessel against the occupants of another vessel ( thus excluding such acts committed by the crew or passengers of a vessel against others aboard the same vessel ) . Piracy is distinguished from privateering , which is authorized by national authorities and therefore a legitimate form of war - like activity by non-state actors . Pirate One who engages in an act of piracy . Pitch A vessel 's motion , rotating about the beam / transverse axis , causing the fore and aft ends to rise and fall repetitively . Pitchpole To capsize a boat stern over bow , rather than by rolling over . Pivotting To turn a sailing barge in shallow water by dropping the leeboard so it drags in the mud , then putting the helm hard over . Used to enter congested harbours . Plane To skim over the water at high speed rather than push through it . Plimsoll line ( also national Load Line ) A special marking , positioned amidships , that indicates the draft of the vessel and the legal limit to which the vessel may be loaded for specific water types and temperatures . Plotting room see transmitting station . Point A unit of bearing equal to one thirty - second of a circle , i.e. , 11.25 ° . A turn of 32 points is a complete turn through 360 ° . Point up To change the direction of a sailboat so that it is more up wind . To bring the bow windward . Also called heading up . This is the opposite of falling off . Points of sail The course of a sailing vessel in relation to the direction of the wind , divided into six points : in irons ( pointed directly into the wind ) , close hauled ( sailing as close into the direction of the wind as possible ) , close reach ( between close hauled and beam reach ) , beam reach ( perpendicular to the wind ) , broad reach ( wind behind the vessel at an angle ) , and running downwind or running before the wind ( the wind is behind the vessel ) . Pontoon A flat - bottomed vessel used as a ferry , barge , or car float , or a float moored alongside a jetty or a ship to facilitate boarding . Poop deck A high deck on the aft superstructure of a ship . Pooped 1 . Swamped by a high , following sea . 2 . Exhausted . Port The left side of the boat . Towards the left - hand side of the ship facing forward ( formerly Larboard ) . Denoted with a red light at night . Port of registry The port listed in a vessel 's registration documents and lettered on her stern . Often used incorrectly as a synonym for `` home port '' , meaning the port at which the vessel is based , but which may differ from her port of registry . Port tack When sailing with the wind coming from the port side of the vessel . Must give way to boats on starboard tack . Porthole or port An opening in a ship 's side , esp . a round one for admitting light and air , fitted with thick glass and , often , a hinged metal cover , a window Portolan An obsolete form of nautical chart used prior to the development of lines of latitude and longitude which indicated the distances and bearing lines between ports . Post-captain An obsolete alternative form of the rank of captain in the Royal Navy ; once achieved promotion thereafter was entirely due to seniority . Powder hulk A hulk used to store gunpowder . Powder magazine A small room / closet area in the hull of the ship used for storing gunpowder in barrels , or , `` kegs '' , usually located centrally so as to have easy access to the grated loading area . Sometimes may be an enclosed closet with a door , so it can be locked and only the captain would have the key , similar to how rum is stored . Predreadnought Term used retrospectively after 1906 for a wide variety of steam battleships built between the 1880s and c. 1905 designed with only a few large guns for long - range fire , relying on an intermediate secondary battery used at shorter ranges for most of their offensive power , and having triple - expansion steam engines . They were rendered obsolete by the revolutionary dreadnought battleships which began to appear in 1906 and which differed from predreadnoughts in having steam turbine propulsion and an `` all - big - gun '' armament layout in which the ship 's primary gun power resided in a primary battery of its largest guns intended for use at long range , with other gun armament limited to small weapons intended for defense against torpedo boats and other small warships . Press gang Formed body of personnel from a ship of the Royal Navy ( either a ship seeking personnel for its own crew or from a ' press tender ' seeking men for a number of ships ) that would identify and force ( press ) men , usually merchant sailors into service on naval ships usually against their will . Preventer ( gybe preventer , jibe preventer ) A sail control line originating at some point on the boom leading to a fixed point on the boat 's deck or rail ( usually a cleat or pad eye ) used to prevent or moderate the effects of an accidental jibe . Principal Warfare Officer PWO , one of a number of Warfare branch specialist officers . Prison ship or prison hulk A vessel used as a prison , often to hold convicts awaiting transportation to penal colonies ; particularly common in the British Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries . Private ship In British usage , a commissioned warship in active service that is not being used as the flagship of a flag officer . The term does not imply in any way that the ship is privately owned . Privateer A privately owned ship authorised by a national power ( by means of a # Letter of marque ) to conduct hostilities against an enemy . Also called a private man of war . Prize A property captured at sea in virtue of the rights of war , as a vessel . Prize crew Members of a warship 's crew assigned to man a vessel taken as a prize . Propeller ( fixed ) A propeller mounted on a rigid shaft protruding from the hull of a vessel , usually driven by an inboard motor ; Propeller ( folding ) A propeller with folding blades , furling to reduce drag on a sailing vessel when not in use . Propeller walk or prop walk tendency for a propeller to push the stern sideways . In theory a right hand propeller in reverse will walk the stern to port . Prow a poetical alternative term for bows . Puddening Fibres of old rope packed between spars , or used as a fender . Purchase A mechanical method of increasing force , such as a tackle or lever . Purser The person who buys , stores and sells all stores on board ships , including victuals , rum and tobacco . Originally a private merchant , latterly a warrant officer . Q ( edit ) Quarterdeck The aftermost deck of a warship . In the age of sail , the quarterdeck was the preserve of the ship 's officers . Queen 's ( King 's ) Regulations The standing orders governing the British Royal Navy issued in the name of the current Monarch . Quay 1 . A stone or concrete structure on navigable water used for loading and unloading vessels , generally synonymous with a wharf ( q.v. ) , although the solid foundations of a quay contrast with the closely spaced piles of a wharf . When `` quay '' and `` wharf '' are used as synonyms , the term `` quay '' is more common in everyday speech in the United Kingdom , many Commonwealth countries , and the Republic of Ireland , while `` wharf '' is more commonly used in the United States . 2 . To land or tie up at a quay . Quayside 1 . An area alongside a quay . 2 . Having the attribute of being alongside a quay , e.g. , `` The ship is moored quayside . '' Rabbet or rebate / ˈræbət / A groove cut in wood to form part of a joint . Radar Acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging . An electronic system designed to transmit radio signals and receive reflected images of those signals from a `` target '' in order to determine the bearing and distance to the `` target '' . Radar reflector A special fixture fitted to a vessel or incorporated into the design of certain aids to navigation to enhance their ability to reflect radar energy . In general , these fixtures will materially improve the visibility for use by vessels with radar . Rake To incline from the perpendicular ; something so inclined is raked or raking , e.g. , a raked or raking stem , stern , mast , funnel , etc . Ram 1 . A weapon consisting of an underwater prolongation of the bow of a vessel to form an armored beak , intended to be driven into the hull of an enemy vessel in order to puncture the hull and disable or sink that vessel . 2 . An armored warship of the second half of the 19th century designed to use such a weapon as her primary means of attack . 3 . To intentionally collide with another vessel with the intention of damaging or sinking her . 4 . To accidentally collide bow - first with another vessel . Range clock A clockwork device used aboard a warship to continuously calculate the range to an enemy ship . Range lights Two lights associated to form a range ( a line formed by the extension of a line connecting two charted points ) which often , but not necessarily , indicates the channel centerline . The front range light is the lower of the two , and nearer to the mariner using the range . The rear light is higher and further from the mariner . Rating 1 . In British usage , an enlisted member of a country 's navy , i.e. , all members of the navy who are not officers or warrant officers . 2 . In contemporary US Navy and US Coast Guard usage , the occupational specialty of an enlisted member of the service . Ratlines ( also `` rattlins '' or `` ratlins '' ) The rungs fastened between the shrouds permanently rigged from bulwarks and tops to the mast to form ladders enabling access to the topmasts and yards . Razee 1 . A sailing ship that has been cut down to reduce the number of decks . 2 . To cut down a sailing ship to reduce the number of decks . Reaching Sailing across the wind : from about 60 ° to about 160 ° off the wind . Reaching consists of `` close reaching '' ( about 60 ° to 80 ° ) , `` beam reaching '' ( about 90 ° ) and `` broad reaching '' ( about 120 ° to 160 ° ) . See also beating and running . Reaching Sail A specifically designed sail for tighter reaching legs . Reaching sails are often used in racing with a true wind angle of 35 to 95 degrees . They are generally used before the wind angle moves aft enough to permit spinnakers to be flown . Ready about A call to indicate imminent tacking ( see going about ) . Receiver of Wreck A government official whose duty is to give owners of shipwrecks the opportunity to retrieve their property and ensure that law - abiding finders of wreck receive an appropriate reward . Receiving hulk or receiving ship A hulk used in harbor to house newly recruited sailors before they are assigned to a crew . Red Duster Traditional nickname for the Red Ensign ( q.v. ) , the civil ensign flown by civilian vessels of the United Kingdom . Red Ensign A British flag , also known informally as the Red Duster , flown as an ensign by certain British ships . Since 1854 , it has been flown by British merchant ships ( except for those authorized to fly the Blue Ensign ( q.v. ) ) as the United Kingdom ′ s civil ensign . Prior to 1864 , ships of the Royal Navy ′ s Red Squadron also flew it , but its naval use ended with the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864 . Red - to - red A passage of two vessels moving in the opposite direction on their port sides , so called because the red navigation light on one of the vessels faces the red light on the other vessel . Reduced cat A light version on the cat o'nine tails for use on boys ; also called `` boys ' pussy '' . Reef 1 . Reefing : To temporarily reduce the area of a sail exposed to the wind , usually to guard against adverse effects of strong wind or to slow the vessel . 2 . Reef : Rock or coral , possibly only revealed at low tide , shallow enough that the vessel will at least touch if not go aground . Reef - points Small flat lengths of braided cord attached by eyelets to a sail along the reef band , used to secure the excess fabric after reefing . Typically , a reef point consists of two lengths of cord which taper towards their ends -- the narrow end of each is threaded through an eye in the wide end of the other and then the pair are rove through the eyelet in the reef band such that one length hangs before and the other abaft the sail . Reef - bands Long pieces of rough canvas sewed across the sails to give them additional strength . Reef - tackles Ropes employed in the operation of reefing . Reefer 1 . A shipboard refrigerator . 2 . A refrigerated cargo ship , used to carry perishable goods that require refrigeration ( also reefer ship ) Reeve ( Past tense rove ) To thread a line through blocks in order to gain a mechanical advantage , such as in a block and tackle . Regatta A series of boat races , usually of sailboats or rowboats , but occasionally of powered boats . Relative bearing A bearing relative to the direction of the ship : the clockwise angle between the ship 's direction and an object . See also absolute bearing and bearing . Repair ship A naval auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to other ships . Replenishment oiler A naval auxiliary ship which provides fuel and dry stores to other ships . Research vessel A ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea , especially hydrographic survey , oceanographic research , fisheries research , naval research , polar research , and oil exploration . Rib tickler A bargeman 's name for the tiller . Riding light A light hung from the forestay when at anchor . Rigging The system of masts and lines on ships and other sailing vessels . Rigging chocks Thick blocks of wood fixed outside the rails to take the chain plates for the shrouds . Rigging screw A bottle screw used to keep wires taut . Righting couple The force which tends to restore a ship to equilibrium once a heel has altered the relationship between her centre of buoyancy and her centre of gravity . Rigol The rim or ' eyebrow ' above a port - hole or scuttle . Rip rap A man - made pile of rocks and rubble often surrounding an off - shore lighthouse or as a base for an aid to navigation . Roads See roadstead . Roadstead A sheltered area outside a harbour where a ship can lie safe at anchor , also known as a roads . Rode The anchor line , rope or cable connecting the anchor chain to the vessel . Also Anchor Rode . Rogue wave A surprisingly large wave for a given sea state ; formally , a wave whose height is more than twice the significant wave height ( i.e. , the mean of the largest third of waves in a wave record ) . Roll A vessel 's motion rotating from side to side , about the fore - aft / longitudinal axis . Listing is a lasting , stable tilt , or heel , along the longitudinal axis . Roll is also an alternate name for the longitudinal axis ( roll axis ) . Roll - on / roll - off ship ( also RORO or ro - ro ) A vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo that can drive on and off the ship on its own wheels . Rolling - tackle A number of pulleys , engaged to confine the yard to the weather side of the mast ; this tackle is much used in a rough sea . Rolling vang A second set of sprit - head vangs played out forward to rail near the bows , used to give additional control and support when needed in a seaway . Romper In a convoy , a ship that breaks ranks and `` romps '' ahead . Ropes , the 1 . All cordage , the lines in the rigging . Ropes , the 2 . Cordage of over 1 inches in diameter . Rope 's end A summary punishment device . Rope yarn 1 . A period , traditionally on Wednesday afternoons , when a tailor boarded a sailing warship while the vessel was in port ; the crew was excused from most duties and had light duty mending uniforms and hammocks and darning socks . When the ship was at sea , the crew similarly was excused from most duties on Wednesday afternoons to engage in mending chores . Wednesday afternoons , like Sundays , thus were a more social time which allowed crewmen a rest from their normal duties , similar to a Sunday , and , because the crew used rope yarn for mending , Wednesday afternoon became known as rope yarn Sunday . 2 . After uniforms began to require less care , and through the mid-20th century , a period on Wednesday afternoon when naval crew members were excused from their regular duties to run personal errands . 3 . Since the mid-20th century , any period of free time when a naval crew is given early liberty or otherwise excused from its normally scheduled duties . 4 . One of threads of which a rope is composed . RORO or ro - ro See roll - on / roll - off ship . Round to To turn the bow of a vessel into the wind . Rove see reeve . Rowlock / ˈrɒlək / A bracket providing the fulcrum for an oar . See also thole . Royal 1 . In large sailing ships , a mast right above the topgallant mast . 2 . The sail of such a mast . Rubbing strake An extra plank fitted to the outside of the hull , usually at deck level , to protect the topsides . Rudder A steering device which can be placed aft , externally relative to the keel or compounded into the keel either independently or as part of the bulb / centerboard . Ruffle Part of the anchor winch . This is a serrated iron ring attached to the barrel , to which the pawl is applied to prevent backruns of the anchor chain . Rum - runner see go - fast boat . Rummage ( obsolete spelling `` romage '' ) 1 . A place or room for the stowage of cargo in a vessel . 2 . The act of stowing cargo aboard a vessel . 3 . To arrange ( cargo , goods , etc . ) in the hold of a vessel ; to move or rearrange such goods ; the pulling and moving about of packages incident to close stowage aboard a vessel . 4 . To search a vessel for smuggled goods , e.g. , `` After the long voyage , the customs officers rummaged the ship . Rummage sale A sale of damaged cargo ( from French arrimage ) . Run 1 . The stern of the underwater body of a ship from where it begins to curve upward and inward . 2 . A voyage . Running before the wind or running Sailing more than about 160 ° away from the wind . If directly away from the wind , it 's a dead run . Running backstays The adjustable backstays of the main mast . Running gear The propellers , shafts , struts and related parts of a motorboat . Running rigging Rigging used to manipulate sails , spars , etc. in order to control the movement of the ship . Cf . standing rigging . Safe harbour A harbour which provides safety from bad weather Safe haven A safe harbour , including natural harbours , which provide safety from bad weather or attack . Saddle chock A transverse beam placed over the transom with fairleads for mooring warps . Sagging When the trough of a wave is amidships , causing the hull to deflect so the ends of the keel are higher than the middle . The opposite of hogging . Sail 1 . A piece of fabric attached to a vessel and arranged such that it causes the wind to drive the vessel along . It may be attached to the vessel via a combination of mast , spars , and ropes . 2 . The power harnessed by a sail or sails to propel a vessel . 3 . To use sail power to propel a vessel . 4 . A trip in a boat or ship , especially a sailboat or sailing ship . 5 . In American usage , a sail is a tower - like structure on the dorsal ( topside ) surface of submarines constructed since the mid-20th century which houses periscopes , access trunks for the bridge , etc. ; called a fin in European and British Commonwealth countries . It differs from the conning tower of earlier submarines , which was similar in appearance to a sail or fin , but housed instruments and controls from which the periscopes were used to direct the submarine and launch torpedo attacks , functions not performed in a modern sail ( or fin ) . Sail loft A large open space used by sailmakers to spread out sails . Sail - plan A set of drawings showing various sail combinations recommended for use in various situations . Sailing skiff see ' skiff ' . Sailmaker A craftsman who makes and repairs sails , working either on shore in a sail loft or aboard a large , ocean - going sailing ship . Sailorman London term for sailing barge , or a bargeman . Sally ship A method of freeing a vessel grounded on mud in which the crew forms a line and runs back and forth athwartships ( q.v. ) to cause her to rock back and forth , breaking the mud 's suction and freeing her with little or no hull damage . When this is required , the crew is given the order Sally ship ! Saltie Great Lakes term for a vessel that sails the oceans . Salty dog Slang for a sailor , especially for a seaman in the navy . Salvor A person engaged in salvage of a ship or items lost at sea . Sampan A relatively flat bottomed Chinese wooden boat from 3.5 to 4.5 m long ; some with a small shelter and may be used as permanent habitation on inland waters ; generally used in coastal areas or rivers and as traditional fishing boats . It is unusual for a sampan to sail far from land as they do not have the means to survive rough weather . Sampson post A strong vertical post used to support a ship 's windlass and the heel of a ship 's bowsprit . S.B. ( or SB ) Prefix for `` Sailing Barge '' , used before a ship 's name . Scandalize To reduce the area and efficiency of a sail by expedient means ( slacking the peak and tricing up the tack ) without properly reefing , thus slowing boat speed . Also used in the past as a sign of mourning . Scantlings Dimensions of ships structural members , e.g. , frame , beam , girder , etc . Schooner A type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore - and - aft sails on two or more masts with the forward mast being no taller than the rear masts , first used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century . Scow 1 . A method of preparing an anchor for tripping by attaching an anchor cable to the crown and fixing to the ring by a light seizing ( also known as becue ) . The seizing can be broken if the anchor becomes fouled . 2 . A type of clinker dinghy , characteristically beamy and slow . 3 . An inland racing boat with no keel , a large sail plan , and a planing hull . Screecher This is a specialty sail whose name comes from combining the names spinnaker and Reaching sails and can be used as an upwind genoa sail , reaching sail , or downwind sail . Screw 1 . Propeller . 2 . Propeller - driven ( e.g. , screw frigate , screw sloop ) . Scud A name given by sailors to the lowest clouds , which are mostly observed in squally weather . Scudding A term applied to a vessel when carried furiously along by a tempest . Scull 1 . An oar used for sculling . 2 . A boat propelled by sculling , generally for recreation or racing . Sculling A method of using oars to propel watercraft in which the oar or oars touch the water on both the port and starboard sides of the craft , or over the stern . On sailboats with transom - mounted rudders , forward propulsion can be made by a balanced side to side movement of the tiller , a form of sculling . Scuppers Originally a series of pipes fitted through the ship 's side from inside the thicker deck waterway to the topside planking to drain water overboard , larger quantities drained through freeing ports , which were openings in the bulwarks . Scuttle A small opening , or lid thereof , in a ship 's deck or hull . Scuttlebutt 1 . A barrel with a hole in used to hold water that sailors would drink from . By extension ( in modern naval usage ) , a shipboard drinking fountain or water cooler . 2 . Slang for gossip . Scuttling Making a hole in the hull of a vessel or opening seacocks , especially in order to sink a vessel deliberately . Sea anchor A stabilizer deployed in the water for heaving to in heavy weather . It acts as a brake and keeps the hull in line with the wind and perpendicular to waves . Often in the form of a large bag made of heavy canvas . See also drogue . Sea chest A watertight box built against the hull of the ship communicating with the sea through a grillage , to which valves and piping are attached to allow water in for ballast , engine cooling , and firefighting purposes . Also a wooden box used to store a sailor 's effects . Sea state The general condition of the free surface on a large body of water with respect to wind waves and swell at a certain location and moment , characterized by statistics , including the wave height , period , and power spectrum . The sea state varies with time , as the wind conditions or swell conditions change . Sea trial The testing phase of a boat , ship , or submarine , usually the final step in her construction , conducted to measure a vessel 's performance and general seaworthiness before her owners take delivery of her . Seaboots High waterproof boots for use at sea . In leisure sailing , known as sailing wellies . Seacock A valve in the hull of a vessel used to allow seawater into or out of the vessel . Seacocks re used to admit seawater for purposes such as cooling an engine , feeding a saltwater faucet , or scuttling ( q.v. ) a vessel , or to drain a sink or toilet into the sea . In warships , seacocks may be used to flood ammunition magazines with seawater to prevent them from exploding during a fire . Sealing 1 . The hunting of seals . 2 . The caulked floor of the hold . ( also : ceiling ) . Seaman Generic term for sailor , or ( part of ) a low naval rank Seaworthy Certified for , and capable of , safely sailing at sea . Second mate Also called second officer , a licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship , third -- or on some ocean liners fourth -- in command ; a watchkeeping officer , customarily the ship 's navigator . Other duties vary , but the second mate is often the medical officer and in charge of maintaining distress signaling equipment . On oil tankers , the second mate usually assists the chief mate with tank - cleaning operations . Second officer See second mate . Seekers London term for sailing barges that sought cargo , carrying cargo for other merchants at a fee , rather than for the owner . Self - sustaining A merchant ship which is able to unload herself without any assistance from a harbor 's facilities is self - sustaining , while a ship which requires the assistance of a harbor 's facilities to unload herself is non-self - sustaining . Self - sustaining ships are more expensive to build , maintain , and operate than non-self - sustaining ships , but have the advantage of being able to operate in less - developed ports that lack the infrastructure necessary to unload ships . Self - unloader Great Lakes slang term for a vessel with a conveyor or some other method of unloading the cargo without shoreside equipment . Sennet whip A summary punitive implement Serve Covering a rope with thin line to protect it . Set The direction toward which the current is flowing . Sextant Navigational instrument used to measure a ship 's latitude . Shackle U-shaped iron , with a screw pin at the open end used for securing stays to sails , allowing easy removal . Shaft alley Section of a ship that houses the propulsion shaft , running from the engine room to the stuffing box . Shakedown cruise A cruise performed before a ship enters service or after major changes such as a crew change , repair , or overhaul during which the performance of the ship and her crew are tested under working conditions . Shakes Pieces of barrels or casks broken down to save space . They are worth very little , leading to the phrase `` no great shakes '' . Shanghaied Condition of a crewman involuntarily impressed into service on a ship . Sheave The wheel in a block , which rotates as the rope runs . Sheer The upward curve of a vessel 's longitudinal lines as viewed from the side . Sheer plan In shipbuilding , a diagram showing an elevation of the ship 's sheer viewed from the broadside . Sheet A rope , attached to the clew , used to control the setting of a sail in relation to the direction of the wind . The sheet is often passed through a tackle before being attach to fixed points on the deck , or in the case of a barge , to a traveller on the main horse . Sheet anchor Historically , this was the heaviest anchor aboard a sailing ship , to be used only in case of emergency , and located amidships , i.e. in the middle of the ship . In more general usage , this term has come to mean a person or thing that is very reliable in times of emergency . For example , in the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson , he advocated , `` the preservation of the General ( Federal ) Government in its whole constitutional vigor , as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad . '' Shell ( in the United Kingdom also fine boat ) An extremely narrow , and often disproportionately long , rowing boat outfitted with long oars , outriggers to hold the oarlocks away from the boat , and sliding seats , specifically designed for racing or exercise . Shelter deck An upper deck having no overhead protection from the weather itself , but sheltering the deck below it . Shift colors Changing the flag and pennant display when a moored vessel becomes underway , and vice versa . A highly coordinated display that ships take pride in ; the desired effect is that of one set of flags vanishing while another set flashes out at precisely the same time . Also , slang for changing out of one 's Navy uniform into civilian clothes to go ashore . ( The US Navy 's newsletter for retired personnel is nicknamed Shift Colors from this reason . ) Shift tides Sighting the positions of the sun and moon using a sextant and using a nautical almanac to determine the location and phase of the moon and calculating the relative effect of the tides on the navigation of the ship . Ship 1 . Noun -- Strictly , a three - masted vessel square - rigged on all three masts , or on three masts of a vessel with more than three . Hence a ship - rigged barque would be a four master , square - rigged on fore , main and mizzen , with spanker and gaff topsail only on the Jigger - mast . Generally now used refers to most medium or large vessels outfitted with smaller boats . As a consequence of this , submarines may be larger than small ships , but are called boats because they do not carry boats of their own . 2 . Verb -- To bring something aboard swiftly , as in `` Ship oars . '' Ship - of - the - line A type of sailing warship constructed from the 1600s through the mid-1800s to serve as part of the line of battle ; the largest and most powerful warships of the era . Ship over Verb -- To reenlist . When a sailor extends his or her service another term . Ship rig Ship - rigged ship See full rigged ship . Ship sloop A type of sloop - of - war introduced in the 1740s which had three square - rigged masts ( in contrast to the brig sloop introduced in the 1770s , which had two masts ) . Ship 's bell Striking the ship 's bell is the traditional method of marking time and regulating the crew 's watches . Each bell ( from one to eight ) represents a 30 - minute period since the beginning of a four - hour watch . For example , in the classical system , `` Three bells in the morning watch '' represents 90 minutes since the beginning of the morning watch , or 5 : 30am . `` Eight bells '' indicates the end of a watch . Ship 's biscuit See hard tack . Ship 's company The crew of a ship . Ship 's complement The number of persons in a ship 's crew , including officers . Ship 's husband Once widely used term , now obsolete , for the man at a dockyard in charge of repairs to a ship . The term derived from the notion that the ship was a `` lady '' who needed to visit her `` husband '' when in need of repairs . Shipwright A person who designs , builds , and repairs ships , especially wooden ones . Shipyard A facility where ships or boats are built and repaired . Routinely used as a synonym for dockyard , although dockyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used for maintenance and basing activities , while shipyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used in construction . Shoal Shallow water that is a hazard to navigation . Shoal draught Shallow draught , making the vessel capable of sailing in unusually shallow water . Shore leave Free time given to officers and crew of a naval vessel when they are off duty and allowed to disembark and spend time on land . See also liberty . Short stay The relative slackness of an anchor chain ; this term means somewhat slack , but not vertical nor fully extended . Shorten 1 . To take in the slack of ( a rope ) . 2 . To reduce ( sail ) by taking it in . Shot across the bow A shot fired close to and in front of a moving vessel to warn her to stop , often for boarding . Shroud A rope or cable serving to hold a mast up from side to side . Shrouds Standing rigging running from a mast to the sides of a ships to support the mast sideways . The shrouds work with the stays , which run forward and aft , to support the mast 's weight . Sick bay The compartment reserved for medical purposes . Sideboy One of an even - numbered group of seamen posted in two rows on the quarterdeck when a visiting dignitary boards or leaves the ship , historically to help ( or even hoist ) him aboard . Sidewheel 1 . A side - mounted paddle wheel used for propulsion by a paddle steamer . 2 . Propelled by sidewheels ( e.g. , `` sidewheel steamer '' ) . Sidewheeler A paddle steamer propelled by a pair of paddle wheels , one mounted on each side . Siren A sound signal which uses electricity or compressed air to actuate either a disc or a cup shaped rotor . Sister ship A ship of the same class as , and therefore virtually identical in design and appearance to , another ship . Sister ships share an identical or nearly identical hull and superstructure layout , similar displacement , and roughly comparable features and equipment . Often , sister ships become more differentiated during their service lives as their equipment ( and , in the case of military ships , their armament ) are separately altered . Skeg A downward or sternward projection from the keel in front of the rudder . Protects the rudder from damage , and in bilge keelers may provide one `` leg '' of a tripod on which the boat stands when the tide is out . Skeleton crew A minimal crew , usually employed during an emergency or when a vessel is inactive , generally consisting of the minimum number of personnel required to maintain or operate the vessel . Skiff A small boat , traditionally a coastal or river craft , for leisure or fishing , with a single person or small crew . Sailing skiffs have developed into high performance competitive classes . Skipper The captain of a ship . Skysail A sail set very high , above the royals . Only carried by a few ships . Skyscraper A small , triangular sail , above the skysail . Used in light winds on a few ships . Slack tide That period between rising tide and falling tide . or that period between falling tide and rising tide when there is no tidal induced current . Slave ship A large cargo ships specially converted for the transportation of slaves . Also known as a slaver or a Guineaman , the latter term derived from the slave trade involving trafficking to and from the Guinea coast of West Africa . Slaver A slave ship ( q.v. ) . Slide 1 . The cabin hatch on a barge . Sling 1 . To pass a rope around something preparatory to attaching a hoisting or lowering tackle to it . 2 . A band of rope or iron for securing a yard to a mast ; chiefly used in the plural , `` slings '' . Slip 1 . A berth for a ship or boat ; a place for a ship or boat to moor . 2 . The difference between the theoretical distance traveled per revolution of a vessel 's propeller and the actual advance of the vessel . 3 . In marine engineering , the motion of the center of resistance of the float of a paddle wheel or the blade of an oar through the water horizontally . 4 . In marine engineering , the difference between a vessel 's actual speed and the speed it would have if the propelling instrument acted upon a solid . 5 . In marine engineering , the velocity relative to still water of the backward current of water produced by the propeller . 6 . In marine insurance , a memorandum of the particulars of a risk for which a policy is to be executed , usually bearing the broker 's name and initiated by the underwriters . Slipway A ramp on the shore by which ships or boats can be moved to and from the water . Slipways are used for building and repairing ships and boats . They are also used for launching and retrieving small boats on trailers towed by automobiles and flying boats on their undercarriage . Sloop A small to mid-sized sailboat larger than a dinghy , with one mast bearing a main sail and head sail and located farther forward than the mast of a cutter . Sloop - of - war 1 . In the 18th and 19th centuries , a small sailing warship carrying 18 or fewer guns with a single continuous gundeck . 2 . In the 18th and 19th centuries , any sailing warship bearing fewer than 20 guns . 3 . In the 19th - century US Navy , the term used for the type of sailing warship known in other navies as a corvette . 4 . In the early and mid-20th century , a small ocean - going warship not intended for fleet deployments , used instead for convoy escort , gunboat duties , etc . Slop chest A ship 's store of merchandise , such as clothing , tobacco , etc. , maintained aboard merchant ships for sale to the crew . Slush Greasy substance obtained by boiling or scraping the fat from empty salted meat storage barrels , or the floating fat residue after boiling the crew 's meal . In the Royal Navy the perquisite of the cook who could sell it or exchange it ( usually for alcohol ) with other members of the crew . Used for greasing parts of the running rigging of the ship and therefore valuable to the master and bosun . Slush fund The money obtained by the cook selling slush ashore . Used for the benefit of the crew ( or the cook ) . Smack A traditional fishing boat used off the coast of England and the Atlantic coast of America for most of the 19th century and in small numbers up to the mid-20th century . Originally a cutter - rigged sailing boat , after about 1865 lengthened and given a ketch rig . Some had a topsail on the mizzen mast , others a bowsprit carrying a jib . Small bower ( anchor ) The smaller of two anchors carried in the bow . Snag A tree or tree branch fixed in the bottom of a navigable body of water and partially submerged or rising nearly to the surface which can pierce and sink vessels . Also known as a deadhead . Snags were a particularly severe hazard in the 19th and early 20th centuries . To be snagged is to suffer damage from or to be sunk by such a hazard . Snotter A short rope , spliced together at the ends and covered with hide , that is seized to the mast to hold the lower end of a sprit . Snotty A midshipman ( Royal Navy slang . ) Snow A form of brig where the gaff spanker or driver is rigged on a `` snow mast '' a lighter spar supported in chocks close behind the main - mast . Snug loaded When all the cargo on a barge is stowed below in the hold and there is nothing on deck . In contrast to carrying a stack . Soft eye An eye splice without a thimble fitted . SOG Speed over ground , speed of the vessel relative to the Earth ( and as shown by a GPS ) . Referenced on many fishing forums . Sonar 1 . An acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging , a method of using sound pulses to detect , range , and sometimes image underwater targets and obstacles or the bed of the sea . See also echo sounding and ASDIC . 2 . The equipment used to conduct such searches , ranging , and imaging . Sounding Sounding . Measuring the depth of the water . Traditionally done by swinging the lead , now commonly by echo sounding . Sou'wester 1 . A storm from the south west . 2 . A type of waterproof hat with a wide brim over the neck , worn in storms . Spanker A fore - and - aft or gaff - rigged sail on the aft-most mast of a square - rigged vessel and the main fore - and - aft sail ( spanker sail ) on the aft-most mast of a ( partially ) fore - and - aft rigged vessel such as a schooner , a barquentine , and a barque . Spanker - mast The aft-most mast of a fore - and - aft or gaff - rigged five masted vessels such as schooners , or barquentines . A full - rigged ship has a spanker sail but not a spanker - mast ( see Jigger - mast ) . Spar A wooden , in later years also iron or steel pole used to support various pieces of rigging and sails . The big five - masted full - rigged tall ship Preussen ( German spelling : Preußen ) had crossed 30 steel yards , but only one wooden spar -- the little gaff of its spanker sail . Spar torpedo A weapon consisting of a bomb placed at the end of a long spar and attached to a boat . Speaking tube see communication tube . Spider band or Spider hoop An iron band around the base of a mast which holds a set of iron belaying pins . Spindrift Finely divided water swept from crest of waves by strong winds . Spinnaker 1 . A large sail flown in front of the vessel while heading downwind . 2 . a headsail set windward when running before the wind . The bargemans spinnaker is his topmast staysail , tacked to the mast , and sheeted round the weather crosstree . Spinnaker pole A spar used to help control a spinnaker or other headsail . Splice To join lines ( ropes , cables , etc . ) by unravelling their ends and intertwining them to form a continuous line . To form an eye or a knot by splicing . Splice the mainbrace A euphemism , it is an order given aboard naval vessels to issue the crew with a drink , traditionally grog . The phrase splice the mainbrace is used idiomatically meaning to go ashore on liberty , intending to go out for an evening of drinking . Split lugsail Two sails , foresail and mainsail on a lugsail yard , removing the need to dip the yard around the mast every time the vessel tacked Sponson A projection from the side of a vessel for protection , stability , or the mounting of equipment such as armaments or lifeboats . A sponson that extends a hull dimension at or below the waterline serves to increase flotation or add lift when underway . In salvage of a damaged or disabled vessel , a sponson may be a flotation tank attached to provide stability or buoyancy . Sponsor The person , traditionally a woman , who christens a ship at its launching ceremony . Spotting top A platform on a mast used to aid in gun laying . Spreader A spar on a sailboat used to deflect the shrouds to allow them to better support the mast . Spring A line used parallel to that of the length of a craft , to prevent fore - aft motion of a boat , when moored or docked . Also used to assist the barge to swing its head round when leaving . Springs Big tides caused by the alignment of the moon and sun , occurng abut 15 : 00 at London Bridge . Sprit A spar , attached by a muzzle to a mast , or held in a snotter , that supports the peak of a spritsail . It is steadied by vangs . Spritsail 1 . A fore and aft sail , where the peak is supported by a sprit . It may be free - footed or use a boom . 2 . A rig that uses a spritsail . 3 . A square - sail flown beneath the bowsprit . Sprittie A spritsail rigged barge Spurling pipe A pipe that connects to the chain locker , from which the anchor chain emerges onto the deck at the bow of a ship . Squadron 1 . In general , any significant group of warships which is considered too small to be designated a fleet , but otherwise not strictly defined by size . In some navies , the term flotilla may be used instead of or in addition to `` squadron '' to describe a significant group of warships smaller than a fleet . 2 . Such a group of warships assigned to and named after a particular ocean , sea , or geographical region , commanded by an admiral who may be the naval commander - in - chief in that theatre , e.g. , the Asiatic Squadron , the North Atlantic Squadron , etc. ; generally synonymous with similar naval formations known as stations ( q.v. ) . 3 . During the Age of Sail , a temporary sub-division of a fleet . 4 . A temporary detachment of ships from a fleet . 5 . Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a permanent battle formation of a fleet , equipped and trained to operate as a tactical unit under the overall command of the fleet or when detached from the fleet . 6 . Especially in modern usage , an administrative naval command responsible for the manning , training , supply , and maintenance of a group of ships or submarines but not for directing their operations at sea . Square To place at right angles with the mast or keel and parallel to the horizon e.g. , `` to square the yards . '' Square meal A sufficient quantity of food . Meals on board ship were served to the crew on a square wooden plate in harbor or at sea in good weather . Food in the Royal Navy was invariably better or at least in greater quantity than that available to the average landsman . However , while square wooden plates were indeed used on board ship , there is no established link between them and this particular term . The OED gives the earliest reference from the US in the mid-19th century . Square rig A generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on yards which are perpendicular , or square , to the keel of the vessel and to the masts . A ship mainly so rigged is said to be square - rigged . Square rigger A ship which is square - rigged . Squared away Yards held rigidly perpendicular to their masts and parallel to the deck . This was rarely the best trim of the yards for efficiency but made a pretty sight for inspections and in harbor . The term is applied to situations and to people figuratively to mean that all difficulties have been resolved or that the person is performing well and is mentally and physically prepared . Squat effect The phenomenon by which a vessel moving quickly through shallow water creates an area of lowered pressure under its keel that reduces the ship 's buoyancy , particularly at the bow . The reduced buoyancy causes the ship to `` squat '' lower in the water than would ordinarily be expected , and thus its effective draught is increased . S.S. ( or SS ) Prefix for `` Steam Ship '' , used before a ship 's name . Stack ( also funnel ) Deck cargo . 2 . See funnel . Stackie A barge designed to take a large deck cargo , usually of hay of straw needed to feed working horses . Stanchion Vertical post near a deck 's edge that supports life - lines . A timber fitted in between the frame heads on a wooden hull or a bracket on a steel vessel , approx one meter high , to support the bulwark plank or plating and the rail . Stand ( past tense stood ) Of a ship or its captain , to steer , sail , or steam , usually used in conjunction with a specified direction or destination , e.g. , The ship stood out of the harbor or The ship stood toward the east or The ship stood toward the missing vessel 's last known position . Stand - on ( vessel ) A vessel directed to keep her course and speed where two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve a risk of collision . Standing part The section of a rope at a cleat or a block that is under tension , as opposed to the loose end . Standing rigging Rigging which is used to support masts and spars , and is not normally manipulated during normal operations . Cf . running rigging . Stanliff A heavy wire cable attached to the mast at the hounds to support the weight of a spritsail at the heel . Starboard The right side of the boat . Towards the right - hand side of a vessel facing forward . Denoted with a green light at night . Derived from the old steering oar or steerboard which preceded the invention of the rudder . Starboard tack When sailing with the wind coming from the starboard side of the vessel . Has right of way over boats on port tack . Starter A rope used as a punitive device . See teazer , togey . Stateroom 1 . A superior cabin for a vessel 's officer . 2 . In American usage , also a private passenger cabin in a vessel Station 1 . In chiefly 19th - and early 20th - century usage , a naval formation under a commander - in - chief who controls all naval operations , and sometimes all naval shore facilities , within a specified geographic area ( e.g. , the China Station , the East Indies Station , etc . ) , sometimes synonymous with squadron ( q.v. ) . 2 . In Newfoundland , a harbour or cove with a foreshore suitable for a facility to support nearby fishing . 3 . Naval station , a naval base ; a naval air station is a base for naval aircraft . 4 . Coaling station , a facility that supplies ships with coal . Stay 1 . A strong rope supporting a mast , and leading from the head of one mast down to some other mast or other part of the vessel ; rigging running fore ( forestay ) and aft ( backstay ) from a mast to the hull . The stays support a mast 's weight forward and aft , while the shrouds support its weight from side to side . 2 . To incline forward , aft , or to one side by means of stays , e.g. , to stay a mast . 3 . To tack ; put on the other tack , e.g. , to stay ship . 4 . To change ; tack ; go about ; be in stays , as a ship . 5 . A station or fixed anchorage for vessels . 6 . In stays or hove in stays : in the act of going about while tacking . 7 . Miss stays an unsuccessful attempt to tack . Stayfall A flexible wire cable rove through blocks , one on the stemhead , and one on the end of the forestay . This is the means by which the mainmast is lowered . Staysail A sail whose luff is attached to a forestay . Steamer A vessel equipped with steam propulsion . Also steamboat or steamship . Steerage 1 . The effect of the helm on a vessel ; the act of steering a vessel . 2 . 19th - and early 20th - century term for the section of a passenger ship that provided inexpensive accommodation with no individual cabins . Steerageway The minimum speed at which a vessel will answer the helm , below which she can not be steered . Speed sufficient for the rudder to `` bite . '' Steering flat In a vessel , the compartment containing the steering gear . Steering oar or steering board A long , flat board or oar that went from the stern to well underwater , used to steer vessels before the invention of the rudder . Traditionally on the starboard side of a ship ( the `` steering board '' side ) . Steeve 1 . A spar or derrick with a block at one end , used for stowing cargo . 2 . To incline upwards at an angle ( esp. of a bowsprit ) rather than lie horizontally ; to set at a particular upwards incline Stem 1 . The extension of keel at the forward end of a ship . 2 . On a barge , the foremost timber set vertically to the keel , forming the head of the stem ; it carries the forestay and other rigging . Stern The rear part of a ship , technically defined as the area built up over the sternpost , extending upwards from the counter rail to the taffrail . Stern chaser See chase gun . Stern tube 1 . The tube under the hull to bear the tailshaft for propulsion ( usually at stern ) . 2 . A torpedo tube mounted in the stern of a submarine . Sterndrive A propeller drive system similar to the lower part of an outboard motor extending below the hull of a larger power boat or yacht , but driven by an engine mounted within the hull . Unlike a fixed propeller ( but like an outboard ) , the boat may be steered by twisting the drive . See also inboard motor and outboard motor . Sternwalk An external walkway or gallery for the use of officers installed on the stern chiefly of British warships until the early 20th century . Sternway The reverse movement of a boat or watercraft through the water . Sternwheel 1 . A stern - mounted paddle wheel used for propulsion by a paddle steamer . 2 . Propelled by a sternwheel ( e.g. , `` sternwheel steamer '' ) . Sternwheeler A paddle steamer propelled by a sternwheel . Steward A member of a vessel 's crew involved in commissary duties or in personal services to passengers or other crew members . Stood See Stand . Stopper knot A knot tied in the end of a rope , usually to stop it passing through a hole ; most commonly a figure - eight knot . Stoppers A short rope to check a cable in a fixed position . Anchor stoppers hold the anchor when catted , Bitt stoppers , Deck stoppers used to retain the cable when at anchor , shroud stoppers contain a damaged shroud , Foretack and Sheet Stoppers secure the tacks until they are belayed . Storeship ( also `` store ship '' or `` stores ship '' ) 1 . During the Age of Sail and immediately afterwards , a captured ship used to stow supplies and other goods for naval purposes . 2 . Since the mid-20th century , a type of naval ship which provides supplies such as frozen , chilled ' and dry provisions and propulsion and aviation fuel to warships which are at sea for an extended period of time . In some navies , synonymous with replenishment oiler , fleet replenisher , or fleet tanker . Stove or Stove in ( past tense of stave , often applied as present tense ) to smash inward , to force a hole or break in , as in a cask , door or other ( wooden ) barrier . Stow to store , or to put away e.g. , personal effects , tackle , or cargo . Stowage The amount of room for storing materials on board a ship . Stowaway A trespasser on a ship ; a person aboard a ship without permission and / or without payment , and usually boards undetected , remains hidden aboard , and jumps ship just before making port or reaching a port 's dock ; sometimes found aboard and imprisoned in the brig until the ship makes port and the prisoner can be transferred to the police or military . Straggler In a convoy , a ship that is unable to maintain speed and falls behind . Strake One of the overlapping boards in a clinker built hull . Stretcher An inclined foot rest , attached to the boat , to which a rower may place and in some instances ( usually in competition ) attach his feet . Strike 1 . To haul down or lower ( a flag , mast , etc . ) . 2 . To surrender the vessel to the enemy , from strike the colors . 3 . To remove a naval vessel 's name from a country 's naval register ( after which the vessel is considered stricken ) . Strike the colors To surrender the vessel to an enemy , from the custom during the Age of Sail of lowering the vessel 's ensign to indicate that she is surrendering . Studding sails / ˈstʌnsəl / Long and narrow sails , used only in fine weather , on the outside of the large square sails . Stumpy 1 . A spritsail barge without a topmast . Normal form before 1850 , the stumpies sprit was longer than those used in topsail barges , as the mainsail was cut with a higher peak . 2 . A tops'l barge underway with out her topsails set . STW Speed through ( the ) water , speed of the vessel relative to the surrounding water ( and as shown by a Log ) . Used in navigation . Submarine 1 . Generally , a watercraft capable of independent operations underwater , able to renew its own power and breathing air . A submarine differs from a submersible ( q.v. ) , which has more limited underwater capabilities . By naval tradition , any submarine is referred to informally as a `` boat '' regardless of its size . 2 . Most commonly , a large , crewed vessel capable of independent underwater operations . 3 . Historically and colloquially , a broad category of vessels capable of submerged operations , including large , crewed submarines but also medium - sized and smaller vessels such as midget submarines and wet subs and vessels which technically are considered submersibles ( q.v. ) because they require external support , such as remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles . Submarine depot ship See submarine tender . Submarine tender A naval auxiliary ship designed to supply submarines and support their operations . Known in British English as a submarine depot ship . Submersible A small vehicle designed to operate underwater which requires the support of a surface vessel , a surface platform , a shore team , or a larger undersea vessel such as submarine ( q.v. ) . A submersible contrasts with a submarine , in that a submarine is capable of fully autonomous operations including the generation of its own power and breathing air . However , colloquially , the term `` submarine '' often is used indiscriminately to refer to any vessel capable of underwater operations , including those which technically are submersibles . Sunfish A personal - sized , beach - launched sailing dinghy with a pontoon - type hull , daggerboard , and lateen sail mounted to an un-stayed mast . Superstructure The parts of the ship or a boat , including sailboats , fishing boats , passenger ships , and submarines , that project above her main deck . This does not usually include its masts or any armament turrets . Surge 1 . A vessel 's transient motion in a fore and aft direction . 2 . To gently slacken a rope , so it slides up the capstan . Survey vessel Any type of ship or boat that is used for mapping a body of water 's bottom , benthic zone , full water column , and surface for purposes of hydrography , general oceanography , marine salvage , dredging , marine archaeology , or the study of marine habitats . S / V Abbreviation for Sailing Vessel , used before the ship 's name . Sway 1 . A vessel 's lateral motion from side to side . 2 . ( v ) To hoist : `` Sway up my dunnage '' . Sweep A long oar used to steer an unpowered lighter . Swigging To take up the last bit of slack on a line such as a halyard , anchor line or dockline by taking a single turn round a cleat and alternately heaving on the rope above and below the cleat while keeping the tension on the tail . Swimmie A barge with a square overhanging bow , like a swimhead lighter . aka Muffies . Sweat A technique to finally tension a halyard , by pulling alternatively on the tail from the cleat and at right angles on the taut standing line . Swinging the compass Measuring the accuracy in a ship 's magnetic compass so its readings can be adjusted -- often by turning the ship and taking bearings on reference points . Swinging the lamp Telling sea stories . Referring to lamps slung from the deckhead which swing while at sea . Often used to indicate that the story teller is exaggerating . Swinging the lead 1 . Measuring the depth of water beneath a ship using a lead - weighted sounding line . Regarded as a relatively easy job , thus : 2 . Feigning illness etc to avoid a hard job . Tabernacle A large bracket attached firmly to the deck , to which the foot of the mast is fixed . It has two sides or cheeks and a bolt forming the pivot around which the mast is raised and lowered. aka mast case . Tack 1 . A leg of the route of a sailing vessel , particularly in relation to tacking ( q.v. ) and to starboard tack and port tack ( also q.v. ) . 2 . Hard tack : q.v. . 3 . The front bottom corner of a sail . Tacking 1 . Zig - zagging so as to sail directly towards the wind ( and for some rigs also away from it ) . 2 . Going about ( q.v. ) . Tacking duels In sailboat racing on an upwind leg of the race course the complex manoeuvres of lead and overtaking boats to vie for the aerodynamic advantage of clear air . This results from the ongoing strategy of the lead boat 's effort to keep the following boat ( s ) in the blanket of disturbed bad air he is creating . Tackle A pair of blocks through which is rove a rope to provide an advantageous purchase . Used for lifting heavy loads and to raise and trim sails . Tactical diameter The perpendicular distance between a ship 's course when the helm is put hard over and her course when she has turned through 180 degrees ; the ratio of the tactical diameter divided by the ship 's length between perpendiculars gives a dimensionless parameter which can be used to compare the manoeuvrability of ships . Taffrail A rail at the stern of the boat that covers the head of the counter timbers . Tail The loose end of a rope that has been secured to a winch or a cleat . Tailshaft A kind of metallic shafting ( a rod of metal ) to hold the propeller and connected to the power engine . When the tailshaft is moved , the propeller may also be moved for propulsion . Taken aback An inattentive helmsmen might allow the dangerous situation to arise where the wind is blowing into the sails ' backwards ' , causing a sudden ( and possibly dangerous ) shift in the position of the sails . Taking the wind out of his sails To sail in a way that steals the wind from another ship . cf . overbear . Tall ship A tall ship is a large , traditionally - rigged sailing vessel . Tally The operation of hauling aft the sheets , or drawing them in the direction of the ship 's stern . Tanker ( also tank ship or tankship ) A ship designed to transport liquids in bulk . Target ship A vessel , typically an obsolete or captured warship , used for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing . The term includes both ships intended to be sunk and ships intended to survive and see repeated use as a target . Task Force Temporary naval organisations composed of particular ships , aircraft , submarines , military land forces , or shore service units , assigned to fulfill certain missions . Seemingly drawn originally from Royal Navy heritage , the emphasis is placed on the individual commander of the unit , and references to ' CTF ' are common for `` Commander Task Force '' . Tattle Tale Light cord attached to a mooring line at two points a few inches apart with a slack section in between ( resembling an inch - worm ) to indicate when the line is stretching from the ship 's rising with the tide . Obviously only used when moored to a fixed dock or pier and only on watches with a flood tide . Tell - tale ( sometimes tell - tail ) A light piece of string , yarn , rope or plastic ( often magnetic audio tape ) attached to a stay or a shroud to indicate the local wind direction . They may also be attached to the surface and / or the leech of a sail to indicate the state of the air flow over the surface of the sail . They are referenced when optimizing the trim of the sails to achieve the best boat speed in the prevailing wind conditions . ( See dogvane ) Tender 1 . A type of naval auxiliary ship ( q.v. ) designed to provide advanced basing services in undeveloped harbors to seaplanes , flying boats , torpedo boats , destroyers , or submarines . 2 . A vessel used to provide transportation services for people and supplies to and from shore for a larger vessel , sometimes called a ship 's tender . 3 . A vessel used to maintain navigational aids , such as buoys and lighthouses . T.E.V. ( or TEV ) Prefix for `` Turbo - Electric Vessel , '' used before a ship 's name . Texas A structure or section of a steamboat that includes the pilothouse and the crew 's quarters , located on the hurricane deck , in this case also called the texas deck . Texas deck The deck of a steamboat on which its texas ( q.v. ) is located . Also known as a hurricane deck . Third mate Also called the third officer , a licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship , fourth -- or on some ocean liners fifth -- in command ; a watchkeeping officer , customarily also the ship 's safety officer , responsible for the ship 's firefighting equipment , lifeboats , and other emergency systems . Other duties of the third mate vary depending on the type of ship , its crewing , and other factors . Third officer See third mate . Thole Vertical wooden peg or pin inserted through the gunwale to form a fulcrum for oars when rowing . Used in place of a rowlock . Throat 1 . The forward top corner of a square fore and aft sail . 2 . The end of the gaff , next to the mast . Three sheets to the wind On a three - masted ship , having the sheets of the three lower courses loose will result in the ship meandering aimlessly downwind . Also , a sailor who has drunk strong spirits beyond his capacity . Thwart / θwɔːrt / A bench seat across the width of an open boat . Tilt boat A square sail ferry operating out of Gravesend. Not less than 15 tons , carrying no more that 37 passengers it had 5 oarsmen afore the mast . Timoneer From the French timonnier , is a name given , on particular occasions , to the steersman of a ship . Tin can US Navy slang for a destroyer ; often shortened to can ( q.v. ) . Tinclad A lightly armored steam - powered river gunboat used by the US Navy during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Tingle A thin temporary patch . Tiller A lever used for steering , attached to the top of the rudder post . Used mainly on smaller vessels , such as dinghies and rowing boats . Toe - rail A low strip running around the edge of the deck like a low bulwark . It may be shortened or have gaps in it to allow water to flow off the deck . Toe the line or Toe the mark At parade , sailors and soldiers were required to stand in line , their toes in line with a seam of the deck . Tompion A block of wood inserted into the barrel of a gun on a 19th - century warship to keep out the sea spray ; also used for covers for the ends of the barrels of more modern ships ' guns , the larger of which are often adorned with the ship 's crest or other decoration . Tonnage Various measures of the size or cargo carrying capacity of a ship , including : 1 . Deadweight tonnage , the total weight of a vessel , mostly without payload . 2 . Displacement tonnage , the total weight of a vessel . 3 . Gross register tonnage , the total internal volume of a vessel , with one gross register ton equal to 100 cubic feet ( 2.8316846592 cubic meters ) . 4 . Gross tonnage , a function of the volume of all of a ship 's internal spaces . 5 . Lightship or lightweight tonnage , the weight of a ship without any fuel , cargo , supplies , water , passengers , etc. on board . 6 . Net register tonnage , the volume of cargo a vessel can carry . 7 . Net tonnage , the volume of all cargo spaces on a ship . 8 . Thames Measurement tonnage , the volume of a small vessel calculated based on her length and beam . Top The platform at the upper end of each ( lower ) mast of a square - rigged ship , typically one - fourth to one - third of the way up the mast . The main purpose of a top is to anchor the shrouds of the topmast that extends above it . See also fighting top . Topgallant The mast or sails above the tops . ( See topgallant mast and topgallant sail . ) Tophamper 1 . A collective term for the masts , yards , sails and rigging of a sailing ship , or for similarly insubstantial structures above the upper deck of any ship . 2 . Unnecessary spars and rigging kept aloft on a vessel ′ s masts . Topman A crewmember stationed in a top . Topmast The second section of the mast above the deck ; formerly the upper mast , later surmounted by the topgallant mast ; carrying the topsails . Topmast pole Part of the spar between the hounds and the truck . Topping lift A line which is part of the rigging on a sailing boat ; it applies upward force on a spar or boom . The most common topping lift on a modern sailing boat is attached to the boom Topsail The second sail ( counting from the bottom ) up a mast . These may be either square sails or fore - and - aft ones , in which case they often `` fill in '' between the mast and the gaff of the sail below . Topsides The part of the hull between the waterline and the deck . Also , Above - water hull Torpedo 1 . Prior to about 1900 , the term for a variety of explosive devices designed for use in water , including mines , spar torpedoes and , after the mid-19th century , `` automotive , '' `` automobile , '' `` locomotive , '' or `` fish '' torpedoes ( self - propelled weapons which fit the modern definition of `` torpedo '' ) . 2 . Since about 1900 , a term used exclusively for a self - propelled weapon with an explosive warhead , launched above or below the water surface , propelled underwater towards a target , and designed to detonate either on contact with its target or in proximity to it . Touch and go 1 . The bottom of the ship touching the bottom , but not grounding . 2 . Stopping at a dock or pier for a very short time without tying up , to let off or take on crew or goods . 3 . Practice of aircraft on aircraft carriers touching the carrier deck and taking off again without dropping hooks . Towing The operation of drawing a vessel forward by means of long lines . Traffic Separation Scheme Shipping corridors marked by buoys which separate incoming from outgoing vessels . Improperly called Sea Lanes . Trailboard A decorative board at the bow of a vessel , sometimes bearing the vessel 's name . Training ship A ship used to train students as sailors , especially a ship employed by a navy or coast guard to train future officers . The term refers both to ships used for training at sea and to old , immobile hulks used to house classrooms . Tramp freighter A cargo ship engaged in the tramp trade . Tramp steamer A steamship engaged in the tramp trade . Tramp trade Shipping trade on the spot market in which the vessels involved do not have a fixed schedule or itinerary or published ports of call . This contrasts with freight liner service , in which vessels make regular , scheduled runs between published ports . Tramper A vessel engaged in the tramp trade . Transmitting station British term for a room located in the interior of a ship containing computers and other specialised equipment needed to calculate the range and bearing of a target from information gathered by the ship 's spotters and range finders . These were designated `` plotting rooms '' by the US Navy . Transom Lateral members fasten inside the sternpost , to which the hull and deckplanks are fitted . 2 . The aft `` wall '' of the stern ; often the part to which an outboard unit or the drive portion of a sterndrive is attached . 3 . A more or less flat surface across the stern of a vessel . Dinghies tend to have almost vertical transoms , whereas yachts ' transoms may be raked forward or aft . Transport See troopship . Travellers 1 . Small fittings that slide on a rod or line . The most common use is for the inboard end of the mainsheet . 2 . A more esoteric form of traveller consists of `` slight iron rings , encircling the backstays , which are used for hoisting the top - gallant yards , and confining them to the backstays '' . An iron ring that moves on the main horse on a sailing barge . It is fitted with an eye onto which is hooked the main sheet , of the loose - footed main - sail . Trawler 1 . Commercial trawler , a fishing boat that uses a trawl net or dragnet to catch fish . 2 . A fisherman who uses a trawl net . 3 . Naval trawler , a converted trawler , or boat built in that style , used for naval purposes . 4 . Recreational trawler , a pleasure boat built in the style of a trawler . Treenail ( also trenail , trennel , or trunnel ) A wooden peg , pin , or dowel used to fasten pieces of wood together , particularly the hull , gunnels , thwarts , etc . Trice To haul and tie up by means of a rope , to make it less inconvenient . Trick A period of time spent at the wheel ( `` my trick 's over '' ) . Trim 1 . Relationship of ship 's hull to waterline . 2 . Adjustments made to sails to maximize their efficiency . Trimaran A vessel with three hulls . Trimmer , sometimes Coal trimmer person responsible for ensuring that a vessel remains in ' trim ' ( that the cargo and fuel are evenly balanced ) . An important task on a coal - fired vessel , as it could get ' out - of - trim ' coal is consumed . Trooping Operating as a troopship . Troopship ( also troop ship , troop transport , or trooper ) A ship used to carry soldiers . Troopships are not specially designed for military operations and unlike landing ships can not land troops directly onto a shore ; instead they unload troops at a harbor or onto smaller vessels for transportation to shore . Truck 1 . A circular disc or rectangle of wood or a wooden ball or bun - shaped cap near or at the top of a wooden mast , usually with holes or sheaves in it through which signal halyards ( q.v. ) can be passed . Trucks are also used on wooden flagpoles to keep them from splitting . The main truck is located on the main mast , the mizzen truck on the mizzen mast , and so on . 2 . A temporary or emergency place for a lookout . True bearing An absolute bearing ( q.v. ) using true north . True north The direction of the geographical North Pole . Truss The rope or iron used to keep the center of a yard to the mast . Tug or tugboat A boat that maneuvers other vessels by pushing or towing them . Tugs are powerful for their size and strongly built , and some are ocean - going . Tumblehome Hull shape , when viewed in a transverse section , where the widest part of the hull is someway below deck level . Turn A knot passing behind or around an object . Turn To ( Turn Two ) A term meaning `` Get to work , '' often hand - signed by two fingers and hand motion in turning fashion . Turnbuckle see bottlescrew . Turret 1 . Originally ( in the mid-to - late 19th century ) , an enclosed armored rotating cylindrical box mounting guns which fired through gunports , the turret rotating over a bearing mounted on a ship 's deck or within her hull . Turret - equipped ships contrasted sharply with those equipped with barbettes , which in the second half of the 19th century were open - topped armored rings over which rotating gun ( s ) mounted on a turntable could fire . 2 . Since the late 19th century , an enclosed armored rotating gunhouse mounted above a barbette , with the gun ( s ) and their rotating turntable mounted in the barbette protected by the gunhouse ; in 20th - and 21st - century usage , this generally is any armored , rotating gun installation on a warship . Turtleback deck A deck that has slight positive curvature when viewed in cross-section . The purpose of this curvature is usually to shed water , but in warships it also functions to make the deck more resistant to shells . Turtling In dinghy sailing especially ( but can include other boats ) , a boat is said to be turtling or to turn turtle when the boat is fully inverted with the mast pointing down to the lake bottom or seabed . Tweendeck A deck on a general cargo ship located between the main deck ( or weather deck ) and the hold space . A general cargo ship may have one or two tweendecks ( or none at all ) . Tweendeck space The space on a tweendeck available for carrying cargo or other uses . Tweendecker A general cargo ship equipped with one or more tweendecks . Two six heave Royal Navy slang term meaning to pull . Originally a sailing navy term referring to the two members of a gun crew ( numbers two and six ) who ran out the gun by pulling on the ropes that secured it in place . Two blocks When the two blocks in a tackle have become so close that no further movement is possible as in chock - a-block . Tye A chain or rope used for hoisting or lowering a yard . A tye runs from the horizontal center of a given yard to a corresponding mast and from there down to a tackle . Sometimes specifically called a chain tye or a rope tye . U ( edit ) Unassisted sailing A voyage , usually singlehanded , with no intermediate port stops or physical assistance from external sources . Under the weather Serving a watch on the weather side of the ship , exposed to wind and spray . Under way or underway A vessel that is moving under control : that is , neither at anchor , made fast to the shore , aground nor adrift . Way refers to speed sufficient to steer with the rudder . `` Under weigh '' is an erroneous synonym . Underwater hull or underwater ship The underwater section of a vessel beneath the waterline , normally not visible except when in drydock or ( historically ) , careened . Underway replenishment A method employed by navies to transfer fuel , munitions , and stores from one ship to another while underway . Sometimes abbreviation as UNREP . U.N.P.O.C. Unable to navigate , probably on course . 19th century term used in log books of vessels left without accurate navigational guidance , due to poor visibility and / or proximity to the North Pole . Dropped out of common usage in the 1950s with improvements in maritime navigational aids . Unreeve To pull a rope from a sheave or block . Unship 1 . To remove from a vessel . 2 . To remove an oar or mast from its normal position Up - and - down The relative slackness of an anchor chain where the anchor chain is slack and hangs vertically down from the hawsepipe . Up - behind Slack off quickly and run slack to a belaying point . This order is given when a line or wire has been stopped off or falls have been four - in - hand and the hauling part is to be belayed . Upbound 1 . A vessel traveling upstream . 2 . Westward - traveling vessels in the Great Lakes region ( terminology as used by the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation ) . Uppers The brails above the mains synonym of ' Peaks ' . Upper - yardmen Specially selected personnel . V. ( edit ) V - hull The shape of a boat or ship in which the contours of the hull come in a straight line to the keel . Vang 1 . A rope ( line ) leading from gaff to either side of the deck , used to prevent the gaff from sagging . 2 . One of a pair of ropes leading from the deck to the head of a spritsail . It steadies the sprit and can control the sails performmance during a tack . The vang fall blocks are mounted slightly afore the main horse while rolling vangs are extra preventers lead forward to keep the sail to leeward in heavy weather 3 . See boom vang . 4 . See gaff vang . Vanishing angle The maximum degree of heel after which a vessel becomes unable to return to an upright position . Veer away To let go a rope gently Vessel Any craft designed for transportation on water , such as a ship or boat . Viol A large rope used to unmoor or heave up the anchor . Voice pipe or voice tube see communication tube . Voyage 1 . A long journey by ship . 2 . To go on such a journey . Voyl see viol . Waft A signal flag on a vessel . Waist The central deck of a ship between the forecastle and the quarterdeck . Wake Turbulence behind a vessel . Not to be confused with wash . Wale Any of the strong and thick planks running lengthwise along a vessel , forming the lower part of the vessel 's sides . Wardroom 1 . The living quarters of a naval ship designated for the use of commissioned officers other than the captain . 2 . A collective term for the commissioned officers of a naval ship excluding her captain ; e.g. , The captain rarely referred to his wardroom for advice , and this led to their discontent . Warp 1 . To move a vessel by hauling on a line or cable that is fastened to an anchor or pier ; especially to move a sailing ship through a restricted place such as a harbour . 2 . A line or cable used in warping a ship . 3 . The length of the shrouds from the bolster to the deadeye Wash The waves created by a vessel . Not to be confused with wake . Watch A period of time during which a part of the crew is on duty . Changes of watch are marked by strokes on the ship 's bell . Watchstanding The allocation of crew or staff to a watch . Water kite See paravane ( definition 2 ) . Watercraft Water transport vessels . Ships , boats , personal water craft , etc . Waterline The line where the hull of a ship meets the water 's surface . Watersail A sail hung below the boom on gaff rig boats for extra downwind performance when racing . Waterway 1 . Waterway , a navigable body of water . 2 . A strake of timber laid against the frames or bulwark stanchions at the margin of a laid wooden deck , usually about twice the thickness of the deck planking . Way Speed , progress , or momentum , or more technically , the point at which there is sufficient water flow past a vessel 's rudder for it to be able to steer the vessel ( i.e. , the rudder begins to `` bite , '' sometimes also called `` steerage way . '' ) To make way is to move ; to `` have way on '' or `` to have steerage way '' is to have enough speed to control the vessel with its rudder ; to lose way is to slow down or to not have enough speed to control with the rudder . `` Way enough '' is a coxswain 's command that the oarsmen stop rowing , and allow the boat to proceed with its existing way . Way - landing An intermediate stop along the route of a steamboat . Way - lay The verb 's origin , from wegelage , means `` lying in wait , with evil or hostile intent . '' so to be waylaid referred to a ship taken off its course , route , or way , by surprise , typically by unfortunate or nefarious means . In H. Melville 's novel , ' Moby Dick ' , the great white whale waylaid the ship and sank it with only a few souls surviving in lifeboats . Waypoint A location defined by navigational coordinates , especially as part of a planned route . Ways The timbers of shipyard stocks that slope into the water and along which a ship or large boat is launched . A ship undergoing construction in a shipyard is said to be on the ways , while a ship scrapped there is said to be broken up in the ways . Wearing ship Tacking away from the wind in a square - rigged vessel . See also gybe . Weather deck Whichever deck is that exposed to the weather -- usually either the main deck or , in larger vessels , the upper deck . Weather gage or weather gauge or weather - beam Favorable position over another sailing vessel with respect to the wind . Weather helm The tendency of a sailboat to turn to windward in a strong wind when there is no change in the rudder 's position . This is the opposite of lee helm and is the result of a dynamically unbalanced condition . See also Center of lateral resistance . Weather ship A ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting . Weather side The side of a ship exposed to the wind . Weatherly A ship that is easily sailed and maneuvered ; makes little leeway when sailing to windward . Weigh anchor To heave up ( an anchor ) preparatory to sailing . Well Place in the ship 's hold for pumps . Well - found Properly set up or provisioned . Wetted area In sailboating , portion of the hull immersed in water . Whaleback 1 . A type of cargo steamship of unusual design formerly used on the Great Lakes of North America , notably for carrying grain or ore . The hull continuously curved above the waterline from vertical to horizontal , and when the ship was fully loaded , only the rounded portion of her hull ( the `` whaleback '' proper ) was visible above the waterline . With sides curved in towards the ends , whalebacks had a spoon bow and a very convex upper deck . 2 . A type of high - speed launch first designed for the Royal Air Force during World War II , or certain smaller rescue and research vessels most common in Europe that , like the Great Lakes vessels , have hulls that curve over to meet the deck , although the `` whaleback '' designation comes not from the curve along the gunwale as in the Great Lakes vessels , but from the fore - and - aft arch in the deck . 3 . A sheltered portion of the forward deck on certain British fishing boats designed , in part , so that water taken over the bow is more easily shed over the sides . The feature has been incorporated into some pleasure craft -- aboard which it is known as a whaleback deck -- based on the hull design of older whaling boats . Whaleboat 1 . A type of open boat that is relatively narrow and pointed at both ends , enabling it to move either forwards or backwards equally well . 2 . On modern warships , a relatively light and seaworthy boat for transport of ship 's crew . 3 . A type of vessel designed as a lifeboat or `` monomoy '' used for recreational and competitive rowing in the San Francisco Bay area and coastal Massachusetts . 4 . Informally , any whaler of any size . 5 . Informally , any vessel engaged in whale watching . Whaler 1 . A specialized vessel designed for catching or processing whales . 2 . A person engaged in the catching or processing of whales . Wharf A structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers . Such a structure includes one or more berths ( i.e. , mooring locations ) , and may also include piers , warehouses , or other facilities necessary for handling the ships . The term `` wharf ' is generally synonymous with `` quay '' ( q.v. ) , although the solid foundations of a quay contrast with the closely spaced piles of a wharf . When `` quay '' and `` wharf '' are used as synonyms , the term `` quay '' is more common in everyday speech in the United Kingdom , many Commonwealth countries , and the Republic of Ireland , while `` wharf '' is more commonly used in the United States . Wheel or ship 's wheel The usual steering device on larger vessels : a wheel with a horizontal axis , connected by cables to the rudder . Wheelhouse Location on a ship where the wheel is located ; also called pilothouse or bridge . Whelkie A small sailing pram . Wherry A type of boat traditionally used for carrying cargo or passengers on rivers and canals in England , particularly on the River Thames and the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads . Whiff A chiefly British term for a narrow clinker - built skiff having outriggers , for one oarsman . Whip A small single block tackle , used to raise light loads from a hold Whip upon whip Connecting two whips together . This runs more smoothly than using a double block with single block tackle which would have the equivalent purchase . Can be used for topsail and top - gallant halliards . Whipping The binding with twine of the loose end of a rope to prevent it unravelling . Whipstaff A vertical lever connected to a tiller , used for steering on larger ships before the development of the ship 's wheel . Whiskers Spreaders from the bows to spread the bowsprit shrouds . Whiskerstay One of the pair of stays that stabilize the bowsprit horizontally affixed to forward end of the bowsprit and just aft the stem . White horses or whitecaps Foam or spray on wave tops caused by stronger winds ( usually above Force 4 ) . White Ensign A British flag flown as an ensign by certain British ships . Prior to 1864 , ships of the Royal Navy ′ s White Squadron flew it ; since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864 , it has been flown by 1 ) all Royal Navy ships and shore establishments , 2 ) yachts of members of the Royal Yacht Squadron , and 3 ) ships of Trinity House escorting the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom . Wide berth To leave room between two ships moored ( berthed ) to allow space for manoeuvre . Winch A small hand operated horizontal geared drum , used to assist in the handling of running gear -- wire or rope . Wind - over-tide Sea conditions with a tidal current and a wind in opposite directions , leading to short , heavy seas . Windage Wind resistance of the boat . Windbound A condition wherein the ship is detained in one particular station by contrary winds . Winding tackle A tackle formed of two triple blocks or a triple and a double , used to raise heavy loads such as guns and anchors Windjammer A large iron - or steel - hulled square - rigged sailing ship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries with three , four , or five masts , built mainly between the 1870s and 1900 to carry cargo on long voyages . Windlass A winch mechanism , usually with a horizontal axis . Used where mechanical advantage greater than that obtainable by block and tackle was needed ( such as raising the anchor on small ships ) . Windsail A wide tube or funnel of canvas , used to convey a stream of air into the lower compartments of a ship for ventilation . Windward In the direction that the wind is coming from . Wing An extension on the side of a vessel . A bridge wing is an open - air extension of the bridge to port or starboard , intended for use in signaling . Wiper The most junior rate among personnel who work in the engine room of a ship , responsible for cleaning the engine spaces and machinery and assisting the engineers as directed . A wiper is considered to be serving an apprenticeship to become an oiler ( q.v. ) . Working up Training , usually including gunnery practice . Worm , parcel and serve To protect a section of rope from chafing by : laying yarns ( worming ) to fill in the cuntlines , wrapping marline or other small stuff ( serving ) around it , and stitching a covering of canvas ( parceling ) over all . Y ( edit ) Yacht A recreational boat or ship ; the term includes sailing yachts , motor yachts , and steam yachts . Yard 1 . Yard : The horizontal spar from which a square sail is suspended . 2 . A dockyard or shipyard . Yard number Each shipyard typically numbers the ships that it has built in consecutive order . One use is to identify the ship before a name has been chosen . Yard tackle Tackles to raise boats Yardarm The very end of a yard . Often mistaken for a `` yard '' , which refers to the entire spar . As in to hang `` from the yardarm '' and the sun being `` over the yardarm '' ( late enough to have a drink ) . Yarr Acknowledgement of an order , or agreement . Also aye , aye . Yaw A vessel 's rotational motion about the vertical axis , causing the fore and aft ends to swing from side to side repetitively . Yawl A fore - and - aft rigged sailing vessel with two masts , main and mizzen , the mizzen stepped abaft the rudder post . Yawl boat A rowboat on davits at the stern of the boat . See also ( edit ) Nautical portal Articles that link to this glossary Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ However , `` to turn turtle '' means putting a turtle on its back by grabbing it by the flipper , and conversely is used to refer to a vessel that has turned upside down , or which has cast off its crew . Smyth , W.H. ; Belcher , E. ( 1867 ) . The sailor 's word - book : An alphabetical digest of nautical terms , including some more especially military and scientific ... as well as archaisms of early voyagers , etc . London : Blackie and Son . pp. 702 -- 703 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thames Sailing Barge glossary 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Slang Dictionary '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hope , Ranger ( 2007 ) . `` A Seaman 's Dictionary '' ( PDF ) . Hope Ranger . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Layton , C.W.T. ; Clissold , Peter ; Miller , A.G.W. ( 1994 ) . `` Dictionary of Nautical Words and Terms : 8000 Definitions in Navigation , Seamanship , Rigging , Meteorology , Astronomy , Naval Architecture , Average , Ship Economics , Hydrography , Cargo Stowage , Marine Engineering , Ice Terminology , Buoyage , Yachting , etc '' ( PDF ) ( Revised Fourth ed . ) . Glasgow : Brown , Son & Ferguson , Ltd. , Nautical publishers . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hydrographic Dictionary : `` Abeam '' , International Hydrographic Organization . ^ Jump up to : A naval encyclopædia : comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases ; biographical notices , and records of naval officers ; special articles of naval art and science . Philadelphia : LR Hamersly & Co. 1881 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . at Internet Archive Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Mike ( 2005 -- 2012 ) . `` Home page '' . Sea Talk Nautical Dictionary : the Dictionary of English Nautical Language . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Covey - Crump , Commander A. , R.N. ( 2000 ) . `` 1775 Naval Terms and Slang '' . H.M.S. Richmond . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Module 1 -- Basics of Shipboard life '' . Ready - for - Sea Modular Course & Handbook . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Naval Dictionary '' . USS Abbot ( DD - 629 ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bathe , Basil W. ; Villiers , Alan ( March 1978 ) . The Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms Under Sail . New York Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0517533170 . ISBN 978 - 0517533178 Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` ' Let the cat out of the bag ' -- the meaning and origin of this phrase '' . Phrasefinder . Jump up ^ `` CBDR '' . Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. `` corinthian '' . Jump up ^ `` corinthian '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Benham 1986 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/cut-of-one-s-jib Jump up ^ Jeans , Peter D ( 1998 ) . Ship to Shore . Oxford , England : ABC - Clio . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 321 - 4 . Jump up ^ Luce , Commodore S.B. , US Navy ; Ward , Aaron , Lieutenant , US Navy ; Seabury , S. , Lieutenant , US Navy ( illustrator ) ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ( 1834 ) . Text - Book of Seamanship : The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail or Steam for the Use of the United States Naval Academy ( Revised and enlarged ed . ) . New York : Van Nostrand Company for U.S. Naval Academy / Smith & McDougal , Electrotypers / maritime.org . Jump up ^ `` Deadwood '' . thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glickman , Todd S. , Editor ( June 2000 ) . Doldrums ( electronic ) . Meteorology Glossary ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Encarta : World English Dictionary . New York : St. Martin 's Press , Microsoft . 1999 . p. 533 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arhoolie Records > The Foo Foo Band Accessed 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lubbock , B. ( 1921 ) : The Colonial Clippers Digital copy , Internet Archive , 2007 . pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Melville , Herman ( 1851 ) . `` 53 '' . Moby - Dick ; or , The Whale. Harper and Brothers . Jump up ^ Carr 1951 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Carr 1951 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Graham ( November 21 , 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Ships and Boats ( Hardcover ) . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 263 . ISBN 1860648398 . ISBN 978 - 1860648397 . Jump up ^ Carr 1951 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Smyth 's sailors ' wordbook , 1867 Jump up ^ Carr 1951 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Admiralty Manual of Seamanship . I. London : HMSO. 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth , William Henry ( 1867 ) . The Sailor 's Word - Book . Glasgow : Blackie & Co . Jump up ^ `` pendant '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Knight , Edward H. ( 1884 ) . Knight 's American mechanical dictionary. 3 . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin , and Co. p. 1904 . OCLC 5960856 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Webster 's New World College Dictionary , Fifth Edition , copyright 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing . Jump up ^ Fraser , Russell . A Machine That Would Go of Itself : The Constitution in American Culture , p. 43 ( Routledge 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Shift Colors '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Leonard George Carr Laughton ; Roger Charles Anderson ; William Gordon Perrin ( 1958 ) . The Mariner 's Mirror . Society for Nautical Research . Jump up ^ `` shift , v. `` . OED Online . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Benham 1986 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Snotty definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary '' . www.collinsdictionary.com . Jump up ^ Mayne , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Language of Sailing ( Print ) . Chicago , Ill : Fitzroy Dearborn ; Taylor & Francis . p. 282 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 278 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carr 1951 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Shiprigging - The Way a VOC ship was rigged '' . Jump up ^ Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Carr 1951 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Carr 1951 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 1989 ) . The Price of Admiralty . New York : Viking . p. 281 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81416 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Norman ( 1985 ) . U.S. Battleships : An Illustrated Design History . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 715 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` deck , turtle nautical : A term applied to a weather deck that is rounded over from the shell of the ship so that it has a shape similar to the back of a turtle . Used on ships of the whaleback type and on the forward weather deck of torpedo boats . '' `` World War II Naval Dictionary '' . USS Abbot ( DD - 629 ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` turtle , turn turtle ( of a boat ) to turn over completely while sailing '' . Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of turtle in English `` turn turtle '' ( chiefly of a boat ) turn upside down : `` . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` waist definition '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Moby Dick , Melville H ^ Jump up to : Art of Rigging 1848 , p. 38 . Sources ( edit ) Benham , Hervey ; Finch , Roger ; Kershaw , Philip ( 1986 ) . Down tops'l : the story of the East Coast sailing - barges ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Harrap . ISBN 0245544879 . Biddlecombe , George ( 1990 ) . Pentecost , Ernest H. , ed . The art of rigging : containing an explanation of terms and phrases and the progressive method of rigging expressly adapted for sailing ships . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0486263436 . Renouf , David ( 2017 ) . `` Thames Sailing Barges - Glossary '' . www.thamesbarge.org.uk . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) A naval encyclopædia : comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases ; biographical notices , and records of naval officers ; special articles of naval art and science . Philadelphia : LR Hamersly & Co. 1881 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . at Internet Archive Bathe , Basil W. ; Villiers , Alan ( March 1978 ) . The Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms Under Sail . New York : Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0517533170 . ISBN 978 - 0517533178 Blackburn , Graham ( November 21 , 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Ships and Boats ( Hardcover ) . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 263 . ISBN 1860648398 . ISBN 978 - 1860648397 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Blume , Kenneth J. ( 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Maritime Industry ( Print ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7963 - 8 . boatcourse.com . `` Nautical Dictionary '' ( PDF ) . boatcourse.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Bowditch 's American Practical Navigator Chapman , Charles Frederick ( 1917 ) . Practical motor boat handling , seamanship and piloting ; a handbook containing information which every motor boatman should know . New York : MoToR Boating / Internet Archive . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Chapman Piloting & Seamanship , published by Hearst Books , a Division of Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc . Chatterton , Edward Keble ( 1912 ) . Fore and aft , the story of the fore & aft rig from the earliest times to the present day . Philadelphia , London : J.B. Lippincott company , Seeley , Service & Co. Ltd . pp. vii , 232 -- 233 . at Internet Archive Cutler , Deborah W. ; Cutler , Thomas J. ( March 2005 ) . Dictionary of Naval Abbreviations ( Fourth ed . ) . U.S. Naval Institute . ISBN 9781591141525 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . `` Flagship Glossary of Nautical Terms '' ( PDF ) . Flagship Maritime Training . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Glickman , Todd S. , Editor ( June 2000 ) . Meteorology Glossary ( electronic ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Gustavo Herrera , Roberto ; García - Herrera , Ricardo ; Prieto , Luis ; Gallego , David ; Hernández , Emiliano ; Gimeno , Luis ; Können , Gunther ; Koek , Frits ; Wheeler , Dennis ; Wilkinson , Clive ; Del Rosario Prieto , Maria ; Báez , Carlos ; Woodruff , Scott . A Dictionary of Nautical Meteorological Terms : CLIWOC Multilingual Dictionary of Meteorological Terms ; An English / Spanish / French / Dutch Dictionary of Windforce Terms Used by Mariners from 1750 to 1850 ( PDF ) . CLIWOC . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Hope , Ranger ( 2007 ) . `` A Seaman 's Dictionary '' ( PDF ) . Hope Ranger . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Layton , C.W.T. , F.R.A.S. , M.R.I.N. Assoc . R.I.N.A. ; Clissold , Peter , Commander R.N.R. ( Retd . ) , Master Mariner , Younger Brother of Trinity House , Fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation revised ; Miller , Captain A.G.W. Extra Master revised this edition ( 1994 ) . `` Dictionary of Nautical Words and Terms : 8000 Definitions in Navigation , Seamanship , Rigging , Meteorology , Astronomy , Naval Architecture , Average , Ship Economics , Hydrography , Cargo Stowage , Marine Engineering , Ice Terminology , Buoyage , Yachting , etc '' ( PDF ) ( Revised Fourth ed . ) . Glasgow : Brown , Son & Ferguson , Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Luce , Commodore S.B. , US Navy ; Ward , Aaron , Lieutenant , US Navy ; Seabury , S. , Lieutenant , US Navy ( illustrator ) ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ( 1834 ) . Text - Book of Seamanship : The Equipping and Handling of Vessels Under Sail or Steam for the Use of the United States Naval Academy ( Revised and enlarged ed . ) . New York : Van Nostrand Company for U.S. Naval Academy / Smith & McDougal , Electrotypers / maritime.org . MacEwen , W.A. ; Lewis , A.H. ( November 1953 ) . Encyclopedia of Nautical Knowledge Hardcover ( hardcover ) . Cornell Maritime Pr / Tidewater Pub . p. 626 . ISBN 0870330101 . ISBN 978 - 0870330100 MacKenzie , Mike ( 2005 -- 2012 ) . `` Home page '' . Sea Talk Nautical Dictionary : the Dictionary of English Nautical Language . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Mayne , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Language of Sailing ( Print ) . Chicago , Ill : Fitzroy Dearborn ; Taylor & Francis . p. 282 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 278 - 8 . `` Naval Terms & Abbreviations Dictionary '' . Ermilogic . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . -- Android App Rousmaniere , John ( June 1998 ) . The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms : 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters ( Paperback ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0393339185 . ISBN 978 - 0393339185 Smyth , W.H. ; Belcher , E. ( 1867 ) . The sailor 's word - book : An alphabetical digest of nautical terms , including some more especially military and scientific ... as well as archaisms of early voyagers , etc . London : Blackie and Son . p. 747 . Tucker , Spencer C. ( Editor ) ( December 9 , 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia ( Hardcover ) . 2 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1598843385 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ISBN 1598843389 `` World War II Naval Dictionary '' . USS Abbot ( DD - 629 ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Young , Arthur ; Brisbane , James ( 1863 ) . Nautical Dictionary . The Technical Language Relative to the Building and Equipment of Sailing Vessels and Steamers , Seamanship , Navigation , Nautical Astronomy , Naval Gunnery , Maritime Law and Commerce , General and Particular Average and Marine Insurance , and Other Terms Relating to Maritime Affairs . With an Appendix Containing the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , and a Vocabulary of French Terms ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Longman , Roberts & Green . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . courtesy of Columbia University External links ( edit ) Wiktionary : Appendix Glossary of U.S. Navy Slang Appendix Glossary of U.S. Navy Slang / Unit nicknames <Th_colspan="3"> Passage planning General References American Practical Navigator Nautical charts Chart correction Lights and Buoys List of Lights Light List Geographic Information Coast Pilots Sailing Directions Distances Between Ports Celestial Navigation Nautical almanac Tidal Information Tide Tables Radio Information Radio Navigational Aids Periodicals Notice to Mariners Local Notice to Mariners See also Glossary of nautical terms , Further reading <Th_colspan="3"> Works about sailing Books Bowditch 's American Practical Navigator Chapman Piloting Coast Pilots The Cruise of the Snark The Last Grain Race Light List Local Notice to Mariners Nautical almanac Notice to Mariners Radio Navigational Aids Sailing Alone Around the World Sailing Directions Sea Survival : A Manual Swallows and Amazons series Two Years Before the Mast Magazines Australian Sailing Blue Water Sailing Boating Life Classic Boat Lakeland Boating WoodenBoat Yachting See also Glossary of nautical terms , Further reading Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_nautical_terms&oldid=848657766 '' Categories : Nautical terminology Naval architecture Wikipedia glossaries Sailboat components Sailing rigs and rigging Sailing ship components Shipbuilding Water transport Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Incomplete lists from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles containing Middle English - language text Talk Navigation About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Ido Italiano Norsk Português Română Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 11 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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8,168,354,342,932,801,000 | what kind of stone is the rosetta stone | Rosetta Stone - wikipedia Rosetta Stone Jump to : navigation , search Ancient Egyptian stele with inscriptions in three languages This article is about the inscription stone itself . For the actual text on the stone , see Rosetta Stone decree . For the learning software , see Rosetta Stone ( software ) . For other uses , see Rosetta Stone ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Rosetta Stone <Td_colspan="2"> The Rosetta Stone Material Granodiorite Size 1123 mm × 757 mm × 284 mm ( 45 in × 28.5 in × 11 in ) Writing Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs , Demotic script , and Greek script Created 196 BC Discovered 1799 Present location British Museum The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele , found in 1799 , inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis , Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V . The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic script and Demotic script , respectively , while the bottom is in Ancient Greek . As the decree has only minor differences between the three versions , the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs . The stone , carved in black granodiorite during the Hellenistic period , is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple , possibly at nearby Sais . It was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period , and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid ( Rosetta ) in the Nile Delta . It was rediscovered there in July 1799 by a French soldier named Pierre - François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt . It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times , and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic language . Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars . Meanwhile , British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801 , and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria and was transported to London . It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802 , and is the most - visited object there . Study of the decree was already under way when the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803 . It was 20 years , however , before the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean - François Champollion in Paris in 1822 ; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently . Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text ( 1799 ) ; that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names ( 1802 ) ; that the hieroglyphic text did so as well , and had pervasive similarities to the demotic ( Thomas Young , 1814 ) ; and that , in addition to being used for foreign names , phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words ( Champollion , 1822 -- 1824 ) . Ever since its rediscovery , the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries , including its transfer from French to British possession during the Napoleonic Wars , a long - running dispute over the relative value of Young and Champollion 's contributions to the decipherment and , since 2003 , demands for the stone 's return to Egypt . Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later , and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known , including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees ( the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC , and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV , c. 218 BC ) . The Rosetta Stone is , therefore , no longer unique , but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation . The term Rosetta Stone is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Original stele 2 Memphis decree and its context 3 Rediscovery 4 From French to British possession 5 Reading the Rosetta Stone 5.1 Greek text 5.2 Demotic text 5.3 Hieroglyphic text 5.4 Later work 5.5 Rivalries 6 Requests for repatriation to Egypt 7 Idiomatic use 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Timeline of early publications about the Rosetta Stone 9.2 Notes 9.3 Bibliography 10 External links Description ( edit ) The Rosetta Stone is listed as `` a stone of black granodiorite , bearing three inscriptions ... found at Rosetta '' in a contemporary catalogue of the artefacts discovered by the French expedition and surrendered to British troops in 1801 . At some period after its arrival in London , the inscriptions on the stone were coloured in white chalk to make them more legible , and the remaining surface was covered with a layer of carnauba wax designed to protect the Rosetta Stone from visitors ' fingers . This gave a dark colour to the stone that led to its mistaken identification as black basalt . These additions were removed when the stone was cleaned in 1999 , revealing the original dark grey tint of the rock , the sparkle of its crystalline structure , and a pink vein running across the top left corner . Comparisons with the Klemm collection of Egyptian rock samples showed a close resemblance to rock from a small granodiorite quarry at Gebel Tingar on the west bank of the Nile , west of Elephantine in the region of Aswan ; the pink vein is typical of granodiorite from this region . The Rosetta Stone is 1,123 millimetres ( 3 ft 8 in ) high at its highest point , 757 mm ( 2 ft 5.8 in ) wide , and 284 mm ( 11 in ) thick . It weighs approximately 760 kilograms ( 1,680 lb ) . It bears three inscriptions : the top register in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs , the second in the Egyptian Demotic script , and the third in Ancient Greek . The front surface is polished and the inscriptions lightly incised on it ; the sides of the stone are smoothed , but the back is only roughly worked , presumably because this would have not been visible when it was erected . Original stele ( edit ) One possible reconstruction of the original stele The Rosetta Stone is a fragment of a larger stele . No additional fragments were found in later searches of the Rosetta site . Owing to its damaged state , none of the three texts is absolutely complete . The top register , composed of Egyptian hieroglyphs , suffered the most damage . Only the last 14 lines of the hieroglyphic text can be seen ; all of them are broken on the right side , and 12 of them on the left . The following register of demotic text has survived best ; it has 32 lines , of which the first 14 are slightly damaged on the right side . The final register of Greek text contains 54 lines , of which the first 27 survive in full ; the rest are increasingly fragmentary due to a diagonal break at the bottom right of the stone . The full length of the hieroglyphic text and the total size of the original stele , of which the Rosetta Stone is a fragment , can be estimated based on comparable stelae that have survived , including other copies of the same order . The slightly earlier decree of Canopus , erected in 238 BC during the reign of Ptolemy III , is 2,190 millimetres high ( 7.19 ft ) and 820 mm ( 32 in ) wide , and contains 36 lines of hieroglyphic text , 73 of demotic text , and 74 of Greek . The texts are of similar length . From such comparisons , it can be estimated that an additional 14 or 15 lines of hieroglyphic inscription are missing from the top register of the Rosetta Stone , amounting to another 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) . In addition to the inscriptions , there would probably have been a scene depicting the king being presented to the gods , topped with a winged disc , as on the Canopus Stele . These parallels , and a hieroglyphic sign for `` stela '' on the stone itself , ( see Gardiner 's sign list ) , suggest that it originally had a rounded top . The height of the original stele is estimated to have been about 149 centimetres ( 4 ft 11 in ) . Memphis decree and its context ( edit ) Main article : Rosetta Stone decree The stele was erected after the coronation of King Ptolemy V and was inscribed with a decree that established the divine cult of the new ruler . The decree was issued by a congress of priests who gathered at Memphis . The date is given as `` 4 Xandicus '' in the Macedonian calendar and `` 18 Meshir '' in the Egyptian calendar , which corresponds to March 27 , 196 BC . The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V 's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ) , which is confirmed by four priests named who officiated in that same year : Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues , named in turn in the inscription , led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ) , Arsinoe Philadelphos ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) , and Arsinoe Philopator , mother of Ptolemy V. However , a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts , corresponding to 27 November 197 BC , the official anniversary of Ptolemy 's coronation . The inscription in demotic conflicts with this , listing consecutive days in March for the decree and the anniversary . It is uncertain why such discrepancies exist , but it is clear that the decree was issued in 196 BC and that it was designed to re-establish the rule of the Ptolemaic kings over Egypt . The decree was issued during a turbulent period in Egyptian history . Ptolemy V Epiphanes reigned from 204 to 181 BC , the son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and his wife and sister Arsinoe . He had become ruler at the age of five after the sudden death of both of his parents , who were murdered in a conspiracy that involved Ptolemy IV 's mistress Agathoclea , according to contemporary sources . The conspirators effectively ruled Egypt as Ptolemy V 's guardians until a revolt broke out two years later under general Tlepolemus , when Agathoclea and her family were lynched by a mob in Alexandria . Tlepolemus , in turn , was replaced as guardian in 201 BC by Aristomenes of Alyzia , who was chief minister at the time of the Memphis decree . Political forces beyond the borders of Egypt exacerbated the internal problems of the Ptolemaic kingdom . Antiochus III the Great and Philip V of Macedon had made a pact to divide Egypt 's overseas possessions . Philip had seized several islands and cities in Caria and Thrace , while the Battle of Panium ( 198 BC ) had resulted in the transfer of Coele - Syria , including Judaea , from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids . Meanwhile , in the south of Egypt , there was a long - standing revolt that had begun during the reign of Ptolemy IV , led by Horwennefer and by his successor Ankhwennefer . Both the war and the internal revolt were still ongoing when the young Ptolemy V was officially crowned at Memphis at the age of 12 ( seven years after the start of his reign ) , and the Memphis decree issued . Another fragmentary example of a `` donation stele '' , in which the Old Kingdom pharaoh Pepi II grants tax immunity to the priests of the temple of Min The stele is a late example of a class of donation stelae , which depicts the reigning monarch granting a tax exemption to the resident priesthood . Pharaohs had erected these stelae over the previous 2,000 years , the earliest examples dating from the Egyptian Old Kingdom . In earlier periods , all such decrees were issued by the king himself , but the Memphis decree was issued by the priests , as the maintainers of traditional Egyptian culture . The decree records that Ptolemy V gave a gift of silver and grain to the temples . It also records that there was particularly high flooding of the Nile in the eighth year of his reign , and he had the excess waters dammed for the benefit of the farmers . In return for these concessions , the priesthood pledged that the king 's birthday and coronation days would be celebrated annually , and that all the priests of Egypt would serve him alongside the other gods . The decree concludes with the instruction that a copy was to be placed in every temple , inscribed in the `` language of the gods '' ( hieroglyphs ) , the `` language of documents '' ( demotic ) , and the `` language of the Greeks '' as used by the Ptolemaic government . Securing the favour of the priesthood was essential for the Ptolemaic kings to retain effective rule over the populace . The High Priests of Memphis -- where the king was crowned -- were particularly important , as they were the highest religious authorities of the time and had influence throughout the kingdom . Given that the decree was issued at Memphis , the ancient capital of Egypt , rather than Alexandria , the centre of government of the ruling Ptolemies , it is evident that the young king was anxious to gain their active support . Thus , although the government of Egypt had been Greek - speaking ever since the conquests of Alexander the Great , the Memphis decree , like the two preceding decrees in the series , included texts in Egyptian to show its connection to the general populace by way of the literate Egyptian priesthood . There exists no one definitive English translation of the decree because of the minor differences between the three original texts , and because modern understanding of the ancient languages continues to develop . An up - to - date translation by R.S. Simpson appears on the British Museum website , based on the demotic text . It can be compared with Edwyn R. Bevan 's full translation in The House of Ptolemy ( 1927 ) , based on the Greek text with footnote comments on variations between this and the two Egyptian texts . The stele almost certainly did not originate in the town of Rashid ( Rosetta ) where it was found , but more likely came from a temple site farther inland , possibly the royal town of Sais . The temple from which it originally came was probably closed around AD 392 when Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius I ordered the closing of all non-Christian temples of worship . The original stele broke at some point , its largest piece becoming what we now know as the Rosetta Stone . Ancient Egyptian temples were later used as quarries for new construction , and the Rosetta Stone probably was re-used in this manner . Later it was incorporated in the foundations of a fortress constructed by the Mameluke Sultan Qaitbay ( c. 1416 / 18 -- 1496 ) to defend the Bolbitine branch of the Nile at Rashid . There it lay for at least another three centuries until its rediscovery . Two other inscriptions of the Memphis decrees have been found since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone : the Nubayrah Stele , and an inscription found at the Temple of Philae ( on the Philae obelisk ) . Unlike the Rosetta Stone , their hieroglyphic inscriptions were relatively intact . The inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone had been deciphered long before the discovery of the other copies of the decree , but subsequent Egyptologists , including Wallis Budge , used these other inscriptions to further refine the actual hieroglyphs that must have been used in the lost portions of the hieroglyphic register on the Rosetta Stone . Rediscovery ( edit ) Report of the arrival of the Rosetta Stone in England in The Gentleman 's Magazine , 1802 Napoleon 's 1798 campaign in Egypt came at ( and helped cause ) the beginning of a burst of Egyptomania in Europe , and especially France . A corps of 167 technical experts ( savants ) , known as the Commission des Sciences et des Arts , accompanied the French expeditionary army to Egypt . On July 15 , 1799 , French soldiers under the command of Colonel d'Hautpoul were strengthening the defences of Fort Julien , a couple of miles north - east of the Egyptian port city of Rosetta ( modern - day Rashid ) . Lieutenant Pierre - François Bouchard spotted a slab with inscriptions on one side that the soldiers had uncovered . He and d'Hautpoul saw at once that it might be important and informed General Jacques - François Menou , who happened to be at Rosetta . The find was announced to Napoleon 's newly founded scientific association in Cairo , the Institut d'Égypte , in a report by Commission member Michel Ange Lancret noting that it contained three inscriptions , the first in hieroglyphs and the third in Greek , and rightly suggesting that the three inscriptions were versions of the same text . Lancret 's report , dated July 19 , 1799 , was read to a meeting of the Institute soon after July 25 . Bouchard , meanwhile , transported the stone to Cairo for examination by scholars . Napoleon himself inspected what had already begun to be called la Pierre de Rosette , the Rosetta Stone , shortly before his return to France in August 1799 . The discovery was reported in September in Courrier de l'Égypte , the official newspaper of the French expedition . The anonymous reporter expressed a hope that the stone might one day be the key to deciphering hieroglyphs . In 1800 , three of the Commission 's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone . One of these experts was Jean - Joseph Marcel , a printer and gifted linguist , who is credited as the first to recognise that the middle text was written in the Egyptian Demotic script , rarely used for stone inscriptions and seldom seen by scholars at that time , rather than Syriac as had originally been thought . It was artist and inventor Nicolas - Jacques Conté who found a way to use the stone itself as a printing block to reproduce the inscription . A slightly different method was adopted by Antoine Galland . The prints that resulted were taken to Paris by General Charles Dugua . Scholars in Europe were now able to see the inscriptions and attempt to read them . After Napoleon 's departure , French troops held off British and Ottoman attacks for another 18 months . In March 1801 , the British landed at Aboukir Bay . Menou was now in command of the French expedition . His troops , including the Commission , marched north towards the Mediterranean coast to meet the enemy , transporting the stone along with many other antiquities . He was defeated in battle , and the remnant of his army retreated to Alexandria where they were surrounded and besieged , the stone now inside the city . Menou surrendered on August 30 . From French to British possession ( edit ) Left and right sides of the Rosetta Stone , with inscriptions in English relating to its capture by English forces from the French After the surrender , a dispute arose over the fate of the French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt , including the artefacts , biological specimens , notes , plans , and drawings collected by the members of the commission . Menou refused to hand them over , claiming that they belonged to the Institute . British General John Hely - Hutchinson refused to relieve the city until Menou gave in . Scholars Edward Daniel Clarke and William Richard Hamilton , newly arrived from England , agreed to examine the collections in Alexandria and claimed to have found many artefacts that the French had not revealed . In a letter home , Clarke said that `` we found much more in their possession than was represented or imagined '' . Hutchinson claimed that all materials were property of the British Crown , but French scholar Étienne Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire told Clarke and Hamilton that the French would rather burn all their discoveries than turn them over , referring ominously to the destruction of the Library of Alexandria . Clarke and Hamilton pleaded the French scholars ' case to Hutchinson , who finally agreed that items such as natural history specimens would be the scholars ' private property . Menou quickly claimed the stone , too , as his private property . Hutchinson was equally aware of the stone 's unique value and rejected Menou 's claim . Eventually an agreement was reached , and the transfer of the objects was incorporated into the Capitulation of Alexandria signed by representatives of the British , French , and Ottoman forces . It is not clear exactly how the stone was transferred into British hands , as contemporary accounts differ . Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner was to escort it to England , but he claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun - carriage . In a much more detailed account , Edward Daniel Clarke stated that a French `` officer and member of the Institute '' had taken him , his student John Cripps , and Hamilton secretly into the back streets behind Menou 's residence and revealed the stone hidden under protective carpets among Menou 's baggage . According to Clarke , their informant feared that the stone might be stolen if French soldiers saw it . Hutchinson was informed at once and the stone was taken away -- possibly by Turner and his gun - carriage . Turner brought the stone to England aboard the captured French frigate HMS Egyptienne , landing in Portsmouth in February 1802 . His orders were to present it and the other antiquities to King George III . The King , represented by War Secretary Lord Hobart , directed that it should be placed in the British Museum . According to Turner 's narrative , he and Hobart agreed that the stone should be presented to scholars at the Society of Antiquaries of London , of which Turner was a member , before its final deposit in the museum . It was first seen and discussed there at a meeting on March 11 , 1802 . Experts inspecting the Rosetta Stone during the Second International Congress of Orientalists , 1874 In 1802 the Society created four plaster casts of the inscriptions , which were given to the universities of Oxford , Cambridge , and Edinburgh and to Trinity College Dublin . Soon afterwards , prints of the inscriptions were made and circulated to European scholars . Before the end of 1802 , the stone was transferred to the British Museum , where it is located today . New inscriptions painted in white on the left and right edges of the slab stated that it was `` Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801 '' and `` Presented by King George III '' . Patrons at the British Museum view the Rosetta Stone as it was displayed in 1985 A crowd of visitors examining the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum The stone has been exhibited almost continuously in the British Museum since June 1802 . During the middle of the 19th century , it was given the inventory number `` EA 24 '' , `` EA '' standing for `` Egyptian Antiquities '' . It was part of a collection of ancient Egyptian monuments captured from the French expedition , including a sarcophagus of Nectanebo II ( EA 10 ) , the statue of a high priest of Amun ( EA 81 ) , and a large granite fist ( EA 9 ) . The objects were soon discovered to be too heavy for the floors of Montagu House ( the original building of The British Museum ) , and they were transferred to a new extension that was built onto the mansion . The Rosetta Stone was transferred to the sculpture gallery in 1834 shortly after Montagu House was demolished and replaced by the building that now houses the British Museum . According to the museum 's records , the Rosetta Stone is its most - visited single object , and a simple image of it has been the museum 's best selling postcard for several decades . Replica of the Rosetta Stone as it was originally displayed , within the King 's Library of the British Museum The Rosetta Stone was originally displayed at a slight angle from the horizontal , and rested within a metal cradle that was made for it , which involved shaving off very small portions of its sides to ensure that the cradle fitted securely . It originally had no protective covering , and it was found necessary by 1847 to place it in a protective frame , despite the presence of attendants to ensure that it was not touched by visitors . Since 2004 , the conserved stone has been on display in a specially built case in the centre of the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery . A replica of the Rosetta Stone is now available in the King 's Library of the British Museum , without a case and free to touch , as it would have appeared to early 19th - century visitors . The museum was concerned about heavy bombing in London towards the end of the First World War in 1917 , and the Rosetta Stone was moved to safety , along with other portable objects of value . The stone spent the next two years 15 m ( 50 ft ) below ground level in a station of the Postal Tube Railway at Mount Pleasant near Holborn . Other than during wartime , the Rosetta Stone has left the British Museum only once : for one month in October 1972 , to be displayed alongside Champollion 's Lettre at the Louvre in Paris on the 150th anniversary of the letter 's publication . Even when the Rosetta Stone was undergoing conservation measures in 1999 , the work was done in the gallery so that it could remain visible to the public . Reading the Rosetta Stone ( edit ) For more information , see Decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs . Prior to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and its eventual decipherment , the ancient Egyptian language and script had not been understood since shortly before the fall of the Roman Empire . The usage of the hieroglyphic script had become increasingly specialised even in the later Pharaonic period ; by the 4th century CE , few Egyptians were capable of reading them . Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in 391 by Roman Emperor Theodosius I ; the last known inscription is dated to 24 August 394 , found at Philae and known as the Graffito of Esmet - Akhom . Hieroglyphs retained their pictorial appearance , and classical authors emphasised this aspect , in sharp contrast to the Greek and Roman alphabets . In the 5th century , the priest Horapollo wrote Hieroglyphica , an explanation of almost 200 glyphs . His work was believed to be authoritative , yet it was misleading in many ways , and this and other works were a lasting impediment to the understanding of Egyptian writing . Later attempts at decipherment were made by Arab historians in medieval Egypt during the 9th and 10th centuries . Dhul - Nun al - Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya were the first historians to study hieroglyphs , by comparing them to the contemporary Coptic language used by Coptic priests in their time . The study of hieroglyphs continued with fruitless attempts at decipherment by European scholars , notably Johannes Goropius Becanus in the 16th century , Athanasius Kircher in the 17th , and Georg Zoëga in the 18th . The discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 provided critical missing information , gradually revealed by a succession of scholars , that eventually allowed Jean - François Champollion to solve the puzzle that Kircher had called the riddle of the Sphinx . Greek text ( edit ) Richard Porson 's suggested reconstruction of the missing Greek text ( 1803 ) The Greek text on the Rosetta Stone provided the starting point . Ancient Greek was widely known to scholars , but they were not familiar with details of its use in the Hellenistic period as a government language in Ptolemaic Egypt ; large - scale discoveries of Greek papyri were a long way in the future . Thus , the earliest translations of the Greek text of the stone show the translators still struggling with the historical context and with administrative and religious jargon . Stephen Weston verbally presented an English translation of the Greek text at a Society of Antiquaries meeting in April 1802 . Meanwhile , two of the lithographic copies made in Egypt had reached the Institut de France in Paris in 1801 . There , librarian and antiquarian Gabriel de La Porte du Theil set to work on a translation of the Greek , but he was dispatched elsewhere on Napoleon 's orders almost immediately , and he left his unfinished work in the hands of colleague Hubert - Pascal Ameilhon . Ameilhon produced the first published translations of the Greek text in 1803 , in both Latin and French to ensure that they would circulate widely . At Cambridge , Richard Porson worked on the missing lower right corner of the Greek text . He produced a skilful suggested reconstruction , which was soon being circulated by the Society of Antiquaries alongside its prints of the inscription . At almost the same moment , Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen was making a new Latin translation of the Greek text that was more reliable than Ameilhon 's , which was first published in 1803 . It was reprinted by the Society of Antiquaries in a special issue of its journal Archaeologia in 1811 , alongside Weston 's previously unpublished English translation , Colonel Turner 's narrative , and other documents . Demotic text ( edit ) At the time of the stone 's discovery , Swedish diplomat and scholar Johan David Åkerblad was working on a little - known script of which some examples had recently been found in Egypt , which came to be known as Demotic . He called it `` cursive Coptic '' because he was convinced that it was used to record some form of the Coptic language ( the direct descendant of Ancient Egyptian ) , although it had few similarities with the later Coptic script . French Orientalist Antoine - Isaac Silvestre de Sacy had been discussing this work with Åkerblad when he received one of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta Stone in 1801 from Jean - Antoine Chaptal , French minister of the interior . He realised that the middle text was in this same script . He and Åkerblad set to work , both focusing on the middle text and assuming that the script was alphabetical . They attempted to identify the points where Greek names ought to occur within this unknown text , by comparing it with the Greek . In 1802 , Silvestre de Sacy reported to Chaptal that he had successfully identified five names ( `` Alexandros '' , `` Alexandreia '' , `` Ptolemaios '' , `` Arsinoe '' , and Ptolemy 's title `` Epiphanes '' ) , while Åkerblad published an alphabet of 29 letters ( more than half of which were correct ) that he had identified from the Greek names in the demotic text . They could not , however , identify the remaining characters in the Demotic text , which , as is now known , included ideographic and other symbols alongside the phonetic ones . Johan David Åkerblad 's table of Demotic phonetic characters and their Coptic equivalents ( 1802 ) Replica of the Demotic texts . Hieroglyphic text ( edit ) Champollion 's table of hieroglyphic phonetic characters with their Demotic and Coptic equivalents ( 1822 ) Silvestre de Sacy eventually gave up work on the stone , but he was to make another contribution . In 1811 , prompted by discussions with a Chinese student about Chinese script , Silvestre de Sacy considered a suggestion made by Georg Zoëga in 1797 that the foreign names in Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions might be written phonetically ; he also recalled that as early as 1761 , Jean - Jacques Barthélemy had suggested that the characters enclosed in cartouches in hieroglyphic inscriptions were proper names . Thus , when Thomas Young , foreign secretary of the Royal Society of London , wrote to him about the stone in 1814 , Silvestre de Sacy suggested in reply that in attempting to read the hieroglyphic text , Young might look for cartouches that ought to contain Greek names and try to identify phonetic characters in them . Young did so , with two results that together paved the way for the final decipherment . In the hieroglyphic text , he discovered the phonetic characters `` ptolmes '' ( in today 's transliteration `` ptwlmys '' ) that were used to write the Greek name `` Ptolemaios '' . He also noticed that these characters resembled the equivalent ones in the Demotic script , and went on to note as many as 80 similarities between the hieroglyphic and Demotic texts on the stone , an important discovery because the two scripts were previously thought to be entirely different from one another . This led him to deduce correctly that the Demotic script was only partly phonetic , also consisting of ideographic characters imitated from hieroglyphs . Young 's new insights were prominent in the long article `` Egypt '' that he contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1819 . He could make no further progress , however . In 1814 Young first exchanged correspondence about the stone with Jean - François Champollion , a teacher at Grenoble who had produced a scholarly work on ancient Egypt . Champollion saw copies of the brief hieroglyphic and Greek inscriptions of the Philae obelisk in 1822 , on which William John Bankes had tentatively noted the names `` Ptolemaios '' and `` Kleopatra '' in both languages . From this , Champollion identified the phonetic characters kleopatra ( in today 's transliteration ql i҆ wp ꜣ dr ꜣ. t ) . On the basis of this and the foreign names on the Rosetta Stone , he quickly constructed an alphabet of phonetic hieroglyphic characters , which appears in his famous 1822 `` Lettre à M. Dacier '' sent to Bon - Joseph Dacier , secretary of the Paris Académie des Inscriptions et Belles - Lettres and immediately published by the Académie . In the postscript Champollion notes that similar phonetic characters seemed to occur in both Greek and Egyptian names , a hypothesis confirmed in 1823 , when he identified the names of pharaohs Ramesses and Thutmose written in cartouches at Abu Simbel . These far older hieroglyphic inscriptions had been copied by Bankes and sent to Champollion by Jean - Nicolas Huyot . From this point , the stories of the Rosetta Stone and the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs diverge , as Champollion drew on many other texts to develop an Ancient Egyptian grammar and a hieroglyphic dictionary which were published after his death in 1832 . Later work ( edit ) The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum . Work on the stone now focused on fuller understanding of the texts and their contexts by comparing the three versions with one another . In 1824 Classical scholar Antoine - Jean Letronne promised to prepare a new literal translation of the Greek text for Champollion 's use . Champollion in return promised an analysis of all the points at which the three texts seemed to differ . Following Champollion 's sudden death in 1832 , his draft of this analysis could not be found , and Letronne 's work stalled . François Salvolini , Champollion 's former student and assistant , died in 1838 , and this analysis and other missing drafts were found among his papers . This discovery incidentally demonstrated that Salvolini 's own publication on the stone , published in 1837 , was plagiarism . Letronne was at last able to complete his commentary on the Greek text and his new French translation of it , which appeared in 1841 . During the early 1850s , German Egyptologists Heinrich Brugsch and Max Uhlemann produced revised Latin translations based on the demotic and hieroglyphic texts . The first English translation followed in 1858 , the work of three members of the Philomathean Society at the University of Pennsylvania . Whether one of the three texts was the standard version , from which the other two were originally translated , is a question that has remained controversial . Letronne attempted to show in 1841 that the Greek version , the product of the Egyptian government under the Macedonian Ptolemies , was the original . Among recent authors , John Ray has stated that `` the hieroglyphs were the most important of the scripts on the stone : they were there for the gods to read , and the more learned of their priesthood '' . Philippe Derchain and Heinz Josef Thissen have argued that all three versions were composed simultaneously , while Stephen Quirke sees in the decree `` an intricate coalescence of three vital textual traditions '' . Richard Parkinson points out that the hieroglyphic version strays from archaic formalism and occasionally lapses into language closer to that of the demotic register that the priests more commonly used in everyday life . The fact that the three versions can not be matched word for word helps to explain why its decipherment has been more difficult than originally expected , especially for those original scholars who were expecting an exact bilingual key to Egyptian hieroglyphs . Rivalries ( edit ) A giant copy of the Rosetta Stone by Joseph Kosuth in Figeac , France , the birthplace of Jean - François Champollion Even before the Salvolini affair , disputes over precedence and plagiarism punctuated the decipherment story . Thomas Young 's work is acknowledged in Champollion 's 1822 Lettre à M. Dacier , but incompletely , according to British critics : for example , James Browne , a sub-editor on the Encyclopædia Britannica ( which had published Young 's 1819 article ) , anonymously contributed a series of review articles to the Edinburgh Review in 1823 , praising Young 's work highly and alleging that the `` unscrupulous '' Champollion plagiarised it . These articles were translated into French by Julius Klaproth and published in book form in 1827 . Young 's own 1823 publication reasserted the contribution that he had made . The early deaths of Young ( 1829 ) and Champollion ( 1832 ) did not put an end to these disputes . The authoritative work on the stone by British Museum curator E.A. Wallis Budge ( 1904 ) gives special emphasis to Young 's contribution compared with Champollion 's . In the early 1970s , French visitors complained that the portrait of Champollion was smaller than one of Young on an adjacent information panel ; English visitors complained that the opposite was true . The portraits were in fact the same size . Requests for repatriation to Egypt ( edit ) Egypt first requested the return of the Rosetta Stone in July 2003 , on the British Museum 's 250th anniversary . Zahi Hawass , the chief of Egypt 's Supreme Council of Antiquities , asked that the stele be repatriated to Egypt , commenting that it was the `` icon of our Egyptian identity '' . He repeated the proposal two years later in Paris , listing the stone as one of several key items belonging to Egypt 's cultural heritage , a list which also included : the iconic bust of Nefertiti in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin ; a statue of the Great Pyramid architect Hemiunu in the Roemer - und - Pelizaeus - Museum in Hildesheim , Germany ; the Dendara Temple Zodiac in the Louvre in Paris ; and the bust of Ankhhaf from the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . During 2005 , the British Museum presented Egypt with a full - sized replica of the stele . This was initially displayed in the renovated Rashid National Museum , close to the site where the stone was found . In November 2005 , Hawass suggested a three - month loan of the Rosetta Stone , while reiterating the eventual goal of a permanent return . In December 2009 , he proposed to drop his claim for the permanent return of the Rosetta Stone if the British Museum lent the stone to Egypt for three months for the opening of the Grand Egyptian Museum at Giza in 2013 . These requests were refused . A replica of the Rosetta Stone in Rashid ( Rosetta ) , Egypt As John Ray has observed , `` the day may come when the stone has spent longer in the British Museum than it ever did in Rosetta . '' There is strong opposition among national museums to the repatriation of objects of international cultural significance such as the Rosetta Stone . In response to repeated Greek requests for return of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon and similar requests to other museums around the world , in 2002 over 30 of the world 's leading museums -- including the British Museum , the Louvre , the Pergamon Museum in Berlin and the Metropolitan Museum in New York City -- issued a joint statement declaring that `` objects acquired in earlier times must be viewed in the light of different sensitivities and values reflective of that earlier era '' and that `` museums serve not just the citizens of one nation but the people of every nation '' . Idiomatic use ( edit ) The term Rosetta stone has been used idiomatically to represent a crucial key in the process of decryption of encoded information , especially when a small but representative sample is recognised as the clue to understanding a larger whole . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first figurative use of the term appeared in the 1902 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica relating to an entry on the chemical analysis of glucose . Another use of the phrase is found in H.G. Wells ' 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come , where the protagonist finds a manuscript written in shorthand that provides a key to understanding additional scattered material that is sketched out in both longhand and on typewriter . Since then , the term has been widely used in other contexts . For example , Nobel laureate Theodor W. Hänsch in a 1979 Scientific American article on spectroscopy wrote that `` the spectrum of the hydrogen atoms has proved to be the Rosetta stone of modern physics : once this pattern of lines had been deciphered much else could also be understood '' . Fully understanding the key set of genes to the human leucocyte antigen has been described as `` the Rosetta Stone of immunology '' . The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been called the `` Rosetta Stone of flowering time '' . A Gamma ray burst ( GRB ) found in conjunction with a supernova has been called a Rosetta Stone for understanding the origin of GRBs . The technique of Doppler echocardiography has been called a Rosetta Stone for clinicians trying to understand the complex process by which the left ventricle of the human heart can be filled during various forms of diastolic dysfunction . The name has also become used in various forms of translation software . Rosetta Stone is a brand of language - learning software published by Rosetta Stone Ltd. , headquartered in Arlington County , Virginia , US . `` Rosetta '' is the name of a `` lightweight dynamic translator '' that enables applications compiled for PowerPC processors to run on Apple systems using an x86 processor . `` Rosetta '' is an online language translation tool to help localisation of software , developed and maintained by Canonical as part of the Launchpad project . Similarly , Rosetta@home is a distributed computing project for predicting protein structures from amino acid sequences ( or translating sequence into structure ) . The Rosetta Project brings language specialists and native speakers together to develop a meaningful survey and near - permanent archive of 1,500 languages , intended to last from AD 2000 to 12,000 . The European Space Agency 's Rosetta spacecraft was launched to study the comet 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko in the hope that determining its composition will reveal the origin of the Solar System . See also ( edit ) Behistun inscription -- crucial to the decipherment of cuneiform script . Egypt -- United Kingdom relations Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian References ( edit ) Timeline of early Publications about the Rosetta Stone ( edit ) ^ 1799 : Courrier de l'Égypte no . 37 ( 2 Fructidor year 7 , i.e. 1799 ) p. 3 Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ( see p. 7 ) ^ 1802 : `` Domestic Occurrences : March 31st , 1802 '' in The Gentleman 's Magazine vol. 72 part 1 p. 270 Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1802 : Silvestre de Sacy , Lettre au Citoyen Chaptal , Ministre de l'intérieur , Membre de l'Institut national des sciences et arts , etc : au sujet de l'inscription Égyptienne du monument trouvé à Rosette . Paris , 1802 Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1802 : Johan David Åkerblad , Lettre sur l'inscription Égyptienne de Rosette : adressée au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy , Professeur de langue arabe à l'École spéciale des langues orientales vivantes , etc. ; Réponse du citoyen Silvestre de Sacy . Paris : L'imprimerie de la République , 1802 ^ 1803 : `` Has tabulas inscriptionem ... ad formam et modulum exemplaris inter spolia ex bello Aegyptiaco nuper reportati et in Museo Britannico asservati suo sumptu incidendas curavit Soc . Antiquar . Londin . A.D. MDCCCIII '' in Vetusta Monumenta vol. 4 plates 5 -- 7 ^ 1803 : Hubert - Pascal Ameilhon , Éclaircissemens sur l'inscription grecque du monument trouvé à Rosette , contenant un décret des prêtres de l'Égypte en l'honneur de Ptolémée Épiphane , le cinquième des rois Ptolémées . Paris : Institut National , 1803 Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1803 : Chr . G. Heyne , `` Commentatio in inscriptionem Graecam monumenti trinis insigniti titulis ex Aegypto Londinum apportati '' in Commentationes Societatis Regiae Gottingensis vol. 15 ( 1800 -- 1803 ) p. 260 ff . ^ 1811 : Matthew Raper , S. Weston et al. , `` Rosetta stone , brought to England in 1802 : Account of , by Matt . Raper ; with three versions : Greek , English translation by S. Weston , Latin translation by Prof. Heyne ; with notes by Porson , Taylor , Combe , Weston and Heyne '' in Archaeologia vol. 16 ( 1810 -- 1812 ) pp. 208 -- 263 ^ 1817 : Thomas Young , `` Remarks on the Ancient Egyptian Manuscripts with Translation of the Rosetta Inscription '' in Archaeologia vol. 18 ( 1817 ) Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ( see pp. 1 -- 15 ) ^ 1819 : Thomas Young , `` Egypt '' in Encyclopædia Britannica , supplement vol. 4 part 1 ( Edinburgh : Chambers , 1819 ) Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ( see pp. 86 -- 195 ) ^ 1822 : J. - F. Champollion , Lettre à M. Dacier relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques ( Paris , 1822 ) At Gallica : Retrieved July 14 , 2010 at French Wikisource ^ 1823 : Thomas Young , An account of some recent discoveries in hieroglyphical literature and Egyptian antiquities : including the author 's original alphabet , as extended by Mr. Champollion , with a translation of five unpublished Greek and Egyptian manuscripts ( London : John Murray , 1823 ) Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1824 : J. - F. Champollion , Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens . Paris , 1824 Online version at archive.org 2nd ed. ( 1828 ) At Gallica : Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1827 : James Browne , Aperçu sur les hiéroglyphes d'Égypte et les progrès faits jusqu'à présent dans leur déchiffrement ( Paris , 1827 ; based on a series of articles in Edinburgh Review beginning with no . 55 ( February 1823 ) pp. 188 -- 197 ) Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1837 : François Salvolini , `` Interprétation des hiéroglyphes : analyse de l'inscription de Rosette '' in Revue des deux mondes vol. 10 ( 1937 ) At French Wikisource ^ 1841 : Antoine - Jean Letronne , Inscription grecque de Rosette . Texte et traduction littérale , accompagnée d'un commentaire critique , historique et archéologique . Paris , 1840 ( issued in Carolus Müllerus , ed. , Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum vol. 1 ( Paris : Didot , 1841 ) ) Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ( see end of volume ) ^ 1851 : H. Brugsch , Inscriptio Rosettana hieroglyphica , vel , Interpretatio decreti Rosettani sacra lingua litterisque sacris veterum Aegyptiorum redactae partis ... accedunt glossarium Aegyptiaco - Coptico - Latinum atque IX tabulae lithographicae textum hieroglyphicum atque signa phonetica scripturae hieroglyphicae exhibentes . Berlin : Dümmler , 1851 Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1853 : Max Uhlemann , Inscriptionis Rosettanae hieroglyphicae decretum sacerdotale . Leipzig : Libraria Dykiana , 1853 Retrieved July 14 , 2010 ^ 1858 : Report of the committee appointed by the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania to translate the inscription on the Rosetta stone . Philadelphia , 1858 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bierbrier ( 1999 ) pp. 111 -- 113 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Synopsis ( 1847 ) pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Miller et al. ( 2000 ) pp. 128 -- 132 ^ Jump up to : Middleton and Klemm ( 2003 ) pp. 207 -- 208 ^ Jump up to : The Rosetta Stone ^ Jump up to : Ray ( 2007 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 20 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1913 ) pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1894 ) p. 106 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1894 ) p. 109 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Clarysse and Van der Veken ( 1983 ) pp. 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 29 Jump up ^ Shaw & Nicholson ( 1995 ) p. 247 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2006 ) p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Clayton ( 2006 ) p. 211 Jump up ^ Bevan ( 1927 ) pp. 252 -- 262 Jump up ^ Assmann ( 2003 ) p. 376 Jump up ^ Kitchen ( 1970 ) p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Bevan ( 1927 ) pp. 264 -- 265 Jump up ^ Ray ( 2007 ) p. 136 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 30 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2000 ) p. 407 Jump up ^ Walker and Higgs ( editors , 2001 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Bagnall and Derow ( 2004 ) ( no . 137 in online version ) Jump up ^ Simpson ( n.d. ) ; revised version of Simpson ( 1996 ) pp. 258 -- 271 Jump up ^ Bevan ( 1927 ) pp. 263 -- 268 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 14 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Budge ( 1913 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Benjamin , Don C. ( March 2009 ) . Stones and stories : an introduction to archaeology and the Bible . Fortress Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2357 - 9 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Adkins ( 2000 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ Gillispie ( 1987 ) pp. 1 -- 38 Jump up ^ Wilson ( 1803 ) vol. 2 pp. 274 -- 284 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Burleigh ( 2007 ) p. 212 Jump up ^ Burleigh ( 2007 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1913 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) pp. 21 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Andrews ( 1985 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) pp. 30 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 47 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 32 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) p. 50 Jump up ^ Parkinson ( 2005 ) pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Ray ( 2007 ) p. 11 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ El Daly ( 2005 ) pp. 65 -- 75 Jump up ^ Ray ( 2007 ) pp. 15 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ray ( 2007 ) pp. 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ Powell , Barry B. ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . Writing : Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization . John Wiley & Sons . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6256 - 2 . Jump up ^ Andrews ( 1985 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1904 ) pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ Robinson ( 2009 ) pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Robinson ( 2009 ) p. 61 Jump up ^ Robinson ( 2009 ) pp. 61 -- 64 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) p. 32 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1913 ) pp. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Dewachter ( 1990 ) p. 45 Jump up ^ Quirke and Andrews ( 1989 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Parkinson et al. ( 1999 ) pp. 35 -- 38 Jump up ^ Robinson ( 2009 ) pp. 65 -- 68 Jump up ^ Budge ( 1904 ) vol. 1 pp. 59 -- 134 Jump up ^ Edwardes and Milner ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Sarah El Shaarawi ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Egypt 's Own : Repatriation of Antiquities Proves to be a Mammoth Task '' . Newsweek -- Middle East . Jump up ^ `` Rose of the Nile '' ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Huttinger ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Antiquities wish list '' ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Rosetta Stone row '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Ray ( 2007 ) p. 4 Jump up ^ Bailey ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford English dictionary ( 1989 ) s.v. `` Rosetta stone '' Archived June 20 , 2011 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` International Team '' Jump up ^ Simpson and Dean ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Cooper ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Nishimura and Tajik ( 1998 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , R.A. ( 2000 ) . The keys of Egypt : the obsession to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019439 - 0 . Allen , Don Cameron ( 1960 ) . `` The predecessors of Champollion '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 144 ( 5 ) : 527 -- 547 . Andrews , Carol ( 1985 ) . The British Museum book of the Rosetta stone . British Museum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87226 - 034 - 4 . Assmann , Jan ; Jenkins , Andrew ( 2003 ) . The Mind of Egypt : History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01211 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . `` Antiquities wish list '' . Al - Ahram Weekly . 2005 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Bagnall , R.S. ; Derow , P. ( 2004 ) . The Hellenistic period : historical sources in translation . Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0133 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Bailey , Martin ( 2003 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Shifting the blame '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Bevan , E.R. ( 1927 ) . The House of Ptolemy . Methuen . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Bierbrier , M.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The acquisition by the British Museum of antiquities discovered during the French invasion of Egypt '' . In Davies , W.V. Studies in Egyptian Antiquities . ( British Museum Publications ) . Brown , V.M. ; Harrell , J.A. ( 1998 ) . `` Aswan granite and granodiorite '' . Göttinger Miszellen. 164 : 133 -- 137 . Budge , E.A. Wallis ( 1894 ) . The mummy : chapters on Egyptian funereal archaeology . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . Budge , E.A. Wallis ( 1904 ) . The decrees of Memphis and Canopus . Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 4809 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Budge , E.A. Wallis ( 1913 ) . The Rosetta Stone . British Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Burleigh , Nina ( 2007 ) . Mirage : Napoleon 's scientists and the unveiling of Egypt . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 059767 - 2 . Clarysse , G.W. ; Van der Veken , G. ( 1983 ) . The eponymous priests of Ptolemaic Egypt ( P.L. Bat. 24 ) : Chronological Lists of the Priests of Alexandria and Ptolemais with a Study of the Demotic Transcriptions of Their Names . Assistance by S.P. Vleeming . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06879 - 1 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 2006 ) . Chronicles of the Pharaohs : the reign - by - reign record of the rulers and dynasties of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28628 - 0 . Cooper , Keith ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) . `` New Rosetta Stone for GRBs as supernovae '' . Astronomy Now Online . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Dewachter , M. ( 1990 ) . Champollion : un scribe pour l'Égypte ( in French ) . Gallimard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 053103 - 5 . Downs , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Discovery at Rosetta : the ancient stone that unlocked the mysteries of Ancient Egypt . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 271 - 7 . Edwardes , Charlotte ; Milner , Catherine ( 2003 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 05 . El - Aref , Nevine ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) . `` The rose of the Nile '' . Al - Ahram Weekly . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 . El Daly , Okasha ( 2005 ) . Egyptology : the missing millennium : Ancient Egypt in medieval Arabic writings . UCL Press . ISBN 1 - 84472 - 063 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Gillispie , C.C. ; Dewachter , M. ( 1987 ) . Monuments of Egypt : the Napoleonic edition . Princeton University Press . pp. 1 -- 38 . `` Horwennefer '' . Egyptian Royal Genealogy . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Huttinger , Henry ( 2005 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Stolen treasures : Zahi Hawass wants the Rosetta Stone back -- among other things '' . Cairo Magazine . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 . `` International team accelerates investigation of immune - related genes '' . The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases . 2000 - 09 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 23 . Kitchen , Kenneth A. ( 1970 ) . `` Two donation stelae in the Brooklyn Museum '' . Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt . 8 . Meyerson , Daniel ( 2004 ) . The linguist and the emperor : Napoleon and Champollion 's quest to decipher the Rosetta Stone . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 45067 - 8 . Middleton , A. ; Klemm , D. ( 2003 ) . `` The geology of the Rosetta Stone '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 89 : 207 -- 216 . Miller , E. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` The examination and conservation of the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum '' . In Roy , A. ; Smith , P. Tradition and Innovation . ( British Museum Publications ) . pp. 128 -- 132 . Nicholson , P.T. ; Shaw , I. ( 2000 ) . Ancient Egyptian materials and technology . Cambridge University Press . Nishimura , Rick A. ; Tajik , A. Jamil ( 1998 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease : Doppler echocardiography is the clinician 's Rosetta Stone '' . Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 30 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / S0735 - 1097 ( 97 ) 00144 - 7 . PMID 9207615 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Oxford English dictionary . 2nd ed . Oxford University Press . 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861186 - 8 . Parkinson , Richard B. ; Diffie , W. ; Simpson , R.S. ( 1999 ) . Cracking codes : the Rosetta stone and decipherment . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22306 - 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Parkinson , Richard B. ( 2005 ) . The Rosetta Stone . British Museum objects in focus . British Museum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 5021 - 5 . Quirke , Stephen ; Andrews , Carol ( 1989 ) . The Rosetta Stone . Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 1572 - 5 . Ray , J.D. ( 2007 ) . The Rosetta Stone and the rebirth of Ancient Egypt . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02493 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Robinson , Andrew ( 2009 ) . Lost languages : the enigma of the world 's undeciphered scripts . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 51453 - 5 . `` The Rosetta Stone '' . The British Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . `` Rosetta Stone row ' would be solved by loan to Egypt ' '' . BBC News . 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Shaw , Ian ( 2000 ) . The Oxford history of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280458 - 8 . Simpson , Gordon G. ; Dean , Caroline ( 2002 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Arabidopsis , the Rosetta Stone of flowering time ? '' . Science . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 23 . Shaw , Ian ; Nicholson , Paul ( 1995 ) . The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9096 - 2 . Simpson , R.S. ( 1996 ) . Demotic grammar in the Ptolemaic sacerdotal decrees . Griffith Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900416 - 65 - 1 . Simpson , R.S. ( n.d. ) . `` The Rosetta Stone : translation of the demotic text '' . The British Museum . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Solé , Robert ; Valbelle , Dominique ( 2002 ) . The Rosetta Stone : the story of the decoding of hieroglyphics . Four Walls Eight Windows . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 226 - 9 . Spencer , Neal ; Thorne , C. ( 2003 ) . Book of Egyptian hieroglyphs . British Museum Press , Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 4199 - 3 . Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum . British Museum . 1847 . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2006 ) . Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05145 - 3 . Walker , Susan ; Higgs , Peter ( editors ) ( 2001 ) . Cleopatra of Egypt . British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1943 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Wilson , Robert Thomas ( 1803 ) . History of the British expedition to Egypt . 4th ed . Military Library . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRosetta Stoneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Egyptian Hieroglyphs at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` British Museum Object Database reference number : YCA62958 '' . `` How the Rosetta Stone works '' . Howstuffworks.com . This article is about an item held in the British Museum . The object reference is BM / Big number : 24 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) The British Museum Building Great Court King 's Library Round Reading Room Departments and objects Africa , Oceania and Americas Akan Drum Aubin Codex Benin Bronzes Briggs Enigma Codex Kingsborough Double - headed serpent Hoa Hakananai'a Throne of Weapons Kayung totem pole Tree of Life Yaxchilan Lintel 24 Ancient Egypt and Sudan Colossal head of Amenhotep III Gebelein predynastic mummies Hunters Palette Rhind Mathematical Papyrus Rosetta Stone Sphinx of Taharqo Younger Memnon Asia Admonitions Scroll Bimaran casket Kanishka casket Mathura lion capital Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art Seated Buddha from Gandhara Statue of Tara The Great Wave off Kanagawa Greece and Rome Bassae Frieze Elgin Marbles Esquiline Treasure Farnese Diadumenos Harpy Tomb Jennings Dog Lion of Knidos Minoan Bull - leaper Nereid Monument Portland Vase Warren Cup Middle East Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III Burney Relief Cylinders of Nabonidus Cyrus Cylinder Flood tablet ( Gilgamesh ) Library of Ashurbanipal Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal Oxus Treasure Taylor Prism Lachish reliefs Babylonian Chronicles Kurkh Monoliths Prehistory and Europe Franks Casket Holy Thorn Reliquary Hoxne Hoard Lewis chessmen Lindow Man Mildenhall Treasure Ringlemere Cup Royal Gold Cup Sutton Hoo Sutton Hoo helmet Sutton Hoo purse - lid Swimming Reindeer Vindolanda Tablets Prints and Drawings Dürer 's Rhinoceros Epifania I Modi Isabella Brant The Ancient of Days The Disasters of War The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies Triumphal Arch Other Coins and Medals Conservation and Scientific Research Libraries and Archives Portable Antiquities and Treasure A History of the World in 100 Objects Other British Museum Act 1902 British Museum Act 1963 Directors Films shot at the British Museum Friends Royal Commission on the British Museum Trustees Secretum <Td_colspan="3"> Commons BNF : cb166886875 ( data ) GND : 4199489 - 9 LCCN : n84160110 SUDOC : 171067088 VIAF : 177423312 Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 09 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 40 '' W / 51.51914 ° N 0.12769 ° W / 51.51914 ; - 0.12769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosetta_Stone&oldid=841776267 '' Categories : 2nd - century BC steles 1799 archaeological discoveries Ancient Egyptian stelas Egyptology French campaign in Egypt and Syria Multilingual texts Ancient Egyptian objects in the British Museum Antiquities acquired by Napoleon Ptolemaic dynasty Ptolemaic Greek inscriptions Stones 196 BC Nile Delta Metaphors referring to objects Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description Use British English from August 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 00 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Rosetta Stone
2. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs
3. Deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs
4. British Museum
5. Demotic script |
-7,094,538,619,774,099,000 | who said methinks he doth protest too much | The lady doth protest too much , methinks - wikipedia The lady doth protest too much , methinks Jump to : navigation , search The Queen in `` Hamlet '' by Edwin Austin Abbey The lady doth protest too much , methinks is a figure of speech originally found as a quotation from the c. 1600 play Hamlet by William Shakespeare . It is used in everyday speech to indicate doubt in someone 's sincerity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original usage 2 Contemporary usage 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Original usage ( edit ) The line , like most of Shakespeare 's works , is in iambic pentameter . It is found in Act III , Scene II of Hamlet , where it is spoken by Queen Gertrude , Hamlet 's mother . Hamlet believes that his father , the king , was murdered by his uncle Claudius ( who then married Gertrude ) . Hamlet decides to stage a play , the Murder of Gonzago , that matches Hamlet 's theory in its basic storyline , in order to test whether viewing it will trigger a guilty conscience on the part of Claudius . As Hamlet , Gertrude , Claudius and others watch the play - within - the - play , the Player Queen , representing Gertrude , declares in flowery language that she will never remarry if her husband dies . Hamlet then turns to his mother and asks her , `` Madam , how like you this play ? '' , to which she replies `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks . '' Gertrude ( who seems to at least suspect that the queen in the play is a stand - in for her ) is saying that the Player Queen is being too effusive . Hamlet replies , `` O , but she 'll keep her word . '' Gertrude uses the line in response to the insincere overacting of the Player Queen stating her love for her husband . The quotation comes from the Second Quarto edition of the play . Other versions contain the simpler line , `` The lady protests too much , methinks '' . Contemporary usage ( edit ) The line is typically quoted ( or misquoted , as in `` methinks the lady doth protest too much '' ) to suggest that someone who is strongly denying something is hiding the truth , or to imply doubt in a person 's sincerity . The phrase can be used this way even when the subject is male . In rhetorical terms , the phrase can be thought of as indicating an unintentional apophasis -- where the speaker who `` protests too much '' in favor of some assertion puts into others ' minds the idea that the assertion is false , something that they may not have considered before . The quotation 's meaning has changed somewhat since it was first written : whereas in modern parlance `` protest '' in this context often means a denial , in Shakespeare 's time to `` protest '' meant `` to make protestation or solemn affirmation '' . See also ( edit ) Streisand effect methinks , Wiktionary Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Delaney , Bill ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Hamlet '' . The Explicator . ^ Jump up to : Delahunty , Andrew ; Dignen , Sheila ( 2012 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion . OUP Oxford . p. 238 . ISBN 0199567468 . ^ Jump up to : Garber , Marjorie ( 2008 ) . Shakespeare After All . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 40 . ISBN 9780307490810 . ^ Jump up to : Garber , Marjorie ( 2008 ) . Profiling Shakespeare . Routledge . pp. 280 -- 281 . ISBN 9781135891893 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Lance J. ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` Exigency Created by Pot Odor and Door Slam '' . Bloomberg Criminal Law Reporter . Jump up ^ OED , `` protest '' 1b <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_lady_doth_protest_too_much,_methinks&oldid=818669738 '' Categories : Hamlet Irony Shakespearean phrases English - language idioms Quotations Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 22 : 16 . About Wikipedia | 1. "The lady doth protest too much, methinks"
2. Hamlet by William Shakespeare
3. Doubt in someone's sincerity
4. Queen Gertrude's line in Act III, Scene II
5. Contemporary usage and meaning of the phrase |
-6,678,721,044,597,596,000 | do i need the chromecast app to cast | List of Apps with Google Cast support - wikipedia List of Apps with Google Cast support This is the current revision of this page , as edited by GreenC bot ( talk contribs ) at 15 : 37 , 17 August 2017 ( Rescued 2 archive links ; remove 2 links . Wayback Medic 2.1 ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 15 : 37 , 17 August 2017 by GreenC bot ( talk contribs ) ( Rescued 2 archive links ; remove 2 links . Wayback Medic 2.1 ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The following is a partial list of apps compatible with Google Cast , and the platforms on which each can run . The first Google Cast receiver released was Google 's Chromecast in July 2013 ; a digital media player in the form of an HDMI dongle , the device streams media wirelessly via Wi - Fi after a selection is made through a supported mobile or web app , such as those listed below . Unofficial Google Cast receivers followed , before Google released a second official receiver , the Nexus Player , in November 2014 . For information on Chromecast 's app history and software development kit , see Chromecast software development kit and compatible apps . * = PC - compatible ( computers running Windows , OS X , Linux , or Chrome OS ) web apps cited here require the Chrome browser , with the Google Cast extension installed , and have support for casting built into the website itself , without the need for `` tab casting . '' Table of Google Cast compatible Apps ( edit ) Name PC * Android iOS Vendor Type 1.FM Online Radio No Yes No 1.FM GmbH Audio 2048 4 ChromeCast No No Yes Portable Ltd Game 2048 for ChromeCast No No Yes Local Network Media Game 2048 for ChromeCast No Yes No TalkLittle Game 5by Yes Yes Yes StumbleUpon Video 9x9.tv No Yes Yes PurpleComm Video AirAudio No Yes No IsSend Communications Audio Air Show HD No No Yes Splitmo Multimedia AirMusic No No Yes Plutinosoft Audio AirParrot Yes No No Squirrels , Inc . Multimedia AllCast No Yes Yes ClockworkMod Multimedia AllConnect No Yes Yes Tuxera Multimedia Ameba TV No Yes No Ameba TV Video Anime Lib No No Yes Dasist Entertainment S.L. Video AOL On No Yes Yes AOL Video Aquariums on TV via Chromecast No No Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia ArcadeCast No No Yes Portable Ltd Game Artkick No Yes Yes Artkick Photo Audiour Yes Yes No Audiour.com Audio Audioviz No No Yes Caramba Audio Avia Media Player No Yes No Videon Central Inc . Multimedia BBC America ? ? Yes BBC America Video BBC iPlayer ( UK only ) Yes Yes Yes BBC Multimedia BBC Sport ( UK only ) No Yes Yes BBC Video Beaches on TV via Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Beautiful Inspirational Quotes for Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Beeramid Cast Drinking Game No Yes No DanLatimer Game BeyondPod No Yes No BEYOND POD Multimedia Big Web Quiz for Chromecast No Yes Yes Google Game blinkbox Movies ( UK only ) No Yes Yes Tesco Video blinkbox Music ( UK only ) No Yes Yes Tesco Audio BrowseCastPRO No No Yes Portable Ltd Multimedia BT Sport ( UK only ) No Yes Yes BT Group Video BTN2Go No Yes Yes Big Ten Conference Video BubbleUPnP No Yes No Bubblesoft Multimedia Buzzb No Yes Yes Concept96 Ltd Trivia CanalPlay ( France only ) Yes Yes Yes Canal+ Video Cardcast No Yes Yes Cardcast Game Cast My Camera for Chromecast No No Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Cast Picture and Text for Chromecast No No Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Cast2TV No Yes No YTMovies Multimedia Castddit Yes No No Castditt Photo CastMe No No Yes Byungil Park Photo CastNow No No Yes Marco Dania Multimedia CastNow Browser No No Yes Marco Dania Video CastOnTV No Yes Yes Guoqiang Yuan / Tapixel Software Multimedia Cast for Reddit No Yes No WearHub Multimedia CBS Yes Yes Yes CBS Corporation Video CBS Sports Yes Yes Yes CBS Interactive , Inc . Video Checkers For Chromecast No No Yes David Phan Game CinemaNow No Yes Yes CinemaNow Video CineXPlayer No Yes Yes NXP Software B.V. Video Class6ix No Yes No Class6ix , LLC Video CLIQUED.tv No No Yes CLIQUED Video Clyp No Yes No Clyp.it Audio Cmore No Yes Yes Cmore Video Collabricast No No Yes Evan Hsu Photo Comedy Central No Yes Yes Viacom Media Networks Video Connect Four Quads No Yes Yes Hasbro Game Crackle Yes Yes Yes Crackle Video Crunchyroll Yes Yes Yes Crunchyroll Video DailyBurn Yes Yes Yes IAC / InterActiveCorp Video Dailymotion No Yes Yes Orange Video Dayframe No Yes No Cloud TV Inc . Photo Dead Pixel Tester No Yes No BV App Labs Tools Deezer ( available in select regions ) No Yes Yes Deezer Audio Dehumanize Your Friends No Yes No musicalbigfoot Game Digitally Imported Yes Yes Yes Digitally Imported Audio Direct Cast No Yes No ZySoft Studio Multimedia Discovery Go No Yes Yes Discovery Communications , LLC Video Dog Park No Yes No BV App Labs Game Downcast Yes ( Mac app ) No Yes Jamawkinaw Enterprises Audio DramaFever No Yes Yes iHeartMedia Video Drink or Drive No Yes No Memento SRLS Multimedia DS Audio ( requires Synology NAS device ) No Yes Yes Synology Inc . Audio DS Video ( requires Synology NAS device ) No Yes Yes Synology Inc . Video DSub No Yes No Floss Audio Emoji Party for Chromecast No Yes No Troido Game Encore Play Yes Yes Yes Starz Inc . Video EndlessTV No Yes Yes EndlessTV Video Epix Go No Yes Yes Studio 3 Partners Video ErosNow No Yes Yes Eros International Video Eurosport Player Yes Yes Yes Discovery Networks Northern Europe Video EZ Web Video Cast for Chromecast No Yes No Hecorat Video EZCast No Yes Yes WinnerWave Multimedia Fandor No Yes Yes Fandor / Our Film Festival , Inc Video Filmi Filmy No No Yes Parikshalabs Video Fireplaces on TV via Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Fitnet No Yes Yes Fitnet Video FitzyTV DVR No Yes No Fitzgerald Technologies LLC Video Flixster ( US only ) Yes Yes Yes Time - Warner Video Four In A Row For Chromecast No No Yes David Phan Game FOX NOW Yes Yes Yes Fox Broadcasting Company Video Fox Sports Go Yes Yes Yes Fox Broadcasting Company Video Framebook No Yes Yes Ghost Mobile Multimedia Fullscreen Yes Yes Yes Fullscreen Video FX NOW Yes Yes Yes FX Network LLC Video Gaiam TV No Yes Yes Gaiam Video Gallery Cast Free No Yes No Homesoft Multimedia GOOD TV FLIPr ( Chinese ) No Yes Yes PurpleComm , Inc . Video GoodPlayer No No Yes Hustmobile Multimedia Google Santa Tracker Yes Yes No Google Multimedia Google Play Movies & TV Yes Yes Yes Google Video Google Play Music Yes Yes Yes Google Audio Google+ Photos Yes Yes Yes Google Photo Google Slides Yes Yes Yes Google Presentation GR8CTZ for Chromecast No Yes No Palagraph Inc . Game Greetings and Wishes for Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Hang Gliding TVapp No No Yes Yoshiaki Matsuda Video Haystack TV No Yes Yes Haystack TV Video HBO Go Yes Yes Yes Home Box Office Inc . Video HBO Nordic Yes Yes Yes Home Box Office Inc . Video HBO Now Yes Yes Yes Home Box Office Inc . Video HGTV Watch No Yes Yes Scripps Networks , LLC Video Hoopla Yes Yes Yes Midwest Tape LLC Video Hulu Plus No Yes Yes Hulu Video iFood.TV No Yes Yes ( iPad only ) FutureToday Inc Video iHeartRadio Yes Yes Yes iHeartMedia Audio InfiniTracks No Yes No Smithy Productions Audio Immersive Weather Yes No No Immersive Weather News & Information iMobileIntervals No No Yes iMobileIntervals Fitness InstantCast For Instagram No No Yes Guoqiang Yuan Multimedia InstaTV Pro ( requires HDHomeRun Plus device ) No No Yes KeYi Tech Inc . Video IntoMovies No No Yes Puran Singh Video ISS onLive No Yes No PoliLabs Live Video JewishMusic Stream Yes Yes No LevTec Audio Juice for Chromecast No Yes No Jigawatt Labs Multimedia Just Dance Now No Yes Yes Ubisoft Game LocalCast No Yes No Stefan Pledl Multimedia M - GO Movies + TV No Yes No M - GO Video Mako TV No Yes No Mako TV Video maxdome ( German ) No Yes Yes maxdome GmbH Video MCPlayer No No Yes Arkuda Digital Video Emby Yes Yes Yes Emby Video MegaCast No Yes No Mega Cast Video MemoryCast No Yes Yes Wolfgang Ventures Game MLB.tv No Yes Yes Major League Baseball Video MLS Live No Yes Yes Major League Soccer Video Mono No Yes No Oscillate Audio Monopoly Dash No Yes Yes Hasbro Game Motion Tennis Cast No Yes Yes Rolocule Games Game Music TV No No Yes Caramba App Development Audio my Kids TV No Yes No NXP Software B.V. Video MyShoebox No Yes No Couch Labs Inc . Photo Mystic 8 Ball No Yes No BV App Labs Game Napster ( UK only ) No Yes Yes Napster Audio NatureCast No Yes Yes Wolfgang Ventures Video NBA Game Time ( non-USA ) Yes No Yes National Basketball Association Video Netflix Yes Yes Yes Netflix , Inc . Video NFL Game Pass ( non-USA ) Yes Yes Yes National Football League Video NFL Now No No Yes NFL Enterprises LLC Video NFL Sunday Ticket Yes Yes Yes DirecTV , LLC Video Nick No Yes Yes Viacom Media Networks Video Now TV ( UK only ) No Yes Yes BSkyB Video NPO ( Dutch ) No Yes Yes Nederlandse Publieke Omroep Multimedia NPR One No Yes Yes NPR Audio NRK TV Yes Yes Yes NRK Video Ottilus TV No No Yes OBob Lamb Video Pac - 12 Now No Yes Yes Pac - 12 Networks Video Pandora No Yes Yes Pandora Media , Inc . Audio PBS Video No Yes Yes Public Broadcasting System Video PBS Kids No Yes Yes Public Broadcasting System Video Photo Cast No Yes Yes Swishly , Inc. ; Ostec Photo Photowall Yes Yes Yes Google Photo Pirate Dice No Yes Yes BeardCocoon Game PixoCast No No Yes LOCQL , Inc . Multimedia PixoCast ( with Pixocast for Vine ) Yes No No PixoMobile Games / Multimedia Playcast No No No Webrox , SARL Multimedia Player FM No Yes No Player FM Audio Playing Tic Tac Toe For Chromecast No No Yes David Phan Game PlayOn Yes ( Windows only ) Yes Yes MediaMall Technologies , Inc . Multimedia Plex Yes Yes Yes Plex Multimedia Pluto.TV No Yes Yes Pluto.TV Video Pocket Casts No Yes Yes shiftyjelly Multimedia Podcast Addict No Yes No Xavier Guillemané Multimedia Popcorn Time Yes Yes Yes Pochoclín Video Postermash for Mashing Facebook , Instagram , Twitter Social Networks No No Yes Kanda Software Inc . Social Networking PostTV ( aka `` The Washington Post '' app ) Yes Yes Yes ( iPad only ) The Washington Post Company Video Projectify No No Yes Projectify Video ProTube for YouTube No No Yes Jonas Gessner Video Put.io Yes Yes No Put.io Video Q - JoyPad ( with Castris ) No No Yes Colorfulland Game Qcast No Yes No musicalbigfoot Game Radio No No Yes Vapolia Audio radioPup No Yes Yes Townsquare Media Audio Rainy Window on TV via Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Rdio Yes Yes Yes Rdio Audio RealPlayer Cloud Yes Yes Yes RealNetworks Video Red Bull TV Yes Yes Yes Red Bull GmbH Video Redbox Instant ( service shutdown on 10 / 7 / 2014 ) No Yes No Redbox & Verizon Video RedditCaster No Yes No Inferno Software Development Photo Remark HQ No No Yes ( iPad only ) RPLY , Inc . Productivity RemoteCast No Yes No ben lc Remote Revision3 Yes Yes Yes Revision3 Video Rev3Games No No Yes Revision3 Video Rhapsody No Yes Yes Rhapsody Audio Romantic Candles for Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia Romantic Love Notes for Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia RTHK Screen No Yes No Radio Television Hong Kong Video RTVE.es - A la carta No Yes Yes Rtve.es Video Sails -- Send videos to Chromecast from Safari No No Yes xinterium Video Scrabble Blitz No Yes Yes Hasbro Game Sesame Street Go Yes Yes Yes Sesame Workshop Video Showtime Yes Yes Yes Showtime Networks Video Showtime Anytime Yes Yes Yes Showtime Networks Video Showyou No Yes Yes Remixation Video Simon Swipe No Yes Yes Hasbro Game Sliding Picture Puzzle Game for Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia SlingPlayer ( requires Slingbox device ) No Yes Yes Sling Media Video Sling TV No Yes Yes Sling TV , LLC Video SmartVideoCast No Yes Yes Gioqulo.com Video Snowfall on TV via Chromecast No Yes No Duniti Apps Multimedia Solid Explorer No Yes No Krzysztof Głodowski Multimedia SomaFM No Yes Yes SomaFM Audio Songza Yes Yes Yes Songza Audio Soundy No No Yes Everappz Audio Sportsnet No Yes No Rogers Digital Media Video sport TV Live No Yes Yes AppsVilla Inc . Multimedia Spotify Yes Yes Yes Spotify Ltd . Audio Starz Play Yes Yes Yes Starz Inc . Video SVT Play Yes Yes Yes Sveriges Television Video TED No Yes Yes TED Conferences Video TicTacToe for Chromecast No Yes Yes Swishly , Inc ; Friendly App Studio Game Tidal No Yes Yes Tidal Audio tinyCam Monitor PRO for IP Cam ( requires a supported IP camera ) No Yes No Tiny Solutions LLC Video Tubecast No No No Webrox , SARL Video Tubio - Cast Web Videos to TV No Yes Yes AE Software Video Tumblr for Chromecast Yes No No chromecastfor Multimedia TuneIn Radio Play Yes Yes Yes TuneIn Radio Audio TV4 Play No Yes Yes TV4 Group Video TV6 Vine Vids On ChromeCast No No Yes Portable Ltd Video TVMOBiLi Yes No No TVMOBiLi LTD Multimedia tvyo ( Turkish ) No Yes Yes Dogus Video ve Dijital Yayincilik A.S. Video Twitch Yes Yes Yes Twitch Video UbiCast No No Yes Ubiqoos Photo UFC Yes Yes Yes Ultimate Fighting Championship Video UnoCast for Chromecast No Yes No Wachino Game Up Down Fish No Yes Yes Beard Cocoon Game USA NOW No No Yes NBCUniversal Media , LLC Video Valentine 's Day for Chromecast No Yes Yes Duniti Apps Multimedia VBChromecast ( requires Vbukit Share app ) No No Yes Creating Revolutions LLC Multimedia Vbio No Yes No Vbio Multimedia Veggie Slice No Yes No BV App Labs Game Vevo Yes Yes Yes VEVO , LLC Video vGet No Yes No schibum Video Viaplay Yes Yes Yes Viasat Video VidCast Yes No No Paul Arterburn Video Viddit No Yes No Team Videostream Video Video & TV Cast for Chromecast No Yes Yes 2kit consulting Video Video & TV Cast for Nexus Player No No Yes 2kit consulting Video videoCast for Chromecast No No Yes Vladimir Videlov Video Videostream for Chromecast Yes Yes Yes Groupnotes , Inc . Multimedia VidZone No Yes No VidZone Digital Media Video Viki Yes Yes Yes Viki Inc Video Vimeo No No Yes IAC Video VOA No Yes Yes Voice of America Audio VUDU Yes Yes Yes VUDU Video WatchABC No Yes Yes American Broadcasting Company Video WatchDisneyChannel No Yes Yes Disney Channels Worldwide Video WatchDisneyJunior No Yes Yes Disney Channels Worldwide Video WatchDisneyXD No Yes Yes Disney Channels Worldwide Video WatchESPN No Yes Yes ESPN Inc . Video Watch TBS No ? Yes Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Video Watch TNT No ? Yes Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Video Watchever ( German ) No No Yes WATCHEVER GROUP Video WCETV Mobile No Yes Yes WCETV - R&C Media Group , Inc Video WebCast Browser No No Yes MoobiDigit Video Web Cast No No Yes Wen Peng Zou Multimedia Web Video Caster No Yes No InstantBits Video Weerplaza TV ( Dutch ) No Yes Yes Infoplaza Multimedia Wheel of Fortune No Yes Yes Sony Pictures Television Game Wuaki.tv Yes Yes Yes Rakuten Video WVC - Web Video Cast No No Yes Andrey Snetkov Video Yle Areena No Yes Yes Yle Video YoouKids No No Yes Nehloo Interactive LLC Video YouCast Yes No No Lightech Multimedia YouTube Yes Yes Yes Google Video YuppTV Play No Yes Yes YuppTV Video Liquidplayer No Yes No Microbuilderz Multimedia Pocket Casts Yes Yes Yes Shifty Jelly Audio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Available for Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows 10 for PC 's and smartphones . Jump up ^ Available for Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows 10 for PC 's and smartphones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Google Cast '' . Chrome Web Store . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast app for Android '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast app for iOS '' . iTunes App Store . Jump up ^ `` 1.FM Online Radio Adds Chromecast Support '' . Android Police . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2048 4 ChromeCast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2048 for ChromeCast - The addictive puzzle Game '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2048 for Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5by Announces Chromecast Integration for Android App '' . StumbleUpon . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 9x9.tv '' . iTunes Preview . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 9x9.tv '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` AirAudio '' . IsSend Communications . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Air Show HD '' . iTunes Preview . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Download this app right now : AirMusic for iPhone and iPad is now free '' . BGR.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AirParrot '' . Squirrels , Inc . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AllCast Regains Chromecast Support Less Than A Day After The Release Of The Google Cast SDK '' . Android Police . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuxera 's Streambels Media Streaming App Gets Chromecast Support , Now Rivals AllCast And Other Similar Apps '' . Android Police . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ameba 's Streaming TV for Kids is now Available for Chromecast '' . Entertainment Magazine . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Lib - Watch and Download Anime '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` AOL On Videos Coming Soon to a TV Near You via Chromecast '' . Aol Blog . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aquariums on TV for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aquariums on TV for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ArcadeCast - ChromeCast Games '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artkick 2.0 '' . Artkick . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audiour for Chromecast ( Beta ) '' . Google Play . Jump up ^ `` AudioViz - View your Music Songs on YouTube for Free ! '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ Ross , Derek ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Avia Chromecast app review , cast personal music , photos , videos from Google+ , Facebook , Dropbox , local storage , DLNA servers '' . Phandroid . Jump up ^ `` BBC America on the App Store '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC iPlayer on Chromecast '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport App on Chromecast '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beaches on TV via Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaches on TV via Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beautiful Inspirational Quotes for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beautiful Inspirational Quotes for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beeramid Cast Drinking Game - Android '' . DanLatimer . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site link '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing fun family games for Chromecast '' . Google Chrome Blog . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` blinkbox Movies and TV now on Chromecast '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listening to blinkbox Music with Chromecast '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` BrowseCastPRO for ChromeCast '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` BT Sport announces Chromecast partnership '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BTN2Go > Big Ten Network '' . Jump up ^ `` BubbleUPnP ( Chromecast / DLNA ) '' . Google Play . Jump up ^ `` Buzzb - Chromecast Trivia Game '' . Jump up ^ `` CanalPlay en Plus Grand '' . Jump up ^ `` Cardcast '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardcast - A Card & Party Game '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cast My Camera for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Picture and Text for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cast2TV - PRO ( Google Play Store link ) '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cast2TV - LITE ( Google Play Store link ) '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Reddit To Your TV '' . Jump up ^ `` CastMe - Chromecast Photo Viewer '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` CastNow for Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` CastNow Browser for Chromecast '' . Appshopper . Jump up ^ `` CastOnTV - Photo Slideshow with Music for Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` CastOnTV Free for Chromecast '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` CastOnTV for Chromecast '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Cast for Reddit '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ DiPane , Jared ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` You can now watch your favorite CBS content through Chromecast '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CBS Sports on the App Store Jump up ^ CBS Sports - Android Apps on Google Play Jump up ^ `` Checkers For Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaNow '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaNow '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast support is on it 's way shortly ; some preview images '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast Gets Its First Personalized Newscast '' . PRLog . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Web Video Caster ( Chromecast ) '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Clyp - Record and Share Audio '' . Google Play . Jump up ^ `` Cmore '' . Google Play . Jump up ^ `` Collabricast '' . iTunes Store . ^ Jump up to : `` Now casting : Comedy Central , Nick and Sesame Street Go '' . Google Chrome Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fingas , Jon ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Rdio and Crackle can now send music and free videos to your Chromecast '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ming , Nate ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Crunchyroll Now Available on Chromecast '' . Crunchyroll . Crunchyroll . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DailyBurn Streaming To Your Chromecast '' . Jump up ^ `` Dailymotion 's Chromecast support exits beta and is open for all '' . TalkAndroid . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dayframe ( Chromecast Photos ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Dead Pixel Tester ( Chromecast ) - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Jump up ^ `` Available regions '' . Deezer . Jump up ^ `` Deezer is now integrated with Google 's Chromecast '' . blog.Deezer.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellex ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Casts Against Civility is Like Cards Against Humanity for Your Chromecast '' . Droid Life . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dehumanize Your Friends ' Brings Cards Against Humanity - Style Multiplayer To Chromecast '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Cast ( Chromecast ) '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Go '' . Jump up ^ `` Dog Park ( Chromecast ) - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Jump up ^ `` Downcast : A very cool podcatcher for iOS and Mac '' . downcastapp.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Now casting : WATCH Disney Channel , Twitch , iHeart Radio and DramaFever for Chromecast '' . Hulu . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drink or Drive '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Streaming with Chromecast '' . blog.synology.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DSub '' . Jump up ^ `` EndlessTV - Watch TV News and Trending Videos with Offline Downloads '' . iTunes store . Jump up ^ `` EndlessTV : Videos , TV and News '' . Google Play store . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eros Now -- Indian Movies Free '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` ErosNow '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Eurosport partners with Google for Chromecast compatibility on Eurosport Player apps '' . media.eurosport.com . Jump up ^ `` EZ Web Video Cast for Chromecast '' . Hecorat . Jump up ^ `` EZCast '' . iTunes Preview . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EZCast '' . Google Play Story . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fandor - Watch great movies '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Fandor Movies - Watch great films from around the world '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Filmi Filmy : Your Favorite Bollywood Songs in Video '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Fireplaces on TV for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fireplaces on TV for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fitnet Extends Global Reach Significantly with Android Launch and Google Chromecast Integration '' . Jump up ^ `` FitzyTV DVR '' . Jump up ^ `` Flixster Update Includes Chromecast Support , SD Card Downloads for Kit Kat Devices '' . droid-life.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Four In A Row For Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Billy ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` CBS All Access app gets Chromecast support ( Update : Fox and FXNow , too ) '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.foxsports.videogo Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/fox-sports-go/id711074743 Jump up ^ https://www.engadget.com/2016/09/04/fox-sports-go-roku-chromecast/ Jump up ^ `` Framebook for Chromecast '' . download.CNET.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How can I watch videos on my Chromecast ? '' . help.fullscreen.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaiam TV - Streaming Video '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Gaiam TV - Streaming Video '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Gallery Cast Free '' . Chrome . Google . Jump up ^ `` GOOD TV FLIPr '' . iTunes store . Jump up ^ `` GOOD TV FLIPr '' . Google Play store . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast supported from GoodPlayer for iOS 8.8 '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google Santa Tracker Help '' . Google . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google Play Movies & TV - Chromecast Help '' . Google . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roettgers , Janko ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Google Play Movies and Google Play Music websites get native Chromecast support '' . Gigaom . Jump up ^ `` Google Play Music - Chromecast Help '' . Google . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Google brings WatchESPN , MLS and more to Chromecast '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dobie , Alex ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Google Drive now supports streaming presentations to Chromecast '' . Android Central . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephen ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Google Docs ' Slides ' app updated with AirPlay and Chromecast support '' . 9TO5 Mac . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GR8CTZ for Chromecast Play Store '' . Jump up ^ `` Greetings and Wishes for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greetings and Wishes for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hang Gliding TVapp '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Haystack TV : Watch the news tuned to you ! Video from CNN , WSJ , BBC , CBS and more ! '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Haystack TV News w / Chromecast '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` HBO Go on iOS and Android can now stream to Chromecast '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HBO GO now works with Chromecast '' . Google Chrome Blog . Google . November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.swedroid.se/hbo-nordic-stodjer-nu-google-chromecast/ Jump up ^ http://help.hbonow.com/app/answers/detailHBO/a_id/161/~/how-to-use-chromecast-to-watch-hbo-now-on-your-tv Jump up ^ Tim - o - tato ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` CBS All Access , FOX NOW , HGTV , and More Apps Now Support Chromecast '' . Droid Life . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Google Play : Hoopla Digital . Jump up ^ Hoopla Digital on the App Store . Jump up ^ Nischol , Karan . `` Cast Away : Hulu Plus on Chromecast '' . Blog . Hulu . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prevé , Shanna ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hulu Plus now works with Chromecast '' . Official Blog . Google . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ifood.tv recipe videos '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iFood.TV for iPad : Video Recipes and Food Diary '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` InfiniTracks Play Store '' . Jump up ^ `` Immersive Weather : The original weather app for Chromecast '' . Immersive Weather . Jump up ^ `` iMobileIntervals '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` InstantCast For Instagram Free - Show Instagram photos on TV with music via Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` InstantCast - Show Instagram photos on TV screen with background music via Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` April 11 , 2014 - 2.6 '' . InstaTV Pro for iOS - Change Log . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IntoMovies '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` ISS onLive '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` JewishMusic Stream '' . Jump up ^ `` JewishMusic Stream '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Juice for Chromecast '' . Google Play Store . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` LocalCast for Chromecast / DLNA '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M - GO Movies + TV '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mako Tv '' . www.mako.co.il . Jump up ^ `` maxdome Apps für unterwegs ( '' maxdome Apps on the go `` ) '' . www.maxdome.de . Jump up ^ `` MCPlayer , a streaming application UPnP video player for iPad and iPhone ! '' . PR . Arkuda Digital . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adhiappan , Sivaram . `` Media Browser - Ready to Cast ! '' . Blog . MediaBrowser . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adhiappan , Sivaram . `` MegaCast - Chromecast player '' . Blog . Google Play Store . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MemoryCast : Classic game of card matching is fun for everyone ! '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Edgar ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Batter up : Chromecast now live streams every pitch with MLB.tv '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mono - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Google . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Motion Tennis Cast '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Music TV - View Your Music Songs on YouTube for Free ! '' . iTunes store . Jump up ^ `` Our latest app `` My Kids TV '' live streaming channels just for Kids ( inc . Chromecast support ) `` . Twitter . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MyShoebox On Android Now Supports Chromecast '' . MyShoebox . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mystic 8 Ball ( Chromecast ) - Android Apps on Google Play '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Now Casting : Rhapsody and Napster on Google Chromecast '' . news.rhapsody.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NatureCast '' . NatureCast . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Game Time ( international ) adds chromecast support ! '' . Reddit . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix app and Netflix.com - Chromecast Help '' . Google . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Pass on Chomecast is here ! '' . Reddit . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Pass '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Pass '' . Apple iTunes Store . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Now '' . Apple iTunes Store . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Topacio Long , Stephanie ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Chromecast adds Showtime and Spotify support , with Sling TV up next '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV comes to the Chromecast '' . Engadget . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NPO - app voegt ondersteuning voor Chromecast toe ( ' Dutch Public broadcasting app adds support for Chromecast ' ) '' . tweakers.net . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPR One and Watch ABC apps get Chromecast support '' . gigaom.com/ . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ottilus TV '' . iTunes store . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 Now '' . iTunes store . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 Now '' . Google . Jump up ^ `` Enjoy One - Touch Streaming of Pandora to your TV with Google Chromecast '' . Pandora Media , Inc . October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King Jr , Bertel ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` PBS Video For Android Can Now Stream Full Episodes To Your Chromecast '' . Android Police . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PBS KIDS VIDEO APP LAUNCHES ON ANDROID AND CHROMECAST '' . PBS.org . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Cast for Chromecast '' . AppShopper.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Terrence ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Google 's Photowall for Chromecast lets you doodle on photos , beam them to your TV ( update : Android version ) '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Avast mateys ! Pirate Dice be a game for y'er bloody Chromecast dongle '' . reddit.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PixoCast : Watch your mobile phone Photos and Videos on TV with Chromecast ! '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PixoCast : Smart apps for your TV . Chromecast Ready Web Experiences '' . PixoMobile.com . Jump up ^ `` Playcast app for Windows in the Windows Store '' . Windows Store . Microsoft Windows . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Player FM - Podcasts '' . Google Play Store . Jump up ^ `` Playing Tic Tac Toe For Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PlayOn User Guide : Google Chromecast '' . MediaMall Technologies , Inc . ^ Jump up to : `` Now Casting '' . Chrome . Google . Jump up ^ `` Pluto.TV : Watch 100 + Channels ! '' . iTunes store . Jump up ^ `` Pluto.TV : Watch 100 + Channels ! '' . Google Play store . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast support available since v4. 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast support available since v4. 6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast support available since v2. 7 '' . Jump up ^ `` Postermash for Mashing Facebook , Instagram , Twitter Social Networks '' . iTunes . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pergam , Andrew ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Washington Post becomes the first news site using Chromecast '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Projectify - Music Videos for iTunes and Spotify ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Projectify for Chromecast '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ProTube for YouTube '' . iTunes . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Put.io ; ' cloud torrenting ' website works with Chromecast ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Q - JoyPad '' . iTunes Preview . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crider , Michael ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` ( Bonus Round ) Deadlings , Qcast , And Another Case Solved '' . Android Police . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Radio on Chromecast - iOS '' . Vapolia . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About radioPup '' . radioPup Mobile App . Jump up ^ `` Rainy Window on TV via Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rainy Window on TV via Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast gets Plex , Vevo , RealPlayer , Viki and more with massive app update -- Tech News and Analysis '' . Gigaom.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redbox Instant by Verizon '' . Google . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : RedBox Instant Shutting Down October 7th '' . Cord Cutters News . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RedditCaster - Watch Reddit slideshows on your chromecast ! '' . Reddit.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remark HQ '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Play Store link '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` REVISION3 CHROMECAST INTEGRATION IS HERE ! '' . Revision3 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whoa : we now have our own iOS app ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Candles for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Candles for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Love Notes for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Love Notes for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RTHK Screen '' . Radio Television Hong Kong . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Video discovery app ShowYou adds Chromecast support , gets smarter about finding you great content '' . venturebeat.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sliding Picture Puzzle Game for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sliding Picture Puzzle Game for Chromecast - Android '' . Duniti Apps . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chromecast for Sling has arrived ! '' . blog.sling.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sling TV now works with Google 's Chromecast '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SmartVideoCast for Chromecast '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SmartVideoCast for Chromecast '' . Google Play Store . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aquariums on TV for Chromecast - iOS '' . Duniti Apps . 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Jump up ^ `` Liquidplayer Free - music , radio , 3d '' . microbuilderz . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pocket Casts '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_apps_with_Google_Cast_support&oldid=795955913 '' Categories : Google lists Streaming media systems Google software Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Tools This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Google Cast compatible apps
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-7,782,326,487,535,791,000 | what was the original spider man's name | Spider - Man - Wikipedia Spider - Man `` Peter Parker '' redirects here . For other people named Peter Parker , as well as other uses , see Peter Parker ( disambiguation ) and Spider - Man ( disambiguation ) . `` Spidey '' redirects here . For comic book series , see Spidey ( comic book ) . This article is about Peter Parker . For detail on the subsequent versions of the character , see List of incarnations of Spider - Man . <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Variant cover of Amazing Spider - Man Vol 3 # 1 ( Jun. 2014 ) . Art by Ed McGuinness . <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Jack Kirby ( Minor pencilling with some early concepts ) <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Alter ego Peter Benjamin Parker Species Human mutate Team affiliations Avengers Daily Bugle Fantastic Four Future Foundation New Avengers Jean Grey School for Higher Learning Parker Industries Partnerships Black Cat , Prowler , Anya Corazon , Silk , Spider - Man ( Miles Morales ) , Deadpool Notable aliases Ricochet , Dusk , Prodigy , Hornet , Ben Reilly , Scarlet Spider , Iron Spider , Captain Universe Abilities Genius - level intellect Proficient scientist and inventor Superhuman strength , speed , durability , and agility Ability to cling to most surfaces Precognitive Spider - sense Utilizes wrist web - shooters to shoot spiderweb material Spider - Man is a fictional superhero created by writer - editor Stan Lee and writer - artist Steve Ditko . He first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . He appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , as well as in a number of movies , television shows , and video game adaptations . The character is conceived as an orphan within the Marvel Universe named Peter Parker being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash . Lee and Ditko depicted the character as having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence and financial issues with a large array of supporting characters , such as J. Jonah Jameson , Daily Bugle editor and smear campaigner of Spider - Man ; and classmates such as Flash Thompson , Harry Osborn and romantic interests Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson . His origin story depicts him as being bitten by a radioactive spider and thus acquiring spider - related abilities , such as the ability to cling to most surfaces ; shoot spider - webs using wrist - mounted devices of his own invention , which he calls `` web - shooters '' ; and react to danger quickly with his `` spider - sense '' , enabling him to combat his many superpowered foes , such as Doctor Octopus , Green Goblin and Venom . Originally , the character uses these abilities for stardom , but after letting a burglar escape who is responsible for shooting his uncle , he learns to use his power responsibly . When Spider - Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider - Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , a high school student from Queens behind Spider - Man 's secret identity and with whose `` self - obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness '' young readers could relate . While Spider - Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider - Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that `` with great power there must also come great responsibility '' -- a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider - Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . Marvel has featured Spider - Man in several comic book series , the first and longest - lasting of which is titled The Amazing Spider - Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character has developed from shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team . Spider - Man 's nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012 -- 2014 , following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die . Marvel has also published books featuring alternate versions of Spider - Man , including Spider - Man 2099 , which features the adventures of Miguel O'Hara , the Spider - Man of the future ; Ultimate Spider - Man , which features the adventures of a teenaged Peter Parker in an alternate universe ; and Ultimate Comics Spider - Man , which depicts the teenager Miles Morales , who takes up the mantle of Spider - Man after Ultimate Peter Parker 's supposed death . Miles is later brought into mainstream continuity , where he works alongside Peter . Spider - Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes . As Marvel 's flagship character and company mascot , he has appeared in countless forms of media , including several animated and live action television series , syndicated newspaper comic strips , and in a series of films . The character was first portrayed in live action by Danny Seagren in Spidey Super Stories , a The Electric Company skit which ran from 1974 to 1977 . In films , Spider - Man has been portrayed by actors Tobey Maguire ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Andrew Garfield ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , and Tom Holland ( 2016 -- present ) , who has portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2016 . Reeve Carney starred as Spider - Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark . Spider - Man has been well received as a superhero and comic book character , and he is often ranked as one of the most popular comic book characters of all time , alongside DC Comics ' most famous superheroes , Batman , Superman , and Wonder Woman . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 Creation and development 1.2 Commercial success 2 Character synopsis 2.1 Fictional character biography 2.2 Personality and themes 2.3 Powers , skills , and equipment 2.4 Supporting characters 2.4. 1 Enemies 3 Other versions 4 Cultural influence 4.1 Reception 4.2 Real - life comparisons 4.3 Awards 5 In other media 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Publication history Further information : List of Spider - Man titles Creation and development Richard Wentworth a.k.a. the Spider in the pulp magazine The Spider . Stan Lee stated that it was the name of this character that inspired him to create a character that would become Spider - Man . In 1962 , with the success of the Fantastic Four , Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea . He said the idea for Spider - Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books , and the desire to create a character with whom teens could identify . In his autobiography , Lee cites the non-superhuman pulp magazine crime fighter the Spider as a great influence , and in a multitude of print and video interviews , Lee stated he was further inspired by seeing a spider climb up a wall -- adding in his autobiography that he has told that story so often he has become unsure of whether or not this is true . Although at the time teenage superheroes were usually given names ending with `` boy '' , Lee says he chose `` Spider - Man '' because he wanted the character to age as the series progressed , and moreover felt the name `` Spider - Boy '' would have made the character sound inferior to other superheroes . At that time Lee had to get only the consent of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman for the character 's approval . In a 1986 interview , Lee described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodman 's objections . Goodman eventually agreed to a Spider - Man tryout in what Lee in numerous interviews recalled as what would be the final issue of the science - fiction and supernatural anthology series Amazing Adult Fantasy , which was renamed Amazing Fantasy for that single issue , # 15 ( cover - dated August 1962 , on sale June 5 , 1962 ) . In particular , Lee stated that the fact that it had already been decided that Amazing Fantasy would be cancelled after issue # 15 was the only reason Goodman allowed him to use Spider - Man . While this was indeed the final issue , its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing and that `` The Spiderman ( sic ) ... will appear every month in Amazing . '' Regardless , Lee received Goodman 's approval for the name Spider - Man and the `` ordinary teen '' concept and approached artist Jack Kirby . As comics historian Greg Theakston recounts , Kirby told Lee about an unpublished character on which he had collaborated with Joe Simon in the 1950s , in which an orphaned boy living with an old couple finds a magic ring that granted him superhuman powers . Lee and Kirby `` immediately sat down for a story conference '' , Theakston writes , and Lee afterward directed Kirby to flesh out the character and draw some pages . Steve Ditko would be the inker . When Kirby showed Lee the first six pages , Lee recalled , `` I hated the way he was doing it ! Not that he did it badly -- it just was n't the character I wanted ; it was too heroic '' . Lee turned to Ditko , who developed a visual style Lee found satisfactory . Ditko recalled : One of the first things I did was to work up a costume . A vital , visual part of the character . I had to know how he looked ... before I did any breakdowns . For example : A clinging power so he would n't have hard shoes or boots , a hidden wrist - shooter versus a web gun and holster , etc ... I was n't sure Stan would like the idea of covering the character 's face but I did it because it hid an obviously boyish face . It would also add mystery to the character ... Although the interior artwork was by Ditko alone , Lee rejected Ditko 's cover art and commissioned Kirby to pencil a cover that Ditko inked . As Lee explained in 2010 , `` I think I had Jack sketch out a cover for it because I always had a lot of confidence in Jack 's covers . '' In an early recollection of the character 's creation , Ditko described his and Lee 's contributions in a mail interview with Gary Martin published in Comic Fan # 2 ( Summer 1965 ) : `` Stan Lee thought the name up . I did costume , web gimmick on wrist & spider signal . '' At the time , Ditko shared a Manhattan studio with noted fetish artist Eric Stanton , an art - school classmate who , in a 1988 interview with Theakston , recalled that although his contribution to Spider - Man was `` almost nil '' , he and Ditko had `` worked on storyboards together and I added a few ideas . But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own ... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands . '' Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) first introduced the fictional character . It was a gateway to commercial success for the superhero and inspired the launch of The Amazing Spider - Man comic book . Cover art by penciller Jack Kirby and inker Steve Ditko . Kirby disputed Lee 's version of the story and claimed Lee had minimal involvement in the character 's creation . According to Kirby , the idea for Spider - Man had originated with Kirby and Joe Simon , who in the 1950s had developed a character called the Silver Spider for the Crestwood Publications comic Black Magic , who was subsequently not used . Simon , in his 1990 autobiography , disputed Kirby 's account , asserting that Black Magic was not a factor , and that he ( Simon ) devised the name `` Spider - Man '' ( later changed to `` The Silver Spider '' ) , while Kirby outlined the character 's story and powers . Simon later elaborated that his and Kirby 's character conception became the basis for Simon 's Archie Comics superhero the Fly . Artist Steve Ditko stated that Lee liked the name Hawkman from DC Comics , and that `` Spider - Man '' was an outgrowth of that interest . Simon concurred that Kirby had shown the original Spider - Man version to Lee , who liked the idea and assigned Kirby to draw sample pages of the new character but disliked the results -- in Simon 's description , `` Captain America with cobwebs '' . Writer Mark Evanier notes that Lee 's reasoning that Kirby 's character was too heroic seems unlikely -- Kirby still drew the covers for Amazing Fantasy # 15 and the first issue of The Amazing Spider - Man . Evanier also disputes Kirby 's given reason that he was `` too busy '' to draw Spider - Man in addition to his other duties since Kirby was , said Evanier , `` always busy '' . Neither Lee 's nor Kirby 's explanation explains why key story elements like the magic ring were dropped ; Evanier states that the most plausible explanation for the sudden change was that Goodman , or one of his assistants , decided that Spider - Man , as drawn and envisioned by Kirby , was too similar to the Fly . Author and Ditko scholar Blake Bell writes that it was Ditko who noted the similarities to the Fly . Ditko recalled that `` Stan called Jack about the Fly '' , adding that `` ( d ) ays later , Stan told me I would be penciling the story panel breakdowns from Stan 's synopsis '' . It was at this point that the nature of the strip changed . `` Out went the magic ring , adult Spider - Man and whatever legend ideas that Spider - Man story would have contained '' . Lee gave Ditko the premise of a teenager bitten by a spider and developing powers , a premise Ditko would expand upon to the point he became what Bell describes as `` the first work for hire artist of his generation to create and control the narrative arc of his series '' . On the issue of the initial creation , Ditko states , `` I still do n't know whose idea was Spider - Man '' . Kirby noted in a 1971 interview that it was Ditko who `` got Spider - Man to roll , and the thing caught on because of what he did '' . Lee , while claiming credit for the initial idea , has acknowledged Ditko 's role , stating , `` If Steve wants to be called co-creator , I think he deserves ( it ) '' . He has further commented that Ditko 's costume design was key to the character 's success ; since the costume completely covers Spider - Man 's body , people of all races could visualize themselves inside the costume and thus more easily identify with the character . Commercial success A few months after Spider - Man 's introduction , publisher Goodman reviewed the sales figures for that issue and was shocked to find it was one of the nascent Marvel 's highest - selling comics . A solo ongoing series followed , beginning with The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 ( cover - dated March 1963 ) . The title eventually became Marvel 's top - selling series with the character swiftly becoming a cultural icon ; a 1965 Esquire poll of college campuses found that college students ranked Spider - Man and fellow Marvel hero the Hulk alongside Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons . One interviewee selected Spider - Man because he was `` beset by woes , money problems , and the question of existence . In short , he is one of us . '' Following Ditko 's departure after issue # 38 ( July 1966 ) , John Romita , Sr. replaced him as penciler and would draw the series for the next several years . In 1968 , Romita would also draw the character 's extra-length stories in the comics magazine The Spectacular Spider - Man , a proto - graphic novel designed to appeal to older readers . It only lasted for two issues , but it represented the first Spider - Man spin - off publication , aside from the original series ' summer annuals that began in 1964 . An early 1970s Spider - Man story led to the revision of the Comics Code . Previously , the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs , even negatively . However , in 1970 , the Nixon administration 's Department of Health , Education , and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel 's top - selling titles . Lee chose the top - selling The Amazing Spider - Man ; issues # 96 -- 98 ( May -- July 1971 ) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use . In the story , Peter Parker 's friend Harry Osborn becomes addicted to pills . When Spider - Man fights the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn , Harry 's father ) , Spider - Man defeats the Green Goblin , by revealing Harry 's drug addiction . While the story had a clear anti-drug message , the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval . Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority 's approval or seal . The issues sold so well that the industry 's self - censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised . In 1972 , a second monthly ongoing series starring Spider - Man began : Marvel Team - Up , in which Spider - Man was paired with other superheroes and villains . From that point on there have generally been at least two ongoing Spider - Man series at any time . In 1976 , his second solo series , Peter Parker , the Spectacular Spider - Man began running parallel to the main series . A third series featuring Spider - Man , Web of Spider - Man , launched in 1985 to replace Marvel Team - Up . The launch of a fourth monthly title in 1990 , the `` adjectiveless '' Spider - Man ( with the storyline `` Torment '' ) , written and drawn by popular artist Todd McFarlane , debuted with several different covers , all with the same interior content . The various versions combined sold over 3 million copies , an industry record at the time . Several limited series , one - shots , and loosely related comics have also been published , and Spider - Man makes frequent cameos and guest appearances in other comic series . In 1996 The Sensational Spider - Man was created to replace Web of Spider - Man . In 1998 writer - artist John Byrne revamped the origin of Spider - Man in the 13 - issue limited series Spider - Man : Chapter One ( December 1998 -- October 1999 ) , similar to Byrne 's adding details and some revisions to Superman 's origin in DC Comics ' The Man of Steel . At the same time the original The Amazing Spider - Man was ended with issue # 441 ( November 1998 ) , and The Amazing Spider - Man was restarted with vol. 2 , # 1 ( January 1999 ) . In 2003 Marvel reintroduced the original numbering for The Amazing Spider - Man and what would have been vol. 2 , # 59 became issue # 500 ( December 2003 ) . When primary series The Amazing Spider - Man reached issue # 545 ( December 2007 ) , Marvel dropped its spin - off ongoing series and instead began publishing The Amazing Spider - Man three times monthly , beginning with # 546 -- 548 ( all January 2008 ) . The three times monthly scheduling of The Amazing Spider - Man lasted until November 2010 when the comic book was increased from 22 pages to 30 pages each issue and published only twice a month , beginning with # 648 -- 649 ( both November 2010 ) . The following year , Marvel launched Avenging Spider - Man as the first spinoff ongoing series in addition to the still twice monthly The Amazing Spider - Man since the previous ones were cancelled at the end of 2007 . The Amazing series temporarily ended with issue # 700 in December 2012 , and was replaced by The Superior Spider - Man , which had Doctor Octopus serve as the new Spider - Man , having taken over Peter Parker 's body . Superior was an enormous commercial success for Marvel , and ran for 31 - issue before the real Peter Parker returned in a newly relaunched The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 in April 2014 . Following the 2015 Secret Wars event , a number of Spider - Man - related titles were either relaunched or created as part of the `` All - New , All - Different Marvel '' event . Among them , The Amazing Spider - Man was relaunched as well and primarily focuses on Peter Parker continuing to run Parker Industries , and becoming a successful businessman who is operating worldwide . Character synopsis Fictional character biography The spider bite that gave Peter Parker his powers . Amazing Fantasy # 15 , art by Steve Ditko . In Forest Hills , Queens , New York , Midtown High School student Peter Benjamin Parker is a science - whiz orphan living with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May . As depicted in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) , he is bitten by a radioactive spider ( erroneously classified as an insect in the panel ) at a science exhibit and `` acquires the agility and proportionate strength of an arachnid '' . Along with super strength , Parker gains the ability to adhere to walls and ceilings . Through his native knack for science , he develops a gadget that lets him fire adhesive webbing of his own design through small , wrist - mounted barrels . Initially seeking to capitalize on his new abilities , Parker dons a costume and , as `` Spider - Man '' , becomes a novelty television star . However , `` He blithely ignores the chance to stop a fleeing thief , ( and ) his indifference ironically catches up with him when the same criminal later robs and kills his Uncle Ben . '' Spider - Man tracks and subdues the killer and learns , in the story 's next - to - last caption , `` With great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' Despite his superpowers , Parker struggles to help his widowed aunt pay rent , is taunted by his peers -- particularly football star Flash Thompson -- and , as Spider - Man , engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson . As he battles his enemies for the first time , Parker finds juggling his personal life and costumed adventures difficult . In time , Peter graduates from high school , and enrolls at Empire State University ( a fictional institution evoking the real - life Columbia University and New York University ) , where he meets roommate and best friend Harry Osborn , and girlfriend Gwen Stacy , and Aunt May introduces him to Mary Jane Watson . As Peter deals with Harry 's drug problems , and Harry 's father is revealed to be Spider - Man 's nemesis the Green Goblin , Peter even attempts to give up his costumed identity for a while . Gwen Stacy 's father , New York City Police detective captain George Stacy is accidentally killed during a battle between Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus ( # 90 , November 1970 ) . In issue # 121 ( June 1973 ) , the Green Goblin throws Gwen Stacy from a tower of either the Brooklyn Bridge ( as depicted in the art ) or the George Washington Bridge ( as given in the text ) . She dies during Spider - Man 's rescue attempt ; a note on the letters page of issue # 125 states : `` It saddens us to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey 's webbing stopped her so suddenly was , in fact , what killed her . '' The following issue , the Goblin appears to kill himself accidentally in the ensuing battle with Spider - Man . Working through his grief , Parker eventually develops tentative feelings toward Watson , and the two `` become confidants rather than lovers '' . A romantic relationship eventually develops , with Parker proposing to her in issue # 182 ( July 1978 ) , and being turned down an issue later . Parker went on to graduate from college in issue # 185 , and becomes involved with the shy Debra Whitman and the extroverted , flirtatious costumed thief Felicia Hardy , the Black Cat , whom he meets in issue # 194 ( July 1979 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man # 252 ( May 1984 ) : The black costume debute that returned from Secret Wars that brought controversy to many fans . The suit would later be essentially be revealed as a symbiote and paved the way for the creation of Venom . Cover art by Ron Frenz and Klaus Janson . From 1984 to 1988 , Spider - Man wore a black costume with a white spider design on his chest . The new costume originated in the Secret Wars limited series , on an alien planet where Spider - Man participates in a battle between Earth 's major superheroes and villains . He continues wearing the costume when he returns , starting in The Amazing Spider - Man # 252 . The change to a longstanding character 's design met with controversy , `` with many hardcore comics fans decrying it as tantamount to sacrilege . Spider - Man 's traditional red and blue costume was iconic , they argued , on par with those of his D.C. rivals Superman and Batman . '' The creators then revealed the costume was an alien symbiote which Spider - Man is able to reject after a difficult struggle , though the symbiote returns several times as Venom for revenge . Parker proposes to Watson a second time in The Amazing Spider - Man # 290 ( July 1987 ) , and she accepts two issues later , with the wedding taking place in The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 21 ( 1987 ) . It was promoted with a real - life mock wedding using models , including Tara Shannon as Watson , with Stan Lee officiating at the June 5 , 1987 , event at Shea Stadium . However , David Michelinie , who scripted based on a plot by editor - in - chief Jim Shooter , said in 2007 , `` I did n't think they actually should ( have gotten ) married ... I had actually planned another version , one that was n't used . '' In a controversial storyline , Peter becomes convinced that Ben Reilly , the Scarlet Spider ( a clone of Peter created by his college professor Miles Warren ) is the real Peter Parker , and that he , Peter , is the clone . Peter gives up the Spider - Man identity to Reilly for a time , until Reilly is killed by the returning Green Goblin and revealed to be the clone after all . In stories published in 2005 and 2006 ( such as `` The Other '' ) , he develops additional spider - like abilities including biological web - shooters , toxic stingers that extend from his forearms , the ability to stick individuals to his back , enhanced Spider - sense and night vision , and increased strength and speed . Peter later becomes a member of the New Avengers , and reveals his civilian identity to the world , increasing his already numerous problems . His marriage to Mary Jane and public unmasking are later erased in another controversial storyline `` One More Day '' , in a Faustian bargain with the demon Mephisto that results in several other adjustments to the timeline , including the resurrection of Harry Osborn and the return of Spider - Man 's traditional tools and powers . That storyline came at the behest of editor - in - chief Joe Quesada , who said , `` Peter being single is an intrinsic part of the very foundation of the world of Spider - Man '' . It caused unusual public friction between Quesada and writer J. Michael Straczynski , who `` told Joe that I was going to take my name off the last two issues of the ( story ) arc '' but was talked out of doing so . At issue with Straczynski 's climax to the arc , Quesada said , was ... that we did n't receive the story and methodology to the resolution that we were all expecting . What made that very problematic is that we had four writers and artists well underway on ( the sequel arc ) `` Brand New Day '' that were expecting and needed `` One More Day '' to end in the way that we had all agreed it would ... The fact that we had to ask for the story to move back to its original intent understandably made Joe upset and caused some major delays and page increases in the series . Also , the science that Joe was going to apply to the retcon of the marriage would have made over 30 years of Spider - Man books worthless , because they never would have had happened ... ( I ) t would have reset way too many things outside of the Spider - Man titles . We just could n't go there ... Following the `` reboot '' , Parker 's identity was no longer known to the general public ; however , he revealed it to other superheroes. and others have deduced it . Parker 's Aunt May marries J. Jonah Jameson 's father , Jay Jameson . Parker became an employee of the think - tank Horizon Labs . In issue # 700 , the dying supervillain Doctor Octopus swaps bodies with Parker , who remains as a presence in Doctor Octopus 's mind , prompting a two - year storyline in the series The Superior Spider - Man in which Peter Parker is absent and Doctor Octopus is Spider - Man . Peter eventually regains control of his body . Following Peter Parker 's return , The Amazing Spider - Man was relaunched in April 2014 , with Peter Parker becoming a billionaire after the formation of Parker Industries . In December 2014 , following the Death of Wolverine comic book , Spider - Man became the new headmaster of the Jean Grey School and began appearing more prominently in X-Men stories , taking Wolverine 's role in the comic Wolverine and the X-Men . Personality and themes `` People often say glibly that Marvel succeeded by blending super hero adventure stories with soap opera . What Lee and Ditko actually did in The Amazing Spider - Man was to make the series an ongoing novelistic chronicle of the lead character 's life . Most super heroes had problems no more complex or relevant to their readers ' lives than thwarting this month 's bad guys ... Parker had far more serious concern in his life : coming to terms with the death of a loved one , falling in love for the first time , struggling to make a living , and undergoing crises of conscience . '' Comics historian Peter Sanderson As one contemporaneous journalist observed , `` Spider - Man has a terrible identity problem , a marked inferiority complex , and a fear of women . He is anti-social , ( sic ) castration - ridden , racked with Oedipal guilt , and accident - prone ... ( a ) functioning neurotic '' . Agonizing over his choices , always attempting to do right , he is nonetheless viewed with suspicion by the authorities , who seem unsure as to whether he is a helpful vigilante or a clever criminal . Notes cultural historian Bradford W. Wright , Spider - Man 's plight was to be misunderstood and persecuted by the very public that he swore to protect . In the first issue of The Amazing Spider - Man , J. Jonah Jameson , publisher of the Daily Bugle , launches an editorial campaign against the `` Spider - Man menace . '' The resulting negative publicity exacerbates popular suspicions about the mysterious Spider - Man and makes it impossible for him to earn any more money by performing . Eventually , the bad press leads the authorities to brand him an outlaw . Ironically , Peter finally lands a job as a photographer for Jameson 's Daily Bugle . The mid-1960s stories reflected the political tensions of the time , as early 1960s Marvel stories had often dealt with the Cold War and Communism . As Wright observes , From his high - school beginnings to his entry into college life , Spider - Man remained the superhero most relevant to the world of young people . Fittingly , then , his comic book also contained some of the earliest references to the politics of young people . In 1968 , in the wake of actual militant student demonstrations at Columbia University , Peter Parker finds himself in the midst of similar unrest at his Empire State University ... Peter has to reconcile his natural sympathy for the students with his assumed obligation to combat lawlessness as Spider - Man . As a law - upholding liberal , he finds himself caught between militant leftism and angry conservatives . Powers , skills , and equipment A bite from a radioactive spider triggers mutations in Peter Parker 's body , granting him superpowers . In the original Lee - Ditko stories , Spider - Man has the ability to cling to walls , superhuman strength , a sixth sense ( `` spider - sense '' ) that alerts him to danger , perfect balance and equilibrium , as well as superhuman speed and agility . The character was originally conceived by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko as intellectually gifted , but later writers have depicted his intellect at genius level . Academically brilliant , Parker has expertise in the fields of applied science , chemistry , physics , biology , engineering , mathematics , and mechanics . With his talents , he sews his own costume to conceal his identity , and he constructs many devices that complement his powers , most notably mechanical web - shooters to help navigate and trap his enemies along with a spider - signal as an flashlight and a warning beacon to criminals . Supporting characters Main article : List of Spider - Man supporting characters Spider - Man characters The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 cover featuring a collage of Spider - Man 's supporting characters . Variant cover of The Amazing Spider - Man ( vol. 3 ) # 1 depicting the heads of various Spider - Man villains in the background . Art by Kevin Maguire . Spider - Man has had a large range of supporting characters introduced in the comics that are essential in the issues and storylines that star him . After his parents died , Peter Parker was raised by his loving aunt , May Parker , and his uncle and father figure , Ben Parker . After Uncle Ben is murdered by a burglar , Aunt May is virtually Peter 's only family , and she and Peter are very close . J. Jonah Jameson is depicted as the publisher of the Daily Bugle and is Peter Parker 's boss and as a harsh critic of Spider - Man , always saying negative things about the superhero in the newspaper . Despite his role as Jameson 's publishing editor and confidant Robbie Robertson is always depicted as a supporter of both Peter Parker and Spider - Man . Eugene `` Flash '' Thompson is commonly depicted as Parker 's high school tormentor and bully , but in later comic issues he becomes a friend to Peter . Meanwhile , Harry Osborn , son of Norman Osborn , is most commonly recognized as Peter 's best friend but has also been depicted sometimes as his rival in the comics . Peter Parker 's romantic interests range between his first crush , the fellow high - school student Liz Allan , to having his first date with Betty Brant , the secretary to the Daily Bugle newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson . After his breakup with Betty Brant , Parker eventually falls in love with his college girlfriend Gwen Stacy , daughter of New York City Police Department detective captain George Stacy , both of whom are later killed by supervillain enemies of Spider - Man . Mary Jane Watson eventually became Peter 's best friend and then his wife . Felicia Hardy , the Black Cat , is a reformed cat burglar who had been Spider - Man 's sole superhuman girlfriend and partner at one point . Enemies Main article : List of Spider - Man enemies Writers and artists over the years have established a rogues gallery of supervillains to face Spider - Man . In comics and in other media . As with the hero , the majority of the villains ' powers originate with scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology , and many have animal - themed costumes or powers . Examples are listed down below in the ordering of their original chronological appearance : Indicates a group . Supervillain name / Supervillain team name Notable alter ego / group member First appearance Creator Chameleon Dmitri Anatoly Nikolayevich The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 ( March 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Vulture Adrian Toomes The Amazing Spider - Man # 2 ( May 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Doctor Octopus Doctor Otto Gunther Octavius The Amazing Spider - Man # 3 ( July 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Sandman William Baker / Flint Marko The Amazing Spider - Man # 4 ( September 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Lizard Dr. Curt Connors The Amazing Spider - Man # 6 ( November 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Electro Maxwell Dillon The Amazing Spider - Man # 9 ( February 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Mysterio Quentin Beck The Amazing Spider - Man # 13 ( June 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Green Goblin Norman Osborn Harry Osborn The Amazing Spider - Man # 14 ( July 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Kraven the Hunter Sergei Kravinoff The Amazing Spider - Man # 15 ( August 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Sinister Six List of members The Amazing Spider - Man annual # 1 ( 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Scorpion Mac Gargan The Amazing Spider - Man # 20 ( January 1965 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Rhino Aleksei Mikhailovich Sytsevich The Amazing Spider - Man # 41 ( October 1966 ) Stan Lee John Romita , Sr . Shocker Herman Schultz The Amazing Spider - Man # 46 ( March 1967 ) Stan Lee John Romita , Sr . Kingpin Wilson Fisk The Amazing Spider - Man # 50 ( July 1967 ) Stan Lee John Romita , Sr . Morbius Michael Morbius The Amazing Spider - Man # 101 ( January 1971 ) Roy Thomas Gil Kane Jackal Miles Warren The Amazing Spider - Man # 129 ( February 1974 ) Gerry Conway Ross Andru Black Cat Felicia Hardy The Amazing Spider - Man # 194 ( July 1979 ) Marv Wolfman Keith Pollard Hydro - Man Morris Bench The Amazing Spider - Man # 212 ( January 10 , 1981 ) Denny O'Neil John Romita , Jr . Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley The Amazing Spider - Man # 238 ( March 1983 ) Roger Stern John Romita Sr . Venom Eddie Brock The Amazing Spider - Man # 300 ( May 1988 ) David Michelinie Todd McFarlane Carnage Cletus Kasady The Amazing Spider - Man # 361 ( April 1992 ) David Michelinie Erik Larsen Mark Bagley Unlike a lot of well - known rivalries in comics book depictions , Spider - Man is cited to have more than one archenemy and it can be debated or disputed as to which one is worse : ^ Doctor Octopus is regarded as one of Spider - Man 's worst enemies and archenemy . He has been cited as the man Peter might have become if he had not been raised with a sense of responsibility . He is infamous for defeating him the first time in battle and for almost marrying Peter 's Aunt May . He is the core leader of the Sinister Six and has also referred himself as the `` Master Planner '' . ( `` If This Be My Destiny ... ! '' ) Later depictions revealed him in Peter Parker 's body where he was the titular character for a while . ^ Norman Osborn using the Green Goblin alias is as commonly described as Spider - Man 's archenemy . Mostly after he is the first villain to uncover the hero 's true identity , being responsible for setting up the death of Spider - Man 's girlfriend in one of the most famous Spider - Man stories of all time which helped end the Silver Age of Comic Books and begin the Bronze Age of Comic Books . He was thought to be dead after that but writers help bring him back from the 1990s and he returned to plague Spider - Man once more in the comic books ( such as being involved of the killing of Aunt May ) and other heroes ( such as the Avengers ) . He is also an enemy of Spider - Man sometimes just as himself and not just only as his Goblin persona . ^ Another character commonly described as an archenemy is Venom . Eddie Brock as Venom is commonly described as the mirror version or the evil version of Spider - Man in many ways . Venom 's goals is usually depicted as trying to ruin Spider - Man 's life and mess with Spider - Man 's head when it comes to targeting enemies . Venom is cited as being one of the most popular Spider - Man villains . This popularity has led him to be an established iconic character of his own with own comic book stories . Other versions Main article : Alternative versions of Spider - Man Within the Marvel Universe there exists a multiverse with many variations of Spider - Men . An early character included in the 1980 's is the fictional anthropomorphic funny animal parody of Spider - Man in pig form named Spider - Ham ( Peter Porker ) . Many imprints of Spider - Men were created like the futuristic version of Spider - Man in Marvel 2099 named Miguel O'Hara . In Marvel Comics 2 imprint , Peter marries Mary Jane and has a daughter named Mayday Parker who carries on Spider - Man 's legacy and Marvel Noir has a 1930 's version of Peter Parker . Other themed versions exist within the early 2000 's such as an Marvel Mangaverse version and an Indian version from Spider - Man : India named Pavitr Prabhakar . Ultimate Spider - Man was a popular modern retelling of Peter Parker . The version of Parker would later be depicted as being killed off and replaced by an Afro - Latino Spider - Man named Miles Morales . The storyline `` Spider - Verse '' brought back many alternate takes on Spider - Man and introduced many new inspired ones such as an alternate world where Gwen Stacy gets bitten by a radioactive spider instead along with a British themed version named Spider - UK called Billy Braddock from Captain Britain Corps . Cultural influence Graph image depicting Spider - Man as the leading superhero in merchandise retail sales worldwide in 2016 In The Creation of Spider - Man , comic book writer - editor and historian Paul Kupperberg calls the character 's superpowers `` nothing too original '' ; what was original was that outside his secret identity , he was a `` nerdy high school student '' . Going against typical superhero fare , Spider - Man included `` heavy doses of soap - opera and elements of melodrama '' . Kupperberg feels that Lee and Ditko had created something new in the world of comics : `` the flawed superhero with everyday problems '' . This idea spawned a `` comics revolution '' . The insecurity and anxieties in Marvel 's early 1960s comic books such as The Amazing Spider - Man , The Incredible Hulk , and X-Men ushered in a new type of superhero , very different from the certain and all - powerful superheroes before them , and changed the public 's perception of them . Spider - Man has become one of the most recognizable fictional characters in the world , and has been used to sell toys , games , cereal , candy , soap , and many other products . Spider - Man has become Marvel 's flagship character and has often been used as the company mascot . When Marvel became the first comic book company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991 , the Wall Street Journal announced `` Spider - Man is coming to Wall Street '' ; the event was in turn promoted with an actor in a Spider - Man costume accompanying Stan Lee to the Stock Exchange . Since 1962 , hundreds of millions of comics featuring the character have been sold around the world . Spider - Man is the world 's most profitable superhero . In 2014 , global retail sales of licensed products related to Spider - Man reached approximately $1.3 billion . Comparatively , this amount exceeds the global licensing revenue of Batman , Superman , and the Avengers combined . U.S. President Barack Obama pretending to be webbed up by a boy dressed in a Spider - Man costume inside the White House Spider - Man joined the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1998 as one of the balloon floats , designed by John Romita Sr. , one of the character 's signature artists . A new , different Spider - Man balloon float is scheduled to appear from at least 2009 to 2011 . When Marvel wanted to issue a story dealing with the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the company chose the December 2001 issue of The Amazing Spider - Man . In 2006 , Spider - Man garnered major media coverage with the revelation of the character 's secret identity , an event detailed in a full page story in the New York Post before the issue containing the story was even released . In 2008 , Marvel announced plans to release a series of educational comics the following year in partnership with the United Nations , depicting Spider - Man alongside UN Peacekeeping Forces to highlight UN peacekeeping missions . A BusinessWeek article listed Spider - Man as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional characters in American comics . Rapper Eminem has cited Spider - Man as one of his favorite comic book superheroes . In 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United States decided Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment , LLC , a case concerning royalties on a patent for an imitation web - shooter . The opinion for the Court , by Justice Elena Kagan , included several Spider - Man references , concluding with the statement that `` with great power there must also come -- great responsibility '' . Reception The culmination of nearly every superhero that came before him , Spider - Man is the hero of heroes . He 's got fun and cool powers , but not on the god - like level of Thor . He 's just a normal guy with girlfriend problems and money issues , so he 's more relatable than playboy billionaire Iron Man . And he 's an awkward teenager , not a wizened adult like Captain America . Not too hot and not too cold , Spider - Man is just right . IGN staff on placing Spider - Man as the number one hero of Marvel . Spider - Man was declared the number one superhero on Bravo 's Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens , and Villains TV series in 2005 . Empire magazine placed him as the fifth - greatest comic book character of all time . Wizard magazine placed Spider - Man as the third greatest comic book character on their website . In 2011 , Spider - Man placed third on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time , behind DC Comics characters Superman and Batman . and sixth in their 2012 list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . In 2014 , IGN identified Spider - Man the greatest Marvel Comics character of all time . A 2015 poll at Comic Book Resources named Spider - Man the greatest Marvel character of all time . IGN described him as the common everyman that represents many normal people but also noting his uniqueness compared to many top - tiered superheroes with his many depicted flaws as a superhero . IGN noted that despite being one of the most tragic superheroes of all time that he is `` one of the most fun and snarky superheroes in existence . '' Empire noted and praised that despite the many tragedies that Spider - Man faces that he retains his sense of humour at all times with his witty wisecracks . The magazine website appraised the depiction of his `` iconic '' superhero poses describing it as `` a top artist 's dream '' . George Marston of Newsarama placed Spider - Man 's origin story as the greatest origin story of all time opining that `` Spider - Man 's origin combines all of the most classic aspects of pathos , tragedy and scientific wonder into the perfect blend for a superhero origin . '' Real - life comparisons Real - life people who have been compared to Spider - Man for their climbing feats include : In 1981 , skyscraper - safety activist Dan Goodwin , wearing a Spider - Man suit , scaled the Sears Tower in Chicago , Illinois , the Renaissance Tower in Dallas , Texas , and the John Hancock Center in Chicago , Illinois . Alain Robert , nicknamed `` Spider - Man '' , is a rock and urban climber who has scaled more than 70 tall buildings using his hands and feet , without using additional devices . He sometimes wears a Spider - Man suit during his climbs . In May 2003 , he was paid approximately $18,000 to climb the 312 - foot ( 95 m ) Lloyd 's building to promote the premiere of the movie Spider - Man on the British television channel Sky Movies . `` The Human Spider '' , alias Bill Strother , scaled the Lamar Building in Augusta , Georgia in 1921 . In Argentina , criminals that climb buildings and trespass into private property through the open balconies are said to use the `` Spider - Man method '' ( in Spanish , `` Hombre Araña '' ) . Awards This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From the character 's inception , Spider - Man stories have won numerous awards , including : 1962 Alley Award : Best Short Story -- `` Origin of Spider - Man '' by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko , Amazing Fantasy # 15 1963 Alley Award : Best Comic : Adventure Hero title -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1963 Alley Award : Top Hero -- Spider - Man 1964 Alley Award : Best Adventure Hero Comic Book -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1964 Alley Award : Best Giant Comic -- The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 1 1964 Alley Award : Best Hero -- Spider - Man 1965 Alley Award : Best Adventure Hero Comic Book -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1965 Alley Award : Best Hero -- Spider - Man 1966 Alley Award : Best Comic Magazine : Adventure Book with the Main Character in the Title -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1966 Alley Award : Best Full - Length Story -- `` How Green was My Goblin '' , by Stan Lee & John Romita , Sr. , The Amazing Spider - Man # 39 1967 Alley Award : Best Comic Magazine : Adventure Book with the Main Character in the Title -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1967 Alley Award Popularity Poll : Best Costumed or Powered Hero -- Spider - Man 1967 Alley Award Popularity Poll : Best Male Normal Supporting Character -- J. Jonah Jameson , The Amazing Spider - Man 1967 Alley Award Popularity Poll : Best Female Normal Supporting Character -- Mary Jane Watson , The Amazing Spider - Man 1968 Alley Award Popularity Poll : Best Adventure Hero Strip -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1968 Alley Award Popularity Poll : Best Supporting Character -- J. Jonah Jameson , The Amazing Spider - Man 1969 Alley Award Popularity Poll : Best Adventure Hero Strip -- The Amazing Spider - Man 1997 Eisner Award : Best Artist / Penciller / Inker or Penciller / Inker Team -- 1997 Al Williamson , Best Inker : Untold Tales of Spider - Man # 17 - 18 2002 Eisner Award : Best Serialized Story -- The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 2 , # 30 -- 35 : `` Coming Home '' , by J. Michael Straczynski , John Romita , Jr. , and Scott Hanna In other media Spider - Man in film Tobey Maguire ( left ) , Andrew Garfield ( center ) , and Tom Holland ( right ) have portrayed Spider - Man in film . Main article : Spider - Man in other media Further information : Spider - Man in film , Spider - Man in television , Spider - Man in literature , and List of Spider - Man video games Spider - Man has appeared in comics , cartoons , films , video games , coloring books , novels , records , and children 's books . On television , he first starred in the ABC animated series Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 1970 ) ; Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 - 1977 ) on PBS ; and the CBS live action series The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 1979 ) , starring Nicholas Hammond . Other animated series featuring the superhero include the syndicated Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 1982 ) , Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 1983 ) , Fox Kids ' Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) , The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 2009 ) , and Ultimate Spider - Man ( 2012 -- 2017 ) . A tokusatsu series featuring Spider - Man was produced by Toei and aired in Japan . It is commonly referred to by its Japanese pronunciation `` Supaidā - Man '' . Spider - Man also appeared in other print forms besides the comics , including novels , children 's books , and the daily newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider - Man , which debuted in January 1977 , with the earliest installments written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita , Sr. Spider - Man has been adapted to other media including games , toys , collectibles , and miscellaneous memorabilia , and has appeared as the main character in numerous computer and video games on over 15 gaming platforms . Spider - Man was featured in a trilogy of live - action films directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero . The first Spider - Man film of the trilogy was released on May 3 , 2002 ; followed by Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) and Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) . A third sequel was originally scheduled to be released in 2011 , however Sony later decided to reboot the franchise with a new director and cast . The reboot , titled The Amazing Spider - Man , was released on July 3 , 2012 ; directed by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield as the new Spider - Man . It was followed by The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) . In 2015 , Sony and Disney made a deal for Spider - Man to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tom Holland made his debut as Spider - Man in the MCU film Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , before later starring in Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ; directed by Jon Watts . Holland reprises his role as Spider - Man in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . A Broadway musical , Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark , began previews on November 14 , 2010 , at the Foxwoods Theatre on Broadway , with the official opening night on June 14 , 2011 . The music and lyrics were written by Bono and The Edge of the rock group U2 , with a book by Julie Taymor , Glen Berger , Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa . Turn Off the Dark is currently the most expensive musical in Broadway history , costing an estimated $70 million . In addition , the show 's unusually high running costs are reported to have been about $1.2 million per week . See also List of Spider - Man storylines List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts Notes Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87305 - 2 . He goes further in his biography , claiming that even while pitching the concept to publisher Martin Goodman , `` I ca n't remember if that was literally true or not , but I thought it would lend a big color to my pitch . '' CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press interview with Stan Lee , quoted in The Steve Ditko Reader by Greg Theakston ( Pure Imagination , Brooklyn , NY ; ISBN 1 - 56685 - 011 - 8 ) , p. 12 ( unnumbered ) . `` He gave me 1,000 reasons why Spider - Man would never work . Nobody likes spiders ; it sounds too much like Superman ; and how could a teenager be a superhero ? Then I told him I wanted the character to be a very human guy , someone who makes mistakes , who worries , who gets acne , has trouble with his girlfriend , things like that . ( Goodman replied , ) ' He 's a hero ! He 's not an average man ! ' I said , ' No , we make him an average man who happens to have super powers , that 's what will make him good . ' He told me I was crazy '' . Jump up ^ Ditko , Steve ( 2000 ) . Roy Thomas , ed . Alter Ego : The Comic Book Artist Collection . TwoMorrows Publishing . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 06 - 3 . `` ' Stan said a new Marvel hero would be introduced in # 15 ( of what became titled Amazing Fantasy ) . He would be called Spider - Man . Jack would do the penciling and I was to ink the character . ' At this point still , Stan said Spider - Man would be a teenager with a magic ring which could transform him into an adult hero -- Spider - Man . I said it sounded like the Fly , which Joe Simon had done for Archie Comics . Stan called Jack about it but I do n't know what was discussed . I never talked to Jack about Spider - Man ... Later , at some point , I was given the job of drawing Spider - Man ' '' . Jump up ^ Jack Kirby in `` Shop Talk : Jack Kirby '' , Will Eisner 's Spirit Magazine # 39 ( February 1982 ) : `` Spider - Man was discussed between Joe Simon and myself . It was the last thing Joe and I had discussed . We had a strip called ' The Silver Spider . ' The Silver Spider was going into a magazine called Black Magic . Black Magic folded with Crestwood ( Simon & Kirby 's 1950s comics company ) and we were left with the script . I believe I said this could become a thing called Spider - Man , see , a superhero character . I had a lot of faith in the superhero character that they could be brought back ... and I said Spider - Man would be a fine character to start with . But Joe had already moved on . So the idea was already there when I talked to Stan '' . Jump up ^ Simon , Joe , with Jim Simon . The Comic Book Makers ( Crestwood / II , 1990 ) ISBN 1 - 887591 - 35 - 4 . `` There were a few holes in Jack 's never - dependable memory . For instance , there was no Black Magic involved at all ... Jack brought in the Spider - Man logo that I had loaned to him before we changed the name to The Silver Spider . Kirby laid out the story to Lee about the kid who finds a ring in a spiderweb , gets his powers from the ring , and goes forth to fight crime armed with The Silver Spider 's old web - spinning pistol . Stan Lee said , ' Perfect , just what I want . ' After obtaining permission from publisher Martin Goodman , Lee told Kirby to pencil - up an origin story . Kirby ... using parts of an old rejected superhero named Night Fighter ... revamped the old Silver Spider script , including revisions suggested by Lee . But when Kirby showed Lee the sample pages , it was Lee 's turn to gripe . He had been expecting a skinny young kid who is transformed into a skinny young kid with spider powers . Kirby had him turn into ... Captain America with cobwebs . He turned Spider - Man over to Steve Ditko , who ... ignored Kirby 's pages , tossed the character 's magic ring , web - pistol and goggles ... and completely redesigned Spider - Man 's costume and equipment . In this life , he became high - school student Peter Parker , who gets his spider powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider ... Lastly , the Spider - Man logo was redone and a dashing hyphen added '' . Jump up ^ Mondello , Salvatore ( March 2004 ) . `` Spider - Man : Superhero in the Liberal Tradition '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . X ( 1 ) : 232 -- 238 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1976. 1001_232. x ... a teenage superhero and middle - aged supervillains -- an impressive rogues ' gallery ( that ) includes such memorable knaves and grotesques as the Vulture ... References Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 434 Jump up ^ Spider - Man # 91 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 257 Jump up ^ Sensational Spider - Man # 27 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 36 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 - 151 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 529 Jump up ^ `` What If ? Vol 2 # 31 ^ Jump up to : Wright , Bradford W. ( 2001 ) . Comic Book Nation . Johns Hopkins Press : Baltimore . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Peter Parker to return from death in ' Amazing Spider - Man ' # 1 this April '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Why Spider - Man is popular '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Brett ( October 2010 ) . `` Spidey Super Stories '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 23 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official ! Andrew Garfield to Play Spider - Man ! '' . Comingsoon.net . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Cast Announced for Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark '' . Broadway.com . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87305 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : DeFalco , Tom ; Lee , Stan ( 2001 ) . O'Neill , Cynthia , ed . Spider - Man : The Ultimate Guide . New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 7946 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 3 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Amazing Fantasy ( Marvel , 1962 series ) at the Grand Comics Database : `` 1990 copyright renewal lists the publication date as June 5 , 1962 '' ; `` ( T ) he decision to cancel the series had not been made when it went to print , since it is announced that future issues will include a Spider - Man feature . '' Jump up ^ `` Important Announcement from the Editor ! '' , Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) , reprinted at Sedlmeier , Cory , ed. ( 2007 ) . Amazing Fantasy Omnibus . Marvel Publishing . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 0785124580 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Theakston , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Steve Ditko Reader . Brooklyn , New York : Pure Imagination . ISBN 1 - 56685 - 011 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ditko , Steve ( 2000 ) . Roy Thomas , ed . Alter Ego : The Comic Book Artist Collection . TwoMorrows Publishing . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 06 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Deposition of Stan Lee '' . Los Angeles , California : United States District Court , Southern District of New York : `` Marvel Worldwide , Inc. , et al. , vs. Lisa R. Kirby , et al . '' . December 8 , 2010 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Ditko interview ( Summer 1965 ) . `` Steve Ditko -- A Portrait of the Master '' . Comic Fan # 2 ( Larry Herndon ) via Ditko.Comics.org ( Blake Bell , ed . ) . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Additional , February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Joe ( 2011 ) . Joe Simon : My Life in Comics . London , UK : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 930 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Evanier , Mark ; Gaiman , Neil ( 2008 ) . Kirby : King of Comics . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9447 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bell , Blake . Strange and Stranger : The World of Steve Ditko ( 2008 ) . Fantagraphic Books. p. 54 - 57 . Jump up ^ Skelly , Tim . `` Interview II : ' I created an army of characters , and now my connection to them is lost . ' '' ( Initially broadcast over WNUR - FM on `` The Great Electric Bird '' , May 14 , 1971 . Transcribed and published in The Nostalgia Journal # 27 . ) Reprinted in The Comics Journal Library Volume One : Jack Kirby , George , Milo ed . May 2002 , Fantagraphics Books . p. 16 Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathan . In Search of Steve Ditko , BBC Four , September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1991 ) . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saffel , Steve . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon ( Titan Books , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 , `` A Not - So - Spectacular Experiment '' , p. 31 Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man was a proven hit , so Marvel decided to expand the wall - crawler 's horizons with a new Spider - Man title ... Its first issue featured Spidey teaming up with the Human Torch against the Sandman in a Christmas tale written by Roy Thomas with art by Ross Andru . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0762437723 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1980s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man swung into the pages of an all - new ongoing series in this first issue by writer Louise Simonson and penciler Greg LaRocque . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1990s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Todd McFarlane was at the top of his game as an artist , and with Marvel 's release of this new Spidey series he also got the chance to take on the writing duties . The sales of this series were nothing short of phenomenal , with approx . 2.5 million copies eventually printing , including special bagged editions and a number of variant covers . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Thomas ( August 22 , 2000 ) . `` John Byrne : The Hidden Story '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Thomas ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Marvel 500s : How Many Are There ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schedeen , Jesse ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Avenging Spider - Man # 1 Review '' . IGN . j2 Global . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : SDCC 10 : Spider - Man : The End of Brand New Day '' . IGN . j2 Global . July 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bremmer , Robyn ; Morse , Ben ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` The Next Big Thing : Spider - Man : Big Time '' . Marvel.com . Marvel Comics / Marvel Entertainment ( The Walt Disney Company ) . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Parker Resurrected in Slott 's Amazing Spider - Man '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Henry ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Back from the brain dead , Peter Parker returns to ' Spider - Man ' comics '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Parker ' Stepped Up ' As High Tech Tycoon In Amazing Spider - Man '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kempton , Sally , `` Spiderman 's ( sic ) Dilemma : Super-Anti - Hero in Forest Hills '' , The Village Voice , April 1 , 1965 ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . Amazing Fantasy 15 ( August 1962 ) , New York City , New York : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Daniels , Les . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1991 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 9 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Saffel , Steve . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon ( Titan Books , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . `` Spider - Man '' ; `` Spider - Man vs. The Chameleon '' ; `` Duel to the Death with the Vulture ; `` The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 1 - 2 ( March , May 1963 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Amazing Spider - Man , The ( Marvel , 1963 Series ) at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . `` The Menace of the Molten Man ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 28 ( September 1965 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , John ( a ) . `` The Birth of a Super-Hero ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 42 ( November 1966 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 27 Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , John ( p ) , Mickey Demeo ( i ) . `` Spider - Man No More ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 50 ( July 1967 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Kane , Gil ( p ) , Giacoia , Frank ( i ) . `` The Spider or the Man ? '' The Amazing Spider - Man 100 ( September 1971 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Saffel , p. 60 Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 65 , states , `` In the battle that followed atop the Brooklyn Bridge ( or was it the George Washington Bridge ? ) ... '' On page 66 , Saffel reprints the panel of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , page 18 , in which Spider - Man exclaims , `` The George Washington Bridge ! It figures Osborn would pick something named after his favorite president . He 's got the same sort of hangup for dollar bills ! '' Saffel states , `` The span portrayed ... is the GW 's more famous cousin , the Brooklyn Bridge ... To address the contradiction in future reprints of the tale , though , Spider - Man 's dialogue was altered so that he 's referring to the Brooklyn Bridge . But the original snafu remains as one of the more visible errors in the history of comics . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Marvel Universe , p. 84 , notes , `` ( W ) hile the script described the site of Gwen 's demise as the George Washington Bridge , the art depicted the Brooklyn Bridge , and there is still no agreement as to where it actually took place . '' Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 65 Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Kane , Gil ( p ) , Romita , John ( i ) . `` The Night Gwen Stacy Died '' The Amazing Spider - Man 121 ( June 1973 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Sanderson , Marvel Universe , p. 85 Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Spring 2006 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died ' : The End of Innocence and the ' Last Gasp of the Silver Age ' '' . International Journal of Comic Art . 8 ( 1 ) : 208 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Marvel Universe , p. 83 Jump up ^ Shooter , Jim ( w ) , Zeck , Michael ( p ) , Beatty , John , Abel , Jack , and Esposito , Mike ( i ) . `` Invasion '' Marvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars 8 ( December 1984 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Leupp , Thomas . `` Behind the Mask : The Story of Spider - Man 's Black Costume '' Archived June 27 , 2010 , at WebCite , ReelzChannel.com , 2007 , n.d. WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Simonson , Louise ( w ) , LaRocque , Greg ( p ) , Mooney , Jim and Colletta , Vince ( i ) . `` ' Til Death Do Us Part ! '' Web of Spider - Man 1 ( April 1985 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gross , Michael ( June 2 , 1987 ) . `` Spider - Man to Wed Model '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saffel , p. 124 Jump up ^ Shooter , Jim and Michelinie , David ( w ) , Ryan , Paul ( p ) , Colletta , Vince ( i ) . `` The Wedding '' The Amazing Spider - Man Annual 21 ( 1987 ) , New York City , New York : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Life of Reilly '' . GreyHaven Magazine . NewComicsReviews.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Millar , Mark ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Vines , Dexter ( i ) . `` Civil War '' Civil War 2 ( August 2006 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Weiland , Jonah . `` The ' One More Day ' Interviews with Joe Quesada , Pt. 1 of 5 '' , Newsarama , December 28 , 2007 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Straczynski , J. Michael ( w ) , Quesada , Joe ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` One More Day Part 4 '' The Amazing Spider - Man 545 ( December 2007 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Weiland , Jonah . `` The ' One More Day ' Interviews with Joe Quesada , Pt. 2 of 5 '' , Newsarama , December 31 , 2007 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ New Avengers # 51 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 600 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 648 Jump up ^ The Superior Spider - Man # 1 - 29 Jump up ^ The Superior Spider - Man # 30 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Peter Parker to return from death in ' Amazing Spider - Man ' # 1 this April '' . Daily News . New York City . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All - New Marvel NOW ! Q&A : Amazing Spider - Man '' . Marvel . January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man and The X-Men ( 2014 - Present ) '' . Marvel Comics . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter . Marvel Universe : The Complete Encyclopedia of Marvel 's Greatest Characters ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 8171 - 8 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Daniels , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Gresh , Lois H. , and Robert Weinberg . `` The Science of Superheroes '' ( John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 02460 - 0 ( preview ) Jump up ^ Kiefer , Kit ; Couper - Smartt , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . Marvel Encyclopedia Volume 4 : Spider - Man . New York : Marvel Comics . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 1304 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan , Origins of Marvel Comics ( Simon and Schuster / Fireside Books , 1974 ) p. 137 ^ Jump up to : DeFalco , Tom ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1960s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas . `` The 10 Greatest SPIDER - MAN Villains of ALL TIME ! '' . Newsarama . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim . `` ARCHRIVALS : SPIDER - MAN VS THE VULTURE '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Scmidlin. `` 10 Spider - Man Villains ( And Combinations ) Deserving Of The Big Screen ( 7 . The Vulture ) '' . What Culture ! . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . `` He 's been one of Spider - Man 's most frequent and iconic antagonists ever since his first appearance in issue 2 of The Amazing Spider - Man . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 92 : `` Introduced in the lead story of The Amazing Spider - Man # 2 and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko , the Vulture was the first in a long line of animal - inspired super-villains that were destined to battle everyone 's favorite web - slinger . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 93 : `` Dr. Octopus shared many traits with Peter Parker . They were both shy , both interested in science , and both had trouble relating to women ... Otto Octavius even looked like a grown - up Peter Parker . Lee and Ditko intended Otto to be the man Peter might have become if he had n't been raised with a sense of responsibility . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Spider - Man Versus Doctor Octopus '' The Amazing Spider - Man 3 ( July 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . In this installment , Stan Lee and Steve Ditko introduced Sandman -- a super villain who could turn his entire body into sand with a single thought . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Nothing Can Stop ... The Sandman ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 4 ( September 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Face - to - Face With ... the Lizard ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 6 ( November 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . The Amazing Spider - Mans sixth issue introduced the Lizard . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` The Man Called Electro ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 9 ( February 1964 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Electro charged into Spider - Man 's life for the first time in another ( Stan ) Lee and ( Steve ) Ditko effort that saw Peter Parker using his brilliant mind to outwit a foe . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` The Menace of ... Mysterio ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 13 ( June 1964 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . The Amazing Spider - Man # 13 saw ( Stan ) Lee and ( Steve ) Ditko return to the creation of new super villains . This issue marked the debut of Mysterio , a former special effects expert named Quentin Beck . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Albert , Aaron . `` Green Goblin Profile '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beard , Jim . `` SPIDER - MAN 3 : THE SPIDER & THE GOBLIN '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man 's arch nemesis , the Green Goblin , as introduced to readers as the ' most dangerous foe Spidey 's ever fought . ' Writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko had no way of knowing how true that statement would prove to be in the coming years . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . ( Stan ) Lee and ( Steve ) Ditko 's newest villain , Kraven the Hunter , debuted in this issue . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Kraven the Hunter ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 15 ( August 1964 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , Eve . `` Who Are the Sinister Six ? -- An Introduction to Spider - Man 's Supervillain Group '' . Collider . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spidey faced his first true team of super villains in an oversized 73 - pages extravaganza written by ( Stan ) Lee with art by ( Steve ) Ditko . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man felt the Scorpion 's sting for the first time in another Stan Lee and Steve Ditko collaboration . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( p ) , Esposito , Mike ( i ) . `` The Horns of the Rhino ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 41 ( October 1966 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Now it was time for ( John Romita , Sr . ) to introduce a new Spidey villain with the help of ( Stan ) Lee . Out of their pooled creative energies was born the Rhino , a monstrous behemoth trapped in a durable rhinoceros suit . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( p ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( i ) . `` The Sinister Shocker ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 46 ( March 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . ( Stan ) Lee and ( John ) Romita 's second major Spidey villain appeared in the form of the Shocker , a criminal equipped with vibration - projecting gauntlets . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 122 : `` Stan Lee wanted to create a new kind of crime boss . Someone who treated crime as if it were a business ... He pitched this idea to artist John Romita and it was Wilson Fisk who emerged in The Amazing Spider - Man # 50 . '' Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( p ) , Esposito , Mike ( i ) . `` Spider - Man No More ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 50 ( July 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Although he made his debut in the previous issue , it was in this ( Stan ) Lee and ( John ) Romita tale ( The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 ) that the Kingpin -- real name Wilson Fisk -- really left his mark on organized crime . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yehl , April , Schedeen , Jesse . `` Top 25 Spider - Man villains : Part 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . In the first issue of The Amazing Spider - Man to be written by someone other than Stan Lee ... Thomas also managed to introduce a major new player to Spidey 's life -- the scientifically created vampire known as Morbius . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gross , Edward ( 2002 ) . Spider - Man Confidential : From Comic Icon to Hollywood Hero . ISBN 0786887222 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru introduced two major new characters to Spider - Man 's world and the Marvel Universe in this self - contained issue . Not only would the vigilante known as the Punisher go on to be one of the most important and iconic Marvel creations of the 1970s , but his instigator , the Jackal , would become the next big threat in Spider - Man 's life . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 107 : `` Spider - Man was n't exactly sure what to think about his luck when he met a beautiful new thief on the prowl named the Black Cat , courtesy of a story by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Keith Pollard . '' Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ; Schedeen , Jesse . `` Top 25 Spider - Man Villains : Part 1 '' . IGN . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1980s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . In this issue , award - winning writer Denny O'Neil , with collaborator John Romita , Jr. , introduced Hydro - Man . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AMAZING SPIDER - MAN ( 1963 ) # 212 '' . Marvel . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Manning `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 133 : `` Writer Roger Stern and artists John Romita , Jr. and John Romita , Sr. introduced a new -- and frighteningly sane -- version of the ( Green Goblin ) concept with the debut of the Hobgoblin . '' Jump up ^ David and Greenberger , pp. 68 - 69 : `` Writer Roger Stern is primarily remembered for two major contributions to the world of Peter Parker . One was a short piece entitled ' The Kid Who Collects Spider - Man ' ... ( his ) other major contribution was the introduction of the Hobgoblin . '' Jump up ^ Greenberg , Glenn ( August 2009 ) . `` When Hobby Met Spidey '' . Back Issue ! ( 35 ) . TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 10 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venom is the 33rd greatest comic book character '' . Empire.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 169 : `` In this landmark installment ( issue # 298 ) , one of the most popular characters in the wall - crawler 's history would begin to step into the spotlight courtesy of one of the most popular artists to ever draw the web - slinger . '' Jump up ^ Comics Creators on Spider - Man , pg 148 , Tom DeFalco . ( Titan Books , 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Venom is number 22 on greatest comic book villain of all time '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carnage is number 90 on greatest comic book villain of all time '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cowsill , Alan ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1990s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Artist Mark Bagley 's era of The Amazing Spider - Man hit its stride as Carnage revealed the true face of his evil . Carnage was a symbiotic offspring produced when Venom bonded to psychopath Cletus Kasady . '' CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michelinie , David ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Emberlin , Randy ( i ) . `` Carnage : Part One '' The Amazing Spider - Man 361 ( April 1992 ) Jump up ^ Papageorgiou , Solon. `` 10 facts about Batman , Spider - Man , Iron Man you did n't know '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Aaron . `` Top ten comic book archenemies '' . About.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hanks , Henry . `` Events in landmark ' Spider - Man ' issue have fans in a frenzy '' . CNN . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian . `` 50 Greatest Friends and Foes of Spider - Man : Villains # 1 - 3 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ULTIMATE SPIDER - MAN writer talks about Spidey 's new Amazing Friends and lays the Osborns to rest once and for all Marvel.com News '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love is in the air as Marvel. com 's Secret Cabal picks the greatest Marvel romances of all in time for Valentine 's Day Marvel.com News '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua , Schedeen , Jess . `` Top 25 Spider - Man Villain : Part 5 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Norman Osborn is number 13 on greatest comic book villain of all time '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man villains tournament : Championship '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shutt , Craig ( August 1997 ) . `` Villain Turned Hero : Venom '' . Wizard ( 72 ) . p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James . `` The Greatest Spider - Men of All Time , Ranked '' . io9 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Oddest Marvel Characters '' . Time . 2009 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Best SPIDER - MEN Of All Time '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bryan ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Remembering the First -- and Forgotten -- Latino Spider - Man '' . Fox News Latino . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ong , Benjamin ; Kean Pang ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` Remembering When West Has Met East '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Half - black , half - Hispanic Spider - Man revealed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Slott Details the Unexpected Origins of Spider - Gwen and Spider - Punk '' . ComicBookResources.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retail Sales of Licensed Merchandise Based on $100 Million+ Entertainment / Character Properties -- The Licensing Letter '' . www.thelicensingletter.com . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kupperberg , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Creation of Spider - Man . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0763 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fleming , James R. ( 2006 ) . `` Review of Superman on the Couch : What Superheroes Really Tell Us about Ourselves and Our Society . By Danny Fingeroth '' . ImageText . University of Florida . ISSN 1549 - 6732 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex . illustrated by Joseph Michael Linsner . Weiser . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Weaving a spell '' . Screen India . 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Lauren ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Superhero Is More Lucrative Than Batman And The Avengers Combined '' . io9 . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Which Superhero Earns $1.3 Billion a Year ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Returning to Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Paradede '' , Associated Press via WCBS ( AM ) , August 17 , 2009 , Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Spurlock , J. David , and John Romita . John Romita Sketchbook . ( Vanguard Productions : Lebanon , N.J. 2002 ) ISBN 1 - 887591 - 27 - 3 , p. 45 : Romita : `` I designed the Spider - Man balloon float . When we went to Macy 's to talk about it , Manny Bass was there . He 's the genius who creates all these balloon floats . I gave him the sketches and he turned them into reality '' . Jump up ^ Yarbrough , Beau ( September 24 , 2001 ) . `` Marvel to Take on World Trade Center Attack in `` Amazing Spider - Man '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Spider - Man Removes Mask at Last '' . BBC . Retrieved September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brady , Matt ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` New York Post Spoils Civil War # 2 '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lane , Thomas ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Can Spider - Man help UN beat evil ? '' . BBC . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pisani , Joseph ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Smartest Superheroes '' . Business Week Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Johnathan ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : Eminem Talks New Album , Book '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Fun Facts We Learned From Eminem 's Genius Annotations '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Patrick ( June 22 , 2015 ) , `` Justice Elena Kagan Had Some Fun Writing About Spider - Man '' , Mother Jones , retrieved June 23 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens , and Villains Episode Guide 2005 -- Ultimate Super Villains '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters '' . Empire Online . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 200 comic book characters '' . Wizard . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ; Lakes , Jeff . `` Top 25 Best Marvel Superheroes -- IGN -- Page 5 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Conin , Brian ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Top 50 Marvel Characters 3 - 1 Page 2 of 2 Comics Should Be Good @ CBR '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marston , George . `` The 10 Best Superhero Origin Stories of ALL TIME ! '' . Newsarama.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscraper Defense '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jocelyn ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Recalls 1921 climb of ' human spider ' '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : un robo con la modalidad `` hombre araña '' en un departamento de Belgrano '' ( Video : a theft with the `` Spider - Man '' method at a Belgrano apartment ) ( in Spanish ) . Infobae . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Un `` hombre araña '' asaltó y violó a una profesora de gimnasia '' ( A `` Spider - man '' raped and stole from a gym teacher ) ( in Spanish ) . Clarín . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man ( 1967 ) '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Spider - Man '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Romita Interview '' . www.keefestudios.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Spider - Man 4 ' Scrapped ; Sam Rami & Tobey Maguire & Cast Out ; Franchise Reboot for 2012 '' . Deadline.com . January 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Spider - Man '' Film Gets Reboot ; Sam Raimi , Tobey Maguire Out `` . Zap2It.com . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tobey Maguire and Sam Raimi part ways with Spider - Man franchise Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield & Marc Webb Return For ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' '' . Huffington Post . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Garfield relishes web - swinging in ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Official : Spider - Man Enters the Marvel Cinematic Universe ! '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brett ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Movie Gets Official Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Downey , Jr . Confirms Spider - Man Character in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' On FB Live '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Kevin Feige Reveals Spider - Man 's Screentime '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lustig , Jay . `` Spider - Man : Turn off the Dark '' . New Jersey On - Line . January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Reeve Carney , Jennifer Damiano , Patrick Page to Star in Spider - Man ; Performances Begin in November '' Archived May 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com , August 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` SpidermanBroadway.Marvel.com '' . Spidermanonbroadway.marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Troubled Spider - Man Turn Off the Dark Delays Broadway Opening Again '' Archived January 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Could Spider - Man the Musical be the ' biggest disaster in Broadway history ' ? '' . The Week . August 13 , 2010 ( updated November 4 , 2010 ) . External links Find more aboutSpider - Manat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Spider - Man at the Marvel Universe wiki Official website Official website for kids Spider - Man at the Comic Book DB Spider - Man at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . SpiderFan Spider - Man at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The science of Spider - Man , Cosmos The physics of Spider - man 's webs , Wired Spider - Man physics : How real is the superhero , Wired <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider By public identity Peter Parker Otto Octavius Ben Reilly Miguel O'Hara Miles Morales Billy Braddock Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Jessica Drew Cindy Moon Gwen Stacy Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Aunt May Betty Brant Black Cat Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. 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'' ( 1965 ) `` Green Goblin Reborn ! '' ( 1971 ) `` The Six Arms Saga '' ( 1971 ) `` The Night Gwen Stacy Died '' ( 1973 ) `` Nothing Can Stop the Juggernaut ! '' ( 1982 ) `` The Kid Who Collects Spider - Man '' ( 1984 ) `` Secret Wars '' ( 1984 ) `` Alien Costume Saga '' ( 1984 ) `` The Death of Jean DeWolff '' ( 1985 ) `` The Wedding ! '' ( 1987 ) `` Kraven 's Last Hunt '' ( 1987 ) `` Torment '' ( 1990 ) `` Invasion of the Spider - Slayers '' ( 1992 ) `` Maximum Carnage '' ( 1993 ) `` Clone Saga '' ( 1994 ) `` Identity Crisis '' ( 1998 ) `` The Gathering of Five '' and `` The Final Chapter '' ( 1998 ) `` Flowers for Rhino '' ( 2001 ) `` The Other '' ( 2005 ) `` Back in Black '' ( 2007 ) `` One More Day '' ( 2007 ) `` Brand New Day '' ( 2008 ) `` New Ways to Die '' ( 2008 ) `` Spidey Meets the President ! '' ( 2009 ) '' `` The Gauntlet '' and `` Grim Hunt '' ( 2009 ) `` One Moment in Time '' ( 2010 ) `` Big Time '' ( 2010 ) `` Spider - Island '' ( 2011 ) `` Ends of the Earth '' ( 2012 ) `` Dying Wish '' ( 2012 ) `` Spider - Verse '' ( 2014 ) `` Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy '' ( 2016 ) `` Spider - Geddon '' ( 2018 ) Other The Amazing Spider - Man # 129 Astonishing Spider - Man Marvel Tales Ultimate Spider - Man story arcs Ultimate Spider - Man and X-Men <Td_colspan="2"> Categories Titles Storylines <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man in popular media Television Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) episodes Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 79 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Capture of Captain America Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) episodes characters Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 98 ) episodes characters Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 09 ) episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man ( 2012 -- 17 ) episodes Spider - Man ( 2017 -- present ) episodes Film Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) Live performances Spider - Man 's wedding Spider - Man Live ! Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark Video games Spider - Man ( 1982 ) Questprobe Featuring Spider - Man Doctor Doom 's Revenge The Amazing Spider - Man ( Amiga ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( Game Boy ) The Amazing Spider - Man vs. The Kingpin Spider - Man : The Video Game The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 1992 ) Return of the Sinister Six Arcade 's Revenge Invasion of the Spider - Slayers Maximum Carnage Lethal Foes Separation Anxiety Spider - Man ( 1995 ) Web of Fire Spider - Man ( 2000 ) The Sinister Six Enter Electro Mysterio 's Menace Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Ultimate Spider - Man Battle for New York Spider - Man 3 Friend or Foe Web of Shadows Toxic City Total Mayhem Shattered Dimensions Edge of Time The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Spider - Man Unlimited ( 2014 ) Spider - Man ( 2018 ) Literature Novels book series Spider - Man : Down These Mean Streets Spider - Man : The Darkest Hours Comic strips The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- present ) Mr. and Mrs. Spider - Man ( 2008 ) Theme park attractions The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Meet Spider - Man and the Marvel Super Heroes Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Parody and unofficial films 3 Dev Adam ( 1973 ) SpiderBabe ( 2003 ) Spider - Plant Man ( 2005 ) Italian Spiderman ( 2007 ) Superhero Movie ( 2008 ) Spider - Man XXX : A Porn Parody ( 2011 ) Superman vs. Spider - Man XXX : An Axel Braun Parody ( 2012 ) Related articles Green Goblin in other media Spider - Man enemies in other media <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man in film Films The Amazing Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Accolades The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) Animated Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Soundtracks <Td_colspan="2"> Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Songs `` Hero '' `` What We 're All About '' `` Vindicated '' `` We Are '' `` Meant to Live '' `` Web of Night '' `` Najane Kyun '' `` Signal Fire '' `` It 's On Again '' Video games Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Venom ( film ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man pinball <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Other articles and topics related to Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Steve Ditko Marvel Comics Amazing Adventures Amazing Fantasy The Amazing Spider - Man Captain Universe Doctor Strange Dragon Lord Speedball Spider - Man Squirrel Girl Strange Tales Tales of Suspense Tales to Astonish DC Comics The Creeper Hawk and Dove Odd Man Shade , the Changing Man Stalker Starman ( Prince Gavyn ) Charlton Comics Blue Beetle ( Ted Kord ) Captain Atom Haunted Ghostly Tales The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves Nightshade The Question Strange Suspense Stories The Thing ! This Magazine Is Haunted Independent Dark Dominion Djinn Killjoy The Missing Man Mr. A The Mocker Secret City Saga Static Warp ! Witzend <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man ( 1994 TV series ) <Td_colspan="2"> List of episodes Video games Spider - Man Animated Series Spider - Man Cartoon Maker Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro See also Characters The Venom Saga Iron Man ( TV series ) Spider - Man Unlimited X-Men ( TV series ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story <Th_colspan="2"> Symbiote family and hosts <Td_colspan="2"> Alternative versions of Venom Alternative versions of Spider - Man Symbiotes Venom Carnage Scream Hybrid Toxin Anti-Venom Venom hosts Peter Parker Eddie Brock Anne Weying ( She - Venom ) Mac Gargan Flash Thompson ( Agent Venom ) Carnage hosts Cletus Kasady Silver Surfer ( Carnage Cosmic ) Ben Reilly ( Spider - Carnage ) Karl Malus ( Superior Carnage ) Norman Osborn ( Red Goblin ) Normie Osborn ( Goblin Childe ) Enemies Crime Master Jack O'Lantern The Jury Life Foundation Mercurio the 4 - D Man Pyre Savage Six Sin - Eater Publications Venom Lethal Protector Separation Anxiety `` Maximum Carnage '' `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' True Believers Venomverse In other media Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage Venom / Spider - Man : Separation Anxiety Venom <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Woman <Td_colspan="2"> Archie Goodwin Marie Severin Characters Jessica Drew Julia Carpenter Mattie Franklin Veranke Supporting characters Anya Corazon Ben Urich Carol Danvers Madame Web Roger Gocking Scotty McDowell Shroud Silk Spider - Man Enemies Brothers Grimm Death Web Enforcer Flying Tiger Karl Malus Gypsy Moth Morgan le Fay Needle Nekra Viper Alternative versions Spider - Girl Spider - Gwen Spider - Woman ( Ultimate Marvel character ) See also Spider - Gwen Spider - Woman 2009 comic series Spider - Woman TV series <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Fantastic Four <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Jack Kirby Members Original members Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Notable recruits Ant - Man Black Panther Crystal Devil Dinosaur Ghost Rider Hulk Medusa Moon Girl Ms. Marvel / She - Thing Namorita Nova Power Man She - Hulk Spider - Man Storm Tigra Wolverine Supporting cast Agatha Harkness H.E.R.B.I.E. Inhumans Willie Lumpkin Lyja Alicia Masters Namor Silver Surfer Thundra Nathaniel Richards Franklin Richards Valeria Richards Franklin Storm Uatu the Watcher Wyatt Wingfoot Yancy Street Gang Villains Air - Walker Annihilus Aron the Rogue Watcher Awesome Android Blastaar Brute Devos the Devastator Diablo Doctor Doom Doombots Dragon Man Firelord Frightful Four Electro Hydro - Man Klaw Llyra Sandman Titania Trapster Wizard Galactus Impossible Man Kang the Conqueror Kree Mad Thinker Maker Maximus Mole Man Molecule Man Nicholas Scratch Occulus Overmind Psycho - Man Puppet Master Red Ghost Ronan the Accuser Salem 's Seven Skrulls Dorrek VII Paibok Super-Skrull Stardust Terrax Thanos Kristoff Vernard Locations Baxter Building Four Freedoms Plaza Latveria Negative Zone Publications Current Fantastic Four Marvel Two - in - One Previous Fantastic Force FF Marvel Knights 4 Super-Villain Team - Up The Thing Limited Fantastic Four : 1234 Fantastic Four : The End Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four Other continuities Doom 2099 Fantastic Five Fantastic Four : Unstable Molecules Fantastic Four 2099 Marvel 1602 : Fantastick Four Superman / Fantastic Four Ultimate Fantastic Four Storylines `` The Galactus Trilogy '' `` This Man ... This Monster ! '' `` Days of Future Present '' Alternate versions Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch The Thing Doctor Doom Related articles Doctor Doom 's Fearfall Fantastic Four Incorporated Fantastic Four in popular media Fantasticar Future Foundation Spider - Man List of Fantastic Four members List of Ultimate Fantastic Four story arcs Unstable molecules <Th_colspan="2"> New Avengers <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Michael Bendis David Finch Initial members Luke Cage Captain America Echo Iron Man Sentry Spider - Man Spider - Woman Wolverine Enemies A.I.M. Yelena Belova Collective Count Nefaria Crimson Cowl ( Justine Hammer ) Dark Avengers Dormammu Electro Elektra H.A.M.M.E.R. 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7,065,267,821,572,014,000 | what are the 5 highest grossing movies of all time | List of highest - grossing films - Wikipedia List of highest - grossing films Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind held the record of highest - grossing film for twenty - five years and , adjusted for inflation , has earned more than any other film . Films generate income from several revenue streams , including theatrical exhibition , home video , television broadcast rights and merchandising . However , theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film , mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights , but also because of historical practice . Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners ( ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue ) , a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year , a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record , and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series . All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible , excluding income derived from home video , broadcasting rights and merchandise . Traditionally , war films , musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres , but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century . Six Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart , while the Star Wars and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently . There is also continued interest in the superhero genre : Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand , such as Spider - Man , X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , have generally done well . Although the nominal earnings chart is dominated by films adapted from pre-existing properties and sequels , it is headed by Avatar and Titanic ( both directed by James Cameron ) , which are original works . Animated family films have performed consistently well , with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era . Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen ( the highest - grossing animated film ) , Zootopia and The Lion King , as well as with its Pixar brand , of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers . Beyond Disney and Pixar animation , the Shrek , Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success . While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s , there are franchises originating from that period that are still active . Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises , James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically ; all four are among the highest - grossing franchises . Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards , but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices . When properly adjusted for inflation , however , on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time . All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value , except where stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest - grossing films 2 Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation 3 High - grossing films by year 4 Timeline of highest - grossing films 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Box office sources 7.2 Franchise and series sources 7.3 Bibliography 8 External links Highest - grossing films The two highest - grossing films have both been directed and written by James Cameron . With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross . When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property , its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales . The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales , but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation . Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too : The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise , while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release . Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3 , which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office . On this chart , films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value , along with the highest positions they attained . Thirty - three films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide , of which three have grossed over $2 billion , with Avatar ranked in the top position . All of the films have had a theatrical run ( including re-releases ) in the 21st century , and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation , population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 20 April 2018 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,187,463,944 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 5 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 6 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 7 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 9 9 Star Wars : The Last Jedi $1,332,757,449 2017 10 10 Black Panther $1,324,656,634 2018 11 5 Frozen $1,290,000,000 2013 12 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,263,521,126 2017 13 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,238,764,765 2017 14 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 15 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 16 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 17 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 18 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 19 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 20 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 21 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 22 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 23 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 24 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 25 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 26 24 Despicable Me 3 $1,034,799,409 2017 27 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993 28 22 Finding Dory $1,028,570,889 2016 29 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $1,027,044,677 1999 30 5 Alice in Wonderland $1,025,467,110 31 24 Zootopia $1,023,784,195 2016 32 14 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $1,021,103,568 2012 33 The Dark Knight $1,004,558,444 2008 34 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone $974,755,371 2001 35 19 Despicable Me 2 $970,761,885 2013 36 The Lion King $968,483,777 1994 37 30 The Jungle Book $966,550,600 2016 38 5 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $963,420,425 2007 39 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $960,283,305 40 24 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug $958,366,855 2013 41 41 Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle $956,618,644 2017 42 26 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies $956,019,788 2014 43 8 Finding Nemo $940,335,536 2003 44 6 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $939,885,929 2007 45 8 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $934,416,487 2009 46 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $926,349,708 2002 47 6 Shrek 2 $919,838,758 48 8 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $896,911,078 2005 49 10 Spider - Man 3 $890,871,626 2007 50 15 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs $886,686,817 2009 Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014 , while it was still in release . The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan , Nigeria , Spain , the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey , Iceland , Brazil , and Australia ( 2016 ) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars . It was re-released in the United Kingdom in December 2017 with Olaf 's Frozen Adventure earning an additional $1,655,398 . The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy . In the case of The Fate of the Furious the gross is sourced from BoxOffice rather than the chart 's regular source , Box Office Mojo , after irregularities were discovered in the latter 's figure . Ongoing weekly drops in the totals for several countries -- Argentina being the worst affected -- led to a drop in the overall worldwide total . In view of what appears to be an aberration in the source an alternative figure is provided . The gross for Toy Story 3 has been corrected to $1,066,969,703 , meaning that it finished one place higher at the end of its release . Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King , correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million . This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release . Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release , after taking corrections into account . Its total now stands at $940.3 million , which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million . Meanwhile , the total gross for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring has been corrected to $871.5 million , which would rank below Finding Nemo 's first run once its 2011 reissue gross is deducted . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2018 ) Inflation rates around the world vary , complicating inflation adjustment . Because of the long - term effects of inflation , notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices , the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films . The unadjusted list , while commonly found in the press , is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time , as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list , despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases . To compensate for the devaluation of the currency , some charts make adjustments for inflation , but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another . For example , in 1970 , tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars ; by 1980 , prices had risen to about $2.69 , a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars . Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world , further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses . Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged . One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar , which was also released in 3D and IMAX : almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10 , and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50 , compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films . Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets , along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets , or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more . The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses , mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry : the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor , which in turn releases them to the media . Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals . As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films , unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking , and thus be promoted as a `` top film of all time '' , so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view . Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation as of 2014 Rank Title Worldwide gross ( 2014 $ ) Year Gone with the Wind $3,440,000,000 1939 Avatar $3,020,000,000 2009 Star Wars $2,825,000,000 1977 Titanic $2,516,000,000 $2,516,000,000 1997 5 The Sound of Music $2,366,000,000 1965 6 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $2,310,000,000 1982 7 The Ten Commandments $2,187,000,000 1956 8 Doctor Zhivago $2,073,000,000 1965 9 Jaws $2,027,000,000 10 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs $1,819,000,000 $1,819,000,000 1937 Even though the nominal gross for Star Wars : The Force Awakens surpasses the inflation - adjusted gross for both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Jaws , inflation has occurred in the interim so it is not possible to rank it until Guinness World Records provide an updated chart of adjusted grosses . The figure for Titanic is most likely based on the gross from its 1997 theatrical release , and does not incorporate earnings from the 2012 reissue . According to the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records , the adjusted total for Titanic as of 2011 stood at $2,413,800,000 , and a re-release in 2012 added a further $343,550,770 to the total . However , the 2015 edition put the adjusted total at $2,516,000,000 -- an increase of just $102,000,000 ; this is a rise of 4.2 % since 2011 , an increase shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart . The 2015 edition of Guinness World Records does not provide an explicit figure for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . However , it does state that it is one of only two pre-1955 films -- the other being Gone with the Wind -- that are among the adjusted top ten . It placed tenth in the 2012 edition , and the eleventh highest - grossing film according to the 2015 edition is The Exorcist , which has grossed $1.794 billion adjusted to 2014 prices . The adjusted grosses for the other films on the chart increased by 4.2 percent between 2011 and 2014 according to Guinness , and using this apparent rate of inflation would take the adjusted gross for Snow White from $1.746 billion at 2011 prices to $1.819 billion at 2014 prices . High - grossing films by year Glossary : Distributor rentals Box - office figures are reported in the form of gross or distributor rentals , the latter being especially true of older films . Commonly mistaken for home video revenue , the rentals are the distributor 's share of the film 's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor 's cut . Historically , the rental price averaged at 30 -- 40 % when the distributors owned the theater chains , equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film . In the modern marketplace , rental fees can vary greatly -- depending on a number of factors -- although the films from the major studios average out at 43 % . Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century , but several trends did emerge . During the silent era , films with war themes were popular with audiences , with The Birth of a Nation ( American Civil War ) , The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Big Parade and Wings ( all World War I ) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release , with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930 . With the advent of sound in 1927 , the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences , with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films . The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s , but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period , starting with Gone with the Wind ( American Civil War ) in 1939 , and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives ( World War II ) in 1946 . Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences , with Quo Vadis , The Robe , The Ten Commandments , Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release , before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures . The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story , Mary Poppins , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade . The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films , with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s . The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations , with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels . Films directed by Steven Spielberg have been the highest - grossing film of the year on six occasions , and on three occasions have been the highest - grossing film of all time . Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit , occupying the top spot in 1975 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1989 and 1993 . Cecil B. DeMille ( 1932 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1956 ) and William Wyler ( 1942 , 1946 , 1959 and 1968 ) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively , while D.W. Griffith ( 1915 , 1916 and 1920 ) , George Roy Hill ( 1966 , 1969 and 1973 ) and James Cameron ( 1991 , 1997 and 2009 ) all feature heavily with three films apiece . George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999 , but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1989 as well . The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart : Frank Lloyd , King Vidor , Frank Capra , Michael Curtiz , Leo McCarey , Alfred Hitchcock , David Lean , Stanley Kubrick , Guy Hamilton , Mike Nichols , William Friedkin , Peter Jackson , Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay ; Mervyn LeRoy , Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit , and John Ford co-directed two films . Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams : Wilfred Jackson , Hamilton Luske , Clyde Geronimi , David Hand , Ben Sharpsteen , Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list . Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years : McCarey ( 1944 and 1945 ) , Nichols ( 1966 and 1967 ) , Spielberg ( 1981 and 1982 ) , Jackson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Verbinski ( 2006 and 2007 ) . Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film . indicates films still playing in theaters around the world in the week commencing 20 April 2018 . High - grossing films by year of release Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 + ( 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ $110,000 1916 Intolerance 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005489653000000000 ♠ $489,653 1917 Cleopatra 7005500000000000000 ♠ $500,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ $300,000 1918 Mickey 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 1919 The Miracle Man 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ $120,000 1920 Way Down East 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 -- 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 1922 Robin Hood 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 7005930042780000000 ♠ $930,042.78 1923 The Covered Wagon 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1924 The Sea Hawk 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ $700,000 1925 The Big Parade 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 ( 7006613100000000000 ♠ $6,131,000 ) 7005382000000000000 ♠ $382,000 Ben - Hur 7007107380000000000 ♠ $10,738,000 ( 7006938600000000000 ♠ $9,386,000 ) 7006396700000000000 ♠ $3,967,000 1926 For Heaven 's Sake 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150,000 1927 Wings 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1928 The Singing Fool 7006590000000000000 ♠ $5,900,000 7005388000000000000 ♠ $388,000 1929 The Broadway Melody 7006440000000000000 ♠ $4,400,000 -- 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4,800,000 7005379000000000000 ♠ $379,000 Sunny Side Up 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7006125000000000000 ♠ $1,250,000 1931 Frankenstein 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ( 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 City Lights 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006160735100000000 ♠ $1,607,351 1932 The Sign of the Cross 7006273899300000000 ♠ $2,738,993 7005694065000000000 ♠ $694,065 1933 King Kong 7006534700000000000 ♠ $5,347,000 ( 7006185600000000000 ♠ $1,856,000 ) 7005672255750000000 ♠ $672,255.75 I 'm No Angel 7006325000000000000 ♠ $3,250,000 + 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200,000 Cavalcade 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006111600000000000 ♠ $1,116,000 She Done Him Wrong 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 + 7005274076000000000 ♠ $274,076 1934 The Merry Widow 7006260800000000000 ♠ $2,608,000 7006160500000000000 ♠ $1,605,000 It Happened One Night 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ $325,000 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 7006446000000000000 ♠ $4,460,000 7006190500000000000 ♠ $1,905,000 1936 San Francisco 7006604400000000000 ♠ $6,044,000 + ( 7006527300000000000 ♠ $5,273,000 ) 7006130000000000000 ♠ $1,300,000 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 7008418000000000000 ♠ $418,000,000 + ( 7006850000000000000 ♠ $8,500,000 ) 7006148842300000000 ♠ $1,488,423 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ $1,200,000 1939 Gone with the Wind 7008390525192000000 ♠ $390,525,192 -- 7008401776459000000 ♠ 401,776,459 ( 7007320000000000000 ♠ $32,000,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006425000000000000 ♠ 4,250,000 1940 Pinocchio 7007870008620000000 ♠ $87,000,862 ( 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 ) 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Boom Town 7006460000000000000 ♠ $4,600,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 1941 Sergeant York 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1942 Bambi 7008267997843000000 ♠ $267,997,843 ( 7006344935300000000 ♠ $3,449,353 ) 7006170000000000000 ♠ $1,700,000 -- 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Mrs. Miniver 7006887800000000000 ♠ $8,878,000 7006134400000000000 ♠ $1,344,000 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls 7007110000000000000 ♠ $11,000,000 7006268129800000000 ♠ $2,681,298 This Is the Army 7006955558644000000 ♠ $9,555,586.44 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 1944 Going My Way 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 1945 Mom and Dad 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 / 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ $65,000 The Bells of St. Mary 's 7007112000000000000 ♠ $11,200,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1946 Song of the South 7007650000000000000 ♠ $65,000,000 ( 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 ) 7006212500000000000 ♠ $2,125,000 The Best Years of Our Lives 7007147500000000000 ♠ $14,750,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 Duel in the Sun 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 7006525500000000000 ♠ $5,255,000 1947 Forever Amber 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7006637500000000000 ♠ $6,375,000 Unconquered 7006750000000000000 ♠ $7,500,000 7006420000000000000 ♠ $4,200,000 1948 Easter Parade 7006591813400000000 ♠ $5,918,134 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 The Red Shoes 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 7005505581000000000 ♠ £ 505,581 ( 7006200000000000000 ♠ ~ $2,000,000 ) The Snake Pit 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 1949 Samson and Delilah 7007142092500000000 ♠ $14,209,250 7006309756300000000 ♠ $3,097,563 1950 Cinderella 7008263591415000000 ♠ $263,591,415 ( 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 / 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 ) 7006220000000000000 ♠ $2,200,000 King Solomon 's Mines 7007100500000000000 ♠ $10,050,000 7006225800000000000 ♠ $2,258,000 1951 Quo Vadis 7007210370000000000 ♠ $21,037,000 -- 7007267000000000000 ♠ 26,700,000 7006762300000000000 ♠ $7,623,000 1952 This Is Cinerama 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 The Greatest Show on Earth 7007183500000000000 ♠ $18,350,000 7006387394600000000 ♠ $3,873,946 1953 Peter Pan 7008145000000000000 ♠ $145,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Robe 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25,000,000 -- 7007261000000000000 ♠ 26,100,000 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 1954 Rear Window 7007245000000000000 ♠ $24,500,000 ( 7006530000000000000 ♠ $5,300,000 ) 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 White Christmas 7007260000500000000 ♠ $26,000,050 ( 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ) 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 7007250001340000000 ♠ $25,000,134 ( 7006680000000000000 ♠ $6,800,000 -- 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 ) 7006450000000000000 ♠ $4,500,000 -- 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 1955 Lady and the Tramp 7008187000000000000 ♠ $187,000,000 ( 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 ) 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Cinerama Holiday 7007210000000000000 ♠ $21,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 Mister Roberts 7006990000000000000 ♠ $9,900,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ $2,400,000 1956 The Ten Commandments 7007900662300000000 ♠ $90,066,230 ( 7008122700000000000 ♠ $122,700,000 / 7007552000000000000 ♠ $55,200,000 ) 7007132700000000000 ♠ $13,270,000 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai 7007306000000000000 ♠ $30,600,000 7006284000000000000 ♠ $2,840,000 1958 South Pacific 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006561000000000000 ♠ $5,610,000 1959 Ben - Hur 7007900000000000000 ♠ $90,000,000 ( 7008146900000000000 ♠ $146,900,000 / 7007661000000000000 ♠ $66,100,000 ) 7007159000000000000 ♠ $15,900,000 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Spartacus 7007600000000000000 ♠ $60,000,000 ( 7007221052250000000 ♠ $22,105,225 ) 7007102840140000000 ♠ $10,284,014 Psycho 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 + ( 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 7008215880212000000 ♠ $215,880,212 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 West Side Story 7008105000000000000 ♠ $105,000,000 ( 7007318000000000000 ♠ $31,800,000 ) 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7007773248520000000 ♠ $77,324,852 ( 7007699953850000000 ♠ $69,995,385 ) 7007138000000000000 ♠ $13,800,000 How the West Was Won 7007350000000000000 ♠ $35,000,000 7007144830000000000 ♠ $14,483,000 The Longest Day 7007332000000000000 ♠ $33,200,000 7006860000000000000 ♠ $8,600,000 1963 Cleopatra 7007403000000000000 ♠ $40,300,000 7007311150000000000 ♠ $31,115,000 From Russia with Love 7007789000000000000 ♠ $78,900,000 / 7007294000000000000 ♠ $29,400,000 ( 7007125000000000000 ♠ $12,500,000 ) 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1964 My Fair Lady 7007550000000000000 ♠ $55,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ $17,000,000 Goldfinger 7008124900000000000 ♠ $124,900,000 ( 7007460000000000000 ♠ $46,000,000 ) 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 Mary Poppins 7007440000000000000 ♠ $44,000,000 -- 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 1965 The Sound of Music 7008286214076000000 ♠ $286,214,076 ( 7008114600000000000 ♠ $114,600,000 ) 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 1966 The Bible : In the Beginning 7007253000000000000 ♠ $25,300,000 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 Hawaii 7007345622220000000 ♠ $34,562,222 ( 7007156000000000000 ♠ $15,600,000 ) 7007150000000000000 ♠ $15,000,000 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 ( 7007145000000000000 ♠ $14,500,000 ) 7006761300000000000 ♠ $7,613,000 1967 The Jungle Book 7008378000000000000 ♠ $378,000,000 ( 7007238000000000000 ♠ $23,800,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Graduate 7007850000000000000 ♠ $85,000,000 7006310000000000000 ♠ $3,100,000 1968 2001 : A Space Odyssey 7008138000000000000 ♠ $138,000,000 -- 7008190000000000000 ♠ 190,000,000 ( 7007219000000000000 ♠ $21,900,000 ) 7007103000000000000 ♠ $10,300,000 Funny Girl 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7006880000000000000 ♠ $8,800,000 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7008152308525000000 ♠ $152,308,525 ( 7007371000000000000 ♠ $37,100,000 ) 7006660000000000000 ♠ $6,600,000 1970 Love Story 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 7006226000000000000 ♠ $2,260,000 Airport 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 1971 The French Connection 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 Fiddler on the Roof 7007494000000000000 ♠ $49,400,000 ( 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 / 7007451000000000000 ♠ $45,100,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 Diamonds Are Forever 7008116000000000000 ♠ $116,000,000 ( 7007457000000000000 ♠ $45,700,000 ) 7006720000000000000 ♠ $7,200,000 1972 The Godfather 7008245066044000000 ♠ $245,066,044 -- 7008286000000000000 ♠ 286,000,000 ( 7008127600000000000 ♠ $127,600,000 -- 7008142000000000000 ♠ 142,000,000 ) 7006620000000000000 ♠ $6,200,000 1973 The Exorcist 7008413071948000000 ♠ $413,071,948 ( 7008110000000000000 ♠ $110,000,000 ) 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 The Sting 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 7006550000000000000 ♠ $5,500,000 The Towering Inferno 7007918380000000000 ♠ $91,838,000 7007143000000000000 ♠ $14,300,000 Blazing Saddles 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 + 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Jaws 7008470653591000000 ♠ $470,653,591 ( 7008193700000000000 ♠ $193,700,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 1976 Rocky 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 ( 7007771000000000000 ♠ $77,100,000 ) 7006107500000000000 ♠ $1,075,000 1977 Star Wars 7008775398007000000 ♠ $775,398,007 ( 7008530000000000000 ♠ $530,000,000 / 7008268500000000000 ♠ $268,500,000 ) 7007112931510000000 ♠ $11,293,151 1978 Grease 7008394954752000000 ♠ $394,954,752 ( 7008341000000000000 ♠ $341,000,000 ) 7006600000000000000 ♠ $6,000,000 1979 Moonraker 7008210300000000000 ♠ $210,300,000 7007310000000000000 ♠ $31,000,000 Rocky II 7008200182289000000 ♠ $200,182,289 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 7008547969004000000 ♠ $547,969,004 ( 7008413562607000000 ♠ $413,562,607 ) 7007230000000000000 ♠ $23,000,000 -- 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32,000,000 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 7008389925971000000 ♠ $389,925,971 ( 7008321866000000000 ♠ $321,866,000 -- 7008353988025000000 ♠ 353,988,025 ) 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007228000000000000 ♠ 22,800,000 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7008792910554000000 ♠ $792,910,554 ( 7008619000000000000 ♠ $619,000,000 -- 7008664000000000000 ♠ 664,000,000 ) 7007105000000000000 ♠ $10,500,000 -- 7007122000000000000 ♠ 12,200,000 Return of the Jedi 7008475106177000000 ♠ $475,106,177 ( 7008385845197000000 ♠ $385,845,197 ) 7007325000000000000 ♠ $32,500,000 -- 7007427000000000000 ♠ 42,700,000 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 7008333107271000000 ♠ $333,107,271 7007270000000000000 ♠ $27,000,000 -- 7007282000000000000 ♠ 28,200,000 1985 Back to the Future 7008389053797000000 ♠ $389,053,797 ( 7008381109762000000 ♠ $381,109,762 ) 7007190000000000000 ♠ $19,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 1986 Top Gun 7008356830601000000 ♠ $356,830,601 ( 7008345000000000000 ♠ $345,000,000 ) 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 Fatal Attraction 7008320145905000000 ♠ $320,145,905 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 1988 Rain Man 7008354825476000000 ♠ $354,825,476 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 7008474171806000000 ♠ $474,171,806 -- 7008494000000000000 ♠ 494,000,000 7007360000000000000 ♠ $36,000,000 -- 7007554000000000000 ♠ 55,400,000 1990 Ghost 7008505702423000000 ♠ $505,702,423 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 7008523774456000000 ♠ $523,774,456 ( $519,843,345 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 1992 Aladdin 7008504050045000000 ♠ $504,050,045 7007280000000000000 ♠ $28,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park 7009102993990300000 ♠ $1,029,939,903 ( 7008914691118000000 ♠ $914,691,118 ) 7007630000000000000 ♠ $63,000,000 -- 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 1994 The Lion King 7008968483777000000 ♠ $968,483,777 ( 7008763455561000000 ♠ $763,455,561 ) 7007450000000000000 ♠ $45,000,000 -- 7007793000000000000 ♠ 79,300,000 1995 Toy Story 7008373554033000000 ♠ $373,554,033 ( 7008364873776000000 ♠ $364,873,776 ) 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 Die Hard with a Vengeance 7008366101666000000 ♠ $366,101,666 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70,000,000 Independence Day 7008817400891000000 ♠ $817,400,891 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 1997 Titanic 7009218746394400000 ♠ $2,187,463,944 ( 7009184320126800000 ♠ $1,843,201,268 ) 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 1998 Armageddon 7008553709626000000 ♠ $553,709,626 7008140000000000000 ♠ $140,000,000 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 7009102704467700000 ♠ $1,027,044,677 ( 7008924317558000000 ♠ $924,317,558 ) 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 -- 7008127500000000000 ♠ 127,500,000 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 7008546388105000000 ♠ $546,388,105 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 -- 7008125000000000000 ♠ 125,000,000 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 7008974755371000000 ♠ $974,755,371 7008125000000000000 ♠ $125,000,000 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 7008926349708000000 ♠ $926,349,708 ( 7008921780457000000 ♠ $921,780,457 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 7009112023700200000 ♠ $1,120,237,002 ( 7009111911094100000 ♠ $1,119,110,941 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 Shrek 2 7008919838758000000 ♠ $919,838,758 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 7008896911078000000 ♠ $896,911,078 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 7009106617972500000 ♠ $1,066,179,725 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 7008963420425000000 ♠ $963,420,425 7008300000000000000 ♠ $300,000,000 2008 The Dark Knight 7009100455844400000 ♠ $1,004,558,444 ( 7008997039412000000 ♠ $997,039,412 ) 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185,000,000 2009 Avatar 7009278796508700000 ♠ $2,787,965,087 ( 7009274906432800000 ♠ $2,749,064,328 ) 7008237000000000000 ♠ $237,000,000 Toy Story 3 7009106696970300000 ♠ $1,066,969,703 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 7009134151121900000 ♠ $1,341,511,219 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2012 The Avengers 7009151881298800000 ♠ $1,518,812,988 7008220000000000000 ♠ $220,000,000 2013 Frozen 7009129000000000000 ♠ $1,290,000,000 ( 7009128700000000000 ♠ $1,287,000,000 ) 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction 7009110403907600000 ♠ $1,104,039,076 7008210000000000000 ♠ $210,000,000 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009206822362400000 ♠ $2,068,223,624 7008245000000000000 ♠ $245,000,000 2016 Captain America : Civil War 7009115330449500000 ♠ $1,153,304,495 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2017 Star Wars : The Last Jedi 7009133265941000000 ♠ $1,332,659,410 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2018 Black Panther 7009132398410900000 ♠ $1,323,984,109 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 ( ... ) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs , a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . To be ascertained . No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross . However , it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals . Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists . It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide . Other sources put its earnings at $2 million , which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental , given the confusion over international figures during this period . The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success : it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films , and the total earnings were averaged out ; the true gross would have been much higher . Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards . It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release . Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim ; however , it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure . Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves , who were keen to promote a successful film , or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate . Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful , while estimates were limited to performance in North America ; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up . Following the outbreak of World War II , many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance . In keeping with this new approach , the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ( $11 million lower than the previous figure ) , and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million . Through 1956 , MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000 , from three releases . Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures : they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release , and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956 . Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution . Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre , it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws . Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code , Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters . It was the biggest hit of its kind , and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over . At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million , and by 1949 , $8 million ; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals , representing a gross of $80 million , and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million . Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office , but as was common at the time , the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses . Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ( $8 million ) and Life with Father ( $6.5 million ) were in fact worldwide rental grosses , so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered . The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts . Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films , meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross , unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross . Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental , they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart : in the case of This Is Cinerama , the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross ; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama , so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share , and halved it again to simulate a rental fee . Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated , but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis . All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts . Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million ( with $12.8 million coming from the United States ) a year after its release ; however , Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962 . It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental , and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues . The `` first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases ; however , the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions . Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Timeline of highest - grossing films The Birth of a Nation pioneered many of the techniques used in filmmaking today , becoming the most successful film ever made at the time of its release . At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915 . Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser , with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice . Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T. , and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic . Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film , eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind . Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation , but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919 . Its international release was delayed by World War I , and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s ; coupled with further re-releases in the United States , its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure . At this time , Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ( $6,400,000 ) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( $8,500,000 ) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record ; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ' , displacing The Singing Fool ( $5,900,000 ) . Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film , the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ( $9,386,000 ) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross . In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition , The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private , club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for . It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment , and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million . Despite later retracting the claim , the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated . While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date , with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s . Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million ; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived , since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million . Depending on how accurate the estimates are , the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind : as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide , and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million , ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release . The 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat reportedly earned as much as $600 million , a figure that may have been inflated by gangsters in money laundering schemes . Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film , Deep Throat . In 1984 , Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million ; this figure has been the subject of much speculation , since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars , and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film . The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount . Exact figures are not known , but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million . Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper , since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them , so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film . The Birth of a Nation , Gone with the Wind , The Godfather , Jaws , Star Wars , E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases . The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record ; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940 ; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition ; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002 ; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time . Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart : the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release ( roadshow / general release / second - run ) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966 ; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases . The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards , and Jaws was released again in 1976 , and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases . The Sound of Music , The Godfather , Jaws , Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973 , 1997 , 1979 , 2013 and 2012 respectively , but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released . Timeline of the highest - grossing film record Established Title Record setting gross Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation $5,200,000 1940 $15,000,000 1940 Gone with the Wind $32,000,000 1963 $67,000,000 1966 The Sound of Music $114,600,000 1971 Gone with the Wind $116,000,000 1972 The Godfather $127,600,000 -- 142,000,000 1976 Jaws $193,700,000 1978 Star Wars $410,000,000 / $268,500,000 1982 $530,000,000 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $619,000,000 -- 664,000,000 1993 $701,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park $914,691,118 1998 Titanic $1,843,201,268 Avatar $2,749,064,328 $2,787,965,087 Distributor rental . Includes revenue from re-releases . If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record , the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics . Highest - grossing franchises and film series See also : List of the highest - grossing media franchises The James Bond series was the first to gross over $1 billion . Prior to 2000 , only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office : James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones , Rocky , Batman , Jurassic Park and Star Trek . Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over fifty ( not including one - off hits such as Avatar , Titanic and Frozen ) . This is partly due to inflation and market growth , but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model : films that have built - in brand recognition , such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character . The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them , and as such are known as `` pre-sold '' films within the industry . The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most , amassing over $14 billion at the box office . The Harry Potter films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property , earning nearly $8 billion at the box office ( although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices ) ; Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue , taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion . If ancillary income from merchandise is included , then Star Wars is the most lucrative property ; it holds the Guinness world record for the `` most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 ( approximately $30 billion ) . Only two franchises have had more than two films gross over $1 billion : the Marvel Cinematic Universe with five , and Star Wars with four . The two Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion . Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film , although the Star Wars , Pirates of the Caribbean , Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises , Harry Potter films , and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation also average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 20 April 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) <Td_colspan="6"> Rank Series Total worldwide gross No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $14,835,837,043 18 $824,213,169 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Phase Three $5,752,901,350 6 $958,816,892 Black Panther ( $1,323,984,109 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) $1,323,984,109 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $880,166,924 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $863,756,051 5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) $853,971,376 6 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $677,718,395 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Phase Two $5,271,691,209 6 $878,615,202 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $1,405,403,694 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $773,328,629 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $644,571,402 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $519,311,965 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Phase One $3,811,244,484 6 $635,207,414 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 Thor ( 2011 ) $449,326,618 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $263,427,551 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Star Wars $8,848,894,112 10 $884,889,411 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Sequel trilogy $3,400,883,034 $1,700,441,517 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $2,068,223,624 VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) $1,332,659,410 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Prequel trilogy $2,525,197,773 $841,732,591 The Phantom Menace ( $1,027,044,677 ) I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $1,027,044,677 III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $848,754,768 II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $649,398,328 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Original trilogy $1,798,473,188 $599,491,063 A New Hope ( $775,398,007 ) IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) $775,398,007 V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $547,969,004 VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $475,106,177 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Anthology films $1,056,057,273 $1,056,057,273 Rogue One ( $1,056,057,273 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $1,056,057,273 <Td_colspan="6"> The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $68,282,844 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Wizarding World $8,539,253,704 9 $948,805,967 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Harry Potter series $7,725,216,129 8 $965,652,016 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $1,341,511,219 Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) $974,755,371 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $960,283,305 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $939,885,929 5 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $934,416,487 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $896,911,078 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $878,979,634 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $796,688,549 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,784,557 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $814,037,575 $814,037,575 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( $814,037,575 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $814,037,575 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) James Bond $7,040,275,645 26 $270,779,833 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Eon series $6,838,530,927 24 $284,938,789 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $3,174,372,309 $793,593,077 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $1,108,561,013 Spectre ( 2015 ) $880,674,609 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $599,045,960 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $586,090,727 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $1,479,008,618 $369,752,155 Die Another Day ( $431,971,116 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $431,971,116 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $361,832,400 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $352,194,034 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $333,011,068 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $1,151,600,000 7 $164,514,286 Moonraker ( $210,300,000 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $210,300,000 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $194,900,000 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $185,400,000 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $183,700,000 5 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $152,400,000 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $126,400,000 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $98,500,000 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $621,500,000 6 $103,583,333 Thunderball ( $141,200,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $141,200,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $124,900,000 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $116,000,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $101,000,000 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $78,900,000 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $59,500,000 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $347,400,000 $173,700,000 The Living Daylights ( $191,200,000 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $191,200,000 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $156,200,000 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $64,600,000 $64,600,000 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $64,600,000 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $64,600,000 <Td_colspan="6"> Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $160,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $41,744,718 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 5 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $5,884,488,087 7 $840,641,155 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Jackson series $5,853,780,255 6 $975,630,043 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) The Hobbit $2,935,490,211 $978,496,737 An Unexpected Journey ( $1,021,103,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $1,021,103,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $958,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $956,019,788 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $2,918,526,456 $972,842,152 The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $1,120,237,002 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $926,349,708 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $871,939,746 <Td_colspan="6"> The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 6 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $5,134,895,344 8 $641,861,918 Furious 7 ( $1,516,045,911 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $1,516,045,911 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $1,238,764,765 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $788,679,850 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $626,137,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $363,164,265 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $236,350,661 7 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $207,283,925 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $158,468,292 <Td_colspan="6"> 7 ( show ) X-Men $4,998,857,842 10 $499,885,784 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Main series $2,808,832,317 6 $468,138,720 Days of Future Past ( $747,862,775 ) Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $747,862,775 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $543,934,787 The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $459,359,555 X2 ( 2003 ) $407,711,549 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $353,624,124 6 X-Men ( 2000 ) $296,339,527 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Wolverine series $1,406,912,546 $468,970,849 Logan ( $619,021,436 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $619,021,436 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $414,828,246 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $373,062,864 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Deadpool series $783,112,979 $783,112,979 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $783,112,979 <Td_colspan="6"> 8 ( show ) Batman $4,995,812,576 15 $333,054,172 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Nolan series $2,463,716,216 $821,238,739 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $1,084,939,099 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $1,004,558,444 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $374,218,673 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $1,335,009,923 5 $267,001,985 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Main series $1,252,907,544 $313,226,886 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $411,348,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $336,529,144 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $266,822,354 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $238,207,122 <Td_colspan="6"> Catwoman ( 2004 ) $82,102,379 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) DC Extended Universe $873,634,919 $873,634,919 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,634,919 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,634,919 <Td_colspan="6"> The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $311,950,384 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) DC Universe Animated Original Movies $4,501,125 $2,250,563 The Killing Joke ( $4,462,034 ) The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,462,034 Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) $39,091 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) 1960s TV series $1,757,343 $878,672 Batman : The Movie ( $1,700,000 ) Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) $57,343 <Td_colspan="6"> 9 ( show ) Spider - Man $4,843,426,428 6 $807,237,738 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Raimi series $2,496,346,518 $832,115,506 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $890,871,626 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $821,708,551 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $783,766,341 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Webb series $1,466,912,986 $733,456,493 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $757,930,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $757,930,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $708,982,323 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $880,166,924 $880,166,924 Homecoming ( $880,166,924 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $880,166,924 <Td_colspan="6"> 10 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $4,524,439,761 5 $904,887,952 Dead Man 's Chest ( $1,066,179,725 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $1,066,179,725 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $1,045,713,802 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $963,420,425 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $794,861,794 5 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $654,264,015 <Td_colspan="6"> 11 ( show ) Transformers $4,385,136,428 6 $730,856,071 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Bay series $4,379,286,781 5 $875,857,356 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $1,123,794,079 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $1,104,054,072 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $836,303,693 Transformers ( 2007 ) $709,709,780 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $605,425,157 <Td_colspan="6"> The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 12 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $3,768,298,638 5 $753,659,728 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,634,919 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,634,919 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $821,847,012 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $746,846,894 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 5 Justice League ( 2017 ) $657,924,295 <Td_colspan="6"> 13 ( show ) Despicable Me $3,708,073,676 $927,018,419 Minions ( $1,159,398,397 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Main series $2,548,675,279 $849,558,426 Despicable Me 3 ( $1,034,799,409 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $1,034,799,409 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $970,761,885 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $543,113,985 <Td_colspan="6"> Minions ( 2015 ) $1,159,398,397 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 14 ( show ) Jurassic Park $3,689,072,919 $922,268,230 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $1,671,713,208 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $1,029,939,903 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $618,638,999 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $368,780,809 <Td_colspan="6"> 15 ( show ) Shrek $3,510,794,482 5 $702,158,896 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Main series $2,955,807,005 $738,951,751 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $919,838,758 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $798,958,162 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $752,600,867 Shrek ( 2001 ) $484,409,218 <Td_colspan="6"> Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $554,987,477 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 16 ( show ) The Twilight Saga $3,346,157,056 5 $669,231,411 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( $829,746,820 ) Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $829,746,820 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $712,205,856 New Moon ( 2009 ) $709,711,008 Eclipse ( 2010 ) $698,491,347 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $393,616,788 6 Twilight / New Moon ( Combo ) $2,385,237 <Td_colspan="6"> 17 ( show ) Ice Age $3,217,251,681 5 $643,450,336 Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $886,686,817 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) $886,686,817 Continental Drift ( 2012 ) $877,244,782 The Meltdown ( 2006 ) $661,483,908 Collision Course ( 2016 ) $408,579,038 5 Ice Age ( 2002 ) $383,257,136 <Td_colspan="6"> 18 ( show ) The Hunger Games $2,968,191,442 $742,047,861 Catching Fire ( $865,011,746 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $865,011,746 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $755,356,711 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $694,394,724 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $653,428,261 <Td_colspan="6"> 19 ( show ) Avengers $2,924,216,682 $1,462,108,341 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 <Td_colspan="6"> 20 ( show ) Mission : Impossible $2,778,977,995 5 $555,795,599 Ghost Protocol ( $694,713,380 ) Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $694,713,380 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $682,330,139 Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) $546,388,105 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $457,696,359 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $397,850,012 <Td_colspan="6"> 21 ( show ) Superman $2,554,201,360 8 $319,275,170 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,541,305,712 $770,652,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Original series $621,814,456 5 $124,362,891 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $607,518,018 $151,879,505 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $300,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $190,400,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $80,200,000 Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,700,000 <Td_colspan="6"> Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $391,081,192 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 22 ( show ) Iron Man $2,423,918,805 $807,972,935 Iron Man 3 ( $1,214,811,252 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 <Td_colspan="6"> 23 ( show ) Star Trek $2,266,723,196 13 $174,363,323 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $1,189,710,370 $396,570,123 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $467,381,584 Star Trek ( 2009 ) $385,680,446 Beyond ( 2016 ) $336,648,340 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) The Original Series $621,900,000 6 $103,650,000 The Motion Picture ( $139,000,000 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $139,000,000 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $133,000,000 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $96,900,000 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $95,800,000 5 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $87,000,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $70,200,000 <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) The Next Generation $455,112,826 $113,778,207 First Contact ( $150,000,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $150,000,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $120,000,000 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $117,800,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,312,826 <Td_colspan="6"> 24 ( show ) Madagascar $2,256,517,920 $564,129,480 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) <Td_colspan="6"> ( show ) Main series $1,883,502,299 $627,834,100 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) $746,921,274 Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) $603,900,354 Madagascar ( 2005 ) $532,680,671 <Td_colspan="6"> Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) $373,015,621 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 25 ( show ) Captain America $2,238,138,536 $746,046,179 Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . See also Film portal Lists of highest - grossing films References ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Producers claim prod'n has grossed over $3.2 bil at the B.O. worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Unkind unwind '' . The Economist . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . Most pictures would likely receive 20 % to 25 % of theatrical box office gross for two prime - time network runs . Jump up ^ Clark , Emma ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` How films make money '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Movies are n't the only B.O. monsters '' . Variety . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Earns Record Box Office '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Entertainment Glut '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . February 15 , 1998 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney : ' Cars ' Has Crossed $8 Billion in Global Retail Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Keegan , Rebecca ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Merchandise sales drive Pixar 's ' Cars ' franchise '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Sakoui , Anousha ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` More Disney Fun and Games With ' Toy Story 4 ' in 2017 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) -- International Box Office Results : Argentina '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` How Hollywood Box - Office Records Are Made '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Best Weekend Never '' . Slate . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , S. Eric ; Albertson , Stewart ; Shavlick , David ( March 2004 ) . How the motion picture industry miscalculates box office receipts . Proceedings of the Midwest Business Economics Association . Loma Linda University . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon . `` ' Avatar ' Claims Highest Gross of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( January 30 , 2010 ) . `` What It Takes for a Movie to Be No. 1 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Presses Its Global Agenda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` The rise of the international box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Foreign Box Office Leads : ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Open Overseas First '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Box - Office Records Are the Stuff of ' Legend ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Is Not the Top - Grossing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , George F. ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Gone With The Wind , Indeed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 60 ( 2015 ed . ) . 2014 . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781908843708 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды ( Guinness World Records ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. ( 2012 ed . ) . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . North America : $57,884,114 ; Overseas : $285,666,656 ^ Jump up to : Cones , John W. ( 1997 ) . The feature film distribution deal : a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2082 - 0 . Distributor rentals : It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor 's gross receipts and the gross rentals . The term `` rentals '' refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor 's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor . Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media , whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only , regardless of whether received by the distributor . Thus , gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals . The issue of film rentals ( i.e. , what percentage of a film 's box office gross comes back to the distributor ) is of key importance ... More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio / distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43 % of box office gross . Again , however , such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2009 ) ( 1st . pub . Focal Press : 2005 ) . Marketing to moviegoers : a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents ( 2 ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 9780809328840 . Rentals are the distributors ' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex , two - part contract . Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 2005 ) . The American film industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09874 - 2 . Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business ( 1939 ) : 36.4 Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 1987 ) . United Artists : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11440 - 4 . To rekindle interest in the movies , Hollywood not only had to compete with television but also with other leisure - time activities ... Movies made a comeback by 1955 , but audiences had changed . Moviegoing became a special event for most people , creating the phenomenon of the big picture . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . `` Later epics proved far more disastrous for the backers . Samuel Bronston 's The Fall of the Roman Empire , filmed in Spain , cost $17,816,876 and grossed only $1.9 million in America . George Stevens 's long - gestating life of Christ , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , which had been in planning since 1954 and in production since 1962 , earned domestic rentals of $6,962,715 on a $21,481,745 negative cost , the largest amount yet spent on a production made entirely within the United States . The Bible -- in the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's latest ' Alien ' announcement drives Hollywood 's sequel problem '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index By Year '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` All - Time Box - Office Hits By Decade and Year '' . Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Magazine . 32 . 2007 . The year 's top -- grossing movie , Aloma made $3 million in the first three months and brought Gray back to Milwaukee for its opening at the Wisconsin Theatre . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , David ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 9781843536505 . But they had previously succeeded in showing how musicals could centre on ordinary people with Sunny Side Up ( 1929 ) , which had grossed $2 million at the box office and demonstrated a new maturity and ingenuity in the staging of story and dance . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 6 -- 7 . `` For similar reasons of accountability , Variety has typically used figures for domestic ( U.S. and Canadian ) rather than worldwide revenue . This became its standard policy in 1940 , when the advent of war in Europe persuaded the American film industry ( temporarily , as it turned out ) that it should be wholly reliant on the home market for profitability . Where specific rentals data are reported in Variety before this ( which tended to be only sporadically ) they were often for worldwide rather domestic performance . This was also the case with other trade sources , such as Quigley 's annual Motion Picture Almanac , which published its own all - time hits lists from the early 1930s onward . The subsequent confusion of domestic and worldwide figures , and of rental and box - office figures , has plagued many published accounts of Hollywood history ( sometimes including those in Variety itself ) , and we have attempted to be diligant in clarifying the differences between them . '' Jump up ^ Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The Big Grossers '' . Time . February 2 , 1953 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 129 . `` Domestic Rentals : $30,015,000 ( 61 % ) ; Foreign Rentals : $18,964,000 ( 39 % ) ... Gone with the Wind includes initial release plus four rereleases ( 1941 , 1942 , 1947 and 1954 ) since foreign rental revenues were available only cumulative through 1956 . '' Jump up ^ McDermott , Christine ( 2010 ) , Life with Father , p. 307 , No matter what the billing , the movie became a worldwide hit with $6.5 million in worldwide rentals , from Pappa och vi in Sweden to Vita col padre in Italy , although it booked a net loss of $350,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 145 . `` The commercial success of the five Cinerama travelogues , which earned an aggregate worldwide box - office gross of $120 million by 1962 ( including $82 million in the United States and Canada ) , nevertheless demonstrated to the mainstream industry the market value of special screen formats . '' ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Pan ' flies again '' . Daily Record . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . July 21 , 1989 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 47 . `` Walt Disney took a big risk when he decided to invest $1.5 million in his first feature - length animated film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It became the biggest hit of the sound era and the largest - grossing movie since The Birth of a Nation -- until the release of independent producer David O. Selznick 's Gone with the Wind just two years later . '' Jump up ^ Barrios , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Song in the Dark : The Birth of the Musical Film . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195088113 . Since it 's rarely seen today , The Singing Fool is frequently confused with The Jazz Singer ; although besides Jolson and a pervasively maudlin air the two have little in common . In the earlier film Jolson was inordinately attached to his mother and sang `` Mammy '' ; here the fixation was on his young son , and `` Sonny Boy '' became an enormous hit . So did the film , which amassed a stunning world - wide gross of $5.9 million ... Some sources give it as the highest gross of any film in its initial release prior to Gone with the Wind . This is probably overstating it -- MGM 's records show that Ben - Hur and The Big Parade grossed more , and no one knows just how much The Birth of a Nation brought in . Still , by the standards of the time it 's an amazing amount . Jump up ^ Everson , William K. ( 1998 ) ( First published 1978 ) . American silent film . Da Capo Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80876 - 0 . Putting The Birth of a Nation in fifth place is open to question , since it is generally conceded to be the top - grossing film of all time . However , it has always been difficult to obtain reliable box - office figures for this film , and it may have been even more difficult in the mid-1930's . After listing it until the mid-1970's as the top - grosser , though finding it impossible to quote exact figures , Variety , the trade journal , suddenly repudiated the claim but without giving specific details or reasons . On the basis of the number of paid admissions , and continuous exhibition , its number one position seems justified . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . '' ^ Jump up to : du Brow , Rick ( September 22 , 1965 ) . `` Documentary On The Klan Made Quite An Impact On Du Brow '' . The Columbus Dispatch . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Culture quake : The Birth of a Nation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 18 , 1963 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Earned $19 Million Last Year '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Klopsch , Louis ; Sandison , George Henry ; Talmage , Thomas De Witt ( 1965 ) . `` Christian Herald '' . 88 : 68 . Yet `` The Ten Commandments '' has earned 58 million dollars in film rentals and is expected to bring in 10 to 15 million each year it is reissued . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . `` General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ( initial release ) '' Jump up ^ Washington ( AP ) ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' star against pornography '' . The Free Lance -- Star . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Numbers Just Do n't Add Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memphis ( UPI ) ( May 1 , 1976 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Defendant Found Guilty of Conspiring '' . The Palm Beach Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Deep Throat '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . At the end of the 1941 general release , MGM decided to withdraw GWTW again . The prints were battered , but the studio believed one final fling for GWTW was possible . The film returned to movie theaters for the third time in the spring of 1942 and stayed in release until late 1943 ... When MGM finally pulled the film from exhibition , all worn - out prints were destroyed , and GWTW was at last declared out of circulation . MGM , which by then had sole ownership of the film , announced that GWTW had grossed over $32 million . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 168 . ISBN 9780813120164 . Jaws ( 1975 ) saved the day , grossing $104 million domestically and $132 million worldwide by January 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 - A . Jump up ^ Cook , David A. ( 2002 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 . Volume 9 of History of the American Cinema , Charles Harpole . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520232655 . The industry was stunned when Star Wars earned nearly $3 million in its first week and by the end of August had grossed $100 million ; it played continuously throughout 1977 -- 1978 , and was officially re-released in 1978 and 1979 , by the end of which it had earned $262 million in rentals worldwide to become the top - grossing film of all time -- a position it would maintain until surpassed by Universal 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial in January 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . BBC . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Wars Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bayonne Bleeder Throws a Punch at the Italian Stallion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone Settles With The ' Real ' Rocky '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poller , Kenneth G. ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Charles Wepner v. Sylvester Stallone '' ( PDF ) . Mango & Iacoviello . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012 , the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices ; after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre , the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Analysis : Harry Potter and the Big Pile of Money '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar 's $6 billion playthings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listings -- Exchange Rates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory vs. Finding Nemo '' ( North American `` domestic '' grosses adjusted to 2016 prices ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Box Office sources ^ Jump up to : Avatar Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Total : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . $2,187,425,379 Original release : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . $1,843,201,268 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frozen `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Worldwide -- $1,274,219,009 ( total as of August 8 , 2014 ; including Japanese gross up to August 3 , Spanish gross up to July 27 , UK gross up to June 8 , German gross up to March 30 , and omitting Nigerian gross ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 3 , 2014 : $247,650,477 Total as of August 31 , 2014 : $249,036,646 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Nigeria '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 17 , 2014 : $167,333 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Spain '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Total as of July 27 , 2014 : $21,668,593 Total as of November 2 , 2014 : $22,492,845 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of June 8 , 2014 : £ 39,090,985 Total as of November 30 , 2014 : £ 40,960,083 ( $1 = £ 0.63866 ) Total as of December 7 , 2014 : £ 41,087,765 ( $1 = £ 0.64136 ) Total as of December 14 , 2014 : £ 41,170,608 ( $1 = £ 0.636 ) Total as of November 26 , 2017 : £ 42,840,559 ( $1 = £ 0.7497 ) Total as of December 3 , 2017 : £ 42,976,318 ( $1 = £ 0.742 ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Germany '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of March 30 , 2014 : € 35,098,170 Total as of October 18 , 2015 : € 42,526,744 nb . the exact euro to dollar conversion rate is unknown for earnings since April 2014 , but the euro never fell below parity with the dollar during 2014 and 2015 ( as can be verified by comparing the exchange rate on the individual date entries at the provided reference ) so an approximate conversion rate of € 1 : $1 is used here to give a lower - bound . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minions ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $1,119,929,521 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $818,580 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $307,481 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park Total : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Worldwide : $1,029,153,882 ; Production Budget : $63 million Original release : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . $914,691,118 2011 re-release : `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 756 -- 757 . `` Production Cost : $70.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Jurassic Park was a smash at the box office , bringing in $920 million in worldwide box office and spawning two sequels . '' ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Women First : Titanic , Action - Aventure Films , and Hollywood 's Female Audience '' . In Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Rutgers University Press . pp. 108 -- 131 . ISBN 9780813526690 . p. 130 : The list has Jurassic Park at number one with $913 million , followed by The Lion King ... Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Total : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . $1,027,044,677 Original release : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $924,317,558 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Knight Total : `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Total : $1,004,558,444 Original release ( excluding 2009 IMAX reissue ) : `` The Dark Knight '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . North America : $531,039,412 ( as of January 22 , 2009 ) ; Overseas : $466,000,000 ; IMAX re-release : January 23 , 2009 2009 IMAX re-release : `` Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record - Breaking Year '' . Warner Bros. January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . With worldwide receipts of $997 million , `` The Dark Knight '' is currently fourth on the all - time box office gross list , and the film is being re-released theatrically on January 23 . First - run gross and IMAX reissue : Gray , Brandon ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Billion Dollar Batman '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . The Dark Knight had been hovering just shy of $1 billion for several months and reportedly sat at $997 million when Warner Bros. modestly relaunched it on Jan. 23 , timed to take advantage of the announcement of the Academy Awards nominations on Jan. 22 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( February 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Moves Into No. 2 Position '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King Total : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide : $968,483,777 ; Production Budget : $45 million Lifetime grosses ( US & Canada ) : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Initial : $312,855,561 ; IMAX : $15,686,215 ; 3D : $94,242,001 Lifetime grosses ( outside US & Canada ) : Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 ... the original release of The Lion King made $450.6 million internationally , an additional $3.8 million with the 2002 IMAX reissue , and another $91.3 million from 2011 's 3D reissue for an international total of $545.7 million . As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 764 . `` Production Cost : $79.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $926,047,111 Re-release ( 2003 ) : `` The Two Towers ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $1,996,877 ; Overseas : $1,505,170 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $764,607 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $302,597 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Monaco , James ( 2009 ) . How to Read a Film : Movies , Media , and Beyond . Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199755790 . The Birth of a Nation , costing an unprecedented and , many believed , thoroughly foolhardy $110,000 , eventually returned $20 million and more . The actual figure is hard to calculate because the film was distributed on a `` states ' rights '' basis in which licenses to show the film were sold outright . The actual cash generated by The Birth of a Nation may have been as much as $50 million to $100 million , an almost inconceivable amount for such an early film . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ Lang , Robert , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Birth of a nation : D.W. Griffith , director . Rutgers University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2027 - 8 . The film eventually cost $110,000 and was twelve reels long . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 26 . Intolerance : `` Domestic Rentals : $1.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $0.5 ; Production Cost : $0.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , Intolerance , p. 45 , Intolerance was the most expensive American film made up until that point , costing a total of $489,653 , and its performance at the box ... but it did recoup its cost and end with respectable overall numbers . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robin ( June 30 , 1939 ) . `` Hollywood Chatter '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Shipman , David ( 1970 ) . The great movie stars : the golden years . Crown Publishing Group . p. 98 . It was a low budgeter -- $120,000 -- but it grossed world - wide over $3 million and made stars of Chaney and his fellow - players , Betty Compson and Thomas Meighan . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2011 ) . The Fox Film Corporation , 1915 -- 1935 : A History and Filmography . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786462865 . Way Down East : p. 52 . `` D.W. Griffith 's Way Down East ( 1920 ) was projected to return rentals of $4,000,000 on an $800,000 negative . This figure was based on the amounts earned from its roadshow run , coupled with its playoff in the rest of the country 's theaters . Griffith had originally placed the potential film rental at $3,000,000 but , because of the success of the various roadshows that were running the $4,000,000 total was expected . The film showed a profit of $615,736 after just 23 weeks of release on a gross of $2,179,613 . '' What Price Glory ? : p. 112 . `` What Price Glory hit the jackpot with massive world rentals of $2,429,000 , the highest figure in the history of the company . Since it was also the most expensive production of the year at $817,000 the profit was still a healthy $796,000 ... '' Cavalcade : p. 170 . `` The actual cost of Cavalcade was $1,116,000 and it was most definitely not guaranteed a success . In fact , if its foreign grosses followed the usual 40 percent of domestic returns , the film would have lost money . In a turnaround , the foreign gross was almost double the $1,000,000 domestic take to reach total world rentals of $3,000,000 and Fox 's largest profit of the year at $664,000 . '' State Fair : p. 170 . `` State Fair did turn out to be a substantial hit with the help of Janet Gaynor boosting Will Rogers back to the level of money - making star . Its prestige engagements helped raked in a total $1,208,000 in domestic rentals . Surprisingly , in foreign countries unfamiliar with state fairs , it still earned a respectable $429,000 . With its total rentals , the film ended up showing a $398,000 profit . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 53 . `` The Four Forsemen of the Apocalypse was to become Metro 's most expensive production and one of the decade 's biggest box - office hits . Its production costs have been estimated at `` something between $600,000 and $800,000 . '' Variety estimated its worldwide gross at $4 million in 1925 and at $5 million in 1944 ; in 1991 , it estimated its cumulative domestic rentals at $3,800,000 . '' Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The parade 's gone by ... University of California Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03068 - 8 . The negative cost was about $986,000 , which did not include Fairbanks ' own salary . Once the exploitation and release prints were taken into account , Robin Hood cost about $1,400,000 -- exceeding both Intolerance ( $700,000 ) and the celebrated `` million dollar movie '' Foolish Wives . But it earned $2,500,000 . Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . Douglas Fairbanks . University of California Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9780520256675 . The film had a production cost of $930,042.78 -- more than the cost of D.W. Griffith 's Intolerance and nearly as much as Erich von Stroheim 's Foolish Wives ( 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Business : Film Exports '' . Time . July 6 , 1925 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Birchard , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813138299 . ch. 45 . The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) . `` Cost : $1,475,836.93 ; Gross : $4,169,798.38 '' ch. 56 . The Sign of the Cross . `` Cost : $694,064.67 ; Gross : $2,738,993.35 ( to 1937 ) '' ch. 68 . Samson and Delilah . `` Cost : $3,097,563.05 '' ch. 69 . The Greatest Show on Earth . `` Cost : $3,873,946.50 ; Gross receipts : $15,797,396.36 ( to December 29 , 1962 ) '' ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) . `` Cost : $13,272,381.87 ; Gross receipts : $90,066,230.00 ( to June 23 , 1979 ) '' Jump up ^ May , Richard P. ( Fall 2005 ) , `` Restoring The Big Parade '' , The Moving Image , 5 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 146 , doi : 10.1353 / mov. 2005.0033 , ISSN 1532 - 3978 , ... earning somewhere between $18 and $22 million , depending on the figures consulted Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( 1991 ) . Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats ( 4 ed . ) . Abbeville Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 9781558592360 . The top grossing silent film was King Vidor 's The Big Parade ( US 25 ) , with worldwide rentals of $22 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . `` Even then , at a time when the budget for a feature averaged at around $300,000 , no more than $382,000 was spent on production ... According to the Eddie Mannix Ledger at MGM , it grossed $4,990,000 domestically and $1,141,000 abroad . '' Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1925 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . ( At a negative cost of $3,967,000 , it was also the most expensive . ) '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` For Heaven 's Sake ( 1926 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` At a cost of $2 million Wings was the studio 's most expensive movie of the decade , and though it did well it was not good enough to earn a profit . '' ^ Jump up to : The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , The Jazz Singer , p. 113 , The film brought in $2.6 million in worldwide rentals and made a net profit of $1,196,750 . Jolson 's follow - up Warner Bros. film , The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) , brought in over two times as much , with $5.9 in worldwide rentals and a profit of $3,649,000 , making them two of the most profitable films in the 1920s . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Donald ( 1999 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . University of California Press . pp. 549 -- 552 . ISBN 9780520221284 . The Singing Fool : Negative Cost ( $1000 s ) : 388 Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , The Broadway Melody , p. 121 , It earned $4.4 million in worldwide rentals and was the first movie to spawn sequels ( there were several until 1940 ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub. 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786420292 . The Singing Fool : p. 12 . `` Ego aside , Jolson was at the top of his powers in The Singing Fool . The $150,000 Warner Bros. paid him to make it , and the $388,000 it took to produce the film , were drops in the hat next to the film 's world gross of $5.9 million . Its $3.8 - million gross in this country set a box - office record that would not be surpassed until Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . '' The Broadway Melody : p. 24 . `` The Broadway Melody with a negative cost of $379,000 , grossed $2.8 million in the United States , $4.8 million worldwide , and made a recorded profit of $1.6 million for MGM . '' Gold Diggers of Broadway : p. 58 . `` It grossed an impressive $2.5 million domestically and nearly $4 million worldwide . '' ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : a corporate and financial history . Filmmakers series . 20 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810842441 . Sunny Side Up : p. 10 . `` Sunny Side Up , a musical starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell , showed domestic rentals of $3.5 million , a record for the company . '' Forever Amber : p. 66 . `` On the surface , with world rentals of $8 million , Forever Amber was considered a hit at distribution level . '' The French Connection p. 167 . `` The Planet of the Apes motion pictures were all moneymakers and Zanuck 's record would have immediately improved had he stayed through the release of The French Connection , which took in rentals of approximately $75 million worldwide . '' p. 256 . `` $3,300 , 00 '' . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 46 . `` Production Cost : $0.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Cormack , Mike ( 1993 ) . Ideology and Cinematography in Hollywood , 1930 -- 1939 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 28 . ISBN 9780312100674 . Although costing $1250000 -- a huge sum for any studio in 1929 -- the film was a financial success . Karl Thiede gives the domestic box - office at $1500000 , and the same figure for the foreign gross . ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 1996 ) . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . Volume 5 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520203341 . Cavalcade : p. 182 . `` Produced by Winfield Sheehan at a cost of $1.25 million , Cavalcade won Academy Awards for best picture , director , art direction and grossed close to $4 million during its first release , much of which came from Great Britain and the Empire . '' Whoopee : p. 212 . `` Produced by Sam Goldwyn at a cost of $1 million , the picture was an adaptation of a smash musical comedy built around Eddie Cantor ... A personality - centered musical , Whoopee ! made little attempt to integrate the comedy routines , songs , and story . Nonetheless , Cantor 's feature - film debut grossed over $2.6 million worldwide and started a popular series that included Palmy Days ( 1931 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , and Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hell 's Angels Balio , Tino ( 1976 ) . United Artists : The Company Built by the Stars . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 110 . Hughes did not have the `` Midas touch '' the trade press so often attributed to him . Variety , for example , reported that Hell 's Angels cost $3.2 million to make , and by July , 1931 , eight months after its release , the production cost had nearly been paid off . Keats claimed the picture cost $4 million to make and that it earned twice that much within twenty years . The production cost estimate is probably correct . Hughes worked on the picture for over two years , shooting it first as a silent and then as a talkie . Lewis Milestone said that in between Hughes experimented with shooting it in color as well . But Variety 's earnings report must be the fabrication of a delirious publicity agent , and Keats ' the working of a myth maker . During the seven years it was in United Artists distribution , Hell 's Angels grossed $1.6 million in the domestic market , of which Hughes ' share was $1.2 million . Whatever the foreign gross was , it seems unlikely that it was great enough to earn a profit for the picture . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Frankenstein ( 1931 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 163 . `` It drew $1.4 million in worldwide rentals in its first run versus $1.2 million for Dracula , which had opened in February 1931 . '' Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Chaplin : genius of the cinema . Abrams Books . p. 208 . Chaplin 's negative cost for City Lights was $1,607,351 . The film eventually earned him a worldwide profit of $5 million ( $2 million domestically and $3 million in foreign distribution ) , an enormous sum of money for the time . Jump up ^ Ramsaye , Terry , ed. ( 1937 ) . `` The All - Time Best Sellers -- Motion Pictures '' . International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 -- 38 . New York : The Quigley Publishing Company : 942 -- 943 . Kid from Spain : $2,621,000 ( data supplied by Eddie Cantor ) ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick , John ( 2000 ) . Popular Filmgoing In 1930s Britain : A Choice of Pleasures . University of Exeter Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 9780859896603 . Sources : Eddie Mannix Ledger , made available to the author by Mark Glancy ... Grand Hotel : Production Cost $000 s : 700 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 947 ; US box - office $000 s : 1,235 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,359 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,594 ; Profit $000 s : 947 . The Merry Widow : Production Cost $000 s : 1,605 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,116 ; US box - office $000 s : 861 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,747 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,608 ; Profit $000 s : - 113 . Viva Villa : Production Cost $000 s : 1,022 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 766 ; US box - office $000 s : 941 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 934 ; Total box - office $000 s : 1,875 ; Profit $000 s : 87 . Mutiny on the Bounty : Production Cost $000 s : 1,905 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,646 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,250 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,210 ; Total box - office $000 s : 4,460 ; Profit $000 s : 909 . San Francisco : Production Cost $000 s : 1,300 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,736 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,868 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,405 ; Total box - office $000 s : 5,273 ; Profit $000 s : 2,237 . Jump up ^ Shanghai Express Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 165 . `` Shanghai Express was Dietrich 's biggest hit in America , bringing in $1.5 million in worldwide rentals . '' Jump up ^ King Kong Jewel , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 . 1933 release : $1,856,000 ; 1938 release : $306,000 ; 1944 release : $685,000 `` King Kong ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . 1952 release : $2,500,000 ; budget : $672,254.75 Jump up ^ `` I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . According to a modern source , it had a gross earning of $2,250,000 on the North American continent , with over a million more earned internationally . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` The studio released its most profitable pictures of the decade in 1933 , She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel , written by and starring Mae West . Produced at a rock - bottom cost of $200,000 each , they undoubtedly helped Paramount through the worst patch in its history ... '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , She Done Him Wrong , p. 173 , The worldwide rentals of over $3 million keep the lights on at Paramount , which did not shy away from selling the movie 's sex appeal . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kendall R. ( 2008 ) . Controversial Cinema : The Films That Outraged America . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9781567207248 . The reaction to West 's first major film , however , was not exclusively negative . Made for a mere $200,000 , the film would rake in a healthy $2 million in the United States and an additional million in overseas markets . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 135 . `` Total production cost : $274,076 ( Unadjusted $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Turk , Edward Baron ( 2000 ) ( 1st . pub. 1998 ) . Hollywood Diva : A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520222533 . The Merry Widow : p. 361 Cost : $1,605,000 . Earnings : domestic $861,000 ; foreign $1,747,000 ; total $2,608,000 . Loss : $113,000 . San Francisco : p. 364 Cost : $1,300,000 . Earnings : domestic $2,868,000 ; foreign $2,405,000 ; total $5,273,000 . Profit : $2,237,000 . ( Reissues in 1938 -- 39 and 1948 -- 49 brought profits of $124,000 and $647,000 respectively . ) Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . University Press of Mississippi . p. 309 . ISBN 9781604738384 . According to the studio 's books It Happened One Night brought in $1 million in film rentals during its initial release , but as Joe Walker pointed out , the figure would have been much larger if the film had not been sold to theaters on a block - booking basis in a package with more than two dozen lesser Columbia films , and the total rentals of the package spread among them all , as was customary in that era , since it minimized the risk and allowed the major studios to dominate the marketplace . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2008 ) . Claudette Colbert : She Walked in Beauty . University Press of Mississippi . p. 79 . ISBN 9781604730876 . Although Columbia 's president , Harry Cohn , had strong reservations about It Happened One Night , he also knew that it would not bankrupt the studio ; the rights were only $5,000 , and the budget was set at $325,000 , including the performers ' salaries . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - By - Film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780810874343 . Considered a highly risky gamble when the movie was in production in the mid-1930s , by the fiftieth anniversary of its 1937 premiere Snow White 's earnings exceeded $330 million . Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0911515008 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio Block & Wilson 2010 p. 207 . `` When the budget rose from $250,000 to $1,488,423 he even mortgaged his own home and automobile . Disney had bet more than his company on the success of Snow White . '' p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . p. 255 . `` On its initial release Pinocchio brought in only $1.6 million in domestic rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.2 million ) and $1.9 million in foreign rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.3 million ) . '' Jump up ^ 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You : `` You Ca n't Take It With You Premieres '' . Focus Features . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . You Ca n't Take It With You received excellent reviews , won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1938 Academy Awards , and earned over $5 million worldwide . Boys Town : Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Boys Town , p. 215 , The film quickly became a smash nationwide , making a profit of over $2 million on worldwide rentals of $4 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . The Adventures of Robin Hood : Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : the William Schaefer ledger '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 1 ( 15 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439689500260031 . $3.981 million . Alexander 's Ragtime Band : Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , p. 213 , Once the confusion cleared , however , the film blossomed into a commercial success , with a profit of $978,000 on worldwide rentals of $3.6 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Chartier , Roy ( September 6 , 1938 ) . `` You Ca n't Take It With You '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 283 . `` The final negative cost of Gone with the Wind ( GWTW ) has been variously reported between $3.9 million and $4.25 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio ( 1940 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780199839223 . The film 's negative cost was $2.6 million , more than $1 million higher than Snow White 's . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . p. 466 . ISBN 9780520221307 . Boom Town ( $4.6 million ) . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 258 -- 259 . `` Production Cost : $2.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Boom Town was the biggest moneymaker of 1940 and one of the top films of the decade . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 267 . `` With worldwide rentals of $7.8 million in its initial release , the movie made a net profit of over $3 million . '' Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 301 . `` The studio did particularly well with its war - related pictures , such as Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , which cost $1.6 million but was the studio 's biggest hit of the decade aside from This is the Army ( 1943 ) , the Irving Berlin musical for which the profits were donated to the Army Emergency Relief fund . '' Jump up ^ `` Bambi '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 281 . `` Worldwide rentals of $3,449,353 barely recouped the film 's nearly $2 million production cost . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Bambi : `` Worldwide Box Office : $266.8 ; Production Cost : $1.7 ( Millions of $ s ) '' 101 Dalmatians : `` Worldwide Box Office : $215.0 ; Production Cost : $3.6 ( Millions of $ s ) '' The Jungle Book : `` Worldwide Box Office : $170.8 '' ; Production Cost : $3.9 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Aladdin : `` Worldwide Box Office : $505.1 '' ; Production Cost : $28.0 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Glancy , Mark ( 1999 ) . When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 -- 1945 . Manchester University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780719048531 . Mrs Miniver was a phenomenon . It was the most popular film of the year ( from any studio ) in both North America and Britain , and its foreign earnings were three times higher than those of any other MGM film released in the 1941 -- 42 season . The production cost ( $1,344,000 ) was one of the highest of the season , indicating the studio never thought of the film as a potential loss - maker . When the film earned a worldwide gross of $8,878,000 , MGM had the highest profit ( $4,831,000 ) in its history . Random Harvest nearly matched the success of Mrs Miniver with worldwide earnings of $8,147,000 yielding the second - highest profit in MGM 's history ( $4,384,000 ) . Random Harvest was also the most popular film of the year in Britain , where it proved to be even more popular than Britain 's most acclaimed war film , In Which We Serve . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 Mrs. Miniver : Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mrs. Miniver , p. 279 , Mrs. Miniver 's galvanizing effect on Americans spawned a record - breaking ten - week run at Radio City Music Hall and garnered a $5.4 million take in domestic rentals ( making Mrs. Miniver 1942 's top grosser ) , with a $4.8 million profit on worldwide rentals of $8.9 million . Yankee Doodle Dandy : p. 275 . `` It became the second biggest box - office hit of 1942 ( after Mrs. Miniver ) and was praised by critics , making a profit of $3.4 million on worldwide rentals of $6.5 million . '' Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , For Whom the Bell Tolls , p. 287 , Despite the early furor over the novel being `` pro-red and immoral , '' the film opened to strong and favorable reviews and brought in $11 million in worldwide rentals in its initial release . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guy Named Joe ( 1944 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . According to M-G-M studio records at the AMPAS Library , the film had a negative cost of $2,627,000 and took in $5,363,000 at the box office . When the picture was re-issued for the 1955 -- 56 season , it took in an additional $150,000 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Irving Berlin : This Is the Army '' . Prologue. 28 ( 2 ) . Part 3 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Army ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 356 -- 363 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` ( Unadjusted $ s ) in Millions of $ s -- Production Cost : $1.0 '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 232 . Mrs. Miniver : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,358,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $3,520,000 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Meet Me in St. Louis : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,016,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,623,630 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Easter Parade : `` Domestic Rentals : $4,144,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,774,134 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Schaefer , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Bold ! Daring ! Shocking ! True ! '' : A History of Exploitation Films , 1919 -- 1959 . Duke University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780822323747 . Leading the pack of postwar sex hygiene films was Mom and Dad ( 1944 ) , which would become not only the most successful sex hygiene film in history but the biggest pre-1960 exploitation film of any kind . At the end of 1947 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Mom and Dad had grossed $2 million . By 1949 Time had estimated that Mom and Dad had taken in $8 million from twenty million moviegoers . And publicity issuing from Mom and Dad 's production company indicated that by the end of 1956 it had grossed over $80 million worldwide . Net rentals of around $22 million by 1956 would easily place it in the top ten films of the late 1940s and early 1950s had it appeared on conventional lists . Some estimates have placed its total gross over the years at up to $100 million , and it was still playing drive - in dates into 1975 ... The film was made for around $65,000 with a crew of Hollywood veterans including director William `` One Shot '' Beaudine , cinematographer Marcel LePicard , and a cast that sported old stalwarts Hardie Albright , Francis Ford , and John Hamilton . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 296 . `` Production Cost : $1.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Wasson , Sam ( 2010 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's , p. 297 , This was that rare sequel that did even better at the box office than the original , bringing in a $3.7 million profit on $11.2 million in worldwide rentals . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : the biography . Aurum Press . pp. 438 . Still , the film wound up grossing $3.3 million ... Jump up ^ `` Song of the South ( 1946 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 p. 132. `` Best Years was considerably cheaper , costing only $2.1 million , and therefore vastly more profitable . '' p. 286 ( note 6.70 ) . `` Worldwide rentals for The Best Years of Our Lives amounted to $14,750,000 . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Best years of Our Lives , p. 301 , The film made a $5 million profit on worldwide rentals of $14.8 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 285 ( note 6.56 ) . `` The cost of Duel in the Sun has been reported as both $5,255,000 ( Haver , David O'Selznick's Hollywood , 361 ) and $6,480,000 ( Thomson , Showman : The Life of David O'Selznick , 472 ) ; the latter figure may include distribution expenses . Forever Amber cost $6,375,000 ( Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , 243 ) . '' Jump up ^ Chopra - Gant , Mike ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Genres and Post-war America : Masculinity , Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 9781850438151 . Forever Amber : $8 million ; Unconquered : $7.5 million ; Life with Father : $6.25 million Jump up ^ `` Unconquered ( 1947 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` Easter Parade ( 1948 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( 2002 ) . Transatlantic Crossings : British Feature Films in the United States . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9780826413956 . Although both films had higher than average budgets ( The Red Shoes cost £ 505,581 and Hamlet cost £ 572,530 , while the average cost of the other thirty films for which Rank supplied information was £ 233,000 ) , they resulted in high takings at home and abroad . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2011 ) . `` Dollar - Pound Exchange Rate From 1791 '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . 1947 -- 1948 : $4.03 ( per British pound ) Jump up ^ `` The Snake Pit '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snake Pit ' Seen No Problem After All '' . Variety . January 19 , 1949 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 136 -- 139 Samson and Delilah : `` ... the film became the highest grosser in the studio 's history to date , with domestic rentals of $7,976,730 by 1955 and a further $6,232,520 overseas ... For all their spectacle , Samson and David were quite economically produced , costing $3,097,563 and $2,170,000 respectively . '' Quo Vadis : `` Production costs totaled a record $7,623,000 ... Worldwide rentals totaled $21,037,000 , almost half of which came from the foreign market . '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 1950 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael D. ; Schwartz , Tony ( 2009 ) . Work in Progress . Pennsylvania State University . p. 178 . ISBN 9780786885077 . Cinderella revived its fortunes . Re-released in February 1950 , it cost nearly $3 million to make but earned more than $20 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 401 . ISBN 9780195167290 . It cost around $2.2 million , little more than each of the two package features , Melody Time and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( as Tluo Fabulous Characters had ultimately been named ) , that just preceded it , but its gross rentals -- an amount shared by Disney and RKO -- were $7.8 million , almost twice as much as the two package features combined . Jump up ^ The E.J. Mannix ledger . Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences : Howard Strickling Collection . 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Peter ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Screen , 1950 -- 1959 . Volume 7 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520249660 . Quo Vadis : p. 15 . `` MGM 's most expensive film of the period , Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) also did extremely well . The cost was $7,623,000 , earnings were an estimated $21.2 million ( with foreign earnings almost 50 percent of this total ) , and profit was estimated at $5,562,000 . '' Rear Window : pp. 203 -- 204 . `` Rear Window ( 1954 ) was an excellent commercial success , with a cost of $1 million and North American rentals of $5.3 million . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 335 . The Robe : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.7 ; Foreign Rentals : $9.4 ; Production Cost : $4.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Quo Vadis : `` Domestic Rentals : $11.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zone , Ray ( 2012 ) . 3 - D Revolution : The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema . University Press of Kentucky . p. 71 . ISBN 9780813136110 . Produced at a cost of $1 million , This is Cinerama ran 122 weeks , earning $4.7 million in its initial New York run alone and eventually grossed over $32 million . It was obvious to Hollywood that the public was ready for a new form of motion picture entertainment . The first five Cinerama feature - length travelogues , though they only played in twenty - two theaters , pulled in a combined gross of $82 million . Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth , pp. 354 -- 355 , By May 1953 , Variety was reporting that the Best Picture winner had amassed $18.35 million in worldwide rentals . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1953 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 147 -- 148 . `` To take full advantage of CinemaScope 's panoramic possibilities , shooting was delayed for the sets to be redesigned and rebuilt , adding $500,000 to the eventual $4.1 million budget ... It ultimately returned domestic rentals of $17.5 million and $25 million worldwide , placing it second only to Gone with the Wind in Variety 's annually updated chart . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 367 . `` It brought in $16.7 million in domestic rentals , $9.4 million in foreign rentals , and made a net profit of $8.1 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Rear Window '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` Domestic Box Office : $19.6 million ; Production Cost : $3.8 million . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 149 . `` VistaVision was first used for the musical White Christmas ( 1954 ) , which Variety named the top grosser of its year with anticipated domestic rentals of $12 million . '' Jump up ^ `` 20000 Leagues Under The Sea '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John M. `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ( 1954 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 320 . `` It was up and running in time to handle Disney 's most elaborate expensive feature , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , based on the book by Jules Verne , starring James Mason and Kirk Douglas and directed by Richard Fleischer at a cost of $4.5 million . '' ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . The Jungle Book $378 million ; Lady and the Tramp $187 million Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minego , Pete ( May 21 , 1956 ) . `` Pete 's Pungent Patter '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 382 . `` Production Cost : $2.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mister Roberts , p. 383 , Mister Roberts sailed onto movie screens buoyed by enthusiastic reviews and receptive audiences . For pr , Fonda , Cagney , and lemmon reenacted several scenes on ed sullivan 's popular Toast of the Town television variety show . It returned a net profit of $4.5 million on worldwide rentals of $9.9 million , putting it in the top 5 domestic films of 1955 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . `` Production cost : $13.3 million ; Domestic Film Rental : $31.3 ; Foreign Film Rental : $23.9 ; Worldwide Box office ( estimated ) : $122.7 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 159 -- 161 The Ten Commandments : `` No film did more to entrench roadshow policy than The Ten Commandments . While the success of This Is Cinerama , The Robe , and even Eighty Days could be attributed , at least in part , to their respective photographic and projection formats , that of DeMille 's film ( which cost a record $13,266,491 ) could not ... General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' The Bridge on the River Kwai : Columbia 's Anglo - American war film The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) opened on a roadshow basis in selected U.S. cities ( including New York , Chicago , Boston , and Los Angeles ) and in London . Costing only $2,840,000 to produce , it grossed $30.6 million worldwide on first release . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 153 . `` South Pacific also became for a time the most successful film ever released in the United Kingdom , where it earned a box - office gross three times its negative cost of $5,610,000 . Anticipated global rentals after three years were $30 million . '' Jump up ^ Ross , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Hollywood Left and Right : How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics . Oxford University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 9780199911431 . Costing $15 million to produce , the film earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide by January 1989 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide box office : $146.9 million ; Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ; Production cost : $15.9 million . ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . America 's Best , Britain 's Finest : A Survey of Mixed Movies . Volume 14 of Hollywood classics . Lulu . p. 243 -- 245 . ISBN 9781411678774 . Negative cost : around $4 million ; Worldwide film rentals gross ( including 1968 American reissue ) to 1970 : $30 million . Jump up ^ Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland & Company . pp. 298 ( note 2.23 ) . ISBN 9780786459162 . Spartacus cost $12 million and grossed some $60 million at the box office , figures Kubrick rarely again matched . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . Spartacus : `` In the case of Spartacus , overseas earnings to 1969 amounted to $12,462,044 , while U.S. and Canadian rentals ( even including a million - dollar TV sale ) were only $10,643,181 . But the film failed to show a profit on production costs of $10,284,014 because of the distribution charges and expenses amounting to an additional $15,308,083 . '' The Bible : `` The Bible -- In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Psycho ( 1960 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . Variety . December 31 , 1960 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , West Side Story , p. 449 , With its three rereleases , it took in over $105 million in worldwide box office ( $720 million in 2005 dollars ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 434 . The Sound of Music : `` Domestic Rentals : $68.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $46.2 ; Production Cost : $8.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Dirty Dozen : `` Domestic Rentals : $20.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.2 ; Production Cost : $5.4 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' 2001 : A Space Odyssey : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $5.5 ; Production Cost : $10.3 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $22.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $18.2 ; Production Cost : $44.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' West Side Story : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Longest Day : `` Domestic Rentals : $13.9 ; Foreign Rentals : $19.3 ; Production Cost : $8.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` Domestic Rentals : $29.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $7.9 ; Production Cost : $6.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence of Arabia 1962 release : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Worldwide Box Office : $69,995,385 ; International Box Office : $32,500,000 US total ( including reissues ) : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $44,824,852 ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 165 -- 166 Lawrence of Arabia : Columbia released the $13.8 million Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , filmed in Super Panavision 70 , exclusively on a hard - ticket basis , but opened Barabbas ( 1962 ) , The Cardinal ( 1963 ) , and the $12 million Joseph Conrad adaptation Lord Jim ( 1965 ) as 70mm roadshows in selected territories only . '' The Longest Day : `` Darryl 's most ambitious independent production was The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , a three - hour reconstruction of D - Day filmed in black - and - white CinemaScope at a cost of $8 million . It grossed over $30 million worldwide as a roadshow followed by general release , thereby helping the studio regain stability during its period of reorganization . '' Cleopatra : `` With top tickets set at an all - time high of $5.50 , Cleopatra had amassed as much as $20 million in such guarantees from exhibitors even before its premiere . Fox claimed the film had cost in total $44 million , of which $31,115,000 represented the direct negative cost and the rest distribution , print and advertising expenses . ( These figures excluded the more than $5 million spent on the production 's abortive British shoot in 1960 -- 61 , prior to its relocation to Italy . ) By 1966 worldwide rentals had reached $38,042,000 including $23.5 million from the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 164 . `` West cost $14,483,000 ; although it earned $35 million worldwide in just under three years , with ultimate domestic rentals totaling $20,932,883 , high distribution costs severely limited its profitability . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 From Russia With Love : `` Worldwide Box Office : 78.9 ; Production Cost : 2.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Goldfinger : `` Worldwide Box Office : 124.9 ; Production Cost : 3.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Worldwide Box Office : 116 ; Production Cost : 7.2 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Moonraker : `` Worldwide Box Office : 210.3 ; Production Cost : 34.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' ^ Jump up to : Chapman , James ( 2007 ) . Licence to thrill : a cultural history of the James Bond films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . From Russia With Love : `` The American release of From Russia With Love again followed on some six months after it had been shown in Britain . North American rentals of $9.9 million were an improvement on its predecessor , helped by a slightly wider release , though they were still only half the $19.5 million of foreign rentals ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Diamonds Are Forever marked a return to the box - office heights of the Bond films of the mid-1960s . Its worldwide rentals were $45.7 million ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Moonraker : `` These figures were surpassed by Moonraker , which earned total worldwide rentals of $87.7 million , of which $33 million came from North America . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 2009 ) . United Artists , Volume 2 , 1951 -- 1978 : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23014 - 2 . From Russia With Love : `` The picture grossed twice as much as Dr. No , both domestic and foreign -- $12.5 million worldwide ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Goldfinger : `` Produced on a budget of around $3 million , Goldfinger grossed a phenomenal $46 million worldwide the first time around . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 184 My Fair Lady : `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) cost Warners $17 million to make , including a record $5.5 million just for the film rights to the Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe stage show and a million - dollar fee for star Audrey Hepburn . By 1967 it was reported to have grossed $55 million from roadshowing worldwide . '' Mary Poppins : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , which cost $5.2 million , was neither a stage adaptation nor a roadshow . But by the end of its first release , it had grossed nearly $50 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mary Poppins , p. 469 , In its initial run , Poppins garnered an astounding $44 million in worldwide rentals and became the company 's first Best Picture Oscar contender . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 188 . `` The negative cost of Warners ' adaptation of Edward Albee 's play Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) -- filmed in widescreen and black - and - white , largely set in domestic interiors and with a cast of only four principal actors -- amounted to $7,613,000 , in part because stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton received up - front fees of $1 million and $750,000 respectively , against 10 percent of the gross apiece . ( Their participation was presumably added to the budget ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Animals Portray Parts in Disney 's `` Robin Hood '' `` . Toledo Blade . October 18 , 1970 . Sec . G , p. 7 . `` The Jungle Book , '' in it 's ( sic ) initial world - wide release , has grossed $23.8 million to date ... Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Variety . December 31 , 1966 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . It was filmed at a declared cost of $4 million over a 42 - month period . ^ Jump up to : Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Grease : p. 236 . `` The film was produced for $6 million and Paramount reportedly spent another $3 million on promotion . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 191 -- 192 The Graduate : `` The Graduate eventually earned U.S. rentals of $44,090,729 on a production cost of $3.1 million to become the most lucrative non-roadshow picture ( and independent release ) to date . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` None of these films was roadshown in the United States ; most were set in contemporary America or had a contemporary `` take '' on the past ( the casting of genuine teenagers to play Romeo and Juliet , the urbane sophistication of the dialogue in Butch Cassidy , the antiauthoritarianism of Bonnie and Clyde and MASH ) ; most were produced on modest or medium - sized budgets ( as low as $450,000 for Easy Rider and no higher than $6,825,000 for Butch Cassidy ) ; and all grossed upward of $10 million domestically . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , R. Barton ( 2006 ) . `` 2001 : The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap '' . In Kolker , Robert Phillip . Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : a Space Odyssey : New Essays . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780195174526 . With its initial and subsequent releases , domestic and worldwide , Kubrick 's arty , intellectual film earned nearly $138 million , which was , at that time , an astounding figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haber , Joyces ( March 27 , 1969 ) . `` ' Funny Girl ' a Box Office Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 ... `` Funny Girl '' will gross an estimated $80 to $100 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Welles , Chris ( September 7 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Silence at Columbia Pictures -- No Moguls , No Minions , Just Profits '' . New York . 3 ( 36 ) . New York Media . pp. 42 -- 47 . While Columbia , battling Ray Stark over every dollar , did Funny Girl for around $8.8 million , a million or so over budget , Fox spent nearly $24 million on Hello , Dolly ! , more than twice the initial budget , and the film will thus have to gross three times as much to break even . Jump up ^ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid United States and Canada : `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $102,308,525 Outside North America : Vanity Fair . 2008 . p. 388 . Butch Cassidy went on to be a huge hit -- by the spring of 1970 it had taken in $46 million in North America and grossed another $50 million abroad . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Story ' II : Ryan Redux ? '' . New York . 9 . New York Media . 1976 . p. 389 . Bring those handkerchiefs out of retirement ... After all , the first movie made around $80 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Love Story , p. 545 , The final cost came in at $2,260,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( June 30 , 1979 ) . `` '' Airports '' Flourish `` . The Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 541 . `` Screenwriter and director George Seaton was given a then - whopping production budget of $10 million to make what would be his last big movie after a long career as an actor in radio , a screenwriter , and a director . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 549 . `` Fiddler had the highest domestic box office of 1971 ( it was second in worldwide box office after Diamonds Are Forever ) , with more than $100 million in unadjusted worldwide box office on its initial release . The soundtrack album was also a huge seller . The 1979 rerelease was not as successful , with the $3.8 million print and ad costs almost as high as the $4.3 million in worldwide rentals . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 527 . Star Wars : `` Domestic Rentals : $127.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $141.5 ; Production Cost : $13.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Godfather : `` Domestic Rentals : $85.6 ; Foreign Rentals : $42.0 ; Production Cost : $7.2 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Fiddler on the Roof : `` Domestic Rentals : $34.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.1 ; Production Cost : $9.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Rocky : `` Domestic Rentals : $56.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $21.1 ; Production Cost : $1.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ The Godfather 1974 : Newsweek. 84 . 1974 . p. 74 . The original Godfather has grossed a mind - boggling $285 million ... 1991 : Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg , and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 9780899506180 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North America : $1,267,249 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 246 . `` Domestic Box Office : $135.0 ; Foreign Box Office : $110.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,044 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Diane ( 1980 ) . Hollywood Renaissance . Dell Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 9780440533825 . The Godfather catapulted Coppola to overnight celebrity , earning three Academy Awards and a then record - breaking $142 million in worldwide sales . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robert Henry ; Steinberg , Charles Side ( 1976 ) . The media environment : mass communications in American society . Hastings House . p. 76 . ISBN 9780803846814 ... further reflected by the phenomenal successes of The Sting , Chinatown and The Exorcist . The latter film , which cost about $10 million to produce , has grossed over $110 million worldwide . Jump up ^ New York , 8 , New York Media , 1975 , ... Jaws should outstrip another MCA hit , The Sting , which had world - wide revenues of $115 million . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 560 . `` Production Cost : $5.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 206 -- 208 . `` The most successful entry in the disaster cycle was the $15 million The Towering Inferno which earned over $48,650,000 in domestic rentals and about $40 million foreign . '' Jump up ^ Klady , Leonard ( 1998 ) . `` All - Time Top Film Rentals '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 7 , 1999 . Domestic rentals : $48,838,000 Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter . January 27 , 1976 . Foreign rentals : $43 million Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 568 . `` Production Cost : $14.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Mel ( 2004 ) . `` My Movies : The Collisions of Art and Money '' . In Squire , Jason E. The movie business book ( 3 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1937 - 2 . To their credit , Blazing saddles , opened wide in June to tremendous business around the country . It 's done over $80 million in rentals worldwide in 1974 dollars . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 564 . `` Production Cost : $2.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews With Top Film Producers . McFarland & Company . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786419296 . The budget for the first Jaws was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 214 . `` Rocky was the `` sleeper of the decade '' . Produced by UA and costing just under $1 million , it went on to earn a box - office gross of $117,235,247 in the United States and $225 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Rocky , p. 583 , The budget was $1,075,000 plus producer 's fees of $100,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Its worldwide box - office gross was $619 million , toppling the record of $530 million set by Star Wars . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 218 . `` Eventually costing $11,293,151 , Star Wars was previewed at the Northpoint Theatre in San Francisco on May 1 , 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' N ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 145 . ISBN 9781459600072 . Despite the fact that Grease was well on its way to becoming the highest - grossing movie musical in the world , and eventually grossed over $341 million ... ^ Jump up to : Kramer vs. Kramer United & Babson Investment Report . 72 . Babson - United , Inc. 1980 . p. 262 . Columbia Pictures Industries is continuing to rake in the box office dollars from its Oscar - winning Kramer vs. Kramer , which has topped $100 million in domestic grosses and $70 million overseas . Kramer , which cost less than $8 million to make , is now the second ... Prince , Stephen ( 2002 ) . A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 . University of California Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23266 - 2 . Much of this was attributable to the performance of its hit film , Kramer vs. Kramer ( $94 million worldwide and the number two film in the domestic market ) . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Rules of the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 119 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back Total up to 2014 : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $538,375,067 Special edition : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $67,597,694 ; Overseas : $57,214,766 2015 re-release : `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $9,593,937 ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 519 . The Empire Strikes Back : `` Production Cost : $32.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Return of the Jedi : `` Production Cost : $42.7 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Phantom Menace : `` Production Cost : $127.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Total : $389,925,971 ; North America : $212,222,025 ( original run ) ; Overseas : $141,766,000 Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 625 . Domestic Box office : $180.1 ; `` Production Cost : $22.8 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 609 . `` Steven Spielberg , by far the most successful director of the decade , had the highest - grossing movie with 1982 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial , which grossed over $664 million in worldwide box office on initial release . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 652 . `` Production Cost : $12.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi Total : `` Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $475,106,177 Special edition : `` Return of the Jedi ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $45,470,437 ; Overseas : $43,790,543 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 664 . `` Production Cost : $28.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Back to the Future Original release : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Worldwide : $381,109,762 ; Production Budget : $19 million 2010 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $2,315,159 2014 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . United Kingdom : $5,628,876 Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 268 . `` The studio had a record operating income of $212 million in 1982 , the year of Spielberg 's E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( which had cost only slightly over $10 million ) and $150 million in 1985 , mainly due to another Spielberg production , the $22 million Back to the Future , which became the top box office hit of the year . '' Jump up ^ `` Top Gun '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , Top Gun , pp. 678 -- 679 , Production Cost : $19.0 ( Millions of $ s ) ... Despite mixed reviews , it played in the top 10 for an extended period and was a huge hit , grossing almost $345 million in worldwide box office . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Fatal Attraction `` Fatal Attraction '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Scott , Vernon ( June 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Three Men and Baby ' Sequel Adds Cazenove to Original Cast '' . The Daily Gazette . New York . Hollywood ( UPI ) . p. 9 ( TV Plus -- The Daily Gazette Supplement ) . That legacy is the $167,780,960 domestic box - office and $75 million foreign gross achieved by the original ... Jump up ^ `` Rain Man '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 244 . `` Rain Man : 30.0 ( cost in million $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 694 -- 695 . `` Production Cost : $55.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... The film went on to haul in over $494 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terminator 2 Original release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . $519,843,345 3D re-release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 8 July 1991 ) . `` Conan The Humanitarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toy Story Total : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Worldwide : $373,554,033 3D release : `` Toy Story in 3D ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $8,680,257 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 776 . `` Production Cost : $30.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Die Hard : With A Vengeance '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armageddon '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 509 . `` Production Cost : $140.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . 1973 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ New Times . 2 . 1974 . Coppola is King Midas , the most individually powerful U.S. filmmaker . '' His credits include directing the first Godfather ( worldwide earnings : $142 million , ahead of Gone with the Wind , The Sound of Music and The Exorcist ) ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . `` Star Wars '' has brought 20th Century - Fox approximately $250 million in film rentals ... `` Star Wars '' grossed $410 million , and his share was enough to allow him to finance its sequel , `` The Empire Strikes Back , '' himself . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Franchise and series sources `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Avengers `` Avengers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Batman `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' . Variety . January 4 , 1967 . p. 8 . Batman : $1.7 million `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . `` Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Captain America `` Captain America ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Despicable Me `` Despicable Me ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . The Hunger Games `` The Hunger Games -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Ice Age `` Ice Age -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Ice Age : The Meltdown 3D ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $6,095,750 Iron Man `` Iron Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . James Bond `` James Bond -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ( Brosnan and Craig ) Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 . `` James Bond Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office . '' ( Connery , Lazenby , Moore and Dalton ) `` Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 Madagascar `` Madagascar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Mission : Impossible `` Mission : Impossible -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Shrek `` Shrek -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Star Trek `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` A New Hope '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . `` Return of the Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Phantom Menace '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Attack of the Clones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` Revenge of the Sith '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Clone Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Superman Superman , Superman Returns , Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : `` Superman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 534 . `` Superman Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office Revenues vs. Production Costs -- Equivalent 2005 $ s . '' Block & Wilson 2010 , p. xii . `` Notes on Adjusting Dollars and Making Estimates -- Adjusting Revenues . '' `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' ( Source : MPAA ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Transformers `` Transformers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . The Twilight Saga `` Twilight -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . `` Twilight / New Moon Combo ( one - night - only ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . X-Men `` X-Men -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Bibliography Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061778896 . Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . 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-3,317,389,299,792,578,000 | choose the 5 filters that are part of the assortative mating process | Assortative mating - wikipedia Assortative mating This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Assortative mating is a mating pattern and a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern . Some examples of similar phenotypes are body size , skin coloration / pigmentation , and age . Assortative mating , also referred to as positive assortative mating or homogamy , can increase genetic relatedness within the family . Assortative mating is the inverse of disassortative mating ( also known as negative assortative mating or heterogamy ) , in which individuals with dissimilar genotypes and / or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under random mating . Disassortative mating reduces the genetic similarities within the family . Positive assortative mating occurs more frequently than negative assortative mating . In both cases , the nonrandom mating pattern result in a typical deviation from the Hardy -- Weinberg principle ( which states that genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences , such as `` mate choice '' in this case ) . Contents 1 Causes 2 In non-human animals 3 In humans 4 Effects 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Causes ( edit ) Leaf beetle . Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of assortative mating . Assortative mating has evolved from a combination of different factors , which vary across different species . Assortative mating with respect to body size can arise as a consequence of intrasexual competition . In some species , size is correlated with fecundity in females . Therefore , males choose to mate with larger females , with the larger males defeating the smaller males in courting them . Examples of species that display this type of assortative mating include the jumping spider Phidippus clarus and the leaf beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus . In other cases , larger females are better equipped to resist male courtship attempts , and only the largest males are able to mate with them . Assortative mating can , at times , arise as a consequence of social competition . Traits in certain individuals may indicate competitive ability which allows them to occupy the best territories . Individuals with similar traits that occupy similar territories are more likely to mate with one another . In this scenario , assortative mating does not necessarily arise from choice , but rather by proximity . This was noted in western bluebirds although there is no definite evidence that this is the major factor resulting in color dependent assortative mating in this species . Different factors may apply simultaneously to result in assortative mating in any given species . In non-human animals ( edit ) Japanese common toad . Assortative mating in animals has been observed with respect to body size and color . Size - related assortative mating is prevalent across many species of vertebrates and invertebrates . It has been found in the simultaneous hermaphrodites such as the land snail Bradybaena pellucida . One reason for its occurrence can be reciprocal intromission ( i.e. both individuals provide both male and female gametes during a single mating ) that happens in this species . Therefore , individuals with similar body size pair up with one another to facilitate this exchange . Moreover , it is known that larger individuals in such hermaphroditic species produce more eggs , so mutual mate choice is another factor leading to assortative mating in this species . Evidence for size - related assortative mating has also been found in the mangrove snail , Littoraria ardouiniana and in the Japanese common toad , Bufo japonicus . The second common type of assortative mating occurs with respect to coloration . This type of assortative mating is more common in socially monogamous bird species such as the eastern bluebirds ( Sialia sialis ) and western bluebirds ( Sialia mexicana ) . In both species more brightly colored males mated with more brightly colored females and less brightly colored individuals paired with one another . Eastern bluebirds also mate assortatively for territorial aggression due to fierce competition for a limited number of nesting sites with tree swallows . Two highly aggressive individuals are better equipped to protect their nest , encouraging assortative mating between such individuals . Assortative mating with respect to two common color morphs : striped and unstriped also exists in a polymorphic population of eastern red - backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus ) . Assortative mating is also found in many socially monogamous species of birds . Monogamous species are often involved in bi-parental care of their offspring . Since males are equally invested in the offspring as the mother , both genders are expected to display mate choice , a phenomenon termed as mutual mate choice . Mutual mate choice occurs when both males and females are searching for a mate that will maximize their fitness . In birds , female and male ornamentation can indicate better overall condition or such individuals might have better genes , or be better suited as parents . In humans ( edit ) Assortative mating in humans has been widely observed and studied , and can be broken down into two types of human assortative mating . These are genetic assortative mating , or assortative mating with mate choice based on genetic type and phenotypical expression , and social assortative mating , or assortative mating with mate choice based on social , cultural , and other societal factors . Genetic assortative mating is well studied and documented . In 1903 Pearson and colleagues reported strong correlations in height , span of arms , and the length of the left forearm between husband and wife in 1000 couples . Assortative mating with regards to appearance does not end there . Males prefer female faces that resemble their own when provided images of three women , with one image modified to resemble their own . However , the same result does not apply to females selecting male faces . Assortative mating based on genomic similarities plays a role in human marriages in the United States . Spouses are more genetically similar than two randomly chosen individuals . The probability of marriage increases by roughly 15 % for every 1 - SD increase in genetic similarity . However , some researchers argue that this assortative mating is caused purely by population stratification ( the fact that people are more likely to marry within ethnic subgroups such as Swedish - Americans ) . At the same time , individuals display disassortative mating for genes in the major histocompatibility complex region on chromosome 6 . Individuals feel more attracted to odors of individuals who are genetically different in this region . This promotes MHC heterozygosity in the children , making them less vulnerable to pathogens . Apart from humans , disassortative mating with regards to the MHC coding region has been widely studied in mice , and has also been reported to occur in fish . In addition to genetic assortative mating , humans also demonstrate patterns of assortative mating based on sociological factors as well . Sociological assortative mating is typically broken down into three categories , mate choice based on socio - economic status , mate choice based on racial or ethnic background , and mate choice based on religious beliefs . Assortative mating based on socio - economic status is the most broad of these general categories . It includes the tendency of humans to mate within their socio - economic peers , that is , those with similar social standing , job prestige , educational attainment , or economic background as themselves . This type of assortative mating includes the growing tendency in recent years for humans to marry people more like themselves in educational attainment or earned income . This applies across all socio - economic statuses , both rich and poor , in that the rich and well educated tend to marry among themselves , as do the poor and under educated . This is best observed in the fact that , in the United States , matches among those with similar educational attainment were more common than they would have been if couples had matched randomly . Another form of sociological assortative mating is assortative mating based on racial and ethnic background . Mentioned above in the context of the genetically similar preferring to mate with one another , this form of assortative mating can take many varied and complicated forms . While the tendency mentioned above does exist , and people do tend to marry those genetically similar to themselves , especially if within the same racial or ethnic group , this trend can change in various ways . It is common , for example , for the barriers to intermarriage with the general population experienced by a minority population to decrease as the numbers of the minority population increase . This assimilation reduces the prevalence of this form of assortative mating . However , growth of a minority population does not necessarily lead to decreased barriers to intermarriage . This can be seen in the sharp increase in the non-white Hispanic population of the United States in the 1990s and 2000s that correlated with a sharp decrease in the percentage of non-white Hispanics intermarrying with the general population . Religious assortative mating is the tendency of individuals to marry within their own religious group . This tendency is prevalent and observable , and changes according to three main factors . The first of these is the proportion of available spouses in the area who already follow the same religion as the person searching for a mate . Areas where religious beliefs are already similar for most people will always have high degrees of religious inbreeding . The second is the social distance between the intermarrying religious groups , or the physical proximity and social interactivity of these groups . Finally , the third factor is the personal views one holds towards marrying outside of a religion . Those who greatly value adherence to religious tradition may be more likely to be averse to marrying across religious lines . Although not necessarily religious , a good example of humans mating assortatively based on belief structure can be found in the tendency of humans to marry based on levels of charitable giving . Couples show similarities in terms of their contributions to public betterment and charities , and this can be attributed to mate choice based on generosity rather than phenotypic convergence . Effects ( edit ) Assortative mating has reproductive consequences . Positive assortative mating increases genetic relatedness within a family , whereas negative assortative mating accomplishes the opposite effect . Either strategy may be employed by the individuals of a species depending upon which strategy maximizes fitness and enables the individuals to maximally pass on their genes to the next generation . For instance , in the case of eastern bluebirds , assortative mating for territorial aggression increases the probability of the parents obtaining and securing a nest site for their offspring . This in turn increases the likelihood of survival of the offspring and consequently fitness of the individuals . In birds whose coloration represents well being and fecundity of the bird , positive assortative mating for color increases the chances of genes being passed on and of the offspring being in good condition . Also , positive assortative mating for behavioral traits allows for more efficient communication between the individuals and they can cooperate better to raise their offspring . On the other hand , mating between individuals of genotypes which are too similar allows for the accumulation of harmful recessive alleles , which can decrease fitness . Such mating between genetically similar individuals is termed inbreeding which can result in the emergence of autosomal recessive diseases . Moreover , assortative mating for aggression in birds can lead to inadequate parental care . An alternate strategy can be disassortative mating , in which one individual is aggressive and guards the nest site while the other individual is more nurturing and fosters the young . This division of labor increases the chances of survival of the offspring . A classic example of this is in the case of the white - throated sparrow ( Zonotrichia albicollis ) . This bird exhibits two color morphs -- white striped and tan striped . In both genders , the white striped birds are more aggressive and territorial whereas tan striped birds are more engaged in providing parental care to their offspring . Therefore , disassortative mating in these birds allows for an efficient division of labor in terms of raising and protecting their offspring . Positive assortative mating is a key element leading to reproductive isolation within a species , which in turn may result speciation in sympatry over time . Sympatric speciation is defined as the evolution of a new species without geographical isolation . Speciation from assortative mating has occurred in the Middle East blind mole rat , cicadas , and the European corn borer . Humans display these genetic results of assortative mating too , just like other animals . What makes humans unique , however , is the human tendency towards seeking mates that are not only similar to us in genetics and in appearances , but those who are similar to us economically , socially , educationally , and culturally . These tendencies toward using sociological characteristic to make determinations about spouse choice has many effects on the lives and livelihoods of those who choose to marry one another , as well as their children and future generations . Within a generation , assortative mating is sometimes cited as a source of inequality , as those who mate assortatively would marry people of similar station to themselves , thus exacerbating their current station . There is debate , however , about whether this growing preference for educational and occupational similarities in spouses is due to increased preferences for these traits , or the shift in workload that occurred as women entered the workforce . This concentration of wealth in families also perpetuates across generations as parents pass their wealth on to their children , with each successive generation inheriting the resources of both of its parents . The combined resources of the parents allow them to give their child a better life growing up , and the combined inheritances from both parents place them at an even greater advantage than they would be with their superior education and childhoods . This has an enormous impact on the development of the social economic structure of a society . See also ( edit ) Directional selection Disruptive selection Endogamy Koinophilia Matching hypothesis Negative selection ( natural selection ) Reinforcement ( speciation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jiang , Yuexin ; Bolnick , Daniel I. ; Kirkpatrick , Mark ( 2013 ) . `` Assortative mating in animals '' . The American Naturalist. 181 ( 6 ) : E125 -- E138 . doi : 10.1086 / 670160 . Jump up ^ Hoefler , Chad D. ( 2007 ) . `` Male mate choice and size assortative pairing in a jumping spider , Phidippus clarus '' . Animal Behaviour. 73 ( 6 ) : 943 -- 954 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2006.10. 017 . Jump up ^ Haran , Ally R. ; Handler , Alfred M. ; Landolt , Peter J. ( 1999 ) . `` Size - assortative mating , male choice and female choice in the curculionid beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus '' . Animal Behaviour. 58 ( 6 ) : 1191 -- 1200 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1999.1257 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Anne C. ; Fair , Jeanne M. ; Zuk , Marlene ( 2014 ) . `` Coloration , Paternity and Assortative Mating in Western Bluebirds '' . International Journal of Behavioral Biology . 121 : 176 -- 186 . doi : 10.1111 / eth. 12327 . Jump up ^ Kimura , K. ; Hirano , T. ; Chiba , S. ( 2014 ) . `` Assortative mating with respect to size in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Bradybaena pellucida '' . Acta Ethologica. 18 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 268 . doi : 10.1007 / s10211 - 014 - 0211 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ng , TPT ; Williams , GA ( 2014 ) . `` Size - dependent male mate preference and its association with size - assortative mating in a mangrove snail , littoraria ardouiniana '' . Ethology International Journal of Behavioural Biology . 120 ( 10 ) : 995 -- 1002 . doi : 10.1111 / eth. 12271 . Jump up ^ Hase , K ; Shimada , M ( 2014 ) . `` Female polyandry and size - assortative mating in isolated local populations of the Japanese common toad Bufo japonicus '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 113 ( 1 ) : 236 -- 242 . doi : 10.1111 / bij. 12339 . Jump up ^ Harris , MR ; Siefferman , L ( 2014 ) . `` Interspecific competition influences fitness benefits of assortative mating for territorial aggression in Eastern Bluebirds ( Sialia sialis ) '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 2 ) : e88688 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088668 . PMC 3916427 . PMID 24516672 . Jump up ^ Acord , M.A. ; Anthony , C.D. ; Hickerson , C.A.M. ( 2013 ) . `` Assortative mating in a polymorphic salamander '' . Copeia. 2013 ( 4 ) : 676 -- 683 . doi : 10.1643 / CE - 13 - 003 . Jump up ^ `` Assortative Mating in Man : A Cooperative Study '' . Biometrika. 2 ( 4 ) : 481 -- 498 . 1903 - 01 - 01 . doi : 10.2307 / 2331510 . JSTOR 2331510 . Jump up ^ Kocsor , Ferenc ; Rezneki , Rita ; Juhász , Szabolcs ; Bereczkei , Tamás ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Preference for Facial Self - Resemblance and Attractiveness in Human Mate Choice '' . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 40 ( 6 ) : 1263 -- 1270 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 010 - 9723 - z . ISSN 0004 - 0002 . Jump up ^ Guo , Guang ; Wang , Lin ; Liu , Hexuan ; Randall , Thomas ( 2014 ) . `` Genomic Assortative Mating in Marriages in the United States '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 11 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0112322 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4226554 . PMID 25384046 . Jump up ^ Abdellaoui , Abdel ; Verweij , Karin J.H. ; Zietsch , Brendan P. ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) . `` No evidence for genetic assortative mating beyond that due to population stratification '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 ( 40 ) : E4137 -- E4137 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1410781111 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 4210009 . PMID 25232036 . Jump up ^ Chaix , Raphaëlle ; Cao , Chen ; Donnelly , Peter ( 2008 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Is Mate Choice in Humans MHC - Dependent ? '' . PLOS Genetics . 4 ( 9 ) : e1000184 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000184 . ISSN 1553 - 7404 . PMC 2519788 . PMID 18787687 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Christine R. `` Trends and Variation in Assortative Mating : Causes and Consequences '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 39 ( 1 ) : 451 -- 470 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - soc - 071312 - 145544 . ^ Jump up to : Mare , Robert D. ( 1991 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Five Decades of Educational Assortative Mating '' . American Sociological Review . 56 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2095670 . JSTOR 2095670 . Jump up ^ JOHNSON , ROBERT ALAN , ed. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . Religious Assortative Marriage . Academic Press . pp. ii . doi : 10.1016 / b978 - 0 - 12 - 386580 - 9.50001 - 6 . ISBN 9780123865809 . Jump up ^ Tognetti , A. ; Berticat , C. ; Raymond , M. ; Faurie , C. ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Assortative mating based on cooperativeness and generosity '' . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 27 ( 5 ) : 975 -- 981 . doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12346 . ISSN 1420 - 9101 . Jump up ^ Horton , BM ; Hauber , ME ; Maney , DL ( 2012 ) . `` Morph Matters : Aggression Bias in a Polymorphic Sparrow '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 10 ) : e48705 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0048705 . PMC 3485354 . PMID 23119092 . Jump up ^ Breen , Richard ; Salazar , Leire ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Educational Assortative Mating and Earnings Inequality in the United States '' . American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 3 ) : 808 -- 843 . doi : 10.1086 / 661778 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661778 . External links ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Speciation <Td_colspan="2"> Introduction History Laboratory experiments Glossary Basic concepts Species ( Species problem Species complex ) Reproductive isolation Anagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Parallel speciation Evidence of evolution Geographic modes Allopatric ( Peripatric Quantum Centrifugal Founder effect ) Parapatric ( Clines Ring species ) Sympatric Isolating factors Adaptation Natural selection Sexual selection Ecological speciation Assortative mating Haldane 's rule Hybridization Hybrid speciation ( Polyploidy Recombination ) Reinforcement ( evidence ) Character displacement Speciation in taxa Birds Fish Insects Plants Fossils ( Paleopolyploidy Punctuated equilibrium Macroevolution Chronospecies ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assortative_mating&oldid=854241198 '' Categories : Mating Sexual selection Fertility Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Galego Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 22 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Assortative mating
2. Sexual selection
3. Genetic relatedness
4. Positive assortative mating
5. Sociological assortative mating |
4,761,742,856,639,957,000 | which of the following is not one of the advantages of batch processing | Batch processing - wikipedia Batch processing Computerized batch processing , since the 1964 introduction of the IBM System / 360 , has primarily referred to the scripted running of one or more programs , as directed by Job Control Language , with no human interaction other than , if JCL - requested , the mounting of one or more pre-determined input and / or output computer tapes . The computer 's operating system , which pre-scans and deciphers the JCL , optimizes the sequencing of this and other jobs to best make use of the system . Much of this is done overnight , in the hours called the `` Batch Window . '' Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Later history 1.3 Ongoing 2 Modern systems 3 Batch window 4 Common batch processing usage 5 Notable batch scheduling and execution environments 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The term `` batch processing '' originates in the traditional classification of methods of production as job production ( one - off production ) , batch production ( production of a `` batch '' of multiple items at once , one stage at a time ) , and flow production ( mass production , all stages in process at once ) . Early history ( edit ) Prior to 1964 , `` operating systems '' were often called MONITORS , and typically could not run more than one program at a time . A series of programs , including Fortran Monitor System , SOS ( Share Operating System ) and finally IBSYS were the state of the art for IBM 's 7090 / 709 / 47040 / 7044 systems ; The first 7090s were delivered Nov. 1959 . Later history ( edit ) CDC NOS batch file to get the file STARTRK and output it to the card punch From the late 1960s onwards , interactive computing such as via text - based computer terminal interfaces ( as in Unix shells or read - eval - print loops ) , and later graphical user interfaces became common . Non-interactive computation , both one - off jobs such as compilation , and processing of multiple items in batches , became retrospectively referred to as batch processing , and the oxymoronic term batch job ( in early use often `` batch of jobs '' ) became common . Early use is particularly found at the University of Michigan , around the Michigan Terminal System ( MTS ). ) ) Although timesharing did exist , its use was not robust enough for corporate data processing ; none of this was related to the earlier unit record equipment , which was human - operated . Ongoing ( edit ) Non-interactive computation remains pervasive in computing , both for general data processing and for system `` housekeeping '' tasks ( using system software ) . A high - level program ( executing multiple programs , with some additional `` glue '' logic ) is today most often called a script , and written in scripting languages , particularly shell scripts for system tasks ; however , in DOS this is instead known as a batch file . That includes UNIX - based computers , Microsoft Windows , macOS ( whose foundation is the BSD Unix kernel ) , and even smartphones . A running script , particularly one executed from an interactive login session , is often known as a job , but that term is used very ambiguously . Modern systems ( edit ) Batch applications are still critical in most organizations in large part because many common business processes are amenable to batch processing . While online systems can also function when manual intervention is not desired , they are not typically optimized to perform high - volume , repetitive tasks . Therefore , even new systems usually contain one or more batch applications for updating information at the end of the day , generating reports , printing documents , and other non-interactive tasks that must complete reliably within certain business deadlines . Some applications are amenable to flow processing , namely those that only need data from a single input at once ( not totals , for instance ) : start the next step for each input as it completes the previous step . In this case flow processing lowers latency for individual inputs , allowing them to be completed without waiting for the entire batch to finish . However , many applications require data from all records , notably computations such as totals . In this case the entire batch must be completed before one has a usable result : partial results are not usable . Modern batch applications make use of modern batch frameworks such as Jem The Bee , Spring Batch or implementations of JSR 352 written for Java , and other frameworks for other programming languages , to provide the fault tolerance and scalability required for high - volume processing . In order to ensure high - speed processing , batch applications are often integrated with grid computing solutions to partition a batch job over a large number of processors , although there are significant programming challenges in doing so . High volume batch processing places particularly heavy demands on system and application architectures as well . Architectures that feature strong input / output performance and vertical scalability , including modern mainframe computers , tend to provide better batch performance than alternatives . Scripting languages became popular as they evolved along with batch processing . Batch window ( edit ) A batch window is `` a period of less - intensive online activity '' , when the computer system is able to run batch jobs without interference from online systems . A bank 's end - of - day ( EOD ) jobs require the concept of Cutover , where transaction and data are cut off for a particular day 's batch activity ( `` deposits after 3 PM will be processed the next day '' ) . As requirements for online systems uptime expanded to support globalization , the Internet , and other business needs , the batch window shrank and increasing emphasis was placed on techniques that would require online data to be available for a maximum amount of time . Common batch processing usage ( edit ) efficient bulk database updates and automated transaction processing , as contrasted to interactive online transaction processing ( OLTP ) applications . The extract , transform , load ( ETL ) step in populating data warehouses is inherently a batch process in most implementations . to perform various operations with digital images such as resize , convert , watermark , or otherwise edit image files . converting computer files from one format to another . For example , a batch job may convert proprietary and legacy files to common standard formats for end - user queries and display . Notable batch scheduling and execution environments ( edit ) The Unix programs cron , at , and batch ( today batch is a variant of at ) allow for complex scheduling of jobs . Windows has a job scheduler . Most high - performance computing clusters use batch processing to maximize cluster usage . The IBM mainframe z / OS operating system or platform has arguably the most highly refined and evolved set of batch processing facilities owing to its origins , long history , and continuing evolution . Today such systems commonly support hundreds or even thousands of concurrent online and batch tasks within a single operating system image . Technologies that aid concurrent batch and online processing include Job Control Language ( JCL ) , scripting languages such as REXX , Job Entry Subsystem ( JES2 and JES3 ) , Workload Manager ( WLM ) , Automatic Restart Manager ( ARM ) , Resource Recovery Services ( RRS ) , DB2 data sharing , Parallel Sysplex , unique performance optimizations such as HiperDispatch , I / O channel architecture , and several others . See also ( edit ) Background process Batch file Batch queue - for schedulers that plan the execution of batch jobs Batch renaming - to rename lots of files automatically without human intervention , in order to save time and effort Batch scheduler BatchPipes - for utility that increases batch performance Jem The Bee - Job Entry Manager the Batch Execution Environment Job Processing Cycle - for detailed description of batch processing in the mainframe field Processing modes Production support - for batch job / schedule / stream support References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TYPRUN parameter '' . scan a job 's JCL for syntax errors Jump up ^ `` Source Scanner for IBM JCL '' . Jump up ^ `` Batch Model '' . IBM.com . ^ Jump up to : Batch Processing : Design -- Build -- Run : Applied Practices and Principles . Oreilly . ISBN 9780470257630 . Jump up ^ M Bullynck ( 2017 ) . `` What is an Operating System ? A historical investigation ( 1954 -- 1964 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` z / OS Basic Skills Information Center : Mainframe concepts '' ( PDF ) ... workloads are commonly associated with the mainframe ; ... marvel at the ... of the IBM ® System / 360 in 1964 Jump up ^ `` Before operating systems , what concept was used to make them work '' . The earliest electronic digital computers had no operating systems . Machines of the time were so primitive that ... had so called `` Monitor '' ... Jump up ^ `` The Direct Couple for the IBM 7090 '' . SoftwarePreservationGroup.org . IBSYS was an operating system for the 7090 that evolved from SOS ( SHARE Operating System ) Jump up ^ `` IBM delivers 7090 mainframe computers , November 30 , 1959 '' . November 30 , 2017 . Today in 1959 , IBM delivered the first two 7090 mainframe computers Jump up ^ `` The Computing Center : Coming to Terms with the IBM System / 360 Model 67 '' . Research News . University of Michigan . 20 ( Nov / Dec ) : 10 . 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Batch Applications for the Java Platform '' . Java Community Process . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` JSR352 null '' . IBM.com . JSR 352 , the open standard specification for Java batch processing ... The programming languages used evolved over time based on what was available Jump up ^ `` Mainframes working after hours : Batch processing '' . Mainframe concepts . IBM Corporation . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Traditionally batch was an overnight activity , with jobs processing millions of ... Today the batch window is ever decreasing with 24 / 7 availability requirements . '' Jump up ^ `` High performance computing tutorial , with checklist and tips to optimize '' . January 25 , 2018 . a multi-user , shared and smart batch processing system improves the scale ... Most HPC clusters are in Linux Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batch_processing&oldid=864825514 '' Categories : Job scheduling Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português ไทย Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Computerized batch processing
2. Job Control Language (JCL)
3. Batch window
4. Batch applications
5. High volume batch processing |
-3,006,969,696,554,761,700 | when does season 14 grey's anatomy resume | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 13 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Scott Speedman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 <Td_colspan="7"> In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 <Td_colspan="7"> Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 <Td_colspan="7"> Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 <Td_colspan="7"> Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 <Td_colspan="7"> As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 <Td_colspan="7"> As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 <Td_colspan="7"> When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 <Td_colspan="7"> As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 <Td_colspan="7"> While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life , and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man . '' After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . The episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 <Td_colspan="7"> With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her . Believing that it 's his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk . '' When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed , knocking himself out and becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Roy , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 <Td_colspan="7"> With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she 's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she 's gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he 's quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 <Td_colspan="7"> As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who 's back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/910651/grey-s-anatomy-admits-candis-cayne-for-groundbreaking-season-14-transgender-storyline . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=826069485 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Grey's Anatomy season 14
2. Love triangle between Meredith, Nathan, and Megan
3. Amelia's brain tumor
4. New class of interns
5. Computer system hack at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital |
-5,592,103,169,067,951,000 | process of applying varnish and polish on wood | Wood finishing - wikipedia Wood finishing Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A worker sprays a urethane finish onto a timber Wood finishing refers to the process of refining or protecting a wooden surface , especially in the production of furniture where typically it represents between 5 and 30 % of manufacturing costs . Finishing is the final step of the manufacturing process that gives wood surfaces desirable characteristics , including enhanced appearance and increased resistance to moisture and other environmental agents . Finishing can also make wood easier to clean and keep it sanitized , sealing pores that can be breeding grounds for bacteria . Finishing can also influence other wood properties , for example tonal qualities of musical instruments and hardness of flooring . In addition , finishing provides a way of giving low - value woods the appearance of ones that are expensive and difficult to obtain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning the finish ( thinking ahead ) 2 Sanding 2.1 Removing larger defects 3 Bleaching and removal of stains 4 Colouring wood 5 Basic wood finishing procedure 6 Types of finishes 7 Comparison of different clear finishes 8 Automated wood finishing methods 8.1 Hangline approach 8.2 Towline approach 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Planning the finish ( thinking ahead ) ( edit ) Finishing of wood requires careful planning to ensure that the finished piece looks attractive , performs well in service and meets safety and environmental requirements . Planning for finishing begins with the design of furniture . Care should be taken to ensure that edges of furniture are rounded so they can be adequately coated and are able to resist wear and cracking . Careful attention should also be given to the design and strength of wooden joints to ensure they do not open - up in service and crack the overlying finish . Care should also be taken to eliminate recesses in furniture , which are difficult to finish with some systems , especially UV - cured finishes . Planning for wood finishing also involves thinking about the properties of the wood that you are going to finish , as these can greatly affect the appearance and performance of finishes , and also the type of finishing system that will give the wood the characteristics you are seeking . For example , woods that show great variation in colour between sapwood and heartwood or within heartwood may require a preliminary staining step to reduce colour variation . Alternatively , the wood can be bleached to remove the natural colour of the wood and then stained to the desired colour . Woods that are coarse textured such oaks and other ring - porous hardwoods may need to be filled before they are finished to ensure the coating can bridge the pores and resist cracking . The pores in ring - porous woods preferentially absorb pigmented stain , and advantage can be taken of this to highlight the wood 's grain . Some tropical woods , such as rosewood ( Dalbergia nigra ) , cocobolo ( Dalbergia retusa ) and African padauk ( Pterocarpus soyauxii ) , contain extractives such as quinones , which retard the curing of unsaturated polyester and UV - cured acrylate coatings , and so other finishing systems should be used with these species . Planning for wood finishing also involves being aware of how the finishing process influences the end result . Careful handling of the wood is needed to avoid dents , scratches and soiling with dirt . Wood should be marked for cutting using pencil rather than ink ; however , avoid hard or soft pencil . HB is recommend for face work and 2H for joint work . Care should be taken to avoid squeeze - out of glue from joints because the glue will reduce absorption of stain and finish . Any excess glue should be carefully removed to avoid further damage to the wood . Wood 's moisture content affects staining of wood . Changes in wood moisture content can result in swelling and shrinkage of wood which can stress and crack coatings . Both problems can be avoided by stored wood indoors in an environment where it can equilibrate to a recommended moisture content ( 6 to 8 % ) that is similar to that of the intended end use of the furniture . Finally , consideration needs to be given to whether the finished wood will come into contact with food , in which case a food - safe finish should be used , local environmental regulations governing the use of finishes , and recycling of finished wood at the end of its life . Sanding ( edit ) Sanding is carried out before finishing to remove defects from the wood surface that will affect the appearance and performance of finishes that are subsequently applied to the wood . These defects include cutter marks and burns , scratches and indentations , small glue spots and raised grain . Sanding should not be used to eliminate larger defects such as gouges , and various forms of discolouration . Other techniques are used to remove these defects ( see below ) . Large open ' pores ' in Eucalyptus sieberi Pore distribution in southern beech The key to preparing a defect free surface is to develop a sanding schedule that will quickly eliminate defects and leave the surface smooth enough so that tiny scratches produced by sanding can not be seen when the wood is finished . A sanding schedule usually begins with sandpaper that is coarse enough to remove larger defects ( typically 80 or 100 grit , but sometimes higher if the surface is already quite smooth ) , and progresses through a series of sandpaper grades that gradually remove the sanding scratches created by the previous sanding steps . A typical sanding schedule prior to wood finishing might involve sanding wood along the grain with the following grades of sandpaper , 80 , 100 , 120 , 150 and finishing with 180 and sometimes 220 grit . The precise sanding schedule is a matter of trial and error because the appearance of a sanded surface depends on the wood you are sanding and the finish that will subsequently be applied to the wood . According to Nagyszalanczy , coarse grained woods with large pores such as oak hide sanding scratches better than fine grained wood and hence with such species it may be possible to use 180 or even 150 grit sandpaper as the final step in the sanding schedule . Conversely , sanding scratches are more easily seen in finer grained , harder woods and also end - grain , and hence , they require finer sandpaper ( 220 grit ) during the final sanding stage . The sandpaper selected for the final sanding stage affects the colour of stained wood , and therefore when staining is part of finishing avoid sanding the wood to a very smooth finish . On the other hand , according to Nagyszalanczy if you are using an oil - based finish , it is desirable to sand the wood using higher grit sandpaper ( 400 grit ) because oil tends to highlight sanding scratches . Scanning Electron Microscopy of 120 grit aluminum oxide paper Scanning Electron Microscopy of 180 grit aluminum oxide paper Profilometry image of Yellow birch after sanding Sanding is very good at removing defects at wood surfaces , but it creates a surface that contains minute scratches in the form of microscopic valleys and ridges , and also slivers of wood cell wall material that are attached to the underlying wood . These sanding ridges and slivers of wood swell and spring - up , respectively , when sanded wood is finished with water - based finishes , creating a rough fuzzy surface . This defect is known as grain raising . It can be eliminated by wetting the surface with water , leaving the wood to dry and then lightly sanding the wood to remove the ' raised grain ' . Profilometry image of Yellow birch after sanding and wetting Removing larger defects ( edit ) Larger defects that interfere with wood finishing include dent , gouges , splits and glue spots and smears . These defects should also be removed before finishing , otherwise they will affect the quality of the finished furniture or object . However , it is difficult to completely eliminate large defects from wood surfaces . Removing dents from wood surfaces is quite straightforward as pointed out by Flexner . Add a few droplets of demineralized water to the dent and let it soak in . Then put a clean cloth over the dent and place the tip of a hot iron on the cloth that lies immediately above the dent , taking great care not to burn the wood . The transfer of heat from the iron to the wood will cause compressed fibres in the dent to recover their original dimensions . As a result the dent will diminish in size or even disappear completely , although removal of large dents may require a number of wetting and heating cycles . The wood in the recovered dent should then be dried and sanded smooth to match the surrounding wood . Gouges and holes in wood are more difficult to repair than dents because wood fibres have been cut , torn and removed from the wood . Larger gouges and splits are best repaired by patching the void with a piece of wood that matches the colour and grain orientation of the wood under repair . Patching wood requires skill , but when done properly it is possible to create a repair that is very difficult to see . An alternative to patching is filling ( sometimes known as stopping ) . Numerous coloured fillers ( putties and waxes ) are produced commercially and are coloured to match different wood species . Successful filling of voids in wood requires the filler to precisely match the colour and grain pattern of the wood around the void , which is difficult to achieve in practice . Furthermore , filled voids do not behave like wood during subsequent finishing steps , and they age differently to wood . Hence , repairs to wood using fillers may noticeable . Therefore filling is best used with opaque finishes rather than semitransparent finishes , which allow the grain of the wood to be seen . Macro photo of 120 grit sandpaper Macro photo of 220 grit sandpaper Macro photo of 320 grit sandpaper Glue smears and droplets are sometimes present around the joints of furniture . They can be removed using a combination of scraping , scrubbing and sanding . These approaches remove surface glue , but not the glue beneath the wood surface . Sub-surface glue will reduce the absorption of stain by wood , and may alter the scratch pattern created by sanding . Both these effects will influence the way in which the wood colours when stains are used to finish the wood . To overcome this problem it may be necessary to locally stain and touch - up areas previously covered by glue to ensure that the finish on such areas matches that of the surrounding wood . Bleaching and removal of stains ( edit ) Wood surfaces are occasionally affected by various organic and inorganic stains . Sometimes such stains enhance the colour and appearance of wood . For example , oak wood affected by the beef - steak fungus has a deep rich , attractive , brown colour and there is no reason to remove the stain from the wood prior to finishing . The same applies to spalted wood whose attractive appearance is again caused by fungi . On the other hand some fungal stains and those caused by the reaction of iron with wood can disfigure wood . These stains can be removed from wood using bleach . Bleaches are also occasionally used to reduce the difference in colour between lighter sapwood and heartwood and also colour variation within heartwood . Such bleaching make it easier to achieve a uniformly coloured wood when the wood is subsequently coloured with pigmented stains and dyes ( see below ) . Furthermore , the natural colours of wood fade when wood is exposed to sunlight , and more permanent colours can be created by bleaching wood to remove its natural colour and then re-colouring the wood using artificial , light - fast , stains . The bleaches used to remove unwanted fungal stains from wood include two - part peroxide bleach and solutions of sodium hypochlorite . The former is particularly effective at removing the natural colour of wood before it is recoloured with pigmented stains or dyes . Oxalic acid is particularly effective at removing iron stains from wood . Colouring wood ( edit ) Wood can be stained to change its colour or left unstained before application of lacquer , or other types of top - coats . Staining should enhance the appearance of wood by reducing colour variation between and within sapwood and heartwood . It also provides a way of giving bland looking woods such as poplar , the appearance of prized furniture woods such as ebony , mahogany or walnut . Wood can be stained using dyes or pigmented finishes . These finishes are available in a wide variety of colours , many of which are not part of the natural colour palette of wood , for example , blues and greens . Pigmented stains tend to highlight the grain ( and also sanding scratches ) , whereas dyes do not have this effect and are more transparent . Wood can also be coloured by exposing it to chemicals that react with the wood to form coloured compounds . Chemical staining of wood is rarely carried out because it is easier to colour wood using dye or pigmented stain , however , ammonia fuming is a chemical staining method that is still occasionally used to darken woods such as oak that contain a lot of tannins . Staining of wood is difficult to control because some parts of the wood absorb more stain than others , which leads to problems such as blotchiness and streaking . For this reason , as pointed out by Flexner , many people prefer to omit the staining step when finishing wood . Basic wood finishing procedure ( edit ) Wood finishing starts with sanding either by hand , typically using a sanding block or power sander , scraping , or planing . Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using wood putty or pores may be filled using wood filler . Often , the wood 's color is changed by staining , bleaching , or any of a number of other techniques . Once the wood surface is prepared and stained , the finish is applied . It usually consists of several coats of wax , shellac , drying oil , lacquer , varnish , or paint , and each coat is typically followed by sanding . Finally , the surface may be polished or buffed using steel wool , pumice , rotten stone or other materials , depending on the shine desired . Often , a final coat of wax is applied over the finish to add a degree of protection . French polishing is a finishing method of applying many thin coats of shellac using a rubbing pad , yielding a very fine glossy finish . Ammonia fuming is a traditional process for darkening and enriching the color of white oak . Ammonia fumes react with the natural tannins in the wood and cause it to change colours . The resulting product is known as `` fumed oak '' . Types of finishes ( edit ) There are three major types of finish : Evaporative Reactive Coalescing Wax is an evaporative finish because it is dissolved in turpentine or petroleum distillates to form a soft paste . After these distillates evaporate , a wax residue is left over . Reactive finishes may use solvents such as white spirits and naphtha as a base . Varnishes , linseed oil and tung oil are reactive finishes , meaning they change chemically when they cure , unlike evaporative finishes . This chemical change is typically a polymerisation , and the resultant material is less readily dissolved in solvents . Tung oil and linseed oil are reactive finishes that cure by reacting with oxygen , but do not form a film . Water based finishes generally fall into the coalescing category . Comparison of different clear finishes ( edit ) Clear finishes are intended to make wood look good and meet the demands to be placed on the finish . Choosing a clear finish for wood involves trade - offs between appearance , protection , durability , safety , requirements for cleaning , and ease of application . The following table compares the characteristics of different clear finishes . ' Rubbing qualities ' indicates the ease with which a finish can be manipulated to deliver the finish desired . Shellac should be considered in two different ways . It is used thinned with denatured alcohol as a finish and as a way to manipulate the wood 's ability to absorb other finishes . The alcohol evaporates almost immediately to yield a finish that will attach to virtually any surface , even glass , and virtually any other finish can be used over it . Linseed oil Shellac 2 : 1 ratio of beeswax and carnauba wax No finish Molten bee wax Shellac and linseed oil Acrylic paint Alkyd Spar varnish Tung oil Tung oil and linseed oil Acrylic varnish Appearance Protection Durability Safety Ease of Application Reversibility Rubbing Qualities Wax Dull , even sheen unless spit polished Short Term Needs frequent reapplication Safe when solvents in paste wax evaporate Difficult on bare wood Difficult . Solvents thin wax causing it to penetrate deeper . Sanding creates heat . Scraping recommended Needs to be buffed for low sheen , buffed with damp pad for high gloss Shellac From virtually clear ( super blond ) to a rich orange ( garnet ) Fair against water , poor solvent protection Durable Safe when solvent evaporates , used as food and pill coating Clogs spray equipment . Quick solvent flash time makes brushing difficult . Ox or badger / skunk hair brush recommended . Easy to pad , however French Polish is difficult Completely reversible using alcohol Excellent Nitrocellulose lacquer Transparent , good gloss Decent protection Soft and somewhat durable Uses toxic solvents . Good protection is needed , especially if painted Requires equipment . Reversible with proper solvents Excellent soft finish Pre-Cat lacquer Transparent , all sheens from 5 % to 90 % Good general protection against wet and dry heat . Meets UK and European standards for `` general use '' . Uses toxic solvents . Spray booth is needed . Spray application only . Non-Reversible after 5 days Excellent general furniture finish used extensively outside USA Conversion varnish or Acid - Cat Lacquer Transparent , all sheens from 5 % to Wet Look Excellent protection against many substances Meets UK and European standards for `` severe use '' . Uses toxic solvents , including toluene . Requires spray equipment . Used in professional shops only Difficult to reverse Excellent hard finish Boiled linseed oil Yellow warm glow , pops grain , darkens with age Very little Little Relatively safe , metallic driers are poisonous , rags may spontaneously combust Easy , but cure time can be upward of 30 days Difficult . All saturated wood needs to be removed ( planing / sanding / scraping ) Dries hard , can be buffed to high gloss Tung oil Warm glow , pops grain , lighter than linseed Water resistant Poor Relatively safe when fully cured . Pure tung oil contains no metallic dryers . Many products labeled tung oil are oil / varnish blends Difficult . Sanding is required between coats and a partial cure is necessary . Very long finishing schedule for sufficient amount of coats Difficult . All saturated wood needs to be removed ( planing / sanding / scraping ) Dries hard , can be buffed to high gloss Alkyd varnish Not as transparent as lacquer , yellowish / orange tint Good protection Durable Relatively safe , uses petroleum based solvents Brush or spray . Brushing needs good technique to avoid bubbles & streaks Can be stripped using paint removers Fair Polyurethane varnish Slight ambering , comes in a variety of sheen Excellent protection against many substances , tough finish Durable after approx. 7 day curing period Relatively safe , uses petroleum based solvents Very easy when thinned and wiped on . Also brushes and sprays well Can be stripped using paint removers Easy to rub out with steel wool or synthetic pads to reduce sheen . Because it is soft , it can not be buffed to a high gloss Water - based Transparent or paints , all sheens from 1 % to 80 % Excellent protection . Newer products ( 2009 ) also UV stable when noted Durable after approx. 2 - day curing period Safer than oil - based and polyurethane , fewer volatile organic compounds Brush or better spray . Fast drying demands care in application techniques Can be stripped using paint removers Excellent . Acrylic finishes are very hard and can be buffed to an extreme gloss . Use a release agent 2 - Part polyurethane Transparent Stronger protection than regular polyurethane varnish Durable once cured , generally less than an hour low or free of VOCs , nonreactive when cured generally sprayed , equipment must be cleaned of any mixed product immediately Irreversible Sands easily . Sanding not needed between coats Oil - varnish blends ( i.e. Danish Oil , Teak oil , `` tung oil finish '' ) Enhances natural figure like a drying oil , but easier to apply and more protective . Low , but more than pure oil finishes Fairly durable but not recommended for heavy use items such as table tops Relatively safe , uses petroleum based solvents Easy , apply with rags and wipe off . Too many applications can result in sticky build up Difficult . All saturated wood needs to be removed ( planing / sanding / scraping ) Dries hard . can be buffed to a matte finish or to a gloss . Often top coated with paste wax for extra protection Epoxy resin Thick , high - gloss , and transparent . Some formulations can cloud or yellow with UV exposure High level of protection Flexible and durable Safe when cured Easy pour - on application for flat surfaces , difficult to apply evenly on more complicated shapes Cleanable with acetone when liquid . Irreversible once cured flexibility makes sanding difficult but possible accentuates visual properties due to differences in wood grain . Automated wood finishing Methods ( edit ) Manufacturers who mass - produce products implement automated flatline finish systems . These systems consist of a series of processing stations that may include sanding , dust removal , staining , sealer and topcoat applications . As the name suggests , the primary part shapes are flat . Liquid wood finishes are applied via automated spray guns in an enclosed environment or spray cabin . The material then can enter an oven or be sanded again depending on the manufacturer 's setup . The material can also be recycled through the line to apply another coat of finish or continue in a system that adds successive coats depending on the layout of the production line . The systems typically used one of two approaches to production . In this hangline approach , wood items being finished are moved through various finishing stages on a conveyor system Hangline approach ( edit ) In the hangline approach , wood items being finished are hung by carriers or hangers that are attached to a conveyor system that moves the items overhead or above the floor space . The conveyor itself can be ceiling mounted , wall mounted or supported by floor mounts . A simple overhead conveyor system can be designed to move wood products through several wood finishing processes in a continuous loop . The hangline approach to automated wood finishing also allows the option of moving items up to warmer air at the ceiling level to speed up drying process . In this Towline method , mobile carts move large furniture through various finishing stages on a conveyor system . Towline approach ( edit ) The towline approach to automating wood finishing uses mobile carts that are propelled by conveyors mounted in or on the floor . This approach is useful for moving large , awkward shaped wood products that are difficult or impossible to lift or hang overhead , such as four - legged wood furniture . The mobile carts used in the towline approach can be designed with top platens that rotate either manually or automatically . The rotating top platens allow the operator to have easy access to all sides of the wood item throughout the various wood finishing processes such as sanding , painting and sealing . See also ( edit ) Wood stain Refinishing Distressing Danish oil Xylotechnigraphy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whaler , J.H. ( 1972 ) . Furniture finishing textbook . Nashville : Production Publishing Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cox , Robert M. ( 2003 ) . Building an industrial wood finish . Madison : Forest Products Society . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 892529 - 30 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gibbia , S.W. ( 1981 ) . Wood finishing and refinishing . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 24708 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jaić , Milan , and Tanja Palija . `` The impact of the top coating on the mechanical properties of lacquered wood surfaces . '' Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta Jump up ^ Bongova , M. ; Urgela , Stanislav ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Surface coating influence on elastic properties of spruce wood by means of holographic vibration mode visualization '' . 11th Slovak - Czech - Polish Optical Conference on Wave and Quantum Aspects of Contemporary Optics. 3820 : 103 -- 110 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.353047 . chapter = ignored ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hatchard , Den ( 1992 ) . Wood Finishing : Step - by - step techniques . Ramsbury , Marlborough : The Crowood Press . ISBN 978 - 1852235826 . ^ Jump up to : Flexner , Bob ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Understanding Wood Finishing : How to Select and Apply the Right Finish . Reader 's Digest . ISBN 9780762101917 . Jump up ^ Iseghem , Lawrence C. Van ( June 2006 ) . `` Wood Finishing with UV - Curable Coatings '' ( PDF ) . RADTECH REPORT . Jump up ^ Newell , Adnah Clifton ( 1940 - 01 - 01 ) . Coloring , Finishing and Painting Wood . Manual arts Press . Jump up ^ Vanderwalker , Fred Norman ( 1940 - 01 - 01 ) . Wood Finishing , Plain and Decorative : Methods , Materials , and Tools for Natural , Stained , Varnished , Waxed , Oiled , Enameled , and Painted Finishes . Antiqued , Stippled , Streaked and Rough Glazed Finishes . Stain Making Formulas . F.J. Drake & Company . Jump up ^ Crump , Derrick ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) . The Complete Guide to Wood Finishes . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780671796693 . Jump up ^ Sandermann , Wilhelm ; Dietrichs , Hans - Hermann ; Puth , Martin ( 1960 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Über die Trocknungsinhibierung von Lackanstrichen auf Handelshölzern '' . Holz als Roh - und Werkstoff ( in German ) . 18 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 75 . ISSN 0018 - 3768 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02615619 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Robert Harvey ( 1967 - 06 - 01 ) . Chemistry in the utilization of wood . Pergamon Press . Jump up ^ Kumar , R.N. ; Al - Mahdi , Haider Osma ; Scherzer , T. ; Sonntag , J. von ( 2002 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Influence of Wood Extracts on the Uv Curing of Acrylate Coatings '' . Journal of Macromolecular Science , Part A. 39 ( 7 ) : 657 -- 666 . ISSN 1060 - 1325 . doi : 10.1081 / MA - 120004510 . Jump up ^ Evans , Philip D. ; Cullis , Ian ( 2010 ) . `` A Note on the Effect of Wood Moisture Content and Clear Coating on the Color of Veneer Panels Stained with Solvent - Borne Stain '' . Forest Products Journal . 60 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 275 . doi : 10.13073 / 0015 - 7473 - 60.3. 273 . Jump up ^ Press , Taunton ; Woodworking , Fine ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Finishes & Finishing Techniques : Professional Secrets for Simple and Beautiful Finishes from Fine Woodworking . Taunton Press . ISBN 9781561582983 . Jump up ^ `` Case study project : The use of low - VOC / HAP coatings at wood furniture manufacturing facilities . Report for March 1995 March 1999 '' ( PDF ) . National Service Center for Environmental Publications ( NSCEP ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Parikka - Alhola , Katriina ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Promoting environmentally sound furniture by green public procurement '' . Ecological Economics . 68 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 472 -- 485 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2008.05. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Nagyszalanczy , Sandor ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) . The Wood Sanding Book : A Guide to Abrasives , Machines , and Methods . Taunton Press . ISBN 9781561581757 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , G-I , Takachio , H. 1961 . An experiment on the roughness and stability of sanded surface . Mokuzai Gakkaishi 7 : 41 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Marra , G.G. 1943 . An analysis of the factors responsible for raised grain on the wood of oak following sanding and staining . Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 65 : 177 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Koehler , A. 1932 . Some observations on raised grain . Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 54 : 27 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Charles H. ( 1974 - 09 - 01 ) . Staining and Polishing . Sterling Publishing Company , Incorporated . ISBN 9780877490074 . ^ Jump up to : Uzunovic , A. , Byrne , T. , Gignac , M , Yang , D-Q. ( 2008 ) . Wood discolourations & their prevention with an emphasis on bluestain . FPInnovations ( Forintek ) . Special Publication SP - 50 , 51 pp. ISSN # 1916 -- 4238 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , B. ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Three - dimensional structure of wood : An Ultrastructural Approach . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 9789401181464 . Jump up ^ Evans , Philip D. ; Palmer , Gareth ; Chowdhury , Mohammed ( 2007 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Bleaching treatments for blue - stained lodgepole pine affected by the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae '' . Holz als Roh - und Werkstoff ( in German ) . 65 ( 6 ) : 485 -- 486 . ISSN 0018 - 3768 . doi : 10.1007 / s00107 - 007 - 0177 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 1948 ) . Bleaching wood . US Forest Products Laboratory Report FPL - 0165 , 9pp . Jump up ^ `` Fuming white oak '' . Jump up ^ `` Difference between lacquer and varnish ? : Finishing Advice '' . UKworkshop.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Michael Dresdner ( 1992 ) . The Woodfinishing Book . Taunton Press . ISBN 1 - 56158 - 037 - 6 Bob Flexner ( 1994 ) . Understanding Wood Finishing : How to Select and Apply the Right Finish . Rodale Press ISBN 0 - 87596 - 566 - 0 External links ( edit ) Shellac Application Finishes on Antique Wood Furniture To Refinish or Not to Refinish ( Antique Furniture ) Finishing for First - Timers Homeshop finishes that work Water based <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Woodworking Overviews History Glossary Wood ( lumber ) Wood art Forms Boat building Bow and arrow Bush carpentry Cabinetry Caning Carpentry Chainsaw carving Chip carving Clogs Ébéniste Fretwork Intarsia Japanese carpentry Khatam Log building Marquetry Millwork Parquetry Pyrography Relief carving Root carving Sawdust Segmented turning Shingle weaving Shipbuilding Spindle turning Timber framing Whittling Wood carving Woodturning Wood flour Woods Soft Cedar ( Calocedrus , Cedrus ) Cypress Douglas fir Fir Juniper Larch Pine Spruce Yew Hard Ash Alder Aspen Balsa Beech Birch Cherry Chestnut Cocobolo Ebony Elm Hazel Lignum vitae Linden ( lime , basswood ) Mahogany Maple Oak Padauk Plum Poplar Teak Totara Walnut Willow Tools <Td_colspan="2"> Abrasives Axe Adze Chisel Clamp Drawknife Drill Float Mallet Milling machine Mitre box Moulding plane Plane Rasp Router Sandpaper Spokeshave Timber - framing Vise Winding sticks Wood scribe Workbench Saws Backsaw Bandsaw Bow Bucksaw Chainsaw Circular Compass Coping Crosscut Frame Fretsaw Jigsaw Keyhole Miter Rip Scroll Table Veneer Whipsaw Geometry Joints Birdsmouth Bridle Butt Butterfly Coping Crown of thorns Dado Dovetail Finger Groove Halved Hammer - headed tenon Knee Lap Mason 's mitre Miter Mortise and tenon Rabbet / Rebate Scarf Splice Tongue and groove Profiles Bead Bevel Chamfer Molding Ogee Ogive Treatments French polish Heat bending Paint Paint stripper Steam bending Thermal Varnish Wood drying Wood preservation Wood stain Wood finishing Organizations American Association of Woodturners Architectural Woodwork Institute British Woodworking Federation Building and Wood Workers ' International Caricature Carvers of America International Federation of Building and Wood Workers National Wood Carvers Association Society of Wood Engravers Timber Framers Guild Conversion Chainsaw mill Hewing Sawmill Whipsaw Wood splitting Techniques Frame and panel Frameless construction <Td_colspan="2"> WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_finishing&oldid=801286714 '' Categories : Wood finishing materials Wood finishing techniques Woodworking Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Български Čeština Deutsch Magyar 日本 語 Polski Română Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Wood finishing process
2. Sanding and removing defects
3. Bleaching and stain removal
4. Coloring wood
5. Types of wood finishes |
-8,802,684,193,646,724,000 | where does anarchism fall on the political spectrum | Political spectrum - wikipedia Political spectrum Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum Left - wing Far - left Hard - Left Extreme left Centre Centre - left Radical center Centre - right , Third Position Right - wing Far - right Hard right New right Alt - right Alt - lite Party platform Extremist Radical Moderate Reformist Syncretic Third Position Conservative Fundamentalist Reactionary Party system Non-partisan One - party Dominant - party Two - party Multi-party Coalition Hung parliament Confidence and supply Minority government Rainbow coalition Grand coalition Full coalition National unity government Majority government Lists Ruling parties by country Political parties by UN geoscheme Political ideologies Politics portal A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions . Most long - standing spectra include a right wing and left wing , which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . According to the simplest left -- right axis , communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left , whereas conservatism and capitalism are on the right . Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts , sometimes on the left ( social liberalism ) , sometimes within libertarianism ( classical liberalism ) . Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates . Politics that rejects the conventional left -- right spectrum is known as syncretic politics . Political scientists have frequently noted that a single left -- right axis is insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs and often include other axes . Though the descriptive words at polar opposites may vary , often in popular biaxial spectra the axes are split between sociocultural issues and economic issues , each scaling from some form of individualism ( or government for the freedom of the individual ) to some form of communitarianism ( or government for the welfare of the community ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical origin of the terms 2 Academic investigation 2.1 Leonard W. Ferguson 2.2 Hans Eysenck 2.2. 1 Relationship between Eysenck 's political views and political research 2.2. 2 Subsequent criticism of Eysenck 's research 2.3 Milton Rokeach 2.4 Later research 3 Other double - axis models 3.1 Nolan : economic freedom , personal freedom 3.2 Political compass 3.3 Greenberg and Jonas : left -- right , ideological rigidity 3.4 Pournelle : liberty -- control , irrationalism -- rationalism 3.5 Inglehart : traditionalist -- secular and self expressionist -- survivalist 3.6 Mitchell : Eight Ways to Run the Country 3.7 Spatial model 4 Three - axis models 5 Other proposed dimensions 6 Political - spectrum - based forecasts 7 Biological variables 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Historical origin of the terms ( edit ) The terms `` Right '' and `` Left '' refer to political affiliations originating early in the French Revolutionary era of 1789 -- 1799 and referred originally to the seating arrangements in the various legislative bodies of France . As seen from the Speaker 's seat at the front of the Assembly , the aristocracy sat on the right ( traditionally the seat of honor ) and the commoners sat on the left , hence the terms right - wing politics and left - wing politics . Originally , the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the Ancien Régime ( `` old order '' ) . `` The Right '' thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests and the church , while `` The Left '' implied support for republicanism , secularism and civil liberties . Because the political franchise at the start of the revolution was relatively narrow , the original `` Left '' represented mainly the interests of the bourgeoisie , the rising capitalist class ( with notable exceptions such as the proto - communist Gracchus Babeuf ) . Support for laissez - faire commerce and free markets were expressed by politicians sitting on the left because these represented policies favorable to capitalists rather than to the aristocracy , but outside parliamentary politics these views are often characterized as being on the Right . The reason for this apparent contradiction lies in the fact that those `` to the left '' of the parliamentary left , outside official parliamentary structures ( such as the sans - culottes of the French Revolution ) , typically represent much of the working class , poor peasantry and the unemployed . Their political interests in the French Revolution lay with opposition to the aristocracy and so they found themselves allied with the early capitalists . However , this did not mean that their economic interests lay with the laissez - faire policies of those representing them politically . As capitalist economies developed , the aristocracy became less relevant and were mostly replaced by capitalist representatives . The size of the working class increased as capitalism expanded and began to find expression partly through trade unionist , socialist , anarchist and communist politics rather than being confined to the capitalist policies expressed by the original `` left '' . This evolution has often pulled parliamentary politicians away from laissez - faire economic policies , although this has happened to different degrees in different countries . Thus the word `` Left '' in American political parlance may refer to `` liberalism '' and be identified with the Democratic Party , whereas in a country such as France these positions would be regarded as relatively more right - wing and `` left '' is more likely to refer to `` socialist '' positions rather than `` liberal '' ones . Academic investigation ( edit ) For almost a century , social scientists have considered the problem of how best to describe political variation . Leonard W. Ferguson ( edit ) In 1950 , Leonard W. Ferguson analyzed political values using ten scales measuring attitudes toward : birth control , capital punishment , censorship , communism , evolution , law , patriotism , theism , treatment of criminals and war . Submitting the results to factor analysis , he was able to identify three factors , which he named religionism , humanitarianism and nationalism . He defined religionism as belief in God and negative attitudes toward evolution and birth control ; humanitarianism as being related to attitudes opposing war , capital punishment and harsh treatment of criminals ; and nationalism as describing variation in opinions on censorship , law , patriotism and communism . This system was derived empirically , as rather than devising a political model on purely theoretical grounds and testing it , Ferguson 's research was exploratory . As a result of this method , care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson 's three factors , as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not . Although replication of the nationalism factor was inconsistent , the finding of religionism and humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others . Hans Eysenck ( edit ) Shortly afterward , Hans Eysenck began researching political attitudes in Great Britain . He believed that there was something essentially similar about the National Socialists ( Nazis ) on the one hand and the communists on the other , despite their opposite positions on the left -- right axis . As Hans Eysenck described in his 1956 book Sense and Nonsense in Psychology , Eysenck compiled a list of political statements found in newspapers and political tracts and asked subjects to rate their agreement or disagreement with each . Submitting this value questionnaire to the same process of factor analysis used by Ferguson , Eysenck drew out two factors , which he named `` Radicalism '' ( R - factor ) and `` Tender - Mindedess '' ( T - factor ) . Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to a real - world phenomenon and so caution must be exercised in its interpretation . While Eysenck 's R - factor is easily identified as the classical `` left -- right '' dimension , the T - factor ( representing a factor drawn at right angles to the R - factor ) is less intuitive , as high - scorers favored pacifism , racial equality , religious education and restrictions on abortion , while low - scorers had attitudes more friendly to militarism , harsh punishment , easier divorce laws and companionate marriage . Despite the difference in methodology , location and theory , the results attained by Eysenck and Ferguson matched . Simply rotating Eysenck 's two factors 45 degrees renders the same factors of religionism and humanitarianism identified by Ferguson in America . Eysenck 's dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in Germany and Sweden , France and Japan . One interesting result Eysenck noted in his 1956 work was that in the United States and Great Britain , most of the political variance was subsumed by the left / right axis , while in France the T - axis was larger and in the Middle East the only dimension to be found was the T - axis : `` Among mid-Eastern Arabs it has been found that while the tough - minded / tender - minded dimension is still clearly expressed in the relationships observed between different attitudes , there is nothing that corresponds to the radical - conservative continuum '' . Relationship between Eysenck 's political views and political research ( edit ) Eysenck 's political views related to his research : Eysenck was an outspoken opponent of what he perceived as the authoritarian abuses of the left and right and accordingly he believed that with this T axis he had found the link between nazism and communism . According to Eysenck , members of both ideologies were tough - minded . Central to Eysenck 's thesis was the claim that tender - minded ideologies were democratic and friendly to human freedoms , while tough - minded ideologies were aggressive and authoritarian , a claim that is open to political criticism . In this context , Eysenck carried out studies on nazism and communist groups , claiming to find members of both groups to be more `` dominant '' and more `` aggressive '' than control groups . Eysenck left Nazi Germany to live in Britain and was not shy in attacking Stalinism , noting the anti-Semitic prejudices of the Russian government , the luxurious lifestyles of the Soviet Union leadership and the Orwellian `` doublethink '' of East Germany 's naming itself the German Democratic Republic despite being `` one of the most undemocratic regimes in the world today '' . While Eysenck was an opponent of Nazism , his relationship with fascist organizations was more complex . Eysenck himself lent theoretical support to the English National Party ( which also opposed `` Hitlerite '' Nazism ) and was interviewed in the first issue of their journal The Beacon in relation to his controversial views on relative intelligence between different races . At one point during the interview , Eysenck was asked whether or not he was of Jewish origin before the interviewer proceeded . His political allegiances were called into question by other researchers , notably Steven Rose , who alleged that his scientific research was used for political purposes . Subsequent criticism of Eysenck 's research ( edit ) Eysenck 's conception of tough - mindedness has been criticized for a number of reasons . Virtually no values were found to load only on the tough / tender dimension . The interpretation of tough - mindedness as a manifestation of `` authoritarian '' versus tender - minded `` democratic '' values was incompatible with the Frankfurt school 's single - axis model , which conceptualized authoritarianism as being a fundamental manifestation of conservatism and many researchers took issue with the idea of `` left - wing authoritarianism '' . The theory which Eysenck developed to explain individual variation in the observed dimensions , relating tough - mindedness to extroversion and psychoticism , returned ambiguous research results . Eysenck 's finding that Nazis and communists were more tough - minded than members of mainstream political movements was criticised on technical grounds by Milton Rokeach . Eysenck 's method of analysis involves the finding of an abstract dimension ( a factor ) that explains the spread of a given set of data ( in this case , scores on a political survey ) . This abstract dimension may or may not correspond to a real material phenomenon and obvious problems arise when it is applied to human psychology . The second factor in such an analysis ( such as Eysenck 's T - factor ) is the second best explanation for the spread of the data , which is by definition drawn at right angles to the first factor . While the first factor , which describes the bulk of the variation in a set of data , is more likely to represent something objectively real , subsequent factors become more and more abstract . Thus one would expect to find a factor that roughly corresponds to `` left '' and `` right '' , as this is the dominant framing for politics in our society , but the basis of Eysenck 's `` tough / tender - minded '' thesis ( the second , T - factor ) may well represent nothing beyond an abstract mathematical construct . Such a construct would be expected to appear in factor analysis whether or not it corresponded to something real , thus rendering Eysenck 's thesis unfalsifiable through factor analysis . Milton Rokeach ( edit ) Dissatisfied with Hans J. Eysenck 's work , Milton Rokeach developed his own two - axis model of political values in 1973 , basing this on the ideas of freedom and equality , which he described in his book , The Nature of Human Values . Milton Rokeach claimed that the defining difference between the left and right was that the left stressed the importance of equality more than the right . Despite his criticisms of Eysenck 's tough - tender axis , Rokeach also postulated a basic similarity between communism and nazism , claiming that these groups would not value freedom as greatly as more conventional social democratics , democratic socialists and capitalists would and he wrote that `` the two value model presented here most resembles Eysenck 's hypothesis '' . To test this model , Milton Rokeach and his colleagues used content analysis on works exemplifying nazism ( written by Adolf Hitler ) , communism ( written by Vladimir Lenin ) , capitalism ( by Barry Goldwater ) and socialism ( written by various socialist authors ) . This method has been criticized for its reliance on the experimenter 's familiarity with the content under analysis and its dependence on the researcher 's particular political outlooks . Multiple raters made frequency counts of sentences containing synonyms for a number of values identified by Rokeach -- including freedom and equality -- and Rokeach analyzed these results by comparing the relative frequency rankings of all the values for each of the four texts : Socialists ( socialism ) -- freedom ranked 1st , equality ranked 2nd Hitler ( Nazism ) -- freedom ranked 16th , equality ranked 17th Goldwater ( capitalism ) -- freedom ranked 1st , equality ranked 16th Lenin ( communism ) -- freedom ranked 17th , equality ranked 1st Later studies using samples of American ideologues and American presidential inaugural addresses attempted to apply this model . Later research ( edit ) In further research , Hans J. Eysenck refined his methodology to include more questions on economic issues . Doing this , he revealed a split in the left -- right axis between social policy and economic policy , with a previously undiscovered dimension of socialism - capitalism ( S - factor ) . While factorially distinct from Eysenck 's previous R factor , the S - factor did positively correlate with the R - factor , indicating that a basic left -- right or right -- left tendency underlies both social values and economic values , although S tapped more into items discussing economic inequality and big business , while R relates more to the treatment of criminals and to sexual issues and military issues . Most research and political theory since this time has replicated the factors shown above . Another replication came from Ronald Inglehart 's research into national opinions based on the World Values Survey , although Inglehart 's research described the values of countries rather than individuals or groups of individuals within nations . Inglehart 's two - factor solution took the form of Ferguson 's original religionism and humanitarianism dimensions ; Inglehart labelled them `` secularism -- traditionalism '' , which covered issues of tradition and religion , like patriotism , abortion , euthanasia and the importance of obeying the law and authority figures , and `` survivalism -- self expression '' , which measured issues like everyday conduct and dress , acceptance of diversity ( including foreigners ) and innovation and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as homosexuality and vegetarianism , as well as willingness to engage in political activism . See for Inglehart 's national chart . Other double - axis models ( edit ) Nolan : economic freedom , personal freedom ( edit ) Nolan chart Main article : Nolan chart The Nolan chart was created by libertarian David Nolan . This chart shows what he considers as `` economic freedom '' ( issues like taxation , free trade and free enterprise ) on the horizontal axis and what he considers as `` personal freedom '' ( issues like drug legalization , abortion and the draft ) on the vertical axis . This puts left - wingers in the left quadrant , libertarians in the top , right - wingers in the right and what Nolan originally named populists in the bottom . Political compass ( edit ) A chart proposed by the Political Compass Organization Main article : Political compass The political compass has two axes . One represents economic issues as right - vs - left . The other represents issues of freedom , or social issues , as authoritarian - vs - libertarian . One can determine their position on the political compass through an online quiz by the same name . Greenberg and Jonas : left -- right , ideological rigidity ( edit ) In a 2003 Psychological Bulletin paper , Jeff Greenberg and Eva Jonas posit a model comprising the standard left -- right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity . For Greenberg and Jonas , ideological rigidity has `` much in common with the related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism '' and is characterized by `` believing in strong leaders and submission , preferring one 's own in - group , ethnocentrism and nationalism , aggression against dissidents , and control with the help of police and military '' . Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by `` particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty '' and is a primary shared characteristic of `` people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology , whether it is right - wing or left - wing '' . Pournelle : liberty -- control , irrationalism -- rationalism ( edit ) A recreation of the Inglehart -- Welzel cultural map of the world based on the World Values Survey Main article : Pournelle chart This very distinct two - axis model was created by Jerry Pournelle in 1963 for his doctoral dissertation in political science . The Pournelle chart has liberty on one axis , with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for social deviance and those on the right emphasizing state authority or protections for norm enforcement ( farthest right being state worship , farthest left being the idea of a state as the `` ultimate evil '' ) . The other axis is rationalism , defined here as the belief in planned social progress , with those higher up believing that there are problems with society that can be rationally solved and those lower down skeptical of such approaches . Inglehart : traditionalist -- secular and self expressionist -- survivalist ( edit ) In its 4 January 2003 issue , The Economist discussed a chart , proposed by Dr. Ronald Inglehart and supported by the World Values Survey ( associated with the University of Michigan ) , to plot cultural ideology onto two dimensions . On the y - axis it covered issues of tradition and religion , like patriotism , abortion , euthanasia and the importance of obeying the law and authority figures . At the bottom of the chart is the traditionalist position on issues like these ( with loyalty to country and family and respect for life considered important ) , while at the top is the secular position . The x-axis deals with self - expression , issues like everyday conduct and dress , acceptance of diversity ( including foreigners ) and innovation , and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as vegetarianism , as well as willingness to engage in political activism . At the right of the chart is the open self - expressionist position , while at the left is its opposite position , which Dr. Inglehart calls survivalist . This chart not only has the power to map the values of individuals , but also to compare the values of people in different countries . Placed on this chart , European Union countries in continental Europe come out on the top right , Anglophone countries on the middle right , Latin American countries on the bottom right , African , Middle Eastern and South Asian countries on the bottom left and ex-Communist countries on the top left . Mitchell : eight ways to run the country ( edit ) Mitchell 's Eight Political Americans Mitchell 's Eight Ways In 2006 , Brian Patrick Mitchell identified four main political traditions in Anglo - American history based on their regard for kratos ( defined as the use of force ) and archē or `` archy '' ( defined as the recognition of rank ) . Mitchell grounded the distinction of archy and kratos in the West 's historical experience of church and state , crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of four main divergent traditions in Western political thought : Republican constitutionalism = pro archy , anti kratos Libertarian individualism = anti archy , anti kratos Democratic progressivism = anti archy , pro kratos Plutocratic nationalism = pro archy , pro kratos Mitchell charts these traditions graphically using a vertical axis as a scale of kratos / akrateia and a horizontal axis as a scale of archy / anarchy . He places democratic progressivism in the lower left , plutocratic nationalism in the lower right , republican constitutionalism in the upper right , and libertarian individualism in the upper left . The political left is therefore distinguished by its rejection of archy , while the political right is distinguished by its acceptance of archy . For Mitchell , anarchy is not the absence of government but the rejection of rank . Thus there can be both anti-government anarchists ( Mitchell 's `` libertarian individualists '' ) and pro-government anarchists ( Mitchell 's `` democratic progressives '' , who favor the use of government force against social hierarchies such as patriarchy ) . Mitchell also distinguishes between left - wing anarchists and right - wing anarchists , whom Mitchell renames `` akratists '' for their opposition to the government 's use of force . From the four main political traditions , Mitchell identifies eight distinct political perspectives diverging from a populist center . Four of these perspectives ( Progressive , Individualist , Paleoconservative , and Neoconservative ) fit squarely within the four traditions ; four others ( Paleolibertarian , Theoconservative , Communitarian , and Radical ) fit between the traditions , being defined by their singular focus on rank or force . Anthony Gregory of the Independent Institute credits Mitchell with `` the best explanation of the political spectrum '' , saying he `` makes sense of all the major mysteries '' . Spatial model ( edit ) The spatial model of voting plots voters and candidates in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension represents a single political issue ( or sub-component of an issue ) . Voters are then modeled as voting for the nearest candidates in this ideological space . The dimensions of this model can also be assigned to non-political properties of the candidates , such as perceived corruption , health , etc . Most of the other spectra in this article can then be considered projections of this multi-dimensional space onto a smaller number of dimensions . For example , a study of German voters found that at least four dimensions were required to adequately represent all political parties . See also : Issue voting and Models of issue voting Three - axis models ( edit ) Three axis model of political ideologies with both moderate and radical versions and the goals of their policies Vosem chart , a three - axis version of the Nolan chart A multi-axis political chart , contrasting between libertarian and authoritarian socialism One alternative spectrum offered by the conservative American Federalist Journal accounts for only the `` degree of government control '' without consideration for any other social or political variable and thus places `` fascism '' ( totalitarianism ) at one extreme and `` anarchism '' ( no government at all ) at the other extreme . The Vosem Chart , or Vosem Cube , is based on the Nolan Chart and adds a third axis for government , depicted three dimensionally , with eight discrete categories representing eight different political ideologies . Vosem is the Russian word for `` eight . '' Vikaas - Doolittle Political map The Vikaas - Doolittle compass orients the political spectrum within three sociocultural axes : aesthetic vs linguistic , individualist vs collectivist , and low - context ( stoic ) vs high - context ( dramatic ) . The map predicts the social behavior of an individual from their cultural orientation ; for instance , a Puritan colonist would be linguistic - individualist - stoic ; an early 20th Century Italian immigrant aesthetic - collectivist - dramatic ; and an early 21st Century Latin immigrant lingusitic - collectivist - dramatic . Other proposed dimensions ( edit ) Other proposed axes include : In 1998 , political author Virginia Postrel , in her book The Future and Its Enemies , offered another single - axis spectrum that measures views of the future , contrasting stasists , who allegedly fear the future and wish to control it , and dynamists , who want the future to unfold naturally and without attempts to plan and control . The distinction corresponds to the utopian versus dystopian spectrum used in some theoretical assessments of liberalism and the book 's title is borrowed from the work of the anti-utopian classic - liberal theorist Karl Popper . Focus of political concern : communitarianism vs. individualism . These labels are preferred to the loaded language of `` totalitarianism '' ( anti-freedom ) vs. `` libertarianism '' ( pro-freedom ) , because one can have a political focus on the community without being totalitarian and undemocratic . Council communism is a political philosophy that would be counted as communitarian on this axis , but is not totalitarian or undemocratic . Responses to conflict : according to the political philosopher Charles Blattberg , those who would respond to conflict with conversation should be considered as on the left , with negotiation as in the centre , and with force as on the right . See his essay `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . Role of the church : clericalism vs. anti-clericalism . This axis is less significant in the United States ( where views of the role of religion tend to be subsumed into the general left -- right axis ) than in Europe ( where clericalism versus anti-clericalism is much less correlated with the left -- right spectrum ) . Urban vs. rural : This axis is significant today in the politics of Europe , Australia and Canada . The urban vs. rural axis was equally prominent in the United States ' political past , but its importance is debatable at present . In the late 18th century and early 19th century in the United States , it would have been described as the conflict between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans . Foreign policy : interventionism ( the nation should exert power abroad to implement its policy ) vs. non-interventionism ( the nation should keep to its own affairs ) . Similarly , multilateralism ( coordination of policies with other countries ) vs. isolationism and unilateralism Relations with individual states or groups of states may also be vital to party politics . During the Cold War , parties often had to choose a position on a scale between pro-American and pro-Soviet Union , although this could at times closely match a left -- right spectrum . At other times in history relations with other powerful states has been important . In early Canadian history relations with Great Britain were a central theme , although this was not `` foreign policy '' but a debate over the proper place of Canada within the British Empire . International action : multilateralism ( states should cooperate and compromise ) versus unilateralism ( states have a strong , even unconditional , right to make their own decisions ) . Political violence : pacifism ( political views should not be imposed by violent force ) vs. militancy ( violence is a legitimate or necessary means of political expression ) . In North America , particularly in the United States , holders of these views are often referred to as `` doves '' and `` hawks '' , respectively . Foreign trade : globalization ( world economic markets should become integrated and interdependent ) vs. autarky ( the nation or polity should strive for economic independence ) . During the early history of the Commonwealth of Australia , this was the major political continuum . At that time it was called free trade vs. protectionism . Trade freedom vs. trade equity : free trade ( businesses should be able trade across borders without regulations ) vs. fair trade ( international trade should be regulated on behalf of social justice ) . Diversity : multiculturalism ( the nation should represent a diversity of cultural ideas ) vs. assimilationism or nationalism ( the nation should primarily represent , or forge , a majority culture ) . Participation : democracy ( rule of the majority ) vs. aristocracy ( rule by the enlightened , elitism ) vs. tyranny ( total degradation of Aristocracy , ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle recognized tyranny as a state in which the tyrant is ruled by utter passion , and not reason like the philosopher , resulting in the tyrant pursuing his own desires rather than the common good . ) Freedom : positive liberty ( having rights which impose an obligation on others ) vs. negative liberty ( having rights which prohibit interference by others ) . Social power : totalitarianism vs. anarchism ( control vs. no control ) Analyzes the fundamental political interaction among people , and between individuals and their environment . Often posits the existence of a moderate system as existing between the two extremes . Change : radicals ( who believe in rapid change ) and progressives ( who believe in measured , incremental change ) vs. conservatives ( who believe in preserving the status quo ) vs. reactionaries ( who believe in changing things to a previous state ) . Origin of state authority : popular sovereignty ( the state as a creation of the people , with enumerated , delegated powers ) vs. various forms of absolutism and organic state philosophy ( the state as an original and essential authority ) vs. the view held in anarcho - primitivism that `` civilization originates in conquest abroad and repression at home '' . Levels of sovereignty : unionism vs. federalism vs. separatism ; or centralism vs. regionalism . Especially important in societies where strong regional or ethnic identities are political issues . European integration ( in Europe ) : Euroscepticism vs. European federalism ; nation state vs. multinational state . Openness : closed ( culturally conservative and protectionist ) vs. open ( socially liberal and globalist ) . Popularised as a concept by Tony Blair in 2007 and increasingly dominant in 21st century European and North American politics . Political - spectrum - based forecasts ( edit ) As shown by Russian political scientist Stepan S. Sulakshin , political spectra can be used as a forecasting tool . Sulakshin offered mathematical evidence that stable development ( positive dynamics of the vast number of statistic indices ) depends on the width of the political spectrum : if it is too narrow or too wide , stagnation or political disasters will result . Sulakshin also showed that in the short run the political spectrum determines the statistic indices dynamic and not vice versa . Biological variables ( edit ) Main article : Biology and political orientation See also ( edit ) Politics portal Cleavage ( politics ) Horseshoe theory Index of politics articles Left -- right politics NationStates ( Jennifer Government ) Psephology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Traditional Political Spectrum '' . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Roger ( 1995 ) . Fascism . Oxford University Press . pp. 8,307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 289249 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eatwell , Roger ( 2003 ) . `` A ' Spectral - Syncretic ' Approach to Fascism '' . In Kallis , Aristotle A . The fascism reader . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24359 - 9 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Andrew ; Wright , Vincent ( 2006 ) . The Government and Politics of France ( 5th ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35732 - 2 . Jump up ^ SAS ( R ) 3.11 Users Guide , Multivariate Analysis : Factor Analysis Jump up ^ Ferguson , L.W. ( 1941 ) . `` The Stability of the Primary Social Attitudes : I. Religionism and Humanitarianism '' . Journal of Psychology . 12 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 8 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223980.1941. 9917075 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , C. ( 1949 ) . `` Religion and humanitarianism : a study of institutional implications '' . Psychological Monograph. 63 ( 9 ) . Jump up ^ `` politics '' . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eysenck , H.J. ( 1956 ) . Sense and nonsense in psychology . London : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1953 ) . `` Primary social attitudes : A comparison of attitude patterns in England , Germany , and Sweden '' . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 48 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 8 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054347 . Jump up ^ Dator , J.A. ( 1969 ) . `` Measuring attitudes across cultures : A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck 's inventory of conservative - progressive ideology '' . In Schubert , Glendon A. ; Danelski , David Joseph . Comparative judicial behavior : cross-cultural studies of political decision - making in the East and West . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1981 ) . `` Left - Wing Authoritarianism : Myth or Reality ? , by Hans J. Eysenck '' Political Psychology Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Prof. Hans Eysenck '' , Beacon February 1977 Jump up ^ Stephen Rose , `` Racism '' Nature 14 September 1978 , volume 275 , page 86 Jump up ^ Billig , Micheal. ( 1979 ) `` Psychology , Racism and Fascism '' , Chapter 6 , footnote # 70 . Published by A.F. & R. Publications . Jump up ^ Stephen Rose , `` Racism Refuted '' , Nature 24 August 1978 , volume 274 , page 738 Jump up ^ Stephen Rose , `` Racism '' , Nature 14 September 1978 , volume 275 , page 86 Jump up ^ Stone , W.F. ( 1980 ) . `` The myth of left - wing authoritarianism '' . Political Psychology . 2 ( 3 / 4 ) : 3 -- 19 . doi : 10.2307 / 3790998 . JSTOR 3790998 . Jump up ^ Ray , J.J. ; Bozek , R.S. ( 1981 ) . `` Authoritarianism and Eysenck 's P - scale '' . Journal of Social Psychology . 113 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 4 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224545.1981. 9924374 . Jump up ^ Rokeach , Milton ; Hanley , Charles ( March 1956 ) . `` Eysenck 's Tender - Mindedness Dimension : A critique '' . Psychological Bulletin . 53 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 176 . doi : 10.1037 / h0045968 . PMID 13297921 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , J.S. ( 1973 ) Personality and Prediction : Principles of Personality Assessment . Addison - Wesley Jump up ^ Lykken , D.T. ( 1971 ) Multiple factor analysis and personality research . Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 5 : 161 - 170 . Jump up ^ Ray JJ ( 1973 ) Factor analysis and attitude scales . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 9 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Rokeach , Milton ( 1973 ) . The nature of human values . Free Press . Jump up ^ Rous , G.L. ; Lee , D.E. ( Winter 1978 ) . `` Freedom and Equality : Two values of political orientation '' . Journal of Communication . 28 : 45 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 2466.1978. tb01561. x . Jump up ^ Mahoney , J. ; Coogle , C.L. ; Banks , P.D. ( 1984 ) . `` Values in presidential inaugural addresses : A test of Rokeach 's two - factor theory of political ideology '' . Psychological Reports . 55 ( 3 ) : 683 -- 6 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1984.55. 3.683 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , Hans ( 1976 ) . `` The structure of social attitudes '' . Psychological Reports . 39 ( 2 ) : 463 -- 6 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1976.39. 2.463 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Inglehart , Ronald ; Welzel , Christian . `` The WVS Cultural Map of the World '' . World Values Survey . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , J. ; Jonas , E. ( 2003 ) . `` Psychological Motives and Political Orientation -- The Left , the Right , and the Rigid : Comment on Jost et al. ( 2003 ) '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 129 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 382 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.129. 3.376 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Brian Patrick ( 2007 ) . Eight ways to run the country : a new and revealing look at left and right . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99358 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Anthony , `` What About the ' Real ' Left ? '' , Lewrockwell.com , July 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Otto A. ; Hinich , Melvin J. ; Ordeshook , Peter C. ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process '' . The American Political Science Review . 64 ( 2 ) : 426 -- 448 . doi : 10.2307 / 1953842 . JSTOR 1953842 . Since our model is multi-dimensional , we can incorporate all criteria which we normally associate with a citizen 's voting decision process -- issues , style , partisan identification , and the like . Jump up ^ Stoetzer , Lukas F. ; Zittlau , Steffen ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Multidimensional Spatial Voting with Non-separable Preferences '' . Political Analysis . 23 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 428 . doi : 10.1093 / pan / mpv013 . ISSN 1047 - 1987 . The spatial model of voting is the work horse for theories and empirical models in many fields of political science research , such as the equilibrium analysis in mass elections ... the estimation of legislators ' ideal points ... and the study of voting behavior ... Its generalization to the multidimensional policy space , the Weighted Euclidean Distance ( WED ) model ... forms the stable theoretical foundation upon which nearly all present variations , extensions , and applications of multidimensional spatial voting rest . Jump up ^ If voter preferences have more than one peak along a dimension , it needs to be decomposed into multiple dimensions that each only have a single peak . `` We can satisfy our assumption about the form of the loss function if we increase the dimensionality of the analysis -- by decomposing one dimension into two or more '' ^ Jump up to : Alós - Ferrer , Carlos ; Granić , Đura - Georg ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Political space representations with approval data '' . Electoral Studies . 39 : 56 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. electstud. 2015.04. 003 . The analysis reveals that the underlying political landscapes ... are inherently multidimensional and can not be reduced to a single left - right dimension , or even to a two - dimensional space ... From this representation , lower - dimensional projections can be considered which help with the visualization of the political space as resulting from an aggregation of voters ' preferences ... Even though the method aims to obtain a representation with as few dimensions as possible , we still obtain representations with four dimensions or more . Jump up ^ `` American Federalist Journal - News and opinion about politics , culture and current events '' . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Horrell , David ( 2005 ) . `` Paul Among Liberals and Communitarians '' . Pacifica. 18 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles ( 2009 ) . `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . Patriotic Elaborations : Essays in Practical Philosophy . McGill - Queen 's University Press . SSRN 1755117 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Stanley , In Search Of The Primitive : A Critique Of Civilization , ( New Brunswick : Transaction Books , 1981 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The new political divide '' . The Economist. 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pethokoukis , James ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` The Closed Party vs. the Open Party '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulakshin , S. ( 2010 ) . `` A Quantitative Political Spectrum and Forecasting of Social Evolution '' . International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences . 5 ( 4 ) : 55 -- 66 . External links ( edit ) Idealog ( Education + Quiz ) Politopia ( Quiz ) The Political Compass Redefining the Political Spectrum -- The Rational Spectrum World Values Survey , The WVS Cultural Map of the World ( archived page ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Political spectrum <Td_colspan="2"> Left -- right <Td_colspan="2"> Post-left Far - left Hard left Left Centre - left Centre Radical Centre - right Right Hard right Far - right Radical : United States - Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Anti-Stalinist left Christian left Jewish left Muslim left New left Third Position Third Way Triangulation Christian right Hindutva Islamism New right <Td_colspan="2"> Other models : Horseshoe theory Nolan Chart Open -- closed Political compass Pournelle chart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&oldid=812539097 '' Categories : Elections Political science terminology Political spectrum Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 11 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Political spectrum classification
2. Left-wing and right-wing politics
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4. Historical origin of left and right political affiliations
5. Criticisms of Eysenck's research on political attitudes |
6,552,774,707,774,602,000 | when does august 14 fall on a saturday | August 14 - wikipedia August 14 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 August 2018 . <Th_colspan="5"> August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 <Td_colspan="7"> 2018 August 14 in recent years 2018 ( Tuesday ) 2017 ( Monday ) 2016 ( Sunday ) 2015 ( Friday ) 2014 ( Thursday ) 2013 ( Wednesday ) 2012 ( Tuesday ) 2011 ( Sunday ) 2010 ( Saturday ) 2009 ( Friday ) Date August 14 is the 226th day of the year ( 227th in leap years ) in the Gregorian calendar . There are 139 days remaining until the end of the year . Contents 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) 29 BC -- Octavian holds the second of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes . 1040 -- King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth . The latter succeeds him as King of Scotland . 1183 -- Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan ( Traditional Japanese date : Twenty - fifth day of the seventh month of the second year of the Juei ( 寿 永 ) era ) . 1288 -- Count Adolf VIII of Berg grants town privileges to Düsseldorf , the village on the banks of the Düssel . 1352 -- War of the Breton Succession : Anglo - Bretons defeat the French in the Battle of Mauron . 1370 -- Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor , grants city privileges to Carlsbad which is subsequently named after him . 1385 -- Portuguese Crisis of 1383 -- 85 : Battle of Aljubarrota : Portuguese forces commanded by King John I and his general Nuno Álvares Pereira defeat the Castilian army of King John I . 1457 -- Publication of the Mainz Psalter , the first book to feature a printed date of publication and printed colophon 1480 -- Battle of Otranto : Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam ; they are later honored in the Church . 1592 -- The first sighting of the Falkland Islands by John Davis . 1598 -- Nine Years ' War : Battle of the Yellow Ford : Irish forces under Hugh O'Neill , Earl of Tyrone , defeats an English expeditionary force under Henry Bagenal . 1720 -- The Spanish military Villasur expedition is wiped out by Pawnee and Otoe warriors near present - day Columbus , Nebraska . 1791 -- Slaves from plantations in Saint - Domingue hold a Vodou ceremony lead by houngan Dutty Boukman at Bois Caïman , marking the start of the Haitian Revolution . 1814 -- A cease fire agreement , called the Convention of Moss , ended the Swedish -- Norwegian War . 1816 -- The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago , administering the islands from the Cape Colony in South Africa . 1842 -- American Indian Wars : Second Seminole War ends , with the Seminoles forced from Florida to Oklahoma . 1848 -- Oregon Territory is organized by act of Congress . 1880 -- Construction of Cologne Cathedral , the most famous landmark in Cologne , Germany , is completed . 1885 -- Japan 's first patent is issued to the inventor of a rust - proof paint . 1888 -- An audio recording of English composer Arthur Sullivan 's `` The Lost Chord '' , one of the first recordings of music ever made , is played during a press conference introducing Thomas Edison 's phonograph in London , England . 1893 -- France becomes the first country to introduce motor vehicle registration . 1900 -- The Eight - Nation Alliance occupies Beijing , China , in a campaign to end the bloody Boxer Rebellion in China . 1901 -- The first claimed powered flight , by Gustave Whitehead in his Number 21 . 1911 -- United States Senate leaders agree to rotate the office of President pro tempore of the Senate among leading candidates to fill the vacancy left by William P. Frye 's death . 1912 -- U.S. Marines invade Nicaragua to support the U.S. - backed government installed there after José Santos Zelaya had resigned three years earlier . 1914 -- World War I : Start of the Battle of Lorraine , an unsuccessful French offensive designed to recover the lost province of Moselle from Germany . 1916 -- Romania declares war on Austria - Hungary . 1921 -- Tannu Uriankhai , later Tuvan People 's Republic is established as a completely independent country ( which is supported by Soviet Russia ) . 1933 -- Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon , later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn ; it is not fully extinguished until September 5 , after destroying 240,000 acres ( 970 km ) . 1935 -- Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act , creating a government pension system for the retired . 1936 -- Rainey Bethea is hanged in Owensboro , Kentucky in the last known public execution in the United States . 1937 -- The beginning of air - to - air combat of the Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II in general , when six Japanese bombers are shot down by Chinese fighters while raiding Chinese air bases . 1941 -- World War II : Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt sign the Atlantic Charter of war stating postwar aims . 1945 -- Japan accepts the Allied terms of surrender in World War II and the Emperor records the Imperial Rescript on Surrender ( August 15 in Japan Standard Time ) . 1945 -- The Viet Minh launches August Revolution amid the political confusion and power vacuum engulfing Vietnam . 1947 -- Pakistan gains Independence from the British Empire and joins the Commonwealth of Nations . 1959 -- Founding and first official meeting of the American Football League . 1967 -- UK Marine Broadcasting Offences Act declares participation in offshore pirate radio illegal . 1969 -- Operation Banner : British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland . 1971 -- Bahrain declares independence as the State of Bahrain . 1972 -- An Ilyushin Il - 62 airliner crashes near Königs Wusterhausen , East Germany , due to an in - flight fire , killing 156 . 1973 -- The Pakistan Constitution of 1973 comes into effect . 1975 -- The Rocky Horror Picture Show , the longest - running release in film history , opens in London . 1980 -- Lech Wałęsa leads strikes at the Gdańsk , Poland shipyards . 1994 -- Ilich Ramírez Sánchez , also known as `` Carlos the Jackal '' , is captured . 1996 -- Greek Cypriot refugee Solomos Solomou is murdered by Turkish forces while trying to climb a flagpole in order to remove a Turkish flag from its mast in the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus . 2003 -- A widescale power blackout affects the northeast United States and Canada . 2003 -- Project Thread , an operation launched by CSIS and other Canadian law enforcement agencies , saw the arrest and incarceration of 24 innocent Muslim men , most of them young Pakistani students . 2005 -- Helios Airways Flight 522 , en route from Larnaca , Cyprus to Prague , Czech Republic via Athens , crashes in the hills near Grammatiko , Greece , killing 121 passengers and crew . 2006 -- Sixty - one schoolgirls killed in Chencholai bombing by Sri Lankan Air Force air strike . 2007 -- The Kahtaniya bombings kills at least 334 people . 2013 -- Egypt declares a state of emergency as security forces kill hundreds of demonstrators supporting former president Mohamed Morsi . 2015 -- The US Embassy in Havana , Cuba re-opens after 54 years of being closed when Cuba -- United States relations were broken off 2018 -- Thirty - five people die when a bridge connecting Genoa with Liguria in northern Italy collapses . 2018 -- A Colombian - registered bus hit another vehicle at high speed in Ecuador killing at least 24 people and injuring 19 . Births ( edit ) 928 -- Qian Hongzuo , king of Wuyue ( d . 947 ) 1297 -- Emperor Hanazono of Japan ( d . 1348 ) 1473 -- Margaret Pole , Countess of Salisbury ( d . 1541 ) 1479 -- Catherine of York ( d . 1527 ) 1499 -- John de Vere , 14th Earl of Oxford , English politician , Lord Great Chamberlain ( d . 1526 ) 1502 -- Pieter Coecke van Aelst , Flemish painter ( d . 1550 ) 1530 -- Giambattista Benedetti , Italian mathematician and physicist ( d . 1590 ) 1552 -- Paolo Sarpi , Italian writer ( d . 1623 ) 1561 -- Christopher Heydon , English politician ( d . 1623 ) 1575 -- Robert Hayman , English - Canadian poet and politician ( d . 1629 ) 1586 -- William Hutchinson , founder of Rhode Island ( d . 1642 ) 1599 -- Méric Casaubon , Swiss - English scholar and author ( d . 1671 ) 1625 -- François de Harlay de Champvallon , French archbishop ( d . 1695 ) 1642 -- Cosimo III de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany ( d . 1723 ) 1645 -- Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora , Mexican secular priest , scientist , and savant ( d . 1700 ) 1653 -- Christopher Monck , 2nd Duke of Albemarle , English colonel and politician , Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica ( d . 1688 ) 1688 -- Frederick William I of Prussia ( d . 1740 ) 1714 -- Claude Joseph Vernet , French painter ( d . 1789 ) 1738 -- Leopold Hofmann , Austrian composer and conductor ( d . 1793 ) 1740 -- Pope Pius VII ( d . 1823 ) 1758 -- Carle Vernet , French painter and lithographer ( d . 1835 ) 1777 -- Hans Christian Ørsted , Danish physicist and chemist ( d . 1851 ) 1817 -- Alexander H. Bailey , American lawyer , judge , and politician ( d . 1874 ) 1840 -- Richard von Krafft - Ebing , German - Austrian psychologist and author ( d . 1902 ) 1847 -- Robert Comtesse , Swiss lawyer and politician , President of the Swiss National Council ( d . 1922 ) 1848 -- Margaret Lindsay Huggins , Anglo - Irish astronomer and author ( d . 1915 ) 1851 -- Yannoulis Chalepas , Greek sculptor ( d . 1938 ) 1851 -- Doc Holliday , American dentist and gambler ( d . 1887 ) 1857 -- Max Wagenknecht , German organist , composer , and educator ( d . 1922 ) 1863 -- Ernest Thayer , American poet and author ( d . 1940 ) 1865 -- Guido Castelnuovo , Italian mathematician and academic ( d . 1952 ) 1866 -- Charles Jean de la Vallée - Poussin , Belgian mathematician and academic ( d . 1962 ) 1867 -- Cupid Childs , American baseball player ( d . 1912 ) 1867 -- John Galsworthy , English novelist and playwright , Nobel Prize laureate ( d . 1933 ) 1870 -- Nelson McDowell , American actor ( d . 1947 ) 1871 -- Guangxu Emperor of China ( d . 1908 ) 1875 -- Mstislav Dobuzhinsky , Russian - Lithuanian - American painter and illustrator ( d . 1957 ) 1876 -- Alexander I of Serbia ( d . 1903 ) 1880 -- Fred Alexander , American tennis player ( d . 1969 ) 1881 -- Francis Ford , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1953 ) 1886 -- Arthur Jeffrey Dempster , Canadian - American physicist and academic ( d . 1950 ) 1887 -- Marija Leiko , Latvian actress ( d . 1937 ) 1889 -- Otto Tief , Estonian lawyer and politician , Prime Minister of Estonia ( d . 1976 ) 1890 -- Bruno Tesch , German chemist and businessman ( d . 1946 ) 1892 -- Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji , English pianist , composer , and critic ( d . 1988 ) 1893 -- Francis Dvornik , Czech priest and academic ( d . 1975 ) 1895 -- Jack Gregory , Australian cricketer ( d . 1973 ) 1895 -- Amaza Lee Meredith , American architect ( d . 1984 ) 1896 -- Albert Ball , English fighter pilot ( d . 1917 ) 1896 -- Theodor Luts , Estonian director and cinematographer ( d . 1980 ) 1900 -- Margret Boveri , German journalist , recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( d . 1975 ) 1901 -- Alice Rivaz , Swiss pianist and author ( d . 1998 ) 1903 -- Lodewijk Bruckman , Dutch painter and illustrator ( d . 1995 ) 1907 -- Skinnay Ennis , American bandleader and singer ( d . 1963 ) 1910 -- Willy Ronis , French photographer ( d . 2009 ) 1910 -- Pierre Schaeffer , French composer and producer ( d . 1995 ) 1911 -- Jan Koetsier , Dutch composer and conductor ( d . 2006 ) 1911 -- Vethathiri Maharishi , Indian spiritual leader , philosopher , and author ( d . 2006 ) 1912 -- Frank Oppenheimer , American physicist and academic ( d . 1985 ) 1913 -- Hector Crawford , Australian director and producer ( d . 1991 ) 1913 -- Paul Dean , American baseball player ( d . 1981 ) 1914 -- Herman Branson , African - American physicist , chemist , and academic ( d . 1995 ) 1915 -- B.A. Santamaria , Australian political activist and publisher ( d . 1998 ) 1916 -- Frank and John Craighead , American naturalists ( twins , Frank d . 2001 , John d . 2016 ) 1916 -- Fumio Fujimura , Japanese baseball player and manager ( d . 1992 ) 1916 -- Wellington Mara , American businessman ( d . 2005 ) 1918 -- Patsy Smart , English actress ( d . 1996 ) 1922 -- Leslie Marr , English race car driver 1923 -- Patriarch Diodoros of Jerusalem ( d . 2000 ) 1923 -- Alice Ghostley , American actress ( d . 2007 ) 1924 -- Sverre Fehn , Norwegian architect , designed the Hedmark Museum ( d . 2009 ) 1924 -- Holger Juul Hansen , Danish actor ( d . 2013 ) 1924 -- Georges Prêtre , French conductor ( d . 2017 ) 1924 -- Rangjung Rigpe Dorje , 16th Karmapa , Tibetan spiritual leader ( d . 1981 ) 1925 -- Russell Baker , American critic and essayist 1926 -- René Goscinny , French author and illustrator ( d . 1977 ) 1926 -- Buddy Greco , American singer and pianist ( d . 2017 ) 1928 -- Lina Wertmüller , Italian director and screenwriter 1929 -- Kinnaird R. McKee , American admiral ( d . 2013 ) 1929 -- Gene Scott , American pastor and broadcaster ( d . 2005 ) 1929 -- Dick Tiger , Nigerian boxer ( d . 1971 ) 1930 -- Earl Weaver , American baseball player and manager ( d . 2013 ) 1931 -- Frederic Raphael , American journalist , author , and screenwriter 1932 -- Lee Hoffman , American author ( d . 2007 ) 1933 -- Richard R. Ernst , Swiss chemist and academic , Nobel Prize laureate 1935 -- John Brodie , American football player and golfer 1940 -- Darrell `` Dash '' Crofts , American singer - songwriter and musician 1940 -- Galen Hall , American football player and coach 1941 -- David Crosby , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1941 -- Connie Smith , American country music singer - songwriter and guitarist 1941 -- Ernest Everett Just , African - American biologist and academic ( d . 1941 ) 1942 -- Willie Dunn , Canadian singer - songwriter and producer ( d . 2013 ) 1942 -- Lionel Morton , English singer - songwriter , guitarist and television presenter 1943 -- Ronnie Campbell , English miner and politician 1943 -- Ben Sidran , American jazz and rock keyboardist , producer , label owner , and music writer 1944 -- John Dunt , English admiral 1945 -- Steve Martin , American actor , comedian , musician , producer , and screenwriter 1945 -- Wim Wenders , German director , producer , and screenwriter 1946 -- Larry Graham , American soul / funk bass player and singer - songwriter 1946 -- Susan Saint James , American actress 1946 -- Tom Walkinshaw , Scottish race car driver and businessman ( d . 2010 ) 1947 -- Bruce Nash , American director , producer , and screenwriter 1947 -- Maddy Prior , English folk singer 1947 -- Danielle Steel , American author 1947 -- Jiro Taniguchi , Japanese author and illustrator 1947 -- Joop van Daele , Dutch footballer and manager 1948 -- Terry Adams , American pianist and composer 1948 -- Bruce Thomas , English bass player and author 1949 -- Morten Olsen , Danish footballer and coach 1950 -- Gary Larson , American cartoonist 1951 -- Slim Dunlap , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1951 -- Norbert Hofmann , German footballer and manager 1952 -- John McCutcheon , American folksinger 1952 -- Debbie Meyer , American swimmer 1953 -- James Horner , American composer and conductor ( d . 2015 ) 1954 -- Mark Fidrych , American baseball player and sportscaster ( d . 2009 ) 1954 -- Stanley A. McChrystal , American general 1956 -- Sharon Bryant , American R&B singer 1956 -- Jackée Harry , American actress and television personality 1956 -- Andy King , English footballer and manager ( d . 2015 ) 1956 -- Rusty Wallace , American race car driver and sportscaster 1956 -- Erica Flapan , American mathematician 1957 -- Peter Costello , Australian lawyer and politician , 35th Treasurer of Australia 1958 -- Philip Dunne , English farmer and politician , Minister for Defence Equipment , Support and Technology 1958 -- Bobby Eaton , American wrestler and trainer 1959 -- Frank Brickowski , American basketball player 1959 -- Marcia Gay Harden , American actress 1959 -- Magic Johnson , American basketball player and coach 1960 -- Sarah Brightman , English singer - songwriter and actress 1960 -- Fred Roberts , American basketball player and educator 1961 -- Eddie Gilbert , American wrestler and manager ( d . 1995 ) 1962 -- Mark Gubicza , American baseball player and sportscaster 1962 -- Kevin Harris , Canadian skateboarder 1962 -- Andres Herkel , Estonian academic and politician 1962 -- Rameez Raja , Pakistani cricketer and sportscaster 1963 -- Emmanuelle Béart , French actress 1963 -- José Cóceres , Argentinian golfer 1964 -- Neal Anderson , American football player and coach 1964 -- Jason Dunstall , Australian footballer and sportscaster 1965 -- Brannon Braga , American producer , director , and screenwriter 1965 -- Paul Broadhurst , English golfer 1965 -- Terry Richardson , American photographer and director 1966 -- Halle Berry , American model , actress , and producer , Miss World United States 1986 1966 -- Karl Petter Løken , Swedish - Norwegian footballer and sportscaster 1966 -- Tuncay Özkan , Turkish journalist and politician 1967 -- Erik Gandini , Italian - Swedish director , producer , and screenwriter 1968 -- Pravin Amre , Indian cricketer and coach 1968 -- Catherine Bell , English - American actress and producer 1968 -- Darren Clarke , Northern Irish golfer 1968 -- Jason Leonard , English rugby player 1968 -- Medy van der Laan , Dutch politician 1969 -- Tracy Caldwell Dyson , American chemist and astronaut 1969 -- Stig Tøfting , Danish footballer and manager 1970 -- Kevin Cadogan , American rock singer - songwriter , guitarist , and producer ( Third Eye Blind ) 1971 -- Raoul Bova , Italian actor , producer , and screenwriter 1971 -- Mark Loretta , American baseball player and coach 1971 -- Pramodya Wickramasinghe , Sri Lankan cricketer 1972 -- Tamer El Said , Egyptian director , producer , and screenwriter 1972 -- Laurent Lamothe , Haitian businessman and politician , 15th Prime Minister of Haiti 1973 -- Jared Borgetti , Mexican footballer 1973 -- Jay - Jay Okocha , Nigerian footballer 1973 -- Kieren Perkins , Australian swimmer and sportscaster 1973 -- Paddy McGuinness , English comedian and television presenter 1974 -- Chucky Atkins , American basketball player and coach 1975 -- Mike Vrabel , American football player and coach 1976 -- Fabrizio Donato , Italian triple jumper 1977 -- Ed Harcourt , English singer - songwriter and producer 1977 -- Juan Pierre , American baseball player 1978 -- Randika Galhenage , Sri Lankan cricketer 1978 -- Anastasios Kyriakos , Greek footballer 1978 -- Greg Rawlinson , South African - New Zealand rugby player 1979 -- Jérémie Bréchet , French footballer 1979 -- Paul Burgess , Australian pole vaulter 1979 -- Yōichirō Morikawa , Japanese actor , director , and screenwriter 1980 -- Aydın Toscalı , Turkish footballer 1980 -- Roy Williams , American football player 1981 -- Earl Barron , American basketball player 1981 -- Matthew Etherington , English footballer 1981 -- Paul Gallen , Australian rugby league player 1981 -- Julius Jones , American football player 1981 -- Kofi Kingston , Ghanaian - American wrestler 1982 -- Simon Andrews , English motorcycle racer ( d . 2014 ) 1983 -- Elena Baltacha , Ukrainian - Scottish tennis player ( d . 2014 ) 1983 -- Mila Kunis , Ukrainian - born American actress 1983 -- Juan Oviedo , Dominican baseball player 1983 -- Spencer Pratt , American television personality 1983 -- Sunidhi Chauhan , Indian playback singer 1984 -- Eva Birnerová , Czech tennis player 1984 -- Clay Buchholz , American baseball player 1984 -- Giorgio Chiellini , Italian footballer 1984 -- Josh Gorges , Canadian ice hockey player 1984 -- Nick Grimshaw , English radio and television host 1984 -- Nicola Slater , Scottish tennis player 1984 -- Robin Söderling , Swedish tennis player 1985 -- Christian Gentner , German footballer 1985 -- Shea Weber , Canadian ice hockey player 1986 -- Cameron Jerome , English footballer 1986 -- Sam Moa , Tongan - New Zealand rugby league player 1986 -- Braian Rodríguez , Uruguayan footballer 1987 -- Tim Tebow , American football and baseball player , television personality and sportscaster 1989 -- Florian Abel , German footballer 1989 -- Ander Herrera , Spanish footballer 1989 -- Kyle Turris , Canadian ice hockey player 1991 -- Richard Freitag , German ski jumper Deaths ( edit ) 582 -- Tiberius II Constantine , Byzantine emperor ( b . 535 ) 902 -- Badr al - Mu'tadidi , commander - in - chief of the Abbasid Caliphate under al - Mu'tadid 1040 -- Duncan I of Scotland ( b . 1001 ) 1167 -- Rainald of Dassel , Italian archbishop ( b . 1120 ) 1204 -- Minamoto no Yoriie , Japanese shogun ( b . 1182 ) 1297 -- Frederick III , Burgrave of Nuremberg ( b.c. 1220 ) 1319 -- Waldemar , Margrave of Brandenburg - Stendal ( b.c. 1280 ) 1388 -- James Douglas , 2nd Earl of Douglas 1390 -- John FitzAlan , 2nd Baron Arundel , English soldier ( b . 1364 ) 1433 -- John I of Portugal ( b . 1357 ) 1464 -- Pope Pius II ( b . 1405 ) 1573 -- Saitō Tatsuoki , Japanese daimyo ( b . 1548 ) 1657 -- Giovanni Paolo Lascaris , 57th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller ( b . 1560 ) 1691 -- Richard Talbot , 1st Earl of Tyrconnell , Irish soldier and politician , Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ( b . 1630 ) 1727 -- William Croft , English organist and composer ( b . 1678 ) 1774 -- Johann Jakob Reiske , German physician and scholar ( b . 1716 ) 1784 -- Nathaniel Hone the Elder , Irish - born English painter and academic ( b . 1718 ) 1856 -- Constant Prévost , French geologist and academic ( b . 1787 ) 1860 -- André Marie Constant Duméril , French zoologist and entomologist ( b . 1774 ) 1870 -- David Farragut , American admiral ( b . 1801 ) 1874 -- Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs , American minister and politician ( b . 1821 ) 1890 -- Michael J. McGivney , American priest , founded the Knights of Columbus ( b . 1852 ) 1905 -- Simeon Solomon , English soldier and painter ( b . 1840 ) 1909 -- William Stanley , American engineer and philanthropist ( b . 1829 ) 1926 -- John H. Moffitt , American sergeant and politician , Medal of Honor recipient ( b . 1843 ) 1928 -- Klabund , German author and poet ( b . 1890 ) 1938 -- Hugh Trumble , Australian cricketer and accountant ( b . 1876 ) 1941 -- Maximilian Kolbe , Polish martyr and saint ( b . 1894 ) 1941 -- Paul Sabatier , French chemist and academic , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1854 ) 1943 -- Lore Berger , Swiss author and translator ( b . 1921 ) 1943 -- Joe Kelley , American baseball player and manager ( b . 1871 ) 1951 -- William Randolph Hearst , American publisher and politician , founded the Hearst Corporation ( b . 1863 ) 1954 -- Hugo Eckener , German pilot and designer ( b . 1868 ) 1954 -- Nikos Ploumpidis , Greek activist ( b . 1901 ) 1955 -- Herbert Putnam , American lawyer and publisher , Librarian of Congress ( b . 1861 ) 1956 -- Bertolt Brecht , German poet , playwright , and director ( b . 1898 ) 1958 -- Frédéric Joliot - Curie , French physicist and chemist , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1900 ) 1958 -- Konstantin von Neurath , German lawyer and politician , Reich Minister of Foreign Affairs ( b . 1873 ) 1963 -- Clifford Odets , American director , playwright , and screenwriter ( b . 1906 ) 1964 -- Johnny Burnette , American singer - songwriter ( b . 1934 ) 1965 -- Vello Kaaristo , Estonian skier ( b . 1911 ) 1966 -- Tip Snooke , South African cricketer ( b . 1881 ) 1967 -- Bob Anderson , English motorcycle racer and race car driver ( b . 1931 ) 1972 -- Oscar Levant , American actor , pianist , and composer ( b . 1906 ) 1972 -- Jules Romains , French author and poet ( b . 1885 ) 1973 -- Fred Gipson , American journalist and author ( b . 1908 ) 1978 -- Nicolas Bentley , English author and illustrator ( b . 1907 ) 1980 -- Dorothy Stratten , Canadian - American model and actress ( b . 1960 ) 1981 -- Karl Böhm , Austrian conductor and director ( b . 1894 ) 1981 -- Dudley Nourse , South African cricketer ( b . 1910 ) 1982 -- Mahasi Sayadaw , Burmese monk and philosopher ( b . 1904 ) 1984 -- Spud Davis , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1904 ) 1984 -- J.B. Priestley , English novelist and playwright ( b . 1894 ) 1985 -- Gale Sondergaard , American actress ( b . 1899 ) 1988 -- Roy Buchanan , American singer - songwriter and guitarist ( b . 1939 ) 1988 -- Robert Calvert , South African - English singer - songwriter and playwright ( b . 1945 ) 1988 -- Enzo Ferrari , Italian race car driver and businessman , founded Ferrari ( b . 1898 ) 1989 -- Ricky Berry , American basketball player ( b . 1964 ) 1991 -- Alberto Crespo , Argentinian race car driver ( b . 1920 ) 1992 -- John Sirica , American lawyer and judge ( b . 1904 ) 1994 -- Elias Canetti , Bulgarian - Swiss novelist , playwright , memoirist , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1905 ) 1994 -- Alice Childress , American actress , playwright , and author ( b . 1912 ) 1996 -- Sergiu Celibidache , Romanian conductor and composer ( b . 1912 ) 1999 -- Pee Wee Reese , American baseball player and sportscaster ( b . 1918 ) 2000 -- Alain Fournier , French - Canadian computer scientist and academic ( b . 1943 ) 2002 -- Larry Rivers , American painter and sculptor ( b . 1923 ) 2003 -- Helmut Rahn , German footballer ( b . 1929 ) 2004 -- Czesław Miłosz , Polish - born American novelist , essayist , and poet , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1911 ) 2004 -- Trevor Skeet , New Zealand - English lawyer and politician ( b . 1918 ) 2006 -- Adriaan de Groot , Dutch psychologist and chess player ( b . 1914 ) 2006 -- Bruno Kirby , American actor ( b . 1949 ) 2007 -- Pinchas Goldstein , Israeli politician ( b . 1939 ) 2007 -- Tikhon Khrennikov , Russian pianist and composer ( b . 1913 ) 2007 -- Kotozakura Masakatsu , Japanese sumo wrestler , the 53rd Yokozuna ( b . 1940 ) 2010 -- Rallis Kopsidis , Greek painter and author ( b . 1929 ) 2010 -- Herman Leonard , American soldier and photographer ( b . 1923 ) 2011 -- Fritz Korbach , German footballer and manager ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Maja Bošković - Stulli , Croatian historian and academic ( b . 1922 ) 2012 -- Vilasrao Deshmukh , Indian lawyer and politician , 14th Chief Minister of Maharashtra ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Svetozar Gligorić , Serbian chess player and theoretician ( b . 1923 ) 2012 -- Sergey Kapitsa , English - Russian physicist and demographer ( b . 1928 ) 2012 -- Phyllis Thaxter , American actress ( b . 1919 ) 2013 -- Jack Garfinkel , American basketball player and coach ( b . 1918 ) 2013 -- Jack Germond , American journalist and author ( b . 1928 ) 2013 -- Paddy Power , Irish educator and politician , 22nd Irish Minister for Defence ( b . 1928 ) 2014 -- Leonard Fein , American journalist and academic , co-founded Moment Magazine ( b . 1934 ) 2014 -- George V. Hansen , American soldier and politician ( b . 1930 ) 2015 -- Agustín Cejas , Argentinian footballer ( b . 1945 ) 2015 -- Bob Farrell , American businessman , founded Farrell 's Ice Cream Parlour ( b . 1927 ) 2015 -- Bob Johnston , American songwriter and producer ( b . 1932 ) 2016 -- Philip `` Fyuvsh '' Finkel , American actor ( b . 1922 ) 2018 -- Jill Janus , American singer ( b . 1975 ) Holidays and observances ( edit ) Christian feast day : Arnold of Soissons Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia Eusebius of Rome Jonathan Myrick Daniels ( Episcopal Church ) Kaj Munk ( with Kolbe , Lutheran Church ) Martyrs of Otranto Maximilian Kolbe August 14 ( Eastern Orthodox liturgics ) Anniversary Day ( Tristan da Cunha ) Commemoration of Wadi al - Dahab ( Morocco ) Engineer 's Day ( Dominican Republic ) Day of the Defenders of the Fatherland ( Abkhazia ) ( state is not fully recognized ) Independence Day , celebrates the day when Pakistan was declared a sovereign nation following the end of the British Raj in 1947 . Pramuka Day ( Indonesia ) Falklands Day is the celebration of the first sighting of the Falkland Islands by John Davis in 1592 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bus crash in Ecuador kills 24 people , injures 19 = 2018 - 08 - 15 '' . SCMP World News . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Amaza Lee Meredith , Architect ( 1895 - 1984 ) '' . www.livingplaces.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( 16 August 2018 ) . `` Jill Janus , Frontwoman of Heavy Metal Rock Band Huntress , Dies By Suicide at 43 '' . People . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to August 14 . 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6,223,025,143,765,595,000 | when was australia day first celebrated on 26 january | Australia Day - Wikipedia Australia Day Jump to : navigation , search `` Anniversary Day '' redirects here . For the Norfolk Island public holiday , see Bounty Day . For the 2017 film , see Australia Day ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Australia Day <Td_colspan="2"> Australia Day on Sydney Harbour , 2004 Also called Foundation Day , Survival Day , Invasion Day Observed by Australian citizens , residents and expatriates Type National Significance Date of landing of First Fleet in Port Jackson in 1788 Observances Family gatherings , fireworks , picnics and barbecues ; parades ; citizenship ceremonies ; Australia Day Honours ; Australian of the Year presentation Date 26 January Next time 26 January 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 26 ) Frequency annual Australia Day is the official national day of Australia . Celebrated annually on 26 January , it marks the anniversary of the 1788 arrival of the First Fleet of British ships at Port Jackson , New South Wales and the raising of the Flag of Great Britain at Sydney Cove by Governor Arthur Phillip . In present - day Australia , celebrations reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events , reflections on Australian history , official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community . The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved over time . Unofficially , or historically , the date has also been variously named `` Anniversary Day '' , `` Foundation Day '' , and `` ANA Day '' . 26 January 1788 marked the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) . Although it was not known as Australia Day until over a century later , records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808 , with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818 . On New Year 's Day 1901 , the British colonies of Australia formed a federation , marking the birth of modern Australia . A national day of unity and celebration was looked for . It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term `` Australia Day '' to mark the date , and not until 1994 that the date was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories . In contemporary Australia , the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve , announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor - General and the Prime Minister . It is an official public holiday in every state and territory . With community festivals , concerts and citizenship ceremonies , the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation . Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia . Some Indigenous Australian events are now included . However , since at least 1938 , the date of Australia Day has also been marked by Indigenous Australians , and those sympathetic to their cause , mourning what they see as the invasion of their land by Europeans and protesting its celebration as a national holiday . These groups sometimes refer to 26 January as `` Invasion Day '' or `` Survival Day '' and advocate that the date should be changed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Arrival of the First Fleet 1.2 First fifty years : 1788 to 1838 1.3 Centenary celebration : 1839 to 1935 1.4 Sesquicentenary 1.5 Bicentennial year 2 Contemporary celebrations 3 Controversies and issues 4 Suggested changes to the date 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Arrival of the first Fleet ( edit ) Main article : First Fleet Capt . Arthur Phillip raising the British flag at Sydney Cove , 26 January 1788 On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships , which came to be known as the First Fleet , was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland . Under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip , the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales , which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 . The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America . The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788 , but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable . On 21 January , Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson , 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) to the north , to see if it would be a better location for a settlement . They stayed there until 23 January ; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove , after the Home Secretary , Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people . They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January , when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning , 24 January . That day , there was a huge gale blowing , making it impossible to leave Botany Bay , so they decided to wait till the next day , 25 January . However , during 24 January , they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole , flying the French flag , at the entrance to Botany Bay ; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out . On 25 January the gale was still blowing ; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay , but only HMS Supply made it out , carrying Arthur Phillip , Philip Gidley King , some marines and about 40 convicts ; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon . On 26 January , early in the morning , Phillip along with a few dozen marines , officers and oarsmen , rowed ashore and took possession of the land in the name of King George III . The remainder of the ship 's company and the convicts watched from on board Supply . Meanwhile , back at Botany Bay , Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships , and he and the commander , Captain de Clonard , exchanged greetings . Clonard advised Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean - François de Galaup , comte de La Pérouse . Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay , but the other ships were in great difficulty . Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks ; Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled , both ships losing booms or sails ; Charlotte and the Friendship actually collided ; and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground . Despite these difficulties , all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January . The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm . The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed . It did not occur until 7 February 1788 , when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip 's governorship were read out . The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788 . First fifty years : 1788 to 1838 ( edit ) Although there was no official recognition of the colony 's anniversary , with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January , by 1808 the date was being used by the colony 's immigrants , especially the emancipated convicts , to `` celebrate their love of the land they lived in '' with `` drinking and merriment '' . The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern , beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night , the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston . Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet , having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse . Despite suffering the ill - effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale , Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day , 26 January 1808 , in what became known as the `` Rum Rebellion '' . In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols : On Monday the 27th ult . a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols , for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip , which took place on 26 Jan. 1788 , but this year happening upon a Sunday , the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following . The party assembled were select , and about 40 in number . At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table , and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated . After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank , and a number of festive songs given ; and about 10 the company parted , well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded . -- The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony , and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration . The Governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers , granting each an extra allowance of `` one pound ( c. 450g ) of fresh meat '' , and ordered a 30 - gun salute at Dawes Point -- one for each year that the colony had existed . This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow . The first in what would become the Sydney Regatta tradition , 26 January 1838 . Foundation Day , as it was known at the time , continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales , and in doing so became connected with sporting events . One of these became a tradition that is still continued today : in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour . Five races were held for different classes of boats , from first class sailing vessels to watermen 's skiffs , and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour , including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling -- the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day . Happy with the success of the regatta , the organisers resolved to make in an annual event . However , some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism , with the `` United Australians '' dinner being limited to those born in Australia . In describing the dinner , the Sydney Herald justified the decision , saying : The parties who associated themselves under the title of `` United Australians '' have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness . It is not fair so to censure them . If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons -- while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate . That was a good reason . The `` Australians '' had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it , and no one has a right to complain . -- The Sydney Herald The following year , 1838 , was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony , and as part of the celebrations Australia 's first public holiday was declared . The regatta was held for a second time , and people crowded the foreshores to view the events , or joined the five steamers ( Maitland , Experiment , Australia , Rapid , and the miniature steamer Firefly ) to view the proceedings from the water . At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes ' Battery as the Royal Standard was raised , and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky . The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year , with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837 , and the anniversary as a whole was described as a `` day for everyone '' . Centenary celebration : 1839 to 1935 ( edit ) 100th anniversary celebration of Australian settlement , 26 January 1888 Prior to 1888 , 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair , as each of the colonies had their own commemorations for their founding . In Tasmania , Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman . South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December . Western Australia had their own Foundation Day ( now Western Australia Day ) on 1 June . In 1888 , all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated `` Anniversary Day '' . In 1910 , South Australia adopted January 26 as `` Federation Day '' . In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed , and the date chosen was 30 July , on which many fund - raising efforts were run to support the war effort . It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I : on 28 July 1916 , 27 July 1917 , and 26 July 1918 . Victoria adopted January 26 as Australia Day in 1931 , and by 1935 , all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day ( although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales ) . The name `` Foundation Day '' persisted in local usage . Sesquicentenary ( edit ) Sesquicentenary parade in Sydney , 26 January 1938 The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated . Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council . In that year , New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend , and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the actual anniversary day -- Wednesday 26 January . The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as `` Australia Day '' in 1946 , although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the actual anniversary . Bicentennial year ( edit ) Sydney Harbour , 26 January 1988 Main article : Australian Bicentenary In 1988 , the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale , with many significant events taking place in all major cities . Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney . These included street parties , concerts , including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues , art and literary competitions , historic re-enactments , and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location . A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour , with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part . Contemporary celebrations ( edit ) Since 1988 , participation in Australia Day has increased , and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on the actual day for the first time . Research conducted in 2007 reported that 27.6 % of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 25.6 % celebrated with family and friends . This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66 % of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005 . 500,000 people watch the City of Perth Skyworks at Applecross , Western Australia on Australia Day , 2006 Outdoor concerts , community barbecues , sports competitions , festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia . These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council , an official council or committee in each state and territory , and local committees . In Sydney , the harbour is a focus and boat races are held , such as a ferry race and the tall ships race . In Adelaide , the key celebrations are `` Australia Day in the City '' which is a parade , concert and fireworks display held in Elder park and the traditional International Cricket match played at the Adelaide Oval . Featuring the People 's March and the Voyages Concert , Melbourne 's events focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism . Despite a drop in attendance in 2010 , but with audiences still estimated at 400,000 , the Perth Skyworks is the largest single event presented each Australia Day . Australian Prime Minister , Julia Gillard and Department of Immigration and Citizenship Secretary , Mr Andrew Metcalfe hand out Citizenship Certificates to new Australian Citizens ( 2011 ) . Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held , with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship . On 26 January 2011 , more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship . In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens . Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6 % of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day . The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high - achieving Australians in local community celebrations . In 2011 , 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations . The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day . The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations . The Governor - General and Prime Minister both address the nation . On the eve of Australia Day each year , the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award , presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a `` significant contribution to the Australian community and nation '' and is an `` inspirational role model for the Australian community '' . Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year , and an award for Australia 's Local Hero . Awards Announcement Australia Day Eve 25 January 2005 Various music festivals are held on Australia Day , such as the Big Day Out , and the Australia Day Live Concert which is televised nationally . For many years an international cricket match has been held on Australia Day at the Adelaide Oval . These matches have included both Test matches and One Day Internationals . Australia Day barbecue at Berridge Park , Denmark , Western Australia Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day . Of those polled , 43 % agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41 % said they look towards `` our future '' , while 13 % thought it was important to `` think about the present at this time '' and 3 % were unsure . Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet , contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme . There are no large - scale re-enactments and the national leader 's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies . Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians ' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity , Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed `` it was important to recognise Australia 's indigenous people and culture '' as part of Australia Day celebrations . A similar proportion ( 89 % ) agreed that `` it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation '' . Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians , the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion . Controversies and issues ( edit ) An Invasion Day rally in Brisbane , 2007 Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia 's Indigenous peoples . The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning . A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an `` Invasion Day '' commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture . Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as `` Invasion Day '' , and protests occur almost every year , sometimes at Australia Day events . Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cites on Invasion Day / Australia Day ; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands . The anniversary is also termed by some as `` Survival Day '' and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert , first held in Sydney in 1992 , celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination . In 2016 , National Indigenous Television chose the name `` Survival Day '' as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day , saying that the term `` recognises the invasion '' , but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people . In response , official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people , holding ceremonies such as the Woggan - ma - gule ceremony , held in Sydney , which honours the past and celebrates the present . In August 2017 the council of the City of Yarra , a district of Melbourne , resolved unanimously that it would no longer refer to 26 January as Australia Day and would cease to hold citizenship ceremonies on that day ; an event acknowledging Aboriginal culture and history was to be held instead . The City of Darebin later followed suit . The federal government immediately deprived the councils of their powers to hold citizenship ceremonies . Suggested changes to the date ( edit ) Both before the establishment of Australia Day as the national day of Australia , and in the years after its creation , several dates have been proposed for its celebration and , at various times , the possibility of moving Australia Day to an alternative date has been mooted . Some reasons put forward are that the current date , celebrating the foundation of the Colony of New South Wales , lacks national significance ; that the day falls on school holidays which limits the engagement of schoolchildren in the event ; and that it fails to encompass members of the indigenous community and some others who perceive the day as commemorating the date of an invasion of their land . Connected to this is the suggestion that moving the date would be seen as a significant symbolic act . Amongst those calling for change have been Tony Beddison , then chairman of the Australia Day Committee ( Victoria ) , who argued for change and requested debate on the issue in 1999 ; and Mick Dodson , Australian of the Year in 2009 , who called for debate as to when Australia Day was held . Such a move would have to be made by a combination of the Australian Federal and State Governments , and has lacked sufficient political and public support . In 2001 Prime Minister John Howard stated that he acknowledged Aboriginal concerns with the date , but that it was nevertheless a significant day in Australia 's history , and thus he was in favour of retaining the current date . He also noted that 1 January , which was being discussed in light of the Centenary of Federation , was inappropriate as it coincided with New Year 's Day . Prime Minister Kevin Rudd gave a `` straightforward no '' to a change of date , speaking in response to Mick Dodson 's suggestion to reopen the debate . The Leader of the Opposition , Malcolm Turnbull , echoed Rudd 's support of 26 January , but , along with Rudd , supported the right of Australians to raise the issue . At the State level , New South Wales Premier Nathan Rees stated that he was yet to hear a `` compelling argument '' to support change ; and Queensland Premier Anna Bligh expressed her opposition to a change . In 2004 , a Newspoll that asked if the date of Australia Day should be moved to one that is not associated with European settlement found 79 % of respondents favoured no change , 15 % favoured change , and 6 % were uncommitted . Historian Geoffrey Blainey said he believed 26 January worked well as Australia Day and that : `` My view is that it is much more successful now than it 's ever been . '' A September 2017 poll conducted for The Guardian revealed that only 26 % of Australians supported changing the date of Australia Day , while a January 2018 poll conducted by The Australia Institute found that 37 % believed the current date was offensive and 56 % do not mind what day it is held . A January 2017 Guardian poll found that 68 % of Australians felt positive about Australia Day , 19 % were indifferent and 7 % had mixed feelings , with 6 % feeling negative about Australia Day . Among Indigenous Australians , however , only 23 % felt positive about Australia Day , 31 % were negative and 30 % had mixed feelings , with 54 % favouring a change of date . In June 2017 the annual National General Assembly of the Australian Local Government Association voted ( by a majority of 64 -- 62 ) for councils to consider how to lobby the federal government for a date change . Historically , alternative dates have been proposed : Federation Pavilion , Centennial Park , Sydney , 1 January 1901 Federation of Australia , 1 January As early as 1957 , 1 January was suggested as a possible alternative day , to commemorate the Federation of Australia . In 1902 , the year after Federation , 1 January was named `` Commonwealth Day '' . However , New Year 's Day was already a public holiday , and Commonwealth Day did not gather much support . Federation of Australia 1901 alternative date , 19 January proposed as an alternative to traditional Australia Day because it is only one week earlier and can represent Federation 1901 with 19.01 . Also 1 March has been proposed as an alternative for remembering Federation of Australia , 1 January 1901 . Australia Acts commencement , 3 March The anniversary of the Australia Acts coming into force has been raised as an option , having been referred to as Australian Independence Day . These Acts removed the United Kingdom 's ability to legislate for the Australian States , the Queen 's ability to disallow or suspend State legislation , as well as severing the remaining appeal channels from the State Supreme Courts and the High Court of Australia to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Queen Elizabeth II signed a proclamation at Government House in Canberra on 2 March 1986 for the Acts to take effect 5.00 am Greenwich Mean Time the next day . Anzac Day , 25 April There has been a degree of support by some in recent years for making Anzac Day , 25 April , Australia 's national day , including in 1999 , by Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane Peter Hollingworth . In 2001 , following comments made during a review into the future of Anzac Day , the idea of a merger was strongly opposed by Prime Minister John Howard and Opposition Leader Kim Beazley , who clarified his earlier position . Mate , 8 May Starting 2017 , there has been a partly serious suggestion to move Australia day to 8 May . This is primarily because of the homophonous quality between `` May 8 '' and the Australian idiom `` mate '' , but also because the opening of the first Federal Parliament was on 9 May . Opening of the first Federal Parliament , 9 May The date 9 May is also sometimes suggested , the date on which the first Federal Parliament was opened in Melbourne in 1901 , the date of the opening of the Provisional Parliament House in Canberra in 1927 , and the date of the opening of the New Parliament House in 1988 . The date has , at various times , found support from former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie , Tony Beddison , and Geoffrey Blainey . However , the date has been seen by some as being too closely connected with Victoria , and its location close to the start of winter has been described as an impediment . Anniversary of the 1967 referendum , 27 May The anniversary of the 1967 referendum to amend the federal constitution has also been suggested . The amendments enabled the federal parliament to legislate with regard to Indigenous Australians and allowed for Indigenous Australians to be included in the national census . The public vote in favour was 90.77 % . Constitution Day , 9 July Another suggestion is the day in 1900 when Queen Victoria gave her assent to the Constitution of Australia . Tenterfield Oration , 24 October `` A more meaningful day is October 24 , when in 1889 Sir Henry Parkes , the ' Father of Federation ' , gave his pivotal speech at Tenterfield in NSW , which set the course for federation . '' Eureka Stockade , 3 December The Eureka Stockade on 3 December has had a long history as an alternative choice for Australia Day , having been proposed by The Bulletin in the 1880s . The Eureka uprising occurred in 1854 during the Victorian gold rush , and saw a failed rebellion by the miners against the Victorian colonial government . Although the rebellion was crushed , it led to significant reforms , and has been described as being the birthplace of Australian democracy . Supporters of the date have included senator Don Chipp and former Victorian Premier Steve Bracks . However , the idea has been opposed by both hard - left unions and right - wing nationalist groups , both of whom claim symbolic attachment to the event , and by some who see it as an essentially Victorian event . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What does Australia Day mean ? '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day in question '' . The Age . 26 January 2008 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day -- A History '' . Victoria State Government . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Australia Day Council Annual Report 2010 -- 11 p3 Jump up ^ `` History '' . ^ Jump up to : Tippet , Gary ( 25 January 2009 ) . `` 90 years apart and bonded by a nation '' . Melbourne : Australia Day Council of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Marlow , Karina ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` Australia Day , Invasion Day , Survival Day : What 's in a name ? '' . NITV . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gabrielle Chan ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Most Indigenous Australians want date and name of Australia Day changed , poll finds '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ekirch , A. Robert ( December 1984 ) . `` Great Britain 's Secret Convict Trade to America , 1783 -- 1784 '' . The American Historical Review . 89 ( 5 ) : 1291 . doi : 10.2307 / 1867044 . Jump up ^ David Hill , 1788 : The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet , pp. 147 -- 150 Jump up ^ NSW Land and Property Management Authority , A Guide to Searching New South Wales Land Title Records Jump up ^ Hobson , Nick . `` Australia Day '' . Jump up ^ `` New South Wales 1867 -- 1870 '' . Jump up ^ Bonyhady , Tim ( 2003 ) . The Colonial Earth . Melbourne , Australia : Melbourne University Publishing . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85053 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kwan , Elizabeth . `` Celebrating Australia : A History of Australia Day essay '' . Australia Day . National Australia Day Council . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Clark , Manning in `` Student Resources : Australia Day History '' . Australia Day . Australia Day Council of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney '' . The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. 1 February 1817 . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Student Resources : Australia Day History '' . Australia Day . Australia Day Council of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Watts , John ( 24 January 1818 ) . `` Government and General Orders '' . The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser . p. 1 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Regatta '' . The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. 28 January 1837 . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Regatta '' . Sydney Herald . 30 January 1837 . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dinner of the United Australians '' . Sydney Herald . 30 January 1837 . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jubilee '' . Sydney Herald . 29 January 1938 . p. 2 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` THE REGATTA '' . The True Colonist Van Diemen 's Land Political Despatch , And Agricultural And Commercial ... ( 800 ) . Tasmania , Australia . 7 December 1838 . p. 4 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day fixed for July 30 . Meeting committee appointed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 June 1915 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Australia 's Heroes -- the other ' Australia Day ' , 30 July 1915 '' . The Australian War Memorial . Canberra . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Adelaide Advertiser , 25 July 1917 , Trove Jump up ^ Adelaide Advertiser , 27 July 1918 , Trove Jump up ^ `` THE CENTRAL QUEENSLAND HERALD '' . The Central Queensland Herald . Rockhampton , Qld. 3 February 1955 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . Australia Day Council of NSW . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Australia Day '' . National Australia Day Council . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day History '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deery , Margaret ; Jago , Leo Kenneth ; Fredline , Liz ( 2007 ) . `` Celebrating a National Day : the Meaning and Impact of Australia Day Events '' . 4th International Event Research Conference . Victoria University . ISBN 0 - 9750957 - 9 - X . Jump up ^ Elliott and Shanahan Research ( 2004 ) Newspoll Omnibus Survey Australia Day 2005 Jump up ^ `` National Australia Day Council : Annual Report 2008 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . National Australia Day Council . 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Herald Sun , `` Australia Day Program '' , 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Pearson , W. And O'Neill , G. ( 2009 ) ' Australia Day : A Day for All Australians ? ' in McCrone , D. and McPherson , G. ( eds ) . National Days : Constructing and Mobilising National Identity , Palgrave Macmillan , Hampshire , p. 79 Jump up ^ Beatrice , Thomas ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Fewer young at ' dry ' Skyworks '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` City of Perth Australia Day Skyworks '' . ABC Perth Events . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Department of Immigration and Citizenship ( 2011 ) Annual Report 2010 -- 2011 , p. 247 Jump up ^ National Australia Day Council Annual Report 2010 -- 11 p7 Jump up ^ `` Selection criteria '' . National Australia Day Council . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Team records -- Combined Test , ODI and T20I records -- Cricinfo Statsguru -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Jump up ^ Newspoll research conducted in November 2009 for the National Australia Day Council Jump up ^ National Australia Day Council , Annual Report 2008 -- 2009 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Newspoll Omnibus Survey. pdf Jump up ^ `` Invasion day protests amid Australia Day debate '' . 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Narushima , Yuko ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Obey the law at least , Abbott tells migrants '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Reconciliation can start on Australia Day '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 29 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion Day marked by thousands of protesters calling for equal rights , change of date '' . ABC News . 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day 2018 : Thousands turn out for protest in Melbourne CBD '' . Herald Sun . 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knaus , Christopher ; Wahlquist , Calla ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` ' Abolish Australia Day ' : Invasion Day marches draw tens of thousands of protesters '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Significant Aboriginal Events in Sydney '' . Sydney City Council website . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Day , Invasion Day , Survival Day : What 's in a name ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Young and free gather to rejoice -- National -- smh.com.au '' . www.smh.com.au . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne 's Yarra council votes unanimously to move Australia Day citizenship ceremonies '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cowie , Tom ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Yarra council stripped of citizenship power after cancelling Australia Day celebrations '' . The Age . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Yarra council stripped of citizenship ceremony powers after Australia Day changes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Daley , Paul ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Turnbull is wrong -- Australia Day and its history are n't ' complex ' for Indigenous people '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darebin council stripped of citizenship ceremony after controversial Australia Day vote '' . ABC News . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ballantine , Derek ( 5 December 1999 ) . `` Australia Day ' should be changed ' '' . Sunday Tasmanian . Hobart . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Rod ( 25 January 2009 ) . `` Ron Barassi wants an Australia Day we can all enjoy '' . Melbourne : Herald Sun . Archived from the original on 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dodson wants debate on Australia Day date change '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 26 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Mark ( 9 December 1999 ) . `` Time for a birthday with real meaning '' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rodda , Rachel ( 27 January 2001 ) . `` Nation 's birthday debate rekindled '' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rudd says ' no ' to Australia Day date change '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 26 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newspoll '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Herald Sun . Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Katherine ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Most voters want Australia Day to stay on 26 January -- Guardian Essential poll '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Borys , Stephanie ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` Australia Day : Most Australians do n't mind what date it 's held , according to new poll '' . ABC . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Local councils across country push for Australia Day date change '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` * Ø * Wilson 's Almanac free daily ezine '' . Wilson 's Almanac . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hirst , John ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Australia Day in question '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Macfarlane , Ian ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Australia Day : let 's shift it for a truly national celebration '' . The Australian . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Australia Day Council of Western Australia / Australia Post `` Australia Day '' Luncheon Address '' ( PDF ) . The Australia Day Council of Western Australia . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Choose another Australia Day ? '' . Future Party . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Twomey , Anne ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` We only became Independent of Britain on this day in 1986 '' . The Australian . Sydney . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( s1 ) Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( s8 ) Jump up ^ Australia Act 1986 ( s11 ) Jump up ^ `` Australia Act 1986 ( Cth ) '' . Museum of Australian Democracy . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ballantyne , Derek ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` DUMP IT ! -- Australia Day boss says date divides the nation '' . The Sunday Mail . Brisbane . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Cameron ( 14 April 2001 ) . `` Anzac rethink enrages diggers '' . Weekend Australian . Sydney . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Anzac Day merger idea gets shot down '' . Hobart Mercury . Hobart. 26 April 2001 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Change the date : When should Australia Day be held ? '' . News.com.au. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Emma ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Comedian has most Aussie solution for controversial Australia Day date '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May8 -- The New Australia Day Mate ! '' . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Day for all Australians '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 January 2002 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Fiona ( 10 May 2001 ) . `` Call to shift Australia Day '' . Hobart Mercury . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jeff ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` Divided on our national day '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` You are Never Alone '' Should July 9 be Australia Day ? `` . education.au . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Warwick . `` October 24 significant '' . The Canberra Times . Jump up ^ Hirst , John ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Australia Day in question '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Macgregor , Duncan ; Leigh , Andrew ; Madden , David ; Tynan , Peter ( 29 November 2004 ) . `` Time to reclaim this legend as our driving force '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Our day ' parochial ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney . 6 December 1999 . p. 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australia Day . Wikinews has news related to : Australia Day National Australia Day Council Official History of Australia Day Australia Day Council of NSW State Library of NSW -- First Fleet Re-enactment Company records , 1978 -- 1990 : Presented by Trish and Wally Franklin State Library of NSW -- First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage 1987 -- 1988 Darian - Smith , Kate ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Australia Day , Invasion Day , Survival Day : a long history of celebration and contestation '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . `` Australia Day '' . Radio 2GB . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Radio interviews since January 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Public holidays in Australia <Td_colspan="2"> New Year 's Day Australia Day Good Friday Easter Saturday Easter Monday Anzac Day Queen 's Birthday Labour Day Christmas Day Boxing Day <Th_colspan="2"> Convicts in Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Australia Day Emancipation Female factories Freedom History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) New Holland Women Penal colonies Cockatoo Island Rose Hill Sydney Cove Moreton Bay Redcliffe Maria Island Port Arthur Richmond Risdon Cove Macquarie Harbour ( History ) Norfolk Island ( History ) Saltwater River Sullivans Cove Events First Fleet ( List ) Second Fleet Third Fleet Castle Hill Rebellion Bathurst Rebellion Catalpa rescue Rum Rebellion Norfolk Island mutinies Frederick escape Anti-Transportation League Governors and commandants Arthur Bligh Bourke Brisbane Collins Darling Davey Denison Eardley - Wilmot Franklin Gipps Hunter Johnston King Logan Macquarie Paterson Phillip Sorell Notable convicts and 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Esther Abrahams John Baughan James Bloodsworth Billy Blue John Cadman Elizabeth Callaghan Margaret Dawson Laurence Hynes Halloran Mark Jeffrey Jørgen Jørgensen William Smith O'Brien Robert Palin Isaac Nichols Joseph Potaski James Ruse Elizabeth Thackery Mary Wade Popular culture Music `` Botany Bay '' `` Moreton Bay '' `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' Film For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1908 ) The Assigned Servant ( 1911 ) It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) The Lady Outlaw ( 1911 ) The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) The Mark of the Lash ( 1911 ) One Hundred Years Ago ( 1911 ) The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole ( 1911 ) Sentenced for Life ( 1911 ) Moondyne ( 1913 ) Transported ( 1913 ) The Tenth Straw ( 1926 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) To New Shores ( 1937 ) Red Sky at Morning ( 1944 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Botany Bay ( 1953 ) Adam 's Woman ( 1970 ) Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant ( 2005 ) The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) The Nightingale ( 2017 ) Television Against the Wind ( 1978 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1983 ) Banished ( 2015 ) The Secret River ( 2015 ) Literature Journals of the First Fleet It 's Never Too Late to Mend ( 1856 ) Great Expectations ( 1861 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1872 ) Moondyne ( 1879 ) Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) A Fringe of Leaves ( 1973 ) The Playmaker ( 1987 ) Remembering Babylon ( 1993 ) The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) Jack Maggs ( 1997 ) Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) The Secret River ( 2005 ) The Lieutenant ( 2008 ) Parrot and Olivier in America ( 2010 ) Stage The Transports ( 1977 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Art Charlotte Medal Port Jackson Painter Sydney punchbowls Twenty Dollar Note Australian Convict Sites Brickendon Estate Cadmans Cottage Cascades Female Factory Coal Mines Darlington Probation Station Elizabeth Farm Experiment Farm Cottage Great North Road Hyde Park Barracks 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3,723,555,389,058,315,000 | which of these places was added to the russian empire most recently | Russian Empire - wikipedia Russian Empire Jump to : navigation , search The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia . For other uses , see Russia ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="3"> Russian Empire <Td_colspan="3"> Россійская Имперія ( Russian ) <Td_colspan="3"> 1721 -- 1917 <Td_colspan="3"> Flag of Russia Lesser coat of arms <Td_colspan="3"> Motto `` S ' nami Bog ! '' Съ нами Богъ ! `` God is with us ! '' <Td_colspan="3"> Anthem Bozhe , Tsarya khrani ! Боже , Царя храни ! `` God Save the Tsar ! '' <Td_colspan="3"> Russian Empire at its peak : Territory Protectorates and sphere of influence <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Capital St. Petersburg ( 1721 -- 28 ; 1730 -- 1917 ) Moscow ( 1728 -- 30 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Languages Official Russian Regional Polish ( Congress Poland ) Finnish and Swedish ( Grand Duchy of Finland ) <Td_colspan="2"> Religion Dominant Russian Orthodox Minorities Catholicism Islam Lutheranism Buddhism Paganism <Td_colspan="2"> Government Absolute monarchy ( 1721 -- 1906 ) Constitutional monarchy ( 1906 -- 17 ; de jure ) <Td_colspan="2"> Emperor 1721 -- 1725 ( first ) Peter I 1894 -- 1917 ( last ) Nicholas II <Td_colspan="2"> Chairman of the Council of Ministers 1905 -- 1906 ( first ) Sergei Witte 1917 ( last ) Nikolai Golitsyn <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Emperor along with the legislative assembly Upper house State Council Lower house State Duma <Td_colspan="2"> History Empire proclaimed by Peter I 22 Oct ( O.S. 11 Oct ) 1721 Decembrist revolt took place 26 Dec ( O.S. 14 Dec ) 1825 Emancipation reform proclaimed 3 Mar ( O.S. 19 Feb ) 1861 1905 Revolution took place Jan -- Dec 1905 Constitution adopted 6 May ( O.S. 23 Apr ) 1906 February Revolution took place Feb -- Mar 1917 Abdication of Nicholas II 15 Mar ( O.S. 2 Mar ) 1917 Republic proclaimed by the Provisional Government 14 Sep ( O.S. 1 Sep ) 1917 <Td_colspan="3"> Area 1866 23,700,000 km ( 9,200,000 sq mi ) <Td_colspan="3"> Population 1897 est . 125,640,021 <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Ruble <Td_colspan="3"> Preceded by Succeeded by Tsardom of Russia Russian Republic <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of Russia Finland Poland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Moldova Ukraine Georgia Armenia Turkey Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan China Mongolia United States Iran <Td_colspan="3"> a . ^ After 1866 , Alaska was sold to the United States , but Batum , Kars , Pamir and Transcaspia were acquired . b . ^ Renamed Petrograd in 1914 . c . ^ Russia continued to use the Julian calendar until after the collapse of the empire ( see Old Style and New Style dates ) . <Td_colspan="3"> Warning : Value specified for `` continent '' does not comply The Russian Empire ( Russian : Россійская Имперія ) was an empire that existed from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third largest empire in world history , stretching over three continents , the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812 -- 1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 , and its German - descended cadet branch , the House of Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov , ruled from 1762 . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean , and ( until 1867 ) into Alaska in North America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third - largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it included a large disparity in terms of economics , ethnicity , and religion . There were numerous dissident elements , who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts ; they were closely watched by the secret police , with thousands exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire had a predominately agricultural base , with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs ( until they were freed in 1861 ) . The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories . The land was ruled by a nobility ( the boyars ) from the 10th through the 17th centuries , and subsequently by an emperor . Tsar Ivan III ( 1462 -- 1505 ) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged . He tripled the territory of his state , ended the dominance of the Golden Horde , renovated the Moscow Kremlin , and laid the foundations of the Russian state . Tsar Peter the Great ( 1682 -- 1725 ) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power . He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg , and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern , scientific , Europe - oriented , and rationalist system . Catherine the Great ( reigned 1762 -- 1796 ) presided over a golden age ; she expanded the state by conquest , colonization and diplomacy , continuing Peter the Great 's policy of modernisation along West European lines . Tsar Alexander II ( 1855 -- 1881 ) promoted numerous reforms , most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861 . His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire . That connection by 1914 led to Russia 's entry into the First World War on the side of France , Britain , and Serbia , against the German , Austrian and Ottoman empires . The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy . The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917 , largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Population 1.2 Foreign relations 1.3 Eighteenth century 1.3. 1 Peter the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) 1.3. 2 Catherine the Great ( 1762 -- 1796 ) 1.3. 3 State budget 1.4 First half of the nineteenth century 1.5 Second half of the nineteenth century 1.5. 1 Alexander III 1.6 Early twentieth century 1.7 War , revolution , collapse 2 Territory 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geography 2.3 Territorial development 2.4 Imperial territories 3 Government and administration 3.1 Emperor 3.2 Imperial Council 3.3 State Duma and the electoral system 3.4 Council of Ministers 3.5 Most Holy Synod 3.6 Senate 3.7 Administrative divisions 4 Judicial system 5 Local administration 5.1 Municipal dumas 5.2 Baltic provinces 6 Economy 6.1 Mining and Heavy Industry 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Railways 7.2 Seaports 8 Religion 9 Military 10 Society 10.1 Estates 10.2 Serfdom 10.3 Peasants 10.4 Landowners 10.5 Media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Surveys 14.2 Geography , topical maps 14.3 1801 -- 1917 14.4 Military and foreign relations 14.5 Economic , social and ethnic history 14.6 Historiography and memory 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Russia and Territorial changes of Russia Though the Empire was only officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I , following the Treaty of Nystad ( 1721 ) , some historians would argue that it was truly born either when Ivan III of Russia conquered Veliky Novgorod or when Ivan the Terrible conquered Khanate of Kazan . According to another point of view , the term Tsardom , which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547 , was already a contemporary Russian word for empire , while Peter the Great just replaced it with a Latinized synonym . Population ( edit ) Much of Russia 's expansion occurred in the 17th century , culminating in the first Russian colonisation of the Pacific in the mid-17th century , the Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 67 ) that incorporated left - bank Ukraine , and the Russian conquest of Siberia . Poland was divided in the 1790 - 1815 era , with much of the land and population going to Russia . Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia , south of Siberia . Year Population of Russia ( millions ) Notes 1720 15.5 includes new Baltic & Polish territories 1795 37.6 includes part of Poland 1812 42.8 includes Finland 1816 73.0 includes Congress Poland , Bessarabia 1914 170.0 includes new Asian territories Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign policy of the Russian Empire Eighteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1721 -- 96 ) Peter the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) ( edit ) Peter the Great officially renamed the Tsardom of Russia as the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor . He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power . Peter I the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) played a major role in introducing Russia to the European state system . While the vast land had a population of 14 million , grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West , compelling nearly the entire population to farm . Only a small percentage lived in towns . The class of kholops , close in status to slavery , remained a major institution in Russia until 1723 , when Peter converted household kholops into house serfs , thus including them in poll taxation . Russian agricultural kholops were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679 . Peter 's first military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Turks . His attention then turned to the North . Peter still lacked a secure northern seaport , except at Archangel on the White Sea , where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year . Access to the Baltic was blocked by Sweden , whose territory enclosed it on three sides . Peter 's ambitions for a `` window to the sea '' led him to make a secret alliance in 1699 with Saxony , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and Denmark against Sweden , resulting in the Great Northern War . The war ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia . Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland . The coveted access to the sea was now secured . There he built Russia 's new capital , Saint Petersburg , to replace Moscow , which had long been Russia 's cultural center . In 1722 , he turned his aspirations as first Russian monarch toward increasing Russian influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of the weakened Safavid Persians . He made Astrakhan the centre of military efforts against Persia , and waged the first full - scale war against them in 1722 -- 23 . Peter reorganized his government based on the latest political models of the time , moulding Russia into an absolutist state . He replaced the old boyar Duma ( council of nobles ) with a nine - member Senate , in effect a supreme council of state . The countryside was divided into new provinces and districts . Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes , and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign . As part of the government reform , the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country 's administrative structure , in effect making it a tool of the state . Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body , the Holy Synod , led by a government official . Meanwhile , all vestiges of local self - government were removed . Peter continued and intensified his predecessors ' requirement of state service for all nobles . Peter died in 1725 , leaving an unsettled succession . After a short reign of his widow Catherine I , the crown passed to empress Anna who slowed down the reforms and led a successful war against the Ottoman Empire , which brought a significant weakening of the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate , a long - term Russian adversary . The discontent over the dominant positions of Baltic Germans in Russian politics brought Peter I 's daughter Elizabeth on the Russian throne . Elizabeth supported the arts , architecture and the sciences ( for example with the foundation of the Moscow University ) . However , she did not carry out significant structural reforms . Her reign , which lasted nearly 20 years , is also known for her involvement in the Seven Years ' War . It was successful for Russia militarily , but fruitless politically . Catherine the Great ( 1762 -- 1796 ) ( edit ) See also : Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War Empress Catherine the Great , who reigned from 1762 to 1796 , continued the empire 's expansion and modernization . Considering herself an enlightened absolutist , she played a key role in the Russian Enlightenment . Catherine the Great was a German princess who married Peter III , the German heir to the Russian crown . After the death of Empress Elizabeth , she came to power when her coup d'état against her unpopular husband succeeded . She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great . State service was abolished , and Catherine delighted the nobles further by turning over most state functions in the provinces to them . Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the lands of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Her actions included the support of the Targowica Confederation , although the cost of her campaigns , on top of the oppressive social system that required serfs to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners ' land , provoked a major peasant uprising in 1773 , after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land . Inspired by a Cossack named Pugachev , with the emphatic cry of `` Hang all the landlords ! '' , the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed . Instead of the traditional punishment of being drawn and quartered , Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioner should carry the sentence out quickly and with a minimum of suffering , as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law . She also ordered the public trial of Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova , a member of the highest nobility , on charges of torture and murder . These gestures of compassion garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe experiencing the Enlightenment age , but the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors . In order to ensure continued support from the nobility , which was essential to the survival of her government , Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes . Nevertheless , Catherine realized that serfdom must be ended , going so far in her `` Instruction '' to say that serfs were `` just as good as we are '' -- a comment the nobility received with disgust . Catherine successfully waged war against the Ottoman Empire and advanced Russia 's southern boundary to the Black Sea . Then , by plotting with the rulers of Austria and Prussia , she incorporated territories of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe . In accordance with the treaty Russia had signed with the Georgians to protect them against any new invasion of their Persian suzerains and further political aspirations , Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they had again invaded Georgia and established rule over it about a year prior and expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus . By the time of her death in 1796 , Catherine 's expansionist policy had turned Russia into a major European power . This continued with Alexander I 's wresting of Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and of Bessarabia from the Principality of Moldavia , ceded by the Ottomans in 1812 . State budget ( edit ) Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble ( 1771 ) is made of solid copper measuring 77 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ in ) ( diameter ) , 26 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ in ) ( thickness ) , and weighs 1.022 kg ( 2.25 lb ) . It is the largest copper coin ever issued . Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis . While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794 , expenses grew more rapidly , reaching 49 million in 1794 . The budget allocated 46 percent to the military , 20 percent to government economic activities , 12 percent to administration , and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg . The deficit required borrowing , primarily from Amsterdam ; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments . Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars , thus causing inflation . For its spending , Russia obtained a large and well - equipped army , a very large and complex bureaucracy , and a court that rivaled Paris and London . However the government was living far beyond its means , and 18th century Russia remained `` a poor , backward , overwhelmingly agricultural , and illiterate country . '' First half of the nineteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1796 -- 1855 ) Napoleon , following a dispute with Tsar Alexander I , launched an invasion of Russia in 1812 . The campaign was a catastrophe . Although Napoleon 's Grande Armée made its way to Moscow , the Russians ' scorched earth strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country . In the bitter Russian Winter , thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant guerrilla fighters . As Napoleon 's forces retreated , the Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris . After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon , Alexander became known as the ' saviour of Europe ' , and he presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , that ultimately made Alexander the monarch of Congress Poland . Battle of Borodino Although the Russian Empire would play a leading political role in the next century , thanks to its defeat of Napoleonic France , its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress of any significant degree . As Western European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution , Russia began to lag ever farther behind , creating new weaknesses for the Empire seeking to play a role as a great power . This status concealed the inefficiency of its government , the isolation of its people , and its economic backwardness . Following the defeat of Napoleon , Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms , but though a few were introduced , no major changes were attempted . Fort Ross , an early - 19th - century outpost of the Russian - American Company in Sonoma County , California The liberal tsar was replaced by his younger brother , Nicholas I ( 1825 -- 1855 ) , who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising . The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars , when a number of well - educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns , where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia . The result was the Decembrist revolt ( December 1825 ) , the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas ' brother as a constitutional monarch . But the revolt was easily crushed , leading Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality . The retaliation for the revolt made `` December Fourteenth '' a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements . In order to repress further revolts , censorship was intensified , including the constant surveillance of schools and universities . Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government . Police spies were planted everywhere . Would - be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia -- under Nicholas I hundreds of thousands were sent to katorga there . After the Russian armies liberated allied ( since the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk ) Georgia from the Qajar dynasty 's occupation in 1802 , in the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation over Georgia , and also got involved in the Caucasian War against the Caucasian Imamate . The conclusion of the 1804 - 1813 war with Persia made it irrevocably cede what is now Dagestan , Georgia , and most of Azerbaijan to Russia following the Treaty of Gulistan . To the south west , Russia attempted to expand at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , using recently acquired Georgia at its base for the Caucasus and Anatolian front . The late 1820s were successful military years . Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo - Persian War of 1826 -- 28 , Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms with the Treaty of Turkmenchay , including the official gains of what is now Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Iğdır Province . In the 1828 - 29 Russo - Turkish War , Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of Erzurum and Gümüşhane and , posing as protector and saviour of the Greek Orthodox population , received extensive support from the region 's Pontic Greeks . Following a brief occupation , the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia . The question of Russia 's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great 's program of modernization . Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past . The latter path was advocated by Slavophiles , who held the `` decadent '' West in contempt . The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy who preferred the collectivism of the medieval Russian obshchina or mir over the individualism of the West . More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left as Alexander Herzen , Mikhail Bakunin , and Peter Kropotkin . Russian tsars crushed two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories : the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863 . The Russian autocracy gave the Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel in 1863 by assailing national core values of language , religion , culture . The result was the January Uprising , a massive Polish revolt , which was crushed by massive force . France , Britain and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so . The Russian patriotic press used the Polish uprising to unify the Russian nation , claiming it was Russia 's God - given mission to save Poland and the world . Poland was punished by losing its distinctive political and judicial rights , with Russianization imposed on its schools and courts . Second half of the nineteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1855 -- 92 ) Further information : Russia -- United Kingdom relations A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867 . Flag of the Russian Empire for `` Celebrations '' from 1858 to 1883 . It was not as popular as Peter the Great 's tricolour , the white - blue - red flag , which was adopted as the official flag in 1883 , officialised by the Tsar in 1896 ; however , it had been used as a de facto flag to represent Russia since the end of the 17th century . The Imperial Standard of the Tsar , used from 1858 to 1917 . Previous versions of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great 's time . The eleven - month siege of a Russian naval base at Sevastopol during the Crimean War Russian troops taking Samarkand ( 8 June 1868 ) Capturing of the Turkish redoubt during the Siege of Plevna ( 1877 ) In 1854 - 55 Russia lost to Britain , France and Turkey in the Crimean War . It was fought primarily in the Crimean peninsula , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic . Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon , Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible , but , once opposed against a coalition of the great powers of Europe , the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the decay and weakness of Tsar Nicholas ' regime . When Tsar Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855 , desire for reform was widespread . A growing humanitarian movement attacked serfdom as inefficient . In 1859 , there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions . Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom from above , with ample provision for the landowners , rather than wait for it to be abolished from below in a revolutionary way that would hurt the landowners . The emancipation reform of 1861 that freed the serfs was the single most important event in 19th - century Russian history . It was the beginning of the end for the landed aristocracy 's monopoly of power . Further reforms of 1860s included socio - economic reforms which would clearify the position of the Russian government in the field of property rights and their protection . Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities , industry was stimulated , and the middle class grew in number and influence . However , instead of receiving their lands as a gift , the freed peasants had to pay a special tax for what amounted to their lifetime to the government , which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost . In numerous cases the peasants ended up with the smallest amount of land . All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the mir , the village community , which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings . Although serfdom was abolished , since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants , revolutionary tensions were not abated , despite Alexander II 's intentions . Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into wage slavery in the onset of the industrial revolution , and that the bourgeoisie had effectively replaced landowners . Alexander II obtained Outer Manchuria from the Qing China between 1858 -- 1860 and sold the last territories of Russian America , Alaska , to the USA in 1867 . In the late 1870s Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans . From 1875 to 1877 , the Balkan crisis intensified with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities , which the Ottoman Turks dominated since the 16th century . This was seen as a political risk in Russia , which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia . Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor in its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and Serbia independent . In early 1877 , Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) . Within one year , Russian troops were nearing Istanbul and the Ottomans surrendered . Russia 's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878 , creating an enlarged , independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans . When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano , an exhausted Russia backed down . At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878 , Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller Bulgaria , as an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire . As a result , Pan-Slavists were left with a legacy of bitterness against Austria - Hungary and Germany for failing to back Russia . The disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions in the country . However , he helped Serbia , Romania and Montenegro to gain independence from and strengthen themselves against the Ottomans . Another significant result of the 1877 -- 78 Russo - Turkish War in Russia 's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of Batum , Ardahan and Kars in Transcaucasia , which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of Batum Oblast and Kars Oblast . To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from an ethnically diverse range of communities in Kars Oblast , particularly the Georgians , Caucasus Greeks and Armenians , each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions on the back of the Russian Empire . Alexander III ( edit ) In 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya , a Nihilist terrorist organization . The throne passed to Alexander III ( 1881 -- 1894 ) , a reactionary who revived the maxim of `` Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality '' of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile , Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe . During his reign Russia declared the Franco - Russian Alliance to contain the growing power of Germany , completed the conquest of Central Asia and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from the Qing . The tsar 's most influential adviser was Konstantin Pobedonostsev , tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas , and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895 . He taught his royal pupils to fear freedom of speech and press , as well as disliking democracy , constitutions , and the parliamentary system . Under Pobedonostsev , revolutionaries were persecuted and a policy of Russification was carried out throughout the Empire . The movement south toward Afghanistan and India alarmed the British , who ignored Russia 's quest for a warm - water port and worked to block its advance in what observers called The Great Game . Both nations avoided escalating the tensions into a war , and they became allies in 1907 . Early twentieth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1892 -- 1917 ) A scene from the First Russian Revolution , by Ilya Repin . Play media View of Moscow River from Kremlin , 1908 In 1894 , Alexander III was succeeded by his son , Nicholas II , who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him . Nicholas II proved ineffective as a ruler and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by revolution . The Industrial Revolution began to show significant influence in Russia , but the country remained rural and poor . The liberal elements among industrial capitalists and nobility believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy , forming the Constitutional Democratic Party or Kadets . On the left the Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SRs ) incorporated the Narodnik tradition and advocated the distribution of land among those who actually worked it -- the peasants . Another radical group was the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , exponents of Marxism in Russia . The Social Democrats differed from the SRs in that they believed a revolution must rely on urban workers , not the peasantry . In 1903 , at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London , the party split into two wings : the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks . The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule . They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism . The Bolsheviks , under Vladimir Lenin , supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists , subject to strong party discipline , to act as the vanguard of the proletariat in order to seize power by force . Defeat in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) was a major blow to the Tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest . In January 1905 , an incident known as `` Bloody Sunday '' occurred when Father Georgy Gapon led an enormous crowd to the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar . When the procession reached the palace , soldiers opened fire on the crowd , killing hundreds . The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared demanding a democratic republic . This marked the beginning of the Revolution of 1905 . Soviets ( councils of workers ) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity . Russia was paralyzed , and the government was desperate . In October 1905 , Nicholas reluctantly issued the famous October Manifesto , which conceded the creation of a national Duma ( legislature ) to be called without delay . The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma . The moderate groups were satisfied . But the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes . By the end of 1905 , there was disunity among the reformers , and the tsar 's position was strengthened for the time being . War , Revolution , collapse ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I , Eastern Front ( World War I ) , and October Revolution Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow in 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism , with the defense of Russia 's fellow Orthodox Slavs , the Serbs , as the main battle cry . In August 1914 , the Russian army invaded Germany 's province of East Prussia and occupied a significant portion of Austrian - controlled Galicia in support of the Serbs and their allies -- the French and British . In September 1914 , in order to relieve pressure on France , the Russians were forced to halt a successful offensive against Austro - Hungary in Galicia in order to attack German - held Silesia . Military reversals and shortages among the civilian population soon soured much of the population . German control of the Baltic Sea and German - Ottoman control of the Black Sea severed Russia from most of its foreign supplies and potential markets . By the middle of 1915 , the impact of the war was demoralizing . Food and fuel were in short supply , casualties were increasing , and inflation was mounting . Strikes rose among low - paid factory workers , and there were reports that peasants , who wanted reforms of land ownership , were restless . The tsar eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front , leaving his wife , the Empress Alexandra in charge in the capital . The illness of her son Alexei led her to trust the semi-illiterate Siberian peasant Grigori Rasputin ( 1869 -- 1916 ) , who convinced the royal family that he possessed healing powers that would cure Alexei . He had gained enormous influence but did not shift any major decisions . His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles restored their honor but could not restore the Tsar 's lost prestige . On 3 March 1917 , a strike was organized on a factory in the capital , Saint Petersburg ; within a week nearly all the workers in the city were idle , and street fighting broke out . The Tsarist system was overthrown by a liberal February Revolution in 1917 . Rabinowitch argues , `` The February 1917 revolution ... grew out of prewar political and economic instability , technological backwardness , and fundamental social divisions , coupled with gross mismanagement of the war effort , continuing military defeats , domestic economic dislocation , and outrageous scandals surrounding the monarchy . '' Swain says , `` The first government to be formed after the October Revolution of 1917 had , with one exception , been composed of liberals . '' With his authority destroyed , Nicholas abdicated on 2 March 1917 . The execution of the Romanov family at the hands of Bolsheviks followed in 1918 . Territory ( edit ) Boundaries ( edit ) The Russian Empire in 1912 . The administrative boundaries of European Russia , apart from Finland and its portion of Poland , coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East - European plains . In the North it met the Arctic Ocean . Novaya Zemlya and the Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands also belonged to it , but the Kara Sea was referred to Siberia . To the East it had the Asiatic territories of the Empire , Siberia and the Kyrgyz steppes , from both of which it was separated by the Ural Mountains , the Ural River and the Caspian Sea -- the administrative boundary , however , partly extending into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals . To the South it had the Black Sea and Caucasus , being separated from the latter by the Manych River depression , which in Post-Pliocene times connected the Sea of Azov with the Caspian . The western boundary was purely conventional : it crossed the Kola Peninsula from the Varangerfjord to the Gulf of Bothnia . Thence it ran to the Curonian Lagoon in the southern Baltic Sea , and thence to the mouth of the Danube , taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace Poland , and separating Russia from Prussia , Austrian Galicia and Romania . It is a special feature of Russia that it has few free outlets to the open sea other than on the ice - bound shores of the Arctic Ocean . The deep indentations of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were surrounded by what is ethnically Finnish territory , and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the Neva River . The Gulf of Riga and the Baltic belong also to territory which was not inhabited by Slavs , but by Baltic and Finnic peoples and by Germans . The East coast of the Black Sea belonged to Transcaucasia , a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia . But even this sheet of water is an inland sea , the only outlet of which , the Bosphorus , was in foreign hands , while the Caspian , an immense shallow lake , mostly bordered by deserts , possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Russia Ethnic map of European Russia before the First World War By the end of the 19th century the size of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers ( 8,600,000 sq mi ) or almost 1 / 6 of the Earth 's landmass ; its only rival in size at the time was the British Empire . However , at this time , the majority of the population lived in European Russia . More than 100 different ethnic groups lived in the Russian Empire , with ethnic Russians composing about 45 % of the population . Territorial development ( edit ) In addition to almost the entire territory of modern Russia , prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of Dnieper Ukraine , Belarus , Bessarabia , the Grand Duchy of Finland , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , the Central Asian states of Russian Turkestan , most of the Baltic governorates , as well as a significant portion of the Kingdom of Poland and Ardahan , Artvin , Iğdır , Kars and northeastern part of Erzurum Provinces from the Ottoman Empire . Between 1742 and 1867 , the Russian - American Company administered Alaska as a colony . The Company also established settlements in Hawaii , including Fort Elizabeth ( 1817 ) , and as far south in North America as Fort Ross Colony ( established in 1812 ) in Sonoma County , California just north of San Francisco . Both Fort Ross and the Russian River in California got their names from Russian settlers , who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of New Spain . Following the Swedish defeat in the Finnish War of 1808 -- 1809 and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on 17 September 1809 , the eastern half of Sweden , the area that then became Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy . The tsar eventually ended up ruling Finland as a semi-constitutional monarch through the Governor - General of Finland and a native - populated Senate appointed by him . The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right , however , although his Finnish subjects came to consider the Grand Duchy as one . Map of governorates of the western Russian Empire in 1910 In the aftermath of the Russo - Turkish War , 1806 -- 12 , and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest ( 1812 ) , the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia , an Ottoman vassal state , along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule , came under the rule of the Empire . This area ( Bessarabia ) was among the Russian Empire 's last territorial increments in Europe . At the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , Russia gained sovereignty over Congress Poland , which on paper was an autonomous Kingdom in personal union with Russia . However , this autonomy was eroded after an uprising in 1831 , and was finally abolished in 1867 . Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century at the expense of Persia through the Russo - Persian Wars of 1804 -- 13 and 1826 -- 28 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , as well as through the Caucasian War ( 1817 -- 1864 ) . The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia , especially in the later 19th century , conquering much of Russian Turkestan in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885 . Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire as Russian explorers found them : the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century ; Severnaya Zemlya ( `` Emperor Nicholas II Land '' ) first mapped and claimed as late as 1913 . During World War I , Russia briefly occupied a small part of East Prussia , then part of Germany ; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia ; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia . While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the Kaliningrad Oblast , which comprised the northern part of East Prussia , this differs from the area captured by the Empire in 1914 , though there was some overlap : Gusev ( Gumbinnen in German ) was the site of the initial Russian victory . Imperial territories ( edit ) See also : Russian colonization of the Americas and First Russian circumnavigation The Russian settlement of St. Paul 's Harbor ( present - day Kodiak town ) , Kodiak Island According to the 1st article of the Organic law , the Russian Empire was one indivisible state . In addition , the 26th article stated that `` With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland '' . Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article , `` The Grand Principality of Finland , constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state , in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws '' and the law of 10 June 1910 . Between 1744 and 1867 , the empire also controlled Russian America . With the exception of this territory -- modern - day Alaska -- the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia . In this it differed from contemporary colonial - style empires . The result of this was that while the British and French colonial empires declined in the 20th century , the Russian Empire kept a large portion of its territory , first as the Soviet Union , and latter as part of present - day Russia as well as the Commonwealth of Independent States . Furthermore , the empire at times controlled concession territories , notably the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Chinese Eastern Railway , both conceded by Qing China , as well as a concession in Tianjin . See for these periods of extraterritorial control the empire of Japan -- Russian Empire relations . In 1815 , Dr. Schäffer , a Russian entrepreneur , went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island 's governor Kaumualii , vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii , but the Russian Tsar refused to ratify the treaty . See also Orthodox Church in Hawaii and Russian Fort Elizabeth . In 1889 , a Russian adventurer , Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov , tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa , Sagallo , situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present - day Djibouti . However this attempt angered the French , who dispatched two gunboats against the colony . After a brief resistance , the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to Odessa . Government and administration ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Russia Cimmerians 12th -- 7th century BCE Scythians 8th -- 4th century BCE Sarmatians 5th century BCE -- 4th century CE Early Slavs / Rus ' pre-9th century Khazar Khaganate 7th -- 10th century Rus ' Khaganate 9th century Volga Bulgaria 9th -- 13th century Kievan Rus ' 882 -- 1240 Vladimir - Suzdal 1157 -- 1331 Novgorod Republic 1136 -- 1478 Mongol Yoke 1240s -- 1480 Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 -- 1547 Tsardom of Russia 1547 -- 1721 Russian Empire 1721 -- 1917 Russian Republic 1917 Russian SFSR 1917 -- 1922 Soviet Union 1922 -- 1991 Russian Federation 1991 -- present Timeline Russia portal See also : Tsarist absolutism From its initial creation until the 1905 Revolution , the Russian Empire was controlled by its tsar / emperor as an absolute monarch , under the system of tsarist autocracy . After the Revolution of 1905 , Russia developed a new type of government which became difficult to categorize . In the Almanach de Gotha for 1910 , Russia was described as `` a constitutional monarchy under an autocratic tsar . '' This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system , essentially transitional and meanwhile sui generis , established in the Russian Empire after October 1905 . Before this date , the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the Emperor as `` autocratic and unlimited . '' After October 1905 , while the imperial style was still `` Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias '' , the fundamental laws were remodeled by removing the word unlimited . While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives , including an absolute veto over all legislation , he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament , without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia . Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional , far less parliamentary . But the `` unlimited autocracy '' had given place to a `` self - limited autocracy . '' Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes , or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat , became a subject of heated controversy between conflicting parties in the state . Provisionally , then , the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as `` a limited monarchy under an autocratic emperor . '' Emperor ( edit ) Main article : Tsar § Russia The building on Palace Square opposite the Winter Palace was the headquarters of the Army General Staff . Today , it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District / Joint Strategic Command West . The Catherine Palace , located at Tsarskoe Selo , was the summer residence of the imperial family . It is named after Empress Catherine I , who reigned from 1725 to 1727 . Peter the Great changed his title from Tsar in 1721 , when he was declared Emperor of all Russia . While later rulers kept this title , the ruler of Russia was commonly known as Tsar or Tsaritsa until the fall of the Empire during the February Revolution of 1917 . Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto , the Emperor ruled as an absolute monarch , subject to only two limitations on his authority ( both of which were intended to protect the existing system ) : the Emperor and his consort must both belong to the Russian Orthodox Church , and he must obey the laws of succession ( Pauline Laws ) established by Paul I. Beyond this , the power of the Russian Autocrat was virtually limitless . On 17 October 1905 , the situation changed : the Emperor voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the Imperial Duma , a freely elected national assembly established by the Organic Law issued on 28 April 1906 . However , the Emperor retained the right to disband the newly established Duma , and he exercised this right more than once . He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation , and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself . His ministers were responsible solely to him , and not to the Duma or any other authority , which could question but not remove them . Thus , while the Emperor 's power was limited in scope after 28 April 1906 , it still remained formidable . Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia , reigning from 1894 to 1917 . Imperial council ( edit ) Main article : State Council of Imperial Russia Under Russia 's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906 , the Council of the Empire was associated with the Duma as a legislative Upper House ; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the Emperor only in concert with the two chambers . The Council of the Empire , or Imperial Council , as reconstituted for this purpose , consisted of 196 members , of whom 98 were nominated by the Emperor , while 98 were elective . The ministers , also nominated , were ex officio members . Of the elected members , 3 were returned by the `` black '' clergy ( the monks ) , 3 by the `` white '' clergy ( seculars ) , 18 by the corporations of nobles , 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities , 6 by the chambers of commerce , 6 by the industrial councils , 34 by the governments having zemstvos , 16 by those having no zemstvos , and 6 by Poland . As a legislative body the powers of the Council were coordinate with those of the Duma ; in practice , however , it has seldom if ever initiated legislation . State Duma and the electoral system ( edit ) Main article : State Duma of the Russian Empire The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma ( Gosudarstvennaya Duma ) , which formed the Lower House of the Russian parliament , consisted ( since the ukaz of 2 June 1907 ) of 442 members , elected by an exceedingly complicated process . The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy ( especially the landed classes ) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations . Each province of the Empire , except Central Asia , returned a certain number of members ; added to these were those returned by several large cities . The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these , in their turn , were elected in assemblies of the three classes : landed proprietors , citizens and peasants . In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates . The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth , and elected delegates directly to the college of the Governorates . The peasants were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called volosts . Workmen were treated in special manner with every industrial concern employing fifty hands or over electing one or more delegates to the electoral college . In the college itself , the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day . Since the majority consisted of conservative elements ( the landowners and urban delegates ) , the progressives had little chance of representation at all save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college . That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns -- Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev , Odessa , Riga and the Polish cities of Warsaw and Łódź . These elected their delegates to the Duma directly , and though their votes were divided ( on the basis of taxable property ) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth , each returned the same number of delegates . Council of ministers ( edit ) Main article : Russian Council of Ministers By the law of 18 October 1905 , to assist the Emperor in the supreme administration a Council of Ministers ( Sovyet Ministrov ) was created , under a minister president , the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia . This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations . The ministries were as follows : Ministry of the Imperial Court Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; Ministry of War ; Ministry of Navy Ministry of Finance ; Ministry of Commerce and Industry ( created in 1905 ) ; Ministry of Internal affairs ( including police , health , censorship and press , posts and telegraphs , foreign religions , statistics ) ; Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets ; Ministry of ways of Communications ; Ministry of Justice ; Ministry of National Enlightenment . Most Holy Synod ( edit ) Main article : Most Holy Synod The Senate and Synod headquarters -- today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on Senate Square in Saint Petersburg . The Most Holy Synod ( established in 1721 ) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia . It was presided over by a lay procurator , representing the Emperor , and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Kiev , the archbishop of Georgia , and a number of bishops sitting in rotation . Senate ( edit ) Main article : Governing Senate The Senate ( Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat , i.e. directing or governing senate ) , originally established during the government reform of Peter I , consisted of members nominated by the Emperor . Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided . It was the supreme court of cassation ; an audit office , a high court of justice for all political offences ; one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds ' college . It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire , notably differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self - government . Lastly , it promulgated new laws , a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States , of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Further information : History of the administrative division of Russia Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914 Residence of the Governor of Moscow ( 1778 -- 82 ) For the purposes of administration , Russia was divided ( as of 1914 ) into 81 governorates ( guberniyas ) , 20 oblasts , and 1 okrug . Vassals and protectorates of the Russian Empire included the Emirate of Bukhara , the Khanate of Khiva and , after 1914 , Tuva ( Uriankhai ) . Of these 11 Governorates , 17 oblasts and 1 okrug ( Sakhalin ) belonged to Asian Russia . Of the rest 8 Governorates were in Finland , 10 in Poland . European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast ( that of the Don ) . The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war ; the rest had each a governor and deputy - governor , the latter presiding over the administrative council . In addition there were governors - general , generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction . In 1906 , there were governors - general in Finland , Warsaw , Vilna , Kiev , Moscow , and Riga . The larger cities ( Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Odessa , Sevastopol , Kerch , Nikolayev , Rostov ) had an administrative system of their own , independent of the governorates ; in these the chief of police acted as governor . Judicial system ( edit ) Main article : Judicial system of the Russian Empire The judicial system of the Russian Empire , existed from the mid-19th century , was established by the `` tsar emancipator '' Alexander II , by the statute of 20 November 1864 ( Sudebny Ustav ) . This system -- based partly on English , partly on French models -- was built up on certain broad principles : the separation of the judicial and administrative functions , the independence of the judges and courts , the publicity of trials and oral procedure , the equality of all classes before the law . Moreover , a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and -- so far as one order of tribunal was concerned -- the election of judges . The establishment of a judicial system on these principles constituted a major change in the conception of the Russian state , which , by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power , ceased to be a despotism . This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy , and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given . It was reserved for the third Duma , after the 1905 Revolution , to begin the reversal of this process . The system established by the law of 1864 was significant in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals , each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the Senate , as the supreme court of cassation . The first of these , based on the English model , are the courts of the elected justices of the peace , with jurisdiction over petty causes , whether civil or criminal ; the second , based on the French model , are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges , sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases . Local administration ( edit ) Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions : the peasant assemblies in the mir and the volost ; the zemstvos in the 34 Governorates of Russia ; the municipal dumas . Municipal dumas ( edit ) The Moscow City Duma Since 1870 the municipalities in European Russia have had institutions like those of the zemstvos . All owners of houses , and tax - paying merchants , artisans and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth . The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts , representing three groups of electors very unequal in number , each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma . The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma . Under Alexander III , however , by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894 , the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos . In 1894 municipal institutions , with still more restricted powers , were granted to several towns in Siberia , and in 1895 to some in Caucasia . Baltic provinces ( edit ) Main article : Baltic governorates The formerly Swedish - controlled Baltic provinces ( Courland , Livonia and Estonia ) were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the Great Northern War . Under the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 , the Baltic German nobility retained considerable powers of self - government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education , police and the administration of local justice . After 167 years of German language administration and education , laws were declared in 1888 and 1889 where the rights of the police and manorial justice were transferred from Baltic German control to officials of the central government . Since about the same time a process of Russification was being carried out in the same provinces , in all departments of administration , in the higher schools and in the Imperial University of Dorpat , the name of which was altered to Yuriev . In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants ' affairs , similar to those in the purely Russian governments , were introduced into this part of the empire . Economy ( edit ) 100 roubles ( 1910 ) Country equity capitalization 1900 - 2012 Russian and US equites , 1865 to 1917 Mining and heavy industry ( edit ) Output of mining industry and heavy industry of Russian Empire by region in 1912 ( in percent of the national output ) . Ural Region Southern Region Caucasus Siberia Kingdom of Poland Gold 21 % -- -- 88.2 % - Platinum 100 % -- -- -- -- Silver 36 % -- 24.3 % 29.3 % -- Lead 5.8 % -- 92 % -- 0.9 % Zinc -- -- 25.2 % -- 74.8 % Copper 54.9 % -- 30.2 % 14.9 % -- Pig Iron 19.4 % 67.7 % -- -- 9.3 % Iron and Steel 17.3 % 36.2 % -- -- 10.8 % Manganese 0.3 % 29.2 % 70.3 % -- -- Coal 3.4 % 67.3 % -- 5.8 % 22.3 % Petroleum -- -- 97 % -- -- Infrastructure ( edit ) Railways ( edit ) Tzarskoselskaya Railway , 1830 Map of Russian railroads in 1916 The planning and building of the railway network after 1860 had far - reaching effects on the economy , culture , and ordinary life of Russia . The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions , but local elites set up a demand for rail linkages . Local nobles , merchants , and entrepreneurs imagined the future from `` locality '' ' ( mestnost ' ) ' to `` empire '' to promote their regional interests . Often they had to compete with other cities . By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire 's economy . The Russian army built two major railway lines in Central Asia during the 1880s . The Trans - Caucasian Railway connected the city of Batum on the Black Sea and the oil center of Baku on the Caspian Sea . The Trans - Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara , Samarkand and Tashkent . Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the Empire , and facilitated migration . Year 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1911 Kilometers 26 601 1,590 11,243 23,982 32,390 56,976 78,468 Seaports ( edit ) Biggest seaports of Russian Empire by tonnage of visiting ships in 1912 ( the figures for tonnage are in thousands of tonns ) ( show ) Port Tonnage Position Riga 1528 Baltic Sea Kerch 33 Black Sea Arkhangelsk 549 White Sea Feodosia 175 Black Sea Onega 98 White Sea Mariupol 266 Black Sea Evpatoria 66 Black Sea Sukhum 45 Black Sea Izmail 47 Black Sea Astara 64 Caspian Sea Vladivostok 891 Pacific Ocean Nikolayevsk - on - Amur 57 Pacific Ocean Astrakhan 34 Caspian Sea Baku 286 Caspian Sea Reni 173 Black Sea Krasnovodsk 21 Caspian Sea Batum 898 Black Sea Poti 348 Black Sea Berdyansk 80 Black Sea Novorossiysk 646 Black Sea Nikolayev 721 Black Sea Libava 796 Baltic Sea Odessa 1243 Black Sea Narva 95 Baltic Sea Kherson 252 Black Sea Revel 65 Baltic Sea Sevastopol 44 Black Sea Saint Petersburg 2024 Baltic Sea Genichensk 67 Black Sea Pernov 23 Baltic Sea Taganrog 657 Black Sea Vindava 604 Baltic Sea Religion ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in Russia , Islam in Russia , Roman Catholicism in Russia , and History of the Jews in Russia The Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg was constructed between 1801 and 1811 , and prior to the construction of Saint Isaac 's Cathedral was the main Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia . Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group ( 1897 ) The Russian Empire 's state religion was Orthodox Christianity . The Emperor was not allowed to '' profess any faith other than the Orthodox '' ( Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ) and was deemed '' the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church '' ( Article 64 ex supra ) . Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments , he did not determine the questions of dogma or church teaching . The principal ecclesiastical authority of the Russian Church that extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the Empire , including the ex-Kingdom of Kartli - Kakheti , was the Most Holy Synod , the civilian Over Procurator of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide de facto powers in ecclesiastical matters . All religions were freely professed , except that certain restrictions were laid upon the Jews and some marginal sects . According to returns published in 1905 , based on the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 , adherents of the different religious communities in the whole of the Russian empire numbered approximately as follows . Religion Count of believers % Russian Orthodox 87,123,604 69.3 % Muslims 13,906,972 11.1 % Latin Catholics 11,467,994 9.1 % Jews 5,215,805 4.2 % Lutherans 3,572,653 2.8 % Old Believers 2,204,596 1.8 % Armenian Apostolics 1,179,241 0.9 % Buddhists and Lamaists 433,863 0.4 % Other non-Christian religions 285,321 0.2 % Reformed 85,400 0.1 % Mennonites 66,564 0.1 % Armenian Catholics 38,840 0.0 % Baptists 38,139 0.0 % Karaite Jews 12,894 0.0 % Anglicans 4,183 0.0 % Other Christian religions 3,952 0.0 % The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans ( Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev ) , fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops , all drawn from the ranks of the monastic ( celibate ) clergy . The parochial clergy had to be married when appointed , but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again ; this rule continues to apply today . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Russian Empire See also : Russo - Swedish Wars , Russo - Turkish Wars , Russo - Persian Wars , Russo - Polish Wars , Russo - Japanese War , and Russo - Circassian War Tsarist troops prepare for invading Persian forces during the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) , which occurred contemporaneously with the French invasion of Russia . An Imperial Russian Navy Brig `` Mercury '' Attacked by Two Turkish Ships in a scene from the Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 29 ) , by Ivan Aivazovsky The Russian Empire 's military consisted of the Imperial Russian Army and the Imperial Russian Navy . The poor performance during the Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 , caused great soul - searching and proposals for reform . However the Russian forces fell further and further behind the technology , training and organization of the German , French and particularly the British military . Society ( edit ) See also : History of Russian culture , Russian literature , Russian opera , Technology in the Russian Empire , and Cinema of the Russian Empire Announcing the Coronation of Alexander II Maslenitsa by Boris Kustodiev , showing a Russian city in winter The Russian Empire was , predominantly , a rural society spread over vast spaces . In 1913 , 80 % of the people were peasants . Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis , which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the revolutions of the early 20th century . Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation . Mironov assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th - century especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs , agricultural output trends , various standard of living indicators , and taxation of peasants . He argues that they brought about measurable improvements in social welfare . More generally , he finds that the well - being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century , but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914 . Estates ( edit ) Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into sosloviyes , or social estates ( classes ) such as nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , merchants , cossacks and peasants . Native people of the Caucasus , non-ethnic Russian areas such as Tartarstan , Bashkirstan , Siberia and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called inorodtsy ( non-Slavic , literally : `` people of another origin '' ) . A majority of the people , 81.6 % , belonged to the peasant order , the others were : nobility , 0.6 % ; clergy , 0.1 % ; the burghers and merchants , 9.3 % ; and military , 6.1 % . More than 88 million of the Russians were peasants . A part of them were formerly serfs ( 10,447,149 males in 1858 ) -- the remainder being `` state peasants '' ( 9,194,891 males in 1858 , exclusive of the Archangel Governorate ) and `` domain peasants '' ( 842,740 males the same year ) . Serfdom ( edit ) Main articles : Russian serfdom and Emancipation reform of 1861 The serfdom which had developed in Russia in the 16th century , and became enshrined by law in 1649 , was abolished in 1861 . The household servants or dependents attached to the personal service were merely set free , while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards , and allotments of arable land . These allotments were given over to the rural commune ( mir ) , which was made responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments . For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent which could be fulfilled by personal labour . The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown , and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord . The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown , for forty - nine years at 6 % interest . The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments , but was considered as a compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs . Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments which the peasants had occupied under serfdom , and frequently deprived them of precisely the parts of which they were most in need : pasture lands around their houses . The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters . Peasants ( edit ) Young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house ( ca . 1909 to 1915 ) taken by Prokudin - Gorskii . Peasants in Russia . ( Photograph taken by Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky in 1909 . ) The former serfs became peasants , joining the millions of farmers who were already in the peasant status . After the Emancipation reform , one quarter of peasants received allotments of only 2.9 acres ( 12,000 m ) per male , and one - half less than 8.5 to 11.4 acres ; the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three - fields system is estimated at 28 to 42 acres ( 170,000 m ) . Land must thus of necessity be rented from the landlords . The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275 % of the normal rental value of the allotments , not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes , the church , roads , local administration and so on , chiefly levied from the peasants . The areas increased every year ; one - fifth of the inhabitants left their houses ; cattle disappeared . Every year more than half the adult males ( in some districts three - quarters of the men and one - third of the women ) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of labor . In the governments of the Black Earth Area the state of matters was hardly better . Many peasants took `` gratuitous allotments , '' whose amount was about one - eighth of the normal allotments . The average allotment in Kherson was only 0.90 - acre ( 3,600 m ) , and for allotments from 2.9 to 5.8 acres ( 23,000 m ) the peasants pay 5 to 10 rubles of redemption tax . The state peasants were better off , but still they were emigrating in masses . It was only in the steppe governments that the situation was more hopeful . In Ukraine , where the allotments were personal ( the mir existing only among state peasants ) , the state of affairs does not differ for the better , on account of the high redemption taxes . In the western provinces , where the land was valued cheaper and the allotments somewhat increased after the Polish insurrection , the general situation was better . Finally , in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords , who either farmed the land themselves , with hired laborers , or let it in small farms . Only one quarter of the peasants were farmers ; the remainder were mere laborers . Landowners ( edit ) The situation of the former serf - proprietors was also unsatisfactory . Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor , they failed to adapt to the new conditions . The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been effected . The forests were sold , and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted rack - rents for the land without which the peasants could not live upon their allotments . During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30 % , or from 210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres ( 610,000 km ) ; during the following four years an additional 2,119,500 acres ( 8,577 km ) were sold ; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate , until in 1903 alone close to 2,000,000 acres ( 8,000 km ) passed out of their hands . On the other hand , since 1861 , and more especially since 1882 , when the Peasant Land Bank was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land , the former serfs , or rather their descendants , had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 19,500,000 acres ( 78,900 km ) from their former masters . There was an increase of wealth among the few , but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people , and the peculiar institution of the mir -- framed on the principle of community of ownership and occupation of the land -- , the effect was not conducive to the growth of individual effort . In November 1906 , however , the emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation , all redemption dues being remitted . This measure , which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908 , is calculated to have far - reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia . Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it . The order of November 1906 had provided that the various strips of land held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding ; the Duma , however , on the advice of the government , left this to the future , as an ideal that could only gradually be realized . Media ( edit ) Main article : History of journalism § Russia Censorship was heavy - handed until the reign of Alexander II , but it never went away . Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish , as intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets . Fyodor Dostoyevsky , for example , ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers , such as Golos and Peterburgskii Listok , which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture . See also ( edit ) History portal Colonialism portal Russian Empire portal Alt Danzig Expansion of Russia 1500 -- 1800 Foreign policy of the Russian Empire List of Emperors of Russia List of largest empires Military history of Russia Russian conquest of Siberia Russian conquest of the Caucasus Russification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1860 to 1905 , the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present - day Russian Federation , with the exception of the present - day Kaliningrad Oblast , Kuril Islands , and Tuva . In 1905 Russia lost Southern Sakhalin to Japan , but in 1914 the Empire established a protectorate over Tuva . Jump up ^ An ukaz of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of justice of the peace . In 1889 Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace , except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire , and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury . The confusion of the judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges . In 1909 the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace . Jump up ^ The Lutheran Church was the dominant faith of the Baltic Provinces , of Ingria , and of the Grand Duchy of Finland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The State Duma was more used just for show to lower dissent in the nation as only nobility voted in favor of the Tsar ; the Duma was dissolved in 1906 - 1907 More info Jump up ^ `` The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma '' . Fundamental laws , art . 7 Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 498 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 223 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Alaska was sold to the United States of America in 1867 . Jump up ^ . Swain says , `` The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had , with one exception , been composed of liberals . '' Geoffrey Swain ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . p. 15 . ; also see Alexander Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) . The Bolsheviks in Power : The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP . p. 1 . Jump up ^ In pictures : Russian Empire in colour photos , BBC News Magazine , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole , A Map History of Russia ( 1974 ) pp 8 - 31 ; MArtin Gilbert , Atlas of Russian history ( 1993 ) pp 33 - 74 . Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole , A Map History of Russia ( 1974 ) p 25 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Richard ( 1974 ) . `` Chapter 1 : The Environment and its Consequences '' . Russia under the Old Regime . New York : Scribner . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ James Cracraft , The Revolution of Peter the Great ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Hughes , Russia in the Age of Peter the Great ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Philip Longworth and John Charlton , The Three Empresses : Catherine I , Anne and Elizabeth of Russia ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Isabel De Madariaga , Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great ( Yale University Press , 1981 ) Jump up ^ John T. Alexander , Autocratic politics in a national crisis : the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev 's revolt , 1773 -- 1775 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie , Catherine the Great : Portrait of a woman ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Catherine II . Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 , Heritage Auctions , retrieved 1 September 2015 Jump up ^ Nicholas Riasanovsky , A History of Russia ( 4th ed. 1984 ) , p 284 Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Napoleon in Russia ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky , Alexander I of Russia : the man who defeated Napoleon ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Baykov , Alexander . `` The economic development of Russia . '' Economic History Review 7.2 ( 1954 ) : 137 -- 149 . Jump up ^ W. Bruce Lincoln , Nicholas I , emperor and autocrat of all the Russians ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Anatole Gregory Mazour , The first Russian revolution , 1825 : the Decembrist movement , its origins , development , and significance ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728 . Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 729 . Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang , The last years of the Georgian monarchy , 1658 - 1832 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Stein 1976 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Burant , `` The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland : Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt . '' European History Quarterly 15 # 2 ( 1985 ) : 131 - 156 . Jump up ^ Olga E. Maiorova , `` War as Peace : The Trope of War in Russian Nationalist Discourse during the Polish Uprising of 1863 . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 501 - 534 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies : God 's Playground : A History of Poland ( OUP , 1981 ) vol. 2 , pp. 315 -- 333 ; and 352 - 63 Jump up ^ Bonnell , p. 92 Jump up ^ Condee , p. 49 Jump up ^ National Museum of Science and Technology ( Canada ) . Material history review . Canada Science and Technology Museum , 2000 , p46 Jump up ^ CRWflags.com . K. Ivanov argues , that Russia has changed her official flag in 1858 Jump up ^ Edvard Radzinsky , Alexander II : The Last Great Tsar ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ David Moon , The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762 -- 1907 ( Longman , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Hugh Seton - Watson , The Russian Empire 1801 - 1917 ( 1967 ) , pp 445 - 60 . Jump up ^ Charles Lowe , Alexander III of Russia ( 1895 ) online . Jump up ^ Robert F. Byrnes , Pobedonostsev : His Life and Thought ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Seton Watson , The Russian Empire , pp 441 - 44 679 - 82 . Jump up ^ * Rodric Braithwaite , `` The Russians in Afghanistan '' . Asian Affairs 42.2 ( 2011 ) : 213 - 229 . summarizes the long history . Jump up ^ Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History ( 2004 ) pp 187 - 210 . Jump up ^ Sidney Harcave , First blood : the Russian Revolution of 1905 ( 1964 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Warth , Nicholas II : the life and reign of Russia 's last monarch ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Gregory L. Freeze , ed. , Russia : A History ( 3rd ed. 2009 ) pp 234 - 68 . Jump up ^ Oliver H. Radkey , `` An Alternative to Bolshevism : The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism . '' Journal of Modern History 25 # 1 ( 1953 ) : 25 - 39 . Jump up ^ Richard Cavendish , `` The Bolshevik - Menshevik split November 16th , 1903 . '' History Today 53 # 11 ( 2003 ) : 64 + Jump up ^ Abraham Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History ( 2004 ) pp 160 - 86 . Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 309 - 310 Jump up ^ Andrew Cook , To kill Rasputin : the life and death of Grigori Rasputin ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) . The Bolsheviks in Power : The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Swain ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . p. 15 . ; also see Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) p 1 Jump up ^ Julian calendar ; the Gregorian date was 15 March . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert , Routledge Atlas of Russian History ( 4th ed. 2007 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728 - 730 . Jump up ^ Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire , Chapter 1 , Article 7 . Jump up ^ Walter Sperling , `` Building a Railway , Creating Imperial Space : ' Locality , ' ' Region , ' ' Russia , ' ' Empire ' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia , '' Ab Imperio ( 2006 ) Issue 2 , pp 101 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Sarah Searight , `` Russian railway penetration of Central Asia , '' Asian Affairs ( June 1992 ) 23 # 2 pp 171 -- 80 Jump up ^ Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ( previously , Article 40 ) : '' The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession . '' Jump up ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г . Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам ( First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 . Distribution of the population by faiths and regions ) ( in Russian ) . archipelag.ru . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David R. Stone , A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov , `` The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s -- 1870s , '' Russian Social Science Review ( July / Aug 2009 ) 50 # 4 pp 36 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov , The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter , Russia 's age of serfdom 1649 -- 1861 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Steven L. Hoch , Serfdom and social control in Russia : Petrovskoe , a village in Tambov ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : David Moon , The Russian Peasantry 1600 -- 1930 : The World the Peasants Made ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Lord and Peasant in Russia : from the ninth to the nineteenth century ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Steven Hoch , `` Did Russia 's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land ? Statistical Anomalies and Long - Tailed Distributions '' . Slavic Review ( 2004 ) 63 # 2 pp. 247 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Steven Nafziger , `` Serfdom , emancipation , and economic development in Tsarist Russia '' ( Working paper , Williams College , 2012 ) . online ^ Jump up to : Christine D. Worobec , Peasant Russia : family and community in the post-emancipation period ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Louise McReynolds , News under Russia 's Old Regime : The Development of a Mass - Circulation Press ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Katia Dianina , `` Passage to Europe : Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade . '' Slavic Review ( 2003 ) : 237 - 257 . in JSTOR Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Ascher , Abraham . Russia : A Short History ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Bushkovitch , Paul . A Concise History of Russia ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Freeze , George ( 2002 ) . Russia : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860511 - 9 . Hosking , Geoffrey . Russia and the Russians : A History ( 2nd ed. 2011 ) Hughes , Lindsey ( 2000 ) . Russia in the Age of Peter the Great . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 640 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08266 - 1 . Kamenskii , Aleksandr B . The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century : Searching for a Place in the World ( 1997 ) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship . Lincoln , W. Bruce . The Romanovs : Autocrats of All the Russias ( 1983 ) excerpt and text search , sweeping narrative history Longley , David ( 2000 ) . The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia , 1689 -- 1917 . New York , NY : Longman Publishing Group . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31990 - 5 . McKenzie , David & Michael W. Curran . A History of Russia , the Soviet Union , and Beyond . 6th ed . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 58698 - 8 . Moss , Walter G. A History of Russia . Vol. 1 : To 1917 . 2d ed . Anthem Press , 2002 . Perrie , Maureen , et al . The Cambridge History of Russia . ( 3 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) . excerpt and text search Riasanovsky , Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg . A History of Russia . 7th ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , 800 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515394 - 4 Ziegler ; Charles E. The History of Russia ( Greenwood Press , 1999 ) online edition Geography , topical maps ( edit ) Barnes , Ian . Restless Empire : A Historical Atlas of Russia ( 2015 ) , copies of historic maps Catchpole , Brian . A Map History of Russia ( Heinemann Educational Publishers , 1974 ) , new topical maps . Channon , John , and Robert Hudson . The Penguin historical atlas of Russia ( Viking , 1995 ) , new topical maps . Chew , Allen F. An atlas of Russian history : eleven centuries of changing borders ( Yale UP , 1970 ) , new topical maps . Gilbert , Martin . Atlas of Russian history ( Oxford UP , 1993 ) , new topical maps . Golubinskii , Aleksei . ' New Technology and the Mapping of Empire : The Adoption of the Astrolabe ' in Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ed. by Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) , pp. 59 - 76 ( available to read online https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0122/OBP.0122.02.pdf ) Kivelson , Valerie . ' Early Mapping : The Tsardom in Manuscript ' in Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ed. by Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) , pp. 23 - 58 ( available to read online https://www.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/OBP.0122/OBP.0122.01.pdf ) Parker , William Henry . An historical geography of Russia ( Aldine , 1968 ) . 1801 -- 1917 ( edit ) Jelavich , Barbara . St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) Manning , Roberta . The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia : Gentry and Government . Princeton University Press , 1982 . Pipes , Richard . Russia under the Old Regime ( 2nd ed. 1997 ) Seton - Watson , Hugh . The Russian empire 1801 -- 1917 ( 1967 ) online Waldron , Peter ( 1997 ) . The End of Imperial Russia , 1855 -- 1917 . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16536 - 9 . Westwood , J.N. ( 2002 ) . Endurance and Endeavour : Russian History 1812 -- 2001 ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 656 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924617 - 5 . Military and foreign relations ( edit ) Adams , Michael . Napoleon and Russia ( 2006 ) . Dowling , Timothy C. ( 2014 ) . Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 948 - 6 . Englund , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Battle That Shook Europe : Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire . New York , NY : I.B. Tauris . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 847 - 2 . Fuller , William C. Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 ( 1998 ) excerpts ; military strategy Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 . '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 668 - 700 . online Jelavich , Barbara . St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) Lieven , D.C.B. Russia and the Origins of the First World War ( 1983 ) . Lieven , Dominic . Russia Against Napoleon : The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace ( 2011 ) . McMeekin , Sean . The Russian Origins of the First World War ( 2011 ) . Neumann , Iver B. `` Russia as a great power , 1815 -- 2007 . '' Journal of International Relations and Development 11 # 2 ( 2008 ) : 128 - 151 . online Saul , Norman E. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy ( 2014 ) excerpt and text search Seton - Watson , Hugh . The Russian Empire 1801 -- 1917 ( 1967 ) pp 41 -- 68 , 83 - 182 , 280 - 331 , 430 - 60 , 567 - 97 , 677 - 97 . Stone , David . A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya excerpts Economic , social and ethnic History ( edit ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Central Asia and Mongolia . Vol. 1 : Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire . ( Blackwell , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20814 - 3 . De Madariaga , Isabel . Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great ( 2002 ) , comprehensive topical survey Dixon , Simon ( 1999 ) . The Modernisation of Russia , 1676 -- 1825 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37100 - 1 . Etkind , Alexander . Internal Colonization : Russia 's Imperial Experience ( Polity Press , 2011 ) 289 pages ; discussion of serfdom , the peasant commune , etc . Franklin , Simon , and Bowers , Katherine ( eds ) . Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) available to read in full online Freeze , Gregory L. From Supplication to Revolution : A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia ( 1988 ) Kappeler , Andreas ( 2001 ) . The Russian Empire : A Multi-Ethnic History . New York , NY : Longman Publishing Group . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 23415 - 4 . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 365 -- 425 Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1979 ) , 552pp Mironov , Boris N. , and Ben Eklof . The Social History of Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2 vol Westview Press , 2000 ) vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Mironov , Boris N. ( 2012 ) The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Mironov , Boris N. ( 2010 ) `` Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia , 1703 -- 1913 , '' Russian Review ( Jan 2010 ) 69 # 1 pp 47 -- 72 , with 13 tables and 3 charts online Moon , David ( 1999 ) . The Russian Peasantry 1600 -- 1930 : The World the Peasants Made . Boston , MA : Addison - Wesley . p. 396 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 09508 - 3 . Stein , Howard F. ( December 1976 ) . `` Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles '' . Ethos. 4 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 438 . doi : 10.1525 / eth. 1976.4. 4.02 a00010 . Stolberg , Eva - Maria . ( 2004 ) `` The Siberian Frontier and Russia 's Position in World History , '' Review : A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 27 # 3 pp 243 -- 267 Wirtschafter , Elise Kimerling . Russia 's age of serfdom 1649 -- 1861 ( 2008 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Burbank , Jane , and David L. Ransel , eds . Imperial Russia : new histories for the Empire ( Indiana University Press , 1998 ) Cracraft , James . ed . Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia ( 1993 ) Kuzio , Taras . `` Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs : towards a new framework . '' National Identities ( 2001 ) 3 # 2 pp : 109 -- 132 . Olson , Gust , and Aleksei I. Miller . `` Between Local and Inter-Imperial : Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History ( 2004 ) 5 # 1 pp : 7 -- 26 . Sanders , Thomas , ed . Historiography of imperial Russia : The profession and writing of history in a multinational state ( ME Sharpe , 1999 ) Smith , Steve . `` Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism . '' Europe ‐ Asia Studies ( 1994 ) 46 # 4 pp : 563 -- 578 . Suny , Ronald Grigor . `` The empire strikes out : Imperial Russia , ' national'identity , and theories of empire . '' in A state of nations : Empire and nation - making in the age of Lenin and Stalin ed. by Peter Holquist , Ronald Grigor Suny , and Terry Martin . ( 2001 ) pp : 23 -- 66 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Empire . Wikivoyage has travel information for Russian Empire . 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8,090,530,059,633,538,000 | what was the population of yugoslavia in 1940 | Kingdom of Yugoslavia - wikipedia Kingdom of Yugoslavia Not to be confused with State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; or Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Kraljevina Srbov , Hrvatov i Slovencev Краљевина Срба , Хрвата и Словенаца Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1929 -- 1941 ) Kraljevina Jugoslavija Краљевина Југославија <Td_colspan="2"> 1918 -- 1941 <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : Jedan narod , jedan kralj , jedna država Један народ , један краљ , једна држава `` One Nation , One King , One State '' <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : Himna Kraljevine Jugoslavije Химна Краљевине Југославије `` National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia '' <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1930 Capital Belgrade Common languages Serbo - Croato - Slovene Government Unitary constitutional monarchy ( 1918 -- 1929 ) , ( 1931 - 1939 ) Unitary absolute monarchy under a royal dictatorship ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Federal constitutional monarchy ( 1939 - 1941 ) King <Td_colspan="2"> 1918 -- 1921 Peter I 1921 -- 1934 Alexander I 1934 -- 1945 Peter II <Td_colspan="2"> Prince Regent <Td_colspan="2"> 1918 -- 1921 Prince Alexander 1934 -- 1941 Prince Paul <Td_colspan="2"> Prime Minister <Td_colspan="2"> 1918 -- 1919 ( first ) Stojan Protić 1945 ( last ) Josip Broz Tito <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature National Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies <Td_colspan="2"> Establishment 1 December 1918 Vidovdan Constitution 28 June 1921 6 January Dictatorship 6 January 1929 Assassination of King Alexander 9 October 1934 Cvetković -- Maček Agreement 25 August 1939 Coup d'état 27 March 1941 Axis invasion 6 April 1941 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Area 1918 247,542 km ( 95,577 sq mi ) 1931 247,542 km ( 95,577 sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population <Td_colspan="2"> 1918 12017323 1931 13934038 <Td_colspan="2"> Currency Yugoslav krone ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Yugoslav dinar ( 1920 -- 1941 ; 1945 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Montenegro Austro - Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia Duchy of Carniola Kingdom of Dalmatia Free State of Fiume Independent State of Croatia Nazi Germany Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Hungary Albanian Kingdom Yugoslav government - in - exile Today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia <Td_colspan="2"> ^ Serbo - Croatian and Slovene are separate languages , but that was not officially accepted or universally acknowledged at the time , and ' Serbo - Croato - Slovene ' was declared the single official language ( srpsko - hrvatsko - slovenački ; also translated `` Serbocroatoslovenian '' ) . In practice it functioned as Serbo - Croatian . ^ Peter II , still underage , was declared an adult by a military coup . Shortly after his assumption of royal authority , Yugoslavia was occupied by the Axis and the young King went into exile . In 1944 , he accepted the formation of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . He was deposed by the Yugoslav parliament in 1945 . ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( Serbo - Croatian , Slovene : Kraljevina Jugoslavija , Краљевина Југославија ; Macedonian : Кралство Југославија ) was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941 , during the interwar period and beginning of World War II . The Kingdom was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( itself formed from territories of the former Austro - Hungarian Empire ) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia . The Kingdom of Montenegro had united with Serbia five days previously , while the regions of Kosovo , Vojvodina and Vardar Macedonia were parts of Serbia prior to the unification . Initially , the Kingdom was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Serbo - Croatian : Kraljevina Srba , Hrvata i Slovenaca , Краљевина Срба , Хрвата и Словенаца , Slovene : Kraljevina Srbov , Hrvatov in Slovencev ) , but the term `` Yugoslavia '' ( literally `` Land of Southern Slavs '' ) was its colloquial name from its origins . The official name of the state was changed to `` Kingdom of Yugoslavia '' by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929 . The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević , which previously ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I from 1903 ( after the May Overthrow ) onward . Peter I became the first king of Yugoslavia until his death in 1921 . He was succeeded by his son Alexander I , who had been regent for his father . He was known as `` Alexander the Unifier '' and he renamed the kingdom `` Yugoslavia '' in 1929 . He was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski , a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ( IMRO ) , during his visit to France in 1934 . The crown passed to his then - still under - aged son Peter . Alexander 's cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941 , when Peter II would come of age . The royal family flew to London the same year , prior to the country being invaded by the Axis powers . In April 1941 , the country was occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers . A royal government - in - exile , recognized by the United Kingdom and , later , by all the Allies , was established in London . In 1944 , after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government . This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić ( on behalf of the Kingdom ) and Josip Broz Tito ( on behalf of the Yugoslav Partisans ) . Contents 1 Formation 2 Economy 2.1 Farming 2.2 Manufacturing 2.3 Debt 2.4 Ethnic groups 2.5 Education 3 Political history 3.1 Early politics 3.2 Constituent assembly to dictatorship 3.3 6 January dictatorship 3.4 Yugoslav regency 3.5 Downfall 3.6 Exile of the king 4 Foreign policy 4.1 Pro-Allied government 4.1. 1 Little Entente 4.1. 2 Balkan alliances 4.1. 3 Italian coalition 4.1. 3.1 Friendship agreement 4.2 1935 -- 1941 4.3 1941 -- 1944 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Languages 5.3 Religious groups 5.4 Class and occupation 5.5 Education 6 Rulers 6.1 Kings 6.2 Prime Ministers 1918 -- 1941 6.3 Prime Ministers - in - exile 1941 -- 1945 7 Subdivisions 8 Sport 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Formation ( edit ) Main article : Creation of Yugoslavia Following the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip , the subsequent invasion of Serbia , and the outbreak of World War I , South Slavic nationalism escalated and Slavic nationalists called for the independence and unification of the South Slavic nationalities of Austria - Hungary along with Serbia and Montenegro into a single State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . The Dalmatian Croat politician Ante Trumbić became a prominent South Slavic leader during the war and led the Yugoslav Committee that lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an independent Yugoslavia . Trumbić faced initial hostility from Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić , who preferred an enlarged Serbia over a unified Yugoslav state . However , both Pašić and Trumbić agreed to a compromise , which was delivered at the Corfu Declaration on 20 July 1917 that advocated the creation of a united state of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes to be led by the Serbian House of Karađorđević . In 1916 , the Serbian Parliament in exile decided on the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at a meeting inside the Municipal Theatre of Corfu . The Kingdom was formed on 1 December 1918 under the name `` Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes '' ( Serbian : Краљевина Срба , Хрвата и Словенаца Kraljevina Srba , Hrvata i Slovenaca , Croatian : Kraljevina Srba , Hrvata i Slovenaca , Slovene : Kraljevina Srbov , Hrvatov in Slovencev ) or its abbreviated form `` Kingdom of SHS '' ( Краљевина СХС Kraljevina SHS ) . On 1 December 1918 , the new kingdom was proclaimed by Alexander Karađorđević , Prince - Regent for his father , Peter I of Serbia . The new kingdom was made up of the formerly independent kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro ( Montenegro having been absorbed into Serbia the previous month ) , and of a substantial amount of territory that was formerly part of Austria -- Hungary , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . The lands previously in Austria -- Hungary that formed the new state included : Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia and Vojvodina from the Hungarian part of the empire , Carniola , part of Styria , and most of Kingdom of Dalmatia from the Austrian part , and The Austria -- Hungarian condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The creation of the state was supported by pan-Slavists and Serbian nationalists . For the pan-Slavic movement , all of the South Slav ( Yugoslav ) people had united into a single state . For Serbian nationalists , the desired goal of uniting the majority of the Serb population across south - eastern Europe into one state was also achieved . Furthermore , as Serbia already had a government , military , and police force , it was the logical choice to form the nucleus of the Yugoslav state . Serbian army units enter Zagreb 's Ban Jelačić Square in 1918 . The newly established Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes participated in the Paris Peace Conference with Trumbić as the country 's representative . Since the Allies had lured the Italians into the war with a promise of substantial territorial gains in exchange , which cut off a quarter of Slovene ethnic territory from the remaining three quarters of Slovenes living in the Kingdom of SHS , Trumbić successfully vouched for the inclusion of most Slavs living in the former Austria - Hungary to be included within the borders of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . Nevertheless , with the Treaty of Rapallo a population of half a million Slavs , mostly Slovenes , were subjected to forced Italianization until the fall of Fascism in Italy . At the time when Benito Mussolini was willing to modify the Rapallo borders in order to annex the independent state of Rijeka to Italy , Pašić 's attempts to correct the borders at Postojna and Idrija were effectively undermined by the regent Alexander who preferred `` good relations '' with Italy . Mihajlo Pupin , physicist and physical chemist . He influenced the final decisions of the Paris Peace Conference when the borders of the Kingdom were drawn The Yugoslav kingdom bordered Italy and Austria to the northwest at the Rapallo border , Hungary and Romania to the north , Bulgaria to the east , Greece and Albania to the south , and the Adriatic Sea to the west . Almost immediately , it ran into disputes with most of its neighbours . Slovenia was difficult to determine , since it had been an integral part of Austria for 400 years . The Vojvodina region was disputed with Hungary , Macedonia with Bulgaria , Fiume with Italy . A plebiscite was also held in the Province of Carinthia , which opted to remain in Austria . Austrians had formed a majority in this region although numbers reflected that some Slovenes did vote for Carinthia to become part of Austria . The Dalmatian port city of Zadar ( Italian : Zara ) and a few of the Dalmatian islands were given to Italy . The city of Rijeka ( Italian : Fiume ) was declared to be the Free State of Fiume , but it was soon occupied , and in 1924 annexed , by Italy , which had also been promised the Dalmatian coast during World War I , and Yugoslavia claiming Istria , a part of the former Austrian Littoral which had been annexed to Italy , but which contained a considerable population of Croats and Slovenes . The formation of the constitution of 1921 sparked tensions between the different Yugoslav nationalities . Trumbić opposed the 1921 constitution and over time grew increasingly hostile towards the Yugoslav government that he saw as being centralized in the favour of Serb hegemony over Yugoslavia . Economy ( edit ) Farming ( edit ) Slovene farmers threshing wheat ( 1930s ) Three quarters of the Yugoslav workforce was engaged in agriculture . A few commercial farmers existed , but most were subsistence peasants . Those in the south were especially poor , living in a hilly , infertile region . No large estates existed except in the north , and all of those were owned by foreigners . Indeed , one of the first actions undertaken by the new Yugoslav state in 1919 was to break up the estates and dispose of foreign , and in particular Magyar landowners . Nearly 40 % of the rural population was surplus ( i.e. , excess people not needed to maintain current production levels ) , and despite a warm climate , Yugoslavia was also relatively dry . Internal communications were poor , damage from World War I had been extensive , and with few exceptions agriculture was devoid of machinery or other modern farming technologies . Manufacturing ( edit ) Manufacturing was limited to Belgrade and the other major population centers , and consisted mainly of small , comparatively primitive facilities that produced strictly for the domestic market . The commercial potential of Yugoslavia 's Adriatic ports went to waste because the nation lacked the capital or technical knowledge to operate a shipping industry . On the other hand , the mining industry was well developed due to the nation 's abundance of mineral resources , but since it was primarily owned and operated by foreigners , most production was exported . Yugoslavia on the whole was the third least industrialized nation in Eastern Europe after Bulgaria and Albania . Debt ( edit ) Bond of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes for the liquidation of the agro-debts from Bosnia and Herzegovina , issued 18 . June 1921 Yugoslavia was typical of Eastern European nations in that it borrowed large sums of money from the West during the 1920s . When the Great Depression began in 1929 , the Western lenders called in their debts , which could not be paid back . Some of the money was lost to graft , although most was used by farmers to improve production and export potential . Agricultural exports , however , were always an unstable prospect as their export earnings were heavily reliant on volatile world market prices . The Great Depression caused the market for them to collapse as global demand contracted heavily and the situation for export - oriented farmers further deteriorated when nations everywhere started to erect trade barriers . Italy was a major trading partner of Yugoslavia in the initial years after World War I , but ties fell off after Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922 . In the grim economic situation of the 1930s , Yugoslavia followed the lead of its neighbors in allowing itself to become a dependent of Nazi Germany . Ethnic groups ( edit ) See also : Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia The small middle class occupied the major population centers and almost everyone else were peasants engaged in subsistence agriculture . The largest ethnic group were Serbs followed by Croats , Slovenes , Bosnian Muslims , Macedonians and Albanians . Religion followed the same pattern with half the population following Orthodox Christianity , 40 or so percent being Catholic , and the rest Muslim . In such a polyglot nation , tensions were frequent , but especially between Serbs and Croats . Other quarrels were those between Serbs and Macedonians , as the Yugoslav government had as its official position that the latter were ethnic Serbs . In the early 20th century the international community viewed the Macedonians predominantly as regional variety of Bulgarians , but during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the Allies sanctioned the Serbian control of Vardar Macedonia and its view , that Macedonian Slavs were in fact Southern Serbs . Slovenes were closer to Croats in terms of religion and culture . In particular , they knew that they were too small in numbers to form a nation of their own and there was no reason to suppose a Croat - dominated Yugoslavia would be any better or worse than a Serb - dominated one . For the most part , they went along with the general political flow and were not a significant source of problems . The predominantly Muslim Bosniaks won some concessions from Belgrade , but always faced strong dislike from their neighbors , especially Serbs , and were known to one and all as `` Turks '' regardless of their Slavic ethnicity . Albanians fared worse since they did not speak Serbo - Croatian , but all Muslims were the subject of widespread prejudice in Yugoslavia . Some regions of the country were allowed to exist as enclaves of Islamic law regarding personal status , which was a concession made to the Muslim population of Yugoslavia . Other lesser minorities included Italians , Romanians , Germans , Magyars and Greeks . Aside from the Romanians , the Yugoslav government awarded no special treatment to them in terms of respect for their language , culture , or political autonomy , not surprising given that all of their native countries had territorial disputes with Yugoslavia . Several thousand Jews lived mostly in major cities ; they were well - assimilated and there were no significant problems with anti-Semitism . Education ( edit ) Although Yugoslavia had enacted a compulsory public education policy , it was inaccessible to many peasants in the countryside . Official literacy figures for the population stood at 50 % , but it varied widely throughout the country . Less than 10 % of Slovenes were illiterate , while over 80 % of Macedonians and Bosnians could not read or write . Only 10 % of initial elementary school students went on to attend higher forms of education , at one of the country 's three universities in Belgrade , Ljubljana , and Zagreb . Political History ( edit ) Early Politics ( edit ) Between 1918 and 1926 , Nikola Pašić held the position of Prime Minister of Yugoslavia three times . Immediately after the 1 December proclamation , negotiations between the National Council of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs and the Serbian government resulted in agreement over the new government which was to be headed by Nikola Pašić . However , when this agreement was submitted to the approval of the regent , Alexander Karađorđević , it was rejected , producing the new state 's first governmental crisis . Many regarded this rejection as a violation of parliamentary principles , but the matter was resolved when the regent suggested replacing Pašić with Stojan Protić , a leading member of Pašić 's Radical Party . The National Council and the Serbian government agreed and the new government came into existence on 20 December 1918 . In this period before the election of the Constituent Assembly , a Provisional Representation served as a parliament which was formed by delegates from the various elected bodies that had existed before the creation of the state . A realignment of parties combining several members of the Serbian opposition with political parties from the former Austria -- Hungary led to the creation of a new party , The Democratic Party , that dominated the Provisional Representation and the government . Because the Democratic Party led by Ljubomir Davidović pushed a highly centralized agenda a number of Croatian delegates moved into opposition . However , the radicals themselves were not happy that they had only three ministers to the Democratic Party 's 11 and , on 16 August 1919 , Protić handed in his resignation . Davidović then formed a coalition with the Social Democrats . This government had a majority , but the quorum of the Provisional Representation was half plus one vote . The opposition then began to boycott the parliament . As the government could never guarantee that all of its supporters would turn up , it became impossible to hold a quorate meeting of the parliament . Davidović soon resigned , but as no one else could form a government he again became prime minister . As the opposition continued their boycott , the government decided it had no alternative but to rule by decree . This was denounced by the opposition who began to style themselves as the Parliamentary Community . Davidović realized that the situation was untenable and asked the King to hold immediate elections for the Constituent Assembly . When the King refused , he felt he had no alternative but to resign . The Parliamentary Community now formed a government led by Stojan Protić committed to the restoration of parliamentary norms and mitigating the centralization of the previous government . Their opposition to the former governments program of radical land reform also united them . As several small groups and individuals switched sides , Protić now even had a small majority . However , the Democratic Party and the Social Democrats now boycotted parliament and Protić was unable to muster a quorum . Hence the Parliamentary Community , now in government , was forced to rule by decree . For the Parliamentary Community to thus violate the basic principle around which they had formed put them in an extremely difficult position . In April 1920 , widespread worker unrest and a railway strike broke out . According to Gligorijević , this put pressure on the two main parties to settle their differences . After successful negotiations , Protić resigned to make way for a new government led by the neutral figure of Milenko Vesnić . The Social Democrats did not follow the Democratic Party , their former allies , into government because they were opposed to the anti-communist measures to which the new government was committed . The controversies that had divided the parties earlier were still very much live issues . The Democratic Party continued to push its agenda of centralization and still insisted on the need for radical land reform . A disagreement over electoral law finally led the Democratic Party to vote against the government in Parliament and the government was defeated . Though this meeting had not been quorate , Vesnić used this as a pretext to resign . His resignation had the intended effect : the Radical Party agreed to accept the need for centralization , and the Democratic Party agreed to drop its insistence on land reform . Vesnić again headed the new government . The Croatian Community and the Slovenian People 's Party were however not happy with the Radicals ' acceptance of centralization . Neither was Stojan Protić , and he withdrew from the government on this issue . In September 1920 a peasant revolt broke out in Croatia , the immediate cause of which was the branding of the peasants ' cattle . The Croatian community blamed the centralizing policies of the government and of minister Svetozar Pribićević in particular . Constituent Assembly to dictatorship ( edit ) Provinces of the Kingdom in 1920 - 1922 . Oblasts of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes One of the few laws successfully passed by the Provisional Representation was the electoral law for the constituent assembly . During the negotiations that preceded the foundation of the new state , it had been agreed that voting would be secret and based on universal suffrage . It had not occurred to them that universal might include women until the beginning of a movement for women 's suffrage appeared with the creation of the new state . The Social Democrats and the Slovenian People 's Party supported women 's suffrage but the Radicals opposed it . The Democratic Party was open to the idea but not committed enough to make an issue of it so the proposal fell . Proportional Representation was accepted in principle but the system chosen ( d'Hondt with very small constituencies ) favored large parties and parties with strong regional support . The election was held on 28 November 1920 . When the votes were counted the Democratic Party had won the most seats , more than the Radicals -- but only just . For a party that had been so dominant in the Provisional Representation , that amounted to a defeat . Further it had done rather badly in all former Austria - Hungarian areas . That undercut the party 's belief that its centralization policy represented the will of the Yugoslavian people as a whole . The Radicals had done no better in that region but this presented them far less of a problem because they had campaigned openly as a Serbian party . The most dramatic gains had been made by the two anti-system parties . The Croatian Republican Peasant Party 's leadership had been released from prison only as the election campaign began to get underway . According to Gligorijević , this had helped them more than active campaigning . The Croatian community ( that had in a timid way tried to express the discontent that Croatian Republican Peasant Party mobilized ) had been too tainted by their participation in government and was all but eliminated . The other gainers were the communists who had done especially well in the wider Macedonia region . The remainder of the seats were taken up by smaller parties that were at best skeptical of the centralizing platform of the Democratic Party . The results left Nikola Pašić in a very strong position as the Democrats had no choice but to ally with the Radicals if they wanted to get their concept of a centralized Yugoslavia through . Pašić was always careful to keep open the option of a deal with the Croatian opposition . The Democrats and the Radicals were not quite strong enough to get the constitution through on their own and they made an alliance with the Yugoslav Muslim Organization ( JMO ) . The Muslim party sought and got concessions over the preservation of Bosnia in its borders and how the land reform would affect Muslim landowners in Bosnia . The Croatian Republican Peasant Party refused to swear allegiance to the King on the grounds that this presumed that Yugoslavia would be a monarchy , something that it contended only the Constituent Assembly could decide . The party was unable to take its seats . Most of the opposition though initially taking their seats declared boycotts as time went so that there were few votes against . However , the constitution decided against 1918 agreement between the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia , which stated that a 66 % majority that 50 % plus one vote would be needed to pass , irrespective of how many voted against . Only last minute concessions to Džemijet -- a group of Muslims from Macedonia and Kosovo -- saved it . The Vidovdan Constitution . On 28 June 1921 , the Vidovdan ( St Vitus 's Day ) Constitution was passed , establishing a unitary monarchy . The pre -- World War I traditional regions were abolished and 33 new administrative oblasts ( provinces ) ruled from the center were instituted . During this time , King Peter I died ( 16 August 1921 ) , and the prince - regent succeeded to the throne as King Alexander I . Ljubomir Davidović of the Democrats began to have doubts about the wisdom of his party 's commitment to centralization and opened up negotiations with the opposition . This threatened to provoke a split in his party as his action was opposed Svetozar Pribićević . It also gave Pašić a pretext to end the coalition . At first the King gave Pašić a mandate to form a coalition with Pribićević 's Democrats . However , Pašić offered Pribićević too little for there to be much chance that Pribićević would agree . A purely Radical government was formed with a mandate to hold elections . The Radicals made gains at the expense of the Democrats but elsewhere there were gains by Radić 's Peasant 's Party . Serb politicians around Radic regarded Serbia as the standard bearer of Yugoslav unity , as the state of Piedmont had been for Italy , or Prussia for the German Empire ; a kind of `` Greater Serbia '' . Over the following years , Croatian resistance against a Serbo - centric policy increased . In the early 1920s , the Yugoslav government of prime minister Nikola Pašić used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities , confiscation of opposition pamphlets and other measure to rig elections . This was ineffective against the Croatian Peasant Party ( formerly the Croatian Republican Peasant Party ) , whose members continued to win election to the Yugoslav parliament in large numbers , but did harm the Radicals ' main Serbian rivals , the Democrats . Stjepan Radić , the head of the Croatian Peasant Party , was imprisoned many times for political reasons . He was released in 1925 and returned to parliament . In the spring of 1928 , Radić and Svetozar Pribićević waged a bitter parliamentary battle against the ratification of the Nettuno Convention with Italy . In this they mobilised nationalist opposition in Serbia but provoked a violent reaction from the governing majority including death threats . On 20 June 1928 , a member of the government majority , the Serb deputy Puniša Račić , shot five members of the Croatian Peasant Party , including their leader Stjepan Radić . Two died on the floor of the Assembly while the life of Radić hung in the balance . The opposition now completely withdrew from parliament , declaring that they would not return to a parliament in which several of their representatives had been killed , and insisting on new elections . On 1 August , at a meeting in Zagreb , they renounced 1 December Declaration of 1920 . They demanded that the negotiations for unification should begin from scratch . On 8 August Stjepan Radić died . 6 January dictatorship ( edit ) Main article : 6 January Dictatorship In 1929 , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was subdivided into nine banovinas . This became eight in 1939 , when two were merged to form the Banovina of Croatia . In 1939 , the Banovina of Croatia was founded aimed at solving the `` Croatian question '' . It was formed from the Sava Banovina and Littoral Banovina , with small parts ceded from the Drina , Zeta , and Danube banovinas . On 6 January 1929 , using as a pretext the political crisis triggered by the shooting , King Alexander abolished the Constitution , prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship ( known as the `` January 6 Dictatorship '' , Šestosiječanjska diktatura , Šestojanuarska diktatura ) . He changed the name of the country to `` Kingdom of Yugoslavia '' , and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new banovinas on 3 October . A Court for the Protection of the State was soon established to act as the new regime 's tool for putting down any dissent . Opposition politicians Vladko Maček and Svetozar Pribićević were arrested under charges by the court . Pribićević later went into exile , while over the course of the 1930s , Maček would become the leader of the entire opposition bloc . Immediately after the dictatorship was proclaimed , Croatian deputy Ante Pavelić left for exile from the country . The following years Pavelić worked to establish a revolutionary organization , the Ustaše , allied with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ( IMRO ) against the state . In 1931 , Alexander decreed a new Constitution which made executive power the gift of the King . Elections were to be by universal male suffrage . The provision for a secret ballot was dropped , and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander 's constitution . Further , half the upper house was directly appointed by the King , and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if also approved by the King . That same year , Croatian historian and anti-Yugoslavist intellectual Milan Šufflay was assassinated in Zagreb . As a response , Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent an appeal to the International League of Human Rights in Paris condemning the murder , accusing the Yugoslav government . The letter states of a `` horrible brutality which is being practiced upon the Croatian People . '' The appeal was addressed to the Paris - based Ligue des droits de l'homme ( Human Rights League ) . In their letter Einstein and Mann held the Yugoslav king Aleksandar explicitly responsible for these circumstances . Croat opposition to the new régime was strong and , in late 1932 , the Croatian Peasant Party issued the Zagreb Manifesto which sought an end to Serb hegemony and dictatorship . The government reacted by imprisoning many political opponents including the new Croatian Peasant Party leader Vladko Maček . Despite these measures , opposition to the dictatorship continued , with Croats calling for a solution to what was called the `` Croatian question '' . In late 1934 , the King planned to release Maček from prison , introduce democratic reforms , and attempt find common ground between Serbs and Croats . However , on 9 October 1934 , the king was assassinated in Marseille , France by Veličko Kerin ( also known by his revolutionary pseudonym Vlado Chernozemski ) , an activist of IMRO , in a conspiracy with Yugoslav exiles and radical members of banned political parties in cooperation with the Croatian extreme nationalist Ustaše organisation . Yugoslav regency ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslav regency Because Alexander 's eldest son , Peter II , was a minor , a regency council of three , specified in Alexander 's will , took over the role of King . The council was dominated by the king 's cousin Prince Paul . In the late 1930s , internal tensions continued to increase with Serbs and Croats seeking to establish ethnic federal subdivisions . Serbs wanted Vardar Banovina ( later known within Yugoslavia as Vardar Macedonia ) , Vojvodina , Montenegro united with Serb lands while Croatia wanted Dalmatia and some of Vojvodina . Both sides claimed territory in present - day Bosnia and Herzegovina populated by Bosniak Muslims . The expansion of Nazi Germany in 1938 gave new momentum to efforts to solve these problems and , in 1939 , Prince Paul appointed Dragiša Cvetković as prime minister , with the goal of reaching an agreement with the Croatian opposition . Accordingly , on 26 August 1939 , Vladko Maček became vice premier of Yugoslavia and an autonomous Banovina of Croatia was established with its own parliament . These changes satisfied neither Serbs who were concerned with the status of the Serb minority in the new Banovina of Croatia and who wanted more of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Serbian territory . The Croatian nationalist Ustaše were also angered by any settlement short of full independence for a Greater Croatia including all of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Downfall ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Yugoslavia Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 43 . Occupation and partition of Yugoslavia , 1943 -- 44 . Fearing an invasion by the Axis powers , Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941 , pledging cooperation with the Axis . Massive anti-Axis demonstrations followed in Belgrade . On 27 March , the regime of Prince Paul was overthrown by a military coup d'état with British support . The 17 - year - old Peter II was declared to be of age and placed in power . General Dušan Simović became his Prime Minister . The Kingdom of Yugoslavia withdrew its support for the Axis de facto without formally renouncing the Tripartite Pact . Although the new rulers opposed Nazi Germany , they also feared that if German dictator Adolf Hitler attacked Yugoslavia , the United Kingdom was not in any real position to help . Regardless of this , on 6 April 1941 , the Axis powers launched the invasion of Yugoslavia and quickly conquered it . The royal family , including Prince Paul , escaped abroad and were interned by the British in Kenya . The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was soon divided by the Axis into several entities . Germany , Italy , Hungary , and Bulgaria annexed some border areas outright . A Greater Germany was expanded to include most of Slovenia . Italy added the part of Macedonia and Kosovo , Montenegro , southerly part of Independent State of Croatia , Governorship of Dalmatia and more than a third of western Slovenia to the Italian Empire . An expanded Croatia was recognized by the Axis as the Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) . On paper , the NDH was a kingdom and the 4th Duke of Aosta was crowned as King Tomislav II of Croatia . The rump Serbian territory became a military administration of Germany run by military governors and a Serb civil government led by Milan Nedić . Nedić attempted to gain German recognition of Serbia as a successor state to Yugoslavia and claimed King Peter II as Serbia 's monarch . Hungary occupied several northern regions . Exile of the King ( edit ) King Peter II , who had escaped into exile , was still recognized as King of the whole state of Yugoslavia by the Allies . From 13 May 1941 , the largely Serbian `` Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland '' ( Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini , or JVUO , or Četniks ) resisted the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia . This anti-German and anti-communist resistance movement was commanded by Royalist General Draža Mihailović . For a long time , the Četniks were supported by the British , the United States , and the Yugoslavian royal government in exile of King Peter II . However , over the course of the war , effective power changed to the hands of Josip Broz Tito 's Communist Partisans . In 1943 , Tito proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia ( Demokratska federativna Jugoslavija ) . The Allies gradually recognized Tito 's forces as the stronger opposition forces to the German occupation . They began to send most of their aid to Tito 's Partisans , rather than to the Royalist Četniks . On 16 June 1944 , the Tito -- Šubašić agreement was signed which merged the de facto and the de jure government of Yugoslavia . In early 1945 , after the Germans had been driven out , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formally restored on paper . But real political power was held by Tito 's Communist Partisans . On 29 November , King Peter II was deposed by Yugoslavia 's Communist Constituent Assembly while he was still in exile . On 2 December , the Communist authorities claimed the entire territory as part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . The new Yugoslavia covered roughly the same territory as the Kingdom had , but it was no longer a monarchy . Foreign policy ( edit ) Pro-allied government ( edit ) The Kingdom nourished a close relationship with the Allies of World War I . This was especially the case between 1920 and 1934 with Yugoslavia 's traditional supporters of Britain and France . Little Entente ( edit ) From 1920 , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had formed the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia and Romania , with the support of France . The primary aim of the alliance was to prevent Hungary from regaining the territories it had lost after the First World War . The alliance lost its significance in 1937 when Yugoslavia and Romania refused to support Czechoslovakia , then threatened by Germany , in the event of military aggression . Balkan alliances ( edit ) In 1924 , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia formed a Balkan Bloc with Greece , Romania , and Turkey that was intent on keeping balance on the Balkan peninsula . The alliance was formalized and entrenched on 9 February 1934 when it became the `` Balkan Entente '' . In 1934 , with the assassination of King Alexander I by Vlado Chernozemski in Marseilles and the shifting of Yugoslav foreign policy , the alliance crumbled . Italian coalition ( edit ) The Kingdom of Italy had territorial ambitions against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Relations between Italy and the kingdom 's predecessors , the Kingdom of Serbia and the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs became sour and hostile during World War I , as Italian and Yugoslav politicians were in dispute over the region of Dalmatia which Italy demanded as part of Italy . These hostile relations were demonstrated on 1 November 1918 , when Italian forces sunk the recently captured Austro - Hungarian battleship SMS Viribus Unitis being used by the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs . Italy formed a coalition against it with states with similar state designs , heavily influenced by Italy and / or fascism : Albania , Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria which lasted from 1924 to 1927 . The 1927 cooperation with Britain and France made Italy withdraw from its anti-Yugoslav alliance . Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini accepted the extreme Croatian nationalist Ustase movement of Ante Pavelić to reside in Italy and use training grounds in Italy to prepare for war with Yugoslavia . Hungary also permitted such Ustase training camps as well . Mussolini allowed Pavelić to reside in Rome . Friendship agreement ( edit ) In 1927 , in response to the growing Italian expansionism , the royal government of Yugoslavia signed an agreement of friendship and cooperation with the United Kingdom and France . 1935 -- 1941 ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1939 Yugoslavian postage stamp featuring King Peter II . Officially , the last words of King Aleksandar had been `` Save Yugoslavia , and the friendship with France '' . His successors were well aware of the need to try and do the first , but the second , maintaining close ties with France , was increasingly difficult . There were several reasons for this . By the mid-1930s , France , internally divided , was increasingly unable to play an important role in Eastern Europe and support its allies , many of whom had suffered badly from the economic crisis of that period . By contrast , Germany was increasingly willing to get into barter agreements with the countries of south east Europe . In the process those countries felt it was against their interests to closely follow France . An additional motive to improve relations with Italy and Germany was the fact that Italy supported the Ustase movement . As Maček intimated Italy would support Croatian secession from Yugoslavia , First Regent Prince Paul judged closer relations with Italy were inevitable . In an effort to rob the HSS from potential Italian support , a treaty of friendship was signed between the two countries in 1937 . This in fact diminished the Ustasa threat somewhat since Mussolini jailed some of their leaders and temporarily withdrew financial support . In 1938 , Germany , annexing Austria , became a neighbour of Yugoslavia . The feeble reaction of France and Britain , later that year , during the Sudeten Crisis convinced Belgrade that a European war was inevitable and that it would be unwise to support France and Britain . Instead , Yugoslavia tried to stay aloof , this in spite of Paul 's personal sympathies for Britain and Serbia 's establishment 's predilections for France . In the meantime , Germany and Italy tried to exploit Yugoslavia 's domestic problems , and so did Maček . In the end , the regency agreed to the formation of the Banovina hrvatska in August 1939 . This did not put an end to the pressures from Germany and Italy , while Yugoslavia 's strategic position deteriorated by the day . It was increasingly dependent on the German market ( about 90 % of its exports went to Germany ) , while in April 1939 Italy invaded and annexed Albania . In October 1940 it attacked Greece . by that time , France had already been eliminated from the scene , leaving Britain as Yugoslavia 's only potential ally - given that Belgrade had not recognized the Soviet Union . London however wanted to involve Yugoslavia in the war , which it rejected . From late 1940 , Hitler wanted Belgrade to unequivocally choose sides . Pressure intensified , culminating in the signing of the Tripartite Pact on 25 March 1941 . Two days later , Prince Paul was deposed in a coup d'état and his nephew Peter II was proclaimed of age , but the new government , headed by General Simović , assured Germany it would adhere to the Pact . Hitler nonetheless ordered the invasion of Yugoslavia . On 6 April 1941 , Belgrade was bombed ; on 10 April , the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed ; and on 17 April , the weak Yugoslav Army capitulated . 1941 -- 1944 ( edit ) After the invasion , the Yugoslav royal government went into exile and local Yugoslav forces rose up in resistance to the occupying Axis powers . Initially the monarchy preferred Draža Mihailović and his Serb - dominated Četnik resistance . However , in 1944 , the Tito -- Šubašić agreement recognised the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as a provisional government , with the status of the monarchy to be decided at a later date . Three regents -- Srđan Budisavljević , a Serb ; Ante Mandić , a Croat ; and Dušan Sernec , a Slovene -- were sworn in at Belgrade on 3 March 1945 . They appointed the new government , to be headed by Tito as prime minister and minister of war , with Šubašić as foreign minister , on 7 March . On 29 November 1945 , while still in exile , King Peter II was deposed by the constituent assembly . The Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was internationally recognized as Yugoslavia while Peter II became a pretender . Demographics ( edit ) Ethnic groups ( edit ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia 's ethnic structure , 1918 Ethnic group Number Percent Serbs 4,665,851 38.83 Croats 2,856,551 23.77 Slovenes 1,024,761 8.53 Bosnian Muslims 727,650 6.05 Macedonians or Bulgarians 585,558 4.87 Other Slavs 174,466 1.45 Germans 513,472 4.27 Hungarians 472,409 3.93 Albanians 441,740 3.68 Romanians , Vlachs and Cincars 229,398 1.91 Turks 168,404 1.40 Jews 64,159 0.53 Italians 12,825 0.11 Others 80,079 0.67 Total 12,017,323 100.00 <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Banac , Ivo ( 1992 ) . The National Question in Yugoslavia . Origins , History , Politics ( 2nd printing ed . ) . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 9780801494932 . ( The table represents a reconstruction of Yugoslavia 's ethnic structure immediately after the establishment of the kingdom in 1918 . ) Until 1929 , Serbs , Croats and Slovenes were the constitutional nations , when they were merged into a single `` Yugoslav '' nationality . Languages ( edit ) The following data , grouped by first language , is from the 1921 population census : Serbo - Croatian : 8,911,509 ( 74.36 % ) Serbs : 44.57 % Croats : 23.5 % Muslims : 6.29 % Slovene : 1,019,997 ( 8.51 % ) German : 505,790 ( 4.22 % ) Hungarian : 467,658 ( 3.9 % ) Arnaut ( Albanian ) : 439,657 ( 3.67 % ) Romanian : 231,068 ( 1.93 % ) Turkish : 150,322 ( 1.25 % ) Czech and Slovak : 115,532 ( 0.96 % ) Ruthenian : 25,615 ( 0.21 % ) Russian : 20,568 ( 0.17 % ) Polish : 14,764 ( 0.12 % ) Italian : 12,553 ( 0.11 % ) Others : 69,878 ( 0.58 % ) Based on language , the Yugoslavs ( collectively Serbs , Croats , Slovenes and Muslims by nationality ) constituted 82.87 % of the country 's population . Religious groups ( edit ) Christians : 10,571,569 ( 88.21 % ) Orthodox : 5,593,057 ( 46.67 % ) Roman Catholics : 4,708,657 ( 39.29 % ) Protestants : 229,517 ( 1.91 % ) Greek Catholic : 40,338 ( 0.34 % ) Muslims : 1,345,271 ( 11.22 % ) Jews : 64,746 ( 0.54 % ) others : 1,944 ( 0.02 % ) atheists : 1,381 ( 0.01 % ) Class and occupation ( edit ) Agriculture , forestry and fishing - 78.87 % Industry and handicrafts - 9.91 % Banking , trade and traffic - 4.35 % Public service , free profession and military - 3.80 % Other professions - 3.07 % Education ( edit ) The Kingdom had three universities : the University of Belgrade , University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana , located in what were then the most developed cities in the country . Rulers ( edit ) Kings ( edit ) Peter I ( 1 December 1918 -- 16 August 1921 ; Prince Regent Alexander ruled in the name of the King ) Alexander I ( 16 August 1921 -- 9 October 1934 ) Peter II ( 9 October 1934 -- 29 November 1945 ; in exile from 13 / 14 April 1941 ) Regency headed by Prince Paul ( 9 October 1934 -- 27 March 1941 ) Prime Ministers 1918 -- 1941 ( edit ) 1918 -- 1919 -- Stojan Protić 1919 -- 1920 -- Ljubomir Davidović 1920 00000 -- Stojan Protić 1920 -- 1921 -- Milenko Vesnić 1921 -- 1924 -- Nikola Pašić 1924 00000 -- Ljubomir Davidović 1924 -- 1926 -- Nikola Pašić 1926 -- 1927 -- Nikola Uzunović 1927 -- 1928 -- Velimir Vukićević 1928 -- 1929 -- Anton Korošec 1929 -- 1932 -- Petar Živković 1932 00000 -- Vojislav Marinković 1932 -- 1934 -- Milan Srškić 1934 00000 -- Nikola Uzunović 1934 -- 1935 -- Bogoljub Jevtić 1935 -- 1939 -- Milan Stojadinović 1939 -- 1941 -- Dragiša Cvetković 1941 00000 -- Dušan Simović Prime Ministers - in - exile 1941 -- 1945 ( edit ) 1941 -- 1942 -- Dušan Simović 1942 -- 1943 -- Slobodan Jovanović 1943 00000 -- Miloš Trifunović 1943 -- 1944 -- Božidar Purić 1944 -- 1945 -- Ivan Šubašić 1945 00000 -- Josip Broz Tito Subdivisions ( edit ) Main article : Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia The subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia existed successively in three different forms . From 1918 to 1922 , the kingdom maintained the pre -- World War I subdivisions of Yugoslavia 's predecessor states . In 1922 , the state was divided into thirty - three oblasts ( provinces ) . In 1929 , after the establishment of the January 6 Dictatorship , a new system of nine banovinas ( regions ) was implemented by royal decree . In 1939 , as an accommodation to Yugoslav Croats in the Cvetković - Maček Agreement , a single Banovina of Croatia was formed from two of these banovinas ( and from sections of others ) . Sport ( edit ) The most popular sport in the Kingdom was association football . The Yugoslav Football Association was founded in Zagreb in 1919 . It was based in Zagreb until the 6 January Dictatorship , when the association was moved to Belgrade . From 1923 , a national championship was held annually . The national team played its first match at the 1920 Summer Olympics . It also participated in the inaugural FIFA World Cup , finishing fourth . Other popular sports included water polo , which was dominated nationally by the Croatian side VK Jug . The Kingdom participated at the Olympic Games from 1920 until 1936 . During this time , the country won eight medals , all in gymnastics and six of these were won by Leon Štukelj , a Slovene who was the most nominated gymnast of that time . See also ( edit ) Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election , 1923 Republic of Prekmurje Slovene March ( Kingdom of Hungary ) List of Finance Ministers of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Women in Yugoslavia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Busch , Birgitta ; Kelly - Holmes , Helen ( 2004 ) . Language , Discourse and Borders in the Yugoslav Successor States . Multilingual Matters . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85359 - 732 - 9 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Ronelle ( 2013 ) . `` Language and Identity : The Fate of Serbo - Croatian '' . In Daskalov , Rumen ; Marinov , Tchavdar . Entangled Histories of the Balkans : Volume One : National Ideologies and Language Policies . Koninklijke Brill NV . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 25076 - 5 . Now , however , the official language of the new state , the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes , bore the unwieldy name Serbo - Croato - Slovene ( srpsko - hrvatsko - slovenački ) . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Sebastian ; Burszta , Wojciech J. ; Kamusella , Tomasz ( 2006 ) . Nationalisms across the globe : an overview of nationalisms in state - endowed and stateless nations . 2 . School of Humanities and Journalism . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 83 - 87653 - 46 - 0 . Similarly , the 1921 Constitution declared Serbocroatoslovenian as the official and national language of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenians . Jump up ^ Kamusella , Tomasz ( 2009 ) . The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 228 , 297 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55070 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kraljevina Jugoslavija ! Novi naziv naše države . No , mi smo itak med seboj vedno dejali Jugoslavija , četudi je bilo na vseh uradnih listih Kraljevina Srbov , Hrvatov in Slovencev . In tudi drugi narodi , kakor Nemci in Francozi , so pisali že prej v svojih listih mnogo o Jugoslaviji. 3 . oktobra , ko je kralj Aleksander podpisal `` Zakon o nazivu in razdelitvi kraljevine na upravna območja '' , pa je bil naslov kraljevine Srbov , Hrvatov in Slovencev za vedno izbrisan . '' ( Naš rod ( `` Our Generation '' , a monthly Slovenian language periodical ) , Ljubljana 1929 / 30 , št. 1 , str. 22 , letnik I . ) Jump up ^ J.B. Hoptner ( 1963 ) . `` Yugoslavia In Crisis 1934 - 1941 '' . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Walter R. Roberts ( 1973 ) . Tito , Mihailović , and the Allies , 1941 - 1945 . Rutgers University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 0740 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer Tucker . Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California , USA : ABC - CLIO , 2005 . Pp. 1189 . Jump up ^ History of the municipal theatre Archived 23 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . from Corfu city hall Quote : `` The Municipal Theatre was not only an Art - monument but also a historical one . On its premises the exiled Serbian parliament , held meetings in 1916 , which decided the creation of the new Unified Kingdom of Yugoslavia . '' Jump up ^ Hehn , Paul N. ( 2005 ) A Low Dishonest Decade : Italy , the Powers and Eastern Europe , 1918 - 1939. , Chapter 2 , Mussolini , Prisoner of the Mediterranean Jump up ^ Čermelj , L. ( 1955 ) . Kako je prišlo do prijateljskega pakta med Italijo in kraljevino SHS ( How the Friendsjip Treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of SHS Came About in 1924 ) , Zgodovinski časopis , 1 - 4 , p. 195 , Ljubljana Jump up ^ Nationalism and Territory : Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe , Geographical perspectives on the human past , George W. White , Rowman & Littlefield , 2000 , ISBN 0847698092 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Rudolf B. Schlesinger ( 1988 ) . Comparative law : cases , text , materials . Foundation Press . p. 328 . Some countries , notably the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , had preserved enclaves of Islamic law ( relating to personal ... ) ... Jump up ^ Lampe 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Gligorijević , Branislav ( 1979 ) Parliament i političke stranke u Jugoslaviji 1919 -- 1929 Institut za savremenu istoriju , Narodna knjiga , Belgrade , OCLC 6420325 Jump up ^ Balkan Politics , Time Magazine , 31 March 1923 Jump up ^ Elections , Time Magazine , 23 February 1925 Jump up ^ The Opposition , Time Magazine , 6 April 1925 Jump up ^ Bartulin , Nevenko ( 2013 ) . The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia : Origins and Theory . Brill Publishers . p. 124 . Jump up ^ Realite sur l'attentat de Marseille contre le roi Alexandre Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Einstein accuses Yugoslavian rulers in savant 's murder , New York Times . 6 May 1931 . mirror Jump up ^ `` Raditch left tale of Yugoslav plot '' . New York Times . 23 August 1931 . p . N2 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . mirror Jump up ^ `` Nevada Labor . Yesterday , today and tomorrow '' . Nevadalabor.com . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Paul of Yugoslavia exonerated of war crimes '' ( PDF ) . The Times . 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Josef Korbel , Tito 's Communism ( University of Denver Press , 1951 ) , 22 . ^ Jump up to : Banac , Ivo . The National Question in Yugoslavia : Origins , History , Politics . Cornell University Press , 1988 . pp. 49 -- 53 , 58 . ISBN 9780801494932 ^ Jump up to : Group of Authors ( 1997 ) . Istorijski atlas ( 1st ed . ) . Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva & Geokarta , Belgrade . p. 91 . ISBN 86 - 17 - 05594 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Краљевина Југославија дефинитивни резултати пописа становништва од 21 јануара 1921 год . '' , Сарајево , Државна Штампарија , 1932 , page 3 Jump up ^ Group of Authors ( 1997 ) . Istorijski atlas ( 1st ed . ) . Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva & Geokarta , Belgrade . p. 86 . ISBN 86 - 17 - 05594 - 4 . Sources ( edit ) Bataković , Dušan T. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Histoire du peuple serbe ( History of the Serbian People ) ( in French ) . Lausanne : L'Age d'Homme . Lampe , John R. ( 28 March 2000 ) . Yugoslavia as History : Twice There Was a Country . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77401 - 7 . Banac , Ivo ( 1988 ) . The National Question in Yugoslavia : Origins , History , Politics . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9493 - 1 . Todor Radivojević ( 1935 ) . Kraljevina Jugoslavija s ilustrovanom geografskom čitankom : za četvrti razred srednjih škola . T. Jovanović i Vujić . Branko Petranović ( 1988 ) . Istorija Jugoslavije 1918 - 1988 : knj . Kraljevina Jugoslavija 1914 - 1941 . Nolit . Pavle Vujević ( 1930 ) . Kraljevina Jugoslavija : geografski i etnografski pregled . Štamparija `` Davidović '' Pavlovića i druga . Sabrina P. Ramet ( 2006 ) . The Three Yugoslavias : State - building and Legitimation , 1918 - 2005 . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34656 - 8 . Snežana Trifunovska ( 1994 ) . Yugoslavia Through Documents : From Its Creation to Its Dissolution . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2670 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Full text of the 1931 Constitution at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 October 2009 ) ( in English ) <Th_colspan="2"> Oblasts of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( 1922 -- 1929 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bačka Belgrade Bihać Bitolj Bregalnica Dubrovnik Kosovo Ljubljana Maribor Morava Mostar Niš Osijek Podrinje Podunavlje Požarevac Primorje - Krajina Kruševac Raška Sarajevo Skoplje Split Syrmia Šumadija Timok Travnik Tuzla Užice Valjevo Vranje Vrbas Zagreb Zeta <Th_colspan="3"> Banovinas of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1929 -- 1941 <Td_colspan="2"> Danube Drava Drina Morava Vardar Vrbas Zeta 1929 -- 1939 Littoral Sava 1939 -- 1941 Croatia District Belgrade City Administration Proposed Serbia Slovenia <Th_colspan="2"> Former monarchies <Td_colspan="2"> List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th and 21st centuries List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Ethiopia Libya Tunisia Egypt Madagascar South Africa Burundi Central Africa Zanzibar Ghana Nigeria Sierra Leone Tanganyika Uganda Kenya Rhodesia The Gambia Mauritius Wituland Asia China Korea Vietnam Georgia India Manchukuo Iran Iraq Syria Yemen Afghanistan Turkey Pakistan Sri Lanka Tibet Nepal Mongolia Europe Germany Bavaria Prussia Saxony Württemberg Austria - Hungary Russia France Portugal Italy Two Sicilies Hungary Bulgaria Romania Yugoslavia Serbia Montenegro Greece Albania Lithuania Hanover Iceland Tuscany Polish - Lithuania Malta Papal States Finland Oceania Bora Bora Fiji Hawaii Rarotonga Tahiti Americas Brazil Mexico Haiti Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname <Th_colspan="12"> Timeline of Yugoslav statehood Pre -- 1918 1918 -- 1929 1929 -- 1945 1941 -- 1945 1945 -- 1946 1946 -- 1963 1963 -- 1992 1992 -- 2003 2003 -- 2006 2006 -- 2008 2008 -- Slovenia Part of Austria - Hungary including the Bay of Kotor See also Kingdom of Croatia - Slavonia 1868 -- 1918 Kingdom of Dalmatia 1815 -- 1918 Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878 -- 1918 <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( 1918 -- 1929 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1929 -- 1945 ) See also State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs 1918 Republic of Prekmurje 1919 Banat , Bačka and Baranja 1918 -- 1919 Free State of Fiume 1920 -- 1924 1924 -- 1945 Italian province of Zadar 1920 -- 1947 Annexed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany <Td_colspan="3"> Democratic Federal Yugoslavia 1945 -- 1946 Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia 1946 -- 1963 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1963 -- 1992 Consisted of the Socialist Republics of Slovenia ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Croatia ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1945 -- 1992 ) Serbia ( 1945 -- 1992 ) ( included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo ) Montenegro ( 1945 -- 1992 ) Macedonia ( 1945 -- 1991 ) See also Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 -- 1954 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Republic of Slovenia Ten - Day War Dalmatia Independent State of Croatia 1941 -- 1945 Puppet state of Nazi Germany . Parts annexed by Fascist Italy . Međimurje and Baranja annexed by Hungary . <Td_colspan="4"> Republic of Croatia Croatian War of Independence Slavonia Croatia Bosnia <Td_colspan="4"> Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War Consists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1995 -- present ) , Republika Srpska ( 1995 -- present ) and Brčko District ( 2000 -- present ) . Herzegovina Vojvodina Part of the Délvidék region of Hungary Autonomous Banat ( part of the German Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia ) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Consisted of the Republic of Serbia ( 1992 -- 2006 ) and Republic of Montenegro ( 1992 -- 2006 ) State Union of Serbia and Montenegro Republic of Serbia Included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and , under UN administration , Kosovo and Metohija Republic of Serbia Includes the autonomous province of Vojvodina Serbia Kingdom of Serbia 1882 -- 1918 Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia 1941 -- 1944 Kosovo Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1912 -- 1918 Mostly annexed by Albania 1941 -- 1944 along with western Macedonia and south - eastern Montenegro Republic of Kosovo Metohija Kingdom of Montenegro 1910 -- 1918 Metohija controlled by Austria - Hungary 1915 -- 1918 Montenegro Protectorate of Montenegro 1941 -- 1944 <Td_colspan="2"> Montenegro Macedonia Part of the Kingdom of Serbia 1912 -- 1918 Annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria 1941 -- 1944 <Td_colspan="4"> Republic of Macedonia <Td_colspan="7"> Prekmurje annexed by Hungary . See also SAO Kninska Krajina ( 1990 ) → SAO Krajina ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; and SAO Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Syrmia ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , SAO Western Slavonia ( 1990 -- 1991 ) and the Republic of Serbian Krajina ( 1990 -- 1995 ) , all replaced by the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia , Baranja and Western Sirmium ( 1996 -- 1998 ) . See also Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia ; and the Serbian Autonomous Oblasts ( SAOs ) of Bosanska Krajina , North - East Bosnia , Romanija and Herzegovina ( 1991 -- 1992 ) , which all combined to form the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 1992 -- 1995 ) . Bačka was reannexed by Hungary ( 1941 -- 1944 ) , while Syrmia was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia ( 1941 -- 1944 ) . See also Republic of Užice . Annexed by Fascist Italy ( 1941 -- 1943 ) and Nazi Germany ( 1943 -- 1944 ) . Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia ( 1941 -- 1944 ) . <Td_colspan="5"> Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . Macedonia is known in the United Nations as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia because of a naming dispute with Greece . Free Territory was established in 1947 . Its administration was divided into two areas ( Zone A ) and ( Zone B) . Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954 . <Th_colspan="3"> Yugoslavia articles History <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline Creation Kingdom 6 January Dictatorship World War II Invasion Partisans Chetniks Belgrade Offensive SFR Yugoslavia Tito -- Stalin Split Balkan Pact Yugoslavism Yugoslavs in Serbia Yugoslav irredentism Yugoslav Committee Yugo - nostalgia Breakup Yugoslav Wars ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Croatian independence War ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Slovenian independence ( Ten - Day War ( June -- July 1991 ) Brijuni Agreement ) Macedonian independence ( 1991 ) Bosnian independence ( War ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Dayton Agreement ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Kingdom Constitution 1921 1931 1946 1953 1963 Elections Federal Executive Council Prime Minister Foreign relations ( Yugoslavia and NAM ) Governments Heads of state Human rights LGBT Parliament Titoism Đilasism Rankovićism Political parties League of Communists Presidency Security counterintelligence Military History Army ( 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1992 ranks ( Marshal ) ) Navy ( 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1992 ) Air Force ( 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1992 ) Territorial Defense Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Computer systems ( SFRY ) Dinar ( currency ) Energy Industry Krone ( currency ) Mining National Bank governors Services Stock Exchange Telecommunications Internet domain Tourism Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Demographics ( SFRY ) Education ( SFRY ) Healthcare Minorities Postal codes Public holidays Yugoslavs list Languages Macedonian Serbo - Croatian Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian Slovene ( Slovenian ) Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Academy Architecture Art Cinema films Drama Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia Folklore Music composers National costume Philosophy Religion Sport football Yugoslav Radio Television Cuisine Bosnian Croatian wine Macedonian wine Montenegrin wine Serbian wine Slovenian wine Literature Bosnian Croatian Macedonian Montenegrin Serbian Slovene Poets Symbols Anthem ( 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1992 ) Coat of arms Flag of Yugoslavia List Motto Orders , decorations , and medals of SFR Yugoslavia <Td_colspan="3"> BNF : cb16930699q ( data ) GND : 45879 - X VIAF : 315522167 Coordinates : 44 ° 49 ′ 14 '' N 20 ° 27 ′ 44 '' E / 44.82056 ° N 20.46222 ° E / 44.82056 ; 20.46222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia&oldid=854278737 '' Categories : Kingdom of Yugoslavia Former Slavic countries 1918 establishments in Yugoslavia 1941 disestablishments in Yugoslavia 1918 establishments in Europe 1941 disestablishments in Europe 1945 establishments in Yugoslavia 1945 disestablishments in Yugoslavia 1945 establishments in Europe 1945 disestablishments in Europe 20th century in Kosovo 20th century in Montenegro Yugoslav Serbia 20th century in Slovenia Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav Croatia 20th century in Yugoslavia Axis powers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Serbo - Croatian - language text Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing Slovene - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles that may contain original research from November 2012 All articles that may contain original research CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 05 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Kingdom of Yugoslavia
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-7,834,794,164,641,901,000 | who sang the song mrs brown you have a lovely daughter | Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter - Wikipedia Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Herman 's Hermits <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Herman 's Hermits B - side `` I Gotta Dream On '' Released April 1965 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded De Lane Lea Studios , London , 1 December 1964 Genre Beat , pop Length 2 : 45 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) Trevor Peacock Producer ( s ) Mickie Most <Th_colspan="2"> Herman 's Hermits singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Silhouettes '' ( 1965 ) `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' ( 1965 ) `` Wonderful World '' ( 1965 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Silhouettes '' ( 1965 ) `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' ( 1965 ) `` Wonderful World '' ( 1965 ) `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' is a popular song written by British actor , screenwriter and songwriter Trevor Peacock . It was originally sung by actor Tom Courtenay in The Lads , a British TV play of 1963 , and released as a single on UK Decca . The best - known version of the song is by Herman 's Hermits , who took it to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 in May 1965 , and number one in Canada the month before . The single debuted on the Hot 100 at number 12 -- the third highest debut of the decade ( after the Beatles ' `` Hey Jude '' and `` Get Back '' ) . The Hermits never released the track -- or their other US 1965 number one , `` I 'm Henry VIII , I Am '' -- as a single in their native Britain . `` Mrs Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' was recorded as an afterthought in two takes and featured unique muted lead and rhythm guitar by Derek Leckenby and Keith Hopwood and heavily accented lead vocals by Peter Noone , with backing vocals from Karl Green and Keith Hopwood . The band never dreamed it would be a single let alone hit number one in the US . According to Noone the song was well known to British bands ; it would often be performed at birthday parties , substituting the surname of the girl whose party was being celebrated , i.e. , `` Mrs. Smith '' or `` Mrs. Jones '' instead of `` Mrs. Brown '' . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1965 album Chipmunks à Go - Go . The song was released in Japan on Odeon Records , a subsidiary of Toshiba , as OR - 1272 . It was backed by the song `` Wonderful World '' . It was recorded by Nellie McKay for her 2015 album My Weekly Reader . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Herman 's Hermits : Mrs Brown You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Courtenay -- Mrs. Brown You 've Got A Lovely Daughter '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ '' Billboard Hot 100 Charts -- The Sixties / The Seventies '' , Record Research Inc , 1990 Preceded by `` Game of Love '' by Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders Billboard Hot 100 number one single 1 May 1965 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ticket to Ride '' by The Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> Herman 's Hermits <Td_colspan="2"> Peter Noone Keith Hopwood Derek Leckenby Karl Green Barry Whitwam UK albums Herman 's Hermits Both Sides of Herman 's Hermits There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter US albums Introducing Herman 's Hermits Herman 's Hermits on Tour Hold On ! Both Sides of Herman 's Hermits There 's a Kind of Hush All Over the World Blaze Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter Extended plays Hermania Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter Herman 's Hermits Hits A Must to Avoid Hold On ! Dandy The London Look Compilation albums The Most of Herman 's Hermits The Most of Herman 's Hermits Volume 2 The Very Best of Herman 's Hermits Singles `` I 'm into Something Good '' `` Show Me Girl '' `` Ca n't You Hear My Heartbeat '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter '' `` Wonderful World '' `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' `` Just a Little Bit Better '' `` A Must to Avoid '' `` Listen People '' `` Leaning on the Lamp Post '' `` You Wo n't Be Leaving '' `` This Door Swings Both Ways '' `` Dandy '' `` No Milk Today '' `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' `` Do n't Go Out into the Rain ( You 're Going to Melt ) '' `` Museum '' `` I Can Take or Leave Your Loving '' `` Sleepy Joe '' `` Sunshine Girl '' `` Something 's Happening '' `` My Sentimental Friend '' `` Years May Come , Years May Go '' Related articles Discography Hold On ! ( 1966 film ) Mrs. Brown , You 've Got a Lovely Daughter ( 1968 film ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book This 1960s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrs._Brown,_You%27ve_Got_a_Lovely_Daughter&oldid=789354565 '' Categories : 1965 singles Herman 's Hermits songs Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles 1963 songs MGM Records singles 1960s pop song stubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" - a popular song by Herman's Hermits
2. Trevor Peacock - British actor, screenwriter, and songwriter who wrote the song
3. Herman's Hermits - the band that recorded the best-known version of the song
4. Billboard Hot 100 - the chart where the song reached number one in May 1965
5. British TV play - where the song was originally sung by actor Tom Courtenay |
-7,582,270,390,583,752,000 | who was the greek god of the sky | Uranus ( mythology ) - wikipedia Uranus ( mythology ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Uranus <Td_colspan="2"> Primordial god of the sky <Td_colspan="2"> Aion - Uranus with Terra ( Greek Gaia ) on mosaic Abode Sky <Th_colspan="2"> Personal Information Consort Gaia Children The Titans , the Cyclopes , the Meliae , the Erinyes ( Furies ) , the Giants , the Hekatonkheires and Aphrodite Parents Gaia ( Hesiod ) or Aether and Gaia or Aether and Hemera or Nyx Roman equivalent Caelus Uranus ( / ˈjʊərənəs / or / jʊˈreɪnəs / ; Ancient Greek Οὐρανός , Ouranos ( oːranós ) meaning `` sky '' or `` heaven '' ) was the primal Greek god personifying the sky . His name in Roman mythology was Caelus . In Ancient Greek literature , Uranus or Father Sky was the son and husband of Gaia , Mother Earth . According to Hesiod 's Theogony , Uranus was conceived by Gaia alone , but other sources cite Aether as his father . Uranus and Gaia were the parents of the first generation of Titans , and the ancestors of most of the Greek gods , but no cult addressed directly to Uranus survived into Classical times , and Uranus does not appear among the usual themes of Greek painted pottery . Elemental Earth , Sky and Styx might be joined , however , in a solemn invocation in Homeric epic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Genealogy 3 Descendants of Gaia and Uranus 4 Creation myth 4.1 Greek mythology 4.2 Hurrian mythology 4.3 Uranus and Váruṇa 5 Cultural context of flint 6 Planet Uranus 7 Notes 8 References Etymology ( edit ) The most probable etymology traces the name to a Proto - Greek form * worsanós ( Ϝορσανός ) enlarged from * ṷorsó - ( also found in Greek ouréō ' to urinate ' , Sanskrit varṣá ' rain ' , Hittite ṷarša - ' fog , mist ' ) . The basic Indo - European root is * ṷérs - ' to rain , moisten ' ( also found in Greek eérsē ' dew ' , Sanskrit várṣati ' to rain ' , Avestan aiβi. varəšta ' it rained on ' ) , making Ouranos the ' rainmaker ' . A less likely etymology is a derivative with meaning ' the one standing on high ' from PIE * ṷérso - ( cf . Sanskrit várṣman ' height , top ' , Lithuanian viršùs ' upper , highest seat ' , Russian verx ' height , top ' ) . Georges Dumézil 's equation of Ouranos ' name with that of the Vedic deity Váruṇa ( Mitanni Aruna ) , god of the sky and waters , is etymologically untenable . Genealogy ( edit ) In Hesiod 's Theogony , Uranus is the offspring of Gaia , the earth goddess . Alcman and Callimachus elaborate that Uranus was fathered by Aether , the god of heavenly light and the upper air . Under the influence of the philosophers , Cicero , in De Natura Deorum ( `` Concerning the Nature of the Gods '' ) , claims that he was the offspring of the ancient gods Aether and Hemera , Air and Day . According to the Orphic Hymns , Uranus was the son of Nyx , the personification of night . Uranus was the brother of Pontus , the God of the sea . Descendants of Gaia and Uranus ( edit ) According to Hesiod 's Theogony , Uranus mated with Gaia to create the twelve Titans : Oceanus , Coeus , Crius , Hyperion , Iapetus , Theia , Rhea , Themis , Mnemosyne , Phoebe , Tethys and Cronus ; the Cyclopes : Brontes , Steropes and Arges ; and the Hecatoncheires ( `` Hundred - Handed Ones '' ) : Cottus , Briareos , and Gyges . ( hide ) Descendants of Gaia ( Earth ) and Uranus ( Sky ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gaia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Uranus <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Oceanus <Td_colspan="6"> Crius <Td_colspan="6"> Iapetus <Td_colspan="6"> Rhea <Td_colspan="6"> Mnemosyne <Td_colspan="6"> Tethys <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Coeus <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Hyperion <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Theia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Themis <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Phoebe <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Cronus <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Titans <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Brontes <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Steropes <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Arges <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Cyclopes <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Cottus <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Briareos <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gyges <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Hecatoncheires <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Further , according to the Theogony , when Cronus castrated Uranus , from Uranus ' blood , which splattered onto the earth , came the Erinyes ( Furies ) , the Giants , and the Meliae . Also , according to the Theogony , Cronus threw the severed genitals into the sea , around which foam developed and transformed into the goddess Aphrodite , although according to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus and Dione . ( hide ) Descendants of Gaia and Uranus ' blood , and Uranus ' genitals , according Hesiod <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gaia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Uranus ' blood <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Uranus ' genitals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Erinyes <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Giants <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> The Meliae <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Aphrodite Creation myth ( edit ) Greek mythology ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn : fresco by Giorgio Vasari and Cristofano Gherardi , c. 1560 ( Sala di Cosimo I , Palazzo Vecchio ) In the Olympian creation myth , as Hesiod tells it in the Theogony , Uranus came every night to cover the earth and mate with Gaia , but he hated the children she bore him . Hesiod named their first six sons and six daughters the Titans , the three one - hundred - handed giants the Hekatonkheires , and the one - eyed giants the Cyclopes . Uranus imprisoned Gaia 's youngest children in Tartarus , deep within Earth , where they caused pain to Gaia . She shaped a great flint - bladed sickle and asked her sons to castrate Uranus . Only Cronus , youngest and most ambitious of the Titans , was willing : he ambushed his father and castrated him , casting the severed testicles into the sea . For this fearful deed , Uranus called his sons Titanes Theoi , or `` Straining Gods . '' From the blood that spilled from Uranus onto the Earth came forth the Giants , the Erinyes ( the avenging Furies ) , the Meliae ( the ash - tree nymphs ) , and , according to some , the Telchines . From the genitals in the sea came forth Aphrodite . The learned Alexandrian poet Callimachus reported that the bloodied sickle had been buried in the earth at Zancle in Sicily , but the Romanized Greek traveller Pausanias was informed that the sickle had been thrown into the sea from the cape near Bolina , not far from Argyra on the coast of Achaea , whereas the historian Timaeus located the sickle at Corcyra ; Corcyrans claimed to be descendants of the wholly legendary Phaeacia visited by Odysseus , and by circa 500 BCE one Greek mythographer , Acusilaus , was claiming that the Phaeacians had sprung from the very blood of Uranus ' castration . After Uranus was deposed , Cronus re-imprisoned the Hekatonkheires and Cyclopes in Tartarus . Uranus and Gaia then prophesied that Cronus in turn was destined to be overthrown by his own son , and so the Titan attempted to avoid this fate by devouring his young . Zeus , through deception by his mother Rhea , avoided this fate . These ancient myths of distant origins were not expressed in cults among the Hellenes . The function of Uranus was as the vanquished god of an elder time , before real time began . After his castration , the Sky came no more to cover the Earth at night , but held to its place , and `` the original begetting came to an end '' ( Kerényi ) . Uranus was scarcely regarded as anthropomorphic , aside from the genitalia in the castration myth . He was simply the sky , which was conceived by the ancients as an overarching dome or roof of bronze , held in place ( or turned on an axis ) by the Titan Atlas . In formulaic expressions in the Homeric poems ouranos is sometimes an alternative to Olympus as the collective home of the gods ; an obvious occurrence would be the moment in Iliad 1.495 , when Thetis rises from the sea to plead with Zeus : `` and early in the morning she rose up to greet Ouranos - and - Olympus and she found the son of Kronos ... '' William Sale remarks that `` ... ' Olympus ' is almost always used of ( the home of the Olympian gods ) , but ouranos often refers to the natural sky above us without any suggestion that the gods , collectively live there '' . Sale concluded that the earlier seat of the gods was the actual Mount Olympus , from which the epic tradition by the time of Homer had transported them to the sky , ouranos . By the sixth century , when a `` heavenly Aphrodite '' ( Aphrodite Urania ) was to be distinguished from the `` common Aphrodite of the people '' , ouranos signifies purely the celestial sphere itself . Hurrian mythology ( edit ) The Greek creation myth is similar to the Hurrian creation myth . In Hurrian religion Anu is the sky god . His son Kumarbis bit off his genitals and spat out three deities , one of whom , Teshub , later deposed Kumarbis . In Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians , Anu is the sky god and represented law and order . It is possible that Uranus was originally an Indo - European god , to be identified with the Vedic Váruṇa , the supreme keeper of order who later became the god of oceans and rivers , as suggested by Georges Dumézil , following hints in Émile Durkheim , The Elementary Forms of Religious Life ( 1912 ) . Another of Dumézil 's theories is that the Iranian supreme God Ahura Mazda is a development of the Indo - Iranian * vouruna - * mitra . Therefore , this divinity has also the qualities of Mitra , which is the god of the falling rain . Uranus and Váruṇa ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Uranus is connected with the night sky , and Váruṇa is the god of the sky and the celestial ocean , which is connected with the Milky Way . His daughter Lakshmi is said to have arisen from an ocean of milk , a myth similar to the myth of Aphrodite . Georges Dumézil made a cautious case for the identity of Uranus and Vedic Váruṇa at the earliest Indo - European cultural level . Dumézil 's identification of mythic elements shared by the two figures , relying to a great extent on linguistic interpretation , but not positing a common origin , was taken up by Robert Graves and others . The identification of the name Ouranos with the Hindu Váruṇa , based in part on a posited PIE root * - ŭer with a sense of `` binding '' -- ancient king god Váruṇa binds the wicked , ancient king god Uranus binds the Cyclopes , who had tormented him . The most probable etymology is from Proto - Greek * ( F ) orsanόj ( worsanos ) from a PIE root * ers `` to moisten , to drip '' ( referring to the rain ) . Cultural context of flint ( edit ) Greek deities series Titans and Olympians Aquatic deities Mycenaean deities Personified concepts Other deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Tartarus Thalassa Uranus Chthonic deities Hades Persephone Angelos Demeter Erinyes Gaia Hecate Iacchus Melinoe Triptolemus Trophonius This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The detail of the sickle 's being flint rather than bronze or even iron was retained by Greek mythographers ( though neglected by Roman ones ) . Knapped flints as cutting edges were set in wooden or bone sickles in the late Neolithic , before the onset of the Bronze Age . Such sickles may have survived latest in ritual contexts where metal was taboo , but the detail , which was retained by classical Greeks , suggests the antiquity of the mytheme . Planet Uranus ( edit ) Main article : Uranus This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The ancient Greeks and Romans knew of only five ' wandering stars ' ( Greek : πλανήται , planētai ) : Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . Following the discovery of a sixth planet in the 18th century , there was some early disagreement regarding what to name it . Its discoverer , William Herschel , named it `` The Georgian Star '' , the name preferred by English astronomers . Others preferred to name it `` Herschel '' . Finally , the name Uranus was suggested by astronomer Johann Bode as the logical addition to the series , since Mars ( Ares in Greek ) , Venus , and Mercury were the children of Jupiter , Jupiter ( Zeus in Greek ) the son of Saturn , and Saturn ( Cronus in Greek ) the son of Uranus . What is anomalous is that , while the others take Roman names , Uranus is a name derived from Greek in contrast to the Roman Caelus . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus ' severed genitals , but according to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus ( Iliad 3.374 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ) and Dione ( Iliad 5.370 -- 71 ) , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Grimal , s.v. `` Caelus '' p. 38 . Jump up ^ Alcman , Frag 61 , Callimachus , Frag 498 , Cicero , De Natura Deorum 3.17 . Jump up ^ `` We did not regard them as being in any way worthy of worship , '' Karl Kerenyi , speaking for the ancient Greeks , said of the Titans ( Kerenyi , p. 20 ) ; `` with the single exception , perhaps , of Cronos ; and with the exception , also , of Helios . '' Jump up ^ As at Homer , Iliad 15.36 ff. , Odyssey 5.184 ff . Jump up ^ Originally reconstructed in : Johann Baptist Hofmann , Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen ( Munich : R. Oldenbourg , 1950 ) . Jump up ^ Robert S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek v. 2 ( Brill : Leiden , 2009 ) , 1128 - 9 . Jump up ^ George Dumézil , `` Ouranos - Varuna '' , in : Études de mythologie comparée indo - européenne . Paris : G. - P. Maisonneuve , 1934 . Jump up ^ Manfred Mayrhofer , Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen , vol. 2 , s.v. `` Váruṇa '' ( Heidelberg , 1996 ) , 515 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edgar C. Polomé , `` Binder - god '' , in : Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture ( London / Chicago : Fitzroy - Dearborn , 1997 ) , 65 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 126 ff ... Jump up ^ Donna Jo Napoli , `` Treasury of Greek Mythology : Classic Stories of Gods , Goddesses , Heroes & Monsters '' Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 132 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 139 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 147 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 132 -- 153 ; Caldwell , p. 5 , table 3 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 173 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.374 , 5.370 -- 71 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ; see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 ; Caldwell , p. 6 table 4 . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 133 ff ... Jump up ^ Modern etymology suggests that the linguistic origin of Τιτάνες lies on the pre-Greek level . Jump up ^ Callimachus , Aitia ( `` On Origins '' ) , from book II , fragment 43 , discussed by Lane Fox , pp. 270 ff. ; Lane Fox notes that Zancle was founded in the 8th century BC . Jump up ^ Reported by the scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes ' Argonautica , 4.984 , ( Lane Fox , p. 274 n . 36 ) . Jump up ^ Acusilaus , in FrGH vol. 2 , fragment 4 , noted by Lane Fox , p. 274 n . 37 Jump up ^ Kerényi , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sale , William Merritt ( 1984 ) . `` Homeric Olympus and its formulae '' . American Journal of Philology. 105 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28 ( p. 3 ) . JSTOR 294622 . Jump up ^ Guterbock , Hans Gustav . `` Hittite Religion '' in Forgotten Religions including some Primitive Religions '' ed . Vergilius Firm . NY Philadelphia Library 1950 : 88f , 103f . Jump up ^ Dumézil , Ouranós - Váruṇa : étude de mythologie comparée indo - européenne , 1934 . Jump up ^ The Durkheim connection was noted by Arnoldo Momigliano , `` Georges Dumezil and the Trifunctional Approach to Roman Civilization '' , History and Theory , 1984 ; a link between Uranus and Varuna was suggested as early as 1824 by Albrecht Weber , Modern investigations on ancient India : A lecture delivered in Berlin March 4 , 1824 , 1857 . Jump up ^ Dumézil , G. ( 1940 , 1948 ) . Mitra Varuna Essai Sur Deux Representati . Paris : Gallimard , 1948 . Dumézil , G. , tr . Coltman , D. ( 1940 , 1988 ) Mitra - Varuna : an essay on two Indo - European representations of sovereignty . New York : Zone Books . Jump up ^ According to Dumezil Varuna is the god of `` masses of water '' , while falling rain is rather related to Mitra . Jump up ^ Dumézil , Ouranós - Váruna : Étude de mythologie comparée indo - européenne ( Paris : Maisonneuve 1934 ) . References ( edit ) Caldwell , Richard , Hesiod 's Theogony , Focus Publishing / R. Pullins Company ( June 1 , 1987 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941051 - 00 - 2 . Cicero , Marcus Tullius , De Natura Deorum in Cicero in Twenty - eight Volumes , XIX De Natura Deorum ; Academica , with an English translation by H. Rackham , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press ; London : William Heinemann , Ltd , 1967 . Internet Archive . Gantz , Timothy , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Graves , Robert , revised edition , 1960 . The Greek Myths . Grimal , Pierre , The Dictionary of Classical Mythology , Wiley - Blackwell , 1996 , ISBN 9780631201021 . Hesiod , Theogony , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer , The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Kerényi , Carl , The Gods of the Greeks , Thames and Hudson , London , 1951 . Lane Fox , Robin , Travelling Heroes : In the Epic Age of Homer , Vintage Books , 2010 . ISBN 9780679763864 . 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-5,616,206,356,449,091,000 | wizard of oz cast who is still alive | Jerry Maren - wikipedia Jerry Maren <Th_colspan="2"> Jerry Maren <Td_colspan="2"> Maren attending the premiere of Dahmer Vs. Gacy in Hollywood on January 15 , 2010 Gerard Marenghi ( 1920 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1920 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) ( aged 98 ) La Jolla , California , U.S. Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Hollywood Hills Occupation Actor Years active 1938 -- 2013 Known for Last surviving Munchkin of The Wizard of Oz Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Barrington ( m . 1975 ; d . 2011 ) Gerard Marenghi ( January 24 , 1920 -- May 24 , 2018 ) , known as Jerry Maren , was an American actor who played a Munchkin member of the Lollipop Guild in the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . He became the last surviving Munchkin following the death of Ruth Duccini on January 16 , 2014 , and was also the last surviving cast member with a speaking or singing role . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Promotional appearances 2 Personal life 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gerard Marenghi , eventually known as Jerry Maren , was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the youngest of eleven or twelve children . His father , Emil Marenghi , worked at a shoe factory . His four brothers and five sisters were six feet or taller by 1939 . At the age of 12 , Maren started taking dancing lessons with his sister . He toured around New England with his dance instructor with an act called Three Steps and a Hop and was noticed by MGM scouts who were looking for three little guys who could sing and dance . Maren received a telegram , just after graduating from High school , asking him to come to California to work on a movie . He was offered nearly $100 per week plus expenses . In The Wizard of Oz , he played the green - garbed member of the Lollipop Guild ( between Jakob `` Jackie '' Gerlich and Harry Earles ) , handing a lollipop to Dorothy Gale ( Judy Garland ) . Maren was eighteen / nineteen years old when he shot his scenes for The Wizard of Oz in the latter part of 1938 and early 1939 . At that time he stood just three feet six inches ( 107 cm ) . ( Hormone treatments would allow Maren to grow to a height of four feet six inches ( 137 cm ) later in life . ) The reason behind his talents for performing stemmed from a persona he had built up years earlier as a thirteen - year - old during school vacations . He began attending lessons for singing and dancing in his early teens and enjoyed them so much that he opted to band together with his teacher in order to create an act known as `` Three Steps and a Hop . '' This idea proved to be a small success on stage that toured the New England circuit for a considerable length of time thereafter . In the same year as The Wizard of Oz , he appeared in an Our Gang feature , Tiny Troubles , playing criminal `` Light - Fingered Lester '' , and also appeared as an extra in the Western film The Terror of Tiny Town . After The Wizard of Oz , Maren continued acting , and appeared in many movies and television shows . Some of these appearances were in the Our Gang comedy shorts , in At The Circus ( 1939 ) , starring the Marx Brothers and as an ape in Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) . He is also featured , along with fellow Munchkin Billy Curtis , in American International Pictures ' release Little Cigars ( 1973 ) , about a gang of `` midgets '' on a crime spree . In the 1950s Maren worked as a Little Oscar for the Oscar Mayer Company and as Buster Brown in television and radio commercials . Later he joined his friend Billy Barty in organizing Little People of America . Maren has also portrayed Mayor McCheese and The Hamburglar in commercials for McDonald 's . In the late 1970s , Maren was the dapper little man in top hat and tuxedo on The Gong Show , heralding each show 's big finish with an onslaught of confetti as Milton DeLugg 's band played `` Hoop Dee Doo '' . He made a notable appearance in the episode `` Felix the Horseplayer '' of The Odd Couple as Harry Tallman , a racehorse exerciser who gives Oscar tips on winning horses . In 1982 he played Morris the bellboy , a regular character in the ABC sitcom No Soap , Radio . Maren had a walk - on role in an episode of Seinfeld ( `` The Yada Yada '' ) and played a mime in the 2010 - released comedy horror movie Dahmer Vs. Gacy . Maren also starred in the Eric Swelstad - directed horror movie Frankenstein Rising ( 2009 ) . In February 2009 , Maren performed in Project Lodestar Sagas as `` Thaddeus '' , appearing opposite former MGM child actress Margaret O'Brien , who played the lead role of Livia Wells . Promotional appearances ( edit ) Maren ( far left ) , Karl Slover , Clarence Swensen and Margaret Pellegrini in 1998 On November 21 , 2007 , Maren appeared with six other Munchkin actors at the unveiling of a Hollywood Star for the Wizard of Oz Munchkins on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The other actors were Mickey Carroll , Ruth Duccini , Margaret Pellegrini , Meinhardt Raabe , Karl Slover , and Clarence Swensen . On June 3 , 2010 , Maren appeared at Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona , New York to promote a new Wizard of Oz slot machine . After September 2011 he stopped traveling or appearing at any of the Oz Festivals held throughout the country but did appear for a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on September 18 , 2013 . Personal life ( edit ) Maren was married to Elizabeth Barrington from 1975 until her death at age 69 on January 27 , 2011 . He lived in southern California . On February 29 , 2016 , it was reported that Maren had died of pancreatic cancer , but these reports were false . He posted a video on Instagram to say that he was alive and well , and according to friend Steve Cox , he did n't have cancer . When The Hollywood Reporter attempted to contact Maren for a story on little people in Hollywood in August 2016 , Maren 's caretakers informed the reporter that he was too frail to make further appearances or conduct interviews . Maren died in San Diego , California , at a nursing facility center in La Jolla , California on May 24 , 2018 , aged 98 , from a combination of old age - related diseases including cachexia , heart failure and senile dementia . Maren left no immediate survivors . He was the last survivor of The Wizard of Oz 's adult Munchkin cast ; his death left stunt doubles ( Caren Marsh Doll and Ambrose Schindler ) as the last two known people to appear on - screen during the film . A small number of anonymous female extras are also reported to survive , but they were children , rather than adults with dwarfism . He outlived all the major cast members of the film , as well as Buddy Ebsen , who originally played the Tin - Man . He was also the last surviving actor who co-starred in a film starring the Marx Brothers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jerry Maren , Who Sang and Danced as a Munchkin in Oz , Dies at 98 '' . NYTimes.com . June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last surviving ' Wizard of Oz , ' munchkin Jerry Maren dies '' . Jump up ^ `` Final female ' Oz ' Munchkin Ruth Duccini dead at 95 '' . nwitimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Trouble in ' Oz ' : the Munchkins ' dirty secret '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Motherly Women Big Pain To Jerry , A Midget Actor '' . The Pittsburgh Press . June 21 , 1939 . p. 15 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pays to Be a Midget '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . December 10 , 1939 . p. 34 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( 2013 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1613748329 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gore Filled Trailer : Frankenstein Rising , dreadcentral.com ; accessed June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munchkin Star on the Walk of Fame , usatoday.com ; accessed June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Munchkin Lollipop Guild Member visits Turning Stone during Oz - Stravaganza '' . Wktv.com . June 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Maren places hands in wet cement at TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles - Photos '' . UPI . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) . `` ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin 's wife , Elizabeth Maren , dead at 69 '' . nwi.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Last ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin : Jerry Maren NOT Dead ... Just Laying Low '' . tmz.com . March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Munchkin Actor Jerry Maren Dead ? ' Oz ' Star Sets Record Straight At 96 '' . inquisitr.com . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Little People , Big Woes in Hollywood : Low Pay , Degrading Jobs and a Tragic Death '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin Jerry Maren 's Heart Gave Out '' . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emmeline ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Wizard Of Oz star Jerry Maren dies aged 98 '' . mirror.co.uk . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last ' Wizard of Oz ' Munchkin Jerry Maren Dead at 98 '' . tmz.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Maren , last surviving `` Wizard of Oz '' munchkin , dead at 98 `` . cbsnews.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Cox , `` The Munchkins of Oz '' Cumberland House ISBN 1 - 58182 - 269 - 3 Short and Sweet : The Life and Times of the Lollipop Munchkin ( Paperback ) by Jerry Maren ( Author ) Pub . Date : June 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 543 - 5 External links ( edit ) Jerry Maren on IMDb Jerry Maren at Find a Grave GND : 136425976 ISNI : 0000 0001 1469 9324 LCCN : n2008002054 MusicBrainz : 41c36436 - 3b95 - 4d26 - a1c1 - b26eb4aeb264 VIAF : 28997159 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Maren&oldid=857140933 '' Categories : 1920 births 2018 deaths Deaths from dementia Disease - related deaths in California 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Actors with dwarfism American male film actors American male television actors American memoirists American people of Italian descent Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) Last living survivors Male actors from Boston Male actors of Italian descent Writers from Boston Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Polski Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jerry Maren - American actor and last surviving Munchkin of The Wizard of Oz
2. Career in film and television, including appearances in The Wizard of Oz, Our Gang, and commercials
3. Personal life, including marriage to Elizabeth Barrington and involvement in Little People of America
4. Promotional appearances and recognition, such as Hollywood Walk of Fame star and Wizard of Oz festivals
5. Death and legacy as the last surviving adult Munchkin cast member |
4,176,113,066,587,248,600 | who plays henry on once upon a time season 7 | Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Henry Daniel Mills <Td_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time character <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional photograph of Andrew J. West as Henry Mills . First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore ( young ) Andrew J. West ( adult ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Occupation Writer Driver Pawnshop apprentice ( formerly ) Prince ( alternate reality ) Knight ( alternate reality ) Title The Author The Truest Believer ( Season 3 ) Sir Henry ( alternate reality ) Family Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( birth father , deceased ) Emma Swan ( birth mother ) Regina Mills ( adoptive mother ) Killian Jones ( stepfather ) Baby Swan - Jones ( sibling ) Spouse ( s ) Cinderella / Jacinda ( wife ) Significant other ( s ) Violet ( formerly ) Children Lucy ( daughter , with Cinderella ) Relatives Paternal relatives Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold ( grandfather ) Milah ( grandmother , deceased ) Belle Gold ( step - grandmother , deceased ) Malcolm / Peter Pan ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Fiona / The Black Fairy ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Gideon ( uncle ) Maternal relatives David Nolan ( `` Prince Charming '' ) ( grandfather ) Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard ( grandmother ) Prince Neal Nolan ( uncle ) Maternal relatives on David 's side Robert ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Ruth ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Prince James ( great - uncle , deceased ) King George / Albert Spencer ( adoptive great - grandfather ) Maternal relatives on Snow 's side King Leopold ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Queen Eva ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Evil Queen / Regina Mills ( step - great - grandmother ; adoptive mother ) Adoptive Maternal relatives on Regina 's side Prince Henry ( grandfather , deceased ) Cora Mills ( grandmother , deceased ) Zelena ( `` The Wicked Witch of the West '' ) ( aunt ) Robin ( cousin ) Relatives by marriage Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( stepmother - in - law ) Drizella / Ivy Belfrey ( stepsister - in - law ) Anastasia ( stepsister - in - law ) Nationality United States of America 15 August 2001 Phoenix , Arizona Abilities Standard powers of the Author Type Land Without Magic character <Th_colspan="2"> Centric episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Season Three `` Going Home '' `` Save Henry '' Season Four `` Operation Mongoose '' Season Five `` Dreamcatcher '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season Six `` The Final Battle '' Season Seven '' Hyperion Heights '' Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption ; Regina Mills adopted him . Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore , who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012 . Starting with the seventh season , Andrew J. West took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten - year - old girl named Lucy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character Background 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Seasons 3 -- 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 2 Character Development and Reception 3 References 4 External links Character background ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy 's son , whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix , Arizona in 2001 . He is also Snow White , Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin 's grandson , and the great - grandson of the latter 's father 's alias Peter Pan and latter 's mother 's alias the Black Fairy . He is adopted by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , after Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) procures him , naming him after her late father . At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him , thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers , who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan . As Henry gets older , his relationship with Regina became strained , and she sends him to regular therapy sessions . When he is ten , he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) , discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages . Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke . He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina , nearly resulting in him dying . However , he is awoken with true love 's kiss by Emma , which also breaks the curse . Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal , leaving David ( Prince Charming ) to look after him . Following the death of Regina 's mother Cora , and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret , Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke . When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town , he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland , where it is revealed that Peter Pan ( Henry 's great - grandfather ) wants possession of him as he owns `` the heart of the truest believer '' . Seasons 3 -- 4 ( edit ) Pan eventually persuades Henry to give him his heart , telling him it will save magic . Regina reclaims the heart and resurrects Henry . However , Pan inhabits Henry 's body in Storybrooke , enacting Regina 's original curse once more . Mr. Gold returns Henry to his body , and Emma and Henry escape to New York City whilst the remaining residents return to the Enchanted Forest . A year later , Hook restores Emma 's memories , leading her to return to Storybrooke with Henry to save their family from another curse . Henry is confused about Emma 's decision to relocate , until his past memories are restored with his book . Once his memories are restored , Regina gives him true love 's kiss breaking the curse . Henry then moves back to Storybrooke where he splits his time living with Regina and the Charmings . Henry later helps Regina to search for his storybook 's author , Isaac . Upon discovering the writer 's manipulative actions , Henry being the only one born in the Land Without Magic is left behind in Storybrooke and goes to find Isaac and enters his new storybook `` Heroes and Viilains '' to fix reality and after saving Emma who remembers everything they both try to help Regina get her happy ending to fix reality but fail . Then Henry takes the pen and becomes the next author and using Regina 's blood to write a new ending to fix reality . With Henry being the new author and he breaks the pen deeming it too powerful for anyone to use . Henry then watches Emma sacrificing herself to save Regina and Storybrooke by becoming the new Dark One . Season 5 ( edit ) With his family and a few of the other residents , Henry transports to the Enchanted Forest to find Emma and to take her to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove her darkness . However , six weeks later , they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they all failed to get the darkness out of Emma except Henry . Revealed in a flashback , Henry has fallen in love with a girl named Violet ; due to needing a tear from the pain of losing a first love to help free Merlin , Emma tearfully manipulates Violet into breaking Henry 's heart . Due to Emma 's curse , Henry gets another chance with Violet , as neither remembered each other from before . After Emma restored his memory , Henry helps Emma rescue Hook after he is sent to the Underworld for sacrificing himself to save everyone . When he arrived with his family , he comes up with a new plan called `` Operation Firebird , '' this after learning that they have a chance to save the souls and help them move forward . However , when he comes across Cruella De Vil , he is offered a chance to help her return to the living as he is the Author , this after telling him that despite having broken the quill in two he still has the ability to use the quill and magically write her a new life while he was in the underworld and at the same time restore Emma 's soul as forgiveness , but this would put Henry in a situation that would force him to break his vow not to tamper with his family history . He then learns that he has the ability to bring others back from the dead when he came across the Apprentice , whose soul ca n't move on until Henry makes the right choice , which is to record the events in the book . Henry plans to re-write Hades ' story that was missing in the Underworld version of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . He also starts experiencing visions that allows him to illustrate stories but can not explain why they 're coming to him . Before he returned to Storybrooke , he finished the unfinished businesses in the book , only to have Cruella hide it in Hades ' lair . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry began to experience a roguish streak as he believed magic is destroying his family in the wake of Robin Hood 's death . This prompts him and Violet to obtain the Olympian Crystal and flee to New York City where magic can be destroyed . However , his actions also resulted in leaving Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook in the Land of Untold Stories when he used a holy grail to destroy it . Having regret what he did , Henry turned to a fountain and made a wish that he would reunite his family , and with the help of Emma , Regina , Violet , and Gold , along the New Yorkers who see him make this plea , the fountain succeeds in bringing Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook to New York and with that restored magic . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry learned that Violet , although born in Camelot , was actually from Connecticut , due to her father having slipped into an unknown portal . They then shared a kiss , implying that they are now a couple , as he has found his happy ending . Season 6 ( edit ) After Henry and Regina meet with Mr. Hyde who has arrived in Storybrooke with his friends from the Land of Untold Stories , he and his family devised a plan to imprison Hyde which succeeds and later welcomes the new residents with food and shelter at Granny 's . The next day Henry and Regina arrive at Granny 's with a new plan called `` Operation Cobra Part 2 '' , and as Henry begins to write the names of the people of the Land of Untold Stories , a mysterious man leaves a note beside him for Snow and David revealing his name as Edmond Dantès also known as the `` Count of Monte Cristo '' . Regina then reveals she hired him to kill them back in the Enchanted Forest and after he refuses to back down from trying to kill them Regina and Henry discover a girl named Charlotte who was Snow and David 's handmaiden and who also resembled Edmond 's dead fiance . The Evil Queen then reveals herself to both Henry and Regina and reveals that she has been controlling Edmond the whole time . As soon as he is about to kill Snow and David , Regina steps in to save them and after Henry 's phone is frozen with magic Regina is forced to kill Edmond . Henry then realizes that this new operation will be harder as Part 1 was about giving people back their happy endings and now in Part 2 these people ran away from their stories , Afterwards , Henry has written down all the names of the new residents and he , Emma , and Hook find out Ashley 's ( Cinderella ) step - sister Clorinda is now in town and they believe she wants to hurt but really wants to help her . After Emma 's magic fails because of her hand trembling , the Evil Queen shows up and after Henry tells her to leave his mom alone she points out that she is his mother too and poofs the three of them onto a road somewhere in town to stop them from helping Ashley but they save her and her step - sister as well . After Henry and Violet start school together with Snow returning as a teacher . When Henry and his family learn about Emma 's secret they are shocked and hurt by it and for Emma not telling them and Henry then starts to blame himself for bringing her to Storybrooke for her to become the savior but she tells him that what he did gave her a better life despite that she might die . After they find Aladdin who reveals he use the `` Shears of Destiny '' to cut off his destiny as a savior , Emma wants to throw them away because she being the savior is what makes her special and she will not use them but Hook secretly keeps them and this causes the Evil Queen to try and cause a shift between Hook 's and Henry 's relationship but it fails when they both agree all they wanted to do is to protect and save Emma . When the Evil Queen teams up with Mr. Gold and threatens the town with water from the River of Lost Souls , Henry along with everyone is forced to watch the Queen rip out Snow White and David 's shared heart and put a twisted sleeping curse on it . After revealing that when one of them is awake and the other will be asleep , Henry agrees to lure the Evil Queen out for Emma and Regina to try to trap her and as a distraction from being nervous about taking Violet to the school dance believing she does n't like him anymore but really is having a hard time adjusting to school and after the Evil Queen fails to darken Henry 's heart by smashing the mirror instead of the Dragon 's heart to save Emma and Regina . Season 7 ( edit ) Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle , Washington . He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter . Character development and reception ( edit ) Gilmore , who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011 , was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills , the `` biological son of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison 's character ) and Neal / Baelfire . He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . '' Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role , `` One of our emotional centers was an 11 - year - old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time . '' Kitsis believed that Gilmore `` naturally brought ( these characteristics ) out ... We just knew he had to be our Henry ! '' Gilmore commented , `` I relate to Henry because I 'm 11 and also have a very good imagination . I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Mills is ten when he first meets Emma Swan on her 28th birthday , 22 October 2011 ( `` Pilot '' ) . Regina Mills accesses the psychiatric ward using the password `` 815 '' ( `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' ) . According to Henry , Regina uses his birthday for all of her passwords , including the one for the entrance to the psychiatric ward ( `` The Dark Swan '' ) . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-season-7-reboot-explained-1003456 Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Of Motherhood and Apple Turnovers '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 6 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Season 3 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' recasting Bobby Draper for new season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men Replaces Bobby Draper , Again '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set As The Lead In ABC Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marechal , AJ ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jared Gilmore : ' Mad Men ' moppet finds ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Gilmore as Henry -- Once Upon a Time Characters & Cast Bios '' ( Press release ) . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Henry Mills on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Mr. Gold Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mills_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=807463661 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters with precognition Fictional princes Fictional writers Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional adoptees Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional drivers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Henry Mills - Once Upon a Time character
2. Adoption and family relationships in Once Upon a Time
3. Henry's role as the Author in Once Upon a Time
4. Henry's journey and character development in Once Upon a Time
5. Henry's relationships with Emma Swan and Regina Mills in Once Upon a Time |
-1,144,903,569,813,887,400 | who was born on the 28th of june | June 28 - wikipedia June 28 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 July 2018 . This article is about the date . For the organization , see 28 . Jun ( NGO ) . <Th_colspan="5"> June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 <Td_colspan="7"> 2018 June 28 in recent years 2018 ( Thursday ) 2017 ( Wednesday ) 2016 ( Tuesday ) 2015 ( Sunday ) 2014 ( Saturday ) 2013 ( Friday ) 2012 ( Thursday ) 2011 ( Tuesday ) 2010 ( Monday ) 2009 ( Sunday ) Date June 28 is the 179th day of the year ( 180th in leap years ) in the Gregorian calendar . There are 186 days remaining until the end of the year . In common years it is always in ISO week 26 . This date is the only date each year where both the month and day are different perfect numbers , June 6 being the only date where the month and day are the same perfect number . Contents 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) 572 -- Assassination of Alboin , King of the Lombards . 1098 -- Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul . 1360 -- Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother - in - law Ismail II . 1461 -- Edward IV is crowned King of England . 1519 -- Charles V is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire . 1575 -- Sengoku period of Japan : The combined forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu are victorious in the Battle of Nagashino . 1635 -- Guadeloupe becomes a French colony . 1651 -- The Battle of Berestechko between Poland and Ukraine starts . 1709 -- Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava . 1745 -- A New England colonial army captures the French fortifications at Louisbourg ( New Style ) . 1776 -- American Revolutionary War : The Battle of Sullivan 's Island ends with the American victory , leading to the commemoration of Carolina Day . 1776 -- American Revolutionary War : Thomas Hickey , Continental Army private and bodyguard to General George Washington , is hanged for mutiny and sedition . 1778 -- American Revolutionary War : The American Continentals engage the British in the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse resulting in standstill and British withdrawal under cover of darkness . 1797 -- French troops disembark in Corfu , beginning the French rule in the Ionian Islands . 1807 -- Second British invasion of the Río de la Plata ; John Whitelocke lands at Ensenada on an attempt to recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the locals . 1838 -- Coronation of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom . 1841 -- The Paris Opera Ballet premieres Giselle in the Salle Le Peletier . 1846 -- Adolphe Sax patents the saxophone . 1855 -- Sigma Chi fraternity is founded in North America . 1859 -- The first conformation dog show is held in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . 1865 -- The Army of the Potomac is disbanded . 1880 -- Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is captured at Glenrowan . 1881 -- The Austro -- Serbian Alliance of 1881 is secretly signed . 1882 -- The Anglo - French Convention of 1882 marks the territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone . 1894 -- Labor Day becomes an official US holiday . 1895 -- The United States Court of Private Land Claims rules James Reavis ' claim to Barony of Arizona is `` wholly fictitious and fraudulent . '' 1896 -- An explosion in the Newton Coal Company 's Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston , Pennsylvania results in a massive cave - in that kills 58 miners . 1902 -- The U.S. Congress passes the Spooner Act , authorizing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal . 1904 -- The SS Norge runs aground on Hasselwood Rock in the North Atlantic 430 kilometres ( 270 mi ) northwest of Ireland . More than 635 people die during the sinking . 1911 -- The Nakhla meteorite , the first one to suggest signs of aqueous processes on Mars , falls to Earth , landing in Egypt . 1914 -- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo ; this is the casus belli of World War I . 1917 -- World War I : Greece joins the Allied powers . 1919 -- The Treaty of Versailles is signed , ending the state of war between Germany and the Allies of World War I . 1921 -- Serbian King Alexander I proclaims the new constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , known thereafter as the Vidovdan Constitution . 1922 -- The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Free State forces . 1926 -- Mercedes - Benz is formed by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merging their two companies . 1936 -- The Japanese puppet state of Mengjiang is formed in northern China . 1940 -- Romania cedes Bessarabia ( current - day Moldova ) to the Soviet Union after facing an ultimatum . 1942 -- World War II : Nazi Germany starts its strategic summer offensive against the Soviet Union , codenamed Case Blue . 1945 -- Poland 's Soviet - allied Provisional Government of National Unity is formed over a month after V-E Day . 1948 -- Cold War : The Tito -- Stalin Split results in the expulsion of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia from the Cominform . 1948 -- Boxer Dick Turpin beats Vince Hawkins at Villa Park in Birmingham to become the first black British boxing champion in the modern era . 1950 -- Korean War : Suspected communist sympathizers ( between as many as 100,000 to 200,000 ) are executed in the Bodo League massacre . 1950 -- Korean War : Packed with its own refugees fleeing Seoul and leaving their 5th Division stranded , South Korean forces blow up the Hangang Bridge in an attempt to slow North Korea 's offensive . The city falls later that day . 1950 -- Korean War : North Korean Army conducts the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . 1956 -- in Poznań , workers from HCP factory go to the streets , sparking one of the first major protests against communist government both in Poland and Europe . 1964 -- Malcolm X forms the Organization of Afro - American Unity . 1969 -- Stonewall riots begin in New York City , marking the start of the Gay Rights Movement . 1973 -- Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly , which will lead to power - sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time . 1976 -- The Angolan court sentences US and UK mercenaries to death sentences and prison terms in the Luanda Trial . 1978 -- The United States Supreme Court , in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke bars quota systems in college admissions . 1981 -- A powerful bomb explodes in Tehran , killing 73 officials of the Islamic Republican Party . 1987 -- For the first time in military history , a civilian population is targeted for chemical attack when Iraqi warplanes bombed the Iranian town of Sardasht . 1989 -- On the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo , Slobodan Milošević delivers the Gazimestan speech at the site of the historic battle . 1997 -- Holyfield -- Tyson II : Mike Tyson is disqualified in the third round for biting a piece off Evander Holyfield 's ear . 2001 -- Slobodan Milošević is extradited to the ICTY in The Hague to stand trial . 2004 -- Iraq War : Sovereign power is handed to the interim government of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority , ending the U.S. - led rule of that nation . 2009 -- Honduran president Manuel Zelaya is ousted by a local military coup following a failed request to hold a referendum to rewrite the Honduran Constitution . This was the start of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis . 2016 -- A terrorist attack in Turkey 's Istanbul Atatürk Airport kills 42 people and injures more than 230 others . Births ( edit ) 751 -- Carloman I , king of the Franks ( d . 771 ) 1243 -- Emperor Go - Fukakusa of Japan ( d . 1304 ) 1444 -- Charlotte , Queen of Cyprus ( d . 1487 ) 1476 -- Pope Paul IV ( d . 1559 ) 1490 -- Albert of Mainz , German archbishop ( d . 1545 ) 1491 -- Henry VIII of England ( d . 1547 ) 1503 -- Giovanni della Casa , Italian author and poet ( d . 1556 ) 1547 -- Cristofano Malvezzi , Italian organist and composer ( d . 1599 ) 1557 -- Philip Howard , 20th Earl of Arundel , English nobleman ( d . 1595 ) 1560 -- Giovanni Paolo Lascaris , Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller ( d . 1657 ) 1573 -- Henry Danvers , 1st Earl of Danby , English noble ( d . 1644 ) 1577 -- Peter Paul Rubens , Flemish painter and diplomat ( d . 1640 ) 1582 -- William Fiennes , 1st Viscount Saye and Sele , English politician ( d . 1662 ) 1604 -- Heinrich Albert , German composer and poet ( d . 1651 ) 1641 -- Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien , consort to King John III Sobieski ( d . 1716 ) 1653 -- Muhammad Azam Shah , Mughal emperor ( d . 1707 ) 1703 -- John Wesley , English cleric and theologian ( d . 1791 ) 1712 -- Jean - Jacques Rousseau , Swiss philosopher and polymath ( d . 1778 ) 1719 -- Étienne François , duc de Choiseul , French general and politician , Prime Minister of France ( d . 1785 ) 1734 -- Jean - Jacques Beauvarlet - Charpentier , French organist and composer ( d . 1794 ) 1742 -- William Hooper , American physician , lawyer , and politician ( d . 1790 ) 1824 -- Paul Broca , French physician , anatomist , and anthropologist ( d . 1880 ) 1825 -- Emil Erlenmeyer , German chemist ( d . 1909 ) 1831 -- Joseph Joachim , Austrian violinist , composer , and conductor ( d . 1907 ) 1836 -- Emmanuel Rhoides , Greek journalist and author ( d . 1904 ) 1844 -- John Boyle O'Reilly , Irish - born poet , journalist and fiction writer ( d . 1890 ) 1852 -- Charles Cruft , English showman , founded Crufts Dog Show ( d . 1938 ) 1867 -- Luigi Pirandello , Italian dramatist , novelist , and poet , Nobel Prize laureate ( d . 1936 ) 1873 -- Alexis Carrel , French surgeon and biologist , Nobel Prize laureate ( d . 1944 ) 1875 -- Henri Lebesgue , French mathematician and academic ( d . 1941 ) 1879 -- Wilhelm Steinkopf , German chemist ( d . 1949 ) 1880 -- John Meyers , American swimmer and water polo player ( d . 1971 ) 1883 -- Pierre Laval , French soldier and politician , 101st Prime Minister of France ( d . 1945 ) 1884 -- Lamina Sankoh , Sierra Leonean banker and politician ( d . 1964 ) 1888 -- George Challenor , Barbadian cricketer ( d . 1947 ) 1888 -- Stefi Geyer , Hungarian violinist and educator ( d . 1956 ) 1891 -- Esther Forbes , American historian and author ( d . 1968 ) 1891 -- Carl Andrew Spaatz , American general ( d . 1974 ) 1892 -- Carl Panzram , American serial killer ( d . 1930 ) 1893 -- August Zamoyski , Polish - French sculptor ( d . 1970 ) 1894 -- Francis Hunter , American tennis player ( d . 1981 ) 1902 -- Richard Rodgers , American playwright and composer ( d . 1979 ) 1906 -- Maria Goeppert - Mayer , Polish - American physicist and academic , Nobel Prize laureate ( d . 1972 ) 1906 -- Mazie Ford , American supercentenarian 1907 -- Jimmy Mundy , American saxophonist and composer ( d . 1983 ) 1907 -- Yvonne Sylvain , First female Haitian physician ( d . 1989 ) 1909 -- Eric Ambler , English author and screenwriter ( d . 1998 ) 1912 -- Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , German physicist and philosopher ( d . 2007 ) 1913 -- Franz Antel , Austrian director and producer ( d . 2007 ) 1913 -- George Lloyd , English soldier and composer ( d . 1998 ) 1913 -- Walter Oesau , German colonel and pilot ( d . 1944 ) 1914 -- Aribert Heim , Austrian SS physician and Nazi war criminal ( d . 1992 ) 1917 -- A.E. Hotchner , American author and playwright 1918 -- William Whitelaw , 1st Viscount Whitelaw , Scottish - English politician , Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( d . 1999 ) 1919 -- Joseph P. Lordi , American government official ( d . 1983 ) 1920 -- Clarissa Eden , Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1921 -- P.V. Narasimha Rao , Indian lawyer and politician , 9th Prime Minister of India ( d . 2004 ) 1922 -- Lloyd La Beach , Panamanian sprinter and long jumper ( d . 1999 ) 1922 -- Hans Frauenfelder , American physicist and biophysicist 1923 -- Pete Candoli , American trumpet player ( d . 2008 ) 1923 -- Adolfo Schwelm Cruz , Argentinian race car driver ( d . 2012 ) 1923 -- Gaye Stewart , Canadian ice hockey player ( d . 2010 ) 1924 -- Roy Austen - Smith , Royal Air Force officer 1925 -- Ray Boyle , American actor 1926 -- George Booth , American cartoonist 1926 -- Mel Brooks , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter 1926 -- Robert Ledley , American academic and inventor ( d . 2012 ) 1927 -- Correlli Barnett , English historian and author 1927 -- Frank Sherwood Rowland , American chemist and academic , Nobel Prize laureate ( d . 2012 ) 1928 -- Hans Blix , Swedish politician and diplomat , 33rd Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs 1928 -- Patrick Hemingway , American writer 1928 -- Harold Evans , English - American historian and journalist 1928 -- Peter Heine , South African cricketer ( d . 2005 ) 1928 -- Cyril Smith , English politician ( d . 2010 ) 1929 -- Alfred Miodowicz , Polish politician 1930 -- William C. 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( Eastern Orthodox Church ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turnbull , Stephen ( 1977 ) . The Samurai . New York : Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc . pp. 156 -- 60 . ISBN 9780026205405 . Jump up ^ `` Yvonne Sylvain , médecin ( 1907 - 1989 ) -- Haïtiennes '' . scienceetbiencommun. pressbooks. pub ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Peerage -- Sophie Dorothy Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Harlan Ellison dies at 84 ; acclaimed science fiction writer was known for combative style '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to June 28 . 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-198,111,371,718,490,660 | who sings with lady gaga in just dance | Just Dance ( song ) - wikipedia Just Dance ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Just Dance '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Fame Released April 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) Format CD 7 '' 12 '' digital download Studio Record Plant Studios ( Hollywood , Los Angeles ) Genre Synth - pop dance - pop Length 4 : 01 Label Streamline Kon Live Cherrytree Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Lady Gaga Nadir `` RedOne '' Khayat Aliaune `` Akon '' Thiam Producer ( s ) RedOne <Th_colspan="2"> Lady Gaga singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 ) `` Poker Face '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 ) `` Poker Face '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Colby O'Donis singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` What You Got '' ( 2008 ) What You Got 2008 `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 ) Just Dance2008 `` Do n't Turn Back '' ( 2008 ) Do n't Turn Back2008 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just Dance '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Just Dance '' is the debut single by American singer Lady Gaga . The song was produced by RedOne and co-written by RedOne , Gaga and Akon , while also featuring labelmate Colby O'Donis . It was released in 2008 as the lead single from Gaga 's debut studio album , The Fame . The song was written by Gaga in 10 minutes as `` a happy record '' . `` Just Dance '' also has influences of R&B and lyrically speaks about being intoxicated at a club . The song received positive reviews from music critics , who complimented its club anthem - like nature and the synth - pop associated with it . The song topped the charts in the United States , Australia , Canada , the Republic of Ireland , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom , as well as reaching the top ten in many other countries . In the United States , `` Just Dance '' was a sleeper hit , spending almost five months on the Billboard Hot 100 before finally reaching the summit of the chart in January 2009 , after being released in April 2008 . The single is among the best - selling singles of all time , having sold over 10 million copies . The music video of the song portrayed Lady Gaga appearing in a party where she plays the song , prompting party - goers to start dancing in enjoyment . Gaga compared her experience of shooting the video with being on a Martin Scorsese set . `` Just Dance '' was performed by Gaga in a number of live appearances including all of her concert tours , where she usually plays on a keytar during the song . In 2009 , the song received a Grammy nomination in the Best Dance Recording category but lost to electronic duo Daft Punk for their song `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger ( Alive 2007 ) '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and inspiration 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Track listings and formats 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Decade - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Writing and inspiration ( edit ) `` Just Dance '' is written by Gaga and Akon with co-writing by RedOne , who also produced the track . In an interview with Heat , Gaga explained her inspiration for writing the song . She said , `` I was very hung - over . I wrote the song in about 10 minutes with ( producer ) RedOne . And it was my first time being in a Hollywood studio . Very pristine , big huge room with giant speakers . '' Gaga wrote `` Just Dance '' during January 2008 and according to her it was `` hard work and a lot of people did n't believe in it at first '' . Later , Gaga reflected on the song by saying , `` That record saved my life . I was in such a dark space in New York . I was so depressed , always in a bar . I got on a plane to LA to do my music and was given one shot to write the song that would change my life and I did . I never went back . I left behind my boyfriend , my apartment . I still have n't been back . My mother went in and cleared it for me . '' In an interview with Contactmusic.com Gaga explained that `` Just Dance '' is a happy record and is supposed to be appreciated by people going through rough times like losing jobs and homes etc . Gaga further explained with Artistdirect that she wanted to write a beautiful record with `` Just Dance '' . Being asked the reason for which `` Just Dance '' has become popular , Gaga said that she thought , `` Everyone is looking for a song that really speaks to the joy in our souls and in our hearts and having a good time . It 's just one of those records . It feels really good , and when you listen to it , it makes you feel good inside . It 's as simple as that . I do n't think it 's rocket science when it comes to the heart . I think it 's a heart theme song . '' In March 2010 , the song was released as downloadable content for the music - based videogame series Rock Band , alongside `` Poker Face '' , `` Monster '' and `` Bad Romance '' as part of `` Lady Gaga Pack 01 '' . Composition ( edit ) `` Just Dance '' A 24 second sample of Gaga 's `` Just Dance '' featuring the chorus sung by Gaga in the range of C ♯ to B backed by a marching synth beat . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Just Dance '' is an uptempo synth - pop and dance - pop song . The song combines synths of clipped marching beats , soaring electronics and contains mild R&B - infused beats . It is written in the key of C ♯ minor and is set at a moderate dance tempo of 119 beats per minute . Gaga 's vocal spans from the low note of G ♯ to the high note of C ♯ . The song begins with a fast tempo following by the synth arrangement and Gaga uttering `` RedOne '' . `` Just Dance '' has a basic progression of C ♯ m -- E -- B -- F ♯ m . O'Donis sings the interlude in the same range as Gaga followed by an R&B - influenced interlude by her , after which the chorus is repeated with O'Donis providing backup vocals and the marching beats . The song ends with an echoing of the word `` dance '' . Lyrically , `` Just Dance '' throws a partial tongue - in - cheek perspective with lyrics like `` What 's going on on the floor ? / I love this record , baby but I ca n't see straight anymore '' . The lyrics deal with being completely intoxicated at a party . The opening lyric `` A RedOne '' has often been misinterpreted as `` red wine '' but in actuality is a reference to producer RedOne . Critical reception ( edit ) Matthew Chisling of AllMusic described the song as `` a powerhouse of dance waves and infectiously produced beats '' . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian called it a `` beguilingly compulsive tale of pulling a drug - induced whitey , with a combination of clipped marching beats , sawing electronics and mild R&B flavor that bears a vague resemblance to Nelly Furtado 's ' Maneater ' '' . Ben Norman of About.com said that the song `` opens the album like a valkyrie leading the charge ( ... ) riding triumphant ahead of her army . If you do n't know this song , use your browser . I wo n't waste time explaining what it sounds like . '' However he also noted that the song is not groundbreaking and compared it to the music of Rihanna , Chris Brown and The Pussycat Dolls . Bill Lamb from About.com called the song tame but catchy enough for Gaga to be noticed by mainstream . He also added that `` ' Just Dance ' has strong energy and features Lady GaGa 's striking voice , but it ultimately adds up to rather bland dance - pop . '' O'Donis ' smooth vocals were also complimented . Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that `` Just Dance '' is an intensely catchy single and is an excellent indicator of what the album was all about . Ben Hogwood of musicOMH praised the song saying , `` You wo n't get many more catchy party odes than the chart topping Just Dance this year , a polished gem set to lodge in your head for the next few weeks . '' Freedom lu Lac of The Washington Post described the song to be `` filled with mindlessly frothy synth - pop that matches low - grade dance grooves with GaGa 's icy , almost disembodied vocals about dancing bliss '' . Lynn Saxberg from the Ottawa Citizen , while reviewing Gaga 's The Fame Ball Tour , called the song a perfect sing - along club anthem . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine wrote that the song resembles the `` desperate train wreck you 're likely to encounter getting wasted at any dive on the L.E.S. at four in the morning '' as is emphasized by the lyrics . Talia Kranes from BBC called the song irresistible and said that `` the catchiness of her songs is sure to cement her place in the list of pop idols '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Just Dance '' on the ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour in 2014 In the United States , `` Just Dance '' was initially a club hit after its release , peaking at number two on both the Hot Dance Airplay and Hot Dance Club Play charts during the summer of 2008 . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 76 on August 16 , 2008 . After five months , it gradually rose to number two on the Hot 100 , after selling 419,000 in downloads on January 10 , 2009 . The next week , the song reached number one on the Hot 100 . The single took a total of 22 weeks to hit the top spot , which is the longest climb to number one since Creed 's `` With Arms Wide Open '' took 27 weeks before finally reaching number one in November 2000 . The song also reached the top of the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Gaga 's first number - one song . `` Just Dance '' spent a total of 49 weeks on the Hot 100 and on May 29 , 2015 , the single was certified eight times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of eight million copies . It was the second song to reach the six - million mark in paid downloads , following `` I Gotta Feeling '' by the Black Eyed Peas . As of April 2016 , `` Just Dance '' has sold 7,100,000 digital downloads in the United States and is the ninth best - selling digital single of all time in the United States . In Canada , the song debuted at number 97 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated June 7 , 2008 . It reached the top of the chart on August 23 , 2008 , and was present there for five consecutive weeks . The song was certified six times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) in June 2009 , for sales of 240,000 copies in paid digital downloads . The track debuted at number 34 on the ARIA Singles Chart on July 21 , 2008 , and moved up to number 17 the next week . On September 15 , 2008 , the track reached the top of the chart . `` Just Dance '' was certified three times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 210,000 copies . The song was credited as the longest charting single in ARIA history , spending over 81 weeks in the top 100 . `` Just Dance '' debuted on the New Zealand charts at number 19 , and reached a peak of number three . It has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipment of 15,000 copies of the single . In the United Kingdom , `` Just Dance '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart , on January 4 , 2009 . It rose to number one the next week with total sales of 65,764 copies , and remained at the top for three weeks . In an interview with Daily Mail , Gaga explained her feelings on reaching number - one in the United Kingdom saying , `` It 's been a long running dream to have a big hit in the UK -- my fans there are so sexy and the people are so innovative and free in how they think about pop culture and music . I was in my apartment in Los Angeles getting ready to go to dance rehearsal when they called and told me , and I just cried . '' According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) the song was certified platinum , and in July 2016 it became Gaga 's third song to pass one million combined sales in the United Kingdom based on streaming . By January 2017 , it had been streamed 6.3 million times in the nation according to the Official Charts Company , and has sold 961,000 copies as of September 2017 . In Ireland , the song debuted at number eleven , and after one week it peaked the chart . The song also peaked the Dutch Top 40 on February 28 , 2009 . Across Europe , `` Just Dance '' reached the top ten in Austria , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the top twenty of Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) and France . Worldwide the song has sold over 10 million digital copies . Music video ( edit ) Released in May 2008 , the video was directed by music video director Melina Matsoukas , and is based on the thematic content of the song of being in a party . The video begins with Gaga arriving with her background dancers at a house party , which seems to have ended . One of the dancers puts a Discolite Boombox on , blaring the music through the house . The crowd at the party appear to be sleeping in different areas , and are awoken by the music . They all start to dance , and scenes of the party are intercut with scenes of a scantily dressed Gaga dancing in a poncho , with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale . She wears a blue , lightning - bolt shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover , which paid tribute to the album cover of David Bowie 's Aladdin Sane , as he is one of her musical idols . O'Donis appears in the video being flanked by several girls during the `` When I come through on the dance floor '' interlude . Cameo appearances are made by Akon and Space Cowboy . MTV called the video as an ode to the `` Me Decade '' . During an interview with Australian radio in September 2008 , Gaga said that `` ( t ) he whole video is performance art about being drunk at a party . '' When asked about the shooting experience of the music video , Gaga explained , `` Oh it was so fun , it was amazing . For me it was like being on a Martin Scorsese set . I 've been so low budget for so long , and to have this incredibly amazing video was really very humbling . It was really fun , but you 'll see if you ever come to a video shoot of mine one day -- I 'm very private about those things , I do n't really talk to everybody . I 'm not like the party girl running around . I might even seem to be a bit of a diva . I 'm sort of with myself , in my work head space worrying about costumes , and if extras look right , and placement . I do n't just show up for things , you know . That video was a vision of mine . It was Melina the director who wanted to do something , to have a performance art aspect that was so pop but it was still commercial , but that felt like lifestyle . It was all those things , I love it . '' Live performances ( edit ) In July , she performed the song for the first time at the swimsuit competition of the Miss Universe 2008 in Vietnam , later Lady Gaga performed the song on many television shows in the United States . She appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , So You Think You Can Dance and The Ellen DeGeneres Show . In Australia , she performed on Sunrise , where her performance was condemned for lip - synching . Gaga denied it and released a statement saying `` I was sick the day of the show but I absolutely , 100 per cent , was singing live . ( ... ) have never lip - synched and never will . Even on my worst day , I never will . '' In the United Kingdom , she performed the song on GMTV . She also performed the single during her AOL sessions . Gaga performing `` Just Dance '' during the 2010 leg of The Monster Ball Tour `` Just Dance '' was added to the setlist of her first headlining The Fame Ball Tour , where it was performed before the Encore . As the performance for the acoustic version of `` Poker Face '' ended , Gaga exited from the stage and a video interlude called `` The Face '' starts telling about Gaga 's alternate persona Candy Warhol and teaching her to speak . Gaga appeared on the stage wearing a tutu shaped dress with pointed shoulderpads and peplum . Her dancers were clad in Louis Vuitton Steven Sprouse printed trousers which matched Gaga 's shoes . The backdrop changed to show blinking disco lights and Gaga stood wearing her video sunglasses , displaying the line `` Pop Music Will Never Be Low Brow '' . A remix of the intro for `` Just Dance '' started and Gaga started singing the song , while moving around in choreographed dance moves . The song was also added to the setlist of The Monster Ball Tour . During the 2009 leg of the tour , she performed it as the second song of the list . After the opening song `` Dance in the Dark '' , she strapped on a portable silver jewelled keyboard and started performing `` Just Dance '' while inside a white cube from which she emerged from the top , and the video screen came up . She was raised on a platform with a keytar over her shoulder as eight dancers in white bodysuits locked into steps below her . During the revamped Monster Ball shows , in 2010 - 11 , Gaga wore a futuristic `` glitter ball suit '' , and started the performance by playing on a keyboard hidden inside the hood of a Rolls Royce . In May 2011 , Gaga performed the song during Radio 1 's Big Weekend in Carlisle , Cumbria . She also made her debut performance on Irish TV screens performing Just Dance , on the Irish talk show Tubridy Tonight in January 2009 . `` Just Dance '' was included on her third concert tour , the 2012 Born This Way Ball , where Gaga performed it on the extended stage walkway and shouted off to her fans for joining and dancing onstage . Emily Zemler from The Hollywood Reporter noted that `` For all her preconceived speeches , these genuine moments resonated deeply with the audience , most of whom were dressed in tribute to the singer . '' For the 2014 ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour , Gaga combined `` Just Dance '' with short performances of `` Poker Face '' and 2010 single , `` Telephone '' . While she danced and sang the songs , the backdrops displayed multiple images of Gaga writhing around , while wrapped in tinsel and moss . Melissa Ruggieri from The Atlanta Journal - Constitution was impressed with Gaga 's vocals and complimented her for performing `` old songs '' in her actual voice . On February 5 , 2017 , Gaga performed the song during the Super Bowl LI halftime show . In 2017 , the song was added to the setlist of Gaga 's two Coachella shows , and her current concert series , the Joanne World Tour . Track listings and formats ( edit ) U.S. / Japanese CD single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 12 `` Just Dance '' ( Richard Vission Remix ) -- 6 : 13 `` Just Dance '' ( Trevor Simpson Remix ) -- 7 : 20 Australian / German CD single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Trevor Simpson Remix ) -- 7 : 21 German CD maxi single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 14 `` Just Dance '' ( Instrumental Version ) -- 4 : 00 `` Just Dance '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 10 French CD maxi single `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Glam As You Radio Mix By Guéna LG ) -- 3 : 39 `` Just Dance '' ( Glam As You Club Mix By Guéna LG ) -- 6 : 25 US iTunes Remixes EP `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 12 `` Just Dance '' ( Richard Vission Remix ) -- 6 : 13 `` Just Dance '' ( Trevor Simpson Remix ) -- 7 : 20 US iTunes Remixes Pt. 2 EP `` Just Dance '' ( RedOne Remix ) ( feat . Kardinal Offishall ) -- 4 : 18 `` Just Dance '' ( Space Cowboy Remix ) ( feat . Colby O'Donis ) -- 5 : 01 `` Just Dance '' ( Robots To Mars Remix ) -- 4 : 37 `` Just Dance '' ( Tony Arzadon Remix ) ( feat . Colby O'Donis ) -- 6 : 24 UK EP `` Just Dance '' -- 4 : 02 `` Just Dance '' ( Remix ) ( featuring Kardinal Offishall ) -- 4 : 18 `` Just Dance '' ( Glam As You Mix By Guéna LG ) -- 6 : 25 `` Just Dance '' ( Music Video ) -- 4 : 06 UK 7 '' numbered picture vinyl disc `` Just Dance '' ( Main Version ) -- 4 : 04 `` Just Dance '' ( Harry ' Choo Choo ' Romero 's Bambossa Main Mix ) -- 7 : 12 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Fame . Lady Gaga -- lead vocals , songwriting , background vocals RedOne -- songwriting , production , background vocals , instrumentation , music programming , recording at Record Plant Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Akon -- songwriting , background vocals Colby O'Donis -- additional lead vocals , background vocals Dave Russel -- audio engineering Robert Orton -- audio mixing Gene Grimaldi -- audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 28 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 72 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 7 Canadian Hot 100 6 French Singles Chart 73 New Zealand Singles Chart 12 Swedish Singles Chart 15 Chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 70 Austrian Singles Chart 38 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 42 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 21 Canadian Hot 100 42 Danish Singles Chart 17 Dutch Top 40 7 European Hot 100 Singles 30 German Singles Chart 33 Hungarian Airplay Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart Spanish Singles Chart 21 Swedish Singles Chart 85 Swiss Singles Chart 20 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 12 UK Singles Chart 24 US Billboard Hot 100 35 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 France 56,110 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) PC format Gold 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Mobile download Gold 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 961,655 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 7,100,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United States April 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) CD single Canada June 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) France June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Remixes EP -- Digital download Canada November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) United States November 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 04 ) Remixes Part 2 EP -- Digital download Canada United Kingdom December 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) CD single , 7 '' United States January 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 06 ) 7 '' See also ( edit ) Lady Gaga portal 2000s portal List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2008 List of number - one singles of 2008 ( Australia ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2009 List of number - one singles of 2009 ( UK ) List of number - one singles of 2009 ( Ireland ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2009 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ASCAP writer credits '' . 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Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes , Pt. 2 ) '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes ) ( feat . Colby O'Donis ) '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance EP '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Germanotta , Stefani ( 2008 ) . The Fame ( CD liner notes ) . Lady Gaga . Interscope Records . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200852 into search . 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Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Tophit for Lady Gaga . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200905 into search . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lady Gaga feat . Colby O'Donis -- Just Dance '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2008 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2008 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disque en France '' . Disque en France . July 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIANZ Singles Chart annual '' . RIANZ . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2008 '' . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2009 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Austrian Singles Chart '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . 2009 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2009 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be . July 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . December 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Danish Year - end chart '' . Tracklisten . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : European Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard . December 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Single Jahreschart 2009 '' . Media Control Charts . MTV . December 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák -- MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' . Mahasz . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2009 '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : PROMUSICAE 2009 '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2009 '' . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart '' . Swiss Music Charts. 2009 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yates , Reggie ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` Chart of the Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Chart Plus . BBC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . December 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TARIA Chart Sales -- ARIA End of Decade Singles / Top 100 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Australian Recording Industry Association Ltd . December 31 , 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio1 Decade End UK Singles '' . BBC News . December 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Decade End Charts '' . Billboard . December 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2010 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles les plus Vendus en 2008 '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Lady Gaga ; ' Just Dance ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sales certification : February , 2010 '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . March 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sales certification : February , 2011 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . February 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2009 in the field `` Year '' . Select 40 in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2009 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Lady Gaga ; ' Just Dance ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Enter Just Dance in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga -- Just Dance Single '' . LadyGaga.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( 1 + Tracks ) Single '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes ) feat . Colby O'Donis -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes ) feat . Colby O'Donis -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes , Pt. 2 ) -- EP -- USA '' . iTunes Store . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( Remixes , Pt. 2 ) -- EP '' . Canada : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga -- Just Dance '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( 7 '' VINYL ) `` . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance ( 7 - inch single ) ( Vinyl ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Lady Gaga songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography The Fame `` Just Dance '' `` LoveGame '' `` Paparazzi '' `` Poker Face '' `` Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) '' `` Beautiful , Dirty , Rich '' The Fame Monster `` Bad Romance '' `` Alejandro '' `` Monster '' `` Speechless '' `` Dance in the Dark '' `` Telephone '' `` So Happy I Could Die '' `` Teeth '' Born This Way `` Marry the Night '' `` Born This Way '' `` Government Hooker '' `` Judas '' `` Americano '' `` Hair '' `` Scheiße '' `` Electric Chapel '' `` You and I '' `` The Edge of Glory '' Artpop `` Aura '' `` Venus '' `` G.U.Y. '' `` Sexxx Dreams '' `` Do What U Want '' `` Artpop '' `` Swine '' `` Dope '' `` Gypsy '' `` Applause '' Cheek to Cheek `` Anything Goes '' `` Nature Boy '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' Joanne `` A-Yo '' `` Joanne '' `` John Wayne '' `` Perfect Illusion '' `` Million Reasons '' As featured artist `` Chillin '' `` Video Phone '' ( remix ) `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' Non-album songs `` Christmas Tree '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Til It Happens to You '' `` I Want Your Love '' `` The Cure '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Colby O'Donis Studio albums Colby O ( 2008 ) Start Over ( TBA ) Singles `` What You Got '' Featured singles `` Just Dance '' `` Beautiful '' Related articles Discography Kon Live Lady Gaga Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dance_(song)&oldid=813939462 '' Categories : 2008 singles 2008 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Cherrytree Records singles Colby O'Donis songs Debut singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Interscope Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Lady Gaga songs Music videos directed by Melina Matsoukas Number - one singles in Australia Song recordings produced by RedOne Songs about dancing Songs written by Akon Songs written by Lady Gaga Songs written by RedOne UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from April 2014 Good articles Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 01 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Lady Gaga
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-7,348,588,710,022,819,000 | what are the natural disasters in new zealand | List of natural disasters in New Zealand - wikipedia List of natural disasters in New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search This list of natural disasters in New Zealand documents notable natural disasters and epidemics that have occurred in New Zealand since 1843 . Of these natural disasters , the 1918 flu pandemic resulted in the highest loss of life . Notable natural disasters ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Colour scheme used in this table : Earthquake Flooding Health Crisis Landslide Tsunami Volcanic Weather Wildfire Date Event Fatalities Location Region Damage ( 2015 NZD ) Notes More Information 1843 Earthquake Wanganui Manawatu M 7 + 1843 Wanganui earthquake 1846 Landslide 60 Lake Taupo Waikato Worst landslide in New Zealand History 1848 Earthquake Blenhiem Marlborough M 7.5 1848 Marlborough earthquake 1855 Earthquake 9 Wairarapa Wellington M 8.3 1855 Wairarapa earthquake 1855 Tsunami Cook Strait Cook Strait Maximum wave heights of 11m 1858 Flooding 14 Hutt valley Wellington 1863 Flooding 200 Central Otago Otago Floods and snowstorm 1868 Tsunami New Zealand Chile Maximum wave heights of 7m 1877 Tsunami New Zealand Chile Maximum wave heights of 3m 1886 Volcanic 153 Mount Tarawera Bay of Plenty Death toll ranges from 108 - 153 depending on source 1897 Flooding 12 Clive Hawke 's Bay 1901 Earthquake Cheviot Canterbury M 6.8 1901 Cheviot earthquake 1904 Landslide 8 Brunner West Coast 1914 Landslide Ngatapa Gisborne 1914 Volcanic 10 White Island Bay of Plenty Lahar 1918 Wildfire Raetihi Manawatu Raetihi Forest Fire 1918 Health Crisis 8,600 New Zealand New Zealand Influenza virus struck between October and December 1918 1923 Landslide 17 Taumaranui Manawatu Landslide hit Auckland to Wellington express train near Taumaranui , killing 17 and injuring 30 1923 Landslide Little River Canterbury 1924 Flooding Kaiwaka Hawke 's Bay 1924 Landslide Napier Hawke 's Bay Slip happened on Shakespeare Rd . 1924 Tsunami Chatham Islands Unknown Maximum wave heights of 6m 1929 Earthquake 17 Murchison Tasman M 7.8 1929 Murchison earthquake 1931 Earthquake 256 Napier / Hastings Hawke 's Bay Official death toll of 256 , reported death toll of 258 . M 7.8 1931 Hawke 's Bay earthquake 1934 Earthquake Pahiatua Manawatu M 7.2 1934 Pahiatua earthquake 1938 Flooding 21 Kopuawhara Hawke 's Bay Kopuawhara flash flood of 1938 1942 Earthquake Wairarapa Wellington M 6.8 1942 Weather Kaitaia Northland Tornado 1947 Tsunami East Coast Gisborne Maximum wave heights of 10m. 25 March 1947 Tsunami East Coast Gisborne Maximum wave heights of 5m. 17 May 1948 Weather Hamilton Waikato Tornado 1953 Volcanic 151 Tangiwai Manawatu Lahar destroyed rail bridge , sending train into river Tangiwai disaster 1953 Weather Auckland Auckland Tornado 1960 Tsunami New Zealand Chile Maximum wave heights of 4.5 m 1968 Earthquake Inangahua West Coast M 7.1 1968 Inangahua earthquake 1968 Weather 53 North Island North Island Cyclone Cyclone Giselle 1973 Weather Opunake Taranaki Tornado 1980 Weather Auckland Auckland Tornado 1985 Landslide Te Aroha Waikato Weather East Coast of North Island North Island $229,000,000 Cyclone Cyclone Bola 1991 Weather Auckland Auckland Tornado 2003 Tsunami Fiordland Southland Maximum wave heights of 5m Landslide Owira Bay of Plenty Weather Waitara Taranaki Tornado 2007 Earthquake Gisborne Gisborne $18,600,000 M 6.7 2007 Gisborne earthquake 2009 Health Crisis 19 New Zealand New Zealand Swine flu infects 3,175 people and results in 19 deaths 2009 flu pandemic in New Zealand 2011 Earthquake 185 Christchurch Canterbury $42,000,000,000 M 6.3 2011 Christchurch earthquake 2011 Weather Auckland Auckland $6,300,000 Tornado 2011 Earthquake Christchurch Canterbury M 6.4 June 2011 Christchurch earthquake 2012 Weather Auckland Auckland Tornado 2013 Landslide Haast Pass West Coast 2014 Flooding Northland North Island 2015 Flooding Petone Wellington 2016 Health Crisis Havelock North Hawke 's Bay $710,000 Campylobacter infects 5,200 people and results in 3 deaths 2016 Earthquake Kaikoura Canterbury M 7.8 2016 Kaikoura earthquake 2017 Wildfire Port Hills Canterbury 2017 Port Hills fires 2017 Flooding Edgecumbe Bay of Plenty 2016 -- 17 South Pacific cyclone season See also ( edit ) List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 5 . Notable New Zealand landslides -- Landslides -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . Teara.govt.nz. 1979 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wairarapa tsunami , 23 January 1855 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peru - Chile tsunami , 15 August 1868 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Chile tsunami , 11 May 1877 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz. 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` May 1904 Manawatu - Wanganui and West Coast Flooding - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` May 1914 North Island Flooding - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemic NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . Nzhistory.net.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` January 1923 Canterbury and Tasman - Nelson Flooding - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` March 1924 Hawke 's Bay Flooding - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chatham Islands tsunami , 19 July 1924 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz. 1924 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` August 1942 New Zealand High Winds - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gisborne tsunami , 25 March and 17 May 1947 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tornadoes in New Zealand - FAQs '' . NIWA.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand Historic Weather Events Catalog '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chile tsunami , 23 May 1960 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz. 1960 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` April 1973 Taranaki Tornado - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` February 1985 Auckland and Waikato Flooding - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` June 1991 Auckland Tornado - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fiordland tsunami , 22 August 2003 - Tsunami - GeoNet '' . Info.geonet.org.nz. 2003 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` July 2004 Bay of Plenty Flooding and Landslides - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland tornado kills 3 , hits 150 homes '' . Stuff.co.nz. 2012 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` September 2013 New Zealand Storm - HWE '' . Hwe.niwa.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/83847374/havelock-north-water-crisis-expected-to-cost-hastings-district-council-710000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_natural_disasters_in_New_Zealand&oldid=795599744 '' Categories : Lists of disasters in New Zealand New Zealand - related lists Natural disasters in New Zealand Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 08 : 16 . About Wikipedia | 1. Natural disasters in New Zealand
2. Notable natural disasters and epidemics in New Zealand
3. Earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions in New Zealand
4. Impact of natural disasters in New Zealand
5. Historical natural disasters in New Zealand |
7,447,556,157,550,048,000 | which indian athlete secured 4th place in the 400m hurdles at the olympic narrowly missing a bronze | 400 metres hurdles at the Olympics - wikipedia 400 metres hurdles at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 400 metres hurdles at the Olympic Games <Td_colspan="2"> The 2012 Olympic men 's 400 m hurdles semi-final <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Sport Athletics Gender Men and women Years held Men : 1900 -- 1908 , 1920 -- 2016 Women : 1984 -- 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Olympic record Men 46.78 Kevin Young ( 1992 ) Women 52.64 Melaine Walker ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Reigning champion Men Kerron Clement ( USA ) Women Dalilah Muhammad ( USA ) The 400 metres hurdles at the Summer Olympics is the longest hurdling event held at the multi-sport event . The men 's 400 m hurdles has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 , with a sole gap at the 1912 Summer Olympics . The women 's event was added to the programme over eighty years later , at the 1984 Olympics . It is the most prestigious 400 m hurdles race at elite level . The Olympic records for the event are 46.78 seconds for men , set by Kevin Young in 1992 , and 52.64 seconds for women , set by Melaine Walker in 2008 . Young 's time remains the men 's world record for the event . That record has been broken at the Olympics on seven occasions : 1908 ( the first official IAAF record ) , 1920 , 1932 , 1968 , 1972 , 1976 and 1992 . The women 's world record has never been broken in Olympic competition . Edwin Moses is the most successful athlete in the event , having won two gold and one bronze medal . Glenn Davis , Angelo Taylor and Felix Sanchez have also won two Olympic 400 m hurdles titles . Morgan Taylor is the only other athlete beside Moses that has won three medals in the event . Deon Hemmings is the most successful woman , with her 1996 gold and 2000 silver medals , and is the only female athlete to win multiple medals . It is relatively common for 400 m hurdles athletes to also be part of their nation 's team for the 4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics . The United States is by far the most successful nation in the men 's event with 18 gold medals and 40 medals overall -- more than half the medals available . American men have swept the medals on five occasions . The American women have the highest medal total , with seven , but an American woman has never won the event . Russia and Jamaica are the only nations to win multiple women 's gold medals , with two each . Great Britain is the only nation to have won a gold medal in both the men 's and women 's event , having three champions in total . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal summary 1.1 Men 1.1. 1 Multiple medalists 1.1. 2 Medals by country 1.2 Women 1.2. 1 Multiple medalists 1.2. 2 Medalists by country 2 References 3 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1900 Paris details Walter Tewksbury ( USA ) Henri Tauzin ( FRA ) George Orton ( CAN ) 1904 St. Louis details Harry Hillman ( USA ) Frank Waller ( USA ) George Poage ( USA ) 1908 London details Charles Bacon ( USA ) Harry Hillman ( USA ) Jimmy Tremeer ( GBR ) 1912 Stockholm <Td_colspan="3"> not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Frank Loomis ( USA ) John Norton ( USA ) August Desch ( USA ) 1924 Paris details Morgan Taylor ( USA ) Erik Wilén ( FIN ) Ivan Riley ( USA ) 1928 Amsterdam details David Burghley ( GBR ) Frank Cuhel ( USA ) Morgan Taylor ( USA ) 1932 Los Angeles details Bob Tisdall ( IRL ) Glenn Hardin ( USA ) Morgan Taylor ( USA ) 1936 Berlin details Glenn Hardin ( USA ) John Loaring ( CAN ) Miguel White ( PHI ) 1948 London details Roy Cochran ( USA ) Duncan White ( CEY ) Rune Larsson ( SWE ) 1952 Helsinki details Charles Moore ( USA ) Yuriy Lituyev ( URS ) John Holland ( NZL ) 1956 Melbourne details Glenn Davis ( USA ) Eddie Southern ( USA ) Josh Culbreath ( USA ) 1960 Rome details Glenn Davis ( USA ) Clifton Cushman ( USA ) Dick Howard ( USA ) 1964 Tokyo details Rex Cawley ( USA ) John Cooper ( GBR ) Salvatore Morale ( ITA ) 1968 Mexico City details David Hemery ( GBR ) Gerhard Hennige ( FRG ) John Sherwood ( GBR ) 1972 Munich details John Akii - Bua ( UGA ) Ralph Mann ( USA ) David Hemery ( GBR ) 1976 Montreal details Edwin Moses ( USA ) Michael Shine ( USA ) Yevgeniy Gavrilenko ( URS ) 1980 Moscow details Volker Beck ( GDR ) Vasyl Arkhypenko ( URS ) Gary Oakes ( GBR ) 1984 Los Angeles details Edwin Moses ( USA ) Danny Harris ( USA ) Harald Schmid ( FRG ) 1988 Seoul details André Phillips ( USA ) Amadou Dia Ba ( SEN ) Edwin Moses ( USA ) 1992 Barcelona details Kevin Young ( USA ) Winthrop Graham ( JAM ) Kriss Akabusi ( GBR ) 1996 Atlanta details Derrick Adkins ( USA ) Samuel Matete ( ZAM ) Calvin Davis ( USA ) 2000 Sydney details Angelo Taylor ( USA ) Hadi Al - Somaily ( KSA ) Llewellyn Herbert ( RSA ) 2004 Athens details Félix Sánchez ( DOM ) Danny McFarlane ( JAM ) Naman Keïta ( FRA ) 2008 Beijing details Angelo Taylor ( USA ) Kerron Clement ( USA ) Bershawn Jackson ( USA ) 2012 London details Félix Sánchez ( DOM ) Michael Tinsley ( USA ) Javier Culson ( PUR ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Kerron Clement ( USA ) Boniface Mucheru Tumuti ( KEN ) Yasmani Copello ( TUR ) Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Moses , Edwin Edwin Moses United States ( USA ) 1976 -- 1988 0 2 = Davis , Glenn Glenn Davis United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 0 2 = Taylor , Angelo Angelo Taylor United States ( USA ) 2000 -- 2008 0 0 2 = Sanchez , Felix Felix Sanchez Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 2004 -- 2012 0 0 5 = Hillman , Harry Harry Hillman United States ( USA ) 1904 -- 1908 0 5 = Hardin , Glenn Glenn Hardin United States ( USA ) 1932 -- 1936 0 7 Taylor , Morgan Morgan Taylor United States ( USA ) 1924 -- 1932 0 8 Hemery , David David Hemery Great Britain ( GBR ) 1968 -- 1972 0 Medals by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 18 12 10 40 Great Britain ( GBR ) 5 8 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 0 0 4 = East Germany ( GDR ) 0 0 4 = Ireland ( IRL ) 0 0 4 = Uganda ( UGA ) 0 0 7 Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 8 Jamaica ( JAM ) 0 0 9 = Canada ( CAN ) 0 9 = France ( FRA ) 0 9 = West Germany ( FRG ) 0 12 = Ceylon ( CEY ) 0 0 12 = Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 12 = Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 0 0 12 = Senegal ( SEN ) 0 0 12 = Zambia ( ZAM ) 0 0 17 = Italy ( ITA ) 0 0 17 = New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 17 = Philippines ( PHI ) 0 0 17 = Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 0 0 17 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 0 17 = Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 Women ( edit ) Games <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1984 Los Angeles details Nawal El Moutawakel ( MAR ) Judi Brown ( USA ) Cristieana Cojocaru ( ROU ) 1988 Seoul details Debbie Flintoff - King ( AUS ) Tatyana Ledovskaya ( URS ) Ellen Fiedler ( GDR ) 1992 Barcelona details Sally Gunnell ( GBR ) Sandra Farmer - Patrick ( USA ) Janeene Vickers ( USA ) 1996 Atlanta details Deon Hemmings ( JAM ) Kim Batten ( USA ) Tonja Buford - Bailey ( USA ) 2000 Sydney details Irina Privalova ( RUS ) Deon Hemmings ( JAM ) Nezha Bidouane ( MAR ) 2004 Athens details Fani Halkia ( GRE ) Ionela Târlea - Manolache ( ROU ) Tetyana Tereshchuk - Antipova ( UKR ) 2008 Beijing details Melaine Walker ( JAM ) Sheena Tosta ( USA ) Tasha Danvers ( GBR ) 2012 London details Natalya Antyukh ( RUS ) Lashinda Demus ( USA ) Zuzana Hejnová ( CZE ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Dalilah Muhammad ( USA ) Sara Petersen ( DEN ) Ashley Spencer ( USA ) Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Hemmings , Deon Deon Hemmings Jamaica ( JAM ) 1996 -- 2000 0 Medalists by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Jamaica ( JAM ) 0 Russia ( RUS ) 0 0 United States ( USA ) 5 9 4 = Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 4 = Morocco ( MAR ) 0 6 = Australia ( AUS ) 0 0 6 = Greece ( GRE ) 0 0 8 Romania ( ROU ) 0 9 = Denmark ( DEN ) 0 0 9 = Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 0 11 = Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 0 11 = East Germany ( GDR ) 0 0 11 = Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 References ( edit ) Participation and athlete data Athletics Men 's 400 metres Hurdles Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Athletics Women 's 400 metres Hurdles Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Olympic record progressions Mallon , Bill ( 2012 ) . TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS . Track and Field News . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Specific Jump up ^ `` 12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics : IAAF Statistics Handbook . Berlin 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Monte Carlo : IAAF Media & Public Relations Department . 2009 . pp. Pages 546 , 554 , 664 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) IAAF 400 metres hurdles homepage Official Olympics website Olympic athletics records from Track & Field News <Th_colspan="2"> 400 metres hurdles at the Olympic Games <Td_colspan="2"> Summary Men 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Women 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> History of athletics events at the Olympic Games Active Track 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m 5000 m 10,000 m 4 × 100 m relay 4 × 400 m relay Sprint hurdles 400 m hurdles Steeplechase Field Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Pole vault High jump Long jump Triple jump Others Combined events Marathon Race walking Defunct Cross country Team races 60 metres Weight throw Wheelchair racing Professional events <Td_colspan="2"> List of medal sweeps in Olympic athletics List of athletics events Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=400_metres_hurdles_at_the_Olympics&oldid=809151242 '' Categories : 400 metres hurdles at the Olympics Hurdling Athletics events at the Olympics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 12 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. 400 metres hurdles at the Olympics
2. Men's and women's events
3. Olympic records and world records
4. Most successful athletes in the event
5. Medal summary and multiple medalists |
-281,734,673,742,475,360 | yu gi oh 5ds episode 26 english dubbed | List of Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's episodes - wikipedia List of Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's episodes Jump to : navigation , search English Dub Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's logo . The following is a list of episodes for the anime series Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's ( 遊戯王 ファイブ ディーズ , Yūgiō Faibu Dīzu ) , which began airing in Japan on April 2 , 2008 . The series is currently licensed for release in North America by Konami . However , only 31 episodes from seasons 4 and 5 were dubbed into English by 4Kids Entertainment due to low ratings , pressure to air Yu - Gi - Oh ! Zexal , and an ongoing lawsuit from TV Tokyo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theme songs 1.1 Opening themes 1.2 Ending themes 1.3 Insert Songs 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : Fortune Cup Duels ( 2008 ) 2.2 Season 2 : Earthbound Immortals ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 3 : Road to Destiny ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.4 Season 4 : World Racing Grand Prix ( 2010 ) 2.5 Season 5 : Fight for the Future ( 2010 -- 11 ) 3 Specials 4 Movies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Theme songs ( edit ) Opening themes ( edit ) Title Vocalist Episode # BONDS - Kizuna - Kra 1 - 26 LAST TRAIN - New Morning - knotlamp 27 - 64 FREEDOM La Vie 65 - 103 BELIEVE IN NEXUS Masaaki Endoh 104 - 129 Road to Tomorrow - ~ Going My Way ! ! ~ Masaaki Endoh 130 - 154 Title Vocalist Episode # Hyper Drive ( Eng dub ) Cass Dillon All Episodes Ending themes ( edit ) Title Vocalist Episode # START Masataka Nakagauchi 1 - 26 CROSS GAME Alice Nine 27 - 64 - OZONE - Vistlip 65 - 103 CLOSE TO YOU ALvino ~ Alchemy vision normal ~ 104 - 129 Future Colors Plastic Tree 130 - 153 Title Vocalist Episode # Hyper Drive ( Eng dub ) ( short version ) Cass Dillon All Episodes Insert Songs ( edit ) Title Vocalist Episode # You Say - Towards Tomorrow - ( YOU SAY - 明日 へ - ) La Vie 72 , 90 , 92 Clear Mind Masaaki Endoh 109 , 110 , 122 , 129 , 134 , 154 YAKUSOKU NO MELODY ( `` The Melody of Promises '' ) Masaaki Endoh 154 Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : Fortune Cup duels ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's ( season 1 ) # English Title / ( Translated English Title ) Japanese Title Original air date English air date <Td_colspan="4"> `` On Your Mark , Get Set , Duel ! / Riding Duel ! Acceleration ! '' `` Raidingu Dyueru ! Akuserarēshon ! '' ( ライディング デュエル ! アクセラ レーション ! ) April 2 , 2008 September 13 , 2008 `` Creepy Crawlies / Power Insect Deck ! The Ant - Lion Trap ! '' `` Pawā Insekuto Dekki ! Arijigoku no Wana '' ( パワー インセクト デッキ ! 蟻地獄 の 罠 ) April 9 , 2008 September 20 , 2008 `` Pipe Dreams / Escape ! Nitro Warrior vs. Goyo Guardian ! '' `` Dasshutsu ! Nitoro Woriā Bāsasu Goyō Gādian '' ( 脱出 ! ニトロ ウォリアー VS ゴヨウ ガーディアン ) April 16 , 2008 September 27 , 2008 `` A Blast from the Past , Part 1 / The Battle of Destiny ! Stardust Dragon Stands in the Way '' `` Unmei no Taiketsu ! Tachihadakaru Sutādasuto Doragon '' ( 運命 の 対決 ! 立ちはだかる スターダスト ドラゴン ) April 23 , 2008 October 4 , 2008 5 `` A Blast from the Past , Part 2 / Ace Dragons Clash ! Stardust Dragon vs. Red Demons '' `` Gekitotsu - suru Ēsu Doragon ! Sutādasuto Bāsasu Reddo Dēmonzu '' ( 激突 する エース ドラゴン ! スターダスト VS レッド デーモンズ ) April 30 , 2008 October 11 , 2008 6 `` The Facility , Part 1 / Look at My Treasured Deck ! '' `` Mitekure ! Washi no Hihō Dekki '' ( 見てくれ ! ワシ の 秘宝 デッキ ! ) May 5 , 2008 October 18 , 2008 7 `` The Facility , Part 2 / Feelings Towards the Cards ! Crystal Skull vs. Giant Ushi Oni '' `` Kādo ni Kometa Omoi ! Suishō Dokuro Bāsasu Ō Ushioni '' ( カード に こめ た 想い ! 水晶 ドクロ VS 大 牛 鬼 ) May 14 , 2008 October 25 , 2008 8 `` Fire It Up ! / Unfulfilled Soul : the Signers and the Legendary Dragon '' `` Mitasarenu Tamashī Shigunā to Densetsu no Ryū '' ( 満た され ぬ 魂 シグナー と 伝説 の 竜 ) May 21 , 2008 November 1 , 2008 9 `` The Lockdown Duel , Part 1 / Feelings Hanging for the Cards : A Planned Lightning Deathmatch '' `` Kādo ni Kakeru Omoi Shikumareta Raitoningu Desumacchi '' ( カード に かける 思い 仕組 まれ た ライトニング デスマッチ ) May 28 , 2008 November 8 , 2008 10 `` The Lockdown Duel , Part 2 / Deck Zero : Break the Chain Trap Loop '' `` Dekki Zero Chēn Torappu no Rūpu wo Yabure '' ( デッキ 0 チェーン トラップ の ループ を 破れ ) June 4 , 2008 November 15 , 2008 11 `` The Take Back , Part 1 / The Special Pursuit Deck Returns : Regain the Bonds with a Friend '' `` Tokushu Tsuiseki Dekki Futatabi Torimodose Nakama tono Kizuna '' ( 特殊 追跡 デッキ 再び 取り戻せ 仲間 と の 絆 ) June 11 , 2008 November 22 , 2008 12 `` The Take Back , Part 2 / Dead Chase ! Weave the Bonds , Turbo Warrior '' `` Deddo Cheisu ! Kizuna wo Tsumuge Tābo Woriā '' ( 死闘 追跡 ! 絆 を 紡げ ターボ ・ ウォリアー ) June 18 , 2008 November 29 , 2008 13 `` A Duel to Remember / Dial On ! Roar Morphtronic Deck '' `` Daiyaru On ! Unare Difōmā Dekki '' ( ダイヤル オン ! うなれ ディ フォー マー デッキ ) June 25 , 2008 December 6 , 2008 14 `` Bloom of the Black Rose / The Bringer of Folklore Destruction Appears , `` The Black Rose '' '' `` Arawareru Fōkuroa Hakai o Motarasu `` Kurobara no Majo '' '' ( 現れる フォーク ロア 破壊 を もたらす 「 黒 薔薇 の 魔女 」 ) July 2 , 2008 December 13 , 2008 15 `` Welcome to the Fortune Cup / The Duel of Fortune Cup Begins : Attack from the Sky ! ! Giant Bomber Air Raid '' `` Dyueru Obu Fōchūn Kappu Kaimaku Daikūshū ! ! Jaianto Bomā Eareido '' ( デュエル オブ フォー チューン カップ 開幕 大 空襲 ! ! ジャイアント ボマー エアレ イド ) July 9 , 2008 December 20 , 2008 16 `` Battle with The Black Rose / Reunion with The Witch : The Dragon of Destruction , `` Black Rose Dragon '' '' `` Majosairai , Hametsu no Ryū `` Burakku Rōzu Doragon '' '' ( 魔女 再来 , 破滅 の 竜 「 ブラック ・ ローズ ・ ドラゴン 」 ) July 16 , 2008 December 27 , 2008 17 `` Surprise , Surprise / Flame Revenger : Speed King Skull Flame '' `` Honō no Ribenjā Supīdokingu ☆ Sukaru Fureimu '' ( 炎 の リベンジャー スピード ・ キング ☆ スカル ・ フレイム ) July 23 , 2008 January 3 , 2009 18 `` Return to the Spirit World , Part 1 / The Ancient Forest : Invitation to the Spirits ' World '' `` Inishie no Mori Seirei Sekai eno Izanai '' ( 古 の 森 精霊 世界 へ の 誘い ) July 30 , 2008 January 10 , 2009 19 `` Return to the Spirit World , Part 2 / The Contaminated Spirit World : Evil Intent , Ido the Supreme Magical God '' `` Osensareru Seirei Sekai Akunaru Ishi Chōmajin Ido '' ( 汚染 され る 精霊 世界 悪 なる 意思 超 魔神 イド ) August 6 , 2008 January 17 , 2009 20 `` Second Round Showdown , Part 1 / Unweavering Feelings : My Mission is For My Hometown and My Friends '' `` Yuzurenai Omoi Waga Shimei wa Kokyō to Tomo ni '' ( 譲れ ない 想い 我 が 使命 は 故郷 と共に ) August 13 , 2008 January 24 , 2009 21 `` Second Round Showdown , Part 2 / Greiger 's Revenge : The Trap of Sorrow , Chariot Pile '' `` Fukushū no Bomā Kanashimi no Torappu Chariotto Pairu '' ( 復讐 の ボマー 悲しみ の トラップ チャリオット パイル ) August 20 , 2008 January 31 , 2009 22 `` The Profiler / The Past Revealed : The Duel Profiler vs. The Black Rose Witch '' `` Abakareru Kako Dyueru Purofairā Bāsasu Kurobara no Majo '' ( 暴 かれる 過去 デュエル プロファイラ - VS 黒 薔薇 の 魔女 ) August 27 , 2008 February 7 , 2009 23 `` Duel of the Dragons , Part 1 / The Final Match : The Soul Hidden Behind the Mask '' `` Fainaru Macchi , Kamen no Oku ni Kakusareta Kokoro '' ( 決勝 戦 , 仮面 の 奥 に 隠 され た 心 ) September 3 , 2008 February 14 , 2009 24 `` Duel of the Dragons , Part 2 / Victim 's Sanctuary : Become the Star that Envelops Destruction ! Stardust Dragon '' `` Vikutemu Sankuchuari Hakai wo Tsutsumu Hoshi to Nare ! Sutādasuto Doragon '' ( ヴィクテム サンクチュアリ 破壊 を 包む 星 と なれ ! スターダスト ドラゴン ) September 10 , 2008 February 21 , 2009 25 `` The Fortune Cup Finale , Part 1 / The Fortune Cup Finals ! The Lonely King , Jack Atlas '' `` Fōchun Kappu Fainaru ! Kokō no Kingu Jakku Atorasu '' ( フォーチュン カップ ファイナル ! 孤高 の キング ジャック アトラス ) September 17 , 2008 February 28 , 2009 26 `` The Fortune Cup Finale , Part 2 / Destiny of the Signers ! The Future Guided by the Crimson Dragon ! '' `` Shigunā - tachi no Unmei ! Akaki Ryū ga Michibiku Mirai '' ( シグナー たち の 運命 ! 赤き 竜 が 導く 未来 ! ) September 24 , 2008 March 7 , 2009 Season 2 : Earthbound immortals ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's ( season 2 ) # English Title / ( Translated English Title ) Japanese Title Original air date English air date <Td_colspan="4"> 27 `` A Web of Deceit , Part 1 / A World Without Light : Dark Synchro , Frozen Fitzgerald ! '' `` Hikarinaki Sekai Dāku Shinkuro Hyōketsu no Fittsujerarudo ! '' ( 光 なき 世界 ダーク シンクロ 氷結 の フィッツ ジェラルド ! ) October 1 , 2008 May 16 , 2009 28 `` A Web of Deceit , Part 2 / The Darkness That Engulfs All : The Immortal Shadow Signer '' `` Subete wo Nomikomu Yami Fumetsu no Dāku Shigunā '' ( すべて を 呑み込む 闇 不滅 の ダークシグナー ) October 8 , 2008 May 23 , 2009 29 `` Good Cop , Bad Cop / A New Threat : Dark Signer Ushio ? ? ! '' `` Samarikuru Kyōi Dāku Shigunā Ushio ! ? '' ( 迫り くる 脅威 ダークシグナー 牛尾 ? ! ? ) October 15 , 2008 May 30 , 2009 30 `` Fight or Flight / My Name is Crow ! Fly , Black Bird '' `` Wagana wa Kurō ! Tobe Burakku Bādo '' ( わが 名 は クロウ ! 飛べ ブラック バード ) October 22 , 2008 June 6 , 2009 31 `` The Reunion Duel / Hometown and Friends : The Reuniting Tag Riding '' `` Kokyō to Nakama Saikai no Taggu Raidingu '' ( 故郷 と 仲間 再会 の タッグ ライディング ) October 29 , 2008 June 13 , 2009 32 `` Dark Signs , Part 1 / The Symbol of Freedom , The Daedalus Bridge '' `` Jiyū no Shōchō Daidarosu Buriji '' ( 自由 の 象徴 ダイダロス ブリッジ ) November 5 , 2008 June 20 , 2009 33 `` Dark Signs , Part 2 / Vengeful Inferno : My Former Friend , Kiryu Kyosuke '' `` Fukushū no Gōka ! Katsute no Tomo Kiryū Kyōsuke '' ( 復讐 の 刧 火 ! かって の 友 鬼柳 京介 ) November 12 , 2008 June 27 , 2009 34 `` Dark Signs , Part 3 / Dark Synchro ! Come Forth , Hundred Eyes Dragon '' `` Dāku Shinkuro ! Ideyo Wan Handoreddo Ai Doragon '' ( ダーク シンクロ ! いでよ ワンハンド レッド アイ ドラゴン ) November 19 , 2008 July 4 , 2009 35 `` Dark Signs , Part 4 / Terrifying ! Earthbound Immortal Ccapac Apu '' `` Senritsu ! Jibakushin Kokapaku Apu '' ( 戦慄 ! 地 縛 神 コカパク アプ ) November 26 , 2008 July 11 , 2009 36 `` Supersensory Shakedown / Docking of Courage and Power ! Synchro Summon , Power Tool Dragon '' `` Yūki to Chikara wo Dokkingu ! Shinkuro Shōkan ! Pawā Tsūru Doragon '' ( 勇気 と 力 を ドッキング ! シンクロ 召喚 ! パワー ツール ドラゴン ) December 3 , 2008 July 27 , 2009 ( Online ) August 11 , 2009 ( TV ) 37 `` Digging Deeper , Part 1 / Infiltration ! Arcadia Movement , Therefore it 's My Turn ! '' `` Sennyū ! Arukadia Mūbumento Watashi no Tān Nandakara ! '' ( 潜入 ! アルカディア ムーブメント 私 の ターン なん だから ! ) December 10 , 2008 July 27 , 2009 ( Online ) August 12 , 2009 ( TV ) 38 `` Digging Deeper , Part 2 / Resurrected Soul : The New Geoglyph Ablaze '' `` Yomigaerishi Tamashī Moesakaru Aratana Jiogurifu '' ( 蘇り し 魂 燃えさかる 新た な ジオグリフ ) December 17 , 2008 July 27 , 2009 ( Online ) August 13 , 2009 ( TV ) 39 `` Digging Deeper , Part 3 / Descend ! Two Earthbound Immortals '' `` Kōrin ! Nitai no Jibakushin '' ( 降臨 ! 2 体 の 地 縛 神 ) December 24 , 2008 July 27 , 2009 ( Online ) August 14 , 2009 ( TV ) 40 `` Clash of the Dragons , Part 1 / Irreversible Past : A Locked Heart 's Door '' `` Modorenai Kako Tozasareta Kokoro no Tobira '' ( 戻れ ない 過去 閉ざさ れ た 心 の 扉 ) January 7 , 2009 July 30 , 2009 ( Online ) August 17 , 2009 ( TV ) 41 `` Clash of the Dragons , Part 2 / Hatred Caused by Sorrow ! Catch it , Stardust Dragon '' `` Kanashimi Yue no Zō - o ! Uketomero Sutādasuto Doragon '' ( 悲しみ 故 の 憎悪 ! 受け止めろ スターダスト ドラゴン ) January 14 , 2009 July 30 , 2009 ( Online ) August 18 , 2009 ( TV ) 42 `` The Signs of Time / Gather ! Warriors of the Crimson Dragon '' `` Shūketsu ! Akaki Ryū no Senshi - tachi '' ( 集結 ! 赤き 竜 の 戦士 たち ) January 21 , 2009 July 18 , 2009 43 `` Surely , You Jest , Part 1 / Respective Determination ! That Which is Wholeheartedly Believable '' `` Sorezore no Ketsui Kokoro kara Shinjirareru Mono '' ( それぞれ の 決意 ! 心から 信じ られる もの ) January 28 , 2009 July 25 , 2009 44 `` Surely , You Jest , Part 2 / Stir up the Divine Winds ! Blackwing Armed Wing '' `` Kamikaze wo Makiokose ! Burakku Fezā Āmuzu Wingu '' ( 神風 を 巻き起こせ ! ブラック フェザー アームズ ウィング ) February 4 , 2009 August 1 , 2009 45 `` Mark of the Spider , Part 1 / Confrontation ! The Man with the Mark of the Spider ! '' `` Taiketsu ! Kumo no Aza wo Motsu Otoko '' ( 対決 ! 蜘蛛 の 痣 を もつ 男 ) February 11 , 2009 August 8 , 2009 46 `` Mark of the Spider , Part 2 / The Truth from Seventeen Years Ago , The Hidden Trap of the Dark Signers '' `` Jūnananen Mae no Shinjitsu Kakusareta Dāku Shigunā no Wana '' ( 17 年 前 の 真実 隠 され た ダークシグナー の 罠 ) February 18 , 2009 August 15 , 2009 47 `` Mark of the Monkey , Part 1 / The Man with the Mark of the Monkey '' `` Saru no Chijōe no Aza wo Motsu Otoko '' ( 猿 の 地上 絵 の 痣 を 持つ 男 ) February 25 , 2009 August 22 , 2009 48 `` Mark of the Monkey , Part 2 / Minus World , Search for the White Lion Regulus '' `` Mainasu Wārudo Shiroki Shishi Regurusu wo Sagase '' ( マイナス ワールド 白き 獅子 レグルス を 探せ ) March 4 , 2009 August 26 , 2009 49 `` Mark of the Monkey , Part 3 / The King That Rules Over Minus , Demonic Monkey King Zeman '' `` Mainasu wo Tsukasadoru Ō Enmaō Zēman '' ( マイナス を つかさどる 王 猿 魔王 ゼーマン ) March 11 , 2009 August 27 , 2009 50 `` Mark of the Monkey , Part 4 / Curse of Minus Spell ! The Imprisoned Ancient Fairy Dragon '' `` Mainasu no Noroi ! Torawareta Enshento Fearī Doragon '' ( マイナス の 呪い ! 捕らわれ た エンシェント フェアリー ドラゴン ) March 18 , 2009 August 27 , 2009 51 `` A Whale of a Ride , Part 1 / Be Resurrected ! The Boundary Surpassing Riding Duel '' `` Tenseiseyo ! Genkai Toppa no Raidingu Dyueru '' ( 転生 せよ ! 限界 突破 の ライディング デュエル ) March 25 , 2009 August 28 , 2009 52 `` A Whale of a Ride , Part 2 / At the Ends of the Emotions Spun by the Cards '' `` Kādo ga Tsumugu Omoi no Hate ni '' ( カード が 紡ぐ 想い の 果て に ) April 1 , 2009 August 28 , 2009 53 `` A Whale of a Ride , Part 3 / Gust Fiercely , Winds : Lone Silver Wind of the Black Feathers '' `` Fukisusabe Arashi Burakku Fezā Kokō no Shirubā Windo '' ( 吹き すさ べ 嵐 ブラック フェザー 孤高 の シルバー ウィンド ) April 8 , 2009 December 22 , 2009 ( Online ) March 2 , 2010 ( TV ) 54 `` A Score to Settle , Part 1 / Last Duel ! Team Satisfaction '' `` Rasto Dyueru ! Chīmu Satisufakushon '' ( ラスト デュエル ! チーム サティス ファ クション ) April 15 , 2009 December 22 , 2009 ( Online ) March 4 , 2010 ( TV ) 55 `` A Score to Settle , Part 2 / Companions ' Sincerity , Majestic Dragon - Savior Dragon '' `` Nakama - tachi no Omoi , Kyūseiryū Seivā Doragon '' ( 仲間 達 の 想い , 救世 竜 セイヴァー ドラゴン ) April 22 , 2009 January 12 , 2010 ( Online ) March 5 , 2010 ( TV ) 56 `` Destiny 's Will , Part 1 / The 17 - Year Old Vow : The Destiny Guided by Momentum '' `` Jūnananenmae no Chikai Mōmento ga Michibiku Unmei '' ( 17 年 前 の 誓い モーメント が 導く 運命 ) April 29 , 2009 January 12 , 2010 ( Online ) March 8 , 2010 ( TV ) 57 `` Destiny 's Will , Part 2 / Darkness of the Heart , the Last Hope Remaining '' `` Kokoro no Yami Nokosareta Saigo no Kibō '' ( 心 の 闇 残 され た 最後 の 希望 ) May 6 , 2009 January 12 , 2010 ( Online ) March 9 , 2010 ( TV ) 58 `` Shadows of Doubt , Part 1 / Ahead Is My Destiny ! The High Ruler of Hell , The Dark King '' `` Sono Saki ni Aru Unmei ! Jigoku no Hasha Dāku Kingu '' ( その 先 に ある 運命 ! 地獄 の 覇者 ダーク キング ) May 13 , 2009 February 22 , 2010 ( Online ) March 10 , 2010 ( TV ) 59 `` Shadows of Doubt , Part 2 / The Lone Light , Savior Demon Dragon '' `` Kokō no Hikari Seivā Demon Doragon '' ( 孤高 の 光 セイヴァー デモン ドラゴン ) May 20 , 2009 February 22 , 2010 ( Online ) March 11 , 2010 ( TV ) 60 `` Truth and Consequences , Part 1 / Sad Story - Sorrowful Memories '' `` Saddo Sutōrī Kanashimi no Kioku '' ( サッド ストーリー 〜 悲しみ の 記憶 〜 ) May 27 , 2009 February 22 , 2010 ( Online ) March 12 , 2010 ( TV ) 61 `` Truth and Consequences , Part 2 / At the End of the Truth '' `` Shinjitsu no Hate ni '' ( 真実 の 果て に ) June 3 , 2009 March 15 , 2010 62 `` Signs of Doom , Part 1 / Last Battle ! The Man with Two Marks '' `` Saigo no Tatakai ! Futatsu no Kami wo Motsu Otoko '' ( 最後 の 戦い ! 2 つの 神 を もつ 男 ) June 10 , 2009 March 16 , 2010 63 `` Signs of Doom , Part 2 / The Strongest Earthbound Immortal ! Wiraqocha Rasca ! '' `` Saikyō no Jibakushin ! Wirakocharasuka '' ( 最強 の 地 縛 神 ! ウィラ コチャ ラスカ ! ) June 17 , 2009 March 17 , 2010 64 `` Signs of Doom , Part 3 / Towards Our Future ! '' `` Oretachi no Mirai e ! '' ( オレ たち の 未来 へ ! ) June 24 , 2009 March 18 , 2010 Season 3 : road to Destiny ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's ( season 3 ) # English Title / ( Translated English Title ) Japanese Title Original air date English air date <Td_colspan="4"> 65 `` A New Threat , Part 1 / A New Threat '' `` Aratanaru Kyōi '' ( 新た なる 脅威 ) July 1 , 2009 September 18 , 2010 66 `` A New Threat , Part 2 / The Symbol of Evolution - Synchro Monsters '' `` Shinka no Akashi Shinkuro Monsutā '' ( 進化 の 証 シンクロ モンスター ) July 8 , 2009 September 25 , 2010 67 `` Lessons Learned / Traditions of the Duel Academy ! Ancient Gear Golem '' `` Dyueru Akademia no Dentō ! Antīku Giagōremu '' ( デュエル アカデミア の 伝統 ! アンティーク ・ ギア ゴーレム ) July 15 , 2009 September 25 , 2010 68 `` Trash Talk / The Memories of the Elderly ! The Scrap - Iron Family Deck '' `` Rōjin no Kioku Kuzutetsu Famirī Dekki '' ( 老人 の 記憶 ! くず鉄 ファミリー デッキ ) July 22 , 2009 October 2 , 2010 69 `` A Duel With Interest / A Threat ! Lone Token Hell '' `` Kyōi ! Rōn Tōkun Jigoku '' ( 脅威 ! ローン トークン 地獄 ) July 29 , 2009 October 2 , 2010 70 `` The Wicked Spirit / The Forest that Spirits Away - Sleepy Beauty '' `` Kamikakushi no Mori Surīpī Byūtī '' ( 神隠し の 森 スリーピー ビューティ ) August 5 , 2009 October 9 , 2010 71 `` French Twist , Part 1 / Yusei Captured '' `` Torawareta Yusei '' ( 捕われ た 遊星 ) August 12 , 2009 October 9 , 2010 72 `` French Twist , Part 2 / What Lies Within the Wind '' `` Kaze no Naka ni Arumono '' ( 風 の 中 に ある もの ) August 19 , 2009 October 16 , 2010 73 `` Synchro Straits / After Sealing Synchro Summoning ... '' `` Shinkuro Shōkan wo Fūjita Saki ni ... '' ( シンクロ 召喚 を 封じ た 先 に ... ) August 26 , 2009 October 16 , 2010 74 `` Synchro Solution / Further Evolution ! Accel Synchro '' `` Saranaru Shinka ! Akuseru Shinkuro '' ( さらなる 進化 ! アクセル シンクロ ) September 2 , 2009 October 23 , 2010 75 `` Acceleration / Aki Izayoi Acceleration ! '' `` Izayoi Aki Akuserarēshon ! '' ( 十 六 夜 アキ アクセラ レーション ! ) September 9 , 2009 October 23 , 2010 76 `` Syd Is Vicious / Proud Demon Chaos King '' `` Hokoritakaki Dēmon Kaosu Kingu '' ( 誇り 高き デーモン ・ カオス ・ キング ) September 16 , 2009 October 30 , 2010 77 `` Dawn of the Duel Board , Part 1 / He Enters ! The Super Elite Transfer Student '' `` Tōjō ! Sūpā Erīto Tenkōsei '' ( 登場 ! スーパー エリート 転校生 ) September 23 , 2009 October 30 , 2010 78 `` Dawn of the Duel Board , Part 2 / A Nightmare Reborn ! Machine Emperor Skiel Infinity '' `` Yomigaeru Akumu ! Kikōtei Sukieru '' ( 甦る 悪夢 ! 機 皇帝 スキエル ∞ ) September 30 , 2009 November 6 , 2010 79 `` Putting It All Together / To a World Yet Unseen '' `` Madaminu Sekai e '' ( まだ 見 ぬ 世界 へ ) October 7 , 2009 November 6 , 2010 80 `` The Super Genius / The Mysterious Super Mechanic '' `` Nazo no Sūpā Mekanikku '' ( 謎 の スーパー メカニック ) October 14 , 2009 November 13 , 2010 81 `` Get With the Program , Part 1 / Operation Capture Jaeger '' `` Iēgā Hokaku Sakusen '' ( イェーガー 捕獲 作戦 ! ) October 21 , 2009 November 13 , 2010 82 `` Get With the Program , Part 2 / Yusei Fudo , 100 % Chance of Defeat ! '' `` Fudō Yūsei Haiboku Kakuritsu Wan Handoreddo Pāsento ! '' ( 不動 遊星 敗北 確率 100 % ! ) October 28 , 2009 November 20 , 2010 83 `` Will the Real Jack Atlas , Please Stand Up , Part 1 / Imposter ! ? Jack Atlas '' `` Yōgisha ! ? Jakku Atorasu '' ( 容疑 者 ! ? ジャック ・ アトラス ) November 4 , 2009 November 20 , 2010 84 `` Will the Real Jack Atlas , Please Stand Up , Part 2 / The Real Jack Atlas '' `` Mō Hitori no Jakku '' ( もう 一人 の ジャック ・ アトラス ) November 11 , 2009 November 27 , 2010 85 `` Mother Knows Best / The Grandfather Clock , Poppo Time '' `` Poppo Taimu no Furudokei '' ( ポッポ タイム の 古 時計 ) November 18 , 2009 November 27 , 2010 ( Hulu only ) February 5 , 2011 ( TV ) 86 `` Duelist for Hire / Crash Town '' `` Kurasshu Taun '' ( クラッシュ タウン ) November 25 , 2009 November 27 , 2010 87 `` Showdown at Sundown , Part 1 / Rescue Kiryu ! The Town of Wandering Duelists '' `` Kiryū Kyūshutsu ! Samayoeru Dyuerisuto no Machi '' ( 鬼柳 救出 ! さまよえる 決闘 者 の 街 ) December 2 , 2009 December 4 , 2010 88 `` Showdown at Sundown , Part 2 / The Trap Laid in Front of Victory '' `` Kiryū Kyūshutsu ! Samayoeru Dyuerisuto no Machi '' ( 勝利 の 先 に ある 罠 ) December 9 , 2009 December 4 , 2010 89 `` The Race to Escape , Part 1 / Terror of Gatling Ogre '' `` Gatoringu Ōga no Kyōfu '' ( ガトリング ・ オーガ の 恐怖 ) December 16 , 2009 December 11 , 2010 90 `` The Race to Escape , Part 2 / Death Match Riding Duel '' `` Shitō no Raidingu Dyueru '' ( 死闘 の ライディング デュエル ) December 23 , 2009 December 11 , 2010 91 `` Clash at Crash Town , Part 1 / Tag Duel : Kiryu & Yusei VS Lawton '' `` Taggu Dyueru Kiryu to Yusei Bāsasu Rotten '' ( タッグ デュエル 鬼柳 ・ 遊星 VS ロットン ) January 6 , 2010 December 18 , 2010 92 `` Clash at Crash Town , Part 2 / Satisfaction Town '' `` Satisufakushon '' ( サティス ファ クション ウン ) January 13 , 2010 December 18 , 2010 Season 4 : World racing grand prix ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's ( season 4 ) # English Title / ( Translated English Title ) Japanese Title Original air date English air date <Td_colspan="4"> 93 `` The Question of the Card / Tremble in Fear ! The Resolve of the Master and Servant ! ! '' `` Senritsu ! Shujū no Kakugo ! ! '' ( 戦慄 ! 主従 の 覚悟 ! ! ) January 20 , 2010 February 19 , 2011 94 `` Keeping a Promise , Part 1 / Recollections : Entrusted with a Friend 's Dying Wish '' `` Tsuioku Hōyū ga Takushita Ishi '' ( 追憶 朋友 が 託 した 遺志 ) January 27 , 2010 February 26 , 2011 95 `` Keeping a Promise , Part 2 / Soar ! Black - Winged Dragon ! ! '' `` Maiagare ! Burakkufezā Doragon ! ! '' ( 舞い上がれ ! ブラック フェザー ・ ドラゴン ! ! ) February 3 , 2010 March 5 , 2011 96 `` Natural Instincts , Part 1 / Rally Forth ! Team 5D 's '' `` Kessei ! Chīmu Faibudīzu '' ( 結成 ! チーム 5D 's ) February 10 , 2010 March 12 , 2011 97 `` Natural Instincts , Part 2 / After Despair and Conflict ... '' `` Zetsubō to Kattō no Saki ni ... '' ( 絶望 と 葛藤 の 先 に ... ) February 17 , 2010 March 19 , 2011 98 `` Power Plays / The WRGP Commences ! Team 5D 's VS Team Unicorn '' `` Daburuyūārujīpī Kaisai Chīmu Faibudīzu Bāsasu Chīmu Yunikōn '' ( WRGP 開幕 ! チーム 5D 's VS チーム ユニコーン ) February 24 , 2010 March 26 , 2011 99 `` Trouble For Team 5D 's / Burn ! Phoenixian Cluster Amaryllis '' `` Moero ! Fenikishian Kurasutā Amaririsu '' ( 燃えろ ! フェニキシアン ・ クラスター ・ アマリリス ) March 3 , 2010 April 2 , 2011 100 `` The Edge of Elimination , Part 1 / Dilemma ! The Last Turbo Duelist , Yusei '' `` Kyūchi Rasuto Hoīrā Yūsei '' ( 窮 ! 地 ラスト ・ ホイーラー 遊星 ) March 10 , 2010 April 9 , 2011 101 `` The Edge of Elimination , Part 2 / For The Team '' `` Foa Za Chīmu '' ( フォア ・ ザ ・ チーム ) March 17 , 2010 April 16 , 2011 102 `` The Edge of Elimination , Part 3 / Just For Victory '' `` Tada Shōri no Tame ni '' ( ただ 勝利 の 為 に ) March 24 , 2010 April 23 , 2011 103 `` Party Crashers / The Spoils of Battle '' `` Tatakai no Hate ni Etamono '' ( 戦い の 果て に 得 た もの ) March 31 , 2010 April 30 , 2011 104 `` Knight Takes Pawn / Messengers of Destruction , Team Catastrophe '' `` Hametsu no Shisha Chīmu Katasutorofu '' ( 破滅 の 使者 チーム カタストロフ ) April 7 , 2010 May 7 , 2011 105 `` Rook Takes Knight / The Card of Darkness - Hidden Knight Hook '' `` Yami no Kādo Hidun Naito - Hukku - '' ( 闇 の カード ヒドゥン ・ ナイト - フック - ) April 14 , 2010 May 14 , 2011 106 `` Primo 's Plan , Part 1 / Ghost Flood ! The Terrifying Battle Royale Mode '' `` Gōsuto Hanran ! Kyōfu no Batoru Roiyaru Mōdo '' ( ゴースト 氾濫 ! 恐怖 の バトル ・ ロイヤル ・ モード ) April 21 , 2010 May 21 , 2011 107 `` Primo 's Plan , Part 2 / Wake Up ! ! Unwavering Standpoint - Clear Mind '' `` Kakusei ! ! Yuruganaki Kyōchi Kuria Maindo '' ( 覚醒 ! ! 揺るが なき 境地 クリア ・ マインド ) April 28 , 2010 May 28 , 2011 108 `` Primo 's Plan , Part 3 / The Revived Terror - Machine Emperor Wisel Infinity '' `` Yomigaeru Kyōfu Kikōtei Waizeru '' ( 蘇る 恐怖 機 皇帝 ワイゼル ∞ ) May 5 , 2010 June 4 , 2011 109 `` Primo 's Plan , Part 4 / Accel Synchro ! Be Born , Shooting Star Dragon ! '' `` Akuseru Shinkuro ! Shōraiseyo ! Shūtingu Sutā Doragon ! '' ( アクセル ・ シンクロ ! 生来 せよ シューティング ・ スター ・ ドラゴン ! ) May 12 , 2010 June 11 , 2011 110 `` Primo 's Plan , Part 5 / The Three Emperors of Yliaster '' `` Iriasuteru no Sankōtei '' ( イリアステル の 三 皇帝 ) May 19 , 2010 June 18 , 2011 111 `` The Ancient Land - To Nazca ! '' `` Inishie no Chi Nasuka e '' ( 古 の 地 ナスカヘ ! ) May 26 , 2010 N / A 112 `` The Crimson Devil '' `` Guren no Akuma '' ( 紅蓮 の 悪魔 ) June 2 , 2010 N / A 113 `` Blazing Soul ! Scar - Red Nova Dragon '' `` Moe Tagiru Tamashī ! Sukāreddo Nova Doragon '' ( 燃え 滾る 魂 ! スカー レッド ・ ノヴァ ・ ドラゴン ) June 9 , 2010 N / A 114 `` Operation Capture Lazar II '' `` Yēgā Hokaku Sakusen Tsū '' ( イェーガー 捕獲 作戦 II ) June 16 , 2010 N / A 115 `` Press Him About The Mystery ! ! The Endgame Turbo Duel ! '' `` Nazo ni Semare ! Tsume Raidingu Dyueru ! ! '' ( ライディング デュエル ! ! 謎 に 迫れ ! ) June 23 , 2010 N / A 116 `` The Ener - D Express Development Agency '' `` Mōmento Ekusupuresu Kaihatsu Kikō '' ( モーメント ・ エクスプレス 開発 機構 ) June 30 , 2010 N / A 117 `` The Distorted Past '' `` Yugamerareta Kako '' ( 歪め られ た 過去 ) July 7 , 2010 N / A 118 `` The New Rivals '' `` Aratanaru Raibaru '' ( 新た なる ライバル ) July 14 , 2010 N / A 119 `` The Invincible Scrum ! Smash The Unbreakable Defense ! '' `` Teppeki no Sukuramu ! Kyōkō Shubi wo Uchikudake ! '' ( 鉄壁 の スクラム ! 強硬 守備 を 打ち砕け ! ) July 21 , 2010 N / A 120 `` Tie Those Feelings ! The Hand Tied to the Majin ! '' `` Omoi wo Tsunage ! Te wo Tsunagu Majin '' ( 想い を つなげ ! 手 を つなぐ 魔 人 ! ) July 28 , 2010 N / A 121 `` The Miraculous Trump Card - Zushin the Sleeping Giant ! '' `` Kiseki no Kirifuda Nemureru Kyojin Zushin ! '' ( 奇跡 の 切り札 眠れる 巨人 ズシン ! ) August 4 , 2010 N / A 122 `` Believe in the Power ! The Strongest Giant Zushin VS Shooting Star Dragon '' `` Shinjiru Chikara ! Saikyō no Kyojin Zushin Bāsasu Shūtingu Sutā Doragon '' ( 信じる 力 ! 最強 の 巨人 ズシン VS シューティング ・ スター ・ ドラゴン ) August 11 , 2010 N / A 123 `` Eyes on the Prize / The Duelists with the Rune Eyes '' `` Rūn no Hitomi no Dyuerisuto '' ( ルーン の 瞳 の デュエリスト ) August 18 , 2010 June 25 , 2011 124 `` Duel for Redemption / Damaged Pride '' `` Kizutsukerareta Puraido '' ( 傷つけ られ た プライド ) August 25 , 2010 July 2 , 2011 125 `` Soul Solutions / Fighting Souls ! Thor , Lord of the Aesir VS Red Nova Dragon '' `` Tamashī no Tatakai ! Kyokushin'ō Tōru Vāsasu Sukāreddo Nova Doragon '' ( 魂 の 戦い ! 極 神 皇 トール VS スカーレット ・ ノヴァ ・ ドラゴン ) September 1 , 2010 July 9 , 2011 126 `` When Nordic Gods Attack / Descend ! The Second Nordic God - Loki , Lord of the Aesir '' `` Kōrin ! Daini no Kami Kyokushin'ō Roki '' ( 降臨 ! 第 二 の 神 極 神 皇 ロキ ) September 8 , 2010 July 16 , 2011 127 `` Tricking the Trickster / Fierce Fight ! Destiny Riding on Blackwings '' `` Gekitō ! Unmei wo Kaketa Kuroi Hane ! '' ( 激闘 ! 運命 を 賭け た 黒い 羽 ) September 15 , 2010 July 23 , 2011 128 `` Yusei 's Last Stand / The Three Immortal Aesirs ! Cry out , Majestic Star Dragon ! '' `` Fujimi no Sankyokushin ! Sakebe , Seivā Sutā Doragon ! '' ( 不死身 の 三 極 神 ! 叫べ 、 セイヴァー ・ スター ・ ドラゴン ! ) September 22 , 2010 July 30 , 2011 129 `` Fight to the Finish Line / Gjallarhorn ! Countdown To the End '' `` Gyararuhorun ! Shūen eno Kauntodaun '' ( ギャラルホルン ! 終焉 へ の カウントダウン ) September 29 , 2010 August 6 , 2011 130 `` Bound To The Future , Bonds To Our Companions '' `` Mirai he Tsunagu , Nakama tono Kizuna '' ( 未来 へ つなぐ 、 仲間 と の 絆 ) October 6 , 2010 N / A 131 `` The Beginning of the End / Fight for the Future ! Machine Emperor Skiel Infinity VS Red Nova Dragon '' `` Mirai wo Kaketa Tatakai ! Kikōtei Sukieru Vāsasu Sukāreddo Nova Doragon '' ( 未来 を 賭け た 戦い ! 機 皇帝 スキエル ∞ VS スカー レッド ・ ノヴァ ・ ドラゴン ) October 13 , 2010 August 13 , 2011 132 `` Dawn of the Machines / A Violent Assault ! ! Machine Emperor Wisel Infinity '' `` Kyōshū ! ! Kikōtei Waizeru '' ( 強襲 ! ! 機 皇帝 ワイゼル ∞ ) October 20 , 2010 August 20 , 2011 133 `` Against All Odds / The Looming Threat ! Machine Emperor Grannel Infinity '' `` Tachihadakaru Kyotei ! Kikōtei Guran'eru '' ( 立ちはだかる 巨 帝 ! 機 皇帝 グランエル ∞ ) October 27 , 2010 August 27 , 2011 134 `` For Synchro 's Sake / The Road of Ruin ! The Future Favored By Synchro Summoning '' `` Hametsu no Michi ! Shinkuro Shōkan ga Ikitsuku Mirai '' ( 破滅 の 道 ! シンクロ 召喚 が 行きつく 未来 ) November 10 , 2010 September 3 , 2011 Season 5 : Fight for the Future ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's ( season 5 ) # English Title / ( Translated English Title ) Japanese Title Original air date English air date <Td_colspan="4"> 135 `` Fight for the Future ( Part 1 ) / The Devil of Despair ! Machine Divine Emperor Mechanicle Infinity Cubic '' `` Zetsubō no Majin ! Kikōshin Mashinikuru Infiniti Kyūbikku '' ( 絶望 の 魔 人 ! 機 皇帝 マシニクル インフィニティ ・ キュービック ) November 17 , 2010 September 10 , 2011 136 `` Victory or Doom ( Part 2 ) / A Do - or - Die Battle ! The Machine Divine Emperor VS The Synchro Monsters '' `` Kesshi no Kōbō ! Kikōshin Vāsasu Shinkuro Monsutā '' ( 決死 の 攻防 ! 機 皇 神 VS シンクロ モンスタ ) November 24 , 2010 September 10 , 2011 137 `` An Approaching Terror - The Citadel of God , `` The Ark Cradle '' '' `` Semarikuru Kyōfu Kami no Kyojō Āku Kureidoru '' ( 迫り くる 恐怖 神 の 居城 「 アーク クレイドル 」 ) December 1 , 2010 N / A 138 `` The Suspension Bridge Towards the Future - The Rainbow Bridge Bitfrost ! '' `` Mirai eno Kakehashi - Niji no Hashi Bifuresuto '' ( 未来 へ の 架け橋 虹 の 橋 ビフレスト ) December 8 , 2010 N / A 139 `` The Enchanting Field - École de Zone ! '' `` Genwaku no Fīrudo ! Ekōru do Zōn '' ( 幻惑 の フィールド エコール ・ ド ・ ゾーン ! ) December 15 , 2010 N / A 140 `` The Soul - Binding Gate ! The Sealed Future ! '' `` Konbakumon ! Fūjirareta Mirai ! '' ( 魂 縛 門 ! 封じ られ た 未来 ! ) December 22 , 2010 N / A 141 `` The Duel of Despair ! Fortissimo the Mobile Fortress ! '' `` Zetsubō no Dyueru ! Kidō Yōsai Foruteshimo ! '' ( 絶望 の デュエル ! 起動 要塞 フォルテシモ ! ) December 28 , 2010 N / A 142 `` A Life - or - Death Battle ! Machine Divine Emperor Dragon Asterisk '' `` Seishi o Kaketa Tatakai ! Kikōshinryū Asuterisuku '' ( 生死 を 懸け た 闘い ! 機 皇 神龍 アステリスク ) January 5 , 2011 N / A 143 `` The Miracle of Life ! Life Stream Dragon ! ! '' `` Inochi no Kiseki , Raifu Sutorīmu Doragon ! ! '' ( 命 の 奇跡 ! ライフ ・ ストリーム ・ ドラゴン ! ! ) January 12 , 2011 N / A 144 `` The Beginning of the End : A Struggle to the Death for the Future ! '' `` Shūen no Kigen Mirai no Tame no Shitō ! '' ( 終焉 の 起源 未来 の 為 の 死闘 ! ) January 19 , 2011 N / A 145 `` Faster Than Light ! ! '' `` Hikari yori mo Hayaku '' ( 光 より 速く ! ! ) January 26 , 2011 N / A 146 `` The Last Human - Z - ONE '' `` Saigo no Hitori Zōn '' ( 最後 の 一人 Z - ONE ) February 2 , 2011 N / A 147 `` A Hope Bound for the Future ! '' `` Mirai he Tsunagu Kibō ! '' ( 未来 へ つなぐ 希望 ! ) February 9 , 2011 N / A 148 `` Just One Chance To Turn It All Around '' `` Tada Ichimai ni Kaketa Shōki '' ( ただ 1 枚 に 懸け た 勝機 ) February 16 , 2011 N / A 149 `` The Revived Hero '' `` Yomigaetta Eiyū '' ( 蘇っ た 英雄 ) February 23 , 2011 N / A 150 `` Feelings Entrusted of My Father '' `` Chichi ga Takushita Omoi '' ( 父 が 託 した 想い ) March 2 , 2011 N / A 151 `` Gathering Wishes '' `` Tsudoishi Negai '' ( 集い し 願い ) March 9 , 2011 N / A 152 `` An Advancing Future '' `` Susumubeki Mirai '' ( 進む べき 未来 ) March 23 , 2011 N / A 153 `` Clashing Souls ! '' `` Butsukari au Tamashī ! '' ( ぶつかり 合う 魂 ! ) March 30 , 2011 N / A 154 `` Shining Forth To The Future '' `` Hikari Sasu Mirai e '' ( 光り 差す 未来 へ ) March 30 , 2011 N / A Specials ( edit ) # English Title Japanese Title Original air date English air date <Td_colspan="4"> Special `` Evolving Duel ! Stardust Dragon Vs. Red Dragon Archfiend / Evolving Duel ! Stardust VS Red Demons '' `` Shinkasuru Kettou ! Stardust VS Red Demons '' ( 進化 する 決闘 ! スターダスト VS レッド ・ デーモンズ ) November 25 , 2008 N / A <Td_colspan="4"> Shown at the 2008 Jump Festa anime tour , this non-canon episode features a turbo duel between Yusei Fudo and Jack Atlas , promoting the Crimson Crisis booster packs from the trading card game . Yusei and Jack summon their Stardust Dragon and Red Dragon Archfiend respectively and power them up to their Assault Modes . They both then face off against each other , with both of them at a stalemate , until Yusei plays the trap card Synchro Destructor , from his Graveyard . During his turn , Yusei has Stardust Dragon attack Red Dragon Archfiend , destroying Jack 's monster , and then activates Synchro Destructor , whose effect reduces Jack 's remaining life points down to 0 , resulting in Yusei being the winner . Movies ( edit ) # English Title Japanese Title Original release date English release date <Td_colspan="4"> Movie `` Yu - Gi - Oh ! : Bonds Beyond Time / Yu - Gi - Oh ! Movie : Super Fusion ! Bonds that Transcend Time '' `` Tensu Anivāsarī Gekijōban Yū ☆ Gi ☆ Ō ~ Chō Yūgō ! Toki o Koeta Kizuna ~ '' ( 劇場 版 遊 ☆ 戯 ☆ 王 ~ 超 融合 ! 時空 を 越え た 絆 ~ ) January 23 , 2010 February 26 , 2011 <Td_colspan="4"> This movie takes place near the end of Season 3 , right before the events of Crash Town ( Episodes 87 - 92 ) . Yusei Fudo travels back in time and fights alongside Yugi Muto , and Jaden Yuki , to stop a new enemy named Paradox from destroying the future of dueling , by ruining the past . This canon movie follows the plot line developed in 3 of the Yu - Gi - Oh ! franchise 's anime series : Yu - Gi - Oh ! Duel Monsters , Yu - Gi - Oh ! GX , and Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's . See also ( edit ) Yu - Gi - Oh ! Duel Monsters Yu - Gi - Oh ! R Yu - Gi - Oh ! GX Yu - Gi - Oh ! Zexal Yu - Gi - Oh ! Arc - V References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TV Tokyo , Nihon Ad Terminate Yu - Gi - Oh ! Deal , Sue 4Kids '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ノット ランプ 、 ニュー シングル が 「 遊 ☆ 戯 ☆ 王 5D 's 」 主題 歌 に '' . BARKS . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://img291.imageshack.us/img291/6250/5dsthirdthemes.png Jump up ^ `` PS COMPANY Official Site '' . pscompany.co.jp . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 第 1 話 ~ 第 13 話 ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 第 14 話 ~ 第 26 話 ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 第 27 話 ~ 第 39 話 ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 第 40 話 ~ 第 51 話 ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 第 52 話 ~ 第 64 話 ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.toonzone.net/schedule/premieres.php Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found - Toon Zone News '' . toonzone.net . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Local listings , news , recaps , photos , clips and more -- MSN TV '' . msn.com . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's Episode : Fight for the Future '' . yugioh.com . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's Episode : Victory or Doom '' . yugioh.com . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) NASinc . ( Japanese ) TV Tokyo ( Japanese ) Janime List of Yu - Gi - Oh ! 5D 's episodes ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Yu - Gi - Oh ! by Kazuki Takahashi Original series Characters Chapters 1998 episodes Yu - Gi - Oh ! Duel Monsters episodes season 1 5 Capsule Monsters Yu - Gi - Oh ! R Other series GX characters episodes season 1 chapters 5D 's characters episodes season 1 5 chapters Zexal characters chapters episodes series I season 1 II season 1 Arc - V characters episodes season 1 manga chapters VRAINS episodes Films Pyramid of Light Bonds Beyond Time The Dark Side of Dimensions Games Trading Card Game sets Video games The Falsebound Kingdom Worldwide Edition : Stairway to the Destined Duel World Championship Tournament 2004 The Dawn of Destiny Duel Links <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Yu - Gi - Oh ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yu-Gi-Oh!_5D%27s_episodes&oldid=793166630 '' Categories : Yu - Gi - Oh ! episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 01 : 56 . 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-1,119,536,587,254,685,200 | how many seasons of jack ryan have there been | Jack Ryan ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Jack Ryan ( TV series ) `` Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan '' redirects here . For the fictional universe , see Ryanverse . For the fictional character , see Jack Ryan ( character ) . For other uses , see Jack Ryan ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Jack Ryan <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan Genre Action Political thriller Created by Carlton Cuse Graham Roland Based on Characters by Tom Clancy Starring John Krasinski Abbie Cornish Wendell Pierce Ali Suliman Dina Shihabi Amir El - Masry Composer ( s ) Ramin Djawadi Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Carlton Cuse Graham Roland Daniel Sackheim Morten Tyldum Michael Bay Brad Fuller Andrew Form John Krasinski Tom Clancy David Ellison Dana Goldberg Marcy Ross Mace Neufeld Producer ( s ) Nazrin Choudhury José Luis Ecolar Robert Phillips Cinematography Richard Rutkowski Checco Varese Christopher Faloona Editor ( s ) John M. Valerio Paul Trejo Sarah Boyd Vikash Patel Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Genre Arts Push , Boot . Platinum Dunes Skydance Media Paramount Television Amazon Studios <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( UHDTV ) Audio format Dolby Atmos surround Original release August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Official website Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan , or simply Jack Ryan , is an American action political thriller web television series , based on characters from the fictional `` Ryanverse '' created by Tom Clancy , that premiered on August 31 , 2018 on Amazon Video . The series was created by Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland . Cuse serves as an executive producer alongside John Krasinski , Michael Bay and Mace Neufeld , among others . Krasinski also stars in the series as the titular character , making him the fifth actor to portray the character after Alec Baldwin , Harrison Ford , Ben Affleck and Chris Pine from the film series . In April 2018 , it was announced that Amazon had renewed the series for a second season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The first season follows the titular CIA analyst as he is wrenched from the security of his desk job into the field after discovering a string of dubious bank transfers , which are being carried out by a rising Islamic terrorist named Suleiman . The upcoming second season has been described as following Ryan as he confronts `` the forces in power in a dangerous , declining democratic regime in South America . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) John Krasinski as Jack Ryan , a former Marine and a financial analyst working for the Central Intelligence Agency , specifically the Terror , Finance , and Arms Division ( T - FAD ) , which is part of the Counterterrorism Center ( CTC ) . Krasinski 's interpretation of the character is said to be inspired by Harrison Ford 's portrayal in Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger . Director and executive producer Daniel Sackheim said : `` What was so great about the Harrison Ford movies was that they were about an everyman hero . He was a guy who was n't a superhero . He was heroic , but he was vulnerable . He was n't afraid to be scared . He was a regular man and a hero . '' Abbie Cornish as Cathy Mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases , and Ryan 's girlfriend Wendell Pierce as James Greer , Ryan 's boss in T - FAD . He was previously the local CIA station chief in Karachi , but was exiled from Pakistan after murdering a Pakistani army officer . He had converted to Islam for his ex-wife , but now questions his belief . Ali Suliman as Mousa Bin Suleiman ( season 1 ) , an Islamic terrorist skilled in finance Dina Shihabi as Hanin Ali , Suleiman 's wife John Hoogenakker as Matice ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) , a Black Ops operative for the CIA Noomi Rapace as Harriet `` Harry '' Baumann ( season 2 ) , an agent for German intelligence Michael Kelly as Mike November ( season 2 ) , a field officer in the CIA Jovan Adepo as Marcus ( season 2 ) , a former special crewman in the Navy now repairing boats Jordi Molla as Nicolas Reyes ( season 2 ) , the leader of a South American country Cristina Umaña as Gloria Bonalde ( season 2 ) , a politician and mother Francisco Denis as Ubarri ( season 2 ) , a senior government official in a South American country Recurring ( edit ) Karim Zein as Samir , Suleiman and Hanin 's son Nadia Affolter as Sara , Suleiman and Hanin 's elder daughter Arpy Ayvazian as Rama , Suleiman and Hanin 's younger daughter Haaz Sleiman as Ali , Suleiman 's younger brother Amir El - Masry as Ibrahim , the most trusted member of Suleiman 's sect Goran Kostić as Ansore Dudayev Timothy Hutton as Nathan Singer , CIA Deputy Director of Operations Adam Bernett as Patrick Klinghoffer , Jack 's colleague in T - FAD Eileen Li as Noreen Yang , Jack 's colleague Mena Massoud as Tarek Kassar , Jack 's colleague Zarif Kabier as Jabir Kamel Labroudi as Yazid Shadi Janho as Amer Victoria Sanchez as Layla Navarro , Ryan 's colleague Matt McCoy as Dr. Daniel Nadler , leader of the contingent of hostage physicians from Doctors Without Borders Marie - Josée Croze as Sandrine Arnaud , a French intelligence officer John Magaro as 1st Lt Victor Polizzi , a US Air Force MQ - 9A Reaper Sensor Operator Daniel Kash as D.O. Shelby Farnsworth Jameel Khoury as Colonel Al Radwan Kenny Wong as Danny , Singer 's aide Emmanuelle Lussier - Martinez as Teresa , Jack 's colleague Al Sapienza as Lt. Gen. Marcus Trent , CIA Associate Director for Military Affairs Chadi Alhelou as Fathi , Hanin 's uncle Stephane Krau as Lt. Bruno Cluzet Yani Marin as Ava Garcia , Victor 's drone pilot partner Jonathan Bailey as Lance Miller Natalie Brown as Rebecca Blair Brown as Sue Joyce , Director of the CIA Ron Canada as Bobby Vig , Director of National Intelligence Youness Benzakour as Ismail Ahmadi Michael Gaston as President Pickett Julianne Jain as Marabel Tom Wlaschiha as Max Schenkel ( season 2 ) , a foreign operative Guest ( edit ) Victor Slezak as Joe Mueller , Cathy 's father ( `` Pilot '' ) Jenny Raven as Dr. Yen ( `` French Connection '' ) Cynthia Preston as Blanche Dubois ( `` Black 22 '' ) Lee Tergesen as Stanley ( `` Black 22 '' ) John Robinson as Buster ( `` The Wolf '' ) Numan Acar as Tony ( `` Sources and Methods '' ) Conrad Coates as Colonel Robert Phelps ( `` The Boy '' ) Karen LeBlanc as Kalie Horn ( `` Inshallah '' ) Jonathan Potts as Dr. Roger Wade ( `` Inshallah '' ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Pilot '' Morten Tyldum Story by : Carlton Cuse & Graham Roland Teleplay by : Graham Roland August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Low - level CIA financial analyst Jack Ryan comes to believe that $9 million of unusual financial transactions are connected to a new Yemeni terrorist named Suleiman . Jack meets medical doctor Cathy Mueller at a social function before he is collected by helicopter and then taken via a plane to Yemen by James Greer , his new boss in the Terror , Finance , and Arms Division ( T - FAD ) of the CIA . The man seemingly responsible for the payments and his assumed bodyguard are being interrogated when the American base is attacked by rebels / militia . The attackers then rescue the bodyguard , who an injured Jack then realizes is Suleiman . `` French Connection '' Daniel Sackheim Carlton Cuse & Graham Roland August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jack reconnects with Cathy , and Suleiman 's wife Hanin is concerned about the armed terrorists he has brought to their home . Jack and Greer figure out that their target is Mousa Bin Suleiman , a French national . His phone records lead them to an apartment outside of Paris , where Suleiman 's brother Ali is transferring funds . Jack and Greer accompany French intelligence in their raid , but an injured Ali manages to escape in the middle of the ensuing shootout , which ends in a suicide bombing . `` Black 22 '' Patricia Riggen Carlton Cuse & Graham Roland August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> In pursuit of Ali , Jack and Greer learn that he is traveling to a rendezvous point in southern France . Hanin escapes with her daughters , but Suleiman sends men after her . One kills the other and attempts to rape Hanin . Meanwhile , Victor , an American drone pilot based in Las Vegas , struggles with his conscience ; he later saves Hanin from her attacker with an unauthorized drone strike . `` The Wolf '' Daniel Sackheim Carlton Cuse & Graham Roland August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Suleiman starts an insurrection within ISIS and imprisons its leader , consolidating control of the organization and taking control of 12 hostage physicians from Doctors Without Borders . Jack and French intelligence officer Sandrine Arnaud track Ali to a remote gas station ; Sandrine is killed in a shootout with Ali , whom Jack shoots and kills in self - defense . Meanwhile , Suleiman 's terrorist cell in Paris stages a sarin gas attack on the funeral of a well - known French priest . 5 `` End of Honor '' Patricia Riggen Story by : Stephen Kronish Teleplay by : Stephen Kronish & Daria Polatin August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Hanin requests political asylum for herself and her daughters in a refugee camp in Turkey , naming Suleiman as her husband and attracting the attention of the CIA . In the aftermath of the Paris church attack , Jack manages to make contact with Suleiman using the messaging board on a video game , posing as Ali . Suleiman detects the ruse , but Jack confirms that Hanin has indeed left her husband , and tells Suleiman that Ali is dead . Jack and Greer proceed to Turkey to extract Hanin and the girls , but she has paid someone to smuggle them from the camp to the coast . 6 `` Sources and Methods '' Carlton Cuse Story by : Patrick Aison Teleplay by : Patrick Aison & Annie Jacobsen August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Greer , with aid from a Turkish sex trafficker , track Hanin and her daughters to the Turkish coast , where they dispatch Suleiman 's henchman who has been pursuing the women . Greer reveals that he was PNG 'd from Karachi because he had killed his asset , a Pakistani army officer , who was going to turn him in to the authorities to be tortured and killed . Meanwhile , Victor learns that one of his `` terrorist '' targets had been misidentified , and travels to Syria to make amends with the family . Cathy investigates a man infected with a strain of the Ebola virus thought eradicated . It is revealed that six months before in Liberia , Suleiman and Ali had dug up the body of a person who died from the same strain . 7 `` The Boy '' Patricia Riggen Nazrin Choudhury & Nolan Dunbar August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Cathy is questioned about her Ebola report , and is furious to discover that Jack works for the CIA . Meanwhile , CIA officials debate on whether to capture Suleiman or kill him in an airstrike . Jack and Greer try to convince their superiors to settle on a covert ground assault to do the former , as well as extracting Hanin 's son , Samir . The CIA has learned about the hostage doctors , and US President Pickett approves the mission . JSOC forces storm the compound but find no sign of Suleiman ; instead , they locate and rescue the physicians . As one of them , Dr. Daniel Nadler , is welcomed by his longtime friend Pickett , Jack and Greer realize that the doctors have been intentionally infected with the Ebola virus . 8 `` Inshallah '' Daniel Sackheim Carlton Cuse & Graham Roland August 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Pickett , as well as other high - ranking government officials , are quarantined for exposure to Ebola . Suleiman arrives in the US with Samir to carry out another attack , this time a release of cesium into the ventilation system of Washington Memorial Hospital , where Pickett is being confined . Jack and Greer warn the Secret Service , and Jack chases Suleiman to a nearby train station and kills him before he can activate the device remotely . Jack and Greer later return Samir to Hanin . For stopping the terrorist attack , Greer is promoted to deputy station chief in Moscow , and Jack replaces him as head of T - FAD . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On September 22 , 2015 , it was announced that Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland were developing a television series adaptation of Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan series of novels . The potential series was described as `` a new contemporary take on the character using the novels as source material '' . Production companies involved with the project were slated to include Paramount Television , Platinum Dunes and Skydance Media . A week later , following a bidding war among multiple television networks , it was announced that streaming service Amazon Video had purchased the rights to the series . Amazon proceeded to put the production into development during which time they ordered three scripts written by Cuse and Roland . On August 16 , 2016 , it was announced that the production had been given a straight - to - series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . In January 2017 , it was announced that Morten Tyldum would direct the pilot and that Daniel Sackheim would direct multiple episodes and produce the series . On April 24 , 2018 , it was reported that Amazon had renewed the series . The second season will be set in South America , where Ryan takes on `` a dangerous , declining democratic regime . '' On May 14 , 2018 , it was reported that Richard Rutkowski had served as cinematographer for the pilot and that Checco Varese had acted in the role for the following seven episodes of season one . On August 14 , 2018 , it was announced that Phil Abraham was joining the series as an executive producer and would direct the first two episodes of the second season . On September 4 , 2018 , it was reported that Dennie Gordon would direct three episodes of season two and serve as an executive producer . Casting ( edit ) On April 29 , 2016 , it was announced that John Krasinski had been cast in the series ' title role . On November 3 , 2016 , it was reported that Abbie Cornish had been cast as Ryan 's fiancee Cathy Mueller . On December 16 , 2016 , it was announced that Wendell Pierce , Ali Suliman , and Dina Shihabi had been cast in series regular roles . In March 2017 , it was announced that Peter Fonda , Mena Massoud , Timothy Hutton , and Al Sapienza had been cast in recurring roles . On June 5 , 2017 , it was reported that Amir El - Masry had joined the series in a supporting role . Alongside the announcement of the series ' renewal , it was confirmed that Krasinski and Pierce would return for the second season . On May 4 , 2018 , it was reported John Hoogenakker had been promoted to a series regular for season two after previously appearing in season one in a recurring capacity . On July 20 , 2018 , it was announced during Amazon 's San Diego Comic - Con panel that Noomi Rapace had joined the main cast for season two . In August 2018 , it was announced that Michael Kelly , Jovan Adepo , Jordi Molla , Cristina Umaña , and Francisco Denis had joined the cast of season two as series regulars . On September 25 , 2018 , it was reported that Tom Wlaschiha had been cast in a recurring role for season two . Filming ( edit ) Jack Ryan was filmed in multiple locations . On May 10 , 2017 , Krasinski was spotted filming his scenes in Washington , D.C. For the next several days the TV series was also shot in Maryland , Virginia , Quebec , and Morocco . Production for season two is set to begin in the summer of 2018 in Europe , South America , and the United States . Release ( edit ) Promotional poster featuring John Krasinski as Jack Ryan . Marketing ( edit ) During September 2017 , a series of promotional teasers were uploaded across the TV series 's official social media accounts , culminating with the final teaser showing first footage of John Krasinski as Jack Ryan which was released on October 3 , 2017 . On October 7 , 2017 , the series made its debut at the New York Comic Con coinciding with the release of a new teaser trailer . Krasinski , Cornish and creators Cuse and Roland attended the NYCC panel , where they also debuted the first seven minutes of the pilot episode . On January 30 , 2018 , the Super Bowl trailer for the series was released online , five days before the football event and marking the first time that Prime Video has released a Super Bowl ad for one of its original shows . In a statement , Amazon Studios ' head of marketing Mike Benson said , `` Given the colossal scope and scale of the series coupled with the popularity of Tom Clancy 's novels , we knew Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan would be a natural fit for Prime Video 's first Super Bowl ad . The global nature of the audience provides us with a unique opportunity to give viewers a look at this thrilling new series coming to Prime . '' It also announced the show 's release date for August 31 . On June 11 , 2018 , the official trailer for the series was released . On July 4 , 2018 , a trailer entitled `` Presidents '' , featuring quotes from U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton , Donald Trump , and John F. Kennedy , was released in tandem with U.S. Independence Day . Premiere ( edit ) On June 16 , 2018 , the series held its world premiere at the 58th Annual Monte - Carlo Television Festival at the Grimaldi Forum in Monte Carlo , Monaco . The event included a screening of the series ' pilot episode that was attended by cast members John Krasinski , Dina Shihabi and Wendell Pierce , alongside series creators , showrunners and executive producers Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland . Reception ( edit ) The series has been met with a positive critical response upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds an approval rating of 74 % with an average rating of 6.22 out of 10 , based on 73 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though not as thematically rich as some of its geopolitical predecessors , Jack Ryan is a satisfying addition to the genre buoyed by exceptional action sequences and a likable cast . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 66 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In a positive review , RogerEbert.com 's Nick Allen praised the series saying , `` Expertly plotted by creators Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland , Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan is all the more impactful for its restraint and scope , offering excellent character - based drama that 's concerned with much more than just its namesake . '' Similarly favorable , The Gazette 's Terry Terrones awarded the series a grade of `` A − '' and directed specific approval towards Krasinski 's performance saying , `` This version of Jack Ryan is relatable , but also admirable because the actor portraying him can balance so many aspects of the character with ease . Krasinski plays him so naturally I could n't tell where he ended and Ryan began . '' In another enthusiastic appraisal , Rolling Stone 's Alan Sepinwall accorded the series three and a half stars out of five and complimented it saying , `` Like Jack Ryan himself , the Amazon show is smart and confident and thorough . That 's enough to get the job done . '' In a more mixed assessment , TVLine 's Dave Nemetz gave the series a grade of `` C + '' and offered the series restrained commendation saying , `` Amazon 's awkwardly titled Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan is at its best when things are exploding , delivering a number of impressively high - octane action sequences on a scale rarely seen on television . The rest of the series , though , is disappointingly mediocre ... and its choice of leading man may be a major stumbling block . '' In a negative critique , Vanity Fair 's Sonia Saraiya chastised the show saying `` Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan is hysterical . Hysterical as in histrionic ; hysterical as in somehow funny ; hysterical as in you wish its team had worked harder to take the temperature of the world around us before sending this highly charged and obscenely blinkered James Bond manqué into the world . '' Equally dismissive , Paste 's Amy Amatangelo criticized the series saying , `` But more often than not , the show plods along with no real sense of urgency . I often had to restrain myself from scrolling through my phone . I was that bored while I was watching . Those indoctrinated into the Jack Ryan canon via the books or the movies will find the eight - episode series is faithful to the spirit of all that preceded it . I 'm just not sure we needed it at all . '' The series has been criticized for a scene in the episode `` Black 22 '' that features the use of a transphobic slur and , as alleged by LGBT activist Eliel Cruz , treats a major cause of violence against trans women as `` a throwaway joke . '' Similarly , the series has also received criticism in French publications for its depiction of the country , specifically in the episodes `` French Connection '' and `` Black 22 '' , where various scenes have been condemned . Stéphanie Guerrin of Le Parisien expressed her concern for the dialogue spoken by and about the French saying , `` This series of dangerously caricatural comments leaves one wondering . '' Le Point 's Bastien Haugel specifically took grievance , in an otherwise positive review , with the portrayal of a French policeman who espoused anti-Muslim views calling it a `` dangerously caricatural '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' Renewed For Season 2 By Amazon Ahead Of Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' : Amazon 's TV Series Is Inspired by the Harrison Ford Movies , Debuts in 2018 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jack Ryan Series From Carlton Cuse , Michael Bay 's Platinum Dunes & Paramount Chased By Nets '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' TV Series Lands At Amazon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon Orders ' Jack Ryan ' Series with John Krasinski From Carlton Cuse '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Morten Tyldum To Direct Amazon Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dan Sackheim Joins ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' As Director & EP '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Cinematographer Checco Varese on ' Jack Ryan ' , ' Locke & Key ' , ' It 2 ' , and Being `` The Pilot Guy '' `` . Collider . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Phil Abraham To Direct First Two Episodes Of ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' For Amazon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Dennie Gordon To Direct Three Episodes In Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` John Krasinski Is Jack Ryan In Amazon Series From Carlton Cuse '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Abbie Cornish Cast As Female Lead In Amazon Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' : Wendell Pierce , Dina Shihabi and Ali Suleiman Cast In Amazon Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Dianne ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Peter Fonda Joins Amazon 's ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Manhunt ; The Unabomber ' and ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' Add To Casts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Timothy Hutton Cast In Amazon Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Al Sapienza Joins Amazon 's ' Jack Ryan '' ; Emanuela Postacchini In ' The Alienist ' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Amir El - Masry Joins ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' ; Jimmy Jean - Louis Recurs On ' Claws ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : John Hoogenakker Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Noomi Rapace Joins ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' For Season 2 -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Michael Kelly Joins As Series Regular In Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' : Jovan Adepo , Jordi Molla , Cristina Umaña & Francisco Denis Join Season 2 Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Alum Tom Wlaschiha To Recur In Season 2 Of ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heil , Emily ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Krasinski is filming a Jack Ryan TV show in Washington '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaltenbach , Chris ; Williams , John - John ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon 's ' Jack Ryan ' series starring John Krasinski filming at Sandy Point '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` TV and movie productions choose Montreal as the next big filming locale '' . The Canadian Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Foreign drama series shot in Morocco - Moroccan Ladies '' . Moroccan Ladies ( in French ) . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Ryan follows the money in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Ryan : First look at John Krasinski in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ( Watch ) ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' Teaser Turns John Krasinski Into Master Of War - NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Amazon 's explosive ' Jack Ryan ' Super Bowl ad before it airs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ' Trailer : John Krasinski Is Amazon 's World - Saving CIA Analyst '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's New ' Jack Ryan ' Trailer Promises a ' New Frontier ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski Talks Playing a `` Superhero '' in ' Jack Ryan ' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( June 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Star Mariska Hargitay Praises MeToo Movement in Monte Carlo TV Festival Speech '' . Variety . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ryan : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ryan : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` An American Hero Returns in Thrilling New Series , Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan Demanders Roger Ebert '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Terrones , Terry ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` TV Review - John Krasinski breathes new life into a classic character in `` Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan '' `` . The Gazette . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jack Ryan ' Review : Amazon Reboot Hits Its Mark '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( August 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Ryan Review : Amazon 's Thriller Is Action - Packed , But the Drama Misfires '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Ryan Is a Patriotic Nightmare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's Disappointing Jack Ryan Is an End - of - Summer Bummer '' . Paste . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Persio , Sofia Lotto ( September 1 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon 's new show Jack Ryan has angered viewers after using a transphobic slur '' . PinkNews . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Amazon show ' Jack Ryan ' slammed for using transphobic slur '' . Attitude . September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerrin , Stéphanie ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Avec sa série `` Jack Ryan '' , Amazon sort l'artillerie lourde `` . Le Parisien ( in French ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hauguel , Bastien ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Ryan : un héros fragile dans une série musclée '' . Le Point ( in French ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jack Ryan on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Tom Clancy bibliography Novels by Tom Clancy The Hunt for Red October ( 1984 ) Patriot Games ( 1987 ) The Cardinal of the Kremlin ( 1988 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1989 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 1991 ) Without Remorse ( 1993 ) Debt of Honor ( 1994 ) Executive Orders ( 1996 ) Rainbow Six ( 1998 ) The Bear and the Dragon ( 2000 ) Red Rabbit ( 2002 ) The Teeth of the Tiger ( 2003 ) Dead or Alive ( 2010 ) Locked On ( 2011 ) Threat Vector ( 2012 ) Command Authority ( 2013 ) by Mark Greaney Support and Defend ( 2014 ) Full Force and Effect ( 2014 ) Commander in Chief ( 2015 ) True Faith and Allegiance ( 2016 ) by Grant Blackwood Under Fire ( 2015 ) Duty and Honor ( 2016 ) by Mike Maden Point of Contact ( 2017 ) Line of Sight ( 2018 ) by Marc Cameron Power and Empire ( 2017 ) Oath of Office ( 2018 ) Film series The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) Patriot Games ( 1992 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Television series Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Video games The Hunt for Red October ( 1987 ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 , Amiga ) The Hunt for Red October ( 1991 , NES ) The Sum of All Fears ( 2002 ) Characters Jack Ryan John Clark Red October <Th_colspan="2"> Amazon Video original programming <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Current <Td_colspan="2"> Bosch ( since 2014 ) Transparent ( since 2014 ) The Man in the High Castle ( since 2015 ) Patriot ( since 2015 ) Sneaky Pete ( since 2015 ) The Collection ( since 2016 ) Fleabag ( since 2016 ) Goliath ( since 2016 ) The Grand Tour ( since 2016 ) The Tick ( since 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( since 2017 ) Comrade Detective ( since 2017 ) Lore ( since 2017 ) Britannia ( since 2018 ) Jack Ryan ( since 2018 ) Forever ( since 2018 ) The Romanoffs ( since 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Foreign language <Td_colspan="2"> Kamen Rider Amazons ( since 2016 ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( since 2016 ) You Are Wanted ( since 2017 ) Baahubali : The Lost Legends ( since 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( since 2017 ) Tokyo Vampire Hotel ( since 2017 ) Inside Edge ( since 2017 ) Laakhon Mein Ek ( since 2017 ) Pushpavalli ( since 2017 ) Shaitaan Haveli ( since 2018 ) Breathe ( since 2018 ) The Remix ( since 2018 ) Diablo Guardián ( since 2018 ) Inspector Chingum ( since 2018 ) Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare ( since 2018 ) Gangstars ( since 2018 ) Comicstaan ( since 2018 ) Falco ( since 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ended <Td_colspan="2"> Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- 18 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Ripper Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- 17 ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Dangerous Book for Boys ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Upcoming <Td_colspan="2"> Homecoming ( 2018 ) The Boys ( 2019 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) The Expanse ( 2019 ) The Feed ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Too Old to Die Young ( 2019 ) Undone ( 2019 ) Utopia ( 2019 ) Cortes ( TBA ) Daisy Jones & The Six ( TBA ) The Expatriates ( TBA ) Hanna ( TBA ) The Hunt ( TBA ) Invincible ( TBA ) Lorena ( TBA ) Modern Love ( TBA ) Tales from the Loop ( TBA ) Them ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) The Underground Railroad ( TBA ) Upload ( TBA ) The Wheel of Time ( TBA ) <Th_colspan="2"> Platinum Dunes Company founders Michael Bay Brad Fuller Andrew Form Films The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Amityville Horror ( 2005 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) The Hitcher ( 2007 ) The Unborn ( 2009 ) Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Horsemen ( 2009 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) The Purge ( 2013 ) The Purge : Anarchy ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Ouija ( 2014 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) The First Purge ( 2018 ) Six Underground ( 2019 ) Television series Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Last Ship ( 2014 -- present ) Billion Dollar Wreck ( 2016 ) Jack Ryan ( 2018 -- present ) The Purge ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Ryan_(TV_series)&oldid=863826465 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2018 American television series debuts English - 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-2,834,366,506,887,978,000 | where did jo wilson go in season 13 | Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art for the thirteenth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Jerrika Hinton Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Original release September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 12 Next → Season 14 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The thirteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy premiered on September 22 , 2016 , in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and consisted of 24 episodes . The season was ordered on March 3 , 2016 , along with ABC 's other shows . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . This season will be the first not to feature Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres since her introduction in the second season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Joe Adler as Dr. Isaac Cross Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Tessa Ferrer as Dr. Leah Murphy LaTanya Richardson Jackson as Diane Pierce Marika Dominczyk as Dr. Eliza Minnick Guest cast ( edit ) Sumalee Montano as Lena McCallister Kimberly Quinn as Reena Thompson Rusty Schwimmer as Patricia Phillips Jen Lilley as Kara Fisher Vicki Davis as Morgan Fisher Betsy Baker as Barbara Davis Ravi Patel as Timir Dhar Bridget Regan as Dr. Megan Hunt June Squibb as Elsie Clatch Hal Holbrook as Lewis Clatch Eric Roberts as Robert Avery Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Casting ( edit ) At the end of the twelfth season , the cast 's contracts had expired after previously renewing them at the end of the tenth season of Grey 's Anatomy . Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renewed their contracts for another two seasons ( seasons 11 and 12 ) on January 23 , 2014 , but Dempsey later left the series at the end of the eleventh season . The rest of the six original cast mates , Justin Chambers , Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr. , excluding Sandra Oh , renewed their contracts on May 26 , 2014 , as Drs . Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber , respectively , for the eleventh and twelfth season . Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as Dr. Callie Torres . On June 28 , 2015 , before the twelfth season had begun airing , it was announced that Jessica Capshaw , whose contract expired after season 11 , had renewed her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins . That meant that her character would be staying on the show through season 13 and season 14 . Kevin McKidd had previously said that he was in negotiations to renew his contract after the twelfth season on January 9 , 2016 . After the season finale , McKidd confirmed that he would be back for the 13th season . Justin Chambers announced on March 11 , 2016 that he had renewed his contract and will be playing Dr. Alex Karev in the 13th season . The Hollywood Reporter reported on May 4 , 2016 , that the original cast were all negotiating new contracts . After the finale , Pompeo said that she would be returning in the next season , which was officially confirmed by Deadline on June 1 , 2016 . Series - veteran Sara Ramirez announced after the finale that she would not be returning for season 13 as Dr. Callie Torres , after the character left for New York to be with her girlfriend Dr. Penny Blake . Thus , this will be the first season since her introduction in season two in which Dr. Callie Torres , portrayed by Sara Ramirez , is not included in the main cast of characters . On June 10 , 2016 , it was officially announced that the rest of the cast members whose contracts expired after the twelfth season , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. and Kevin McKidd , will return for the next season . On September 28 , 2016 , it was announced that the Days of Our Lives alum Jen Lilley would appear in the third episode , playing Kara . Bridget Regan announced on her Instagram account that she would be appearing in the eighth episode `` The Room Where It Happens '' . It was reported that Tessa Ferrer would be reprising her role as Dr. Leah Murphy in a recurring role for the 13th season . On October 17 , 2016 ABC confirmed that Marika Dominczyk had been cast in a guest stint as Eliza Minnick . On January 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Jerrika Hinton would be departing the series regular cast this season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 13th season by ABC on March 3 , 2016 . TVLine announced that the 13th season will begin airing on September 22 , 2016 . Production began on May 25 , 2016 , when Rhimes announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing mapping the 13th season . Production began on July 21 , 2016 , with prepping for the season officially starting on July 28 , 2016 . The table read for the premiere was on July 22 , 2016 . Filming for the season began on August 1 , 2016 , with Shonda Rhimes tweeting that the crew were filming the 270th episode of the series , the season premiere . A promotional poster for the season was released on August 2 , 2016 , portraying Dr. Meredith Grey in Seattle , for which the series is located . The poster started speculation of its meaning towards the storyline for the 13th season . However Rhimes denied the speculation about the poster on Twitter as she said `` For anyone trying to interpret the `` meaning '' of the new Grey 's Anatomy poster design : it means ABC designs really cool posters . '' The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 22 , 2016 , where it was announced that Grey 's Anatomy would air nine episodes in the fall , rather than eight episode the previous two seasons has done , with the fall finale to air on November 17 , 2016 , just like the rest of ABC 's primetime thursday - lineup Notorious and How to Get Away with Murder , which was the same last year . The remaining 15 episodes will air after the winter break beginning airing on January 26 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) In an interview with TV Guide , Kelly McCreary said that the 13th season would be focusing heavily on the characters that have been on the show since the first season ; Dr. Meredith Grey , Dr. Alex Karev , Dr. Miranda Bailey and Dr. Richard Webber . McCreary went more into the storyline as she commented that `` After such a long period of time and so many new people coming in and out , they remain the foundational characters of the show . We 're gon na be spending some more time with them to check in with where they are . '' In another interview , McCreary talked about the love - triangle drama that will unfold between Meredith , Maggie and Riggs , to which she commented on how `` Maggie 's ego will probably be wounded . '' Caterina Scorsone said that Amelia would be `` the middle - person between her sisters should the Riggs news come out . '' She confirmed that the season premiere will pick up right after where the finale ended and that Justin Chambers ' character Alex and his storyline with girlfriend Jo would play a bigger part of the premiere , in addition that Amelia and Kevin McKidd 's character Owen would not be much in the premiere . Jessica Capshaw will not be in the first two episodes , confirmed by Rhimes , because of wanting to be a little more with her kids . Rhimes reported that Capshaw 's character Dr. Arizona Robbins will have a new love interest . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 270 `` Undo '' Debbie Allen William Harper September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) 8.75 <Td_colspan="7"> While Amelia and Owen 's wedding continues , DeLuca is brought to the ER after being assaulted by Alex , leading Meredith and the other doctors to the hospital to help . Meredith faces a dilemma about protecting Alex or telling Bailey the truth about the assault . Meanwhile , April and Catherine Avery clash about naming the new baby . Riggs and Meredith continue to work out their relationship at the same time as they try to hide it from Maggie , who is affected by DeLuca 's assault . In the end , Meredith tells Bailey the truth , but not before Alex turns himself in to the police . 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' Kevin McKidd Karin Gist September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 8.41 <Td_colspan="7"> On DeLuca 's first day back , Alex is charged with felony assault in the second degree . When he 's distracted at work , a kid 's newly transplanted kidney ends up jeopardized , causing Bailey to decide that Alex can no longer work as a surgeon and demote him to work at the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . April has trouble letting go of Harriet , who gets to go home with Jackson . Jackson asks April to move in with him so she can recover . Stephanie proves to be a good friend to Jo , who tells Alex she does n't want to be with him after what he did . Per Meredith 's request , Nathan turns Maggie down when she finally asks him out , but Maggie 's not planning on giving up just yet . 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' Rob Corn Andy Reaser October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 8.08 <Td_colspan="7"> A car crash at a funeral makes for a hectic day in the ER and Stephanie has to figure out what to do with the corpse . April ca n't help but come to the hospital when she gets bored taking care of Harriet . Meredith does n't want to listen to Maggie talking about how asking out Riggs has ruined work for her , causing Amelia to mediate between the two . Arizona returns to Seattle after a visit to Callie in New York and finds herself caring for Andrew , but she also misses working with Alex , who 's determined to keep working in the clinic so he can come back from what he 's done . When Bailey 's too busy , Ben teaches Tucker a lesson after he hit someone . 273 `` Falling Slowly '' Victoria Mahoney Jen Klein October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 7.80 <Td_colspan="7"> Alex has a terrible day in the Clinic when nurse Timir keeps bossing him around and wo n't allow him to go to his strategy session with his lawyer . He turns his day around by diagnosing a very rare condition , Ehlers - Danlos syndrome , thus saving the patient 's life . April and Jackson are walking on eggshells with their current living arrangement , but they agree to keep living together after venting their frustrations . When their patient deteriorates , Meredith fears Nathan supported her decision because of what 's going on between them and decides she wants to be just colleagues . Jo and Andrew bond since they ca n't talk to anyone else about what happened . Amelia and Owen come clean about horrible things from their pasts and decide to have children . 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' Chandra Wilson Mark Driscoll October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 8.17 <Td_colspan="7"> Bailey and Meredith find themselves pitted against one another when both of their patients are in need of a liver transplant . Bailey frets that when she asks her elderly patient if she 'd give permission to redirect the liver to Meredith 's 25 - year - old patient , she 'll oblige ; however , to much of everyone 's surprise , Bailey 's patient denies , leaving Meredith 's patient in dire need . Amelia thinks that she 's pregnant and starts spreading the news to everyone except Owen . When she breaks the news to him , she takes her first pregnancy test which reveals she 's not . 275 6 `` Roar '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 8.17 <Td_colspan="7"> Having trained to become better at another hospital , Leah Murphy re-joins the staff of Grey Sloan to learn from Maggie . When he 's at the court house to have a trial date set , Alex advises a pregnant woman to have her rash checked out at the clinic ; she 's found to have pancreatic cancer . Alex butts heads with Bailey so the patient will receive a surgery that means she wo n't have to terminate her pregnancy . Andrew appears to develop feelings for Jo . After dodging Owen all day , Amelia confesses to Alex that she 's relieved she 's not pregnant because of what happened in Los Angeles . Catherine decides it 's time to investigate why so many past and present residents have needed second chances . 276 7 `` Why Try To Change Me Now '' Jeannot Szwarc Austin Guzman November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 7.60 <Td_colspan="7"> Miranda and Catherine hire a education consultant , Dr. Eliza Minnick , to over haul the training at Grey Sloan . Maggie finds a notebook that belongs to Eliza , it contains a list of attendings names , Maggie is at the very end , she has never been at the end of any list . Amelia and Owen fight over which procedure to do first on a patient . Edwards assists Amelia in the operation while Owen monitors the patient . April goes on a date with someone she found on tinder and tells Jackson it went great . Later in the observation lounge April tells Jackson the date went bad . Maggie teaches Murphy on a high risk procedure , while Minnik is present in the OR and DeLuca is observing . Dr Minnick wants to teach Deluca a procedure so she nicks a vessel so Deluca can stop the bleed and learn. Maggie admits she is not a good teacher , but she is a genius and a rockstar . Amelia tells Owen she does not want a baby . Arizona confronts Eliza about the list as to why her name was not on it , the list was only for learning peoples names , and she would never forget Arizona Robbins . 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 7.25 <Td_colspan="7"> A male patient is wheeled into the OR where Meredith , Hunt , and Edwards are waiting . Meredith has been up for 48 hours and Hunt at least as long . Webber shows up to help having napped all day . Webber wants the patient to be given a name , he picks Gail , a cello player and music teacher . Each of the doctors has a flashback to a tragic incident from their past . Hunt flashes back to working with his sister . She tells him to cut it out , meaning the liver , and he does . Edwards is asked to contact UNOS to get the patient added to donor list . Edwards determines the patient has an autoimmune disease , ITP . The doctors argue as to what needs to done at each stage in the OR . Patient is identified as Carl Henley from a photo they took of him to show a woman who called about her husband . Gail was Webber 's mother , who had pancreatic cancer and died when he was ten . Meredith eventually suggests using part of Carl 's own liver , calling it a hail Mary . The repaired liver is put back in , before moving him to the ICU . Meredith apologizes to Webber for the things she said . 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' Rob Corn Karin Gist November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 8.04 <Td_colspan="7"> A building collapse crowds the hospital with injured people . Looking for forgiveness , the landlord confides in Ben that he did n't have the money to fix the damage caused by an earthquake last year , leading to the collapse . Maggie and Richard 's 12 - year - old patient dies on the table . Having overheard Ben and Stephanie talking about the landlord , the girl 's parents seek to avenge her death . Richard finds out that Eliza will take over his job and confronts Bailey about this . Maggie and Jackson gather the other attendings to stand up for Richard . Arizona and Eliza continue flirting in spite of the latter 's arrogant side . Fearing the subpoena , Jo tells Alex about her violent marriage , making him reconsider taking the plea deal and going to jail for 2 years . While waiting for the DA , he listens to voice mail Meredith left him after his goodbye to her . Meredith tells him he 's stronger and bigger than giving up and promises him she 'll go down swinging for him , making him doubt about taking the plea deal . Amelia takes off and leaves Owen with a note , asking him not to blame himself for it . 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' Jann Turner Tia Napolitano January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 9.59 <Td_colspan="7"> On the day before Alex 's trial , Bailey , Arizona and Jo drive with medical equipment including an advanced ultrasound machine to a maximum security women 's prison hospital to treat a violent teenage inmate and her unborn baby . Jo bonds with the inmate , who says that she had good times with her mother in the past and that her mother will be taking care of the baby for her until she is released . However , her mother is downstairs and tells the doctors that her actual plan is to adopt the baby . The doctors wrestle with whether to tell the inmate about this news , given her violent tendencies . When the inmate goes into labor she demands to see her mother . Jo finally says that she is downstairs but refuses to come up , and the doctors help the inmate through the delivery . Later Arizona scornfully tells her mother that the delivery was a success , and asks whether she will abandon this baby too if she turns out bad . Meanwhile , Bailey learns about the realities of patient care in a prison environment . On the way back home , Bailey tells Jo that Alex plans to take the plea deal and will be going to jail , which makes her throw up . 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Zoanne Clack February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 8.49 <Td_colspan="7"> Maggie and Meredith find out that Alex 's trial has been indefinitely postponed , leading them to think that Alex has taken the plea and is therefore in jail . Meredith sets out to find him , but to no avail . Owen is looking for Amelia , who 's hiding at Stephanie 's place . Owen finds out when Stephanie lets it slip that she asked Amelia to look at their patient 's scan and he asks her to ask Amelia to come home , though Amelia refuses . Maggie , April , Nathan , and Jackson spend all day denying Eliza Minnick access to their OR whereas Richard allows her to join him so he can demonstrate that he 's ready to fight her , leading to Bailey confronting Webber and revealing she 's not the only one who felt this change was needed . Arizona and Leah work on a pregnant mother who was in a car accident caused by her husband . Allowing Leah to work on the baby while she 's dealing with the mother , Arizona puts Eliza 's method to work , which Eliza interprets as Arizona being on her team . Ben spends all day working alongside and covering for a grumpy Jo , who refuses to talk about what 's happened with Alex. Andrew is surprised when Arizona admits that she misses Alex . After a long day , Meredith finally finds Alex in her bed , where he 's been sleeping all day . 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' Geary McLeod Andy Reaser February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 8.46 <Td_colspan="7"> Alex reveals that Andrew made the D.A. drop the charges by threatening to otherwise tank the case with a ( fake ) testimony . When Alex confronts him about his reasons for doing so , Andrew states he did it because Jo 's been through enough . Alex gets his job back while Meredith gets suspended for refusing to let Eliza into her OR . Jo , who spent the day at home , only finds out about Alex later and goes to visit him at Meredith 's . Maggie 's mother Diane comes to Seattle to have Jackson remove a rash , but it turns out she 's suffering from inflammatory breast cancer . Jackson helps her prepare to tell Maggie , but before she can do so , Maggie has an outburst , revealing she 's still struggling with her mother destroying her parents ' marriage . Richard finds out that Catherine 's on Bailey 's side . Bailey hires April as Interim Head of General Surgery . Amelia continues to hide out at Stephanie 's apartment , and Owen decides he 's done waiting for her . 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' Jeannot Szwarc Lauren Barnett February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 7.68 <Td_colspan="7"> Dr. Minnick implements phase 2 of her teaching plan , where two residents a week get to lead a surgery from start to finish . Ben 's first experience is ruined by Bailey and Webber arguing and Stephanie 's 9 - year - old patient dies . Stephanie is comforted by Webber , while instead of teaching her how to deal with loss , Minnick flees . Arizona learns that she 's never lost a child before and comforts her . April steps in as interim Head of General Surgery but the attendings give her the cold shoulder , especially Maggie , who believes April deserted Webber and is now on Bailey 's side . April and Maggie are forced to work together on a patient of Meredith 's , who 's reluctant to have a surgeon she does n't know operate on her . Catherine bonds with April and takes her out to dinner to celebrate her new job . 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' Oliver Bokelberg Jen Klein February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 7.71 <Td_colspan="7"> Alex returns to the hospital , but finds himself doing resident work because of Minnick 's teaching method . Bailey visits a bored Meredith in an attempt to get her to agree to come back , but Meredith only does so when Richard drops by and convinces her not to do this to her career just because of him . April , Richard , Alex , and Jo get caught in a moral dilemma when a mother 's only kidney dies in the middle of a kidney transplant to her son . A possible solution means accepting a kidney from the abusive husband whom the patient left , which hits close to home for Jo . Maggie and Nathan treat a patient with mental illness who disappeared on her parents 12 years ago . Arizona has to hide her new friendship with Minnick from her colleagues , and the two of them end up kissing . 284 15 `` Civil War '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 7.31 <Td_colspan="7"> Richard is revealed to be sleeping at the hospital , as politics within Grey Sloan Memorial boil over and spill in to his marriage with Catherine . Alex receives a tough peds case on a newborn baby with a heart problem . Tackling the case with DeLuca , who is now `` cool '' with Alex , they together proceed to go through with a procedure until Nathan is brought into the case . As Karev and Riggs clash over different surgical procedures , each of them ask DeLuca to contact different people as DeLuca juggles whose orders to obey. April , Jackson , Richard and Catherine are in midst of a tough trauma case of a man who had an accident with another man and a deep fryer . As they begin their operation , Catherine tries to talk with Richard about their marriage and coming home which causes awkwardness within the OR . Meanwhile , Minnick invites Arizona out to a date at Arizona 's house while Meredith hears about the growing conflict between Riggs and Karev and tells Nathan to back off on Alex 's patient , causing Nathan to storm away in anger while it is revealed that DeLuca called UNOS betraying Karev . As he prepares to go into his surgery , Alex sees that DeLuca decided to obey Nathan which causes him to call Maggie who tells the two surgeons to get their act together . After his surgery , Richard accidentally walks in on Minnick and Arizona kissing exposing their secret relationship . Meredith , who hears about the fight between Nathan and Alex , tells Nathan to back off and to not fight with Alex causing Nathan to give her an ultimatum about their relationship while Catherine and Richard 's marriage lies more divided than ever before . 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 7.90 <Td_colspan="7"> April and Jackson travel to Montana to perform a throat transplant on a girl , leaving Harriet with Catherine . The two discover they still need to get consent from the donor 's heartbroken father , for which Jackson uses his experiences with fatherhood . However , when a lesion is discovered on the donor , the transplant is off the table , meaning a laryngectomy is the girl 's only option despite her parents ' objection . April discovers that Jackson took the case because his father owns a diner near the hospital and encourages a distracted Jackson to go talk to his father so his head can be in the game for their patient . Jackson does so and discovers that his father left because being an Avery did n't fit him , and that he has a happy life and never actually missed his son . Jackson comes up with a solution for the girl and he and April pull it off . They end up sleeping together and agree that this was the reason Catherine had Meredith switched for April . Before returning to Seattle , Jackson goes to tell Robert that despite being glad to have met him , he 's not actually his father . 286 17 `` ' Til I Hear It From You '' Kevin McKidd Austin Guzman March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 7.80 <Td_colspan="7"> After receiving chemo at home , Maggie 's mother returns to Seattle to undergo a mastectomy , performed by Jackson . Maggie ca n't understand her mother getting a breast augmentation , only to learn the devastating truth later . Stephanie meets one of her idols when the man 's wife collapses during a hike . The woman has a brain bleed , but the surgery is very risky due to her comorbidities . Her eventual death has Stephanie questioning her profession , and Andrew admits to her that he loves Jo . After he tells her to figure out what she wants , Amelia tells Owen that she feels suffocated by him and that he does n't get to set the rules in their marriage . Amelia questions if he 's actually ready for parenthood , which may turn out quite differently from the dream he has . Meredith wants a reason to date Nathan . He talks about how he fell in love with her and how he feels about her , leading to her agreeing to have dinner with him . Arizona and Richard clear the air between them . A complication during Diane 's surgery leaves Maggie devastated . 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' Ellen Pompeo Meg Marinis March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 7.62 <Td_colspan="7"> A spot on a scan alongside her chest wall causes a downward spiral for Maggie 's mother . After surgery to remove the left - behind mass , Diane is found to have a metastasis in her liver . Meredith refuses to operate while Maggie thinks it 's the way to go , resulting in Diane firing Meredith from her case . Bailey does the surgery when Maggie gets her hopes up about a trial , which Diane enrolls in after the successful surgery . Despite all the side effects , Diane has a good day and she teaches Maggie to cook lasagna , but she starts coughing up blood during a dinner with Maggie 's friends . Richard fixes the esophageal tear in surgery , but Diane 's health continues to deteriorate . Diane thinks Maggie will be hurt if she stops fighting , but Richard convinces her that Maggie 's strong enough to handle it . Diane then stops the treatment and , after imparting wisdom and offering advice to her daughter , she passes away . Richard realizes he 's not a father figure to Maggie and calls in Bill Pierce to comfort her . He also buries the feud with Bailey . Nathan and Meredith agree their timing 's off and decide to postpone their promised dinner as Maggie would need Meredith to be there for her . 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' Nzingha Stewart Tia Napolitano April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 7.23 <Td_colspan="7"> Stephanie and Andrew have to take care of intern Isaac , who has abdominal pain and insists it 's not `` internitis '' as Stephanie thinks . Maggie teams up with Arizona to remove a delicate tumor from a fetus 's chest while her colleagues worry she 's not ready yet , given it 's her first day back . Meredith agrees to hang out with Nathan to see if it could go somewhere before she tells Maggie . When Nathan finds out about her and Eliza , Arizona befriends Nathan and gives him some well - intended advice about dating Meredith . Richard and Bailey begin to work things out between them while Jackson attempts to console a distraught Maggie . 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 7.06 <Td_colspan="7"> Nathan and Meredith end up on a flight to a conference together . She tries to ignore his moves but ends up having sex with him in the bathroom , insisting it does n't mean anything . After heavy turbulence hits , Meredith and Nathan tend to the injured while receiving help from Harrison Peters , a pediatric dentist . In a quiet moment , Meredith tells Nathan about her own plane crash and losing her sister Lexie . One of their patients starts showing signs of an epidural brain bleed while the pilot is unable to land the plane because it 's caught between two storm systems . Meredith continuously has to relieve pressure on the man 's brain with a needle and syringe on the shaky plane , while Nathan has to save a man with pulmonary hypertension . When the plane finally lands , Nathan questions how Meredith can still be scared of letting go of Derek and starting something with him . She then decides to ignore her fear of yet again losing someone she cares about , and agrees to give it a chance . 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Louis Venosta Andy Reaser April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 7.02 <Td_colspan="7"> April , Andrew , Stephanie , and Richard have bad news for their patient and her new boyfriend when she turns out to have worms breeding in her intestines. Bailey enlists April 's help to get Catherine and Richard back together , but it turns out that Bailey 's similarity to Catherine is the key . During a press conference about the events on the plane , Maggie derives that something happened between Nathan and Meredith . Meredith tries to explain things to an angry Maggie and ask for her forgiveness . Alex 's pregnant patient with pancreatic cancer from the Clinic returns to the hospital . Her cancer has metastasized to her spine , messing up the parents ' plan for the future . The case strikes a chord with Amelia in particular . 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' Zetna Fuentes Elisabeth R. Finch May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 7.09 <Td_colspan="7"> April and Meredith discover that their patient has an inoperable heart tumor , which the patient already knew about . While the woman has made peace with it and has resorted to having as much good sex as she can before dying , Maggie ca n't let it go that easily . However , she comes to realize that there 's nothing she can do . Inspired to do what 's good for her in the moment , Meredith removes the tumor on the wall and the Post-it from her bedroom and takes Nathan home with her . Eliza and Arizona have sex after a whole day of anticipation . Richard has to second Eliza 's statement that Ben has been playing it safe lately , while Stephanie lets her anger take over when a religious father threatens to sue the hospital for operating on his son 's life - threatening tumor without his and his wife 's permission . Andrew plans to tell Jo about his feelings , but she stops him since she already knows . 292 23 `` True Colors '' Kevin McKidd William Harper May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 7.02 <Td_colspan="7"> Alex hires a private investigator and finds Jo 's husband , Paul Stadler . He attends a conference where Paul is speaking , but he realizes that whatever he does will end badly for either Jo or himself and opts to let Paul go without a confrontation . Owen receives news that his sister was found in a basement after a raid in a rebel - led neighborhood . Amelia supports him and calls Teddy to verify Megan 's identity and secure her transfer to Grey Sloan . Back at the hospital , the doctors are thrown for a loop when they discover that their half - naked car accident victims are n't a couple , but instead a woman who drove off the cliff on purpose to avoid getting raped . This discovery comes too late for Stephanie , whom the rapist has captured to secure an easy way out of the hospital . When the hospital lockdown traps Stephanie and a young girl wandering around the hospital with the rapist , the rapist starts a fire to open the doors . Stephanie seizes the opportunity and sets the man on fire , but he drags himself towards gas tanks in a lab . Just as Stephanie goes to drag him away , the tanks explode . 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' Debbie Allen Stacy McKee May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 7.92 <Td_colspan="7"> As the flames rage throughout Grey Sloan , Bailey issues a mass - evacuation while Jackson and Meredith desperately search for Stephanie and Nathan . Stephanie , who is revealed to be alive , is forced to perform a surgery on Erin 's leg , while the flames grow even bigger and looms closer towards the duo . Meanwhile , Owen and Amelia continue preparing for their journey , despite finding out about the incident at the hospital , to visit Owen 's MIA sister , Megan . Back at the hospital , Stephanie is forced to go to extremes as she braves the growing flames on her floor , ending up in the staircase . Crawling towards the roof access with Erin in tow , Stephanie comes to the horrifying realization that her key card is missing , which is needed to open the door . Seeing no other option , she wraps Erin in a water - soaked blanket as she prepares to sacrifice herself . But just as the smoke reaches her , she sees that her key card is within sight and fights to retrieve it . As Stephanie and Erin at last enter onto the roof , Erin codes leaving Stephanie hysterical for help . As Stephanie is performing CPR while screaming for assistance , Ben leads a group of firefighters towards Stephanie 's location , finally rescuing her at last . In the aftermath of the blaze , Minnick is fired by Bailey after an inquiry regarding the fire , Erin is alive and in recovery , Stephanie too is recovering from her burns as she tearfully tells Richard she 's quitting , Nathan finds out about Megan from Meredith who encourages him to reunite with his true love , Maggie is told by April that if she wants she could see Jackson , and Owen and Amelia finally arrive at Madigan Army Medical Center as Megan 's helicopter lands and she is pulled away on a gurney towards Owen , as he at long last comes to terms that his sister is truly alive . Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 270 `` Undo '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 / 9 8.75 12 21 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 2.4 / 9 8.41 13 25 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 2.2 / 8 8.08 10 18 273 `` Falling Slowly '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 2.1 / 8 7.80 13 23 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 2.1 / 8 8.17 12 21 275 6 `` Roar '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 2.2 / 8 8.17 14 24 276 7 `` Why Try to Change Me Now '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 2.1 / 7 7.60 10 19 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 1.9 / 7 7.25 15 22 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 2.2 / 8 8.04 10 21 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 2.6 / 9 9.59 6 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 2.3 / 8 8.49 8 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 2.1 / 8 8.46 7 10 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 2.1 / 7 7.68 13 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 2.0 / 7 7.71 8 12 284 15 `` Civil War '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 7.31 6 18 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 2.0 / 8 7.90 6 10 286 17 `` Till I Hear It From You '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.9 / 7 7.80 9 12 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 2.0 / 8 7.62 9 16 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.7 / 7 7.23 8 17 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.8 / 7 7.06 12 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 1.8 / 7 7.02 14 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.8 / 7 7.09 19 292 23 `` True Colors '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.8 / 7 7.02 18 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 2.0 / 8 7.92 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 270 `` Undo '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.56 4.0 12.32 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 1.6 3.71 4.0 12.13 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 1.5 3.77 3.8 11.87 273 `` Falling Slowly '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 1.6 3.79 3.7 11.59 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.51 3.7 11.69 275 6 `` Roar '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.51 3.7 11.69 276 7 `` Why Try to Change Me Now '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 1.3 3.19 3.4 10.79 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 1.4 3.32 3.3 10.57 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1.4 3.40 3.6 11.45 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.5 3.39 4.1 12.98 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1.3 3.34 3.6 11.84 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 1.4 3.20 3.5 11.67 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 1.3 3.26 3.4 10.94 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 1.4 3.39 3.4 11.11 284 15 `` Civil War '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.6 3.64 3.5 10.94 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 1.5 3.34 3.5 11.25 286 17 `` ' Till I Hear It From You '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.3 3.18 3.2 10.99 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 1.3 3.05 3.3 10.67 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.3 3.14 3.0 10.44 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.3 3.18 3.1 10.37 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.3 3.30 3.1 10.39 292 23 `` True Colors '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.4 3.26 3.2 10.29 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Thirteenth Season <Td_colspan="3"> Set Details <Td_colspan="3"> Special Features <Td_colspan="3"> 24 Episodes 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries <Td_colspan="3"> Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Thirteen Outtakes <Td_colspan="6"> Release Dates <Td_colspan="2"> Region 1 <Td_colspan="2"> Region 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Region 4 <Td_colspan="2"> August 29 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> October 2 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egner , Jeremy ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Loses Longtime Cast Member Sara Ramirez '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 - 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Tessa Ferrer Set to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Enlists Another Member of the Shondaland Extended Family '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucky me '' . Instagram . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Contract Scoop : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey Sign New 2 - Year Deals '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read Patrick Dempsey 's final exit interview from Grey 's Anatomy -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Closes New Long - Term Deals With Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez and 2 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin McKidd Eyes Grey 's Anatomy Contract Extension : ' I Do n't See Any Reason to Run Away ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Caterina Scorsone Dishes on Amelia / Owen 's Future , Mer / Nathan 's Secret , Jo 's Dilemma '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Justin Chambers Confirms Season 13 Return '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Negotiating New Contracts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Ellen Pompeo ' disappointed ' over fan response to McDreamy 's death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Eva ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo Set To Return To ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Ink New Contracts to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jen Lilley to appear on an upcoming episode of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Grey 's , Once , Kiefer 's POTUS Drama and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ amandaaaavic yep . first day of prep is today . '' . Twitter . July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ July 22 , 2016 . `` # GreysAnatomy season premiere table read ! Everyone looking lovely and rested and ready to rock on to season 13 . '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Today we begin shooting the 270th episode . And I remember wondering if we 'd get to shoot 13 ... # GreysAnatomy # LoveMyJob '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Poster Puts ( Half of ) Meredith Front and Center '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 13 Spoilers : New Poster Released , Teases Head - Turning Drama '' . Ibtimes . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Suzannah ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Has A Message For Fans Reading Way Too Much Into That Grey 's Anatomy Poster '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` For anyone trying to interpret the `` meaning '' of the new # GreysAnatomy poster design : it means ABC designs really cool posters . # artdeptrocks `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Scandal season 6 gets premiere date , trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Will Focus on the `` Originals '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ abrams , Natalie ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Quantico , Game of Thrones , Outlander and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Prison Break , Grey 's Anatomy , UnREAL and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Blindspot , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Caterina Scorsone on Amelia 's ' Cake ' Baby , Jo 's ' Huge ' Story '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Arizona 's getting a new love interest ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Superstore ' and ' The Good Place ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Superstore ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and ABC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius , ' other CBS shows down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' CBS and NBC lead premiere week : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Football , ' Empire ' and NBC lead week 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' breaks ' Empire ' streak , CBS wins week 3 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : October 18 , 2016 . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' suffers , but NBC still tops week 4 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' and NFL score in week 5 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` World Series gives FOX a huge week 6 boost : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` World Series carries FOX again in Week 7 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , election night rule week 8 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and football lead week 9 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' sit atop the week 19 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl gives FOX a huge lift : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys carry CBS to victory in week 21 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' leads quiet week 22 broadcast Top 25 , plus network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Faltering Oscars still sit atop the week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' top the week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( July 17 , 2017 ) . TV Shows on DVD ( Grey 's Anatomy - The Studio Cracks Open the Press Release for ' The Complete 13th Season ' Grey 's Anatomy - The Studio Cracks Open the Press Release for ' The Complete 13th Season ' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_13)&oldid=799869518 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 09 : 03 . 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3,803,670,758,613,477,000 | harry potter 2 the chamber of secrets full movie | Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Columbus Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Kenneth Branagh John Cleese Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Richard Griffiths Richard Harris Jason Isaacs Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Maggie Smith Julie Walters Music by John Williams Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Peter Honess Production companies Heyday Films 1492 Pictures MIRACLE Productions GmbH & Co . KG Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 3 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 03 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 15 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 161 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $879 million Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is a sequel to the 2001 film Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series . It was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . Its story follows Harry Potter 's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets , unleashing a monster that petrifies the school 's denizens . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger and is also the last film to feature Richard Harris as Professor Albus Dumbledore , due to his death that same year . The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing $879 million at the box office worldwide . It was the second highest grossing film of 2002 behind The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . It was nominated for many awards including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design , Best Sound , and Best Special Visual Effects . It was followed by six sequels , beginning with Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in 2011 , nearly ten years after the first film 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Direction 3.2 Set design 3.3 Filming 3.4 Sound design 3.5 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Theatrical release 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Harry Potter spends the summer with The Dursleys without receiving letters from his Hogwarts friends . In his room , Harry meets Dobby , a house - elf , who warns him of a peril that will take shape if he returns to Hogwarts , and reveals he intercepted his friends ' letters , and destroys a cake . The Dursleys lock Harry up , but Ron , Fred and George Weasley rescue him in their father 's flying car . While purchasing school supplies , Harry and the Weasley family encounter Rubeus Hagrid and Hermione Granger , and they attend a book - signing by celebrity wizard Gilderoy Lockhart , who announces that he will be the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . During a small confrontation with Draco Malfoy , Harry meets his father , Lucius , who slips a book in Ginny Weasley 's belongings . When Harry and Ron are blocked from entering Platform Nine and Three - Quarters , they fly to Hogwarts in the flying car , crashing into the Whomping Willow upon arrival . Ron 's wand is damaged , and the car ejects them before driving off . Both boys narrowly avoid expulsion when Professor McGonagall gives them detention . While serving detention with Lockhart , Harry hears strange voices and later finds caretaker Argus Filch 's cat , Mrs. Norris , petrified , along with a message written in blood announcing the `` Chamber of Secrets has been opened '' . McGonagall explains that one of Hogwarts ' founders , Salazar Slytherin , supposedly constructed a secret Chamber and placed a monster that only his Heir can control inside it , to purge the school of impure - blooded wizards and witches . Harry and Ron suspect Malfoy is the Heir , so Hermione suggests that they question him while disguised using polyjuice potion . They utilize a disused bathroom haunted by a ghost , Moaning Myrtle , as their makeshift laboratory to brew the potion . When Harry communicates with a snake , the school believes he is the Heir . On Christmas Day , Harry and Ron learn that Malfoy is not the Heir , but he mentions that a girl died when the Chamber was last opened fifty years ago . Harry finds an enchanted diary , owned by a former student named Tom Marvolo Riddle , which shows him a flashback to fifty years before , where Riddle accused Hagrid , then a student , of opening the Chamber . When the diary is stolen and Hermione is petrified , Harry and Ron question Hagrid . Professor Dumbledore , Cornelius Fudge , and Lucius Malfoy , come to take Hagrid to Azkaban , but he discreetly tells the boys to `` follow the spiders '' . In the Forbidden Forest , Harry and Ron meet Hagrid 's giant pet spider Aragog , who reveals of his past , Hagrid 's innocence , and of a dead girl in a bathroom , before providing a small clue of the Chamber 's resident monster . Aragog then sets his colony of Acromantula on the boys , but the now - wild flying car saves them . A book page in Hermione 's hand identifies the monster as a basilisk , a giant serpent that instantly kills those that make direct eye contact with it ; the petrified victims only saw it indirectly . The school staff learn that Ginny was taken into the Chamber , and convince Lockhart to save her . Harry and Ron find Lockhart , exposed as a fraud , planning to flee ; knowing Myrtle was the girl the Basilisk killed , they take him to her bathroom and find the Chamber 's entrance . Once inside , Lockhart uses Ron 's damaged wand against them , but it backfires , wiping his memory , and causes a cave - in . Harry enters the Chamber alone and finds Ginny unconscious , guarded by Tom Riddle . Riddle reveals that he used the diary to manipulate Ginny and reopen the Chamber . When Riddle creates the anagram for his future new identity , `` I am Lord Voldemort '' from his full name , Harry realises that Riddle himself is Slytherin 's heir and Voldemort was only a pseudonym . After Harry expresses support for Dumbledore , Dumbledore 's Fawkes flies in with the Sorting Hat , and Riddle summons the Basilisk . Fawkes blinds the Basilisk , and the Sorting Hat eventually produces a sword with which Harry battles and slays the Basilisk , but he is injured by its fangs . Harry defeats Riddle and revives Ginny by stabbing the diary with a basilisk fang . Fawkes 's tears heal him , and he returns to Hogwarts with his friends and a baffled Lockhart . Dumbledore praises them and orders for Hagrid 's release . Dumbledore shows Harry the sword he wielded was Godric Gryffindor 's own sword , and says he is different from Voldemort , because he chose Gryffindor House instead of Slytherin House . Harry accuses Lucius , Dobby 's master , of planting the diary in Ginny 's cauldron and tricks him into freeing Dobby . The Basilisk 's victims are healed , Hermione reunites with Harry and Ron , and Hagrid returns . In a post-credits scene , Lockhart has published a new autobiography , `` Who Am I ? '' . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter films cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , a 12 - year - old British wizard famous for surviving his parents ' murder at the hands of the evil wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant , who now enters his second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best male friend at Hogwarts and a younger member of the Weasley wizarding family . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's precocious Muggle - born best friend . David Bradley as Argus Filch , the caretaker of Hogwarts . Kenneth Branagh as Gilderoy Lockhart , a celebrity author and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts . Hugh Grant is said to have been the first choice for the role but due to reported scheduling conflicts he was unable to play the character . On 25 October 2001 , Branagh was selected as Grant 's replacement . John Cleese as Nearly Headless Nick , the ghost patron of Gryffindor House . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , the half - giant gamekeeper at Hogwarts . Martin Bayfield portrays a young Hagrid . Christian Coulson as Tom Marvolo Riddle , a former Hogwarts student in Slytherin House who is revealed to be Voldemort 's true identity and is Salazar Slytherin 's last remaining descendant . Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms teacher at Hogwarts and head of Ravenclaw . Julian Glover as Aragog , Hagrid 's giant pet spider Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's abusive Muggle ( non-magical ) uncle , who despises wizards and now works as a drill company director . Richard Harris as Albus Dumbledore , Headmaster of Hogwarts and one of the greatest wizards of the age . Harris died shortly before the film was released . Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , a former Hogwarts pupil of Slytherin House now working as a school governor at Hogwarts and is the father of Draco Malfoy . Miriam Margolyes as Professor Sprout , the Herbology teacher . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions teacher at Hogwarts and head of Slytherin . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts and head of Gryffindor . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , the Weasley matriarch and a mother figure to Harry . Toby Jones voices Dobby , a house elf who warns Harry not to return to Hogwarts ; Gemma Jones portrays Madam Pomfrey , the nurse of the Hospital Wing . Robert Hardy portrays Cornelius Fudge , the Minister for Magic . Mark Williams appears as Ron 's father Arthur Weasley , who works with the Ministry of Magic ; James and Oliver Phelps appear as Fred and George Weasley , Ron 's older twin brothers ; Bonnie Wright portrays Ginny Weasley , Ron 's younger sister ; Chris Rankin portrays Percy Weasley , Ron 's older Prefect brother . Tom Felton portrays Draco Malfoy , the trio 's nemesis , Sean Biggerstaff portrays Oliver Wood , captain of the Gryffindor Quidditch team , Matthew Lewis , Devon Murray , Alfred Enoch and Hugh Mitchell portray Neville Longbottom , Seamus Finnigan , Dean Thomas and Colin Creevey , various students of the Gryffindor House , respectively . Harry Melling portrays Dudley Dursley , Harry 's Muggle cousin . Production ( edit ) Direction ( edit ) Although Chris Columbus returned to direct , Frank Oz said in an interview with The A.V. Club that he was asked to direct this film but he had no interest on it . Set design ( edit ) The flying Ford Anglia used in the film Production designer Stuart Craig returned for the sequel to design new elements previously not seen in the first film . These included the Burrow ( the Weasleys ' house ) , Dumbledore 's office ( which houses the Sorting Hat , The Sword of Gryffindor and Dumbledore 's desk ) , Borgin and Burkes , and the Chamber of Secrets . Mr. Weasley 's flying car was created from a 1962 Ford Anglia 105E . Filming ( edit ) Production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets began on 19 November 2001 , just three days after the wide release of the first film . The first three weeks of shooting consisted mostly of second - unit work on special effects , primarily the flying car scene . First - unit photography then began in Surrey , England , at Number Four Privet Drive , Little Whinging , for scenes taking place at the Dursleys ' home . Filming continued on location at the Isle of Man and in several places in Great Britain ; Leavesden Film Studios in London made several scenes for Hogwarts . Other locations were shot in England , including a Hogwarts Express set in King 's Cross railway station Platform 93⁄4 . The famous cloisters of England 's Gloucester Cathedral were used as the setting for Hogwarts School . Originally , a scene in which Lucius Malfoy is confronted in Dumbledore 's office ended sooner but the final exchange was ad - libbed . Jason Isaacs felt his character would 've said something after being humiliated , and Columbus asked him to try . According to Isaacs , he improvised , `` Let us hope Mr. Potter will always be around to save the day . '' Isaacs was impressed by Daniel Radcliffe 's maturation as an actor based on his own improvised line , `` Do n't worry . I will be . '' University of Cambridge linguistics professor Francis Nolan was hired to construct the Parseltongue language for the scenes where Harry Potter was talking to snakes . Principal photography concluded in the summer of 2002 , while the film spent until early October in post-production . In a change of cinematography from the first instalment , director Chris Columbus opted to handheld cameras for Chamber of Secrets to allow more freedom in movement . Sound design ( edit ) Due to the events that take place in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the film 's sound effects were much more expansive than in the previous instalment . Sound designer and co-supervising sound editor Randy Thom returned for the sequel using Pro Tools to complete the job , which included initial conceptions done at Skywalker Sound in California and primary work done at Shepperton Studios in England . Music ( edit ) John Williams Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( soundtrack ) John Williams , who composed the previous film 's score , returned to score Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Scoring the film proved to be a difficult task . Williams had just completed scoring Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones and Minority Report when work was to begin on Catch Me If You Can . Because of this , William Ross was brought in to arrange themes from the Philosopher 's Stone into the new material that Williams was composing whenever he had the chance . The soundtrack was released on 12 November 2002 . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Footage for the film began appearing online in the summer of 2002 , with a teaser trailer debuting in cinemas with the release of Scooby - Doo . A video game based on the film was released in early November 2002 by Electronic Arts for several consoles , including GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox . The film also continued the merchandising success set by its predecessor , with the reports of shortages on Lego 's Chamber of Secrets tie - ins . Theatrical release ( edit ) The film premiered in the UK on 3 November 2002 and in the United States and Canada on 14 November 2002 before its wide release on 15 November , one year after the Philosopher 's Stone . Home Media ( edit ) The film was originally released in the UK , US and Canada on 11 April 2003 on both VHS tape and in a two - disc special edition DVD digipack , which included extended and deleted scenes and interviews . On 11 December 2007 , the film 's Blu - ray version was released . An Ultimate Edition of the film was released on 8 December 2009 , featuring new footage , TV spots , an extended version of the film with deleted scenes edited in , and a feature - length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 2 : Characters . The film 's extended version has a running time of about 174 minutes , which has previously been shown during certain television airings . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film broke multiple records upon its opening . In the US and Canada , the film opened to an $88.4 million opening weekend at 3,682 cinemas , the third largest opening at the time , behind Spider - Man and Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . It was also No. 1 at the box office for two non-consecutive weekends . In the United Kingdom , the film broke all opening records that were previously held by Philosopher 's Stone . It made £ 18.9 million during its opening including previews and £ 10.9 million excluding previews . It went on to make £ 54.8 million in the UK ; at the time , the fifth biggest tally of all time in the region . The film made a total of $879 million worldwide , which made it the fifth highest - grossing film ever at the time . It was 2002 's second highest - grossing film worldwide behind The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers and the fourth highest - grossing film in the US and Canada that year with $262 million behind Spider - Man , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , and Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones . However , it was the year 's number one film at the non-American box office , making $617 million compared to The Two Towers ' $584.5 million . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 82 % based on 230 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though perhaps more enchanting for younger audiences , Chamber of Secrets is nevertheless both darker and livelier than its predecessor , expanding and improving upon the first film 's universe . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 63 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' ( the lowest rated film of the series on the site ) . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , making it the only Harry Potter film to receive such a score . Roger Ebert called The Chamber of Secrets `` a phenomenal film '' and gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , especially praising the set design . Entertainment Weekly commended the film for being better and darker than its predecessor : `` And among the things this Harry Potter does very well indeed is deepen the darker , more frightening atmosphere for audiences . This is as it should be : Harry 's story is supposed to get darker '' . Richard Roeper praised the directing and the film 's faithfulness to the book , saying : `` Chris Columbus , the director , does a real wonderful job of being faithful to the story but also taking it into a cinematic era '' . Variety also said the film was excessively long , but praised it for being darker and more dramatic , saying that its confidence and intermittent flair to give it a life of its own apart from the books was something The Philosopher 's Stone never achieved . A.O. Scott from The New York Times said : `` instead of feeling stirred you may feel battered and worn down , but not , in the end , too terribly disappointed '' . Peter Travers from Rolling Stone condemned the film for being over-long and too faithful to the book : `` Once again , director Chris Columbus takes a hat - in - hand approach to Rowling that stifles creativity and allows the film to drag on for nearly three hours '' . Kenneth Turan from the Los Angeles Times called the film a cliché which is `` deja vu all over again , it 's likely that whatever you thought of the first production -- pro or con -- you 'll likely think of this one '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for three BAFTA Awards . These were for Best Production Design , Sound , and Achievement in Visual Effects . The film was nominated for two awards at the inaugural Visual Effects Society Awards in the categories of `` Best Character Animation in a Live Action Motion Picture '' and `` Best Compositing in a Motion Picture '' . The film was also nominated for six Saturn Awards in 2003 and in 2004 for its DVD release . See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 22 October 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ WhatCulture ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` 10 Movies You Did n't Know Had Secret Post-Credit Sequences '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Reiter , Amy ( 1 October 2001 ) . `` Hugh ca n't always get what you want '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gilderoy Lockhart actor found for Potter 2 '' . Newsround. 25 October 2001 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Frank Oz '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the studio tour : Fans to go behind - the - scenes at Leavesden '' . Daily Mail . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter 's ' flying ' car taken '' . BBC News . 28 October 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' making records disappear '' . USA Today . 18 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 23 November 2001 ) . `` At the Movies : Trading Britain For America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Harry Potter Filming Locations ' at Gloucestershire on Screen Jump up ^ `` Creating the World of Harry Potter , Part 2 : Characters '' . A&E . Jump up ^ Burridge , Kate ; Stebbins , Tonya N. ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` For the Love of Language : An Introduction to Linguistics '' . Cambridge University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets -- Greg 's Preview . Yahoo ! Movies Archived 21 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Potter film should be finished next week '' . CBBC Newsround. 4 October 2002 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Terry ( 14 November 2002 ) . `` The second installment is charmed , director says '' . The Vindicator . p . D10 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Blair ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` The Chamber of Secrets '' . MIX . NewBay Media , LLC . Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( John Williams / William Ross ) '' . Filmtracks. 7 November 2002 . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter trailer gets Scooby outing '' . BBC News . 13 June 2002 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( 26 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets : The second outting for the young wizard is better than the first ... but how much better ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Jess ( 3 November 2002 ) . `` When Harry Meets SCARY '' . Time . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kipnis , Jill ( 1 March 2003 ) . `` Blockbuster Sequels Ensure DVD 's Sale Saga '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Calogne , Juan ( 18 September 2009 ) . `` Ultimate Editions Announced for First Two Harry Potter movies '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive First Look at ' Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ' to Be Presented During Network Television Debut of ' Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , ' Airing May 7 on ABC '' . Business Wire. 2 May 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 18 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter Potent with $88.4 Million Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` November 29 - December 1 , 2002 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Potter conjures up box office record '' . BBC News . 18 November 2002 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All time box office '' . Sky is Falling . Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Strowbridge , C.S. ( 28 January 2003 ) . `` Chamber of Secrets sneaks pasts Jurassic Park '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL YEARLY BOX OFFICE '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 13 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Robert ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Ebert & Roeper . Archived from the original on 11 December 2002 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; An Older , Wiser Wizard , But Still That Crafty Lad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominees and Winners 2003 -- The Pianist Tops the List '' . About.com . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moro , Eric ( 5 March 2003 ) . `` The 29th Annual Saturn Awards Nominations -- Feature Film Category '' . Mania.com . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Official website Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on IMDb Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You , Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2018 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets <Th_colspan="2"> Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World <Th_colspan="2"> J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category VIAF : 316752200 LCCN : no2002108253 GND : 4792640 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)&oldid=818284683 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American adventure films American fantasy films American sequel films British films British adventure films British fantasy films British sequel films Fantasy adventure films Films shot in Surrey Films shot in Highland ( council area ) Fictional - language films Films directed by Chris Columbus Warner Bros. films Heyday Films films Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films set in London Films shot in the Isle of Man Films shot in Gloucestershire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in Northumberland Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in County Durham Films shot in London Films shot in North Yorkshire Films shot in Wiltshire High fantasy films Films using computer - generated imagery Films scored by John Williams Flying cars in fiction 1492 Pictures films Films produced by David Heyman Memory erasure and alteration in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
2. J.K. Rowling
3. Chris Columbus
4. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
5. Box office success |
3,164,051,815,295,701,500 | detroit red wings most wins in a season | 1995 -- 96 Detroit Red Wings season - wikipedia 1995 -- 96 Detroit Red Wings season <Th_colspan="2"> 1995 -- 96 Detroit Red Wings <Td_colspan="2"> Presidents ' Trophy winners <Td_colspan="2"> Central Division champions Division 1st Central Conference 1st Western 1995 -- 96 record 62 -- 13 -- 7 Home record 36 -- 3 -- 2 Road record 26 -- 10 -- 5 Goals for 325 Goals against 181 <Th_colspan="2"> Team information General Manager Scotty Bowman ( interim ) Jim Devellano ( interim ) Ken Holland ( interim ) Coach Scotty Bowman Captain Steve Yzerman Alternate captains Paul Coffey Sergei Fedorov Arena Joe Louis Arena <Th_colspan="2"> Team leaders Goals Sergei Fedorov ( 39 ) Assists Sergei Fedorov ( 68 ) Points Sergei Fedorov ( 107 ) Penalties in minutes Keith Primeau ( 168 ) Plus / minus Vladimir Konstantinov ( + 60 ) Wins Chris Osgood ( 39 ) Goals against average Kevin Hodson ( 1.10 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ← 1994 -- 95 1996 -- 97 → With their 62 wins , the 1995 -- 96 Detroit Red Wings eclipsed the all - time record of most regular - season wins , which had been set at 60 by the 1976 -- 77 Montreal Canadiens . Their 131 points during the regular season were the most since the 1976 -- 77 Montreal Canadiens accumulated 132 points ( still an all - time record ) . They surpassed most of that year 's NBA season win records , the 64 -- 18 Seattle SuperSonics and the 72 -- 10 Chicago Bulls being the only outliers . The Red Wings had two winning streaks of nine games , and had a 13 -- game unbeaten streak from Sunday , March 3 , 1996 , to Sunday , March 31 , going 12 -- 0 -- 1 during that stretch . Having the best record in the league , the Red Wings were awarded the Presidents ' Trophy . During the 1995 -- 96 regular season , the Red Wings were the only team to score at least one goal in all 82 of its games . While the team is remembered for its record - breaking regular season , it experienced disappointment in the playoffs . Detroit lost five games to Winnipeg and St. Louis , both teams that failed to get above 80 points in the regular season , including having to go to a decisive game 7 against St. Louis . They were ultimately upset by Colorado , winning only two of the six games in the series , and failed to reach the Stanley Cup Finals . Contents 1 Off - season 2 Regular season 2.1 Season standings 3 Schedule and results 3.1 October 3.2 November 3.3 December 3.4 January 3.5 February 3.6 March 3.7 April 4 Player statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Western Conference Quarter - finals : vs. ( 8 ) Winnipeg Jets 4.4 Western Conference Semi-finals : vs. ( 5 ) St. Louis Blues 4.5 Western Conference Finals : vs. ( 2 ) Colorado Avalanche 5 Awards and records 6 Transactions 7 Roster 8 Draft picks 9 References 10 External links Off - season ( edit ) In September 1995 , the former 1974 draft pick and attorney Bill Evo was appointed president the Detroit Red Wings . Regular season ( edit ) November 28 , 1995 : The Montreal Canadiens were playing the Red Wings at Joe Louis Arena . The day before the game , Mario Tremblay spoke to Mario Leclerc of Le Journal de Montreal . Tremblay mentioned that he was resentful of current Red Wings head coach Scotty Bowman . He had played under Bowman for the first five years of his NHL career , and Tremblay told Leclerc that Bowman always threatened to send him to the minors . When Leclerc approached Cournoyer , he stated that he did not want to speak about Bowman . The Canadiens lost the game by a score of 3 -- 2 . The next day , Le Journal de Montreal had a headline that stated , `` Bowman has the last word . '' December 2 , 1995 : The Red Wings played at the Montreal Forum and dealt Tremblay 's Montreal Canadiens their worst home game in franchise history , with an 11 -- 1 win . The Habs ' star goaltender Patrick Roy allowed nine goals on 26 shots ( five in the first period , and then another four in the second period ) , and the crowd jeered him whenever he made an easy save during the second period after the game was already 7 -- 1 in favor of the Red Wings . In response , Roy raised his arms in mock celebration . When Head Coach Mario Tremblay finally pulled Roy in the middle of the second period in favor of Pat Jablonski ( who allowed two more goals ) , Roy stormed past him and told Canadiens President Ronald Corey , `` It 's my last game in Montreal . '' Tremblay was roundly criticized for the goaltender decision , as it violated an unwritten rule where a star goaltender was not taken out of the game on an off - night . Roy was traded to the Colorado Avalanche after that game , and he played a key role in eliminating the Red Wings during the Western Conference Finals , precipitating the Red Wings - Avalanche rivalry . Against the Hartford Whalers on March 6 , 1996 , Chris Osgood became the third goaltender in NHL history to score a goal . On March 22 , 1996 , the Red Wings scored three short - handed goals in a 7 -- 0 win over the Colorado Avalanche . The Red Wings finished first in wins ( 62 ) , points ( 131 ) , tied the Washington Capitals for most shutouts ( 9 ) , allowed the fewest goals ( 181 ) , the fewest even - strength goals ( 128 ) , the fewest power - play goals ( 44 ) and had the best penalty - kill percentage ( 88.27 % ) . Season standings ( edit ) Central Division No . GP GF GA Pts Detroit Red Wings 82 62 13 7 325 181 131 Chicago Blackhawks 82 40 28 14 273 220 94 Toronto Maple Leafs 82 34 36 12 247 252 80 St. Louis Blues 82 32 34 16 219 248 80 5 Winnipeg Jets 82 36 40 6 275 291 78 6 Dallas Stars 82 26 42 14 227 280 66 Note : GP = Games played ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; T = Ties ; GF = Goals for ; GA = Goals against ; Pts = Points Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs . Western Conference Div GP GF GA Pts p -- Detroit Red Wings CEN 82 62 13 7 325 181 131 Colorado Avalanche PAC 82 47 25 10 326 240 104 Chicago Blackhawks CEN 82 40 28 14 273 220 94 Toronto Maple Leafs CEN 82 34 36 12 247 252 80 5 St. Louis Blues CEN 82 32 34 16 219 248 80 6 Calgary Flames PAC 82 34 37 11 241 240 79 7 Vancouver Canucks PAC 82 32 35 15 278 278 79 8 Winnipeg Jets CEN 82 36 40 6 275 291 78 9 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim PAC 82 35 39 8 234 247 78 10 Edmonton Oilers PAC 82 30 44 8 240 304 68 11 Dallas Stars CEN 82 26 42 14 227 280 66 12 Los Angeles Kings PAC 82 24 40 18 256 302 66 13 San Jose Sharks PAC 82 20 55 7 252 357 47 Divisions : CEN -- Central , PAC -- Pacific bold -- Qualified for playoffs ; p -- Won Presidents ' Trophy Schedule and results ( edit ) October ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts October 6 Detroit 2 -- 3 Colorado Vernon 16,061 0 -- 1 -- 0 0 October 8 Detroit 3 -- 1 Edmonton Osgood 13,302 1 -- 1 -- 0 October 9 Detroit 5 -- 3 Vancouver Vernon 19,024 2 -- 1 -- 0 October 13 Edmonton 0 -- 9 Detroit Osgood 19,875 3 -- 1 -- 0 6 5 October 15 Detroit 5 -- 5 Winnipeg * Vernon 9,399 3 -- 1 -- 1 7 6 October 17 Calgary 3 -- 3 Detroit * Osgood 19,638 3 -- 1 -- 2 8 7 October 19 Detroit 2 -- 4 New Jersey Vernon 16,147 3 -- 2 -- 2 8 8 October 21 Boston 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,875 4 -- 2 -- 2 10 9 October 24 Ottawa 2 -- 1 Detroit Vernon 19,512 4 -- 3 -- 2 10 10 October 27 Detroit 3 -- 0 Calgary Osgood 19,001 5 -- 3 -- 2 12 11 October 30 Detroit 2 -- 3 Winnipeg Osgood 7,905 5 -- 4 -- 2 12 November ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts 12 November 1 Detroit 1 -- 2 Buffalo Osgood 12,653 5 -- 5 -- 2 12 13 November 2 Detroit 6 -- 5 Boston * Osgood 17,565 6 -- 5 -- 2 14 14 November 4 Dallas 1 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,852 7 -- 5 -- 2 16 15 November 7 Edmonton 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,776 8 -- 5 -- 2 18 16 November 11 Detroit 5 -- 2 San Jose Vernon 17,190 9 -- 5 -- 2 20 17 November 14 Detroit 6 -- 5 Los Angeles Osgood 14,154 10 -- 5 -- 2 22 18 November 17 Detroit 5 -- 4 Edmonton Vernon 10,803 11 -- 5 -- 2 24 19 November 22 San Jose 2 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,983 12 -- 5 -- 2 26 20 November 24 Detroit 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Vernon 17,380 12 -- 6 -- 2 26 21 November 25 NY Rangers 0 -- 2 Detroit Osgood 19,983 13 -- 6 -- 2 28 22 November 28 Montreal 2 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,945 14 -- 6 -- 2 30 December ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts 23 December 1 Anaheim 2 -- 5 Detroit Vernon 19,881 15 -- 6 -- 2 32 24 December 2 Detroit 11 -- 1 Montreal Vernon 17,803 16 -- 6 -- 2 34 25 December 5 Philadelphia 3 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,918 17 -- 6 -- 2 36 26 December 7 Dallas 1 -- 3 Detroit Vernon 19,640 18 -- 6 -- 2 38 27 December 8 Detroit 1 -- 2 NY Rangers * Osgood 18,200 18 -- 7 -- 2 38 28 December 12 Detroit 5 -- 2 St. Louis Vernon 17,965 19 -- 7 -- 2 40 29 December 13 Chicago 1 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,983 20 -- 7 -- 2 42 30 December 15 New Jersey 1 -- 3 Detroit Vernon 19,983 21 -- 7 -- 2 44 31 December 20 Detroit 6 -- 1 Anaheim Vernon 17,174 22 -- 7 -- 2 46 32 December 22 Detroit 5 -- 1 Calgary Osgood 17,302 23 -- 7 -- 2 48 33 December 23 Detroit 1 -- 0 Vancouver Vernon 18,422 24 -- 7 -- 2 50 34 December 26 St. Louis 2 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,983 25 -- 7 -- 2 52 35 December 29 Detroit 2 -- 1 Dallas Osgood 16,924 26 -- 7 -- 2 54 36 December 31 Hartford 2 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,983 27 -- 7 -- 2 56 January ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts 37 January 3 Dallas 3 -- 3 Detroit * Osgood 19,944 27 -- 7 -- 3 57 38 January 5 Detroit 2 -- 5 Pittsburgh Osgood 17,181 27 -- 8 -- 3 57 39 January 6 Chicago 0 -- 3 Detroit Hodson 19,983 28 -- 8 -- 3 59 40 January 8 Winnipeg 6 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,825 28 -- 9 -- 3 59 41 January 10 Detroit 4 -- 0 Dallas Osgood 15,621 29 -- 9 -- 3 61 42 January 12 Los Angeles 2 -- 3 Detroit Hodson 19,983 30 -- 9 -- 3 63 43 January 13 Detroit 4 -- 2 Washington Osgood 18,130 31 -- 9 -- 3 65 44 January 17 Colorado 2 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,983 32 -- 9 -- 3 67 45 January 24 San Jose 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,946 33 -- 9 -- 3 69 46 January 25 Detroit 4 -- 2 Ottawa Osgood 16,882 34 -- 9 -- 3 71 47 January 27 Detroit 5 -- 5 Chicago * Osgood 22,640 34 -- 9 -- 4 72 48 January 30 Toronto 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,983 35 -- 9 -- 4 74 February ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts 49 February 3 Pittsburgh 0 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,983 36 -- 9 -- 4 76 50 February 6 Florida 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,983 37 -- 9 -- 4 78 51 February 8 Detroit 1 -- 3 Florida Vernon 14,703 37 -- 10 -- 4 78 52 February 10 Detroit 3 -- 2 Tampa Bay * Osgood 22,636 38 -- 10 -- 4 80 53 February 13 Los Angeles 4 -- 9 Detroit Vernon 19,983 39 -- 10 -- 4 82 54 February 15 Washington 3 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,952 40 -- 10 -- 4 84 55 February 16 Detroit 3 -- 4 St. Louis Vernon 20,156 40 -- 11 -- 4 84 56 February 18 Detroit 3 -- 2 Toronto Osgood 15,746 41 -- 11 -- 4 86 57 February 19 Vancouver 3 -- 4 Detroit Vernon 19,983 42 -- 11 -- 4 88 58 February 22 Toronto 3 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,983 43 -- 11 -- 4 90 59 February 24 Tampa Bay 0 -- 2 Detroit Vernon 19,983 44 -- 11 -- 4 92 60 February 27 Detroit 6 -- 2 NY Islanders Osgood 11,762 45 -- 11 -- 4 94 61 February 29 NY Islanders 1 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,983 46 -- 11 -- 4 96 March ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts 62 March 2 Vancouver 3 -- 2 Detroit Vernon 19,983 46 -- 12 -- 4 96 63 March 3 Detroit 6 -- 2 Chicago Vernon 22,540 47 -- 12 -- 4 98 64 March 6 Detroit 4 -- 2 Hartford Osgood 11,252 48 -- 12 -- 4 100 65 March 8 Detroit 4 -- 2 Colorado Vernon 16,061 49 -- 12 -- 4 102 66 March 10 Detroit 5 -- 2 Winnipeg Osgood 14,757 50 -- 12 -- 4 104 67 March 12 Winnipeg 2 -- 5 Detroit Vernon 19,983 51 -- 12 -- 4 106 68 March 17 Calgary 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,983 52 -- 12 -- 4 108 69 March 19 Toronto 5 -- 6 Detroit Vernon 19,983 53 -- 12 -- 4 110 70 March 20 Detroit 4 -- 3 Toronto * Osgood 15,746 54 -- 12 -- 4 112 71 March 22 Colorado 0 -- 7 Detroit Vernon 19,983 55 -- 12 -- 4 114 72 March 24 Detroit 2 -- 2 St. Louis * Osgood 20,708 55 -- 12 -- 5 115 73 March 25 Anaheim 1 -- 5 Detroit Vernon 19,983 56 -- 12 -- 5 117 74 March 27 Buffalo 2 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,983 57 -- 12 -- 5 119 75 March 31 St. Louis 1 -- 8 Detroit Vernon 19,983 58 -- 12 -- 5 121 April ( edit ) # Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Record Pts 76 April 2 Detroit 3 -- 6 San Jose Osgood 17,190 58 -- 13 -- 5 121 77 April 3 Detroit 2 -- 2 Los Angeles * Vernon 14,663 58 -- 13 -- 6 122 78 April 5 Detroit 2 -- 2 Anaheim * Osgood 17,174 58 -- 13 -- 7 123 79 April 7 Detroit 4 -- 1 Chicago Vernon 21,986 59 -- 13 -- 7 125 80 April 10 Winnipeg 2 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,983 60 -- 13 -- 7 127 81 April 12 Chicago 3 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,983 61 -- 13 -- 7 129 82 April 14 Detroit 5 -- 1 Dallas Osgood 16,924 62 -- 13 -- 7 131 Player Statistics ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Forwards Note : GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; PIM = Penalty minutes Player GP Pts PIM Sergei Fedorov 78 39 68 107 48 Steve Yzerman 80 36 59 95 64 Vyacheslav Kozlov 82 36 37 73 70 Igor Larionov 69 21 50 71 34 Keith Primeau 74 27 25 52 168 Dino Ciccarelli 64 22 21 43 99 Greg Johnson 60 18 22 40 30 Bob Errey 71 11 21 32 66 Darren McCarty 63 15 14 29 158 Doug Brown 62 12 15 27 Tim Taylor 72 11 14 25 39 Kris Draper 52 7 9 16 32 Martin Lapointe 58 6 9 93 Ray Sheppard 5 Stu Grimson 56 0 128 Kirk Maltby 6 0 6 Wes Walz 0 0 0 0 Defencemen Note : GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; PIM = Penalty minutes Player GP Pts PIM Paul Coffey 76 14 60 74 90 Nicklas Lidstrom 81 17 50 67 20 Viacheslav Fetisov 69 7 35 42 96 Vladimir Konstantinov 81 14 20 34 139 Mathieu Dandenault 34 5 7 12 6 Marc Bergevin 70 9 10 33 Bob Rouse 58 0 6 6 48 Mike Ramsey 47 6 35 Jamie Pushor 5 0 17 Anders Eriksson 0 0 0 Goaltending Note : GP = Games played ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; T = Ties ; SO = Shutouts ; GAA = Goals against average Player GP SO GAA Goals Chris Osgood 50 39 6 5 5 2.17 Mike Vernon 32 21 7 2.26 0 Kevin Hodson 0 0 1.10 0 Playoffs ( edit ) In the first round of the playoffs , the Red Wings defeated the eighth - place Winnipeg Jets marking the Jets ' final games in Winnipeg as the franchise relocated to Phoenix following their playoff defeat . The Wings then defeated the fifth - place St. Louis Blues in the second round . In the Western Conference Finals , the Red Wings were ousted in six games by the Colorado Avalanche , who were in the first year after moving from Quebec . These two teams started the Red Wings - Avalanche rivalry , which lasted nearly a decade . Western Conference Quarter - finals : vs. ( 8 ) Winnipeg Jets ( edit ) Detroit wins series 4 -- 2 Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Series April 17 Winnipeg 1 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,983 1 -- 0 April 19 Winnipeg 0 -- 4 Detroit Osgood 19,983 2 -- 0 April 21 Detroit 1 -- 4 Winnipeg Osgood 15,544 2 -- 1 April 23 Detroit 6 -- 1 Winnipeg Vernon 15,557 3 -- 1 5 April 26 Winnipeg 3 -- 1 Detroit Osgood 19,983 3 -- 2 6 April 27 Detroit 4 -- 1 Winnipeg Vernon 15,567 4 -- 2 Western Conference Semi-finals : vs. ( 5 ) St. Louis Blues ( edit ) Detroit wins series 4 -- 3 Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Series May 3 St. Louis 2 -- 3 Detroit Osgood 19,983 1 -- 0 May 5 St. Louis 3 -- 8 Detroit Osgood 19,983 2 -- 0 May 8 Detroit 4 -- 5 St. Louis * Vernon 20,796 2 -- 1 May 10 Detroit 0 -- 1 St. Louis Osgood 20,796 2 -- 2 5 May 12 St. Louis 3 -- 2 Detroit Osgood 19,983 2 -- 3 6 May 14 Detroit 4 -- 2 St. Louis Osgood 20,796 3 -- 3 7 May 16 St. Louis 0 -- 1 Detroit * * Osgood 19,983 4 -- 3 Western Conference Finals : vs. ( 2 ) Colorado Avalanche ( edit ) Colorado wins series 4 -- 2 Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Attendance Series May 19 Colorado 3 -- 2 Detroit * Osgood 19,957 0 -- 1 May 21 Colorado 3 -- 0 Detroit Osgood 19,983 0 -- 2 May 23 Detroit 6 -- 4 Colorado Osgood 16,061 1 -- 2 May 25 Detroit 2 -- 4 Colorado Osgood 16,061 1 -- 3 5 May 27 Colorado 2 -- 5 Detroit Osgood 19,983 2 -- 3 6 May 29 Detroit 1 -- 4 Colorado Osgood 16,061 2 -- 4 Scoring Player Pos GP Pts PIM PPG SHG GWG Steve Yzerman 18 8 12 20 0 Sergei Fedorov 19 18 20 10 0 0 Paul Coffey 17 5 9 14 30 Nicklas Lidstrom 19 5 9 14 10 0 0 Igor Larionov 19 6 7 13 6 0 Vyacheslav Kozlov LW 19 5 7 12 10 0 Vladimir Konstantinov 19 5 9 28 0 0 Dino Ciccarelli RW 17 6 8 26 6 0 Kris Draper 18 6 18 0 0 Doug Brown RW 13 6 0 0 Darren McCarty RW 19 5 20 0 0 Viacheslav Fetisov 19 5 34 0 0 Keith Primeau 17 5 28 0 0 0 Greg Johnson 13 8 0 0 0 Bob Errey LW 14 0 8 0 0 0 Mike Ramsey 15 0 10 0 0 0 Tim Taylor 18 0 0 0 0 Martin Lapointe RW 11 12 0 0 0 Marc Bergevin 17 0 14 0 0 Kirk Maltby RW 8 0 0 0 0 Bob Rouse 7 0 0 0 0 Anders Eriksson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stu Grimson LW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chris Osgood 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mike Vernon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goaltending Player MIN GP GA GAA SO SA SV SV % Chris Osgood 936 15 8 7 33 2.12 322 289 . 898 Mike Vernon 243 11 2.72 0 81 70 . 864 Team : 1179 19 10 9 44 2.24 403 359 . 891 Note : GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; + / - = Plus - minus PIM = Penalty minutes ; PPG = Power - play goals ; SHG = Short - handed goals ; GWG = Game - winning goals ; MIN = Minutes played ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; T = Ties ; GA = Goals against ; GAA = Goals - against average ; SO = Shutouts ; SA = Shots Against ; SV = Shots saved ; SV % = Save Percentage ; Awards and records ( edit ) Most Wins in One Season Presidents ' Trophy Frank J. Selke Trophy , Sergei Fedorov Jack Adams Award , Scotty Bowman NHL Plus / Minus Award , Vladimir Konstantinov William M. Jennings Trophy , Chris Osgood and Mike Vernon Chris Osgood , Goaltender , NHL Second Team All - Star Vladimir Konstantinov , D , NHL Second Team All - Star Transactions ( edit ) August 17 , 1995 Acquired Marc Bergevin & Ben Hankinson from the Tampa Bay Lightning for Shawn Burr & round 3 pick in the 1996 draft . October 24 , 1995 Acquired Igor Larionov and a conditional 1998 draft pick from the San Jose Sharks for Ray Sheppard . March 20 , 1996 Acquired Kirk Maltby from the Edmonton Oilers for Dan McGillis . Roster ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> 1995 - 96 Detroit Red Wings view talk Goaltenders 29 -- Mike Vernon 30 -- Chris Osgood 31 -- Kevin Hodson Defensemen 2 -- Viacheslav Fetisov 3 -- Bob Rouse 4 -- Jamie Pushor 5 -- Nicklas Lidstrom 15 -- Mike Ramsey 16 -- Vladimir Konstantinov 27 -- Marc Bergevin 34 -- Anders Eriksson 77 -- Paul Coffey ( A ) Wingers 11 -- Mathieu Dandenault 13 -- Vyacheslav Kozlov 17 -- Doug Brown 18 -- Kirk Maltby 20 -- Martin Lapointe 21 -- Bob Errey 22 -- Dino Ciccarelli 23 -- Greg Johnson 25 -- Darren McCarty 26 -- Ray Sheppard 32 -- Stu Grimson 91 -- Sergei Fedorov ( A ) Centers 8 -- Igor Larionov 18 -- Wes Walz 19 -- Steve Yzerman ( C ) 33 -- Kris Draper 37 -- Tim Taylor 55 -- Keith Primeau GM : Jim Devellano GM : Scotty Bowman Coach : Scotty Bowman Draft picks ( edit ) Detroit 's draft picks at the 1995 NHL Entry Draft held at the Edmonton Coliseum in Edmonton , Alberta . Round # Player Nationality College / Junior / Club Team ( League ) 26 Maxim Kuznetsov Kazakhstan Dynamo Moscow ( Russia ) 52 Philippe Audet Canada Granby Bisons ( QMJHL ) 58 Darryl Laplante Canada Moose Jaw Warriors ( WHL ) 104 Anatoli Ustyugov Russia Torpedo Yaroslavl ( Russia ) 5 125 Chad Wilchynski Canada Regina Pats ( WHL ) 5 126 Dave Arsenault Canada Drummondville Voltigeurs ( QMJHL ) 6 156 Tyler Perry Canada Seattle Thunderbirds ( WHL ) 7 182 Per Eklund Sweden Djurgardens IF ( Sweden ) 8 208 Andrei Samokhvalov Kazakhstan Torpedo Ust - Kamenogorsk ( Kazakhstan ) 9 234 David Engblom Sweden Vallentuna ( Sweden ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1995 - 96 Detroit Red Wings Schedule and Results Hockey-Reference.com Jump up ^ Ludington Daily News - July 24 , 1996 , Page 7 Jump up ^ Roy , Michel ( 2008 ) . Patrick Roy Winning , Nothing Else . John Wiley & Sons . p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 15616 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Michel ( 2008 ) . Patrick Roy Winning , Nothing Else . John Wiley & Sons . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 15616 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Roy '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Roy 's Career - Changing Game '' . TSN. 2005 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Legends of Hockey - NHL Player Search - Player - Chris Osgood Jump up ^ https://www.hockey-reference.com/boxscores/199603220DET.html Jump up ^ 1995 - 96 NHL Season Summary Hockey-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` 1995 - 1996 Conference Standings Standings - NHL.com - Standings '' . NHL . Jump up ^ `` 1995 - 96 Detroit Red Wings Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com '' . hockey-reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/DET/1996.html External links ( edit ) Red Wings on Hockey Database <Th_colspan="2"> Detroit Red Wings seasons 1920s 1920 -- 21 . 1921 -- 22 . 1922 -- 23 . 1923 -- 24 . 1924 -- 25 . 1925 -- 26 . 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 <Td_colspan="2"> Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship <Th_colspan="2"> Detroit Red Wings <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1926 Based in Detroit , Michigan Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Seasons Current season History History ( Original Six ) Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Ilitch Holdings ( Christopher Ilitch , chairman ) General manager Ken Holland Head coach Jeff Blashill Team captain Henrik Zetterberg Current roster Arenas Windsor Arena Olympia Stadium Joe Louis Arena Little Caesars Arena Rivalries Chicago Blackhawks Toronto Maple Leafs Affiliates AHL Grand Rapids Griffins ECHL Toledo Walleye Media TV Fox Sports Detroit Ken Daniels Mickey Redmond Radio WXYT WXYT - FM Ken Kal Paul Woods Culture and lore Victoria Cougars Al the Octopus Grind Line Hockeytown Legend of the Octopus Production Line Red Wings -- Avalanche brawl Hakan Andersson `` Stanley 's Cup '' ( South Park ) Russian Five Karen Newman Budd Lynch Al Sobotka London Lions Do n't Stop Believin ' 1938 European tour 1954 prison game 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series NHL Centennial Classic <Th_colspan="2"> 1995 -- 96 NHL season Northeast Division Boston Buffalo Hartford Montreal Ottawa Pittsburgh Atlantic Division Florida New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Tampa Bay Washington Central Division Chicago Dallas Detroit St. Louis Toronto Winnipeg Pacific Division Anaheim Calgary Colorado Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver See also Draft Rat trick Legion of Doom Stanley Cup Playoffs Stanley Cup Finals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995 -- 96_Detroit_Red_Wings_season&oldid = 853272432 '' Categories : 1995 -- 96 NHL season by team 1995 -- 96 in American ice hockey by team Detroit Red Wings seasons Presidents ' Trophy seasons 1995 in sports in Michigan 1996 in sports in Michigan Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 15 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. 1995-96 Detroit Red Wings season
2. Presidents' Trophy winners
3. Central Division champions
4. Record-breaking regular season
5. Disappointment in the playoffs |
2,814,938,502,310,778,000 | cost metro rail route from pretoria station to park station | Metrorail Gauteng - wikipedia Metrorail Gauteng Jump to : navigation , search Metrorail Gauteng Region <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Owner PRASA Transit type Commuter rail Annual ridership 260 million ( 2007 ) Headquarters Wits Metrorail Park , cnr . Leyds & Loveday Street , Johannesburg 2001 Website www.metrorail.co.za <Th_colspan="2"> Operation Operator ( s ) Metrorail <Th_colspan="2"> Technical Track gauge 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) Electrification Overhead lines <Td_colspan="2"> ( hide ) System map South Africa portal Metrorail Gauteng is a network of commuter rail services in Gauteng province in South Africa , serving the Johannesburg and Pretoria metro areas . It is operated by Metrorail , a division of the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa ( PRASA ) . Metrorail routes spread out across the province from three main hubs : Park Station in Johannesburg , Germiston Station on the East Rand , and Pretoria Station . Routes serve central Johannesburg , the East Rand , Soweto , the Vaal Triangle , the West Rand , central Pretoria , and suburbs to the north , east and west of Pretoria . Significant areas not served by Metrorail are the northern and western suburbs of Johannesburg , including Sandton and Randburg , and the south - eastern suburbs of Pretoria . Some of the northern suburbs of Johannesburg are now served by the new Gautrain rapid - rail system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Routes 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Routes ( edit ) Metrorail Gauteng consists of the following routes : Johannesburg -- Dunswart -- Daveyton : serves Johannesburg , Germiston , Boksburg and Daveyton Johannesburg -- Springs : serves Johannesburg , Germiston , Boksburg , Benoni , Brakpan and Springs Springs -- Nigel : serves Springs and Nigel Germiston -- Kwesine : serves Germiston and Katlehong Germiston -- Kliprivier -- Vereeniging : serves Germiston , Katlehong , Meyerton and Vereeniging Germiston -- New Canada : serves Germiston and the Reef south of central Johannesburg Johannesburg -- New Canada -- Vereeniging : serves Johannesburg , Orlando , Lenasia , Sebokeng and Vereeniging Johannesburg -- Oberholzer : serves Johannesburg , Orlando , Westonaria and Carletonville George Goch -- Johannesburg -- Naledi : serves Johannesburg and Soweto Johannesburg -- Randfontein : serves Johannesburg , Roodepoort , Krugersdorp and Randfontein Johannesburg -- Leralla / Pretoria : serves Johannesburg , Germiston , Kempton Park , Tembisa , Centurion and Pretoria Pretoria -- Saulsville : serves Pretoria , Pretoria West and Atteridgeville Pretoria / Belle Ombre -- De Wildt / Mabopane : serves Pretoria , Pretoria North , Ga - Rankuwa and Soshanguve Pretoria -- Pienaarspoort : serves Pretoria , Hatfield and Mamelodi Hercules -- Capital Park -- Pienaarspoort : serves Pretoria North and Mamelodi See also ( edit ) Gautrain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ estimated number according to Johannesburg Inner City Traffic & Transportation Study , March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Timetables '' . Metrorail . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metrorail ( South Africa ) . Metrorail official website Gauteng Rail Map <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Metrorail ( South Africa ) Regions Gauteng Western Cape KwaZulu - Natal Eastern Cape Rolling stock Class 5M2 Class 8M Class 10M <Td_colspan="2"> Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrorail_Gauteng&oldid=812376153 '' Categories : Metrorail ( South Africa ) Transport in Johannesburg Transport in Pretoria Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Metrorail Gauteng commuter rail services
2. Johannesburg and Pretoria metro areas
3. Routes and hubs of Metrorail Gauteng
4. Areas served and not served by Metrorail Gauteng
5. Metrorail Gauteng and the Gautrain rapid-rail system |
-3,446,767,788,111,260,700 | who does emilio estevez play in the outsiders | The Outsiders ( film ) - wikipedia The Outsiders ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Outsiders <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Francis Ford Coppola Produced by Gray Frederickson Fred Roos Screenplay by Kathleen Rowell Based on The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton Starring C. Thomas Howell Matt Dillon Ralph Macchio Patrick Swayze Rob Lowe Diane Lane Emilio Estevez Tom Cruise Leif Garrett Music by Carmine Coppola Cinematography Stephen H. Burum Edited by Anne Goursaud Production company Zoetrope Studios Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date March 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 25 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $33.7 million The Outsiders is a 1983 American coming - of - age drama film directed by Francis Ford Coppola , an adaptation of the novel of the same name by S.E. Hinton . The film was released on March 25 , 1983 . Jo Ellen Misakian , a librarian at Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno , California , and her students were responsible for inspiring Coppola to make the film . The film is noted for its cast of up - and - coming stars , including C. Thomas Howell ( who garnered a Young Artist Award ) , Rob Lowe , Emilio Estevez , Matt Dillon , Tom Cruise , Patrick Swayze , Ralph Macchio , and Diane Lane . The film helped spark the Brat Pack genre of the 1980s . Both Lane and Dillon went on to appear in Coppola 's related film Rumble Fish . Emilio Estevez went on to be in That Was Then ... This Is Now , the only S.E. Hinton film adaptation not to star Matt Dillon . The success of the film leads another Brat Pack acclaim films The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo 's Fire . The movie received mostly positive reviews from critics , and performed well at the box office , grossing $33 million on a $10 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Critical reception 4.1 Accolades 5 `` The Complete Novel '' re-release 6 Music 7 Sequel TV series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In Tulsa , Oklahoma , greasers are a gang of tough , low - income working - class teens . They include Ponyboy Curtis and his two older brothers , Sodapop and Darrel , as well as Johnny Cade , Dallas Winston , Two - Bit Matthews , and Steve Randle . Their rivalry is with the Socs , a gang of wealthier kids from the other side of town . Two Socs , Bob Sheldon and Randy Anderson , confront Johnny , Ponyboy , and Two - Bit , who are talking to the Socs ' girlfriends , Cherry and Marcia , at a drive - in theater . The girls defuse the situation by going home with the Socs . Later that night , Ponyboy and Johnny are attacked in a park by Bob , Randy , and three other Socs . They begin dunking Ponyboy in a fountain attempting to drown him , but Johnny pulls out his switchblade and stabs Bob to death . On the advice of Dallas , and the fact that murderers in Oklahoma will be executed in the electric chair , Ponyboy and Johnny flee on a cargo train , and hide out in an abandoned church in Windrixville . Both boys cut their hair and Ponyboy bleaches his with peroxide in order to mask their descriptions . To pass time , the boys play poker and Ponyboy reads Gone with the Wind and quotes the Robert Frost poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' . After a few days , Dallas arrives with news that Cherry has offered to support the boys in court , that he told the police that Johnny and Pony were in Texas , and gives Pony a note from Sodapop . They go out to get something to eat , then return to find the church on fire with children trapped inside . The Greasers turn into heroes as they rescue the kids from the burning church . It does n't take long for Ponyboy and Dally to heal up . Johnny , on the other hand , ends up with a broken back and severe burns . The boys are praised for their heroism , but Johnny is charged with manslaughter for killing Bob , while Ponyboy may be sent to a boys ' home . Bob 's death has sparked calls from the Socs for `` a rumble , '' which the Greasers win . Dallas drives Ponyboy to the hospital to visit Johnny . Johnny is unimpressed by the victory , and dies after telling Ponyboy to `` stay gold , '' referring to the Frost poem . Unable to bear Johnny 's death , Dallas wanders through the hospital , pretending to shoot a doctor with his unloaded gun , which clicks harmlessly . He then robs a grocery store with the same gun , but he is shot and wounded by the owner as he flees . Pursued by the police , Dallas is surrounded in a park and the police kill him after he repeatedly refuses to drop his unloaded gun . Ponyboy is eventually cleared of wrongdoing in Bob 's death and allowed to stay with his brothers . Turning the pages of Johnny 's copy of Gone with the Wind , Ponyboy finds a letter from Johnny saying that saving the children was worth sacrificing his own life . The story ends with Ponyboy writing a school report about his experiences . Cast ( edit ) C. Thomas Howell as Ponyboy Curtis Matt Dillon as Dallas `` Dally '' Winston Ralph Macchio as Johnny Cade Patrick Swayze as Darrel `` Darry '' Curtis Rob Lowe as Sodapop Curtis Emilio Estevez as Two - Bit Matthews Tom Cruise as Steve Randle Glenn Withrow as Tim Shepard Diane Lane as Sherri `` Cherry '' Valance Leif Garrett as Robert `` Bob '' Sheldon Darren Dalton as Randy Anderson Michelle Meyrink as Marcia Tom Waits as Buck Merrill Production ( edit ) Francis Ford Coppola had not intended to make a film about teen angst until Jo Ellen Misakian , a school librarian from Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno , California , wrote to him on behalf of her seventh and eighth grade students about adapting The Outsiders . When Coppola read the book , he was moved not only to adapt and direct it , but to follow it the next year by adapting Hinton 's novel Rumble Fish . The latter film 's cast also included Matt Dillon , Diane Lane , and Glenn Withrow . The house used for filming in the movie , located at 731 Curtis Brothers Lane in Tulsa , Oklahoma . Now a museum featuring props from the movie The film was shot on location in Tulsa , Oklahoma . Coppola filmed The Outsiders and Rumble Fish back - to - back in 1982 -- a newspaper , used to show a story about the three greasers saving the kids in The Outsiders , includes a real story from 1982 regarding the death of a man hit by a train in Boston . He wrote the screenplay for the latter while on days off from shooting the former . Many of the same locations were used in both films , as were many of the same cast and crew members . The credits are shown at the beginning of the film in the style normally found in a published play . Coppola 's craving for realism almost led to disaster during the church - burning scene . He pressed for `` more fire '' , and the small , controlled blaze accidentally triggered a much larger , uncontrolled fire , which a downpour doused . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 63 % based on 38 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` The cracks continue to show in Coppola 's directorial style , but The Outsiders remains a blustery , weird , and fun adaptation of the classic novel . '' Roger Ebert awarded the film two and a half out of four stars , citing problems with Coppola 's vision , `` the characters wind up like pictures , framed and hanging on the screen . '' Authors Janet Hirshenson and Jane Jenkins , in a 2007 book , wrote that the film 's realistic portrayal of poor teenagers `` created a new kind of filmmaking , especially about teenagers -- a more naturalistic look at how young people talk , act , and experience the world . This movie was one of the few Hollywood offerings to deal realistically with kids from the wrong side of the tracks , and to portray honestly children whose parents had abused , neglected , or otherwise failed them . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Outsiders was nominated for four Young Artist Awards , given annually since 1978 by the Young Artist Foundation . C. Thomas Howell won for `` Best Young Motion Picture Actor in a Feature Film '' . Diane Lane was nominated for `` Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture '' . The film was nominated for `` Best Family Feature Motion Picture '' . Francis Ford Coppola was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival . `` The Complete novel '' re-release ( edit ) In September 2005 , Coppola re-released the film on DVD , including 22 minutes of additional footage and new music , as The Outsiders : The Complete Novel . Coppola re-inserted some deleted scenes to make the film more faithful to the book . At the beginning of the film , he added scenes where Ponyboy gets stalked and jumped , the gang talks about going to the movies , Sodapop and Ponyboy talking in their room and Dally , Pony and Johnny bum around before going to the movies . In the end , Coppola added the scenes taking place in court , Mr. Syme talking to Ponyboy , and Sodapop , Ponyboy and Darry in the park . Also , much of the original score was replaced with music popular in the 1960s as well as new music composed by Michael Seifert and Dave Padrutt . The film was re-rated by the MPAA as PG - 13 for `` violence , teen drinking and smoking , and some sexual references '' . The director also removed several scenes in order to improve pacing , but they could be found on the second disc as additional scenes . In addition , Swayze , Macchio , Lane , and Howell gathered at Coppola 's estate to watch the re-release , and their commentary is included on the DVD . Dillon and Lowe provided separate commentary . A Blu - ray edition of The Outsiders : The Complete Novel was released in Region 1 on June 3 , 2014 . Music ( edit ) The original film score was composed by the director 's father , Carmine Coppola ; the main theme , `` Stay Gold '' , was sung by Stevie Wonder . The original soundtrack included one rock song , Them 's `` Gloria '' . Sequel tv series ( edit ) Main article : The Outsiders ( U.S. TV series ) A television series based on the characters of the novel and film aired in 1990 . It consists of a different cast playing the same characters . It picks up right after the events of the film 's ending but lasted only one season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Outsiders ( 1983 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Zoetrope : Films '' . Zoetrope.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Movies - S.E. Hinton '' . Jump up ^ `` Letters of Note '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Outsiders '' film , shot in Tulsa , page 1 from tulsatvmemories.com Jump up ^ `` COMMONWEALTH vs. WILLIAM M. JOYCE ( and companion cases ) '' . Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ G. Phillips , Godfather : the intimate Coppola , p. 208 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1983 - 03 - 25 ) . `` The Outsiders Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1983 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Janet Hirshenson ; Jane Jenkins ( November 5 , 2007 ) . A Star Is Found : Our Adventures Casting Some of Hollywood 's Biggest Movies . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Young Artist Awards - 1984 '' . Imdb.com . Imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Francis Ford Coppola Bio '' . MTV Artists ( Beta ) . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Times - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` The Outsiders Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Outsiders ( film ) The Outsiders on IMDb The Outsiders at AllMovie The Outsiders at Box Office Mojo The Outsiders at Rotten Tomatoes Coppola Pays a Return Visit to His ' Gone With the Wind ' for Teenagers , a New York Times review of the 2005 version <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outsiders_(film)&oldid=834481152 '' Categories : 1983 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s teen films American films American coming - of - age films American teen drama films American Zoetrope films Films about dysfunctional families Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Films based on American novels Films set in Oklahoma Films set in the 1960s Films shot in Oklahoma Films set in Tulsa , Oklahoma Films set in 1965 American gang films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Outsiders (film) directed by Francis Ford Coppola
2. Coming-of-age drama based on the novel by S.E. Hinton
3. Cast includes C. Thomas Howell, Matt Dillon, Ralph Macchio, Patrick Swayze, Rob Lowe, Diane Lane, Emilio Estevez, Tom Cruise, and Leif Garrett
4. Film set in Tulsa, Oklahoma and explores the rivalry between greasers and Socs
5. Positive reviews, successful at the box office, and helped spark the Brat Pack genre of the 1980s |
-2,722,572,692,478,178,300 | who was the first republican governor elected in texas since reconstruction | List of governors of Texas - wikipedia List of governors of Texas Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Governor of Texas <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Governor <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Greg Abbott since January 20 , 2015 Style The Honorable Residence Texas Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , no term limits Inaugural holder James Pinckney Henderson 1846 Formation Texas Constitution Salary $150,000 ( 2013 ) Website Office of the Governor The Governor of Texas is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Texas , the presiding officer over the executive branch of the Government of Texas , and the commander - in - chief of the Texas National Guard , the State 's militia . The governor has the power to consider bills passed by the Texas Legislature , by signing them into law , or vetoing them , and in bills relating to appropriations , the power of a line - item veto . He may convene the legislature , and grant pardons and reprieves , except in cases of impeachment , and upon the permission of the legislature , in cases of treason . The State provides an official residence , the Governor 's Mansion in Austin . The incumbent , Greg Abbott , is the forty - eighth governor , of whom two have been women , to serve in the office since Texas ' statehood in 1845 . When compared to those of other states , the Governorship of Texas has been described as one of relative weakness . In some respects , it is the Lieutenant Governor of Texas , who presides over the Texas Senate , who possesses greater influence to exercise their prerogatives . The governor is inaugurated on the third Tuesday of January every four years along with the Lieutenant Governor , and serves a term of four years . Prior to the present laws , in 1845 , the state 's first constitution established the office of governor , serving a term of two years , but no more than four years of every six . The 1861 constitution , following secession from the Union , established the first Monday of November following election as the term 's start . Following the end of the American Civil War , the 1866 constitution increased term length to four years , limiting overall service to no more than eight years of every twelve , moving the term 's start to the first Thursday following organization of the legislature , or `` as soon thereafter as practicable . '' The constitution of 1869 , enacted during Reconstruction , removed term limitations , to this day making Texas one of fourteen states with no limit on gubernatorial terms . The present constitution of 1876 returned terms to two years , but a 1972 amendment again returned them to four . Since its establishment , only one man has served in excess of eight years as governor : Rick Perry . Perry , the longest - serving governor in state history , assumed the governorship in 2000 upon the exit of George W. Bush , who resigned to take office as the 43rd President of the United States . Perry was re-elected in 2002 , 2006 , and 2010 serving for 14 years before choosing to retire in 2014 . Allan Shivers assumed the governorship upon the death of Beauford Jester in July 1949 and was re-elected in 1950 , 1952 and 1954 , serving for 7 1 / 2 years , making him the second longest serving Texas governor . Price Daniel was elected to the governorship in 1956 and re-elected in 1958 and 1960 before losing his re-election for an unprecedented fourth term in the 1962 Democratic primary , missing the runoff . John Connally was elected in 1962 and re-elected in 1964 and 1966 before choosing to retire in 1968 . In the case of a vacancy in the office , the lieutenant governor becomes governor . Prior to a 1999 amendment , the lieutenant governor only acted as governor until the expiration of the term to which he succeeded . Contents ( hide ) 1 Governors of Spanish Texas 2 Governors of Mexican Texas 3 Presidents of the Republic of Texas 4 Governors of Texas 5 Other high offices held 6 Living former governors of Texas 7 Gubernatorial trivia 7.1 Background 7.2 Elections 7.3 Texas governors in popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Governors of Spanish Texas ( edit ) See : List of Texas Governors and Presidents Governors of Mexican Texas ( edit ) See : List of Texas Governors and Presidents Presidents of the Republic of Texas ( edit ) See : President of the Republic of Texas # List of presidents and vice presidents Governors of Texas ( edit ) Number of Governors of Texas by party affiliation <Th_colspan="2"> Party Governors Democratic 39 Republican 7 Unionist Independent Military # <Th_colspan="3"> Governor Term in office Party Election Prior office <Th_colspan="2"> Lt. Governor James Pinckney Henderson March 31 , 1808 - June 4 , 1858 ( Aged 50 ) February 19 , 1846 - December 21 , 1847 Democratic 1845 Minister to England and France Republic of Texas ( 1837 - 1840 ) Albert Clinton Horton George T. Wood March 12 , 1795 - September 3 , 1858 ( Aged 63 ) December 21 , 1847 -- December 21 , 1849 Democratic 1847 Texas State Senator ( 1846 - 1847 ) John Alexander Greer Peter Hansborough Bell May 11 , 1810 - March 8 , 1898 ( Aged 87 ) December 21 , 1849 -- November 23 , 1853 Democratic 1849 Lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers ( 1845 - 1949 ) 1851 James W. Henderson James W. Henderson August 15 , 1817 - August 30 , 1880 ( Aged 63 ) November 23 , 1853 -- December 21 , 1853 Democratic 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1851 - 1853 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 5 Elisha M. Pease January 3 , 1812 - August 26 , 1883 ( Aged 71 ) December 21 , 1853 -- December 21 , 1857 Unionist 1853 Texas State Senator ( 1849 - 1851 ) David Catchings Dickson 1855 Hardin Richard Runnels 6 Hardin R. Runnels August 30 , 1820 - December 25 , 1873 ( Aged 53 ) December 21 , 1857 -- December 21 , 1859 Democratic 1857 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1855 - 1857 ) Francis Lubbock 7 Sam Houston March 2 , 1793 - July 26 , 1863 ( Aged 70 ) December 21 , 1859 -- March 16 , 1861 Independent 1859 U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1846 - 1859 ) Edward Clark 8 Edward Clark April 1 , 1815 - May 4 , 1880 ( Aged 65 ) March 18 , 1861 -- November 7 , 1861 Democratic 7th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1859 - 1861 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 9 Francis Lubbock October 16 , 1815 - June 22 , 1905 ( Aged 89 ) November 7 , 1861 -- November 5 , 1863 Democratic 1861 6th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1857 - 1859 ) John McClannahan Crockett 10 Pendleton Murrah 1824 or 1826 - August 4 , 1865 ( Aged about 40 ) November 5 , 1863 -- June 17 , 1865 Democratic 1863 Texas State Representative ( 1857 ) Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale - Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale 1823 or 1825 - February 4 , 1890 ( Aged about 67 ) June 11 , 1865 -- June 16 , 1865 Military 9th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1863 - 1865 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 11 Andrew Jackson Hamilton January 28 , 1815 - April 11 , 1875 ( Aged 60 ) June 16 , 1865 -- August 9 , 1866 Democratic - Military Texas State Senator - Elect ( 1861 ) 12 James W. Throckmorton February 1 , 1825 - April 21 , 1894 ( Aged 69 ) August 9 , 1866 -- August 8 , 1867 Democratic 1866 Captain of the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment Confederate Army ( 1861 - 1863 ) George Washington Jones 13 Elisha M. Pease January 3 , 1812 - August 26 , 1883 ( Aged 71 ) August 8 , 1867 -- September 30 , 1869 Republican 5th Governor of Texas ( 1853 - 1857 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 14 Edmund J. Davis October 2 , 1827 - February 7 , 1883 ( Aged 55 ) January 8 , 1870 -- January 15 , 1874 Republican 1869 Brigadier General of the First Texas Cavalry Regiment Union Army ( 1862 - 1865 ) 15 Richard Coke March 18 , 1829 - May 14 , 1897 ( Aged 68 ) January 15 , 1874 -- December 1 , 1876 Democratic 1873 Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court ( 1866 - 1867 ) Richard B. Hubbard 1876 16 Richard B. Hubbard November 1 , 1832 - July 12 , 1901 ( Aged 68 ) December 1 , 1876 -- January 21 , 1879 Democratic 16th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1874 - 1876 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 17 Oran Milo Roberts July 9 , 1815 -- May 19 , 1898 ( Aged 82 ) January 21 , 1879 -- January 16 , 1883 Democratic 1878 7th Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court ( 1874 - 1879 ) Joseph D. Sayers 1880 Leonidas Jefferson Storey 18 John Ireland January 1 , 1827 -- March 15 , 1896 ( Aged 69 ) January 16 , 1883 -- January 18 , 1887 Democratic 1882 Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court ( 1875 - 1876 ) Francis Marion Martin 1884 Barnett Gibbs 19 Lawrence Sullivan `` Sul '' Ross September 27 , 1838 -- January 3 , 1898 ( Aged 59 ) January 18 , 1887 -- January 20 , 1891 Democratic 1886 Texas State Senator ( 1881 - 1883 ) Thomas Benton Wheeler 1888 20 Jim Hogg March 24 , 1851 -- March 3 , 1906 ( Aged 54 ) January 20 , 1891 -- January 15 , 1895 Democratic 1890 21st Attorney General of Texas ( 1887 - 1891 ) George Cassety Pendleton 1892 Martin McNulty Crane 21 Charles A. Culberson June 10 , 1855 -- March 19 , 1925 ( Aged 69 ) January 15 , 1895 -- January 17 , 1899 Democratic 1894 22nd Attorney General of Texas ( 1891 - 1895 ) George Taylor Jester 1896 22 Joseph D. Sayers September 23 , 1841 -- May 15 , 1929 ( Aged 87 ) January 17 , 1899 -- January 20 , 1903 Democratic 1898 U.S. Representative for Texas ' 9th district ( 1893 - 1899 ) James Browning 1900 23 S.W.T. Lanham July 4 , 1846 -- July 29 , 1908 ( Aged 62 ) January 20 , 1903 -- January 15 , 1907 Democratic 1902 U.S. Representative for Texas ' 8th district ( 1897 - 1903 ) George D. Neal 1904 24 Thomas Mitchell Campbell April 22 , 1856 -- April 1 , 1923 ( Aged 66 ) January 15 , 1907 -- January 17 , 1911 Democratic 1906 General Manager of the Railroad ( 1892 - 1897 ) Asbury Bascom Davidson 1908 25 Oscar Branch Colquitt December 16 , 1861 -- March 8 , 1940 ( Aged 78 ) January 17 , 1911 -- January 19 , 1915 Democratic 1910 Texas Railroad Commissioner ( 1903 - 1911 ) 1912 William Harding Mayes 26 James E. `` Pa '' Ferguson August 31 , 1871 -- September 21 , 1944 ( Aged 73 ) January 19 , 1915 -- August 25 , 1917 Democratic 1914 Local banker ( since 1906 ) William P. Hobby 1916 27 William P. Hobby March 26 , 1878 -- June 7 , 1964 ( Aged 86 ) August 25 , 1917 -- January 18 , 1921 Democratic 24th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1915 - 1917 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 1918 Willard Arnold Johnson 28 Pat Morris Neff November 26 , 1871 -- January 20 , 1952 ( Aged 80 ) January 18 , 1921 -- January 20 , 1925 Democratic 1920 Texas State Representative ( 1899 - 1903 ) Lynch Davidson 1922 Thomas Whitfield Davidson 29 Miriam A. `` Ma '' Ferguson June 13 , 1875 -- June 25 , 1961 ( Aged 86 ) January 20 , 1925 -- January 18 , 1927 Democratic 1924 First Lady of Texas ( 1915 -- 1917 ) Barry Miller 30 Dan Moody June 1 , 1893 -- May 22 , 1966 ( Aged 72 ) January 18 , 1927 -- January 20 , 1931 Democratic 1926 32nd Attorney General of Texas ( 1931 -- 1935 ) 1928 31 Ross S. Sterling February 11 , 1875 -- March 25 , 1949 ( Aged 74 ) January 20 , 1931 -- January 17 , 1933 Democratic 1930 Chairman of the Texas Highway Commission ( 1930 ) Edgar E. Witt 32 Miriam A. `` Ma '' Ferguson June 13 , 1875 -- June 25 , 1961 ( Aged 86 ) January 17 , 1933 -- January 15 , 1935 Democratic 1932 29th Governor of Texas ( 1925 - 1927 ) 33 James Allred March 29 , 1899 -- September 24 , 1959 ( Aged 60 ) January 15 , 1935 -- January 17 , 1939 Democratic 1934 35th Attorney General of Texas ( 1931 -- 1935 ) Walter Frank Woodul 1936 34 Wilbert Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel March 11 , 1890 -- May 11 , 1969 ( Aged 79 ) January 17 , 1939 -- August 4 , 1941 Democratic 1938 President of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce ( 1933 - 1934 ) Coke R. Stevenson 1940 35 Coke R. Stevenson March 20 , 1888 -- June 28 , 1975 ( Aged 87 ) August 4 , 1941 -- January 21 , 1947 Democratic 31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1939 - 1941 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 1942 John Lee Smith 1944 36 Beauford H. Jester January 12 , 1893 -- July 11 , 1949 ( Aged 56 ) January 21 , 1947 -- July 11 , 1949 Democratic 1946 Member of the Texas Railroad Commission ( 1943 - 1947 ) Allan Shivers 1948 37 Allan Shivers October 5 , 1907 -- January 14 , 1985 ( Aged 77 ) July 11 , 1949 -- January 15 , 1957 Democratic 33rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1947 - 1949 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 1950 Ben Ramsey 1952 1954 38 Price Daniel October 10 , 1910 -- August 25 , 1988 ( Aged 77 ) January 15 , 1957 -- January 15 , 1963 Democratic 1956 U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1953 - 1957 ) 1958 1960 <Td_colspan="2"> Office vacant 39 John Connally February 27 , 1917 -- June 15 , 1993 ( Aged 76 ) January 15 , 1963 -- January 21 , 1969 Democratic 1962 56th United States Secretary of the Navy ( 1961 ) Preston Smith 1964 1966 40 Preston Smith March 8 , 1912 -- October 18 , 2003 ( Aged 91 ) January 21 , 1969 -- January 16 , 1973 Democratic 1968 35th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1963 - 1969 ) Ben Barnes 1970 41 Dolph Briscoe April 23 , 1923 -- June 27 , 2010 ( Aged 87 ) January 16 , 1973 -- January 16 , 1979 Democratic 1972 Texas State Representative ( 1949 - 1957 ) William P. Hobby Jr . 42 Bill Clements April 13 , 1917 -- May 29 , 2011 ( Aged 94 ) January 16 , 1979 -- January 18 , 1983 Republican 1978 15th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense ( 1973 - 1977 ) 43 Mark White March 17 , 1940 -- August 5 , 2017 ( Aged 77 ) January 18 , 1983 -- January 20 , 1987 Democratic 1982 46th Attorney General of Texas ( 1979 - 1983 ) 44 Bill Clements April 13 , 1917 -- May 29 , 2011 ( Aged 94 ) January 20 , 1987 -- January 15 , 1991 Republican 1986 42nd Governor of Texas ( 1979 - 1983 ) 45 Ann Richards September 1 , 1933 -- September 13 , 2006 ( Aged 73 ) January 15 , 1991 -- January 17 , 1995 Democratic 1990 Treasurer of Texas ( 1983 - 1991 ) Bob Bullock 46 George W. Bush July 6 , 1946 ( Age 71 ) January 17 , 1995 -- December 21 , 2000 Republican 1994 Managing General Partner of the Texas Rangers ( 1989 - 1994 ) 1998 Rick Perry 47 Rick Perry March 4 , 1950 ( Age 67 ) December 21 , 2000 -- January 20 , 2015 Republican 39th Lieutenant Governor of Texas ( 1999 - 2000 ) Bill Ratliff 2002 David Dewhurst 2006 48 Greg Abbott November 13 , 1957 ( Age 60 ) January 20 , 2015 -- Incumbent Republican 2014 50th Attorney General of Texas ( 2002 - 2015 ) Dan Patrick Other high offices held ( edit ) Governor Gubernatorial Term Other high offices held James Pinckney Henderson 1846 -- 1847 U.S. Senator ( 1857 -- 1858 ) Peter Hansborough Bell 1849 -- 1853 U.S. Representative ( 1853 -- 1857 ) Sam Houston 1859 -- 1861 U.S. Representative from Tennessee ( 1823 -- 1827 ) , Governor of Tennessee ( 1827 -- 1829 ) , President of Texas ( 1836 -- 1838 , 1841 -- 1844 ) , U.S. Senator ( 1846 -- 1859 ) Andrew Jackson Hamilton 1865 -- 1866 U.S. Representative ( 1859 -- 1861 ) James W. Throckmorton 1866 -- 1867 U.S. Representative ( 1875 -- 1879 , 1883 -- 1887 ) Richard Coke 1874 -- 1876 U.S. Senator ( 1877 -- 1895 ) Richard B. Hubbard 1876 -- 1879 Minister to Japan ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Charles Allen Culberson 1895 -- 1899 U.S. Senator ( 1899 -- 1923 ) Joseph D. Sayers 1899 -- 1903 U.S. Representative ( 1885 -- 1893 , 1893 -- 1899 ) S.W.T. Lanham 1903 -- 1907 U.S. Representative ( 1883 -- 1893 , 1897 -- 1903 ) W. Lee O'Daniel 1939 -- 1941 U.S. Senator ( 1941 -- 1949 ) Price Daniel 1957 -- 1963 U.S. Senator ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Connally 1963 -- 1969 U.S. Secretary of the Navy ( 1961 ) , U.S. Secretary of the Treasury ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Bill Clements 1979 -- 1983 1987 -- 1991 U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense ( 1973 -- 1977 ) George W. Bush 1995 -- 2000 43rd President of the United States ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Rick Perry 2000 -- 2015 United States Secretary of Energy Living former governors of Texas ( edit ) Currently , there are two living former governors of Texas . The most recent death of a former governor was that of Mark White ( 1983 -- 1987 ) , who died on August 5 , 2017 . The most recently serving governor of Texas who has died is Ann Richards ( 1991 -- 1995 , born 1933 ) , who died on September 13 , 2006 . Pictured in order of service : George W. Bush ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 1946 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1946 ( age 71 ) Rick Perry ( 2000 -- 2015 ) ( 1950 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Gubernatorial trivia ( edit ) Along with the Seal of Office , the governor of Texas also has a flag . It is not in common use . Background ( edit ) Texas has had two female governors : Miriam A. `` Ma '' Ferguson and Ann Richards . Ferguson was one of the first two women elected governor of a U.S. state ( on November 4 , 1924 ) , along with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming . Ross was inaugurated on January 5 , 1925 , while Ferguson was inaugurated on January 20 , so Ross is considered the first female state governor . Ferguson was the wife of former governor Jim `` Pa '' Ferguson , while Richards was elected `` in her own right , '' being neither the spouse nor widow of a governor . Texas governors have been born in fourteen states : Alabama , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , Ohio , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , and Virginia . Baylor University is the most common alma mater of Texas governors , with five of them - Lawrence Sullivan Ross , Pat Morris Neff , Price Daniel , Mark White , and Ann Richards - considered alumni ( though Ross attended but never completed a degree ) . To date , Coke Stevenson is the most recent governor who never attended college , and Bill Clements is the most recent who attended college but did not graduate . Elections ( edit ) Three governors have served non-consecutive terms : Elisha M. Pease , Miriam A. Ferguson , and Bill Clements . As was the case in most Southern states , Texas did not elect any Republican governor from the end of Reconstruction until the late twentieth century . Bill Clements was the state 's first Republican governor since Edmund J. Davis left office in 1874 , 105 years earlier . Dolph Briscoe was the last governor to be elected to a two - year term , in 1972 ; he was also the first to be elected to a four - year term , in 1974 , since the post-Reconstruction period when two - year terms had first been established . Rick Perry , who ascended to the governorship on December 21 , 2000 upon the resignation of then - Governor George W. Bush , won full four - year terms in 2002 , 2006 and 2010 . Texas governors in popular culture ( edit ) W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel served as the inspiration for the fictional , but similarly named , Mississippi Governor Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , in the film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Ann Richards had a cameo appearance on an episode of the animated comedy series King of the Hill , in which she has a brief romance with Bill Dauterive after he takes the fall for mooning her in the elevator of an Austin hotel ( Hank actually mooned her because he thought his friends were going to be mooning the people in the elevator but they set him up ) . See also ( edit ) Texas portal List of Texas Governors and Presidents List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas List of Lieutenant Governors of Texas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Upon recommendation of the Board of Pardons and Paroles ^ Jump up to : Suellentrop , Chip ( 2000 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Is George W. Bush a `` Weak '' Governor ? `` . Slate Magazine - Explainer . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ivins , Molly ; Lou Dubose ( 2000 ) . Shrub : The Short But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush . New York : Vintage Books . pp. xii -- xiii . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75714 - 7 . Jump up ^ 1845 Const . Art V sec 4 Jump up ^ 1861 Const . art V sec 12 Jump up ^ 1866 Const . art V sec 4 Jump up ^ 1869 Const . Art IV sec 4 Jump up ^ Executive Branch Archived 2011 - 06 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved 23 - October - 2008 Jump up ^ TX Const . Art IV sec 4 Jump up ^ Texas Politics - The Executive Branch Archived 2009 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ TX Const . art IV sec 16 graf d Jump up ^ Under the 1861 constitution , law provided that the lieutenant governor would be `` styled Governor of the State of Texas '' in case of vacancy . Jump up ^ 1861 Const art V sec 12 Jump up ^ Resigned to take an elected seat in the U.S. House of Representatives . ^ Jump up to : As lieutenant governor , filled an unexpired term Jump up ^ Evicted from office due to his refusal to swear an oath to the Confederate States of America . Jump up ^ Fled Austin as it fell to Union forces . Jump up ^ NGA says he was Lt. Gov who served as Gov after Murrah fled Texas . Jump up ^ Provisional military governor . ^ Jump up to : James Throckmorton was removed from office by General Philip Sheridan , and Elisha Pease installed in his place . Jump up ^ Resigned due to disagreements with General Joseph Reynolds . Jump up ^ Elected in a special election held under military direction . Jump up ^ Resigned to take an elected seat in the U.S. Senate . ^ Jump up to : As lieutenant governor , filled unexpired term , and was subsequently elected in their own right . Jump up ^ Resigned due to the legislature bringing impeachment proceedings against him . Jump up ^ Resigned after winning the Democratic primary for a U.S. Senate seat ; he won the election . Jump up ^ Died in office . Jump up ^ Resigned to be U.S. President . Jump up ^ Governor Abbott 's first term expires on January 15 , 2019 ; he is not term limited . References ( edit ) General Legislative Reference Library of Texas -- Governors of Texas Governor ( of Texas ) from the Handbook of Texas Online The Handbook of Texas Online : Texas History Quiz -- Presidents and Governors of Texas Explanation of the strengths of governors Constitutions 1876 Constitution , as amended ( Current ) 1876 Constitution 1869 Constitution 1866 Constitution 1861 Constitution 1845 Constitution <Th_colspan="3"> Current statewide political officials of Texas U.S. Senators John Cornyn Ted Cruz State government Greg Abbott , Governor Dan Patrick , Lieutenant Governor & President of the Senate Rolando Pablos , Secretary of State ( appointed ) Ken Paxton , Attorney General Glenn Hegar , Comptroller ( Treasurer equivalent ) George P. Bush , Land Commissioner Sid Miller , Agriculture Commissioner Christi Craddick , Ryan Sitton , Wayne Christian , Railroad Commissioners Senate Juan Hinojosa , President pro tempore In the Texas Senate , there are no majority or minority leaders . House Joe Straus , Speaker Dennis Bonnen , Speaker pro tempore In the Texas House , there are no majority or minority leaders . Supreme Court ( civil ) Nathan Hecht , Chief Justice Debra Lehrmann John P. Devine Paul W. Green Jeff Brown Jeffrey S. Boyd Phil Johnson Eva Guzman Jimmy Blacklock , Associate Justices Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Sharon Keller , Presiding Justice Mary Lou Keel Bert Richardson Kevin Patrick Yeary Scott Walker Michael Keasler Barbara Hervey Elsa Alcala David Newell <Th_colspan="2"> Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas list Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands <Th_colspan="3"> Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Texas Governors J.P. Henderson Wood Bell J.W. Henderson Pease Runnels Houston Clark Lubbock Murrah Hamilton Throckmorton Pease Davis Coke Hubbard Roberts Ireland Ross Hogg Culberson Sayers Lanham Campbell Colquitt J. Ferguson Hobby Neff M. Ferguson Moody Sterling M. Ferguson Allred O'Daniel Stevenson Jester Shivers Daniel Connally Smith Briscoe Clements White Clements Richards Bush Perry Abbott Lieutenant Governors Horton Greer Henderson Dickson Runnels Lubbock Clark Crockett Stockdale Jones J. W. Flanagan Campbell D. W. Flanagan Fountain Pickett Hubbard Sayers Storey Martin Gibbs Wheeler Pendleton Crane Jester Browning Neal A. B. Davidson Mayes Hobby Sr . Johnson L. Davidson T. W. Davidson Miller Witt Woodul Stevenson J. L. Smith Shivers Ramsey P. Smith Barnes Hobby Jr . 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-834,471,407,834,857,200 | who signed the declaration of independence in 1776 | Signing of the United states Declaration of Independence - wikipedia Signing of the United states Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence . Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence <Td_colspan="2"> John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence , depicting the five - man drafting committee of the Declaration of Independence presenting their work to the Second Continental Congress Date August 2 , 1776 ( 1776 - 08 - 02 ) Venue Independence Hall Location Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 39 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 75 ° 09 ′ 00 '' W / 39.948889 ° N 75.15 ° W / 39.948889 ; - 75.15 Coordinates : 39 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 75 ° 09 ′ 00 '' W / 39.948889 ° N 75.15 ° W / 39.948889 ; - 75.15 Participants Delegates to the Second Continental Congress The signatures on the Declaration of Independence The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2 , 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House , Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the `` United States of America , '' and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign , independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire . The signers ' names are grouped by state , with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock ; the states are arranged geographically from north to south . The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4 , although the date of its signing has long been disputed . Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2 , 1776 , nearly a month after its adoption , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Date of signing 2 List of signers 3 Signer details 4 Stories and legends 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources Date of signing ( edit ) The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America , by Armand - Dumaresq ( c. 1873 ) has been hanging in the White House since the late 1980s The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 , with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining . The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate . Within a decade after the event , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress the day it was adopted on July 4 , 1776 . That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration , which is dated July 4 . Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress , the official public record of the Continental Congress . The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777 , and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date ( the official copy was handwritten ) . In 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . `` ( N ) o person signed it on that day nor for many days after '' , he later wrote . His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821 . The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration . On July 15 , New York 's delegates heard that they 'd gotten permission from their convention to agree to the declaration . The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads : Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America '' & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress . The entry for August 2 states : The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members . In 1884 , historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution , and had not been signed by Congress until August 2 . Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4 , and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2 . Both Jefferson and Adams never wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4 , yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams : `` No such scene , with all the delegates present , ever occurred at Philadelphia . '' The Syng inkstand was used during the signing of the Declaration Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and that the others signed on or after August 2 . Ritz argued that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4 , as Jefferson , Adams , and Franklin had stated , and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken . Ritz believed that McKean 's testimony was questionable , and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution . According to Ritz , this resolution did not call for a new document to be created , but rather for the existing one to be given a new title , which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence . Ritz reasoned that the phrase `` signed by every member of Congress '' in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so . List of signers ( edit ) Fifty - six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence : President of Congress 1 . John Hancock ( Massachusetts Bay ) New Hampshire 2 . Josiah Bartlett 3 . William Whipple 4 . Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Bay 5 . Samuel Adams 6 . John Adams 7 . Robert Treat Paine 8 . Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 9 . Stephen Hopkins 10 . William Ellery Connecticut 11 . Roger Sherman 12 . Samuel Huntington 13 . William Williams 14 . Oliver Wolcott New York 15 . William Floyd 16 . Philip Livingston 17 . Francis Lewis 18 . Lewis Morris New Jersey 19 . Richard Stockton 20 . John Witherspoon 21 . Francis Hopkinson 22 . John Hart 23 . Abraham Clark Pennsylvania 24 . Robert Morris 25 . Benjamin Rush 26 . Benjamin Franklin 27 . John Morton 28 . George Clymer 29 . James Smith 30 . George Taylor 31 . James Wilson 32 . George Ross Delaware 33 . Caesar Rodney 34 . George Read 35 . Thomas McKean Maryland 36 . Samuel Chase 37 . William Paca 38 . Thomas Stone 39 . Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia 40 . George Wythe 41 . Richard Henry Lee 42 . Thomas Jefferson 43 . Benjamin Harrison 44 . Thomas Nelson , Jr . 45 . Francis Lightfoot Lee 46 . Carter Braxton North Carolina 47 . William Hooper 48 . Joseph Hewes 49 . John Penn South Carolina 50 . Edward Rutledge 51 . Thomas Heyward , Jr . 52 . Thomas Lynch , Jr . 53 . Arthur Middleton Georgia 54 . Button Gwinnett 55 . Lyman Hall 56 . George Walton Signer details ( edit ) Eight delegates never signed the Declaration , out of about 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776 : John Alsop , George Clinton , John Dickinson , Charles Humphreys , Robert R. Livingston , John Rogers , Thomas Willing , and Henry Wisner . Clinton , Livingston , and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place . Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing . Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2 . Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document . Dickinson refused to sign , believing the Declaration premature , but he remained in Congress . George Read had voted against the resolution of independence , and Robert Morris had abstained -- yet they both signed the Declaration . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) the oldest . John Hancock 's now - iconic signature on the Declaration is nearly 5 inches ( 13 cm ) long . Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated , including William Hooper and Samuel Chase , but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2 . Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2 , including Lewis Morris , Oliver Wolcott , Thomas McKean , and possibly Elbridge Gerry . Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August , but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October , respectively . New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign . Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4 : Matthew Thornton , William Williams , Benjamin Rush , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , George Ross , and Charles Carroll of Carrollton . Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November . By the time that he signed it , there was n't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates , so he placed his signature at the end of the document . The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside . The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson , and those names were printed rather than signatures . The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18 , 1777 , when the Congress ordered that an `` authenticated copy '' be sent to each of the 13 states , including the names of the signers . This copy is called the Goddard Broadside ; it was the first to list all the signers except for Thomas McKean , who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published . Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration , and his name does n't appear on the Goddard Broadside , even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside . Stories and legends ( edit ) Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin 's death . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 242 -- 43 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , p. 246 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , p. 192 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , p. 192 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 302 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 243 -- 45 Jump up ^ https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/signing Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress , Secret Journals vol. 1 , p. 46 Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress , Secret Journals vol. 1 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , pp. 245 -- 46 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , p. 341 Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` What you know about July 4th is wrong '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , p. 194 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , p. 182 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , pp. 190 -- 200 Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation and Analysis , p. 143 ) says that 45 delegates can be confirmed as present on July 4 , and that another four might have been . Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation , p. 149 ) gives the number of non-signers as seven , not counting Dickinson , who absented himself for the final votes . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 525 -- 26 Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 209 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , p. 90 Jump up ^ Fradin , The Signers , 112 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p , 148 Jump up ^ Friedenwald ( Interpretation , p. 149 ) lists seven men ; he does not include Charles Carroll of Carrollton , who had been working as an emissary for Congress . He did not become an official member of the Maryland delegation until July 4 , and did not take his seat as a delegate until July 18 . ( Hazelton , Declaration History , pp. 529 , 587 ) Jump up ^ The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 150 Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , p. 247 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , p. 284 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 137 , where the date is misprinted as January 8 , but correct on page 150 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , p. 137 Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , p. 91 Sources ( edit ) Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 printing available on Google Book Search Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . The Story of the Declaration of Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1975 . A picture book with text by a leading Jefferson scholar . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . United States Continental Congress . Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress , from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation , vol. 1 , p. 46 . Boston : Thomas B. Wait , 1820 . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths . '' The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . 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John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Declaration of Independence <Td_colspan="2"> Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . 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Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Continental Association <Td_colspan="2"> Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress <Th_colspan="2"> John Hancock <Td_colspan="2"> 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Center John Hancock Tower Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Politics portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=833163539 '' Categories : United States Declaration of Independence Documents of the American Revolution 1776 in the United States 1776 in the British Empire Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 43 . 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-2,226,343,468,382,525,700 | to be in the first normal form each field of a table must contain | First normal form - wikipedia First normal form First normal form ( 1NF ) is a property of a relation in a relational database . A relation is in first normal form if and only if the domain of each attribute contains only atomic ( indivisible ) values , and the value of each attribute contains only a single value from that domain . The first definition of the term , in a 1971 conference paper by Edgar Codd , defined a relation to be in first normal form when none of its domains have any sets as elements . First normal form is an essential property of a relation in a relational database . Database normalization is the process of representing a database in terms of relations in standard normal forms , where first normal is a minimal requirement . First normal form enforces these criteria : Eliminate repeating groups in individual tables . Create a separate table for each set of related data . Identify each set of related data with a primary key Contents 1 Examples 1.1 Designs that violate 1NF 1.2 Designs that comply with 1NF 2 Atomicity 3 1NF tables as representations of relations 4 References 5 Further reading Examples ( edit ) The following scenarios first illustrate how a database design might violate first normal form , followed by examples that comply . Designs that violate 1NF ( edit ) Below is a table that stores the names and telephone numbers of customers . One requirement though is to retain multiple telephone numbers for some customers . The simplest way of satisfying this requirement is to allow the `` Telephone Number '' column in any given row to contain more than one value : Customer Customer ID First Name Surname Telephone Number 123 Pooja Singh 555 - 861 - 2025 , 192 - 122 - 1111 456 San Zhang ( 555 ) 403 - 1659 Ext. 53 ; 182 - 929 - 2929 789 John Doe 555 - 808 - 9633 Note that the telephone number column simply contains text : numbers of different formats , and more importantly , more than one number for two of the customers . We are duplicating related information in the same column . If we would be satisfied with such arbitrary text , we would be fine . But it 's not arbitrary text at all : we obviously intended this column to contain telephone number ( s ) . Seen as telephone numbers , the text is not atomic : it can be subdivided . As well , when seen as telephone numbers , the text contains more than one number in two of our rows . This representation of telephone numbers is not in first normal form : our columns contain non-atomic values , and they contain more than one of them . An apparent solution is to introduce more columns : Customer Customer ID First Name Surname Telephone Number1 Telephone Number2 123 Pooja Singh 555 - 861 - 2025 192 - 122 - 1111 456 San Zhang ( 555 ) 403 - 1659 Ext. 53 182 - 929 - 2929 789 John Doe 555 - 808 - 9633 Technically , this table does not violate the requirement for values to be atomic . However , informally , the two telephone number columns still form a `` repeating group '' : they repeat what is conceptually the same attribute , namely a telephone number . An arbitrary and hence meaningless ordering has been introduced : why is 555 - 861 - 2025 put into the Telephone Number1 column rather than the Telephone Number2 column ? There 's no reason why customers could not have more than two telephone numbers , so how many Telephone NumberN columns should there be ? It is not possible to search for a telephone number without searching an arbitrary number of columns . Adding an extra telephone number may require the table to be reorganized by the addition of a new column rather than just having a new row ( tuple ) added . ( The null value for Telephone Number2 for customer 789 is also an issue . ) Designs that comply with 1NF ( edit ) To bring the model into the first normal form , we split the strings we used to hold our telephone number information into `` atomic '' ( i.e. indivisible ) entities : single phone numbers . And we ensure no row contains more than one phone number . Customer Customer ID First Name Surname Telephone Number 123 Pooja Singh 555 - 861 - 2025 123 Pooja Singh 192 - 122 - 1111 456 San Zhang 182 - 929 - 2929 456 San Zhang ( 555 ) 403 - 1659 Ext. 53 789 John Doe 555 - 808 - 9633 Note that the `` ID '' is no longer unique in this solution with duplicated customers . To uniquely identify a row , we need to use a combination of ( ID , Telephone Number ) . The value of the combination is unique although each column separately contains repeated values . Being able to uniquely identify a row ( tuple ) is a requirement of 1NF . An alternative design uses two tables : Customer Name Customer ID First Name Surname 123 Pooja Singh 456 San Zhang 789 John Doe Customer Telephone Number Id Customer ID Telephone Number 123 555 - 861 - 2025 123 192 - 122 - 1111 456 ( 555 ) 403 - 1659 Ext. 53 456 182 - 929 - 2929 5 789 555 - 808 - 9633 Columns do not contain more than one telephone number in this design . Instead , each Customer - to - Telephone Number link appears on its own row . Using Customer ID as key , a one - to - many relationship exists between the name and the number tables . A row in the `` parent '' table , Customer Name , can be associated with many telephone number rows in the `` child '' table , Customer Telephone Number , but each telephone number belongs to one , and only one customer . It is worth noting that this design meets the additional requirements for second and third normal form . Atomicity ( edit ) Edgar F. Codd 's definition of 1NF makes reference to the concept of ' atomicity ' . Codd states that the `` values in the domains on which each relation is defined are required to be atomic with respect to the DBMS . '' Codd defines an atomic value as one that `` can not be decomposed into smaller pieces by the DBMS ( excluding certain special functions ) '' meaning a column should not be divided into parts with more than one kind of data in it such that what one part means to the DBMS depends on another part of the same column . Hugh Darwen and Chris Date have suggested that Codd 's concept of an `` atomic value '' is ambiguous , and that this ambiguity has led to widespread confusion about how 1NF should be understood . In particular , the notion of a `` value that can not be decomposed '' is problematic , as it would seem to imply that few , if any , data types are atomic : A character string would seem not to be atomic , as the RDBMS typically provides operators to decompose it into substrings . A fixed - point number would seem not to be atomic , as the RDBMS typically provides operators to decompose it into integer and fractional components . An ISBN would seem not to be atomic , as it includes language and publisher identifier . Date suggests that `` the notion of atomicity has no absolute meaning '' : a value may be considered atomic for some purposes , but may be considered an assemblage of more basic elements for other purposes . If this position is accepted , 1NF can not be defined with reference to atomicity . Columns of any conceivable data type ( from string types and numeric types to array types and table types ) are then acceptable in a 1NF table -- although perhaps not always desirable ; for example , it would be more desirable to separate a Customer Name column into two separate columns as First Name , Surname . 1NF tables as representations of relations ( edit ) According to Date 's definition , a table is in first normal form if and only if it is `` isomorphic to some relation '' , which means , specifically , that it satisfies the following five conditions : There 's no top - to - bottom ordering to the rows . There 's no left - to - right ordering to the columns . There are no duplicate rows . Every row - and - column intersection contains exactly one value from the applicable domain ( and nothing else ) . All columns are regular ( i.e. rows have no hidden components such as row IDs , object IDs , or hidden timestamps ) . Violation of any of these conditions would mean that the table is not strictly relational , and therefore that it is not in first normal form . Examples of tables ( or views ) that would not meet this definition of first normal form are : A table that lacks a unique key constraint . Such a table would be able to accommodate duplicate rows , in violation of condition 3 . A view whose definition mandates that results be returned in a particular order , so that the row - ordering is an intrinsic and meaningful aspect of the view . This violates condition 1 . The tuples in true relations are not ordered with respect to each other . A table with at least one nullable attribute . A nullable attribute would be in violation of condition 4 , which requires every column to contain exactly one value from its column 's domain . It should be noted , however , that this aspect of condition 4 is controversial . It marks an important departure from Codd 's later vision of the relational model , which made explicit provision for nulls . First normal form , as defined by Chris Date , permits relation - valued attributes ( tables within tables ) . Date argues that relation - valued attributes , by means of which a column within a table can contain a table , are useful in rare cases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elmasri , Ramez ; Navathe , Shamkant B. ( July 2003 ) . Fundamentals of Database Systems , Fourth Edition . Pearson . p. 315 . ISBN 0321204484 . It states that the domain of an attribute must include only atomic ( simple , indivisible ) values and that the value of any attribute in a tuple must be a single value from the domain of that attribute . Jump up ^ E.F. Codd ( Oct 1972 ) , Further normalization of the database relational model , Courant Institute : Prentice - Hall , ISBN 013196741X , A relation is in first normal form if it has the property that none of its domains has elements which are themselves sets . Jump up ^ studytonight.com Jump up ^ stackoverflow.com Jump up ^ In the `` real '' world , that would not be a good assumption . Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. The Relational Model for Database Management Version 2 ( Addison - Wesley , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Codd , E.F. The Relational Model for Database Management Version 2 ( Addison - Wesley , 1990 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Darwen , Hugh . `` Relation - Valued Attributes ; or , Will the Real First Normal Form Please Stand Up ? '' , in C.J. Date and Hugh Darwen , Relational Database Writings 1989 - 1991 ( Addison - Wesley , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` ( F ) or many years , '' writes Date , `` I was as confused as anyone else . What 's worse , I did my best ( worst ? ) to spread that confusion through my writings , seminars , and other presentations . '' Date , C.J. ( `` What First Normal Form Really Means '' ) in Date on Database : Writings 2000 - 2006 ( Springer - Verlag , 2006 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Date , C.J. ( `` What First Normal Form Really Means '' ) p. 112 . Jump up ^ Date , C.J. ( `` What First Normal Form Really Means '' ) pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Such views can not be created using SQL that conforms to the SQL : 2003 standard . Jump up ^ `` Codd first defined the relational model in 1969 and did n't introduce nulls until 1979 '' Date , C.J. SQL and Relational Theory ( O'Reilly , 2009 ) , Appendix A. 2 . Jump up ^ The third of Codd 's 12 rules states that `` Null values ... ( must be ) supported in a fully relational DBMS for representing missing information and inapplicable information in a systematic way , independent of data type . '' Codd , E.F. `` Is Your DBMS Really Relational ? '' Computerworld , October 14 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Date , C.J. ( `` What First Normal Form Really Means '' ) pp. 121 -- 126 . Further reading ( edit ) Date , C.J. , & Lorentzos , N. , & Darwen , H. ( 2002 ) . Temporal Data & the Relational Model ( 1st ed . ) . Morgan Kaufmann . ISBN 1 - 55860 - 855 - 9 . Date , C.J. ( 1999 ) , An Introduction to Database Systems ( 8th ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 19784 - 4 . Kent , W. ( 1983 ) A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory , Communications of the ACM , vol. 26 , pp. 120 -- 125 <Th_colspan="2"> Database normalization <Td_colspan="2"> Unnormalized form ( UNF / NF ) First normal form ( 1NF ) Second normal form ( 2NF ) Third normal form ( 3NF ) Elementary key normal form ( EKNF ) Boyce -- Codd normal form ( 3.5 NF / BCNF ) Fourth normal form ( 4NF ) Fifth normal form ( 5NF / PJNF ) Domain - key normal form ( DKNF ) Sixth normal form ( 6NF ) <Td_colspan="2"> Denormalization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_normal_form&oldid=853547924 '' Categories : Database normalization Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. First normal form in relational databases
2. Atomicity in first normal form
3. Violations of first normal form
4. Designs that comply with first normal form
5. Database normalization process |
4,995,915,742,862,454,000 | many immigrants move to the united states each year. where do most immigrants come from today | Immigration to the United States - Wikipedia Immigration to the United States Naturalization ceremony at the Oakton High School in Virginia , December 2015 . Immigrants to the United States take the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony at the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona , September 2010 . Immigration to the United States is the international movement of individuals who are not natives or do not possess citizenship in order to settle , reside , study , or work in the country . It has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States . Because the United States is a settler colonial society , the vast majority of Americans , with the exception of Native Americans , can trace their ancestry to immigrants from other nations . In absolute numbers , the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country , with 47 million immigrants as of 2015 . This represents 19.1 % of the 244 million international migrants worldwide , and 14.4 % of the U.S. population . Many other countries have large proportions of immigrants , such as Switzerland with 24.9 % and Canada with 21.9 % . According to the 2016 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , the United States admitted 1.18 million legal immigrants in 2016 . Of these , 20 % were family - sponsored , 47 % were the immediate relatives of U.S. citizens , 12 % were employment - based preferences , 4 % were part of the Diversity Immigrant Visa program , and 13 % were refugees and asylum - seekers . The remainder included small numbers from several other categories , including interpreters and other Iraqis and Afghans employed by U.S. Government ; persons admitted under the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act ; children born subsequent to the issuance of a parent 's visa ; and certain parolees from the former Soviet Union , Cambodia , Laos , or Vietnam who were denied refugee status . The economic , social , and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding such issues as mainitaining ethnic homogeneity , workers for employers versus jobs for non-immigrants , settlement patterns , impact on upward social mobility , crime , and voting behavior . Prior to 1965 , policies such as the national origins formula limited immigration and naturalization opportunities for people from areas outside Western Europe . Exclusion laws enacted as early as the 1880s generally prohibited or severely restricted immigration from Asia , and quota laws enacted in the 1920s curtailed Eastern European immigration . The civil rights movement led to the replacement of these ethnic quotas with per - country limits . Since then , the number of first - generation immigrants living in the United States has quadrupled . Research suggests that immigration to the United States is beneficial to the US economy . With few exceptions , the evidence suggests that on average , immigration has positive economic effects on the native population , but it is mixed as to whether low - skilled immigration adversely affects low - skilled natives . Studies also show that immigrants have lower crime rates than natives in the United States . Research shows that the United States excels at assimilating first - and second - generation immigrants relative to many other Western countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary immigration 2.1 Ethnicity 3 Demography 3.1 Extent and destinations 3.2 Origin 4 Effects of immigration 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Economic 4.2. 1 Overall economic prosperity 4.2. 2 Fiscal effects 4.2. 3 Inequality 4.2. 4 Impact of undocumented immigrants 4.2. 5 Impact of refugees 4.2. 6 Innovation and entrepreneurship 4.3 Social 4.3. 1 Discrimination 4.3. 1.1 Business 4.3. 1.2 Criminal justice system 4.3. 1.3 Education 4.3. 1.4 Housing 4.3. 1.5 Labor market 4.3. 1.6 Discrimination between minority groups 4.3. 2 Assimilation 4.3. 3 Religious diversity 4.3. 3.1 Labor unions 4.4 Political 4.5 Health 4.6 Crime 4.6. 1 Crimmigration 4.7 Education 4.8 Science and Engineering 4.9 Lobbying 5 Public opinion 5.1 Religious responses 6 Legal issues 6.1 Laws concerning immigration and naturalization 6.2 Asylum for refugees 6.3 Miscellaneous documented immigration 6.4 Illegal immigration 6.5 Military immigration 7 Immigration in popular culture 7.1 Immigration in literature 8 Documentary films 9 Legal perspectives 10 Interpretive perspectives 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Further reading 13.1 Surveys 13.2 Before 1920 13.3 Recent : post 1965 14 External links 14.1 History 14.2 Immigration policy 14.3 Current immigration 14.4 Economic impact History Main article : History of immigration to the United States Immigrants on ocean steamer passing the Statue of Liberty , New York City , 1887 American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs : the colonial period , the mid-19th century , the start of the 20th century , and post-1965 . Each period brought distinct national groups , races and ethnicities to the United States . During the 17th century , approximately 400,000 English people migrated to Colonial America . However only half stayed permanently . From 1700 to 1775 between 400 - 500,000 immigrated . Only 45,000 English supposedly immigrated in the period 1701 to 1775 ( on Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , p. 34 - 35 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 ) , a figure questioned as too low ( The Oxford History of the British Empire , The Eighteenth Century , Ed . P.J. Marshall , p. 3 ISBN 0 - 19 - 820563 - 5 the number given is at 80,000 less 29,000 Welsh which seems strange to the author , James Horn ; Duncan also regards this as a `` mystery '' ) not including the 50,000 - 120,000 convicts transported , most of whom were English : the rest , 400 - 450,000 were Scots , Scots - Irish from Ulster , Germans and Swiss , French Huguenots , and involuntarily 350,000 Africans ( Encyclopedia of the Colonial and Revolutionary America , 1996 p. 200 - 202 ISBN 0 - 306 - 80687 - 8 ; Jon Butler , Becoming America , The Revolution before 1776 , 2000 , pp. 16 -- 49 ISBN 0 - 674 - 00091 - 9 ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants . They numbered 350,000 ( Encyclopedia , p. 202 ) . The European populations of the Middle Colonies of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Delaware were ethnically very mixed , the English constituting only 30 in Pennsylvania , 40 % in New Jersey to 45 % in New York ( numbered22 thousand or 18 % in NY ) ( Duncan . op . cit . p. 10 ) . The mid-19th century saw an influx mainly from northern Europe from the same major ethnic groups as for the Colonial Period but with large numbers of Catholic Irish and Scandinavians added to the mix ; the late 19th and early 20th - century immigrants were mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe , but there were also several million immigrants from Canada ; post-1965 most came from Latin America and Asia . Historians estimate that fewer than 1 million immigrants moved to the United States from Europe between 1600 and 1799 . By comparison , in the first federal census , in 1790 , the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214 . The 1790 Act limited naturalization to `` free white persons '' ; it was expanded to include blacks in the 1860s and Asians in the 1950s . In the early years of the United States , immigration was fewer than 8,000 people a year , including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti . After 1820 , immigration gradually increased . From 1836 to 1914 , over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States . The death rate on these transatlantic voyages was high , during which one in seven travelers died . In 1875 , the nation passed its first immigration law , the Page Act of 1875 . Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island , 1902 After an initial wave of immigration from China following the California Gold Rush , Congress passed a series of laws culminating in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , banning virtually all immigration from China until the law 's repeal in 1943 . In the late 1800s , immigration from other Asian countries , especially to the West Coast , became more common . The peak year of European immigration was in 1907 , when 1,285,349 persons entered the country . By 1910 , 13.5 million immigrants were living in the United States . In 1921 , the Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The 1924 Act was aimed at further restricting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe , particularly Jews , Italians , and Slavs , who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s , and consolidated the prohibition of Asian immigration . Polish immigrants working on the farm , 1909 . The welfare system was practically non-existent before the 1930s and the economic pressures on the poor were giving rise to child labor . Immigration patterns of the 1930s were affected by the Great Depression . In the final prosperous year , 1929 , there were 279,678 immigrants recorded , but in 1933 , only 23,068 moved to the U.S. In the early 1930s , more people emigrated from the United States than to it . The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico , but thousands were deported against their will . Altogether about 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated half of them US citizens . Most of the Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to the United States . In the post-war era , the Justice Department launched Operation Wetback , under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954 . First , our cities will not be flooded with a million immigrants annually . Under the proposed bill , the present level of immigration remains substantially the same ... Secondly , the ethnic mix of this country will not be upset ... Contrary to the charges in some quarters , ( the bill ) will not inundate America with immigrants from any one country or area , or the most populated and deprived nations of Africa and Asia ... In the final analysis , the ethnic pattern of immigration under the proposed measure is not expected to change as sharply as the critics seem to think . -- Ted Kennedy , chief Senate sponsor of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , also known as the Hart - Cellar Act , abolished the system of national - origin quotas . By equalizing immigration policies , the act resulted in new immigration from non-European nations , which changed the ethnic make - up of the United States . In 1970 , 60 % of immigrants were from Europe ; this decreased to 15 % by 2000 . In 1990 , George H.W. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990 , which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40 % . In 1991 , Bush signed the Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act 1991 , allowing foreign service members who had serve 12 or more years in the US Armed Forces to qualify for permanent residency and , in some cases , citizenship . In November 1994 , California voters passed Proposition 187 amending the state constitution , denying state financial aid to illegal immigrants . The federal courts voided this change , ruling that it violated the federal constitution . Appointed by Bill Clinton , the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000 . While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some challenges , `` the United States has always been energized by its immigrant populations , '' said President Bill Clinton in 1998 . `` America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants ( ... ) They have proved to be the most restless , the most adventurous , the most innovative , the most industrious of people . '' Boston Chinatown , Massachusetts , 2008 . In 2001 , President George W. Bush discussed an accord with Mexican President Vincente Fox . Possible accord was derailed by the September 11 attacks . From 2005 to 2013 , the US Congress discussed various ways of controlling immigration . The Senate and House were unable to reach an agreement . Nearly 14 million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and over one million persons were naturalized as U.S. citizens in 2008 . The per - country limit applies the same maximum on the number of visas to all countries regardless of their population and has therefore had the effect of significantly restricting immigration of persons born in populous nations such as Mexico , China , India , and the Philippines -- the leading countries of origin for legally admitted immigrants to the United States in 2013 ; nevertheless , China , India , and Mexico were the leading countries of origin for immigrants overall to the United States in 2013 , regardless of legal status , according to a U.S. Census Bureau study . As of 2009 , 66 % of legal immigrants were admitted on the basis of family ties , along with 13 % admitted for their employment skills and 17 % for humanitarian reasons . Nearly 8 million people immigrated to the United States from 2000 to 2005 ; 3.7 million of them entered without papers . In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country . Hispanic immigrants suffered job losses during the late - 2000s recession , but since the recession 's end in June 2009 , immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs . Over 1 million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011 . For those who enter the US illegally across the Mexico -- United States border and elsewhere , migration is difficult , expensive and dangerous . Virtually all undocumented immigrants have no avenues for legal entry to the United States due to the restrictive legal limits on green cards , and lack of immigrant visas for low - skilled workers . Participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty - first century called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States , building a barrier along some or all of the 2,000 - mile ( 3,200 km ) Mexico - U.S. border , or creating a new guest worker program . Through much of 2006 the country and Congress was immersed in a debate about these proposals . As of April 2010 few of these proposals had become law , though a partial border fence had been approved and subsequently canceled . In January 2017 , U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order temporarily suspending entry to the United States by nationals of certain Muslim - majority countries . It was replaced by another executive order in March 2017 and by a presidential proclamation in September 2017 , with various changes to the list of countries and exemptions . The orders were temporarily suspended by federal courts but later allowed to proceed by the Supreme Court , pending a definite ruling on their legality . Another executive order called for the immediate construction of a wall across the U.S. -- Mexico border , the hiring of 5,000 new border patrol agents and 10,000 new immigration officers , and federal funding penalties for sanctuary cities . Persons obtaining legal permanent resident status by fiscal year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 1890 455,302 1910 1,041,570 1930 241,700 1950 249,187 1970 373,326 1990 1,535,872 1,042,625 1895 258,536 1915 326,700 1935 34,956 1955 237,790 385,378 1995 720,177 2015 1,051,031 1900 448,572 1920 430,001 1940 70,756 1960 265,398 1980 524,295 2000 841,002 1905 1,026,499 1925 294,314 1945 38,119 1965 296,697 1985 568,149 2005 1,122,257 Decade Average per year 1890 - 99 369,100 1900 - 09 745,100 1910 - 19 634,400 1920 - 29 429,600 1930 -- 39 69,900 1940 -- 49 85,700 1950 -- 59 249,900 1960 -- 69 321,400 1970 -- 79 424,800 1980 -- 89 624,400 1990 -- 99 977,500 2000 -- 09 1,029,900 2010 -- 16 1,054,000 Contemporary immigration Naturalization ceremony , Salem , Massachusetts , 2007 Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male . By the 1990s women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants . Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States , with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented . Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native - born Americans of the same age . Paterson , New Jersey , within the New York City Metropolitan Area , is becoming an increasingly popular destination for Muslim immigrants . Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds . This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States . Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public Agenda in 2009 said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home , and 71 % said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US . In the same study , 76 % of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the September 11 , 2001 attacks ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , and 24 % report that they personally have experienced some or a great deal of discrimination . Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks . After the attacks , 52 % of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing overall for the U.S. , down from 62 % the year before , according to a 2009 Gallup poll . A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do `` a great deal '' to enhance U.S. national security . Harvard political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in his 2004 book Who Are We ? The Challenges to America 's National Identity that a potential future consequence of continuing massive immigration from Latin America , especially Mexico , could lead to the bifurcation of the United States . The estimated population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US fell from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 Commentators link the reversal of the immigration trend to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs , and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states . According to the Pew Hispanic Center the net immigration of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010 , and tended toward going into negative figures . More than 80 cities in the United States , including Washington D.C. , New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , San Francisco , San Diego , San Jose , Salt Lake City , Phoenix , Dallas , Fort Worth , Houston , Detroit , Jersey City , Minneapolis , Miami , Denver , Baltimore , Seattle , Portland , Oregon and Portland , Maine , have sanctuary policies , which vary locally . Ethnicity See also : United States immigration statistics Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by continent in 2016 : Americas ( 42.8 % ) Asia ( 39.1 % ) Africa ( 9.6 % ) Europe ( 7.9 % ) Australia and Oceania ( 0.5 % ) Unknown ( 0.1 % ) Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by region , in 2013 , 2014 and 2015 Region 2014 % of total 2015 % of total 2016 % of total % in 2016 Americas 398,069 39.16 % 438,435 41.71 % 506,901 42.83 % 15.6 % Asia 430,508 42.35 % 419,297 39.89 % 462,299 39.06 % 10.3 % Africa 98,413 9.68 % 101,415 9.65 % 113,426 9.58 % 11.8 % Europe 83,266 8.19 % 85,803 8.16 % 93,567 7.90 % 9.0 % Australia and Oceania 5,122 0.50 % 5,404 0.51 % 5,588 0.47 % 3.4 % Unknown 1,150 0.11 % 677 0.06 % 1,724 0.14 % 154.6 % Total 1,016,518 100 % 1,051,031 100 % 1,183,505 100 % 12.6 % Source : US Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics Top 10 sending countries in 2015 and 2016 Country 2015 2016 1 . Mexico 158,619 174,534 2 . China 74,558 81,772 3 . Cuba 54,396 66,516 4 . India 64,116 64,687 5 . Dominican Rep . 50,610 61,161 6 . Philippines 56,478 53,287 7 . Vietnam 30,832 41,451 8 . Haiti 16,967 23,584 9 . El Salvador 19,487 23,449 10 . Jamaica 17,642 23,350 Total 1,051,031 1,183,505 Demography Extent and destinations Little Italy in New York , ca. 1900 Crowd at the Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City Year Number of foreign - born Percent foreign - born 1850 2,244,602 9.7 1860 4,138,697 13.2 1870 5,567,229 14.4 1880 6,679,943 13.3 1890 9,249,547 14.8 1900 10,341,276 13.6 1910 13,515,886 14.7 1920 13,920,692 13.2 1930 14,204,149 11.6 1940 11,594,896 8.8 1950 10,347,395 6.9 1960 9,738,091 5.4 1970 9,619,302 4.7 1980 14,079,906 6.2 1990 19,767,316 7.9 2000 31,107,889 11.1 39,956,000 12.9 2015 43,290,000 13.4 The United States admitted more legal immigrants from 1991 to 2000 , between ten and eleven million , than in any previous decade . In the most recent decade , the ten million legal immigrants that settled in the U.S. represent an annual growth of only about 0.3 % as the U.S. population grew from 249 million to 281 million . By comparison , the highest previous decade was the 1900s , when 8.8 million people arrived , increasing the total U.S. population by one percent every year . Specifically , `` nearly 15 % of Americans were foreign - born in 1910 , while in 1999 , only about 10 % were foreign - born . '' By 1970 , immigrants accounted for 4.7 percent of the US population and rising to 6.2 percent in 1980 , with an estimated 12.5 percent in 2009 . As of 2010 , 25 % of US residents under age 18 were first - or second - generation immigrants . Eight percent of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant parents , according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center . Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s , to 2.5 million in the 1950s , to 4.5 million in the 1970s , and to 7.3 million in the 1980s , before resting at about 10 million in the 1990s . Since 2000 , legal immigrants to the United States number approximately 1,000,000 per year , of whom about 600,000 are Change of Status who already are in the U.S. Legal immigrants to the United States now are at their highest level ever , at just over 37,000,000 legal immigrants . Illegal immigration may be as high as 1,500,000 per year with a net of at least 700,000 illegal immigrants arriving every year . Immigration led to a 57.4 % increase in foreign born population from 1990 to 2000 . While immigration has increased drastically over the last century , the foreign born share of the population is , at 13.4 , only somewhat below what it was at its peak in 1910 at 14.7 % . A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the representation of foreign born residents in the United States . Most significant has been the change in the composition of immigrants ; prior to 1890 , 82 % of immigrants came from North and Western Europe . From 1891 to 1920 , that number dropped to 25 % , with a rise in immigrants from East , Central , and South Europe , summing up to 64 % . Animosity towards these different and foreign immigrants rose in the United States , resulting in much legislation to limit immigration . Contemporary immigrants settle predominantly in seven states , California , New York , Florida , Texas , Pennsylvania , New Jersey and Illinois , comprising about 44 % of the U.S. population as a whole . The combined total immigrant population of these seven states was 70 % of the total foreign - born population in 2000 . If current birth rate and immigration rates were to remain unchanged for another 70 to 80 years , the U.S. population would double to nearly 600 million . In fact , this growth would constitute a slowing trend in US population , which grew by 3.7 times between 1900 and 2000 . In 1900 , when the U.S. population was 76 million , there were an estimated 500,000 Hispanics . The Census Bureau projects that by 2050 , one - quarter of the population will be of Hispanic descent . This demographic shift is largely fueled by immigration from Latin America . Origin Foreign - born population of the United States in 2016 , by country of birth . > 10,000,000 1,000,000 -- 3,000,000 300,000 -- 1,000,000 100,000 -- 300,000 30,000 -- 100,000 < 30,000 United States and its territories Immigrants to the United States ( 2012 -- 2016 ) per thousand inhabitants of each country of origin ( 2012 ) . > 10.0 3.0 -- 10.0 1.0 -- 3.0 0.3 -- 1.0 0.1 -- 0.3 < 0.1 United States and its territories Foreign - born population of the United States in 2016 and number of immigrants between 1986 and 2016 , by country of birth Country of birth Population ( 2016 ) Immigrants ( 1986 -- 2016 ) Total foreign - born 43,738,901 30,393,223 Mexico 11,573,680 6,154,006 India 2,434,524 1,598,201 China 2,122,951 1,703,930 Philippines 1,941,665 1,695,162 El Salvador 1,387,022 757,247 Vietnam 1,352,760 1,085,652 Cuba 1,271,618 866,495 Dominican Republic 1,085,321 1,102,386 South Korea 1,041,727 691,668 Guatemala 935,707 398,373 Canada 783,206 445,048 Jamaica 736,303 587,164 Colombia 704,587 573,798 United Kingdom 696,896 433,528 Haiti 668,223 612,838 Honduras 651,059 217,955 Germany 563,985 215,089 Ecuador 439,123 285,715 Peru 427,445 364,871 Poland 424,928 383,673 Brazil 409,595 260,974 Russia 397,236 322,431 Iran 386,073 409,476 Pakistan 382,852 416,473 Taiwan 373,943 289,966 Japan 355,156 194,969 Ukraine 347,759 340,566 Italy 335,763 83,002 Nigeria 306,874 280,089 Venezuela 290,224 181,329 Guyana 266,368 238,473 Thailand 253,585 202,494 Ethiopia 244,924 252,548 Nicaragua 243,024 204,447 Trinidad and Tobago 242,661 173,095 Bangladesh 234,640 274,201 Iraq 221,587 222,615 Hong Kong 212,253 165,776 Argentina 189,126 115,072 Laos 183,894 113,742 Egypt 181,677 199,656 Portugal 176,638 57,511 France 175,250 106,433 Ghana 171,428 161,061 Romania 161,629 154,838 Cambodia 152,415 116,386 Myanmar 142,494 144,374 Israel 142,078 122,477 Greece 135,484 42,677 Kenya 129,670 116,774 Nepal 129,450 110,021 Lebanon 128,608 125,541 Ireland 125,840 111,183 Turkey 120,745 102,063 Spain 105,975 53,558 South Africa 104,889 81,227 Bosnia and Herzegovina 101,638 132,705 Saudi Arabia 99,849 30,908 Syria 96,694 84,410 Panama 94,958 62,039 Afghanistan 94,726 93,044 Indonesia 94,453 70,577 Chile 93,647 61,184 Australia 93,179 68,125 Albania 93,033 101,471 Somalia 93,020 117,687 Armenia 90,946 74,341 Liberia 88,090 89,255 Costa Rica 85,133 55,983 Jordan 81,930 123,477 Morocco 80,384 91,860 Netherlands 79,902 40,082 Bolivia 79,461 59,188 Malaysia 78,459 57,959 Bulgaria 70,800 79,951 Slovakia N / A 14,298 Czech Republic N / A 7,484 Uzbekistan 62,713 86,567 Belarus 62,514 66,361 Hungary 62,296 35,556 Yemen 61,680 74,933 Sri Lanka 55,049 43,558 Barbados 54,374 27,005 Cameroon 49,430 55,688 Belize 48,918 34,196 Sweden 48,294 35,547 Austria 44,943 14,686 Cape Verde 44,519 37,720 Fiji 43,406 38,654 Eritrea 43,010 28,695 Moldova 42,403 49,455 Uruguay 42,181 28,410 Croatia 39,747 21,080 Sudan 39,346 62,949 Switzerland 38,144 25,587 Sierra Leone 38,101 48,036 Serbia 37,654 5,606 Kuwait 36,659 29,637 Grenada 36,056 23,574 Belgium 35,406 19,443 Denmark 33,715 17,467 Lithuania 33,640 30,205 Bahamas 33,163 22,447 Kazakhstan 32,017 33,662 Dominica 31,220 13,665 New Zealand 31,054 27,074 Bhutan N / A 54,123 Democratic Republic of the Congo N / A 36,535 Azerbaijan N / A 30,968 Jump up ^ Mainland China only . Jump up ^ Including North Korea . Jump up ^ Including North Korea before 2009 . Jump up ^ Including Crown dependencies . Jump up ^ Including 677 immigrants recorded separately as born in Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ Including 596 immigrants from East Germany . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 195,309 immigrants recorded as born in the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Including the Gaza Strip . Jump up ^ Metropolitan France only . Jump up ^ Excluding the Golan Heights and the Palestinian territories . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 86,683 immigrants recorded as born in Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Jump up ^ Including the Golan Heights . Jump up ^ Excluding Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands . Jump up ^ Including the West Bank . Jump up ^ Excluding Western Sahara . Jump up ^ European Netherlands only . ^ Jump up to : There were 65,982 people recorded as born in Czechoslovakia , the Czech Republic and Slovakia combined . ^ Jump up to : In addition , there were 22,708 immigrants recorded as born in Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ Including 822 immigrants from South Yemen . Jump up ^ Excluding Greenland . Jump up ^ Excluding the Cook Islands and Niue . Effects of immigration Demographics A U.S. naturalization ceremony at the Kennedy Space Center , 2010 . The Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 317 million in 2014 to 417 million in 2060 with immigration , when nearly 20 % will be foreign born . A 2015 report from the Pew Research Center projects that by 2065 , non-Hispanic whites will account for 46 % of the population , down from the 2005 figure of 67 % . Non-Hispanic whites made up 85 % of the population in 1960 . It also foresees the Hispanic population rising from 17 % in 2014 to 29 % by 2060 . The Asian population is expected to nearly double in 2060 . Overall , the Pew Report predicts the population of the United States will rise from 296 million in 2005 to 441 million in 2065 , but only to 338 million with no immigration . In 35 of the country 's 50 largest cities , non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the minority . In California , non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80 % of the state 's population in 1970 to 42 % in 2001 and 39 % in 2013 . Immigrant segregation declined in the first half of the 20th century , but has been rising over the past few decades . This has caused questioning of the correctness of describing the United States as a melting pot . One explanation is that groups with lower socioeconomic status concentrate in more densely populated area that have access to public transit while groups with higher socioeconomic status move to suburban areas . Another is that some recent immigrant groups are more culturally and linguistically different from earlier groups and prefer to live together due to factors such as communication costs . Another explanation for increased segregation is white flight . Place of birth for the foreign - born population in the United States Top ten countries 2015 2000 1990 Mexico 11,643,298 11,711,103 9,177,487 4,298,014 China 2,676,697 2,166,526 1,518,652 921,070 India 2,389,639 1,780,322 1,022,552 450,406 Philippines 1,982,369 1,777,588 1,369,070 912,674 El Salvador 1,352,357 1,214,049 817,336 465,433 Vietnam 1,300,515 1,240,542 988,174 543,262 Cuba 1,210,674 1,104,679 872,716 736,971 Dominican Republic 1,063,239 879,187 687,677 347,858 South Korea 1,060,019 1,100,422 864,125 568,397 Guatemala 927,593 830,824 480,665 225,739 All of Latin America 21,224,087 16,086,974 8,407,837 All Immigrants 43,289,646 39,955,854 31,107,889 19,767,316 Source : 1990 , 2000 and 2010 decennial Census and 2015 American Community Survey Economic Mexican immigrants march for more rights in Northern California 's largest city , San Jose ( 2006 ) . A survey of leading economists shows a consensus behind the view that high - skilled immigration makes the average American better off . A survey of the same economists also shows strong support behind the notion that low - skilled immigration makes the average American better off . According to David Card , Christian Dustmann , and Ian Preston , `` most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small , and on average benefit the native population '' . In a survey of the existing literature , Örn B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write , `` a comparison of the evidence from all the studies ... makes it clear that , with very few exceptions , there is no strong statistical support for the view held by many members of the public , namely that immigration has an adverse effect on native - born workers in the destination country . '' Overall Economic prosperity Whereas the impact on the average native tends to be small and positive , studies show more mixed results for low - skilled natives , but whether the effects are positive or negative , they tend to be small either way . Immigrants may often do types of work that natives are largely unwilling to do , contributing to greater economic prosperity for the economy as a whole : for instance , Mexican migrant workers taking up manual farm work in the United States has close to zero effect on native employment in that occupation , which means that the effect of Mexican workers on U.S. employment outside farm work was therefore most likely positive , since they raised overall economic productivity . Research indicates that immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S. - born workers , partly due to differences in average characteristics , such as immigrants ' lower English language ability and educational attainment . Further , some studies indicate that higher ethnic concentration in metropolitan areas is positively related to the probability of self - employment of immigrants . Research also suggests that diversity has a net positive effect on productivity and economic prosperity . A study by Nathan Nunn , Nancy Qian and Sandra Sequeira found that the Age of Mass Migration ( 1850 -- 1920 ) has had substantially beneficial long - term effects on U.S. economic prosperity : `` locations with more historical immigration today have higher incomes , less poverty , less unemployment , higher rates of urbanization , and greater educational attainment . The long - run effects appear to arise from the persistence of sizeable short - run benefits , including earlier and more intensive industrialization , increased agricultural productivity , and more innovation . '' The authors also find that the immigration had short - term benefits : `` that there is no evidence that these long - run benefits come at short - run costs . In fact , immigration immediately led to economic benefits that took the form of higher incomes , higher productivity , more innovation , and more industrialization . '' Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services . Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States , one study finds `` that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country , and increases by 31 % the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country . The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population , the geographic distance to the origin country , and the ethno - linguistic fractionalization of the origin country . '' Some research suggests that immigration can offset some of the adverse effects of automation on native labor outcomes in the United States . By increasing overall demand , immigrants could push natives out of low - skilled manual labor into better paying occupations . A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that the Bracero program ( which allowed almost half a million Mexican workers to do seasonal farm labor in the United States ) did not have any adverse impact on the labor market outcomes of American - born farm workers . Fiscal effects A 2011 literature review of the economic impacts of immigration found that the net fiscal impact of migrants varies across studies but that the most credible analyses typically find small and positive fiscal effects on average . According to the authors , `` the net social impact of an immigrant over his or her lifetime depends substantially and in predictable ways on the immigrant 's age at arrival , education , reason for migration , and similar '' . A 2016 report by the National Academies of Sciences , Engineering , and Medicine concluded that over a 75 - year time horizon , `` the fiscal impacts of immigrants are generally positive at the federal level and generally negative at the state and local level . '' The reason for the costs to state and local governments is that the cost of educating the immigrants ' children falls on state and local governments . According to a 2007 literature review by the Congressional Budget Office , `` Over the past two decades , most efforts to estimate the fiscal impact of immigration in the United States have concluded that , in aggregate and over the long term , tax revenues of all types generated by immigrants -- both legal and unauthorized -- exceed the cost of the services they use . '' According to James Smith , a senior economist at Santa Monica - based RAND Corporation and lead author of the United States National Research Council 's study `` The New Americans : Economic , Demographic , and Fiscal Effects of Immigration '' , immigrants contribute as much as $10 billion to the U.S. economy each year . The NRC report found that although immigrants , especially those from Latin America , caused a net loss in terms of taxes paid versus social services received , immigration can provide an overall gain to the domestic economy due to an increase in pay for higher - skilled workers , lower prices for goods and services produced by immigrant labor , and more efficiency and lower wages for some owners of capital . The report also notes that although immigrant workers compete with domestic workers for low - skilled jobs , some immigrants specialize in activities that otherwise would not exist in an area , and thus can be beneficial for all domestic residents . Immigration and foreign labor documentation fees increased over 80 % in 2007 , with over 90 % of funding for USCIS derived from immigration application fees , creating many USCIS jobs involving immigration to US , such as immigration interview officials , finger print processor , Department of Homeland Security , etc . Inequality Overall immigration has not had much effect on native wage inequality but low - skill immigration has been linked to greater income inequality in the native population . Impact of undocumented immigrants Main article : Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States Research on the economic effects of undocumented immigrants is scant but existing peer - reviewed studies suggest that the effects are positive for the native population and public coffers . A 2015 study shows that `` increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low - skilled labor markets , increasing unemployment of native low - skilled workers . Legalization , instead , decreases the unemployment rate of low - skilled natives and increases income per native . '' Studies show that legalization of undocumented immigrants would boost the U.S. economy ; a 2013 study found that granting legal status to undocumented immigrants would raise their incomes by a quarter ( increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $1.4 trillion over a ten - year period ) , and 2016 study found that `` legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20 % , to 3.6 % of private - sector GDP . '' A 2007 literature by the Congressional Budget Office found that estimating the fiscal effects of undocumented immigrants has proven difficult : `` currently available estimates have significant limitations ; therefore , using them to determine an aggregate effect across all states would be difficult and prone to considerable error '' . The impact of undocumented immigrants differs on federal levels than state and local levels , with research suggesting modest fiscal costs at the state and local levels but with substantial fiscal gains at the federal level . In 2009 , a study by the Cato Institute , a free market think tank , found that legalization of low - skilled illegal resident workers in the US would result in a net increase in US GDP of $180 billion over ten years . The Cato Institute study did not examine the impact on per capita income for most Americans . Jason Riley notes that because of progressive income taxation , in which the top 1 % of earners pay 37 % of federal income taxes ( even though they actually pay a lower tax percentage based on their income ) , 60 % of Americans collect more in government services than they pay in , which also reflects on immigrants . In any event , the typical immigrant and his children will pay a net $80,000 more in their lifetime than they collect in government services according to the NAS . Legal immigration policy is set to maximize net taxation . Illegal immigrants even after an amnesty tend to be recipients of more services than they pay in taxes . In 2010 , an econometrics study by a Rutgers economist found that immigration helped increase bilateral trade when the incoming people were connected via networks to their country of origin , particularly boosting trade of final goods as opposed to intermediate goods , but that the trade benefit weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into American culture . According to NPR in 2005 , about 3 % of illegal immigrants were working in agriculture . The H - 2A visa allows U.S. employers to bring foreign nationals to the United States to fill temporary agricultural jobs . The passing of tough immigration laws in several states from around 2009 provides a number of practical case studies . The state of Georgia passed immigration law HB 87 in 2011 ; this led , according to the coalition of top Kansas businesses , to 50 % of its agricultural produce being left to rot in the fields , at a cost to the state of more than $400 million . Overall losses caused by the act were $1 billion ; it was estimated that the figure would become over $20 billion if all the estimated 325,000 unauthorized workers left Georgia . The cost to Alabama of its crackdown in June 2011 has been estimated at almost $11 billion , with up to 80,000 unauthorized immigrant workers leaving the state . Impact of refugees Studies of refugees ' impact on native welfare are scant but the existing literature shows a positive fiscal impact and mixed results ( negative , positive and no significant effects ) on native welfare . A 2017 paper by Evans and Fitzgerald found that refugees to the United States pay `` $21,000 more in taxes than they receive in benefits over their first 20 years in the U.S. '' An internal study by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Trump administration , which was suppressed and not shown to the public , found that refugees to the United States brought in $63 billion more in government revenues than they cost the government . According to labor economist Giovanni Peri , the existing literature suggests that there are no economic reasons why the American labor market could not easily absorb 100,000 Syrian refugees in a year . Refugees integrate more slowly into host countries ' labor markets than labor migrants , in part due to the loss and depreciation of human capital and credentials during the asylum procedure . Garment factories in Manhattan 's Chinatown Innovation and Entrepreneurship According to one survey of the existing economic literature , `` much of the existing research points towards positive net contributions by immigrant entrepreneurs . '' Areas where immigrant are more prevalent in the United States have substantially more innovation ( as measured by patenting and citations ) . Immigrants to the United States create businesses at higher rates than natives . According to a 2018 paper , `` first - generation immigrants create about 25 % of new firms in the United States , but this share exceeds 40 % in some states . '' Another 2018 paper links H - 1B visa holders to innovation . Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation in the US . According to one report , `` immigrants have started more than half ( 44 of 87 ) of America 's startup companies valued at $1 billion or more and are key members of management or product development teams in over 70 percent ( 62 of 87 ) of these companies . '' Foreign doctoral students are a major source of innovation in the American economy . In the United States , immigrant workers hold a disproportionate share of jobs in science , technology , engineering , and math ( STEM ) : `` In 2013 , foreign - born workers accounted for 19.2 percent of STEM workers with a bachelor 's degree , 40.7 percent of those with a master 's degree , and more than half -- 54.5 percent -- of those with a Ph. D . '' The Kauffman Foundation 's index of entrepreneurial activity is nearly 40 % higher for immigrants than for natives . Immigrants were involved in the founding of many prominent American high - tech companies , such as Google , Yahoo , YouTube , Sun Microsystems , and eBay . Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century . Bangladeshi immigrant Fazlur Rahman Khan was responsible for the engineering design of Sears Tower ( now Willis Tower ) , the tallest building in the world until 1998 . Social Discrimination Irish immigration was opposed in the 1850s by the nativist Know Nothing movement , originating in New York in 1843 . It was engendered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants . On March 14 , 1891 , a lynch mob stormed a local jail and lynched several Italians following the acquittal of several Sicilian immigrants alleged to be involved in the murder of New Orleans police chief David Hennessy . The Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at limiting immigration overall , and making sure that the nationalities of new arrivals matched the overall national profile . Business A 2014 meta - analysis of racial discrimination in product markets found extensive evidence of minority applicants being quoted higher prices for products . A 1995 study found that car dealers `` quoted significantly lower prices to white males than to black or female test buyers using identical , scripted bargaining strategies . '' A 2013 study found that eBay sellers of iPods received 21 percent more offers if a white hand held the iPod in the photo than a black hand . Criminal Justice system Research suggests that police practices , such as racial profiling , over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in - group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects . Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system , which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities . A 2012 study found that `` ( i ) juries formed from all - white jury pools convict black defendants significantly ( 16 percentage points ) more often than white defendants , and ( ii ) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member . '' Research has found evidence of in - group bias , where `` black ( white ) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black ( white ) judges are more likely to get incarcerated ( as opposed to being placed on probation ) , and they receive longer sentences . '' In - group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations , as black and white cops are more likely to cite out - groups . Education A 2015 study using correspondence tests `` found that when considering requests from prospective students seeking mentoring in the future , faculty were significantly more responsive to White males than to all other categories of students , collectively , particularly in higher - paying disciplines and private institutions . '' Through affirmative action , there is reason to believe that elite colleges favor minority applicants . Housing A 2014 meta - analysis found extensive evidence of racial discrimination in the American housing market . Minority applicants for housing needed to make many more enquiries to view properties . Geographical steering of African - Americans in US housing remained significant . A 2003 study finds `` evidence that agents interpret an initial housing request as an indication of a customer 's preferences , but also are more likely to withhold a house from all customers when it is in an integrated suburban neighborhood ( redlining ) . Moreover , agents ' marketing efforts increase with asking price for white , but not for black , customers ; blacks are more likely than whites to see houses in suburban , integrated areas ( steering ) ; and the houses agents show are more likely to deviate from the initial request when the customer is black than when the customer is white . These three findings are consistent with the possibility that agents act upon the belief that some types of transactions are relatively unlikely for black customers ( statistical discrimination ) . '' A report by the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development where the department sent African - Americans and whites to look at apartments found that African - Americans were shown fewer apartments to rent and houses for sale . Labor market Several meta - analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the American labor market . A 2016 meta - analysis of 738 correspondence tests -- tests where identical CVs for stereotypically black and white names were sent to employers -- in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North - America . These correspondence tests showed that equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50 % more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates . A study that examine the job applications of actual people provided with identical résumés and similar interview training showed that African - American applicants with no criminal record were offered jobs at a rate as low as white applicants who had criminal records . Discrimination between minority groups Racist thinking among and between minority groups does occur ; examples of this are conflicts between blacks and Korean immigrants , notably in the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , and between African Americans and non-white Latino immigrants . There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexican prison gangs , as well as significant riots in California prisons where they have targeted each other , for ethnic reasons . There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin , and vice versa . There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic Anglo Americans and Latino immigrants , and between African immigrants and African Americans . Assimilation A 2018 study in the American Sociological Review found that within racial groups , most immigrants to the United States had fully assimilated within a span of 20 years . Immigrants arriving in the United States after 1994 assimilate more rapidly than immigrants who arrived in previous periods . Measuring assimilation can be difficult due to `` ethnic attrition '' , which refers to when ancestors of migrants cease to self - identify with the nationality or ethnicity of their ancestors . This means that successful cases of assimilation will be underestimated . Research shows that ethnic attrition is sizable in Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups in the United States . By taking account of ethnic attrition , the assimilation rate of Hispanics in the United States improves significantly . A 2016 paper challenges the view that cultural differences are necessarily an obstacle to long - run economic performance of migrants . It finds that `` first generation migrants seem to be less likely to success the more culturally distant they are , but this effect vanishes as time spent in the USA increases . '' Religious diversity Immigration from South Asia and elsewhere has contributed to enlarging the religious composition of the United States . Islam in the United States is growing mainly due to immigration . Hinduism in the United States , Buddhism in the United States , and Sikhism in the United States are other examples . Whereas non-Christians together constitute only 4 % of the U.S. population , they made up 20 % of the 2003 cohort of new immigrants . Since 1992 , an estimated 1.7 million Muslims , approximately 1 million Hindus , and approximately 1 million Buddhists have immigrated legally to the United States . Conversely , non-religious are underrepresented in the immigrant populations . Although `` other '' non-Christian religions are also slightly more common among immigrants than among U.S. adults -- 1.9 % compared with 1.0 % -- those professing no religion are slightly under - represented among new immigrants . Whereas 12 % of immigrants said they had no religion , the figure was 15 % for adult Americans . This lack of representation for non-religious could be related to stigmas around atheists and agnostics or could relate to the need for identity when entering a new country . Labor unions Main article : Immigration policies of American labor unions The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) , a coalition of labor unions formed in the 1880s , vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral , cultural , and racial reasons . The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages . Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland , Germany and Britain . However , nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented ( to its Euro - American members ) an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society . The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s , such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924 , and seeing that they were strictly enforced . Mink ( 1986 ) concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues , noting the large corporations , which supported the Republicans , wanted more immigration to augment their labor force . United Farm Workers during Cesar Chavez tenure was committed to restricting immigration . Chavez and Dolores Huerta , cofounder and president of the UFW , fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964 . Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers and exploited the migrant workers . Since the Bracero Program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers , immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights , lest they be fired and replaced . Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964 . In 1973 , the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring illegal immigrants . On a few occasions , concerns that illegal immigrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events , which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events , but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant . In 1973 , Chavez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers ' use of illegal immigrants as strikebreakers . Joining him on the march were Reverend Ralph Abernathy and U.S. Senator Walter Mondale . In its early years , the UFW and Chavez went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers ( as well as those who refused to unionize ) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service . In 1973 , the United Farm Workers set up a `` wet line '' along the United States - Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW 's unionization efforts . During one such event , in which Chavez was not involved , some UFW members , under the guidance of Chavez 's cousin Manuel , physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed . Political See also : Immigration reform and Nativism ( politics ) Immigrant rights march in downtown Los Angeles , California on May Day , 2006 . A Boston Globe article attributed Barack Obama 's win in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election to a marked reduction over the preceding decades in the percentage of whites in the American electorate , attributing this demographic change to the Immigration Act of 1965 . The article quoted Simon Rosenberg , president and founder of the New Democrat Network , as having said that the Act is `` the most important piece of legislation that no one 's ever heard of , '' and that it `` set America on a very different demographic course than the previous 300 years . '' Immigrants differ on their political views ; however , the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among immigrants overall . Research shows that religious affiliation can also significantly impact both their social values and voting patterns of immigrants , as well as the broader American population . Hispanic evangelicals , for example , are more strongly conservative than non-Hispanic evangelicals . This trend is often similar for Hispanics or others strongly identifying with the Catholic Church , a religion that strongly opposes abortion and gay marriage . A rally in Chicago , part of the Great American Boycott and 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests , on May 1 , 2006 . The key interests groups that lobby on immigration are religious , ethnic and business groups , together with some liberals and some conservative public policy organizations . Both the pro - and anti - groups affect policy . Studies have suggested that some special interest group lobby for less immigration for their own group and more immigration for other groups since they see effects of immigration , such as increased labor competition , as detrimental when affecting their own group but beneficial when affecting other groups . A 2011 paper found that both pro - and anti-immigration special interest groups play a role in migration policy . `` Barriers to migration are lower in sectors in which business lobbies incur larger lobbying expenditures and higher in sectors where labor unions are more important . '' A 2011 study examining the voting of US representatives on migration policy suggests that `` representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled , whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts . '' After the 2010 election , Gary Segura of Latino Decisions stated that Hispanic voters influenced the outcome and `` may have saved the Senate for Democrats '' . Several ethnic lobbies support immigration reforms that would allow illegal immigrants that have succeeded in entering to gain citizenship . They may also lobby for special arrangements for their own group . The Chairman for the Irish Lobby for Immigration Reform has stated that `` the Irish Lobby will push for any special arrangement it can get -- ' as will every other ethnic group in the country . ' '' The irredentist and ethnic separatist movements for Reconquista and Aztlán see immigration from Mexico as strengthening their cause . The book Ethnic Lobbies and US Foreign Policy ( 2009 ) states that several ethnic special interest groups are involved in pro-immigration lobbying . Ethnic lobbies also influence foreign policy . The authors write that `` Increasingly , ethnic tensions surface in electoral races , with House , Senate , and gubernatorial contests serving as proxy battlegrounds for antagonistic ethnoracial groups and communities . In addition , ethnic politics affect party politics as well , as groups compete for relative political power within a party '' . However , the authors argue that currently ethnic interest groups , in general , do not have too much power in foreign policy and can balance other special interest groups . In a 2012 news story , Reuters reported , `` Strong support from Hispanics , the fastest - growing demographic in the United States , helped tip President Barack Obama 's fortunes as he secured a second term in the White House , according to Election Day polling . '' Lately , there is talk among several Republican leaders , such as governors Bobby Jindal and Susana Martinez , of taking a new , friendlier approach to immigration . Former US Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez is promoting the creation of Republicans for Immigration Reform . Bernie Sanders opposes guest worker programs and is also skeptical about skilled immigrant ( H - 1B ) visas , saying , `` Last year , the top 10 employers of H - 1B guest workers were all offshore outsourcing companies . These firms are responsible for shipping large numbers of American information technology jobs to India and other countries . '' In an interview with Vox he stated his opposition to an open borders immigration policy , describing it as : ... a right - wing proposal , which says essentially there is no United States ... you 're doing away with the concept of a nation - state . What right - wing people in this country would love is an open - border policy . Bring in all kinds of people , work for $2 or $3 an hour , that would be great for them . I do n't believe in that . I think we have to raise wages in this country , I think we have to do everything we can to create millions of jobs . April 2018 , Trump calls for National Guard at the border to secure the ongoing attempts at a border wall along the United States - Mexico border . According to the LAtimes , `` Defense Secretary James N. Mattis has signed an order to send up to 4,000 National Guard troops to the U.S. - Mexico border but barred them from interacting with migrants detained by the Border Patrol in most circumstances '' . The caravan of migrants from Central America have reached the United States to seek asylum . The last of the caravan have arrived and are processing as of May 4 , 2018 . Remarks by Attorney General Sessions have expressed hesitation with asylum seekers . Sessions has stated , `` The system is being gamed , there 's no doubt about it '' . This statement implied asylum seekers were attempting to immigrate to the United States for work or various other reasons rather than seeking refuge . Health The issue of the health of immigrants and the associated cost to the public has been largely discussed . On average , per capita health care spending is lower for immigrants than it is for native - born Americans . The non-emergency use of emergency rooms ostensibly indicates an incapacity to pay , yet some studies allege disproportionately lower access to unpaid health care by immigrants . For this and other reasons , there have been various disputes about how much immigration is costing the United States public health system . University of Maryland economist and Cato Institute scholar Julian Lincoln Simon concluded in 1995 that while immigrants probably pay more into the health system than they take out , this is not the case for elderly immigrants and refugees , who are more dependent on public services for survival . Immigration itself may impact women 's health . A 2017 study found that Latino women suffer higher rates of intimate partner violence ( IPV ) than native US women . Migration may worsen IPV rates and outcomes . Migration itself may not cause IPV , but it may make it more difficult for women to get help . According to Kim et al. , the IPV is usually the result of unequal family structures rather than the process of migration . Immigration from areas of high incidences of disease is thought to have fueled the resurgence of tuberculosis ( TB ) , chagas , and hepatitis in areas of low incidence . According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , TB cases among foreign - born individuals remain disproportionately high , at nearly nine times the rate of U.S. - born persons . To reduce the risk of diseases in low - incidence areas , the main countermeasure has been the screening of immigrants on arrival . HIV / AIDS entered the United States in around 1969 , likely through a single infected immigrant from Haiti . Conversely , many new HIV infections in Mexico can be traced back to the United States . People infected with HIV were banned from entering the United States in 1987 by executive order , but the 1993 statute supporting the ban was lifted in 2009 . The executive branch is expected to administratively remove HIV from the list of infectious diseases barring immigration , but immigrants generally would need to show that they would not be a burden on public welfare . Researchers have also found what is known as the `` healthy immigrant effect '' , in which immigrants in general tend to be healthier than individuals born in the U.S. Immigrants are more likely than native - born Americans to have a medical visit labeled uncompensated care . Crime There is no empirical evidence that either legal or illegal immigration increases crime in the United States . In fact , a majority of studies in the U.S. have found lower crime rates among immigrants than among non-immigrants , and that higher concentrations of immigrants are associated with lower crime rates . Explanations proposed to account for this relationship have included ethnic enclaves , self - selection , and the hypothesis that immigrants revitalize communities to which they emigrate . Some research even suggests that increases in immigration may partly explain the reduction in the U.S. crime rate . A 2005 study showed that immigration to large U.S. metropolitan areas does not increase , and in some cases decreases , crime rates there . A 2009 study found that recent immigration was not associated with homicide in Austin , Texas . The low crime rates of immigrants to the United States despite having lower levels of education , lower levels of income and residing in urban areas ( factors that should lead to higher crime rates ) may be due to lower rates of antisocial behavior among immigrants . A 2015 study found that Mexican immigration to the United States was associated with an increase in aggravated assaults and a decrease in property crimes . A 2016 study finds no link between immigrant populations and violent crime , although there is a small but significant association between undocumented immigrants and drug - related crime . A 2018 study found that undocumented immigration to the United States did not increase violent crime . Research finds that Secure Communities , an immigration enforcement program which led to a quarter of a million of detentions ( when the study was published ; November 2014 ) , had no observable impact on the crime rate . A 2015 study found that the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act , which legalized almost 3 million immigrants , led to `` decreases in crime of 3 -- 5 percent , primarily due to decline in property crimes , equivalent to 120,000 - 180,000 fewer violent and property crimes committed each year due to legalization '' . According to one study , sanctuary cities -- which adopt policies designed to not prosecute people solely for being an illegal immigrant -- have no statistically meaningful effect on crime . One of the first political analyses in the U.S. of the relationship between immigration and crime was performed in the beginning of the 20th century by the Dillingham Commission , which found a relationship especially for immigrants from non-Northern European countries , resulting in the sweeping 1920s immigration reduction acts , including the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 , which favored immigration from northern and western Europe . Recent research is skeptical of the conclusion drawn by the Dillingham Commission . One study finds that `` major government commissions on immigration and crime in the early twentieth century relied on evidence that suffered from aggregation bias and the absence of accurate population data , which led them to present partial and sometimes misleading views of the immigrant - native criminality comparison . With improved data and methods , we find that in 1904 , prison commitment rates for more serious crimes were quite similar by nativity for all ages except ages 18 and 19 , for which the commitment rate for immigrants was higher than for the native - born . By 1930 , immigrants were less likely than natives to be committed to prisons at all ages 20 and older , but this advantage disappears when one looks at commitments for violent offenses . '' For the early twentieth century , one study found that immigrants had `` quite similar '' imprisonment rates for major crimes as natives in 1904 but lower for major crimes ( except violent offenses ; the rate was similar ) in 1930 . Contemporary commissions used dubious data and interpreted it in questionable ways . Research suggests that police practices , such as racial profiling , over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in - group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of immigrants among crime suspects . Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system , which contributes to a higher number of convictions for immigrants . Crimmigration Crimmigration has emerged as a field in which critical immigration scholars conceptualize the current immigration law enforcement system . Crimmigration is broadly defined as the convergence of the criminal justice system and immigration enforcement , where immigration law enforcement has adopted the `` criminal '' law enforcement approach . This frames undocumented immigrants as `` criminal '' deviants and security risks . Crime and migration control have become completely intertwined , so much so that both undocumented and documented individuals suspected of being a noncitizen may be targeted . Using a `` crimmigration '' point of thought , César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández explains the criminalization of undocumented immigrants began in the aftermath of the civil rights movement . Michelle Alexander explores how the U.S. criminal justice system is made of `` colorblind '' policies and law enforcement practices that have shaped the mass incarceration of people of color into an era of `` The New Jim Crow '' As Alexander and García Hernández state , overt racism and racist laws became culturally scorned , and covert racism became the norm . This new form of racism focuses on penalizing criminal activity and promoting `` neutral '' rhetoric . `` Crimmigration '' recognizes how laws and policies throughout different states contribute to the convergence of criminal law enforcement and immigration law . For example , states are implementing a variety of immigration related criminal offenses that are punishable by imprisonment . California , Oregon , and Wyoming criminalize the use of fraudulent immigration or citizenship documents . Arizona allows judges to confine witnesses in certain `` criminal '' cases if they are suspected of being in the U.S. without documentation . The most common violations of immigration law on the federal level are unauthorized entry ( a federal misdemeanor ) and unauthorized reentry ( a federal felony ) . These `` offenses '' deemed as `` crimes '' under immigration law set the tone of `` crimmigration '' and for what García Hernández refers to as the `` removal pipeline '' of immigrants . Some scholars focus on the organization of `` crimmigration '' as it relates to the mass removal of certain immigrants . Jennifer Chacón finds that immigration law enforcement is being decentralized . Customs and Border Patrol ( CBP ) , Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , and the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) are the central law enforcement agencies in control of enforcing immigration law . However , other federal , state and local law enforcement agencies , such as sheriff 's offices , municipal police departments , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and the Drug and Enforcement Agency ( DEA ) , aid in immigrant removal . In 1996 , Congress expanded power to state and local law enforcement agencies to enforce federal immigration law . These agencies keep people locked up in jails or prison when they receive an `` immigration detainer '' from ICE , and therefore aid in interior enforcement . In addition , some agencies participate in the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program ( `` SCAAP '' ) , which gives these agencies financial incentives to cooperate with ICE in identifying immigrants in their custody . These are direct example of how `` crimmigration '' works within the U.S. immigration system . With immigration enforcement reaching all levels of enforcement agencies , the Immigration Industrial Complex ( which is similar to the Prison Industrial Complex ) and concept of `` crimmigration '' thrives . Education Scientific laboratories and startup internet opportunities have been a powerful American magnet . By 2000 , 23 % of scientists with a PhD in the U.S. were immigrants , including 40 % of those in engineering and computers . Roughly a third of the United State 's college and universities graduate students in STEM fields are foreign nationals -- in some states it is well over half of their graduate students . On Ash Wednesday , March 5 , 2014 , the presidents of 28 Catholic and Jesuit colleges and universities , joined the `` Fast for Families '' movement . The `` Fast for Families '' movement reignited the immigration debate in the fall of 2013 when the movement 's leaders , supported by many members of Congress and the President , fasted for twenty - two days on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. A study on public schools in California found that white enrollment declined in response to increases in the number of Spanish - speaking Limited English Proficient and Hispanic students . This white flight was greater for schools with relatively larger proportions of Spanish - speaking Limited English Proficient . A North Carolina study found that the presence of Latin American children in schools had no significant negative effects on peers , but that students with limited English skills had slight negative effects on peers . Science and engineering Immigrant Fazlur Khan is known for making some very important advancements in skyscraper engineering . Sculpture honoring Khan at the Willis Tower . In the United States of America , a significant proportion of scientists and engineers are foreign - born , as well as students in science and engineering programs . However , this is not unique to the US since foreigners make up significant amounts of scientists and engineers in other countries . As of 2011 , 28 % of graduate students in science , engineering , and health are foreign . The number of science and engineering ( S&E ) bachelor 's degrees has risen steadily over the past 15 years , reaching a new peak of about half a million in 2009 . Since 2000 , foreign born students in the United States have consistently earned a small share ( 3 % - 4 % ) of S&E degrees at the bachelor 's level . Foreign students make up a much higher proportion of S&E master 's degree recipients than of bachelor 's or associate degree recipients . In 2009 , foreign students earned 27 % of S&E master 's degrees and 33 % in doctorate degrees . Significant numbers of foreign born students in science and engineering are not unique to America since foreign students now account for nearly 60 % of graduate students in mathematics , computer sciences , and engineering globally . In Switzerland and the United Kingdom , more than 40 % of doctoral students are foreign . A number of other countries , including New Zealand , Austria , Australia , Belgium , Canada , and the United States , have relatively high percentages ( more than 20 % ) of doctoral students who are foreign . Foreign student enrollment in the United Kingdom has been increasing . In 2008 , foreign students made up 47 % of all graduate students studying S&E in the United Kingdom ( an increase from 32 % in 1998 ) . Top destinations for international students include the United Kingdom ( 12 % ) , Germany ( 9 % ) , and France ( 9 % ) . Together with the U.S. , these countries receive more than half of all internationally mobile students worldwide . Although the United States continues to attract the largest number and fraction of foreign students worldwide , its share of foreign students has decreased in recent years . 55 % of Ph. D. students in engineering in the United States are foreign born ( 2004 ) . Between 1980 and 2000 , the percentage of Ph. D. scientists and engineers employed in the United States who were born abroad has increased from 24 % to 37 % . 45 % of Ph. D. physicists working in the United States are foreign born in 2004 . 80 % of total post-doctoral chemical and materials engineering in the United States are foreign - born ( 1988 ) . At the undergraduate level , US - born engineering students constitute upwards of 90 - 95 % of the student population ( most foreign born candidates for engineering graduate schools are trained in their home countries ) . However , the pool of BS engineering graduates with US citizenship is much larger than the number who apply to engineering graduate schools . The proportion of foreign - born engineers among assistant professors younger than 35 years has increased from 10 % in 1972 to 50 % - 55 % in 1983 - 1985 , illustrating a dramatic increase on US dependence on foreign - born students in the US college system . The increase in non-citizen assistant professors of engineering is the result of the fact that , in recent years , foreign - born engineers received close to 50 percent of newly awarded engineering doctorates ( naturalized citizens accounted for about 4 percent ) and , furthermore , they entered academe in disproportionately large numbers . 33 % of all U.S. Ph. D.s in science and engineering are now awarded to foreign born graduate students as of 2004 . In 1982 , foreign - born engineers constituted about 3.6 % of all engineers employed in the United States , 13.9 % of which were naturalized ; and foreign - born Phds in Engineering constituted 15 % and 20 % were naturalized . In 1985 , foreign - born Phds represented almost 33 % of the engineering post-doctorate researchers in US universities . Foreign - born Phd engineers often accept postdoctoral position because other employment is unavailable until green card is obtained . A system that further incentivising replacement of US - citizens in the upper echelons of academic and private sector engineering firms due to higher educational attainment relative to native - born engineer who for the most part do train beyond undergraduate level . In recent years , The number of applicants for faculty openings at research universities have increased dramatically . Numbers of 50 to 200 applications for a single faculty opening have become typical , yet even with such high numbers of applicants have yielded a foreign - born component in excess of 50 % . 60 % of the top science students and 65 percent of the top math students in the United States are the children of immigrants . In addition , foreign - born high school students make up 50 percent of the 2004 U.S. Math Olympiad 's top scorers , 38 percent of the U.S. Physics Team , and 25 percent of the Intel Science Talent Search finalists -- the United States ' most prestigious awards for young scientists and mathematicians . Among 1985 foreign - born engineering doctorate holders , about 40 % expected to work in the United States after graduating . An additional 17 percent planned to stay on as post-doctorates , and most of these are likely to remain permanently in the United States . Those , almost 60 % of foreign - born engineering doctorate holders are likely to become part of the US engineering labor force within a few years after graduating . The other approximately 40 % of foreign born engineering Phds mostly likely find employment working for Multinational corporations outside of the US . In the 2004 Intel Science Talent Search , more children ( 18 ) have parents who entered the country on H - 1B ( professional ) visas than parents born in the United States ( 16 ) . To place this finding in perspective , note that new H - 1B visa holders each year represent less than 0.04 percent of the U.S. population . Foreign born faculty now accounts for over 50 % of faculty in engineering ( 1994 ) . 27 out the 87 ( more than 30 % ) American Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology between 1901 and 2005 were born outside the US 1993 Median Salaries of U.S. Recipients of Ph. D.s in Science and Engineering : Foreign - Born vs. Native - Born : Years Since Earning Degree Foreign - Born Native - Born 1 -- 5 years $44,400 $40,000 6 -- 10 years $55,400 $49,200 11 -- 15 years $64,000 $56,000 16 -- 20 years $64,000 $56,000 21 years $70,200 $68,000 Lobbying Major American corporations spent $345 million lobbying for just three pro-immigration bills between 2006 and 2008 . There are Two Lobbying groups against immigration . they are NumbersUSA and Federation for American Immigration Reform . Public opinion The ambivalent feeling of Americans toward immigrants is shown by a positive attitude toward groups that have been visible for a century or more , and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals . For example , a 1982 national poll by the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut showed respondents a card listing a number of groups and asked , `` Thinking both of what they have contributed to this country and have gotten from this country , for each one tell me whether you think , on balance , they 've been a good or a bad thing for this country , '' which produced the results shown in the table . `` By high margins , Americans are telling pollsters it was a very good thing that Poles , Italians , and Jews immigrated to America . Once again , it 's the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion . This time , it 's the Mexicans , the Filipinos , and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous . '' In a 2002 study , which took place soon after the September 11 attacks , 55 % of Americans favored decreasing legal immigration , 27 % favored keeping it at the same level , and 15 % favored increasing it . In 2006 , the immigration - reduction advocacy think tank the Center for Immigration Studies released a poll that found that 68 % of Americans think U.S. immigration levels are too high , and just 2 % said they are too low . They also found that 70 % said they are less likely to vote for candidates that favor increasing legal immigration . In 2004 , 55 % of Americans believed legal immigration should remain at the current level or increased and 41 % said it should be decreased . The less contact a native - born American has with immigrants , the more likely one would have a negative view of immigrants . One of the most important factors regarding public opinion about immigration is the level of unemployment ; anti-immigrant sentiment is where unemployment is highest , and vice versa . Surveys indicate that the U.S. public consistently makes a sharp distinction between legal and illegal immigrants , and generally views those perceived as `` playing by the rules '' with more sympathy than immigrants that have entered the country illegally . According to a Gallup poll in July 2015 , immigration is the fourth most important problem facing the United States and seven percent of Americans said it was the most important problem facing America today . In March 2015 , another Gallup poll provided insight into American public opinion on immigration ; the poll revealed that 39 % of people worried about immigration `` a great deal . '' A January poll showed that only 33 % of Americans were satisfied with the current state of immigration in America . As an issue that is very important to Americans , polling reveals change in sentiment over time and diverse opinions regarding how to handle immigration . Before 2012 , majority of Americans supported securing United States borders compared to dealing with illegal immigrants in the United States . In 2013 , that trend has reversed and 55 % of people polled by Gallup revealed that they would choose `` developing a plan to deal with immigrants who are currently in the U.S. illegally . '' Changes regarding border control are consistent across party lines , with Republicans saying that `` securing U.S. borders to halt flow of illegal immigrants '' is extremely important decreasing from 68 % in 2011 to 56 % in 2014 . Meanwhile , Democrats who chose extremely important shifted from 42 % in 2011 to 31 % in 2014 . In July 2013 , 87 % of Americans said they would vote in support of a law that would `` allow immigrants already in the country to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain requirements including paying taxes , having a criminal background check and learning English . '' However , in the same survey , 83 % also said they would support the tightening of U.S. border security . Donald Trump 's campaign for Presidency focused on a rhetoric of reducing illegal immigration and toughening border security . In July 2015 , 48 % of Americans thought that Donald Trump would do a poor job of handling immigration problems . In November 2016 , 55 % of Trump 's voters thought that he would do the right thing in regards to illegal immigration . In general , Trump supporters are not united upon how to handle immigration . In December 2016 , Trump voters were polled and 60 % said that `` undocumented immigrants in the U.S. who meet certain requirements should be allowed to stay legally . '' American opinion regarding how immigrants affect the country and how the government should respond to illegal immigration have changed over time . In 2006 , out of all U.S. adults surveyed , 28 % declared that they believed the growing number of immigrants helped American workers and 55 % believed that it hurt American workers . In 2016 , those views had changed , with 42 % believing that they helped and 45 % believing that they hurt . The PRRI 2015 American Values Atlas showed that between 46 % and 53 % of Americans believed that `` the growing number of newcomers from other countries ... strengthens American society . '' In the same year , 57 % and 66 % of Americans chose that the U.S. should `` allow ( immigrants living in the U.S. illegally ) a way to become citizens provided they meet certain requirements . '' In February 2017 , the American Enterprise Institute released a report on recent surveys about immigration issues . In July 2016 , 63 % of Americans favored the temporary bans of immigrants from areas with high levels of terrorism and 53 % said the U.S. should allow fewer refugees to enter the country . In November 2016 , 55 % of Americans were opposed to building a border wall with Mexico . Since 1994 , Pew Research center has tracked a change from 63 % of Americans saying that immigrants are a burden on the country to 27 % . Religious responses Religious figures in the United States have put forth their views on the topic of immigration as informed by their religious traditions . Catholicism -- In 2018 , Catholic leaders stated that asylum - limiting laws proposed by the Trump administration were immoral . Some bishops considered imposing sanctions ( known as `` canonical penalties '' ) on church members who have participated in enforcing such policies . Judaism -- American Jewish rabbis from various denominations have stated that their understanding of Judaism is that immigrants and refugees should be welcomed , and even assisted . The exception would be if there is significant economic hardship or security issues faced by the host country or community , in which case immigration may be limited , discouraged or even prohibited altogether . Some liberal denominations place greater emphasis on the welcoming of immigrants while Conservative , Orthodox and Independent rabbis also weigh economic and security concerns . Some provide moral arguments for both the right of country to enforce immigration standards as well as for providing some sort of amnesty for illegal migrants . Legal issues Laws concerning immigration and naturalization A U.S. green card , a document confirming permanent resident status for eligible immigrants , including refugees , political asylum seekers , family - sponsored migrants , employment - based workers and diversity immigrants ( DV ) . See also : Illegal immigration to the United States and Guest Worker Program Laws concerning immigration and naturalization include : the Immigration Act of 1990 ( IMMACT ) , which limits the annual number of immigrants to 700,000 . It emphasizes that family reunification is the main immigration criterion , in addition to employment - related immigration . the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ( AEDPA ) the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) AEDPA and IIRARA exemplify many categories of criminal activity for which immigrants , including green card holders , can be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases . Asylum for refugees Main article : Asylum in the United States The U.S. offered to resettle 60,000 Bhutanese refugees of ethnic Nepalese descent . In contrast to economic migrants , who generally do not gain legal admission , refugees , as defined by international law , can gain legal status through a process of seeking and receiving asylum , either by being designated a refugee while abroad , or by physically entering the United States and requesting asylum status thereafter . A specified number of legally defined refugees , who either apply for asylum overseas or after arriving in the U.S. , are admitted annually . Refugees compose about one - tenth of the total annual immigration to the United States , though some large refugee populations are very prominent . In the year 2014 , the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000 . This compared with about 31,000 in the UK and 13,500 in Canada . Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement in 2007 . Since 1975 , more than 1.3 million refugees from Asia have been resettled in the United States . Since 2000 the main refugee - sending regions have been Somalia , Liberia , Sudan , and Ethiopia . The ceiling for refugee resettlement for fiscal year 2008 was 80,000 refugees . The United States expected to admit a minimum of 17,000 Iraqi refugees during fiscal year 2009 . The U.S. has resettled more than 42,000 Bhutanese refugees from Nepal since 2008 . In fiscal year 2008 , the Office of Refugee Resettlement ( ORR ) appropriated over $655 million for long - term services provided to refugees after their arrival in the US . The Obama administration has kept to about the same level . A common problem in the current system for asylum seekers is the lack of resources . Asylum offices in the United States receive more applications for asylum than they can process every month and every year . These continuous applications pile onto the backlog . Miscellaneous documented immigration In removal proceedings in front of an immigration judge , cancellation of removal is a form of relief that is available for certain long - time residents of the United States . It allows a person being faced with the threat of removal to obtain permanent residence if that person has been physically present in the U.S. for at least ten years , has had good moral character during that period , has not been convicted of certain crimes , and can show that removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his or her U.S. citizen or permanent resident spouse , children , or parent . This form of relief is only available when a person is served with a Notice to Appear to appear in the proceedings in the court . Members of Congress may submit private bills granting residency to specific named individuals . A special committee vets the requests , which require extensive documentation . The Central Intelligence Agency has the statutory authority to admit up to one hundred people a year outside of normal immigration procedures , and to provide for their settlement and support . The program is called `` PL110 '' , named after the legislation that created the agency , Public Law 110 , the Central Intelligence Agency Act . Illegal immigration Main articles : Illegal immigration to the United States and Illegal immigrant population of the United States The illegal immigrant population of the United States is estimated to be between 11 and 12 million . The population of unauthorized immigrants peaked in 2007 and has declined since that time . The majority of the U.S. unauthorized immigrants are from Mexico , but `` their numbers ( and share of the total ) have been declining '' and as of 2016 Mexicans no longer make up a clear majority of unauthorized immigrants , as they did in the past . Unauthorized immigrants made up about 5 % of the total U.S. civilian labor force in 2014 . By the 2010s , an increasing share of U.S. unauthorized immigrants were long - term residents ; in 2015 , 66 % of adult unauthorized residents had lived in the country for at least ten years , while only 14 % had lived in the U.S. for less than five years . In June 2012 , President Obama issued a memorandum instructing officers of the federal government to defer deporting young undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children as part of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ( DACA ) program . Under the program , eligible recipients who applied and were granted DACA status were granted a two - year deferral from deportation and temporary eligibility to work legally in the country . Among other criteria , in order to be eligible a youth applicant must ( 1 ) be between age 15 and 31 ; ( 2 ) have come to the United States before the age of 16 ; ( 3 ) have lived in the U.S. continuously for at least five years ; ( 4 ) be a current student , or have earned a high school diploma or equivalent , or have received an honorable discharge from the U.S. armed services ; and ( 5 ) must not `` have not been convicted of a felony , significant misdemeanor , or three or more misdemeanors , and do not otherwise pose a threat to public safety or national security . '' The Migration Policy Institution estimated that as of 2016 , about 1.3 million unauthorized young adults ages 15 and older were `` immediately eligible for DACA '' ; of this eligible population , 63 % had applied as of March 2016 . Children of legal migrants wo n't qualify as Dreamers under DACA protection because they entered the country legally . This is highlighted as the biggest contradiction in US immigration policy by many advocates of legal immigrants . In 2014 , President Obama announced a set of executive actions , the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents . Under this program , `` unauthorized immigrants who are parents of U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents ( LPRs ) would qualify for deferred action for three years if they meet certain other requirements . '' A February 2016 Migration Policy Institute / Urban Institute report found that ( about 3.6 million people were potentially eligible for DAPA and `` more than 10 million people live in households with at least one potentially DAPA - eligible adult , including some 4.3 million children under age 18 - an estimated 85 percent of whom are U.S. citizens . '' The report also found that `` the potentially DAPA eligible are well settled with strong U.S. roots , with 69 percent having lived in the United States ten years or more , and 25 percent at least 20 years . '' Although not without precedent under prior presidents , President Obama 's authority to create DAPA and expand DACA were challenged in the federal courts by Texas and 25 other states . In November 2015 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit , in a 2 - 1 decision in United States v. Texas , upheld a preliminary injunction blocking the programs from going forward . The case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court , which in June 2016 deadlocked 4 - 4 , thus affirming the ruling of the Fifth Circuit but setting no nationally binding precedent . Military immigration On November 15 , 2013 , the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services announced that they would be issuing a new policy memorandum called `` parole in place . '' Parole in place would offer green cards to immigrant parents , spouses and children of active military duty personnel . Prior to this law relatives of military personnel -- excluding husbands and wives -- were forced to leave the United States and apply for green cards in their home countries . The law allows for family members to avoid the possible ten - year bar from the United States and remain in the United States while applying for lawful permanent residence . The parole status , given in one year terms , will be subject to the family member being `` absent a criminal conviction or other serious adverse factors . '' Military children born in foreign countries are considered American from birth assuming both parents were American citizens at the time of birth . Children born to American citizens will have to process Conciliary Reports of Birth Abroad . This report of birth abroad is the equivalent of a birth certificate and the child will use the report in place of a Birth Certificate for documentation . However , children born in foreign countries to United States servicemembers before they have gained citizenship will still be forced to apply for their own citizenship or participate in programs similar to those mentioned above . Immigration in popular culture A cartoon in Puck from 1888 attacked businessmen for welcoming large numbers of low paid immigrants , leaving the American men unemployed . The history of immigration to the United States is the history of the country itself , and the journey from beyond the sea is an element found in American folklore , appearing over and over again in everything from The Godfather to Gangs of New York to `` The Song of Myself '' to Neil Diamond 's `` America '' to the animated feature An American Tail . From the 1880s to the 1910s , vaudeville dominated the popular image of immigrants , with very popular caricature portrayals of ethnic groups . The specific features of these caricatures became widely accepted as accurate portrayals . In The Melting Pot ( 1908 ) , playwright Israel Zangwill ( 1864 -- 1926 ) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era debates about immigration policies . Zangwill 's theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century ; his cultural symbolism -- in which he situated immigration issues -- likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades , as exemplified by Hollywood films . The popular culture 's image of ethnic celebrities often includes stereotypes about immigrant groups . For example , Frank Sinatra 's public image as a superstar contained important elements of the American Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration . The process of assimilation has been a common theme of popular culture . For example , `` lace - curtain Irish '' refers to middle - class Irish Americans desiring assimilation into mainstream society in counterpoint to the older , more raffish `` shanty Irish '' . The occasional malapropisms and left - footed social blunders of these upward mobiles were gleefully lampooned in vaudeville , popular song , and the comic strips of the day such as Bringing Up Father , starring Maggie and Jiggs , which ran in daily newspapers for 87 years ( 1913 to 2000 ) . In The Departed ( 2006 ) , Staff Sergeant Dignam regularly points out the dichotomy between the lace curtain Irish lifestyle Billy Costigan enjoyed with his mother , and the shanty Irish lifestyle of Costigan 's father . In recent years the popular culture has paid special attention to Mexican immigration and the film Spanglish ( 2004 ) tells of a friendship of a Mexican housemaid ( Paz Vega ) and her boss played by Adam Sandler . Immigration in literature Maggie and Jiggs from Bringing Up Father ( January 7 , 1940 ) . Novelists and writers have captured much of the color and challenge in their immigrant lives through their writings . Regarding Irish women in the 19th century , there were numerous novels and short stories by Harvey O'Higgins , Peter McCorry , Bernard O'Reilly and Sarah Orne Jewett that emphasize emancipation from Old World controls , new opportunities and expansiveness of the immigrant experience . On the other hand , Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to immigrate to the dangerous new world of the United States . Jewish American writer Anzia Yezierska wrote her novel Bread Givers ( 1925 ) to explore such themes as Russian - Jewish immigration in the early 20th century , the tension between Old and New World Yiddish culture , and women 's experience of immigration . A well established author Yezierska focused on the Jewish struggle to escape the ghetto and enter middle - and upper - class America . In the novel , the heroine , Sara Smolinsky , escape from New York City 's `` down - town ghetto '' by breaking tradition . She quits her job at the family store and soon becomes engaged to a rich real - estate magnate . She graduates college and takes a high - prestige job teaching public school . Finally Sara restores her broken links to family and religion . The Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg in the mid-20th century wrote a series of four novels describing one Swedish family 's migration from Småland to Minnesota in the late 19th century , a destiny shared by almost one million people . The author emphasizes the authenticity of the experiences as depicted ( although he did change names ) . These novels have been translated into English ( The Emigrants , 1951 , Unto a Good Land , 1954 , The Settlers , 1961 , The Last Letter Home , 1961 ) . The musical Kristina från Duvemåla by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on this story . The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper , Sarah Knapp , and Mark Harelik . The show is based on the story of Harelik 's grandparents , Matleh and Haskell Harelik , who traveled to Galveston , Texas in 1909 . Documentary films Play media Film about historical immigration to America from ca . 1970 In their documentary How Democracy Works Now : Twelve Stories , filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini examine the American political system through the lens of immigration reform from 2001 to 2007 . Since the debut of the first five films , the series has become an important resource for advocates , policy - makers and educators . That film series premiered nearly a decade after the filmmakers ' landmark documentary film Well - Founded Fear which provided a behind - the - scenes look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States . That film still marks the only time that a film - crew was privy to the private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) , where individual asylum officers ponder the often life - or - death fate of immigrants seeking asylum . Legal Perspectives University of North Carolina law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants in his book Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States . The first , dominant in the 19th century , treated immigrants as in transition ; in other words , as prospective citizens . As soon as people declared their intention to become citizens , they received multiple low - cost benefits , including the eligibility for free homesteads in the Homestead Act of 1869 , and in many states , the right to vote . The goal was to make the country more attractive , so large numbers of farmers and skilled craftsmen would settle new lands . By the 1880s , a second approach took over , treating newcomers as `` immigrants by contract '' . An implicit deal existed where immigrants who were literate and could earn their own living were permitted in restricted numbers . Once in the United States , they would have limited legal rights , but were not allowed to vote until they became citizens , and would not be eligible for the New Deal government benefits available in the 1930s . The third and more recent policy is `` immigration by affiliation '' , which Motomura argues is the treatment which depends on how deeply rooted people have become in the country . An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted , has a long history of working in the United States , and has significant family ties , is more deeply affiliated and can expect better treatment . Interpretive Perspectives The Statue of Liberty was a common sight to many immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination , any United States immigrant can achieve a better life , usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice . According to historians , the rapid economic and industrial expansion of the U.S. is not simply a function of being a resource rich , hard working , and inventive country , but the belief that anybody could get a share of the country 's wealth if he or she was willing to work hard . This dream has been a major factor in attracting immigrants to the United States . See also Demographics of the United States Emigration from the United States European colonization of the Americas History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States How Democracy Works Now : Twelve Stories Illegal immigration to the United States Inequality within immigrant families ( United States ) Nativism ( politics ) , opposition to immigration Opposition to immigration United States immigration statistics Immigrant benefits urban legend , a hoax regarding benefits comparison Footnotes Jump up ^ `` United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs '' . www.un.org . 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Ottaviano , Gianmarco I.P. ; Peri , Giovanni ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Rethinking the Effect of Immigration on Wages '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 10 ( 1 ) : 152 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 4774.2011. 01052. x . ISSN 1542 - 4774 . Battisti , Michele ; Felbermayr , Gabriel ; Peri , Giovanni ; Poutvaara , Panu ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Immigration , Search , and Redistribution : A Quantitative Assessment of Native Welfare '' . NBER Working Paper No. 20131 . doi : 10.3386 / w20131 . Card , David ( 2005 ) . `` Is the New Immigration Really So Bad ? '' . Economic Journal . 115 ( 506 ) : F300 -- F323 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0297.2005. 01037. x . Dustmann , Christian ; Glitz , Albrecht ; Frattini , Tommaso ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` The labour market impact of immigration '' . Oxford Review of Economic Policy . 24 ( 3 ) : 477 -- 94 . doi : 10.1093 / oxrep / grn024 . ISSN 0266 - 903X . 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ISSN 0034 - 6535 . ^ Jump up to : Alesina , Alberto ; Harnoss , Johann ; Rapoport , Hillel ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity '' . Journal of Economic Growth . 21 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 38 . doi : 10.1007 / s10887 - 016 - 9127 - 6 . ISSN 1381 - 4338 . Jump up ^ `` Multiculturalism and Growth : Skill - Specific Evidence from the Post-World War II Period '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bove , Vincenzo ; Elia , Leandro ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Migration , Diversity , and Economic Growth '' . World Development . 89 : 227 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2016.08. 012 . Jump up ^ Bove , Vincenzo ; Elia , Leandro ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cultural heterogeneity and economic development '' . VoxEU.org . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Ondrich , Jan ; Ross , Stephen ; Yinger , John ( November 1 , 2003 ) . `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't : Why Do Real Estate Agents Withhold Available Houses from Black Customers ? '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 85 ( 4 ) : 854 -- 73 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465303772815772 . ISSN 0034 - 6535 . Jump up ^ `` Housing Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012 : Full Report '' . www.urban.org . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riach , P.A. ; Rich , J. ( November 1 , 2002 ) . `` Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place '' . The Economic Journal . 112 ( 483 ) : F480 -- F518 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0297.00080 . ISSN 1468 - 0297 . ^ Jump up to : Zschirnt , Eva ; Ruedin , Didier ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions : a meta - analysis of correspondence tests 1990 -- 2015 '' . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies . 42 ( 7 ) : 1115 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369183X. 2015.1133279 . ISSN 1369 - 183X . 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Anderson , `` Introduction to Vilhelm Moberg 's ' Why I Wrote the Novel about Swedish Emigrants ' '' , Swedish - American Historical Quarterly , July 2008 , Vol. 59 # 3 pp. 137 -- 44 Jump up ^ Roger McKnight , `` Vilhelm Moberg , the Emigrant Novels , and their Changing Readers , '' Swedish - American Historical Quarterly , July 1998 , Vol. 49 Issue 3 , pp. 245 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` A Note From the Bookwriter '' Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Immigrant Jump up ^ in Current Affairs , Film ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Immigrationprof Blog : Acclaimed Political Documentary Series ' How Democracy Works Now ' Announces Washington D.C. Screenings '' . Lawprofessors.typepad.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiroshi Motomura . Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Gabor S. Boritt , Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream ( 1994 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Baigent , `` Swedish immigrants in McKeesport , Pennsylvania : Did the Great American Dream come true ? '' Journal of Historical Geography , April 2000 , Vol. 26 Issue 2 , pp. 239 -- 72 Jump up ^ Jim Cullen , The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517325 - 2 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` aei.org '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Surveys. Anbinder , Tyler . City of Dreams : The 400 - Year Epic History of Immigrant New York ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2016 ) . 766 pp . Archdeacon , Thomas J. Becoming American : An Ethnic History ( 1984 ) Bankston , Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo , eds . Immigration in U.S. History Salem Press , ( 2006 ) Barkan , Elliott Robert , ed. ( 2001 ) . Making it in America : A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576070987 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) short scholarly biographies With bibliographies ; 448 pp . Bodnar , John . The Transplanted : A History of Immigrants in Urban America Indiana University Press , ( 1985 ) Daniels , Roger . Asian America : Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 University of Washington Press , ( 1988 ) Daniels , Roger . Coming to America 2nd ed. ( 2005 ) Daniels , Roger . Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 ( 2005 ) Diner , Hasia . The Jews of the United States , 1654 to 2000 ( 2004 ) Dinnerstein , Leonard , and David M. Reimers . Ethnic Americans : a history of immigration ( 1999 ) online Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) . Gjerde , Jon , ed . Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History ( 1998 ) . Glazier , Michael , ed . The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America ( 1999 ) . Jones , Maldwyn A. American immigration ( 1960 ) online Joselit , Jenna Weissman . Immigration and American religion ( 2001 ) online Parker , Kunal M. Making Foreigners : Immigration and Citizenship Law in America , 1600 -- 2000 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Sowell , Thomas . Ethnic America : A History ( 1981 ) . Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) . Before 1920 Alexander , June Granatir . Daily Life in Immigrant America , 1870 -- 1920 : How the Second Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America ( Chicago : Ivan R. Dee , 2007 . xvi , 332 pp . ) Berthoff , Rowland Tappan . British Immigrants in Industrial America , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Briggs , John . An Italian Passage : Immigrants to Three American Cities , 1890 -- 1930 Yale University Press , ( 1978 ) Diner , Hasia . Hungering for America : Italian , Irish , and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration ( 2003 ) Dudley , William , ed . Illegal immigration : opposing viewpoints ( 2002 ) online Eltis , David ; Coerced and Free Migration : Global Perspectives ( 2002 ) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800 Greene , Victor R. A Singing Ambivalence : American Immigrants Between Old World and New , 1830 -- 1930 ( 2004 ) , coving musical traditions Isaac Aaronovich Hourwich . Immigration and Labor : The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States ( 1912 ) ( full text online ) Joseph , Samuel ; Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 Columbia University Press , ( 1914 ) Kulikoff , Allan ; From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers ( 2000 ) , details on colonial immigration Meagher , Timothy J. The Columbia Guide to Irish American History . ( 2005 ) Miller , Kerby M. Emigrants and Exiles ( 1985 ) , influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration Motomura , Hiroshi . Americans in Waiting : The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States ( 2006 ) , legal history Pochmann , Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz ; German Culture in America , 1600 -- 1900 : Philosophical and Literary Influences ( 1957 ) Waters , Tony . Crime and Immigrant Youth Sage Publications ( 1999 ) , a sociological analysis . U.S. Immigration Commission , Abstracts of Reports , 2 vols. ( 1911 ) ; the full 42 - volume report is summarized ( with additional information ) in Jeremiah W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck , The Immigrant Problem ( 1912 ; 6th ed. 1926 ) Wittke , Carl . We Who Built America : The Saga of the Immigrant ( 1939 ) , covers all major groups Yans - McLaughlin , Virginia ed . Immigration Reconsidered : History , Sociology , and Politics Oxford University Press . ( 1990 ) Recent : Post 1965 Beasley , Vanessa B. ed . Who Belongs in America ? : Presidents , Rhetoric , And Immigration ( 2006 ) Bogen , Elizabeth . Immigration in New York ( 1987 ) Bommes , Michael and Andrew Geddes . Immigration and Welfare : Challenging the Borders of the Welfare State ( 2000 ) Borjas , George J. ed . Issues in the Economics of Immigration ( National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report ) ( 2000 ) . Borjas , George . Friends or Strangers ( 1990 ) Borjas , George J ( 2002 ) . `` Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs '' . International Migration Review . 36 ( 4 ) : 1093 -- 1123 . Briggs , Vernon M. , Jr . Immigration Policy and the America Labor Force . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1984 . Briggs , Vernon M. , Jr . Mass Immigration and the National Interest ( 1992 ) Cooper , Mark A. Moving to the United States of America and Immigration. 2008 . Egendorf , Laura K. , ed . Illegal immigration : an opposing viewpoints guide ( 2007 ) online Fawcett , James T. , and Benjamin V. Carino . Pacific Bridges : The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands . New York : Center for Migration Studies , 1987 . Foner , Nancy . In A New Land : A Comparative View Of Immigration ( 2005 ) Garland , Libby . After They Closed the Gate : Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States , 1921 -- 1965 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2014 . Levinson , David and Melvin Ember , eds . American Immigrant Cultures 2 vol ( 1997 ) . Lowe , Lisa . Immigrant Acts : On Asian American Cultural Politics ( 1996 ) Meier , Matt S. and Gutierrez , Margo , eds . The Mexican American Experience : An Encyclopedia ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 31643 - 0 ) Mohl , Raymond A. `` Latinization in the Heart of Dixie : Hispanics in Late - twentieth - century Alabama '' Alabama Review 2002 55 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 74 . ISSN 0002 - 4341 Portes , Alejandro , and Robert L. Bach . Latin Journey : Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1985 . Portes , Alejandro , and József Böröcz . `` Contemporary Immigration : Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation . '' International Migration Review 23 ( 1989 ) : 606 -- 30 . Portes , Alejandro , and Rubén Rumbaut . Immigrant America . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1990 . Reimers , David . Still the Golden Door : The Third World Comes to America . New York : Columbia University Press , ( 1985 ) . Smith , James P. , and Barry Edmonston , eds . The Immigration Debate : Studies on the Economic , Demographic , and Fiscal Effects of Immigration ( 1998 ) , online version Waters , Tony . Crime and Immigrant Youth Thousand Oaks : Sage 1999 . Zhou , Min and Carl L. Bankston III . Growing Up American : How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States Russell Sage Foundation . ( 1998 ) Borjas , George J. Heaven 's Door : Immigration Policy and the American Economy . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1999 . xvii , 263 pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05966 - 7 Lamm , Richard D. , and Gary Imhoff . The Immigration Time Bomb : the Fragmenting of America , in series , Truman Talley Books . First ed . New York : E.P. Dutton , 1985 . xiii , 271 pp. ISBN 0 - 525 - 24337 - 2 External links History Immigrant Servants Database Asian - Nation : Early Asian Immigration to the U.S. Irish Catholic Immigration to America Scotch - Irish Immigration to Colonial America Immigration Archives of Historical Documents , Articles , and Immigrants Maurer , Elizabeth . `` New Beginnings : Immigrant Women and the American Experience '' . National Women 's History Museum . 2014 . Immigration policy Immigration policy reports from the Brookings Institution Immigration policy reports from the Urban Institute Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States : Policy Overview Congressional Research Service ( May 2018 ) A Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy Congressional Research Service ( November 2017 ) Current immigration U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Cornell University 's Legal Information Institute : Immigration Yearbook of Immigration Statistics -- United States Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics 2004 , 2005 editions available . `` Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States : January 2005 '' M. Hoefer , N. Rytina , C. Campbell ( 2006 ) `` Population Estimates ( August ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security , Office of Immigration Statistics . Economic impact Abramitzky , Ran ; Boustan , Leah ( 2017 ) . `` Immigration in American Economic History '' . Journal of Economic Literature. 55 ( 4 ) : 1311 -- 1345 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 20151189 . <Th_colspan="2"> Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery Central American Minors US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Trump administration family separation policy Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Office of Refugee Resettlement Supreme Court cases United States v. 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-7,621,523,832,490,563,000 | a limit to the design process is called | Design - wikipedia Design This article possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Design ( disambiguation ) . Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object , system or measurable human interaction . Design has different connotations in different fields ( see design disciplines below ) . In some cases , the direct construction of an object ( as in pottery , engineering , management , coding , and graphic design ) is also considered to use design thinking . Designing often necessitates considering the aesthetic , functional , economic , and sociopolitical dimensions of both the design object and design process . It may involve considerable research , thought , modeling , interactive adjustment , and re-design . Meanwhile , diverse kinds of objects may be designed , including clothing , graphical user interfaces , products , skyscrapers , corporate identities , business processes , and even methods or processes of designing . Thus `` design '' may be a substantive referring to a categorical abstraction of a created thing or things ( the design of something ) , or a verb for the process of creation as is made clear by grammatical context . Contents 1 Definitions 2 Design as a process 2.1 The rational model 2.1. 1 Example sequence of stages 2.1. 2 Criticism of the rational model 2.2 The action - centric model 2.2. 1 Descriptions of design activities 3 Design disciplines 4 Philosophies and studies of design 4.1 Philosophies for guiding design 4.2 Approaches to design 4.3 Methods of designing 5 Terminology 5.1 Design and art 5.2 Design and engineering 5.3 Design and production 5.4 Process design 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Bibliography Definitions ( edit ) More formally design has been defined as follows : ( noun ) a specification of an object , manifested by an agent , intended to accomplish goals , in a particular environment , using a set of primitive components , satisfying a set of requirements , subject to constraints ; ( verb , transitive ) to create a design , in an environment ( where the designer operates ) Another definition for design is `` a roadmap or a strategic approach for someone to achieve a unique expectation . It defines the specifications , plans , parameters , costs , activities , processes and how and what to do within legal , political , social , environmental , safety and economic constraints in achieving that objective . '' Here , a `` specification '' can be manifested as either a plan or a finished product , and `` primitives '' are the elements from which the design object is composed . The person designing is called a designer , which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas usually specifying which area is being dealt with ( such as a textile designer , fashion designer , product designer , concept designer , web designer or interior designer ) . A designer 's sequence of activities is called a design process while the scientific study of design is called design science . Another definition of design is planning to manufacture an object , system , component or structure . Thus the word `` design '' can be used as a noun or a verb . In a broader sense , design is an applied art and engineering that integrates with technology . While the definition of design is fairly broad , design has a myriad of specifications that professionals utilize in their fields . Major examples of design are architectural blueprints , engineering drawings , business processes , circuit diagrams , and sewing patterns Design as a process ( edit ) Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields , whether amateur or professional , alone or in teams , produce designs . Kees Dorst and Judith Dijkhuis , both designers themselves , argued that `` there are many ways of describing design processes '' and discussed `` two basic and fundamentally different ways '' , both of which have several names . The prevailing view has been called `` the rational model '' , `` technical problem solving '' and `` the reason - centric perspective '' . The alternative view has been called `` reflection - in - action '' , `` evolutionary design '' , `` co-evolution '' , and `` the action - centric perspective '' . The rational model ( edit ) The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon , an American scientist , and Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz , two German engineering design theorists . It posits that : designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and objectives , the design process is plan - driven , the design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages . The rational model is based on a rationalist philosophy and underlies the waterfall model , systems development life cycle , and much of the engineering design literature . According to the rationalist philosophy , design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner . Example sequence of stages ( edit ) Typical stages consistent with the rational model include the following : Pre-production design Design brief or Parti pris -- an early ( often the beginning ) statement of design goals Analysis -- analysis of current design goals Research -- investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics Specification -- specifying requirements of a design solution for a product ( product design specification ) or service . Problem solving -- conceptualizing and documenting design solutions Presentation -- presenting design solutions Design during production Development -- continuation and improvement of a designed solution Testing -- in situ testing of a designed solution Post-production design feedback for future designs Implementation -- introducing the designed solution into the environment Evaluation and conclusion -- summary of process and results , including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements Redesign -- any or all stages in the design process repeated ( with corrections made ) at any time before , during , or after production . Each stage has many associated best practices . Criticism of the rational model ( edit ) The rational model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds : Designers do not work this way -- extensive empirical evidence has demonstrated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests . Unrealistic assumptions -- goals are often unknown when a design project begins , and the requirements and constraints continue to change . The action - centric model ( edit ) The action - centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts , which are antithetical to the rational model . It posits that : designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates , the design process is improvised , no universal sequence of stages is apparent -- analysis , design and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked The action - centric perspective is based on an empiricist philosophy and broadly consistent with the agile approach and amethodical development . Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers . Like the rational model , the action - centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge . However , research and knowledge are brought into the design process through the judgment and common sense of designers -- by designers `` thinking on their feet '' -- more than through the predictable and controlled process stipulated by the rational model . Descriptions of design activities ( edit ) At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action - centric perspective . Both involve three basic activities . In the reflection - in - action paradigm , designers alternate between `` framing '' , `` making moves '' , and `` evaluating moves '' . `` Framing '' refers to conceptualizing the problem , i.e. , defining goals and objectives . A `` move '' is a tentative design decision . The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design . In the sensemaking -- coevolution -- implementation framework , designers alternate between its three titular activities . Sensemaking includes both framing and evaluating moves . Implementation is the process of constructing the design object . Coevolution is `` the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context , and vice versa '' . The concept of the design cycle is understood as a circular time structure , which may start with the thinking of an idea , then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication ( design tools ) , the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea , and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea . Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression , which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas . Design disciplines ( edit ) Applied arts Architecture Automotive design Biological design Communication design Configuration design Design management Engineering design Experience design Fashion design Game design Graphic design Information architecture Information design Industrial design Instructional design Interaction design Interior design Landscape architecture Lighting design Modular design Motion graphic design Organization design Product design Process design Service design Social design Software design Sound design Spatial design Strategic design Systems architecture Systems design Systems modeling Urban design User experience design Visual design Web design Philosophies and Studies of design ( edit ) There are countless philosophies for guiding design as design values and its accompanying aspects within modern design vary , both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers . Design philosophies are usually for determining design goals . A design goal may range from solving the least significant individual problem of the smallest element , to the most holistic influential utopian goals . Design goals are usually for guiding design . However , conflicts over immediate and minor goals may lead to questioning the purpose of design , perhaps to set better long term or ultimate goals . John Heskett , a 20th - century British writer on design claimed , `` Design , stripped to its essence , can be defined as the human nature to shape and make our environment in ways without precedent in nature , to serve our needs and give meaning to our lives . '' Philosophies for guiding design ( edit ) Design philosophies are fundamental guiding principles that dictate how a designer approaches his / her practice . Reflections on material culture and environmental concerns ( sustainable design ) can guide a design philosophy . One example is the First Things First manifesto which was launched within the graphic design community and states `` We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful , lasting and democratic forms of communication -- a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning . The scope of debate is shrinking ; it must expand . Consumerism is running uncontested ; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed , in part , through the visual languages and resources of design . '' In The Sciences of the Artificial by polymath Herbert A. Simon , the author asserts design to be a meta - discipline of all professions . `` Engineers are not the only professional designers . Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones . The intellectual activity that produces material artifacts is no different fundamentally from the one that prescribes remedies for a sick patient or the one that devises a new sales plan for a company or a social welfare policy for a state . Design , so construed , is the core of all professional training ; it is the principal mark that distinguishes the professions from the sciences . Schools of engineering , as well as schools of architecture , business , education , law , and medicine , are all centrally concerned with the process of design . '' Approaches to design ( edit ) A design approach is a general philosophy that may or may not include a guide for specific methods . Some are to guide the overall goal of the design . Other approaches are to guide the tendencies of the designer . A combination of approaches may be used if they do n't conflict . Some popular approaches include : Sociotechnical system design , a philosophy and tools for participative designing of work arrangements and supporting processes - for organizational purpose , quality , safety , economics and customer requirements in core work processes , the quality of peoples experience at work and the needs of society KISS principle , ( Keep it Simple Stupid ) , which strives to eliminate unnecessary complications . There is more than one way to do it ( TIMTOWTDI ) , a philosophy to allow multiple methods of doing the same thing . Use - centered design , which focuses on the goals and tasks associated with the use of the artifact , rather than focusing on the end user . User - centered design , which focuses on the needs , wants , and limitations of the end user of the designed artifact . Critical design uses designed artifacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values , morals , and practices in a culture . Service design designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product 's use . Transgenerational design , the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living . Speculative design , the speculative design process does n't necessarily define a specific problem to solve , but establishes a provocative starting point from which a design process emerges . The result is an evolution of fluctuating iteration and reflection using designed objects to provoke questions and stimulate discussion in academic and research settings . Participatory Design ( originally co-operative design , now often co-design ) is the practice of collective creativity to design , attempting to actively involve all stakeholders ( e.g. employees , partners , customers , citizens , end users ) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable . Participatory design is an approach which is focused on processes and procedures of design and is not a design style Methods of designing ( edit ) Main article : Design methods Design methods is a broad area that focuses on : Exploring possibilities and constraints by focusing critical thinking skills to research and define problem spaces for existing products or services -- or the creation of new categories ( see also Brainstorming ) Redefining the specifications of design solutions which can lead to better guidelines for traditional design activities ( graphic , industrial , architectural , etc . ) ; Managing the process of exploring , defining , creating artifacts continually over time Prototyping possible scenarios , or solutions that incrementally or significantly improve the inherited situation Trendspotting ; understanding the trend process . Terminology ( edit ) The word `` design '' is often considered ambiguous , as it is applied in varying contexts . The new terminal at Barajas airport in Madrid , Spain Design and art ( edit ) Today , the term design is widely associated with the applied arts as initiated by Raymond Loewy and teachings at the Bauhaus and Ulm School of Design ( HfG Ulm ) in Germany during the 20th century . The boundaries between art and design are blurred , largely due to a range of applications both for the term ' art ' and the term ' design ' . Applied arts has been used as an umbrella term to define fields of industrial design , graphic design , fashion design , etc . The term ' decorative arts ' is a traditional term used in historical discourses to describe craft objects , and also sits within the umbrella of applied arts . In graphic arts ( 2D image making that ranges from photography to illustration ) , the distinction is often made between fine art and commercial art , based on the context within which the work is produced and how it is traded . To a degree , some methods for creating work , such as employing intuition , are shared across the disciplines within the applied arts and fine art . Mark Getlein , writer , suggests the principles of design are `` almost instinctive '' , `` built - in '' , `` natural '' , and part of `` our sense of ' rightness ' . '' However , the intended application and context of the resulting works will vary greatly . A drawing for a booster engine for steam locomotives . Engineering is applied to design , with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science . Design and engineering ( edit ) In engineering , design is a component of the engineering process . Many overlapping methods and processes can be seen when comparing Product design , Industrial design and Engineering . The American Heritage Dictionary defines design as : `` To conceive or fashion in the mind ; invent , '' and `` To formulate a plan '' , and defines engineering as : `` The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design , manufacture , and operation of efficient and economical structures , machines , processes , and systems . '' . Both are forms of problem - solving with a defined distinction being the application of `` scientific and mathematical principles '' . The increasingly scientific focus of engineering in practice , however , has raised the importance of more new `` human - centered '' fields of design . How much science is applied in a design is a question of what is considered `` science '' . Along with the question of what is considered science , there is social science versus natural science . Scientists at Xerox PARC made the distinction of design versus engineering at `` moving minds '' versus `` moving atoms '' ( probably in contradiction to the origin of term `` engineering - engineer '' from Latin `` in genio '' in meaning of a `` genius '' what assumes existence of a `` mind '' not of an `` atom '' ) . Jonathan Ive has received several awards for his design of Apple Inc. products like this MacBook . In some design fields , personal computers are also used for both design and production Design and production ( edit ) The relationship between design and production is one of planning and executing . In theory , the plan should anticipate and compensate for potential problems in the execution process . Design involves problem - solving and creativity . In contrast , production involves a routine or pre-planned process . A design may also be a mere plan that does not include a production or engineering processes although a working knowledge of such processes is usually expected of designers . In some cases , it may be unnecessary or impractical to expect a designer with a broad multidisciplinary knowledge required for such designs to also have a detailed specialized knowledge of how to produce the product . Design and production are intertwined in many creative professional careers , meaning problem - solving is part of execution and the reverse . As the cost of rearrangement increases , the need for separating design from production increases as well . For example , a high - budget project , such as a skyscraper , requires separating ( design ) architecture from ( production ) construction . A Low - budget project , such as a locally printed office party invitation flyer , can be rearranged and printed dozens of times at the low cost of a few sheets of paper , a few drops of ink , and less than one hour 's pay of a desktop publisher . This is not to say that production never involves problem - solving or creativity , nor that design always involves creativity . Designs are rarely perfect and are sometimes repetitive . The imperfection of a design may task a production position ( e.g. production artist , construction worker ) with utilizing creativity or problem - solving skills to compensate for what was overlooked in the design process . Likewise , a design may be a simple repetition ( copy ) of a known preexisting solution , requiring minimal , if any , creativity or problem - solving skills from the designer . An example of a business workflow process using Business Process Model and Notation . Process design ( edit ) See also : Business process management and Method engineering `` Process design '' ( in contrast to `` design process '' mentioned above ) refers to the planning of routine steps of a process aside from the expected result . Processes ( in general ) are treated as a product of design , not the method of design . The term originated with the industrial designing of chemical processes . With the increasing complexities of the information age , consultants and executives have found the term useful to describe the design of business processes as well as manufacturing processes . See also ( edit ) Design elements and principles Design - based learning Design thinking Evidence - based design Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinkkemper , S. ( 1996 ) . `` Method engineering : engineering of information systems development methods and tools '' ( PDF ) . Information and Software Technology . 38 ( 4 ) : 275 -- 280 . doi : 10.1016 / 0950 - 5849 ( 95 ) 01059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ralph , P. and Wand , Y. ( 2009 ) . A proposal for a formal definition of the design concept . In Lyytinen , K. , Loucopoulos , P. , Mylopoulos , J. , and Robinson , W. , editors , Design Requirements Workshop ( LNBIP 14 ) , pp. 103 -- 136 . Springer - Verlag , p. 109 doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 92966 - 6_6 . Jump up ^ Don Kumaragamage , Y. ( 2011 ) . Design Manual Vol 1 Jump up ^ Simon ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alexander , C. ( 1964 ) Notes on the Synthesis of Form , Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Eekels , J. ( 2000 ) . `` On the Fundamentals of Engineering Design Science : The Geography of Engineering Design Science , Part 1 '' . Journal of Engineering Design . 11 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 397 . doi : 10.1080 / 09544820010000962 . ^ Jump up to : Braha , D. and Maimon , O. ( 1998 ) A Mathematical Theory of Design , Springer . Jump up ^ Dictionary meanings in the Cambridge Dictionary of American English , at Dictionary.com ( esp . meanings 1 -- 5 and 7 -- 8 ) and at AskOxford ( esp . verbs ) . Jump up ^ Dorst and Dijkhuis 1995 , p. 261 ^ Jump up to : Brooks 2010 ^ Jump up to : Schön 1983 ^ Jump up to : Ralph 2010 Jump up ^ Dorst and Cross 2001 Jump up ^ Newell and Simon 1972 ; Simon 1969 Jump up ^ Pahl and Beitz 1996 Jump up ^ Royce 1970 Jump up ^ Bourque and Dupuis 2004 Jump up ^ Pahl et al. 2007 Jump up ^ Cross , N. , 2006 . T211 Design and Designing : Block 2 , p. 99 . Milton Keynes : The Open University . Jump up ^ Ullman , David G. ( 2009 ) The Mechanical Design Process , Mc Graw Hill , 4th edition ISBN 0 - 07 - 297574 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Cross et al. 1992 ; Ralph 2010 ; Schön 1983 Jump up ^ Brooks 2010 ; McCracken and Jackson 1982 Jump up ^ Beck et al. 2001 Jump up ^ Truex et al. 2000 Jump up ^ Ralph 2010 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Thomas Fischer : Design Enigma . A typographical metaphor for enigmatic processes , including designing , in : T. Fischer , K. De Biswas , J.J. Ham , R. Naka , W.X. Huang , Beyond Codes and Pixels : Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer - Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia , p. 686 Jump up ^ Jane Anderson : Architectural Design , Basics Architecture 03 , Lausanne , AVA academia , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 940411 - 26 - 9 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Holm , Ivar ( 2006 ) . Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design : How attitudes , orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment . Oslo School of Architecture and Design . ISBN 82 - 547 - 0174 - 1 . Jump up ^ Heskett , John ( 2002 ) . Toothpicks and Logos : Design in Everyday Life . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ First Things First 2000 a design manifesto Archived 2011 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... manifesto published jointly by 33 signatories in : Adbusters , the AIGA journal , Blueprint , Emigre , Eye , Form , Items fall 1999 / spring 2000 Jump up ^ Simon ( 1996 ) , p. 111 . Jump up ^ `` Co-creation and the new landscape of design '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Mark Getlein , Living With Art , 8th ed . ( New York : 2008 ) 121 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( APA ) : design Archived 2007 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ American Psychological Association ( APA ) : engineering Archived 2007 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Faste 2001 Bibliography ( edit ) Look up design in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Design Wikimedia Commons has media related to Design . Library resources about Design Resources in your library Beck , K. , Beedle , M. , van Bennekum , A. , Cockburn , A. , Cunningham , W. , Fowler , M. , Grenning , J. , Highsmith , J. , Hunt , A. , Jeffries , R. , Kern , J. , Marick , B. , Martin , R.C. , Mellor , S. , Schwaber , K. , Sutherland , J. , and Thomas , D. Manifesto for agile software development , 2001 . Bourque , P. , and Dupuis , R. ( eds . ) Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge ( SWEBOK ) . IEEE Computer Society Press , 2004 ISBN 0 - 7695 - 2330 - 7 . Brooks , F.P. The design of design : Essays from a computer scientist , Addison - Wesley Professional , 2010 ISBN 0 - 201 - 36298 - 8 . Cross , N. , Dorst , K. , and Roozenburg , N. Research in design thinking , Delft University Press , Delft , 1992 ISBN 90 - 6275 - 796 - 0 . Dorst , K. ; Cross , N. ( 2001 ) . `` Creativity in the design process : Co-evolution of problem - solution '' . Design Studies . 22 ( 2 ) : 425 -- 437 . doi : 10.1016 / 0142 - 694X ( 94 ) 00012 - 3 . Dorst , K. , and Dijkhuis , J. `` Comparing paradigms for describing design activity , '' Design Studies ( 16 : 2 ) 1995 , pp 261 -- 274 . Faste , R. ( 2001 ) . `` The Human Challenge in Engineering Design '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Engineering Education . 17 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 327 -- 331 . McCracken , D.D. ; Jackson , M.A. ( 1982 ) . `` Life cycle concept considered harmful '' . SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes . 7 ( 2 ) : 29 -- 32 . doi : 10.1145 / 1005937.1005943 . Newell , A. , and Simon , H. Human problem solving , Prentice - Hall , Inc. , 1972 . Pahl , G. , and Beitz , W. Engineering design : A systematic approach , Springer - Verlag , London , 1996 ISBN 3 - 540 - 19917 - 9 . Pahl , G. , Beitz , W. , Feldhusen , J. , and Grote , K. - H. Engineering design : A systematic approach , ( 3rd ed . ) , Springer - Verlag , 2007 ISBN 1 - 84628 - 318 - 3 . Ralph , P. `` Comparing two software design process theories '' International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology ( DESRIST 2010 ) , Springer , St. Gallen , Switzerland , 2010 , pp. 139 -- 153 . Royce , W.W. `` Managing the development of large software systems : Concepts and techniques , '' Proceedings of Wescon , 1970 . Schön , D.A. The reflective practitioner : How professionals think in action , Basic Books , USA , 1983 . Simon , H.A. The sciences of the artificial , MIT Press , Cambridge , MA , USA , 1996 ISBN 0 - 262 - 69191 - 4 . Truex , D. ; Baskerville , R. ; and Travis , J. ( 2000 ) . `` Amethodical systems development : The deferred meaning of systems development methods '' . Accounting , Management and Information Technologies . 10 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 8022 ( 99 ) 00009 - 0 . <Th_colspan="2"> Design <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Portal Designer <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Disciplines <Td_colspan="2"> Communication design Advertising Book design Corporate design Exhibit design Film title design Graphic design Motion Postage stamp design Print design Illustration Information design Instructional design News design Photography Retail design Signage / Traffic sign design Typography / Type design Video design Visual merchandising Environmental design Architecture Architectural lighting design Building design Passive solar Ecological design Environmental impact design Garden design Computer - aided Healthy community design Hotel design Interior architecture Interior design EID Keyline design Landscape architecture Sustainable Landscape design Spatial design Urban design Industrial design Automotive design Automotive suspension design CMF design Corrugated box design Electric guitar design Furniture design Sustainable Hardware interface design Motorcycle design Packaging and labeling Photographic lens design Product design Production design Sensory design Service design Interaction design Experience design EED Game design Level design Video game design Hardware interface design Icon design Immersive design Information design Sonic interaction design User experience design User interface design Web design Other applied arts Public art design Ceramic / glass design Fashion design Costume design Jewelry design Floral design Game art design Property design Scenic design Sound design Stage / set lighting design Textile design Other design & engineering Algorithm design Boiler design Conceptual design Database design Drug design Electrical system design Experimental design Filter design Job design Integrated circuit design Circuit design Physical design Power network design Mechanism design Nuclear weapon design Nucleic acid design Organization design Process design Processor design Protein design Research design Social design Software design Spacecraft design Strategic design Systems design <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Approaches <Td_colspan="2"> Activity - 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8,955,565,874,008,444,000 | when does the next episode of twin peaks air | Twin Peaks ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Twin Peaks ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 TV series . For the original 1990 -- 1991 series , see Twin Peaks . <Th_colspan="2"> Twin Peaks <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Serial drama Horror Mystery Created by Mark Frost David Lynch Written by Mark Frost David Lynch Directed by David Lynch Starring Kyle MacLachlan Opening theme `` Falling ( Twin Peaks Theme ) '' Composer ( s ) Angelo Badalamenti Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Frost David Lynch Sabrina S. Sutherland Location ( s ) Washington California Paris , France Cinematography Peter Deming Editor ( s ) Duwayne Dunham Running time 53 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Rancho Rosa Partnership Production Lynch / Frost Production Distributor Showtime Networks <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Showtime Original release May 21 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) -- September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 91 ) Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.sho.com/twin-peaks Twin Peaks , also known as Twin Peaks : The Return , is an American mystery drama television revival series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch . It is a continuation of the 1990 -- 91 ABC series of the same name . The limited series consists of 18 episodes and premiered on Showtime on May 21 , 2017 , following a world premiere on May 19 , 2017 , at The Theatre at Ace Hotel . The series was developed and written by Lynch and Frost over several years and directed by Lynch . An ensemble of returning and new cast members appear , led by original star Kyle MacLachlan . Set 25 years after the original Twin Peaks , the series focuses on a number of storylines , many of which are connected through association with FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper ( MacLachlan ) . It takes place in a variety of locations in addition to the fictional Washington town of Twin Peaks , including Las Vegas and South Dakota . Showtime president David Nevins stated that `` the core of ( the series ) is Agent Cooper 's odyssey back to Twin Peaks '' . It garnered praise from critics , and Showtime reported that the series led to a record number of subscriptions to their streaming service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background and development 1.2 Announcement 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 7 Home media 8 Future 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) Background and development ( edit ) The first series of Twin Peaks , an American serial drama television series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch , premiered on April 8 , 1990 , on ABC . It was one of the top - rated series of 1990 , but declining ratings led to its cancellation in 1991 after its second season . In subsequent years , Twin Peaks has often been listed among the greatest television dramas of all time . A prequel film directed by Lynch , Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me , was released in 1992 . Lynch planned two more films that would have concluded the series ' narrative , but in 2001 stated that Twin Peaks was as `` dead as a doornail . '' In 2007 , artist Matt Haley began work on a graphic novel continuation , which he hoped would be included in the `` Complete Mystery '' DVD box set . Twin Peaks producer Robert Engels agreed to help write it on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved the project ; Haley said : `` ( Engels ) and I had a number of discussions about what the story would be . I was keen to use whatever notes they had for the proposed third season . I really wanted this to be a literal ' third season ' of the show . '' Paramount Home Entertainment agreed to package it with the box set , also on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved . Though Frost approved the project , Lynch vetoed it , stating that he respected the effort but did not want to continue the story of Twin Peaks . In 2013 , rumors that Twin Peaks would return were dismissed by Lynch 's daughter Jennifer Lynch ( author of The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer ) as well as by Frost . Cast member Ray Wise recounted what Lynch had said to him about a possible continuation : `` Well , Ray , you know , the town is still there . And I suppose it 's possible that we could revisit it . Of course , ( your character is ) already dead ... but we could maybe work around that . '' In January 2014 , a casting call for a `` Twin Peaks promo '' , directed by Lynch , was revealed to be the filming of a featurette for the Twin Peaks : The Complete Mystery Blu - ray set . In September 2014 , Lynch answered a question about Twin Peaks at the Lucca Film Festival by saying it was a `` tricky question '' , and that `` there 's always a possibility ... and you just have to wait and see . '' Announcement ( edit ) Poster featuring Kyle MacLachlan as Dale Cooper . On October 6 , 2014 , Showtime announced that it would air a nine - episode miniseries written by Lynch and Frost and directed by Lynch . Frost emphasized that the new episodes were not a remake or reboot but a continuation of the series . The episodes are set in the present day , and the passage of 25 years is an important element in the plot . As to whether the miniseries would become an ongoing series , Frost said : `` If we have a great time doing it and everybody loves it and they decide there 's room for more , I could see it going that way . '' In March 2015 , Lynch expressed doubts about the production due to `` complications '' . Showtime confirmed the series was moving forward , stating : `` Nothing is going on that 's any more than any preproduction process with David Lynch . Everything is moving forward and everybody is crazy thrilled and excited . '' In April 2015 , Lynch said he would not direct the nine episodes due to budget constraints . He and Showtime came to an agreement , with Lynch confirming on May 15 , 2015 , that he would direct , and that there would be more episodes than the originally announced nine . At a Twin Peaks panel in Seattle , cast members Sherilyn Fenn and Sheryl Lee said that the new series would consist of 18 episodes and Angelo Badalamenti would return as composer . Casting ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , Kyle MacLachlan was confirmed to return to the series . In October 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Ontkean , who portrayed Sheriff Harry S. Truman and has since retired from acting , would not return for the revival . In October 2015 , it was reported that the role of town sheriff would be filled by Robert Forster , later confirmed as playing Frank Truman , brother of Harry . Forster had been cast as Harry in the 1990 pilot , but was replaced by Ontkean due to scheduling issues . Also in October , David Duchovny teased his return as Agent Denise Bryson . In November 2015 , it was reported that Miguel Ferrer would reprise his role as Albert Rosenfield and that Richard Beymer and David Patrick Kelly would return as Benjamin Horne and Jerry Horne respectively . In December 2015 , Alicia Witt confirmed she would reprise her role as Gersten Hayward . Michael J. Anderson was asked to reprise his role as The Man from Another Place , but declined . Russ Tamblyn underwent open - heart surgery in late 2014 and was still recovering in 2015 . Lynch and Frost were still hoping Tamblyn would join the cast for the new season , which was later confirmed . On September 28 , 2015 , Catherine E. Coulson , who reprised her role of the Log Lady in the new series , died of cancer . She filmed her final scene four days before her death . The series ' first teaser trailer , released in December 2015 , confirmed the involvement of Michael Horse ( Tommy `` Hawk '' Hill ) . In January 2016 , it was reported that Sherilyn Fenn would reprise her role as Audrey Horne in a `` major presence . '' In February 2016 , it was reported that Lynch would reprise his role as Gordon Cole . Frequent Lynch collaborator Laura Dern was cast in a `` top - secret pivotal role '' , which eventually proved to be Diane , the previously unseen character to whom Cooper frequently dictated taped messages during the show 's original run . In April 2016 , a complete cast list was released , featuring 217 actors , with actors returning from the earlier series marked with asterisks . Mary Reber , who plays Alice Tremond in the finale , is the actual owner of the house used for the Palmer residence . David Bowie was asked to make a cameo appearance as FBI Agent Phillip Jeffries , his character from Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me . As Bowie 's health was declining , his lawyer told Lynch that he was unavailable . Before his death in January 2016 , Bowie gave the production permission to reuse old footage featuring him ; however , he was unhappy with the accent he had used in the film , and requested that he be dubbed over by an authentic Louisiana actor , leading to the casting of Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Jeffries . In January and February 2017 , respectively , cast members Miguel Ferrer and Warren Frost died , but both appear in the new series . Harry Dean Stanton , who reprised his role as Carl Rodd , died in September 2017 , less than two weeks after the last episode of the series aired . Filming ( edit ) In July 2015 , Frost suggested that the series would premiere in 2017 rather than 2016 , as originally planned . The series began filming in September 2015 , and Showtime president David Nevins said , `` I 'm hoping we make 2016 . It 's not clear . It 's ultimately going to be in ( series co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost 's ) control . '' Nevins also stated , `` I do n't know ( how many episodes there will be ) . They 're going to decide , I expect it to be more than nine , but it 's open - ended . I know what the shooting schedule is and then we 'll have him cut into it however many episodes it feels best at . '' In January 2016 , Nevins confirmed that the series would premiere in the first half of 2017 . The series was shot continuously from a single , long shooting script before being edited into episodes . Filming was completed by April 2016 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Twin Peaks characters Kyle MacLachlan as : Special Agent Dale Cooper Cooper 's doppelgänger Douglas `` Dougie '' Jones Twin Peaks Jay Aaseng as Drunk Mädchen Amick as Shelly Briggs Dana Ashbrook as Deputy Sheriff Bobby Briggs Phoebe Augustine as Ronette Pulaski Richard Beymer as Benjamin Horne Gia Carides as Hannah Vincent Castellanos as Federico Michael Cera as Wally `` Brando '' Brennan Joan Chen as Josie Packard Candy Clark as Doris Truman Scott Coffey as Trick Catherine E. Coulson as Margaret Lanterman ( the `` Log Lady '' ) Grace Victoria Cox as Charlotte Jan D'Arcy as Sylvia Horne Eric Da Re as Leo Johnson Ana de la Reguera as Natalie Hugh Dillon as Tom Paige Eamon Farren as Richard Horne Sherilyn Fenn as Audrey Horne Sky Ferreira as Ella Robert Forster as Sheriff Frank Truman Mark Frost as Cyril Pons Warren Frost as Dr. Will Hayward Balthazar Getty as Red Harry Goaz as Deputy Sheriff Andy Brennan Grant Goodeve as Walter Lawford Andrea Hays as Heidi Gary Hershberger as Mike Nelson Michael Horse as Deputy Chief Tommy `` Hawk '' Hill Caleb Landry Jones as Steven Burnett Ashley Judd as Beverly Paige David Patrick Kelly as Jerry Horne Piper Laurie as Catherine Martell Jane Levy as Elizabeth Peggy Lipton as Norma Jennings Sarah Jean Long as Miriam Sullivan Riley Lynch as Bing James Marshall as James Hurley Everett McGill as Ed Hurley Clark Middleton as Charlie Moby as Musician Jack Nance as Pete Martell Walter Olkewicz as Jacques Renault and Jean - Michel Renault John Pirruccello as Deputy Sheriff Chad Broxford Mary Reber as Alice Tremond Kimmy Robertson as Lucy Brennan Wendy Robie as Nadine Hurley Eric Rondell as Johnny Horne Marvin `` Marv '' Rosand as Toad Rod Rowland as Chuck Amanda Seyfried as Rebecca ( Becky ) Burnett Harry Dean Stanton as Carl Rodd JR Starr as MC Charlotte Stewart as Betty Briggs Jessica Szohr as Renee Russ Tamblyn as Dr. Lawrence Jacoby Jodi Thelen as Maggie Lauren Tewes as Gersten 's neighbor Jake Wardle as Freddie Sykes Alicia Witt as Gersten Hayward Karolina Wydra as Chloe Charlyne Yi as Ruby Grace Zabriskie as Sarah Palmer Government Chrysta Bell as FBI Agent Tammy Preston Richard Chamberlain as Bill Kennedy Laura Dern as Diane Evans and Diane Evans 's tulpa ( doppelgänger ) David Duchovny as FBI Chief of Staff Denise Bryson Jay R. Ferguson as Special Agent Randall Headley Miguel Ferrer as FBI Agent Albert Rosenfield Ernie Hudson as Colonel Davis David Lynch as FBI Deputy Director Gordon Cole Adele René as Lieutenant Cynthia Knox Owain Rhys - Davies as Agent Wilson Las Vegas Alon Aboutboul as Head Mover Joe Adler as Roger Tammie Baird as Lorraine Jim Belushi as Bradley Mitchum John Billingsley as Doctor Ben Ronnie Gene Blevins as Tommy Wes Brown as Darren Juan Carlos Cantu as Officer Reynaldo Larry Clarke as Detective T. Fusco Jonny Coyne as Polish Accountant Giselle Damier as Sandie David Dastmalchian as Pit Boss Warrick Jeremy Davies as Jimmy Eric Edelstein as Detective `` Smiley '' Fusco John Ennis as Slot Machine Man Josh Fadem as Phil Bisby Rebecca Field as Another Mom Patrick Fischler as Duncan Todd Meg Foster as Cashier Pierce Gagnon as Sonny Jim Jones Hailey Gates as Drugged - out Mother Brett Gelman as Supervisor Burns Ivy George as 5 - Year - Old Girl Robert Knepper as Rodney Mitchum David Koechner as Detective D. Fusco Jay Larson as Limo Driver Andrea Leal as Mandie Bellina Logan as Female Doctor Josh McDermitt as Wise Guy Don Murray as Bushnell Mullins Sara Paxton as Candy Shaker Linda Porter as Lady Slot - Addict Elena Satine as Rhonda John Savage as Detective Clark Amy Shiels as Candie Tom Sizemore as Anthony Sinclair Bob Stephenson as Frank Ethan Suplee as Bill Shaker Sabrina S. Sutherland as Floor Attendant Jackie Naomi Watts as Janey - E Jones Nafessa Williams as Jade Christophe Zajac - Denek as Ike `` The Spike '' Stadtler South Dakota Jane Adams as Constance Talbot Brent Briscoe as Detective Dave Macklay Bailey Chase as Detective Don Harrison Neil Dickson as George Bautzer George Griffith as Ray Monroe Cornelia Guest as Phyllis Hastings Nicole LaLiberte as Darya Jennifer Jason Leigh as Chantal Hutchens Matthew Lillard as William Hastings Karl Makinen as Inspector Randy Hollister Bérénice Marlohe as French Woman James Morrison as Warden Dwight Murphy Christopher Murray as Officer Olson Max Perlich as Hank Tim Roth as Gary `` Hutch '' Hutchens Mary Stofle as Ruth Davenport Supernatural Phoebe Augustine as American Girl Monica Bellucci as herself David Bowie as Phillip Jeffries Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Phillip Jeffries Robert Broski as Woodsman Don S. Davis as Major Garland Briggs Erica Eynon as Experiment Sheryl Lee as Laura Palmer Joy Nash as Señorita Dido Carlton Lee Russell as the Jumping Man Frank Silva as Killer BOB Malachy Sreenan as Bosomy Lady Al Strobel as MIKE Carel Struycken as The Fireman Ray Wise as Leland Palmer Nae Yuuki as Naido Michael J. Anderson did not reprise his role as The Man from Another Place , who instead appears as a treelike computer - generated effect and is voiced by an uncredited actor . Other New York Michael Bisping as Guard Benjamin Rosenfield as Sam Colby Madeline Zima as Tracey Barberato New Mexico , 1956 Leslie Berger as New Mexico Wife Cullen Douglas as Disc Jockey Tikaeni Faircrest as Girl Tad Griffith as New Mexico Husband Xolo Mariduena as Boy Tracy Philips as Receptionist Montana Frank Collison as Muddy Derek Mears as Renzo Odessa Matt Battaglia as Cowboy 3 Francesca Eastwood as Texas Waitress Kristi Heath Hensley as Cowboy 1 Rob Mars as Cowboy 2 Sheryl Lee as Carrie Page Notes ^ Jump up to : These actors appear both in archive footage and , playing different roles , in new material . ^ Jump up to : Archive footage only . ^ Jump up to : These actors died before the series aired and episodes are dedicated in their memory . Jump up ^ In the original series , Logan portrayed Louie `` Birdsong '' Budway . Jump up ^ The character 's name was n't revealed until Part 14 . Struycken was credited as `` The Giant '' in the original series . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Twin Peaks episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Part 1 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.506 <Td_colspan="7"> FBI agent Dale Cooper remains trapped in the Black Lodge . The Fireman tells him to remember `` 430 '' and `` Richard and Linda '' . Great Northern hotel owner Ben Horne introduces his brother Jerry to his secretary , Beverly . Deputy Chief Hawk gets a call from the Log Lady , who tells him evidence relating to Dale Cooper is missing . In a New York City warehouse , a young man , Sam , is employed to observe a glass box . When the security guard is absent , Sam and a young woman , Tracey , have sex . An androgynous entity , the Experiment , materializes in the box and murders them . In Buckhorn , South Dakota , Cooper 's doppelgänger -- a sinister , long - haired man with black irises -- retrieves two associates , Ray and Darya . Police find the severed head of Buckhorn librarian Ruth Davenport placed on the headless corpse of a John Doe . Local principal Bill Hastings 's fingerprints are found and he is arrested . Hastings denies guilt , but fumbles his alibi . 32 `` Part 2 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.506 <Td_colspan="7"> Hastings 's wife visits him in jail and is later murdered by Cooper 's doppelgänger . In Las Vegas , businessman Duncan Todd sends money to an unseen woman for a future job . Cooper 's doppelgänger employs Darya , Ray and Jack to obtain information . Perceiving that Jack and Darya have turned on him , he murders them . He has a plan to avoid his due return to the Black Lodge and has a telephone conversation with someone he believes is missing FBI agent Phillip Jeffries , who mentions Major Briggs and BOB , the evil spirit inside the doppelänger . The doppelgänger sets out for the South Dakota prison where Ray is imprisoned . Hawk approaches the entrance to the Black Lodge near Twin Peaks . Inside the Black Lodge , Cooper encounters the one - armed spirit MIKE and murdered schoolgirl Laura Palmer , who opens her face , revealing light . The Arm , who has evolved into a skeletal tree , says Cooper 's doppelgänger must return before Cooper can leave . The Arm 's doppelgänger attacks Cooper and he falls into the box in New York ( as Sam welcomes Tracey ) , then into space . In Twin Peaks , Shelly flirts with Red while her friend Renee notices James Hurley staring at her . 33 `` Part 3 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.195 <Td_colspan="7"> Cooper lands in a building above a purple sea , where two women protect him from an unseen threat . An eyeless woman , Naido , pulls a lever and falls into space . Cooper leaves through a portal . Cooper 's doppelgänger and a second , `` manufactured '' doppelgänger , Dougie Jones , become sick and see the Black Lodge 's curtains . The first doppelgänger crashes his car and is apprehended by the police . Dougie is drawn into the Black Lodge , where he dissolves into a golden seed . Cooper takes Dougie 's place in Las Vegas , where Jade , a prostitute , finds him in a disoriented state and drops him at a casino . Criminals pursuing Dougie place a bomb under his car . Cooper wanders around the casino and plays slot machines marked by signals from the Black Lodge , winning megajackpots every time . At the Twin Peaks Sheriff 's Department , Hawk , Andy and Lucy are unable to discern what is missing . At the FBI headquarters in Philadelphia , Deputy Director Gordon Cole receives a call stating that Cooper has been found in South Dakota . 34 `` Part 4 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.195 <Td_colspan="7"> Cooper wins 28 megajackpots at the casino and is driven to Dougie 's home . Dougie 's wife , Janey - E , is relieved that they can pay his large gambling debts . Cooper , near - catatonic , has difficulty settling into life as Dougie . He sees a vision of MIKE , who informs him that either he or his doppelgänger must die . At the Sheriff 's Department , Sheriff Frank Truman gets an update on Hawk 's investigation , and Deputy Bobby Briggs recalls that Cooper was the last person to see his father , Major Briggs , before his death . Andy and Lucy 's son Wally Brando arrives at the Sheriff 's Office to pay his respects to his ill godfather , Harry Truman . Gordon and fellow FBI agents Albert Rosenfield and Tammy Preston travel to South Dakota to interview Cooper 's doppelgänger , who claims to have been working undercover with Jeffries . Gordon and Albert discuss their misgivings , suspect a `` Blue Rose '' case and decide to contact a woman they think can help . 35 5 `` Part 5 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 0.254 <Td_colspan="7"> Dougie 's would - be assassins call their terrified boss , Lorraine , who sends a message that activates a black box in Buenos Aires . An autopsy finds Dougie 's wedding ring in the corpse 's stomach . Looking into a mirror , Cooper 's doppelgänger sees that BOB is still within him . At Dougie 's workplace , Cooper reacts to a statue , coffee , and the words `` agent '' and `` case files '' . A light above his colleague Anthony Sinclair spurs Cooper to accuse him of lying , angering Sinclair and their boss , Bushnell Mullins . The casino 's owners , the Mitchum brothers , beat and fire a supervisor , believing him complicit in Cooper 's winning streak . Car thieves trigger the bomb under Dougie 's car . Jade drops Cooper 's Great Northern Hotel room key in a mailbox . Becky and her jobless husband , Steven Burnett , snort drugs after borrowing money from Becky 's mother , Shelly . Dr. Jacoby broadcasts conspiracy theories , watched by Jerry Horne and Nadine Hurley . At the Pentagon , Colonel Davis learns the headless corpse 's fingerprints match those of Major Briggs . At the Roadhouse , Richard Horne bribes Deputy Chad and molests a woman . Tammy discovers Cooper 's on - file fingerprints are the reverse of the doppelgänger 's . Cooper 's doppelgänger uses his prison phone call to disrupt the security system . The black box becomes a silver ball . 36 6 `` Part 6 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 0.270 <Td_colspan="7"> Police take Cooper to Dougie 's home and Janey - E receives a photo of Dougie with Jade from criminals demanding Dougie 's gambling debts plus exorbitant interest . Janey - E convinces the criminals to accept a smaller sum . Cooper draws cryptic images on the case files , guided by lights on the pages . Bushnell recognizes a pattern in the drawings and thanks Cooper . Cooper has another vision of MIKE urging him to `` wake up '' . Todd sends an envelope marked with a black spot to hitman Ike `` The Spike '' Stadtler , ordering him to kill Lorraine and Dougie . Ike kills Lorraine and her coworkers , destroying his signature weapon in the process . Albert finds Diane , Cooper 's erstwhile assistant , in a bar . In Twin Peaks , Red , revealed as a drug supplier , charges Richard Horne with a delivery . Richard speeds in his truck , running over and killing a young boy . Carl Rodd comforts the boy 's mother . Hawk drops a coin in the restroom and finds pages torn from Laura 's diary hidden inside a stall door . 37 7 `` Part 7 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 0.294 <Td_colspan="7"> Hawk and Frank examine the pages , which describe a dream in which Annie tells Laura that the good Dale is trapped in the Black Lodge . Frank calls Doc Hayward , who recalls that after returning from the Black Lodge , Cooper sneaked out of intensive care , where Audrey Horne was in a coma . Air Force Lt. Knox arrives in Buckhorn and learns that Major Briggs 's fingerprints come from a body in its forties , not seventies . Albert and Gordon convince Diane to speak to Cooper in prison . She is upset by the conversation and tells Gordon the man is not Cooper . Cooper 's doppelgänger blackmails Warden Murphy into releasing him and Ray . Police visit Cooper at Dougie 's workplace to question him about his destroyed car . As he leaves with Janey - E , Ike runs at them with a gun , but Cooper expertly disarms him while having a vision of the Arm . In Twin Peaks , the owner of the truck driven by Richard in the hit - and - run fails to arrive for a meeting with Andy . Beverly tries to locate the source of a hum in Ben Horne 's office , then returns home to her terminally ill husband , Tom . A young man bursts into the RR , looking for Billy . 38 8 `` Part 8 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 0.246 <Td_colspan="7"> In a standoff , Ray shoots Cooper 's doppelgänger . Woodsmen tear at his body , revealing an orb with BOB 's face . Ray flees and informs Jeffries that the doppelgänger may have survived . The doppelgänger awakens . In 1945 New Mexico , the first atomic bomb is detonated . Woodsmen occupy a convenience store and the Experiment spews smoke containing an orb bearing BOB 's face . In the building above the purple sea , the Fireman observes these events and levitates , emanating a golden mist and an orb containing Laura Palmer 's face . His companion , Señorita Dido , sends the orb to Earth . In 1956 New Mexico , a woodsman descends to the ground , enters a radio station and repeatedly broadcasts a mysterious message , rendering listeners unconscious . A bug / frog - like creature hatches from an egg , enters an unconscious girl 's room and climbs down her throat . 39 9 `` Part 9 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 0.355 <Td_colspan="7"> Cooper 's doppelgänger meets hitmen Hutch and Chantal at a farm and orders them to kill Warden Murphy . He sends a text to Diane and calls Todd to ask if he has done `` it '' yet . Dougie 's boss says that Dougie sometimes has episodes due to a car accident . The Las Vegas police discover no record of Dougie Jones before 1997 and take fingerprints and DNA from his coffee mug . Ike leaves a phone message for a `` JT '' and is arrested . Bobby visits his mother with Frank and Hawk to ask about Cooper ; her husband Major Briggs long ago foretold their arrival , and she gives them a cylinder containing a location , date , and Cooper 's name written twice . The FBI stops in Buckhorn to examine the corpse with Major Briggs 's fingerprints . Hastings tells Tammy that he and Ruth visited Briggs in another dimension , where he had been `` hibernating '' for years , and witnessed his beheading as he was saying `` Cooper , Cooper '' . Johnny Horne injures himself , and Jerry Horne hallucinates that his foot is talking . 40 10 `` Part 10 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 0.267 <Td_colspan="7"> Richard Horne confronts Miriam , a teacher who witnessed his hit - and - run . She tells him she has written to the sheriff . He attacks her and leaves her for dead in her trailer , then has Deputy Chad intercept the letter . The Mitchums see a news story about Ike 's arrest , and recognize Cooper as `` Mr. Jackpots '' . Janey - E notices that her husband 's physique has improved and has sex with him . Nadine Hurley watches Jacoby 's latest broadcast from her drapery store . Richard attacks his grandmother Sylvia in her home and robs her . She calls Ben and demands money from him . Todd orders Anthony Sinclair to frame Dougie for the denial of an arson insurance claim that lost the Mitchums $30 million . Gordon has a vision of Laura . Albert informs him that the FBI has intercepted a text message from Diane informing someone of Hastings 's arrest . Tammy shows them a photo that links Cooper 's doppelgänger with the glass box in New York . Hawk receives another call from the Log Lady , who tells him `` Laura is the one . '' 41 11 `` Part 11 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 0.219 <Td_colspan="7"> A group of children discover Miriam crawling from the underbrush . Becky learns Steven has been cheating on her with Gersten Hayward . She drives to Gersten 's apartment and shoots through the door , but the couple are elsewhere . At the Double R Diner , Becky 's parents , Shelly and Bobby , discuss the incident with her . Red arrives and Shelly leaves to kiss him . A child fires a gun through the diner window , causing a commotion . At the location where Hastings met Major Briggs , the FBI finds Ruth 's body with coordinates written on one arm . Gordon sees woodsmen in a vortex and is drawn back by Albert . One of the woodsmen sneaks up on Hastings and kills him . While Hawk and Frank study an ancient map , the Log Lady calls Hawk and tells him `` There 's fire where you are going . '' Dougie 's boss sends Cooper to give the Mitchums a $30 million check after realizing their claim is legitimate . The Mitchums plan to kill Cooper , but after Bradley has a prophetic dream , they decide he is not their enemy and take him for drinks , where Cooper reacts to the words `` damn good '' while eating cherry pie . 42 12 `` Part 12 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 0.240 <Td_colspan="7"> Gordon and Albert recruit Tammy and deputize Diane to the Blue Rose task force . Sarah Palmer has an unsettling experience in a grocery store , which leads Deputy Chief Hawk to check on her at her house , where he hears a sound behind Sarah . Albert interrupts Gordon and his French lady friend to show him a text message Diane received asking about Las Vegas . Audrey Horne demands that her husband , Charlie , help her find Billy , her missing lover . He reluctantly phones Tina , and is astonished by what she tells him , but does not tell Audrey what Tina said . Chantal and Hutch assassinate Warden Murphy . Frank visits Ben Horne to tell him his grandson Richard killed the boy in the hit - and - run , and attempted to kill the only witness . Ben agrees to pay her medical costs and gives Cooper 's old room key to Frank as a memento for Harry . Diane finds that the coordinates on Ruth Davenport 's arm point to Twin Peaks . 43 13 `` Part 13 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 0.280 <Td_colspan="7"> The Mitchums thank Dougie and Bushnell with gifts . Anthony Sinclair is about to poison Dougie , but relents and confesses his collusion with Todd to Bushnell . The Las Vegas police dismiss Dougie 's fingerprint analysis . Cooper 's doppelgänger arrives in Montana , where Ray is with a gang . The doppelgänger defeats the gang leader in an arm - wrestling match , then kills him , with the gang ( including Richard ) watching . He questions Ray about the assassination attempt , forces him to give up the coordinates , and shoots him , sending him to the Black Lodge . Hutch and Chantal drive through Utah . At the RR , Big Ed and Bobby have dinner while Norma meets Walter , who helped franchise her business . Nadine and Jacoby meet for the first time in years . Sarah watches a loop of a boxing match . Audrey tells Charlie she does not know who or where she is and can not leave the house . James , performing at the Roadhouse , moves Renee to tears . 44 14 `` Part 14 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 0.253 <Td_colspan="7"> Frank informs Gordon that pages found from Laura 's diary suggest two Coopers . Albert tells Tammy about the first Blue Rose case , which involved doppelgängers . Diane identifies Janey - E as her estranged half - sister . Gordon orders the Las Vegas office to search for the Joneses . Chad is arrested . Frank , Hawk , Bobby and Andy follow Major Briggs 's instructions to `` Jack Rabbit 's Palace '' in the woods , where they find a naked Naido . Andy is transported to the Fireman , who shows him visions of the events in New Mexico , Laura , two Coopers , Lucy and an electrical pole numbered 6 . For her safety the police place Naido in a cell in the Sheriff 's department , next to cells containing Chad and a drunk bleeding from his face . James learns how fellow Great Northern security guard Freddie Sykes bought a strength - enhancing glove and moved to Twin Peaks from London after a vision of the Fireman . James notices a hum in the boiler room . When a trucker insults her in a bar , Sarah opens her face , revealing darkness , and bites his throat , killing him . At the Roadhouse , Megan and Sophie discuss Billy , who stormed into Megan 's kitchen , bleeding from his nose and mouth . 45 15 `` Part 15 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 0.329 <Td_colspan="7"> Cooper 's doppelgänger arrives at the convenience store to ask Jeffries ( whose voice comes from a machine ) about the assassination attempt and his reference to `` Judy '' . Jeffries tells him he has already met Judy and gives him coordinates . Outside , Richard attacks the doppelgänger , whom he recognized as an FBI agent his mother Audrey knew , but is subdued . In Las Vegas , Chantal assassinates Todd and his assistant . Cooper reacts to hearing Gordon 's name on TV ( in Sunset Boulevard ) , and sticks a fork into an electrical socket . Inspired by Jacoby 's show , Nadine tells Ed he is free to pursue Norma . Norma lets Walter buy out the RR franchise , then accepts Ed 's marriage proposal . Gersten attempts to console an armed , suicidal Steven in the woods ; hiding from a passerby , she hears a gunshot . The Log Lady calls Hawk and gives him a final message before dying . Audrey and Charlie continue arguing . At the Roadhouse , James is attacked by Renee 's jealous husband , Chuck , whom Freddie punches out with his glove ; Freddie and James are arrested . A young woman crawls across the Roadhouse floor and screams . 46 16 `` Part 16 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 0.267 <Td_colspan="7"> Cooper 's doppelgänger and Richard Horne follow two of three coordinates the doppelgänger obtained . Observed by Jerry Horne , the doppelgänger sends Richard ahead to the site , where he is electrocuted , and then calls Richard his son . While Cooper lies in a coma , both the FBI and Chantal and Hutch are waiting outside the Jones residence . Chantal and Hutch are killed by a neighbor they provoked in a parking dispute . Cooper awakes from his coma . MIKE tells him that the doppelgänger is still at large and gives him the Owl Cave ring . Cooper gives MIKE some of his hair , asking him to `` make another one '' , then has the Mitchums organize a flight to Spokane , Washington . Having received a text from the doppelgänger , Diane tells the task force that , years ago , Cooper raped her and took her to an old gas station . Exclaiming `` I 'm in the sheriff 's station ... I 'm not me '' , she pulls a gun but is shot by Albert and Tammy . Diane is drawn to the Black Lodge and dissolves into a seed . Tammy realizes that the `` Diane '' they had been associating with is actuality a tulpa . At the Roadhouse , Audrey dances to `` Audrey 's Dance '' . When a fight breaks out , Audrey begs Charlie to take her home . Suddenly she wakes up , looking into a mirror . 47 17 `` Part 17 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 0.254 <Td_colspan="7"> Gordon tells Albert of a secret plan to find `` Judy '' , an `` extreme negative force '' originally known as `` Jiāo Dài '' , and is informed that Cooper is headed for Twin Peaks . The remaining coordinates lead Cooper 's doppelgänger to `` Jack Rabbit 's Palace '' . He is transported to the Fireman , then to the Sheriff 's Department , and mistaken for the real Cooper . While talking to the doppelgänger , Frank receives a call from Cooper . The doppelgänger draws a gun but is shot by Lucy . Cooper , the FBI and the Mitchums arrive . Woodsmen tear at the doppelgänger 's body , releasing BOB 's orb . Freddie knocks out Chad , who had escaped his cell , and smashes BOB 's orb with several punches . Cooper puts the Owl Cave ring on the doppelgänger 's finger , sending him to the Black Lodge . Naido transforms into Diane . Cooper unlocks a door at the Great Northern , where MIKE takes him to Jeffries , who transports Cooper to the night Laura died . Cooper prevents Laura 's murder ; in the morning , her corpse vanishes . As he leads her through the woods , she disappears . Sarah screams and smashes Laura 's photo . 48 18 `` Part 18 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 0.240 <Td_colspan="7"> Cooper 's doppelgänger burns in the Black Lodge . MIKE creates another Dougie , who returns to Janey - E and Sonny Jim . Cooper appears in the Black Lodge again , encountering MIKE and the Arm . He emerges and meets Diane in the woods . They drive on a highway for 430 miles and `` cross over '' some electrical field , then drive to a motel and have sex . Cooper awakes the next morning alone and finds a note left to `` Richard '' from `` Linda '' . Arriving at Judy 's Diner in Odessa , Texas , Cooper saves a waitress from harassment and obtains the address of another waitress , Carrie Page , who resembles Laura Palmer . Believing she is Laura , he drives her to Twin Peaks , but finds the Palmer house occupied by different owners . Confused , Cooper asks Carrie what year it is . Carrie hears Sarah calling Laura 's name and screams . The house lights go out . In the Black Lodge , Laura whispers to Cooper . ^ Jump up to : Parts 3 and 4 were made available immediately after the premiere of parts 1 and 2 through Showtime 's digital platform . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Twin Peaks The soundtrack contains new and reused compositions from Angelo Badalamenti as well as dark ambient music and sound design by Dean Hurley and David Lynch ( including some from The Air Is on Fire ) and unreleased music from Lynch and Badalamenti 's 1990s project Thought Gang two tracks of which previously appeared in Fire Walk with Me . Hurley 's contributions were released on the album Anthology Resource Vol. 1 : △ △ on August 6 , 2017 , by Sacred Bones Records . Several tracks from Johnny Jewel 's album Windswept also appear throughout . Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima by Krzysztof Penderecki appears in key scenes . Two soundtracks were released on September 8 , 2017 , by Rhino Records : Twin Peaks ( Music From the Limited Event Series ) and Twin Peaks ( Limited Event Series Original Soundtrack ) . Additionally , multiple episodes contain musical performances at the Roadhouse : Episode ( s ) Artist Song Part 2 Part 12 Chromatics ( Ruth Radelet , Adam Miller , Johnny Jewel and Nat Walker ) `` Shadow '' ( Part 2 ) `` Saturday '' ( Part 12 ) Part 3 The Cactus Blossoms ( Jack Torrey , Page Burkum , Joel Paterson , Beau Sample and Alex Hall ) `` Mississippi '' Part 4 Part 9 Au Revoir Simone ( Heather D'Angelo , Erika Forster and Annie Hart ) `` Lark '' ( Part 4 ) `` A Violent Yet Flammable World '' ( Part 9 ) Part 5 Trouble ( Riley Lynch , Alex Zhang Hungtai , Sam Smith and Dean Hurley ) `` Snake Eyes '' Part 6 Sharon Van Etten , with Carolyn Pennypacker Riggs , John Phillip Irons III and Zeke Hutchins `` Tarifa '' Part 8 Nine Inch Nails ( Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross , Mariqueen Maandig , Robin Finck , Alessandro Cortini and Joey Castillo ) `` She 's Gone Away '' Part 9 Hudson Mohawke `` Human '' Part 10 Rebekah Del Rio `` No Stars '' Part 13 James Marshall ( as James Hurley ) `` Just You '' Part 14 Lissie , with Eric Sullivan , Lewis Keller and Jesse Siebenberg `` Wild West '' Part 15 The Veils ( Finn Andrews , Sophia Burn and Uberto Rapisardi ) `` Axolotl '' Part 16 Eddie Vedder ( introduced as Edward Louis Severson III ) `` Out of Sand '' Part 17 Julee Cruise , with Chromatics `` The World Spins '' Other music , mostly played diegetically includes : `` American Woman '' ( David Lynch Remix ) by Muddy Magnolias `` Take Five '' by Dave Brubeck `` I Love How You Love Me '' by The Paris Sisters `` I Am ( Old School Hip Hop Beat ) '' by Blunted Beatz `` Habit '' and `` Tabloid '' by Uniform `` Sleep Walk '' by Santo & Johnny `` Green Onions '' by Booker T. & the M.G. 's `` My Prayer '' by The Platters `` Charmaine '' by Mantovani `` Viva Las Vegas '' by Shawn Colvin `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' ( Live ) by Otis Redding `` Sharp Dressed Man '' by ZZ Top Beethoven 's Moonlight Sonata and `` Last Call '' by David Lynch are played slowed down significantly . Release ( edit ) Twin Peaks premiered on Showtime on May 21 , 2017 , with a two - hour episode . After the airing , the premiere and an additional two episodes became available online , and the series aired in weekly increments from that point onwards ( at Lynch 's insistence ) . Overall , the series consists of 18 episodes . It concluded on September 3 , 2017 , with a two - part finale . In the United Kingdom , Sky Atlantic simulcast the first two episodes beginning at 2 : 00 am British Summer Time on May 22 , 2017 , and the next two episodes were released on Sky UK 's on - demand service after the premiere . In the Nordic countries , the series is broadcast on HBO Nordic , with the two - hour premiere airing on May 22 , and subsequent episodes being made available the day after its U.S. airing . In Canada , the series is available on CraveTV and The Movie Network , and debuted simultaneously with the U.S. broadcast . In Australia , episodes of the series are available to stream on Stan the same day as the original U.S. broadcast . Two episodes were screened at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival . In Japan , the series airs on the satellite television network Wowow , which also aired the original series . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The first two episodes garnered positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , Twin Peaks has a score of 74 out of 100 based on 26 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 94 % rating with an average score of 7.75 out of 10 based on 71 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Surreal , suspenseful , and visually stunning , this new Twin Peaks is an auteurist triumph for David Lynch . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote `` Twin Peaks : The Return is weird and creepy and slow . But it is interesting . The show is very stubbornly itself -- not quite film and not quite TV , rejecting both standard storytelling and standard forms . It 's not especially fun to watch and it can be quite disturbing . But there is never a sense that you are watching something devoid of vision or intention . Lynch 's vision is so total and absolute that he can get away with what would n't be otherwise acceptable . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg commented that `` The thing that struck me most immediately about the premiere is how relatively cogent it was , with a clear emphasis on ' relatively ' . What premiered on Sunday was as accessibly scary , disturbing and audaciously funny as many of the best parts of the original Twin Peaks , and nowhere near as hallucinatory and subtextually distilled as the prequel film Fire Walk With Me . '' Fienberg also wrote about the series ' format : `` It 's obvious this Twin Peaks is going to be an 18 - hour unit . There was no discernible separation between hours and if credits had n't rolled , the second hour could probably just as easily have flowed into the third . This is n't episodic TV . It 's another thing . '' In her `` A '' grade review , Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club wrote regarding its possible reception from critics and viewers : `` This two - part premiere is going to be wildly difficult for any two people to agree upon , in part because a viewer 's assessment of the revival will depend upon what they hoped for . If you were looking forward to a return of the sometimes campy , sometimes cozy humor of the original two seasons of Twin Peaks , this premiere could come as a shock . If you were anticipating that once jolting , now familiar blend of genres , this is ... not that . '' She called the two - part premiere `` pure Lynchian horror '' . At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , Lynch screened the two - hour premiere of the series and received a five - minute standing ovation from the crowd . Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone called the series `` one of the most groundbreaking TV series ever '' , praising its original , complex story lines and the performances of its cast , particularly Kyle MacLachlan . Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture wrote that the show was `` the most original and disturbing to hit TV drama since The Sopranos '' . In his season review for IGN , Matt Fowler noted that Twin Peaks `` came back as a true artistic force that challenged just about every storytelling convention we know '' and scored it an 8.8 out of 10 . Ratings ( edit ) The two - hour premiere on May 21 , 2017 , received 506,000 viewers on Showtime , which Deadline.com called `` soft for such a strongly promoted prestige project '' . Ratings increased to 626,000 after the encore broadcasts that night and the premiere also had over 450,000 viewers via streaming and on - demand . Viewership for the premiere increased to 804,000 in Live + 3 ratings , and it had a viewership of 1.7 million across streaming and on - demand platforms . Showtime announced that the weekend of the Twin Peaks premiere had the most signups to their streaming service ever . Prior to the finale , the series was averaging 2 million weekly viewers , when including time - shifting , encores and streaming . Showtime president David Nevins said that Twin Peaks `` has exceeded expectations '' from a financial perspective . Twin Peaks : U.S. viewers per episode ( thousands ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 Ep. 17 Ep. 18 The Return 506 506 195 195 254 270 294 246 355 267 219 240 280 253 329 267 254 240 Source : Nielsen Media Research Home Media ( edit ) The series is scheduled to be released on Blu - ray and DVD on December 5 , 2017 . Future ( edit ) Lynch has expressed interest in making another season of Twin Peaks , but noted that such a project will not immediately follow The Return , given that it took four and a half years for him and Frost to write and film the third season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Gets Premiere Date , Episode Count On Showtime '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' holds gala premiere with trees , stars , cherry pies and ( ssshhhh ! ! ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks Revival Back On for ' More Than ' 9 Episodes as David Lynch , Showtime Resolve Stalemate '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Here Is the Full Cast Of David Lynch 's Showtime Reboot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan Set for Twin Peaks Revival , More Original Cast Expected '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Showtime Boss Elaborates on Roll Out Plans '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twin Peaks : The Return '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Fans Streamed To Showtime To Break Signup Record '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove - Mather , Bootie ( April 26 , 2002 ) . `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Time . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years . '' Entertainment Weekly . August 3 , 2012 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` 100 Greatest Television Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lusher , Tim ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Guardian 's top 50 television dramas of all time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , David . `` David Lynch , Weird on Top '' . Empire ( November 2001 ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Matt Haley interview ! '' . Twin Peaks Archive . July 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Lynch And Mark Frost Not Bringing Twin Peaks Back '' . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Lynch To Ray Wise : `` We Could Revisit Twin Peaks '' `` . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Lynch To Shoot Twin Peaks Promo With Busty Brunette or Redhead , Confirmed By Ray Wise '' . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Lynch Answers `` Tricky Question '' About Twin Peaks Continuation With `` Just Wait And See '' `` . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Verge `` A new ' Twin Peaks ' miniseries is coming to Showtime in 2016 '' ; IndieWire `` It 's been more than two years since the `` Twin Peaks '' revival miniseries was announced `` ; Nerdist `` Showtime shocked everyone by getting co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost to revive Twin Peaks as a new miniseries '' ; TV.com `` Twin Peaks Lives ! David Lynch Is Creating a Sequel Miniseries for Showtime '' Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Twin Peaks Revival to Air on Showtime in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Source : Twin Peaks reboot moving forward despite David Lynch 's comments '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks Revival : David Lynch Out as Director , Showtime ' Saddened ' But Will ' Hold Out Hope ' He Returns '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Lynch To Direct 18 ( ! ) New Episodes Of Twin Peaks , Scored By Angelo Badalamenti , Shot In Washington State '' . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks Recasts Major Role for Revival ( and It 's a Total Bummer ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` David Duchovny Teases Twin Peaks Return : ' Yeah , I 'll Shave My Legs ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Follow - up Series : Miguel Ferrer To Reprise Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Sam ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Did Alicia Witt Just Reveal She Will Star in the Upcoming ' Twin Peaks ' Series ? '' . KTLA 5 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Sabrina ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm Sabrina Sutherland , Executive Producer of Twin Peaks . AMA . '' . Reddit . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Lynch And Mark Frost Want Russ Tamblyn Back As Dr. Jacoby In Twin Peaks 2016 ! '' . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Tim ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's How the Log Lady Returns to ' Twin Peaks ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Catherine E. Coulson Dies : ' Twin Peaks ' Log Lady Was 71 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ; Jensen , Doc ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Talking to David Lynch about Twin Peaks : The Return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks Revival on Showtime : Watch the First Teaser ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Sherilyn Fenn To Return For Showtime Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Revival : Naomi Watts & Tom Sizemore Join ; David Lynch Reprising Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Twin Peaks : Laura Dern Joins Cast of Showtime Revival -- as Diane ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Cast List Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ekstein - Kon , Alexandra ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` 5 Things You Might Have Missed In The ' Twin Peaks ' Season 3 Finale '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Christopher ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dallas actor returns to ' Twin Peaks ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wray , Daniel Dylan ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` David Lynch on Bowie and the Music that Inspired the New `` Twin Peaks '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saperstein , Pat ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Miguel Ferrer Dead : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Star Dies at 61 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Warren Frost Dead at 91 : ' Twin Peaks ' , ' Seinfeld ' , ' Matlock ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dagan , Carmel ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Harry Dean Stanton , ' Big Love , ' ' Twin Peaks ' Star , Dies at 91 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howe - Smith , Nia ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks revival to premiere in 2017 , says co-creator '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks Revival : Showtime Boss Teases ' Big Surprises ' and ' Familiar Faces , ' Confirms Fall Start Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Saddie ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Showtime Says Everyone You Want to See in Twin Peaks Will Return '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Twin Peaks Premiere Date Narrowed Down to ' Early 2017 ' at Showtime '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Who Else Is Returning & Other Tidbits About Showtime Reboot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 37 Twin Peaks Characters We Will See Again After 25 Years ( Or Not ) '' . Welcome to Twin Peaks. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` A Guide to the Characters of Twin Peaks : Who 's Back , Who 's New , and Who 's Missing '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saraiya , Sonia ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Star Kyle MacLachlan Does n't Know What Happened in That Last Scene Either '' . Variety . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nahmod , David - Elijah ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Clark remembers Bowie '' . ebar.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Ana De La Reguera & Hugh Dillon Join Showtime Revival '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Ashley Judd Joins Reboot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks Revival : Brothers & Sisters Vet Cast In Top - Secret Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Twin Peaks : Amanda Seyfried Lands Mystery Role on Showtime Revival '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Bailey Chase & Jessica Szohr To Star In Kevin Williamson 's Paranormal CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Reboot Adds Patrick Fischler & David Dastmalchian '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirschberg , Lynn ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Hailey Gates Thought the Secrecy on David Lynch 's Twin Peaks Reboot Was `` Pretty Funny '' `` . W Magazine . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Bailey Chase To Recur In ' Twin Peaks ' & ' Grimm ' , Signs With APA '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Jason Leigh Joins ' Twin Peaks ' Follow - Up Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ekstein - Kon , Alexandra ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Things You Might Have Missed In ' Twin Peaks ' Season 3 , Episode 14 '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` '' I do n't understand this situation at all `` : Easter egg hunting in `` Twin Peaks '' `` . Salon . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scherstuhl , Alan ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Good Coop / Bad Coop in the First Four Episodes of Twin Peaks '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Twin Peaks ' return comes in low for Showtime '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Episodes 3 & 4 : How to Watch the Next Episodes Online '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' tops a down day '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' finale improves , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' hits another low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Hurley : Anthology Resource Vol. 1 : △ △ '' . Sacred Bone Records . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Michael ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Twin Peaks getting two new soundtracks to obsess over '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alex ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Twin Peaks soundtrack : a guide to all of the bands in the new episodes '' . NME . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` See Nine Inch Nails Perform ' She 's Gone Away ' on ' Twin Peaks ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Nick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Nine Inch Nails perform ' She 's Gone Away ' on Twin Peaks '' . NME . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appleford , Steve ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Julee Cruise returns to ' Twin Peaks ' : ' I will always be proud of this ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dom , Peter ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` To Score The Haunting Woodsmen Scene , David Lynch Severely Slowed Down Beethoven 's `` Moonlight Sonata '' And Mixed It With Monkey Screeches `` . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dom , Peter ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` David Lynch Hides Own Singing Voice In Sarah Palmer 's First Scene '' . WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' & ' Episodes ' Get Summer Premiere Dates ; ' Twin Peaks ' Finale Also Slotted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gill , James ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Twin Peaks series revival to be simulcast in the UK and the US '' . Radio Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Tasha ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Want a Twin Peaks season 3 mini-marathon ? You can watch all four episodes on demand on Monday '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Nordic Takes Showtime 's ' Twin Peaks ' for Nordic Region '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWTIME Programming To Now Premiere on CraveTV , Beginning November 20 with THE AFFAIR '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks ( 2017 ) -- Episodes '' . The Movie Network . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ma , Wenlei ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Now 's the time to rewatch Twin Peaks '' . News.com.au . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cannes Film Festival 2017 line - up announced including Sofia Coppola , Yorgos Lanthimos and Twin Peaks '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Japan 's WOWOW Nabs Showtime 's ' Twin Peaks , ' Two Other Series From CBS '' . Variety . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Twin Peaks : The Return ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Emily L. ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` In its nightmarish two - part return , Twin Peaks is pure Lynchian horror '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` David Lynch 's ' Twin Peaks ' Revival Met With Standing Ovation In Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Twin Peaks : The Return ' Was the Most Groundbreaking TV Series Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` In Twin Peaks : The Return , You Ca n't Go Home Again '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Twin Peaks : The Return Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Debut Soft For Showtime In Linear Viewership '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Twin Peaks ' Premiere Gets Modest Live + 3 Bump ; Strong Streaming Lift '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Has ' Twin Peaks ' Been a Hit for Showtime ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woo , Noah ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` David Lynch Announces `` Twin Peaks '' Revival DVD Release Date `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` If we see Twin Peaks again , it wo n't be for at least four - and - a-half years '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Twin Peaks on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Twin Peaks Characters Dale Cooper Laura Palmer Shelly Johnson Donna Hayward Audrey Horne Maddy Ferguson Benjamin Horne Killer BOB Windom Earle MIKE Leland Palmer Log Lady The Giant The Man from Another Place Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Episode 1 '' `` Episode 2 '' `` Episode 3 '' `` Episode 4 '' `` Episode 5 '' `` Episode 6 '' `` Episode 7 '' Season 2 `` Episode 8 '' `` Episode 9 '' `` Episode 14 '' `` Episode 16 '' `` Episode 29 '' The Return `` Part 8 '' Music Soundtrack from Twin Peaks Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Twin Peaks Music : Season Two Music and More `` Falling '' `` Rockin ' Back Inside My Heart '' Literature The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer The Secret History of Twin Peaks Related Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Twin Peaks : The Missing Pieces Home video Black and White Lodges The Great Northern Hotel Awards and nominations <Th_colspan="2"> Showtime original programming Former 1980s debuts 33 Brompton Place Bizarre Brothers Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre It 's Garry Shandling 's Show OWL / TV The Paper Chase Super Dave Tall Tales & Legends Nightmare Classics Thunderbirds 2086 1990s debuts Beggars and Choosers Beverly Hills Bordello The Busy World of Richard Scarry Chris Cross Dead Man 's Gun The Hoop Life Linc 's The Outer Limits OWL / TV Poltergeist : The Legacy Ready or Not Red Shoe Diaries Rude Awakening Stargate SG - 1 Total Recall 2070 Women : Stories of Passion 2000s debuts American Candidate Barbershop : The Series Big Brother : After Dark Body Language Brotherhood Californication The Chris Isaak Show Dead Like Me Deeper Throat Dexter Elite Xtreme Combat Family Business Fat Actress Free for All Going to California Full Color Football : The History of the American Football League Huff Jeremiah Kama Sutra The L Word Lady Chatterley 's Stories Leap Years Lock ' N Load Masters of Horror Meadowlands Nurse Jackie Odyssey 5 Out of Order Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! 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Awards by film The Elephant Man Blue Velvet Wild at Heart Related Jennifer Lynch ( daughter ) The Angriest Dog in the World David Lynch : The Art Life Lynch on Lynch Ronnie Rocket Frank Booth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twin_Peaks_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=802229336 '' Categories : Twin Peaks 1945 in fiction 1956 in fiction 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American crime drama television series American mystery television series Amnesia in fiction Dreams in fiction English - language television programs Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Fictional populated places Fictional populated places in Washington ( state ) Manhattan Project in popular culture Nonlinear narrative television series Paranormal television Serial drama television series Showtime ( TV network ) original programs Spirit possession in fiction Television series revived after cancellation Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Washington ( state ) Television shows set in Buenos Aires Television shows set in Las Vegas Television shows set in Montana Television shows set in New Mexico Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in Philadelphia Television shows set in South Dakota Television shows set in Texas Television shows set in Virginia Television shows set in Washington ( state ) Weird fiction Television series created by David Lynch Television series created by Mark Frost Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული Polski Português Română Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 20 : 39 . 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890,360,188,940,283,100 | where was the last known place of the ark of the covenant | Ark of the Covenant - wikipedia Ark of the Covenant Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Noah 's Ark . Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin West , 1800 The Ark of the Covenant ( Hebrew : אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית , Modern Arōn Ha'brēt , Tiberian ʾĀrôn Habbərîṯ ) , also known as the Ark of the Testimony , is a gold - covered wooden chest with lid cover described in the Book of Exodus as containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments . According to various texts within the Hebrew Bible , it also contained Aaron 's rod and a pot of manna . Hebrews 9 : 4 describes : `` The ark of the covenant ( was ) covered on all sides with gold , in which was a golden jar holding the manna , and Aaron 's rod which budded , and the tables of the covenant . '' The biblical account relates that , approximately one year after the Israelites ' exodus from Egypt , the Ark was created according to the pattern given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of biblical Mount Sinai . Thereafter , the gold - plated acacia chest was carried by its staves while en route by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits ( approximately 800 meters or 2,600 feet ) in advance of the people when on the march or before the Israelite army , the host of fighting men . When carried , the Ark was always hidden under a large veil made of skins and blue cloth , always carefully concealed , even from the eyes of the priests and the Levites who carried it . God was said to have spoken with Moses `` from between the two cherubim '' on the Ark 's cover . When at rest the tabernacle was set up and the holy Ark was placed under the veil of the covering , the staves of it crossing the middle side bars to hold it up off the ground . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical account 1.1 Construction and description 1.2 Mobile vanguard 1.3 Capture by the Philistines 1.4 In the days of King David 1.5 In Solomon 's Temple 1.6 The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath 2 References in Scripture 2.1 Tanakh 2.2 Second Book of Maccabees 2.3 The Ark in Islamic sources 3 Possible locations 3.1 Mount Nebo 3.2 Ethiopia 3.3 Southern Africa 3.4 Europe 3.4. 1 Chartres Cathedral , France 3.4. 2 Rennes - le - Château , then to the United States 3.4. 3 Rome 3.4. 4 United Kingdom 3.4. 5 Ireland 3.5 Egypt 3.5. 1 Tutankhamun 's tomb 4 In popular culture 5 Yom HaAliyah 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Biblical account ( edit ) The covered ark and seven priests with rams ' horns , at the Battle of Jericho , in an eighteenth - century artist 's depiction . Construction and description ( edit ) According to the Book of Exodus , God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40 - day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone . Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark . In Deuteronomy , however , the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab . The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed . It is to be 21⁄2 cubits in length , 11⁄2 in breadth , and 11⁄2 in height ( approximately 131 × 79 × 79 cm or 52 × 31 × 31 in ) . Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold , and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it . Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners , two on each side -- and through these rings staves of shittim - wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted ; and these are not to be removed . A golden lid , the kapporet ( traditionally `` mercy seat '' in Christian translations ) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim , is to be placed above the Ark . Missing from the account are instructions concerning the thickness of the mercy seat and details about the cherubim other than that the cover be beaten out the ends of the Ark and that they form the space where God will appear . The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering . Mobile vanguard ( edit ) Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark , painting by James Tissot , c. 1900 The biblical account continues that , after its creation by Moses , the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert . Whenever the Israelites camped , the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent , called the Tabernacle . When the Israelites , led by Joshua toward the Promised Land , arrived at the banks of the Jordan river , the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance . During the crossing , the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters , and remained so until the priests -- with the Ark -- left the river after the people had passed over . As memorials , twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood . In the Battle of Jericho , the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days , preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams ' horns . On the seventh day , the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams ' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and , with a great shout , Jericho 's wall fell down flat and the people took the city . After the defeat at Ai , Joshua lamented before the Ark . When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal , they stood on each side of the Ark . We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron ( where ' Bethel ' is translated ' the House of God ' in the King James Version ) . According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah . Later , however , the Ark was kept at Shiloh , another religious centre some 16 km north of Bethel , at the time of the prophet Samuel 's apprenticeship , where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas , two sons of Eli . Capture by the Philistines ( edit ) 1728 illustration of the Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels , as in Exodus 40 : 17 - 19 Main article : Philistine captivity of the Ark A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines , after being defeated at the battle of Eben - Ezer . They were , however , heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men . The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed . The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger `` with his clothes rent , and with earth upon his head . '' The old priest , Eli , fell dead when he heard it ; and his daughter - in - law , bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received , named him Ichabod -- explained as `` The glory has departed Israel '' in reference to the loss of the Ark . The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth . The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country , and at each place misfortune befell them . At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon . The next morning Dagon was found prostrate , bowed down , before it ; and on being restored to his place , he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken . The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors ; a plague of mice was sent over the land . The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron , whither the Ark was successively removed . After the Ark had been among them for seven months , the Philistines , on the advice of their diviners , returned it to the Israelites , accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted . The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth - shemite , and the Beth - shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings . Out of curiosity the men of Beth - shemesh gazed at the Ark ; and as a punishment , seventy of them ( fifty thousand and seventy in some translations ) were smitten by the Lord . The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath - jearim , or Baal - Judah , to have the Ark removed ; and it was taken to the house of Abinadab , whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it . Kirjath - jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years . Under Saul , the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines , but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle . In 1 Chronicles 13 : 3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul . In the days of King David ( edit ) Illustration from the 13th century Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem ( 2 Samuel 6 ) . At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy , King David removed the Ark from Kirjath - jearim amid great rejoicing . On the way to Zion , Uzzah , one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark , put out his hand to steady the Ark , and was struck dead by God for touching it . The place was subsequently named `` Perez - Uzzah '' , literally `` Outburst Against Uzzah '' , as a result . David , in fear , carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed - edom the Gittite , instead of carrying it on to Zion , and there it stayed three months . On hearing that God had blessed Obed - edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house , David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites , while he himself , `` girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might '' and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem - a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife , Saul 's daughter Michal . In Zion , David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it , offered sacrifices , distributed food , and blessed the people and his own household . The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark . David 's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God . The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah ; and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom 's conspiracy , the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem . In Solomon 's Temple ( edit ) The Ark carried into the Temple from the early 15th century Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah 's conspiracy against David , his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark . Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom . During the construction of Solomon 's Temple , a special inner room , named Kodesh Hakodashim ( Eng . Holy of Holies ) , was prepared to receive and house the Ark ; and when the Temple was dedicated , the Ark -- containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments -- was placed therein . When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there , the Temple was filled with a cloud , `` for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord '' . When Solomon married Pharaoh 's daughter , he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion , as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark . King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple , from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors ( cf. 2 Chron. 33 - 34 and 2 Kings 21 - 23 ) . The Babylonian conquest and aftermath ( edit ) In 587 BC , the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon 's Temple . There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles . An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra , 1 Esdras , suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God , but does not mention taking away the Ark : And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord , both great and small , with the vessels of the ark of God , and the king 's treasures , and carried them away into Babylon In Rabbinic literature , the final disposition of the Ark is disputed . Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon , while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back . A late 2nd - century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah , the king of Judah , stored away the Ark , along with the jar of manna , and a jar containing the holy anointing oil , the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines . This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels . Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon , in the same rabbinic work , state that the Ark was , in fact , taken into Babylon . Rabbi Yehudah , dissenting , says that the Ark was stored away in its own place , meaning , somewhere on the Temple Mount . References in scripture ( edit ) Tanakh ( edit ) The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus , and then numerous times in Deuteronomy , Joshua , Judges , I Samuel , II Samuel , I Kings , I Chronicles , II Chronicles , Psalms and Jeremiah . In the Book of Jeremiah , it is referenced by Jeremiah , who , speaking in the days of Josiah , prophesied a future time , possibly the end of days , when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again : And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land , in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say , ' The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD ' and it will not come to mind ; they will not mention it , and will not recall it , and it will not be used any more . Rashi comments on this verse that `` The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God 's Presence will rest upon them collectively , as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant . '' Second Book of Maccabees ( edit ) See also : 2 Maccabees According to Second Maccabees , at the beginning of chapter 2 : The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him . Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God 's promised land . When he reached the mountain , Jeremiah found a cave - dwelling ; he carried the tent , the ark , and the incense - altar into it , then blocked up the entrance . Some of his companions came to mark out the way , but were unable to find it . When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them . `` The place shall remain unknown '' , he said , `` until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them . The Lord will bring these things to light again , and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud , as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated . '' The `` mountain from the top of which Moses saw God 's promised land '' would be Mount Nebo , located in what is now Jordan . The Ark in Islamic sources ( edit ) Chapter 2 ( Sura 2 ) of the Quran ( Verse 248 ) , is believed to refer to the Ark : And their prophet said to them , `` Indeed , a sign of his kingship is that the chest ( tābūt ) will come to you in which is assurance ( sakīnatun ) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses ( Mūsā ) and the family of Aaron ( Hārūn ) had left , carried by the angels . Indeed in that is a sign for you , if you are believers . '' The Arabic word sakīna ( variously translated `` peace of reassurance '' or `` spirit of tranquility '' ) is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah , meaning `` dwelling or presence of God '' . The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat , the Books of Moses . According to Al - Jalalan , the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets , rods , robes , shoes , mitres of Moses and the vase of manna . Al - Tha'alibi , in Qisas Al - Anbiya ( The Stories of the Prophets ) , has given an earlier and later history of the Ark . According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam , and Islam gives it special significance . Possible locations ( edit ) Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative , there has been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark , and several possible places have been suggested for its location . Mount Nebo ( edit ) 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 10 , written around 100 BC , says that the prophet Jeremiah , `` being warned by God '' before the Babylonian invasion , took the Ark , the Tabernacle , and the Altar of Incense , and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo , informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown `` until the time that God should gather His people again together , and receive them unto mercy . '' Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible ( Deuteronomy 34 ) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land , and apparently also is his final burial place . Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km ( 29 miles ) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem , near the east bank of the Jordan River . Ethiopia ( edit ) The Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum allegedly houses the original Ark of the Covenant . The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant , or Tabot , in Axum . The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion . Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church , each with its own dedication to a particular saint ; the most popular of these include Mary , George and Michael . The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty , which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270 . It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance , while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem . Although the Kebra Nagast is the best - known account of this belief , it predates the document . Abu al - Makarim , writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century , makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark . `` The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant '' , he wrote , and , after a description of the object , describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year , `` on the feast of the great nativity , on the feast of the glorious Baptism , on the feast of the holy Resurrection , and on the feast of the illuminating Cross . '' In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal , British writer Graham Hancock suggests , contrary to the Kebra Nagast , that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River , where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum . Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock 's theory `` garbage and hogwash , '' while Edward Ullendorff , a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London , said he `` wasted a lot of time reading it . '' On 25 June 2009 , the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia , Abune Paulos , said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant , which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum , Ethiopia . The following day , on 26 June 2009 , the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all , but that instead he could attest to its current status . Southern Africa ( edit ) The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south , calling it the ngoma lungundu or `` voice of God '' , eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains , their spiritual home . On 14 April 2008 , in a UK Channel 4 documentary , Tudor Parfitt , taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story , described his research into this claim . He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark . It was of similar size , was carried on poles by priests , was not allowed to touch the ground , was revered as a voice of their God , and was used as a weapon of great power , sweeping enemies aside . In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant ( 2008 ) , Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees , and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen . One Lemba clan , the Buba , which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa , have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype . This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant . Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen . Later , it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization . According to their oral traditions , some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark , it self - destructed . Using a core from the original , the Lemba priests constructed a new one . This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare . Parfitt had this artifact radio - carbon dated to about 1350 , which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization . Europe ( edit ) Chartres Cathedral , France ( edit ) French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar . Rennes - le - Château , then to the United states ( edit ) One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes - le - Château in Southern France . Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne , who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes - le - Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States . Rome ( edit ) The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran , surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned . `` Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy - seat of the temple . There was a bloodstain on it . On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement . '' United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2003 , author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees . Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s , when Ralph de Sudeley , the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al - Madhbah , and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire , England taking the treasure with him . Ireland ( edit ) During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant -- the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill . Egypt ( edit ) Tutankhamun 's tomb ( edit ) Main article : Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun 1922 photograph of the tomb of Tutankhamun . Photograph by Harry Burton ( 1879 - 1940 ) In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt , the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun ( KV62 ) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon . Among the artifacts was a processional ark , listed as Shrine 261 , the Anubis Shrine . Almost immediately after publication of the photographs of this sensational archaeological find , some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant . John M. Lundquist , author of The Temple of Jerusalem : Past , Present , and Future ( 2008 ) , discounts this idea . The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres ( 37 in ) long , 37 centimetres ( 15 in ) wide , and 54.3 centimetres ( 21.4 in ) high in the shape of a pylon . The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres ( 52 in ) long , 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide , and 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) high in the shape of a rectangular chest . Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant ; it can only be said that the it is `` ark - like '' , constructed of wood , gessoed and gilded , stored within a sacred tomb , `` guarding '' the treasury of the tomb ( and not the primary focus of that environment ) , that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects , that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid , and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun 's tomb . Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt . In popular culture ( edit ) The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg 's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark , which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936 . It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006 , the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant . The power of the Ark comes from static electricity stored in separated metal plates like a giant Leyden jar . It appears in the video game Assassin 's Creed ( 2007 ) , where Robert de Sablé found a `` Piece of the Eden '' and Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad planned to stop him , but he could n't . It 's also mentioned in Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China ( 2015 ) and in the film Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) . Yom HaAliyah ( edit ) Yom HaAliyah ( Aliyah Day ) ( Hebrew : יום העלייה ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant . See also ( edit ) List of artifacts in biblical archaeology The Exodus Decoded ( television documentary ) Foucault 's Pendulum History of ancient Israel and Judah Jewish symbolism Lost history Mikoshi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ackerman , Susan ( 2000 ) . `` Ark of the Covenant '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Numbers 4 : 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 25 : 22 Jump up ^ Exodus 19 : 20 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 18 Jump up ^ Exodus 31 Jump up ^ Joseph Ponessa , Laurie Watson Manhardt , Moses and The Torah : Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , pages 85 - 86 ( Emmaus Road Publishing , 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931018 - 45 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Deu 10 : 1 - 5 NIV - Tablets Like the First Ones - At that - Bible Gateway '' . Bible Gateway . Jump up ^ `` '' Four feet `` ; see Exodus 25 : 12 , majority of translations . `` Four corners '' in KJV `` . Biblestudytools.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joshua 3 : 3 Jump up ^ Joshua 6 Jump up ^ Josh 3 : 15 - 17 Jump up ^ Josh 4 : 10 Jump up ^ Josh 11 Jump up ^ Josh 18 Jump up ^ Josh 4 : 1 - 9 Jump up ^ Josh 6 : 4 - 15 Jump up ^ Josh 6 : 16 - 20 Jump up ^ Josh 7 : 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Judges 20 : 6f Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 3 : 3 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4 : 3f Jump up ^ 1 Sam 4 : 3 - 11 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 4 : 12 - 22 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 4 : 20 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 5 : 1 - 6 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 6 : 5 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 5 : 8 - 12 Jump up ^ 1 Sam 6 : 1 - 15 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 6 : 19 Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 6 : 21 Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13 : 3 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6 : 8 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6 : 1 - 11 Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 13 : 1 - 13 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6 : 12 - 16 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6 : 20 - 22 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 15 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 6 : 17 - 20 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 16 : 1 - 3 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 1 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 16 : 4 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 7 : 1 - 17 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 17 : 1 - 15 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 28 : 2 Jump up ^ 1 Chron 3 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 11 : 11 Jump up ^ 2 Sam 15 : 24 - 29 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 2 : 26 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 3 : 15 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 6 : 19 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 6 - 9 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 10 - 11 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 5 : 13 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 14 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 8 : 11 Jump up ^ 2 Chron 35 : 3 Jump up ^ 1 Esdras 1 : 54 Jump up ^ `` Ark of the Covenant '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tosefta ( Sotah 13 : 1 ) ; cf . Babylonian Talmud ( Kereithot 5b ) Jump up ^ Jer 3 : 16 Jump up ^ Jeremiah 3 : 16 , Tanach . Brooklyn , New York : ArtScroll . p. 1078 . Jump up ^ 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 8 Jump up ^ Translation ( 1 ) Sahih International . Jump up ^ `` Quran Surah Al - Baqara ( Verse 248 ) '' . Irebd.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Patrick ; Hughes , Thomas Patrick ( 1995 ) ( 1885 ) . A Dictionary of Islam . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . p. 624 . ISBN 9788120606722 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Uri ( 2001 ) . `` Traditions in Transformation : The Ark of the Covenant and the Golden Calf in Biblical and Islamic Historiography '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cf . Deuteronomy 34 : 1 - 3 and 2 Maccabees 2 : 4 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stuart Munro - Hay , 2005 , The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant , Tauris ( reviewed in Times Literary Supplement 19 August 2005 p. 36 ) Jump up ^ B.T.A. Evetts ( translator ) , The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighboring Countries attributed to Abu Salih , the Armenian , with added notes by Alfred J. Butler ( Oxford , 1895 ) , pp. 287f Jump up ^ Hancock , Graham ( 1992 ) . The Sign and the Seal : The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant . New York : Crown . ISBN 0517578131 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael H. ( June 9 , 1992 ) . `` Does Trail to Ark of Covenant End Behind Aksum Curtain ? A British author believes the long - lost religious object may actually be inside a stone chapel in Ethiopia '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fendel , Hillel ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Holy Ark Announcement Due on Friday '' , Aruta Sheva ( Israel International News ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 25 Jump up ^ IGN ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . Ho visto l'Arca dell'Alleanza ed è in buone condizioni . Retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 26 Jump up ^ The Lost Ark of the Covenant by Tudor Parfitt , published by HarperCollins 2008 . ^ Jump up to : A Lead on the Ark of the Covenant , by David Van Biema Thursday , Time.com , Feb. 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Debates & Controversies - Quest for the Lost Ark '' . Channel4.com. 2008 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Brian Haughton , Haunted Spaces , Sacred Places : A Field Guide to Stone Circles , Crop Circles , Ancient Tombs , and Supernatural Landscapes , page 142 ( Career Press , Inc. , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60163 - 000 - 1 Jump up ^ Louis Charpentier , Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres ( Paris : Robert Laffont , 1966 ) , translated as The Mysteries of Chartres Cathedral ( London : Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation , 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Karen Ralls , The Templars and The Grail : Knights of The Quest , page 99 , pages 163 - 164 ( Quest Books , Theosophical Publishing House , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8356 - 0807 - 7 . Citing Patrick Byrne , Templar Gold : Discovering the Ark of the Covenant ( Blue Dolphin Publishing , Inc. , 2001 ) . ISBN 1 - 57733 - 099 - 4 Jump up ^ J. Salmon , A Description of The Works of Art of Ancient and Modern Rome , Particularly In Architecture , Sculpture & Painting , Volume One , page 108 ( London : J. Sammells , 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Debra J. Birch , Pilgrimage To Rome In The Middle Ages : Continuity and Change , page 111 ( The Boydell Press , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 771 - 8 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanḥuma . p. 33 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , G. , The Templars and the Ark of the Covenant , accessed 25 December 2017 Jump up ^ Ivan McAvinchey . `` News 2006 ( March 9 ) '' . Rsai.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Photographs by Harry Burton , The Griffith Institute , Tutankhamun : Anatomy of an Excavation : The Howard Carter Archives . Jump up ^ Lundquist , John M. The Temple of Jerusalem : past , present , and future , Chapter 2 `` The World of the First Temple '' , pp. 66 - 67 , © 2008 by John M. Lundquist , first published 2008 , Praeger Publishers , 88 Post Road West , Westport , CT 06881 ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98339 - 0 www.praeger.com . Jump up ^ `` Philip Kaufman '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Tempelriddernes Skat - Filmens Handling '' . filmcentralen.dk. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Ark of the Covenant - Gameplay '' . IGN . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's the Entire Assassin 's Creed Story So Far '' . Twinfinite . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed '' . The Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Library resources about Ark of the Covenant Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) Carew , Mairead , Tara and the Ark of the Covenant : A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Hill of Tara , 1899 - 1902 . Royal Irish Academy , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9543855 - 2 - 7 Cline , Eric H. ( 2007 ) , From Eden to Exile : Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible , National Geographic Society , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0084 - 7 Fisher , Milton C. , The Ark of the Covenant : Alive and Well in Ethiopia ? . Bible and Spade 8 / 3 , pp. 65 -- 72 , 1995 . Foster , Charles , Tracking the Ark of the Covenant . Monarch , 2007 . Grierson , Roderick & Munro - Hay , Stuart , The Ark of the Covenant . Orion Books Ltd , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1010 - 7 Hancock , Graham , The Sign and the Seal : The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant . Touchstone Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 86541 - 2 Haran , M. , The Disappearance of the Ark , IEJ 13 ( 1963 ) , 46 - 58 Hertz , J.H. , The Pentateuch and Haftoras . Deuteronomy . Oxford University Press , 1936 . Hubbard , David ( 1956 ) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph. D. dissertation , St. Andrews University , Scotland Munro - Hay , Stuart , The Quest For The Ark of The Covenant : The True History of The Tablets of Moses . L.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 248 - 2 Ritmeyer , L. , The Ark of the Covenant : Where It Stood in Solomon 's Temple . Biblical Archaeology Review 22 / 1 : 46 - 55 , 70 - 73 , 1996 . Stolz , Fritz . `` Ark of the Covenant . '' In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 125 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . ISBN 0802824137 External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Ark of the Covenant Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ark of the Covenant . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ark of the Covenant Portions of this article have been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 . Ark of the Covenant Initial text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary , 1897 . Ark of the Covenant The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume I. Ark of the Covenant Smithsonian.com `` Keepers of the Lost Ark ? '' Derby , Josiah , `` The Gold of The Ark '' , Jewish Bible Quarterly . Havergal , William Henry . Six Lectures on The Ark of The Covenant ( London : Hamilton , Adams And Co , 1867 ) . Available on Google Books . ( 3 ) Pendleton , Philip Y. , A Brief Sketch of the Jewish Tabernacle. 1901 . ( International Sunday - school Lessons for 1902 . Standard Eclectic Commentary comprising original and selected notes , explanatory , illustrative , practical . Embellished with maps , diagrams , chronological charts , tables , etc . ) Schatz , Elihu , `` The Weight of The Ark of The Covenant '' , Jewish Bible Quarterly . Shyovitz , David , The Lost Ark of the Covenant . Jewish Virtual Library . <Th_colspan="2"> Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) <Th_colspan="2"> People and things in the Quran <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Characters Non-humans Allâh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinn ' Ifrîṫ ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mârid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Is - ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūṫ ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jâlûṫ ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abî Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'aṫ Fir'awn ( Âsiyá bint Muzâḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azîz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyân ibn Al - Walîd ) ) Wife of ' Azîz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aş - ḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş - ḥāb as - Sabṫ ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aş - ḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lûṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamûd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣ - ḥâb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ajam Ar - Rûm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banî Isrâ'îl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'ṫafikāṫ ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ - ḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yûnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayṫ ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣ - ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kâfirûn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kiṫāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Mubārakah ( `` The Land The Blessed '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Land The Holy '' ) In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāṫ al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāṫ Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Âminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Jahannam ( Hell ) Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabîl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Monument the Sacred '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place - of - Prostration The Farthest '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Plant matter Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidraṫ al - Munṫahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injîl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ân ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrâhîm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) Aṫ - Ṫawrâṫ ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mûsâ ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabûr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kiṫâb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Ṫābūṫ as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāṫ Al - ' Uzzá Manāṫ Jibṫ and Ṭâghûṫ Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawâkib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharâb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm <Td_colspan="2"> Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) <Th_colspan="2"> Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark_of_the_Covenant&oldid=841321048 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible objects Hebrew Bible words and phrases Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2010 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 03 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Ark of the Covenant
2. Biblical account
3. Construction and description
4. Mobile vanguard
5. Capture by the Philistines |
-3,161,775,452,312,398,300 | when did the first thrift store open persona 5 | Charity shop - wikipedia Charity shop Jump to : navigation , search `` Thrift shop '' redirects here . For the song , see Thrift Shop . `` Op shop '' redirects here . For the band , see Opshop . A charity shop in Fareham , Hampshire UK A charity shop or thrift shop is a retail establishment run by a charitable organization to raise money . Charity shops are a type of social enterprise . They sell mainly used goods such as clothing , books , CDs , DVDs , and furniture donated by members of the public , and are often staffed by volunteers . Because the items for sale were obtained for free , and business costs are low , the items can be sold at competitive prices . After costs are paid , all remaining income from the sales is used in accord with the organization 's stated charitable purpose . Costs include purchase and / or depreciation of fixtures ( clothing racks , bookshelves , counters , etc . ) , operating costs ( maintenance , municipal service fees , electricity , heat , telephone , limited advertising ) and the building lease or mortgage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Popularity 4 Sale of new goods 5 United Kingdom 6 Australia 7 United States 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) Charity shops are also referred to as a thrift store ( U.S. and Canada ) , hospice shop , resale shop ( unless meaning consignment shop ( U.S. ) ) , opportunity shop or op shop ( Australia and New Zealand ) . History ( edit ) Plaque attached to the original Oxfam shop at 17 Broad Street , Oxford One of the earliest charity shops was set up by the Wolverhampton Society for the Blind ( now called the Beacon Centre for the Blind ) in 1899 to sell goods made by blind people to raise money for the Society . During World War I , various fund - raising activities occurred , such as a bazaar in Shepherd Market , London , which made £ 50,000 for the Red Cross . However , it was during the Second World War that the charity shop became widespread . Edinburgh University Settlement opened their ' Thrift Shop for Everyone ' on Nicholson Place , Edinburgh in 1937 , the Red Cross opened up its first charity shop at 17 Old Bond Street , London in 1941 . For the duration of the war , over two hundred `` permanent '' Red Cross gift shops and about 150 temporary Red Cross shops were opened . A condition of the shop licence issued by the Board of Trade was that all goods offered for sale were gifts . Purchase for re-sale was forbidden . The entire proceeds from sales had to be passed to the Duke of Gloucester 's Red Cross or the St John Fund . Most premises were lent free of rent and in some cases owners also met the costs of heating and lighting . The first Oxfam charity shop in the United Kingdom was established by Cecil Jackson - Cole in Broad Street , Oxford , and began trading in December 1947 ( although the shop itself did not open until February 1948 ) . Popularity ( edit ) Truck used by the Suncoast Humane Society Thrift Store to collect donations in Port Charlotte , Florida . Charity shops are often popular with people who are frugal . In the United States , shopping at a charity store has become popular enough to earn a slang term : `` thrifting '' . Environmentalists may prefer buying second - hand goods as this uses fewer natural resources and would usually do less damage to the environment than by buying new goods would , in part because the goods are usually collected locally . In addition , reusing second - hand items is a form of recycling , and thus reduces the amount of waste going to landfill sites . People who oppose sweat shops often purchase second - hand clothing as an alternative to supporting clothing companies with dubious ethical practices . People who desire authentic vintage clothing typically shop at thrift stores since most clothing that is donated is old and out of normal fashion , or is from a recently deceased person who had not updated his clothing for a long time . Second - hand goods are considered to be quite safe . The South Australian Public Health Directorate says that the health risk of buying used clothing is very low . It explains that washing purchased items in hot water is just one of several ways to eliminate the risk of contracting infectious diseases . Sale of new goods ( edit ) Some charity shops , such as the British Heart Foundation , also sell a range of new goods which may be branded to the charity , or have some connection with the cause the charity supports . Oxfam stores , for example , sell fair trade food and crafts . Charity shops may receive overstock or obsolete goods from local for - profit businesses ; the for - profit businesses benefit by taking a tax write - off and clearing unwanted goods from their store instead of throwing the goods out , which is costly . United Kingdom ( edit ) Window display in a UK charity shop . Oxfam has the largest number of charity shops in the UK with over 700 stores . Many Oxfam shops also sell books , and the organization now operates over 70 specialist Oxfam Bookshops , making them the largest retailer of second - hand books in the United Kingdom . Other Oxfam affiliates also have stores , such as Jersey , Germany , Ireland ( 45 shops in NI / ROI ) , the Netherlands and Hong Kong . Other charities with a strong presence on high streets in the UK include The Children 's Society , YMCA , British Heart Foundation , Barnardos , Cancer Research UK , Shelter , Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation , Age UK ( formerly Age Concern and Help the Aged ) , Marie Curie Cancer Care , Norwood , Save the Children , Scope , PDSA , Naomi House Children 's Hospice and Sue Ryder Care . Many local hospices also operate charity shops to raise funds . There are over 9,000 charity shops in the UK and Republic of Ireland . Their locations can be found on the Charity Retail Association ( CRA ) website , along with information on charity retail , what shops can and ca n't accept , etc . The CRA is a member organisation for charities which run shops . British charity shops are mainly staffed by unpaid volunteers , with a paid shop manager . Goods for sale are predominantly from donations - 87 % according to the official estimate . Donations should be taken directly to a charity shop during opening hours , as goods left on the street may be stolen or damaged by passers - by or inclement weather . In expensive areas , donations include a proportion of good quality designer clothing and charity shops in these areas are sought out for cut - price fashions . ' Standard ' charity shops sell a mix of clothing , books , toys , videos , DVDs , music ( like CDs , cassette tapes and vinyl ) and bric - a-brac ( like cutlery and ornaments ) . Some shops specialise in certain areas , like vintage clothing , furniture , electrical items , or records . Almost all charity shops sell on their unsold textiles ( i.e. unfashionable , stained or damaged fabric ) to textile processors . Each charity shop saves an average of 40 tonnes of textiles every year , by selling them in the shop , or passing them on to these textile merchants for recycling or reuse . This grosses to around 363,000 tonnes across all charity shops in the UK ; based on 2010 landfill tax value at £ 48 per tonne , the value of textiles reused or passed for recycling by charity shops in terms of savings in landfill tax is £ 17,424,000 p.a. Gift Aid is a UK tax incentive for individual donors where , subject to a signed declaration being held by the charity , income tax paid on donations can be reclaimed by the charity . Although initially intended only for cash donations , the scheme now ( since 2006 ) allows tax on the income earned by charity shops acting as agent for the donor to be reclaimed . Charity shops in the UK get mandatory 80 % relief on business rates on their premises , which is funded by central government ( not by local ratepayers ) and is one illustration of their support for the charity sector and the role of charity shops in raising funds for charities . Charities can apply for discretionary relief on the remaining 20 % , which is an occasional source of criticism from retailers which have to pay in full . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , major national opportunity shop chains include the St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store ( trading as Vinnies ) which operate 627 shops across Australia , Anglicare Shops , that currently operate in 19 locations across Sydney and the Illawarra also various locations around Australia , the Salvation Army ( trading as Salvos ) , the Red Cross , MS Australia , and the Brotherhood of St. Laurence . Many local charitable organisations , both religious and secular , run opportunity shops . Common among these are missions and animal shelters . United States ( edit ) In the United States , major national charity thrift shop operators include Goodwill Industries , Value Village / Savers , Salvation Army , St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store , and ReStore ( operated by Habitat for Humanity ) . Regional operators include Deseret Industries in the Western United States , and those run by Bethesda Lutheran Communities in the Upper Midwest . Many local charitable organizations , both religious and secular , operate thrift stores . Common among these are missions , children 's homes , homeless shelters , and animal shelters . In addition , some charity shops are operated by churches as fundraising venues that support activities and missionary work . See also ( edit ) Consignment Car Boot Sale Flea market Give - away shop Jumble sale Surplus store Sustainable clothing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thrift Store or Treasure Trove -- You Decide '' . Jump up ^ `` Second - hand goods : A guide for consumers '' ( PDF ) . Public and Environmental Health Service website . Department of Health , Government of South Australia . October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . As the risk to health associated with second - hand goods is very low , thorough and hygienic cleaning is all that is required to eliminate the risk of contracting infectious diseases ... Washing second - hand clothing and bedding in hot water ( hotter than 60 ° C ) and detergent kills these disease - causing organisms . Items that can not be washed ... Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association Reuse FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HMRC Gift Aid Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- England - Cornwall - Call to cut charity shops in town '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How many Vinnies shops are there ? '' . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Habitat for Humanity ReStores '' . Habitat for Humanity . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Charity Retail Association ( UK ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Charitable giving Main topics Alms Altruism Donation Fundraising Philanthropy Volunteering Types of charitable organizations Charitable trust / Registered charity Foundation Private Mutual - benefit nonprofit corporation Non-governmental organization Nonprofit organization Public - benefit nonprofit corporation Religious corporation Voluntary association Charity and religion Dāna Tithe Tzedakah Sadaqah Zakat Charity evaluators Charity Navigator CharityWatch GiveWell Giving What We Can GuideStar Open Philanthropy Project Further topics Alternative giving Benefit concert Charity / thrift / op shop Click - to - donate site Drive Donor intent Earning to give Effective altruism List of charitable foundations wealthiest Master of Nonprofit Organizations Matching funds Telethon Volunteer grant Wall of Kindness Warm - glow giving Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charity_shop&oldid=798497823 '' Categories : Retailing Charity Waste collection Reuse Shops Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Charity shop
2. Thrift shop
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4. Used goods
5. Fundraising |
-6,460,098,308,803,517,000 | what character did kristen bell play in frozen | Anna ( Disney ) - wikipedia Anna ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Princess Anna '' redirects here . For other uses , see Princess Anna ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Anna <Td_colspan="2"> Frozen character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance Frozen ( 2013 ) Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Kristen Bell Livvy Stubenrauch ( 5 years old , speaking ) Katie Lopez ( 5 years old , singing ) Agatha Lee Monn ( 9 years old , singing ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Title Princess of Arendelle Family The King and Queen of Arendelle ( parents ) Queen Elsa of Arendelle ( older sister ) Princess Anna of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced by Kristen Bell as an adult . At the beginning of the film , Livvy Stubenrauch and Katie Lopez provided her speaking and singing voice as a young child , respectively . Agatha Lee Monn portrayed her as a nine - year - old ( singing ) . Created by co-directors Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck , Anna is loosely based on Gerda , a character from the Danish fairytale `` The Snow Queen '' by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , Anna is depicted as the princess of Arendelle , a fictional Scandinavian kingdom and the younger sister of Princess Elsa ( Idina Menzel ) , who is the heiress to the throne and possesses the elemental ability to create and control ice and snow . When Elsa exiles herself from the kingdom after inadvertently sending Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation , fearless and faithful Anna is determined to set out on a dangerous adventure to bring her sister back and save both her kingdom and her family . The original fairytale in general and the character of the Snow Queen in particular posed long - term problems to adapt into a feature - length production . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , made their attempts towards the story and numerous adaptations were shelved as the filmmakers could not work out the characters . Finally , directors Buck and Lee solved the issue by portraying Anna and Elsa as sisters , establishing a dynamic relationship between the characters . Anna has received widespread acclaim from film critics , who praised the determination and enthusiasm in her personality . Bell was also extolled by various reviewers for her performance in the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and conception 1.2 Voice 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Character model 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Once Upon a Time 2.3 Frozen Fever 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and conception ( edit ) An illustration of Gerda , the character Anna is based upon . Attempts to produce an adaption of `` The Snow Queen '' in the Disney studio dated back to 1943 , when Walt Disney considered collaborating with Samuel Goldwyn to produce a biography film of Hans Christian Andersen . However , the story and particularly the Snow Queen character proved to be too problematic to Disney and his animators . Namely one of the troubles they encountered was that the original story lacked necessary interaction between the main protagonist , Gerda ( who later served as an inspiration for Anna ) , and the Snow Queen . Most obviously , Andersen 's version did not feature any confrontation between them : when brave little Gerda enters the Snow Queen 's ice castle and sheds her tears on Kay , the Snow Queen is nowhere to be seen . There just was not enough character conflict to form a full - length feature . Later on , Glen Keane , Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Harvey Fierstein , Dick Zondag and Dave Goetz were among other Disney executives to make efforts towards translating this potential material to the big screen , but none of them made their way . Around 2008 , Chris Buck pitched Disney his version of The Snow Queen . At the time , the project was planned to be traditionally animated under the name of Anna and the Snow Queen . However , by early 2010 , the project encountered the same problem and was stuck again . Jennifer Lee , Frozen 's co-director , later recalled , `` The issue with the original for us in a lot of ways is it 's a very symbolic story . It 's very hard to translate symbolism into concrete things . Film is concrete , so you translate it . '' After the success of Tangled ( 2010 ) , on December 22 , 2011 , Disney announced a release date , November 27 , 2013 , for the film , together with a new title , Frozen , and Peter Del Vecho and John Lasseter took up as the project 's producers . Now , when the film was revived again , one of the main challenges that Buck and his team had to face with was the character . The storyboards were presented to John Lasseter , who would tell the assembled production team `` You have n't dug deep enough . '' Lasseter commended that Chris Buck 's latest version was fun and very light - hearted , but the characters were not multifaceted , and thus did not resonate for the producer . The original character of Gerda , known as Anna , was one of the three major characters in the script at this time , along with the Snow Queen , Elsa and Kristoff , loosely based on Kay . The characters were not considered to be well - rounded or relatable , but an interpersonal , family dynamic was created once Anna and Elsa were established as sisters , an idea suggested by someone on the writing team that no one remembered who . This changed the story dramatically , shifting from the conflict between the good and the evil to the conflict between love and fear . Buck stated that their script still retained basic parts of the story and the character of Gerda , citing the similarities between the original story and his version , `` ( Gerda ) wo n't give up on finding her friend Kai . The only thing she really has in her , she 's not a superhero or anything , but she has love . And it 's love that conquers fear in the end . '' Voice ( edit ) Kristen Bell provided the voice for Anna On March 5 , 2012 , Kristen Bell was cast to voice the adult Anna . Livvy Stubenrauch was chosen to portray Anna as a young child , while Katie Lopez , daughter of the husband - and - wife songwriting team of the film , Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez , provided the singing voice for young Anna in `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' musical sequence . Additionally , Agatha Lee Monn , daughter of the film 's director Jennifer Lee , portrayed teenage Anna in this song . Lee explained about these casting decisions , `` We really wanted to use the first two verses of this song to show you Anna 's personality . And we wanted the singing to be done by real - sounding kids , not necessarily Broadway kids . '' Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel ( who voiced Elsa in the film ) had both auditioned for Rapunzel in Tangled and had already known each other , but they did not get the part . Talking about her feelings when she got the part , Bell expressed , `` Since I was 4 years old , I dreamed of being in a Disney animated film , '' she said . `` It was the first goal I ever set for myself . It seemed like it would be a very unrealistic one . '' She described Disney movies as `` the ones ( she ) watched over and over again when ( she ) was a kid , '' and continued , `` I knew every line from The Little Mermaid . I love Aladdin . When asked about her favorite Disney character , Bell said , `` Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Because I think it was a shift that Disney had , where a female lead -- the `` princess , '' I guess -- did n't just want to find her mate . She was singing `` I want to be where the people are . I want to see the world . I want to venture outside my comfort zone . '' '' Bell described her initial reaction when she first found that she was cast as `` I was in glee '' . Lee admitted Bell 's casting selection was influenced after the filmmakers listened a couple of vocal tracks from The Little Mermaid , including `` Part of Your World '' that the actress recorded when she was young , stating that without these recordings , it would 've been very difficult to the find the right one to play Anna . The two directors , Buck and Lee , were also impressed by how Kristen and Idina related . `` During one of our early read - throughs , Kristen and Idina sang a ballad to each other which had so much emotion that everyone in the room was in tears , '' Buck said . `` It not only showed how great their voices were together , but showed the power the music would have in the story . '' However , Bell was n't all confidence when recording with Menzel , described the experiences working with her co-star as `` nerve - racking '' . The duo had rehearsed at Idina 's house a song called `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' , in which Bell greatly commended Idina 's powerful voice . Regarding the songs that she performed in the film , Kristen said , `` We 're singing the lovely songs of Kristen and Bobby Lopez , who wrote ' Book of Mormon . ' So it 's really , really funny music . It 's really good music . They 're amazing to work for . '' Director Jennifer Lee strongly believed that there could n't be any other Anna but Kristen Bell , saying , `` It was definitely a wonderful surprise hearing her voice ( during auditions ) , not knowing that she had been classically trained . Also , she had such a warm , sweet voice . She was everything that we could 've hoped for Anna . '' Co-director Chris Buck shared Lee 's ideas , commenting , `` Kristen Bell for Anna was the very first person that we saw . We did a lot of casting to find Anna , but she just hit it out of the park . From the beginning we loved her , and she just kind of became Anna and Anna became her . I do n't know which one is which . '' Idina Menzel was also surprised by her co-star's singing ability , stating that , `` I did n't know how great a singer she was . I quickly found out and need to constantly tell her because she does n't tell anybody else ! She 's always playing it down . '' Songwriter Kristen Anderson - Lopez later commended Bell 's quick comprehension of her ideas , saying that she would collaborate with the actress for `` the rest of ( her ) life '' if she could . Anna 's animator Becky Bresee commented that Bell 's voice `` lends itself well , so you are taking bits and pieces . '' During production , Bell and Menzel had to do a lot of recordings and re-recordings , and were required to be together in the same room when on the key emotional scenes between Anna and Elsa . `` We even got Kristen and Idina together for a song . That really helped elevate the song because they have a duet in the movie and it definitely helped drive that , '' said producer Peter Del Vecho . Chris Buck later commented that getting the actresses in together as much as they could helped add the real , amazing chemistry between them and made them really interact . Bell 's recording sessions were completed while she was pregnant , and later she had to re-record some of the lines after giving birth , as her voice had deepened . After watching the completed film , Bell described her performance as `` cool and weird and surreal and jarring '' , saying that she was really proud that Anna `` came out like she did that ( the directors ) let ( Bell ) do her like this . '' Design and characterization ( edit ) Anna in particular and the whole film in general had undergone a number of changes in the story , most notably making the heroine the younger sister of the Snow Queen . Describing the character 's development process , director Jennifer Lee admitted , `` Even with Anna there was a tug of war for a long time . There are elements of it that we did n't land on with Anna until late into production , so we changed some of the animation to support it . '' Bell generally described her character as `` She does n't have good postures , she 's not very elegant , but she 's a good person and she 's utterly determined . '' Lee added , `` She does n't have any superpowers , but Anna is one of these ordinary people doing an extraordinary thing . '' Contrary to her sister Elsa who represents fear , Anna represents love , she is filled with optimism with an extraordinary heart . Director Chris Buck later stated , `` ( Anna 's ) secret weapon is love , '' while head of story Paul Briggs commented that she is `` a character who is willing to stand beside you and stand up for what 's right . Her sister was born with a condition that 's shaped a world where Anna does n't belong . '' In the images of Frozen 's main characters released by Disney in July 2013 , Anna and her role in the film was described as follows : Anna is more daring than graceful and , at times , can act before she thinks . But she 's also the most optimistic and caring person you 'll ever meet . She longs to reconnect with her sister , Elsa , as they were close during their childhood . When Elsa accidentally unleashes a magical secret that locks the kingdom of Arendelle in an eternal winter , Anna embarks on a dangerous adventure to make things right . Armed with only her fearlessness , a never - give - up attitude and her faith in others , Anna is determined to save both her kingdom and her family . `` I 'm really excited to show it to people . I became a part of the kind of movie I wanted to see as a kid , '' she said . `` I always loved Disney animation , but there was something about the females that was unattainable to me . Their posture was too good and they were too well - spoken , and I feel like I really made this girl much more relatable and weirder and scrappier and more excitable and awkward . I 'm really proud of that . '' -- Kristen Bell on her approach to the character of Anna . In order to have one person fully understand and develop their own character , as well as later be able to impart that to the crew , the film 's directors and producers decided to have character leads and supervising animators on specific characters . First - time character lead Becky Bresee serves as the supervising animator for Anna . She described her job as `` making the character more believable '' . To achieve this , she had to act out part of a sequence in the movie between Anna and Kristoff for a number of times , each of them emphasizing the character 's gestures differently . `` Anna 's a little bit nervous and uncomfortable , and I had to find a way to put that into the animation , '' explained Bresee . Bell said that at first Anna was written plainer and more general . `` In the first draft of the script she was written more , in my opinion , prissy . She was kind of specific and very girly , '' which Bell did n't find appealing . She admitted that she had always wanted to be part of Disney animated feature , but she `` wanted to be a very specific type of princess '' , who `` was way more awkward than the normal princesses '' , not someone with too good postures or too well - spoken . As she was offered the role of Anna , she came up with a lot of suggestions for the directors . They were responsive and allowed the actress to mould the character the way she wanted , since they wanted the film to be truthful . Bell significantly made specific changes to Anna , including the infusion and incorporation of the actress ' own personality to the character , embodying a relatable heroine , which received full support from the directors . She called the scene where Anna first meets Hans is a `` typical Disney moment '' , as they come too close physically and find out that they both fall in love with each other . Bell wanted Anna 's words to reflect what she herself would say in real life , which included some `` nonsensical rambling '' . `` I think I said , `` This is awkward . You 're not awkward . Me , I 'm awkward . You 're gorgeous . Wait -- what ? '' Words just spill out of her mouth too quickly and she has to backtrack . '' Bell continued . Or the whole scene where she wakes up in the beginning with saliva all over the face , Bell `` wanted her to also have hair in her mouth '' , which took inspiration from her own real life . `` Sometimes I wake up like that . Then you have hair in your mouth , and you start coughing . The animators totally got what I was trying to do . It 's cool , and way more fun when stuff is realistic like that , instead of the perfection of waking up with mascara on . '' Anna 's snorting and tripping over also drew inspirations from Bell 's real life . Bell 's recording sessions were also videotaped to assist in animating the character , and animators took into considerations even subtle things like the actress ' biting her lip a lot . According to director Jennifer Lee , Anna is a bit flawed . `` I think I 'll be the most proud of this character for a long time . There was so much of me that was put into this character . There was a lot of collaboration , and not just in the fact of , here is the character , and here is what I want to bring , and here is what you want to bring . I really wanted to infuse her with who I am . I wanted the heart behind it to be that things did n't come to her ; the birds did n't come and braid her hair . She went out and fought for things . I 'm really proud that little girls will be able to see that , because that 's what I wanted . So I will be thinking about her for a while . '' -- Kristen Bell on Anna 's influence to her in the future . When asked about Anna 's biggest charm , Bell said that `` her charm is caught somewhere between her sincerity and optimism . Anna is genuine , sincere and compounded with optimism , and eternally optimistic people are the most charismatic people , much more attractive than those with a bad mood . '' She also expressed why the character seemed to loveable to her , `` To have Anna in a situation where she starts the movie without any friends , because her lifestyle has n't allowed her to have a full kingdom . She runs around , because she wants friends . '' Bell called the film 's story is `` another turning point '' for Disney animation because the love depicted in this story is the love between siblings , a non-romantic love . Anna wants the world and she wants to explore , but she also wants to nurture the relationships around her , particularly the family relationship . `` It 's very non-traditional for a Disney movie , '' she added . Regarding Bell 's influence on Anna , director Chris Buck said her personality was just so fun and energetic . `` We had an Anna character but Kristen really came in and pushed it and made it even funnier and even sweeter I think , and more believable as a three - dimensional character , '' he said . He also admitted that he `` fell in love with ( Bell ) 's voice and ( Bell ) 's spirit '' . Director Jennifer Lee said that she loved Bell because the actress shared a similarity with her , that girls could be funny . `` So she was a fantastic collaborator , '' Lee added . Songwriting duo Kristen - Anderson Lopez and Robert Lopez later commented that they had written a lot of first songs for Kristen , for Anna but , `` The more we were working with Kristen Bell , the more , the more she influenced . '' They quickly understand who Anna was because Anna 's Kristen Bell . From left to right : Anna 's coronation dress , her winter travel outfit and her summer casual wear . Anna 's costumes in the film were informed by the research of Norwegian clothing styles . Based on these findings , art director Brittney Lee and her team later found out what materials should be used for the costumes . Co-director Jennifer Lee created a cheerful wardrobe featuring `` playful '' floral patterns and saturated colors in order to accurately reflect Anna 's personality . The animators also took into account the climate that Anna is living in , costuming her in heavy wools and velvets , reflecting traditional winter clothing of the Scandinavian area . The animators added structures to the costumes in a way , such as pleated dresses , that allows movements , giving the character a free range of `` twirl ( ing ) all she wants '' throughout the film . In order to deepen the cultural context of the film , rosemaling , a traditional form of Norwegian decorative folk art , was added to almost every character 's costumes . Anna and her sister , Elsa , also enjoyed a large number of types of costumes and the layers of costuming that have never been done before . As these characters are running around in the snow , they have to have petticoats , undergarments , capes , `` and they have all these layers and layers of things that are all meticulously designed , '' Brittney explained . Character model ( edit ) Anna has distinguishable facial features of a typical Disney heroine , including big eyes , thin lips and a small nose . Her physical appearance has drawn much comparison between her and Rapunzel from Tangled , however there are considerable differences between them . Anna 's eyes are slightly more upturned , her cheeks are a bit fuller , her face and chin are generally rounder , and her eyebrows and eyelashes are thicker than Rapunzel 's . She also has more freckles than Rapunzel and even has them on her shoulders . Anna 's eyebrows wrinkle when they move , and she has prevalent neck muscles that appear when she speaks . Anna 's travel outfit generally consists of magenta , black , dark and light blue , with flowery designs on the bottom of her dress . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Anna is the younger child in the royal family of Arendelle , whose older sister , Elsa is born with the power to create and control ice and snow . As children , they enjoy the life of princesses using Elsa 's abilities to create a winter wonderland for their enjoyment . After they create a snowman named Olaf in the throne room , Elsa accidentally strikes Anna unconscious with her magic . The king and queen hurriedly take Anna to the mountain trolls for help . The troll king , Pabbie , erases Anna 's memory of her sister 's magic , nulling Elsa 's power , only leaving memory of the fun the sisters shared . Pabbie warns Elsa to control her powers -- a strike to Anna 's heart would have been fatal . In an effort to protect Anna , the king and queen lock the castle gates and generally restrict Elsa to her new separate bedroom . Confused by the sudden loss of contact by Elsa , Anna makes repeated failed attempts to draw her out of her room . Elsa cares too much for her sister , traumatized by the near - death experience and she resists reconnecting with Anna . Eventually , the younger sister ceases trying to rekindle their bond . The sisters become even more isolated from each other after their parents , the King and Queen of Arendelle , die in a shipwreck . Devastated by the news , Anna tries to reunite with her sister , looking for love and comfort in the tragedy . Elsa remains in her room , not attending her parents ' funeral . Three years later , when Elsa becomes a young adult , she is set to be crowned queen . The people of Arendelle are joyously preparing for her coronation day . Anna is flushed with excitement as the castle gates are opened for the first time since the sisters ' childhood . The young princess expresses how cheerful she is when she leaves her lonely life and meets people , as well as her hopes to find romance and a love interest . While exploring the town , Anna bumps into a horse owned by Prince Hans of the Southern Isles . Despite the awkward meeting at first , the pair quickly get acquainted and develop a mutual attraction for each other . Though Elsa fears of her secret being revealed to the public , her coronation goes on without incident . At the reception party , Anna is offered a waltz from Hans and the two have a date around the kingdom . They later find out that they have much in common , and Anna agrees to Hans ' marriage proposal . Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Hans , but she refuses and criticizes her for engaging with someone she has just met . This raises an argument between the two with Anna losing her temper , culminating in Elsa getting angry and accidentally exposing her abilities . Upon the guests ' ( including Anna ) horrified reactions , Elsa flees the castle in panic and goes into hiding in the icy mountains . During her retreat , she inadvertently unleashes an eternal winter throughout Arendelle . Far from there , Elsa decides to let go her powers and build an enormous ice palace . Anna , believing it 's her fault , determines to find her sister and bring her back , leaving Hans in charge of Arendelle . At a trading post on her journey , Anna meets a mountain man named Kristoff , an ice harvester who agrees to lead her to the North Mountain , where he knows that a magical phenomenon has occurred and helps her escape a pack of wolves , resulting in his sled being destroyed after falling down into a large hole and catching on fire . The duo and Kristoff 's reindeer Sven , where being chased by wolves on the way and encounter the sister 's snowman , Olaf , who was unknowingly brought to life by Elsa and later leads them to her palace . The sisters reunite , but Elsa is reluctant to help Anna by ending the eternal winter . Upset , she loses control of her powers , striking Anna in her heart . Desperate to get her sister to leave , Elsa creates a giant snow creature , and it throws Anna and her friends away from the palace . Upon noticing Anna 's hair is turning white , Kristoff takes her back to his adoptive family of trolls . Pabbie tells Anna that her heart has been frozen by her sister 's magic and only an act of true love can save her from freezing completely . Kristoff , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will heal her , takes Anna back to the kingdom . Meanwhile , Hans has led a group of soldiers to the ice palace . Elsa 's defenses are not enough and she is taken back to Arendelle 's dungeon unconscious . At the castle , Anna 's request for a kiss is denied by Hans , who reveals their engagement was merely a ploy to seize the throne of Arendelle . He locks Anna in her room without a fire , leaving her to die . Hans falsely claims that Anna is already dead and that they spoke their marriage vows before she died , making him the ruler of Arendelle . Olaf aids Anna while revealing to her Kristoff 's love for her . Elsa also escapes into the fjord , her fears triggering a massive blizzard , but breaks down in shock when Hans tells her that she killed Anna and the blizzard stops . While the end of the storm allows Anna to reunite with Kristoff , she sees Hans ready to kill Elsa , and with her final breath , she stops him from killing her sister and inadvertently knocks him unconscious just as she freezes solid -- a result of the earlier accident . As Elsa grieves for her sister , Anna begins to thaw , since her choice to sacrifice herself to save her elder sister rather than herself constitutes `` an act of true love '' . Realizing love is the key to controlling her powers , Elsa is able to thaw the kingdom and use her magic safely in public . Anna confronts Hans and punches him in the face , making him fall off the ship into the water . She then buys Kristoff a previously - promised new sled and they share a kiss , starting their new relationship . Anna and Elsa 's sisterly bond is rekindled , with Elsa promising never to shut the castle gates again , much to Anna 's joy . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Main article : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Anna <Td_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' ( 4.01 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Elizabeth Lail <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases Joan Occupation Princess of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and the King of Arendelle ( parents ) Elsa ( older sister ) Ingrid / Snow Queen and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Significant other ( s ) Kristoff ( husband ) <Th_colspan="2"> Centric episodes <Td_colspan="2"> `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Anna appears in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time , with actress Elizabeth Lail portraying the character . Following the events of the film Frozen , Anna is preparing to wed Kristoff when Elsa finds a diary from their mother stating their real reason for their parents ' fatal trip . Determined to seek answers , Anna postpones her wedding and travels to the Enchanted Forest ( known as Misthaven in Arendelle ) . Anna meets David , a friend of Kristoff 's , and trains him in swordsmanship so he can defend his farm from the evil warlord Bo Peep . Following Bo Peep 's defeat , David gives Anna his horse and David 's mother gives Anna the name of Rumplestiltskin , a powerful wizard who she believes can give her the answers she is looking for . Anna visits Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) who tells her that the King and Queen of Arendelle came to him , and he will tell her what they said if she administers a potion to an old man . Anna is afraid the potion is poison and pours it into the old man 's fire . She returns to Rumplestiltskin 's lair and lies , saying she has given the man the potion , and quickly learns it was an antidote , not a poison . In not giving him the drink , Anna has broken her deal with Rumplestiltskin and subjected the man to turn into a mouse . The deal , when broken , meant that Anna had to be Rumplestiltskin 's slave -- but , alas , Anna gets control of the dagger that controls him , and orders him to never harm her or her sister , and to send her back home with Rumplestiltskin 's weapon , a magic - stealing hat . Back in Arendelle , Anna admits to Kristoff that Rumplestiltskin told her that her parents were afraid of Elsa . She does not tell this to Elsa , but is shocked to see that Elsa is learning to control her power -- due to a new woman by the name of Ingrid ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) , who claims she is their mother 's sister and also has magic snow powers like her sister Elsa . Anna never knew their mother had a sister , so she is immediately skeptical . She goes to meet Grand Pabbie and the rock trolls to find out if this is the truth . While purchasing supplies at Oaken 's shop , Anna runs into Belle ( Emilie de Ravin ) and they become friends . Together , they journey to the rock trolls , where Anna learns that her mother had two sisters named Ingrid and Helga , but Grand Pabbie changed everyone 's memory in all of Arendelle . On the return journey back to the castle , Anna and Belle run into Ingrid . Ingrid sees that Anna has Rumplestiltskin 's magic - stealing hat and believes she will betray her , so she grabs hold of Anna and imprisons her . Ingrid tells Anna that she has nothing in common with either her or Elsa as she has no magic as they , and now Ingrid must replace her . Eventually , Anna reunites with her sister , helps Ingrid see the errors of her ways , and marries Kristoff . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the movie , Elsa throws a birthday for Anna . However Anna discovers , through Elsa 's continuous sneezing that Elsa has caught a cold . Despite trying to make the party perfect for her sister , Elsa 's sneezes create tiny snowmen which try to take the cake for themselves , and she nearly falls off the clocktower due to her condition . Afterwards Anna takes Elsa to rest and feeds her soup , while Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf help transport the snowmen to Elsa 's ice palace in the mountains . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Anna will appear in a 21 - minute Frozen holiday film along with Elsa , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) Anna meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . On November 6 , 2013 , Disney Consumer Products began releasing a line of merchandise featuring Anna in Disney Store and other retailers . Various versions of Anna dolls include the fashion doll set , the mini-doll set , plush doll , Anna - as - a-toddler doll , and a special version called Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls , which lights up and plays their signature songs that appear in the film when users hold their hands or they hold each other 's hands . Anna 's merchandise also covers a wide range of other products , such as rolling luggage , boots , clothes , nightgowns , bowls , plates , coffee mugs , and home décors . In addition , the film was adapted as simplified storybooks for children , with diverse versions featuring sound effects , original character voices , and mini projectors that project movie images on the wall . One of those books , called A Sister More Like Me , includes illustrations by Brittney Lee , the film 's visual development artist . Both Anna and Elsa appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . Theme Parks ( edit ) In November 2013 , prior to the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began daily meet - and - greet sessions at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California , US . In Walt Disney World , the sisters had their debut on October 22 , 2013 , in a temporary attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios while their main attractions in Epcot were being built , then officially made appearances in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot on November 2 , 2013 , alongside a gallery of Norwegian culture which the film 's setting and design drew inspirations from . A cottage called the `` Royal Reception '' was set up in the Fantasyland section of Disneyland , featuring the pair and an audio - animatronic Olaf speaking on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . As of March 2014 , it was reported that this wait time had reached four or five hours . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park , Walt Disney World , with Anna showing up in her coronation dress for the first time in a Disney park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , comparing to Cinderella and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Anna made a few appearances in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed new show of the nighttime spectacle World of Color with Olaf , the show 's host , and Elsa . Disneyland Paris 's nighttime spectacular Disney Dreams ! featured Anna as the French co-narrator of the show , alongside the English - speaking Olaf . Scenes from the original film , featuring Anna and other characters like Olaf and Kristoff , appear on the castle while Elsa is singing `` Let It Go '' , during the Frozen segment in the Magic Kingdom nighttime projection show , Celebrate the Magic . Coinciding with the film 's release , Anna began making meet - and - greet sessions aboard the Disney Cruise Line 's Disney Dream cruise ship . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . Other characters from the film will also appear in their respective offerings : Olaf in Olaf on Summer Vacation , the Oaken 's family in Wandering Oaken 's Trading Post & Frozen Funland , and `` Coolest Summer Ever '' Dance Party featuring a DJ and live band . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had n't been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Anna began making appearances alongside Elsa and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa are making appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Patti Murin will originate the role of Anna in the upcoming Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` What 's so great about Frozen is that we get two strong heroines , both complex and flawed whose journeys are incredibly identifiable . Anna is plucky and socially awkward and that 's great because many girls will identify with a girl who is n't necessarily naturally poised like some of the original princesses . This is a girl who has n't had much human contact and when she does just explodes into unfiltered extroversion and naiveté . '' -- Sabina Ibarra , Geek Exchange film critic . Collider.com writer Matt Goldberg referred to Anna as a character who `` can go from cute to melancholy to odd to defiant and never miss a beat '' . Emma Koonse of Christian Post described her and Elsa as the `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , while Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote that both Anna and Elsa were depicted as devoted from the start , and `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Deepanjana Pal from First Post commented that Anna `` is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' The Wall Street Journal suggested that the character become more endearing for being `` exactly the free spirit she seems to be '' . Noah Lee of The Coast News was impressed by the heroine duo Anna and Elsa , and said , `` I never lost interest in the drastic measures Anna took or the tribulations Elsa faced . '' Travis Bean , a reviewer of Community Newspaper Group put emphasis on the lessons that kids could perceive from the film , saying , `` Children can also root for Anna to race through the forest and break through Elsa 's icy walls and prove that love conquers all fears . '' Linda Barnard , Toronto Star film critic , described the sisters as `` engaging female characters '' , particularly praised Anna for her funny and iron - willed characteristics . Sabina Ibarra from Geek Exchange commended that the directors had crafted two very real girls `` who come into their own and also come together in this amazing tale . '' Kristen Bell was lauded for her performance as Anna in the film . Michelle Im , writing for the Eye of the Tiger referred to the character as `` bubbly and spirited '' , and commented , `` Not only was ( Bell ) able to nail those vibratos and belting notes in her songs , it was actually her singing them . '' The Coast News review of the film wrote that Bell `` earns top marks '' for instilling a spirited sensibility in the clumsy but well - meaning Anna . Cinenerd , a film critic for Blogcritics , commended the actress ' singing ability , stating that she and Menzel `` sing their hearts out , with two showstoppers in Let it Go and For the First Time in Forever '' . Colin Covert of Colorado Springs ' The Gazette considered Bell 's performance as a `` flawless delivery '' . Matt Goldberg extolled the relationship between Anna and her elder sister Elsa , writing , `` There 's so much to love about Frozen , but at the top of the list is the emphasis on ( Anna ) and Elsa 's relationship . Anna still has an infatuation with the charming Hans and romantic chemistry with the flustered Kristoff , but her greatest love is for her sister . ( Elsa ) is mostly scared and guilt - ridden . She 's an incredibly sympathetic character , and it 's a fresh spin on depicting estrangement between siblings . Anna has so much life and enthusiasm , and we want to see her share it with Elsa . '' Magdalena Lachowicz of The Heights referred to this sisterly bond as `` what truly makes the film and the moral that comes with it '' , commenting , `` the plot is set up to lead the viewer into thinking that it needs to be true love 's kiss -- something which Anna then goes to seek . This journey sends her on a difficult adventure in which she learns about both sacrifice and love . '' Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Female driven with confidence and positivity , Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love , '' while Stephen Holden from The New York Times appreciated that instead of a romantic attachment , it was a sisterly love and devotion that drove the story , which departed greatly from traditional Disney formula . Noah Lee described Anna and Elsa 's relationship as `` genuine '' , saying , `` watching those themes of family and love versus isolation and fear touched my heart in more ways than one . '' However , the character was not without criticisms . Michelle Im from the Eye of the Tiger referred to Anna 's falling immediately in love with a prince as the only personal development in her character , and found it `` disappointing '' in comparison with Elsa 's emotionally evolving personality . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Anna and Elsa were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Accolades ( edit ) Both Anna and Elsa were nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award . Frozen also won Women Film Critics Circle award in the same category . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Hill ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Countdown to Disney `` Frozen '' : How one simple suggestion broke the ice on the `` Snow Queen '' 's decades - long story problems `` . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . ' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Disney Consumer Products ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Press release : Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now '' . Disney Consumer Products . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Winter comes early to NYC as the Times Square Disney Store gets `` Frozen '' over `` . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Frozen Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' . The Celebrity Cafe . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Disney Book Group ( Author ) , Disney Storybook Art Team ( Illustrator ) . Frozen Read - Along Storybook and CD Paperback . Amazon.com . ISBN 978 - 1423170648 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Disney Frozen ( October 1 , 2013 ) . Disney Frozen Movie Theater : Storybook & Movie Projector Hardcover . Amazon.com . ISBN 978 - 0794428952 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Morgan ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` New Disney ' Frozen ' Storybook Images Reveal Juicy Plot Details '' . Rotoscopers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Disney Book Group ( Author ) , Barbara Jean Hicks ( Author ) , Disney Storybook Art Team ( Illustrator ) , Brittney Lee ( Illustrator ) . Frozen A Sister More Like Me Hardcover . Amazon.com . ISBN 978 - 1423170143 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ McDonnell , Chris ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Artist of the Day : Brittney Lee '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . This week we continue looking at some of the talented artists whose efforts made possible the new Disney feature Frozen . Brittney Lee is credited on the film as a visual development artist . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Infinity finally features more female characters in new Toy Box fun with Frozen , Rapunzel , Vanellope von Schweetz '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denise ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Anna and Elsa From `` Frozen '' -- First Appearance at Walt Disney World in Preparation for Epcot Meet and Greet ( Photos , Video ) `` . Mousestep . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . 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Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Anna & Elsa Arrive at Princess Fairytale Hall Today '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` World of Color -- Winter Dreams all - new nighttime Disneyland show debuts featuring Frozen , Toy Story , holiday songs '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts , Figures and History : ' World of Color ' and Holiday ' Winter Dreams ' '' ( PDF ) . Disneyland News . January 7 , 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monti , Andrea ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Disneyland Paris : Intervista a Katy Harris '' . Parks Mania ( in Italian ) . 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Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brigante , Ricky ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot , `` Frozen '' Christmas also revealed `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sim , Darren ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Disneyland launches `` Disney Paint the Night '' Parade from October 2014 `` . darrensim.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Frozen Fun ' Opens at Disneyland Resort January 7 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Adds ' Frozen ' Experiences to Disneyland , California Adventure Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prepare to be Wowed by Disneyland 's Three New Nighttime Spectaculars '' . Disney Insider. April 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Musical Announces Full Broadway Lead Casting '' . broadway.com. April 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ibarra , Sabina ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen Review : Disney Conjures a New Timeless Classic '' . Geek Exchange . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` FROZEN Review '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Tony ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Frozen ' is Disney at its best '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pal , Deepanjana ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen review : This modern Snow Queen will melt your heart '' . First Post . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Splendid Sights , Musical Might Melt ' Frozen ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . November 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : S. Lee , Noah ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's magic is in full display with ' Frozen ' '' . The Coast News . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bean , Travis ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen features fantasy , focuses on family values '' . Community Newspaper Group . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen will warm your heart : review '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Better to focus on the stunning icicle kingdom , snowy landscape visuals and the engaging female characters , especially the funny , iron - willed Anna , whose love for her sister propels her quest . ^ Jump up to : Im , Michelle ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` '' Frozen '' meets standards set by previous Disney movies `` . Eye of the Tiger . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cinenerd ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Disney 's ' Frozen ' '' . Blogcritics . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachowicz , Magdalena ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animated Film ' Frozen ' Breaks Disney Princess Conventions '' . The Heights . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elias , Debbie Lynn ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review -- Frozen '' . Culver City Observer . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` From the Heat of Royal Passion , Poof ! It 's Permafrost '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in time : when will Disney 's heroines reflect real body shapes ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 EDA Award Winners '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Women Film Critics Circle winners '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(Disney)&oldid=800177515 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Română Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Princess Anna of Arendelle
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-2,602,672,674,938,396,000 | how many spark plugs in a honda civic hybrid | Honda Civic Hybrid - wikipedia Honda Civic Hybrid Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Honda Civic Hybrid <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 2001 -- 2015 Assembly Suzuka , Mie , Japan Indiana , United States ( HMI ) Swindon , U.K. ( HUKM ) Ayutthaya , Thailand <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Compact car ( C ) Body style 4 - door sedan Layout Front - engine , front - wheel drive Related Honda Civic <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Successor 3rd generation Honda Insight The Honda Civic Hybrid was a variation of the Honda Civic with a hybrid electric powertrain . Honda introduced the Civic Hybrid in Japan in December 2001 and discontinued it in 2015 . In the United States , it was the first hybrid automobile to be certified as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero - Emissions Vehicle ( AT - PZEV ) from the California Air Resources Board ( CARB ) . The Civic Hybrid uses an Integrated Motor Assist hybrid system similar to that of the Honda Insight . The Civic Hybrid was only marketed in sedan configurations . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2001 -- 2005 ) 1.1 Design 1.2 Fuel economy 1.3 Award and recognition 1.4 Minor Design Changes 2 Second generation ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 2.1 Design 2.2 Fuel economy 2.3 Battery life 2.4 Market reception 2.5 Cost of ownership 2.6 Other markets 2.7 Motorsport 2.8 Awards and recognition 3 Third generation ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 3.1 Production 4 Sales 5 Legal actions over mileage claims 6 Discontinuation 7 References 8 External links First generation ( 2001 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> First generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2001 -- 2005 Model years 2003 -- 2005 ( U.S. ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Honda Civic <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.3 L LDA series I4 SOHC Transmission 5 - speed manual CVT automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 103.1 in ( 2,619 mm ) Length 2003 : 174.6 in ( 4,435 mm ) 2004 -- 05 : 175.4 in ( 4,455 mm ) Width 67.5 in ( 1,714 mm ) Height 2003 : 56.7 in ( 1,440 mm ) 2004 -- 05 : 56.3 in ( 1,430 mm ) Main article : Honda Civic ( seventh generation ) 2004 -- 2005 Honda Civic Hybrid ( US ) Honda Civic Hybrid The Civic hybrid , based on the seventh generation Civic , was first introduced to the Japanese market in December 2001 . Honda claimed it was the most fuel efficient 5 - passenger gasoline - powered production vehicle in the world at the time . It was introduced to the U.S. in spring 2002 as a 2003 model . It is the first hybrid vehicle to be certified as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero - Emissions Vehicle ( AT - PZEV ) from CARB . Design ( edit ) The first generation of the Honda Civic Hybrid was based on the seventh generation Honda Civic . It was the first mainstream vehicle from Honda equipped with a gasoline - electric hybrid system and became the second hybrid model of the company after Insight . Model with manual transmission was rated city 46 mpg ( 5.1 L / 100 km ; 55 mpg ) / highway 51 mpg ( 4.6 L / 100 km ; 61 mpg ) according to United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) fuel mileage estimates , about the same combined mileage as for the Toyota Prius , and became the most fuel - efficient five - passenger sedan ever sold in North America at the time . The following is a list of its technical features : Twin spark plugs light the lean fuel - air mixtures sent to the two - valve combustion chambers . 1.3 - litre single overhead cam i - DSI lean - burn internal - combustion engine with VTEC Cylinder Cut - off System , which allows three cylinders to deactivate during deceleration . The engine generates 85 hp ( 63 kW ) at 5,700 rpm and 87 lb ⋅ ft ( 118 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 3300 rpm . Idle stop - when stopped at traffic light , the engine shuts off automatically , then restarts immediately when the driver takes their foot off the brake , contributing to both greater fuel efficiency and lower emissions . 10 kW ( 13 hp ) brushless , permanent magnet assist motor , which functions as a generator during deceleration recharging the battery ( regenerative braking ) . Combined output of both engine and electric motor is 93 hp ( 69 kW ) at 5,700 rpm . Maximum torque is rated 116 lb ⋅ ft ( 157 N ⋅ m ) at 1,500 rpm for manual transmission models and 105 lb ⋅ ft ( 142 N ⋅ m ) at 3,000 rpm for CVT models . 144 V Nickel - metal hydride batteries with 6.0 A h capacity . Honda Multimatic S continuously variable transmission or 5 - speed manual transmission . ULEV or AT - PZEV certification by the California Air Resources Board ( CARB ) . Low rolling resistance tires ( P185 / 70R14 ) on aluminum wheels and regenerative braking . Electric power - steering . Hybrid badging used in the 2001 -- 2005 generation An electric motor is sandwiched between the gasoline engine and the transmission , providing up to 13 horsepower . The motor also acts as a generator , to recharge the car 's nickel - metal hydride battery located between the rear seat and the trunk , and as a starter motor . The motor in Civic hybrid is about a quarter - inch ( 6.4 mm ) thicker than that of the Insight . Through improvements to the magnetic coils of the DC brushless motor , it achieves 30 percent greater assisting and regenerative torque than the previous model without increasing the size . It generates more torque ( 46 versus 36 pound - feet ) than the motor in Insight . The electricity is stored in a battery consisting of 120 1.2 - volt Ni - MH D - cells wired in series . The battery can charge and discharge more rapidly and efficiently though the total capacity is reduced from the Insight 's ( 6.0 versus 6.5 AH ) . Efficiency of the battery modules is increased , through a reduction in energy losses . The battery is housed with the electrical controller in a package called the Intelligent Power Unit ( IPU ) . The new packaging reduces the size of the system by 50 percent and allows the IMA equipment be placed behind the rear seat in the trunk . The unit weighs only 63 lb ( 29 kg ) and is one - third smaller than that of the Insight . The two spark plugs in each cylinder can fire either sequentially or simultaneously , enabling more efficient burning during lean - burn mode and more often lean - burn operation . The engine can operate at a lean 22 : 1 air - to - fuel ratio more than 60 percent of the time on a flat road . The VTEC cylinder idling system of the engine closes the valves in three of the four cylinders when the car is decelerating , reduces the power lost to the engine by 50 percent , and allows the IMA to extract more electrical energy during braking . The rocker arms operating the intake and exhaust valves have two modes : valve - lift mode or idle mode . They are engaged via a synchronizing piston . During deceleration , the synchro piston disengages the lift - mode rocker arm so that the valves remain at rest , effectively sealing off the cylinder . An idle stop feature shuts off the engine automatically when stopped , then restarts immediately when the driver removes their foot from the brake . This auto idle stop system contributes to both greater fuel efficiency and lower emissions . During stop and go driving , the engine will turn off when the car comes to a stop for the first time , however , if the car does not go above 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) and stops again , the engine will not turn off unless the car is stopped for more than 15 seconds . With assistance from the electric motor , the combined torque at below 3,700 rpm is greater than that available from the non-hybrid Civic 's 1.7 - liter engine . Fuel efficiency is further improved by six percent by utilizing : a new front air dam and rear spoiler , along with revised underbody panels , reducing the drag coefficient from 0.30 to 0.28 ; replacing traditional power steering with electrical power result as reduction in parasitic losses and special lower rolling resistance tires . The Dunlop tires improve ride quality and reduce road noise compared with other hybrids like Insight and Prius . When compared with Insight , a wider tire improves stability at highway speed . Car and Driver reported that the car can accelerate 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) in 10.9 seconds . Fuel economy ( edit ) The Civic hybrid is estimated to be 40 percent more fuel efficient than its non-hybrid counterpart . Award and recognition ( edit ) The Civic Hybrid 's engine won the International Engine of the Year `` 1 litre to 1.4 litre '' size category award for three years straight from 2002 through 2004 as well as the `` Best Fuel Economy '' category for 2003 and 2004 . 2003 recognized by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy amongst the top ten Greenest Vehicles : tied for the third best score with Toyota Prius Minor design changes ( edit ) There was a minor refresh of the design between the 2003 and 2004 model years which affected the front and rear bumper covers , hood and head lights . On the interior , a small center console replaced the driver 's arm rest and the rear seats got adjustable head rests . Second generation ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2005 -- 2011 Model years 2006 -- 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Honda Civic <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine Gasoline : 1.3 L LDA series I4 SOHC Electric : 158 volt 15 kW Transmission CVT automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 106.3 in ( 2,700 mm ) Length 2006 -- 08 : 176.7 in ( 4,488 mm ) ( USDM ) 2006 -- 08 : 4,540 mm ( 178.7 in ) ( JDM ) 2009 : 177.3 in ( 4,503 mm ) Width 69.0 in ( 1,753 mm ) Height 56.3 in ( 1,430 mm ) Curb weight 1,305 kg ( 2,877 lb ) ( USDM ) 1,260 kg ( 2,778 lb ) ( JDM ) Main article : Honda Civic ( eighth generation ) The second generation Civic Hybrid is based on the eighth generation Civic . As with other Civics , there are some styling differences to the exterior between the North American and the Japanese market models . Design ( edit ) The powertrain of the second generation Civic hybrid is similar to that of the first generation . The following is a list of major changes : Updated to fourth generation Integrated Motor Assist ( IMA ) More powerful electric motor of 20 hp ( 15 kW ) 158.4 V ( 132 x 1.2 V ) Nickel - metal hydride batteries with 5.5 A h capacity that is 12 % smaller . Updated to three stage i - VTEC and VCM ( Variable Cylinder Management ) , which permits deactivation of all four cylinders when cruising at moderate speed to run on electric power only . Engine output is increased to 93 hp ( 69 kW ) at 6,000 rpm and maximum torque to 89 lb ⋅ ft ( 121 N ⋅ m ) at 4,500 rpm . Combined output of both engine and motor is 110 hp ( 82 kW ) at 6,000 rpm . Maximum torque is rated 123 lb ⋅ ft ( 167 N ⋅ m ) at 2,500 rpm . A new hybrid compressor for the air - conditioner . The continuously variable transmission provides a 9 % wider range between the maximum and minimum gear ratios for better acceleration and reduced engine rpm at high speeds . Discontinued manual transmission option . The U.S. EPA fuel economy estimate is increased to city 49 mpg ( 4.8 L / 100 km ) , highway 51 mpg ( 4.6 L / 100 km ) . ( In 2008 : EPA revised the way it estimates fuel mileage , as a result , the EPA rating for the 2008 model is : city 40 mpg ( 5.9 L / 100 km ) , highway 45 mpg ( 5.2 L / 100 km ) ) . Updated to 15 - inch lightweight aerodynamic alloy wheels ( later featured on the Civic DX - G in Canada as well ) . Certified as AT - PZEV throughout 50 states . 2009 -- 2011 Honda Civic Hybrid ( US ) Honda Civic Hybrid ( Asian Model ) Honda Civic Hybrid ( Asian Model ) Interior By using high - performance magnets and high - density windings , Honda is able to increase the power output of the electric motor by 50 % to 20 hp ( 15 kW ) at 2,000 rpm when compared with the first generation . The inverter that controls motor speed is integrated with the motor 's ECU for more precise control , resulting in greater efficiency and fuel economy . The output of battery is increased by around 30 percent to 158.4 V . The battery storage box is designed for better cooling performance and vibration resistance to enhance long - term reliability . The higher output of electric motor enables the car to run on electricity only , at a steady 15 to 20 mph ( 24 -- 32 km / h ) when cruising on a flat surface . Hybrid badging used in the 2006 -- 2011 generation An internal electric motor is added to the air - conditioner , so it can be powered by either the engine , an electric motor , or both . At a stop , the compressor powered by the battery keeps the cabin cool . An additional compressor that is powered by the petrol engine also engages if rapid cooling is required . When the interior temperature is stable , air conditioning is provided by the battery solely . As soon as the brake pedal is lifted , the petrol engine comes back to life again . The new three stage i - VTEC valvetrain has low - rpm , high - rpm and cylinder idle mode . High output valve timing helps the engine to increase its output by 9 percent . During deceleration , the engine is kept idle . There is no combustion in all four cylinders and the cylinders are sealed shut , reducing pumping losses by engine . As a result , recovery of energy wasted during braking is improved by 10 percent . A digital display is incorporated in the instrument dash showing how much electricity is sent to the battery or how much is used . When the car is braked moderately , maximum number of green LEDs light up showing energy recaptured . When the car is braked harder , the conventional brakes are activated . Car and Driver found the car , when compared with previous generation , faster , offered greater refinement , quieter at highway speed , has a stiffer body and a revised suspension that handles bumps better and quietly . Fuel economy ( edit ) It is estimated that , when compared to a gasoline engine only Civic sedan of 2006 with an automatic transmission , the Civic hybrid provides an increase of fuel economy in city driving of about 63 percent and an increase of fuel economy in highway driving of about 27 percent . The CVT transmission is designed to achieve the highest efficiency for a given RPM . A class - action lawsuit filed in 2012 alleged that Honda falsely advertised the fuel economy of the Civic Hybrid and that owners were getting significantly lower mileage . The Los Angeles Times reported in May 2012 that at least 36 small - claims lawsuits had also been filed against Honda over alleged false advertisement of gas mileage . Some users reported that the fuel economy of the Civic Hybrid was reduced after Honda installed a software update to prolong the life of the hybrid battery by reducing the electric motor 's output and putting more reliance on the gasoline engine . Battery life ( edit ) A Consumer Reports survey found a very high rate of battery failure in Civic Hybrids 2nd - generation Civic Hybrids , describing the failure rate for 2009 - 2010 models as `` shocking '' , with over 30 % of responders reporting they had needed a battery replacement within the last 12 months . Honda acknowledged problems with the 2006 - 2008 models which could cause the batteries to `` deteriorate and eventually fail '' ; software updates were issued to prolong the life of the battery , but some owners reported these updates led to reduced fuel economy and power . The 132 NiMH cell pack suffers from imbalance as individual cells ca n't be monitored or charged . Monitoring is available at a 12 cell sub-pack level , but charging is n't . After years / miles of use , the cells become imbalanced as the cells charge / discharge at slightly different rates from one another . Eventually , strong cells are limiting the upper capacity of the pack and weak cells are limiting the lower capacity of the pack thereby reducing the usable capacity of the pack . There are higher capacity non-OEM packs available for less than the OEM price , and many owners have achieved years - long extensions of usable battery life by utilizing a grid charger . A grid charger is a home - made or purchased charger that connects your car to the power - grid . These devices impart a long , slow `` balancing '' charge where all cells are gently charged to their maximum capacity . This can temporarily restore balance and dramatically improve usable capacity for months at a time . In March 2015 , Honda sent 2009 - 2011 owners a letter indicating that all versions , not just the PHEV states , would get the 10 year / 150,000 mi warranty on the IMA battery . Reference Service Bulletin # 15 - 006 . Market reception ( edit ) The Civic hybrid ranks as the second best selling electric hybrid car in the U.S. Cost of ownership ( edit ) Consumer Reports ran an article in April 2006 stating that hybrid vehicles would not pay for themselves over 5 years of ownership . However , there was an error in the calculation of depreciation for the hybrid vehicles . It resulted in overstating how much extra money the hybrids would cost their owners during the first five years of ownership . When corrected , the Honda Civic Hybrid did have a payback period of slightly less than 5 years . In October 2010 Vincentric performed a hybrid cost of ownership analysis for the USA market . In this analysis it compared hybrids ' 5 - year cost of ownership to their all - gas counterparts . The analysis showed that the 2010 Honda Civic Hybrid cost an additional $1830 over a 2010 Honda Civic EX 2D Coupe with an Automatic Transmission ( the report assume 15,000 miles are driven annually and fuel prices are based on a weighted average over the five months prior to October 2010 ) . In August 2010 , Autoblog reported that a replacement battery for the Civic Hybrid retailed at $2,100 . Honda Civic Hybrid race car Other markets ( edit ) The Civic hybrid was introduced to Malaysia in August 2007 . It was launched in China in November 2007 and in India in June 2008 . Motorsport ( edit ) The Honda Civic Hybrid competed in 24 Hours Nürburgring in 2007 , finishing 108th out of 220 teams starting . The twenty - four hour race is held around the Nürburgring , one of the world 's most grueling courses . A Group N spec Honda Civic hybrid raced in the Jim Clark rally and took second in class . Awards and recognition ( edit ) 2006 North American Car of the Year , along with the rest of the Civic range 2006 Motor Trend Car of the Year award , along with the rest of the Civic range . 2006 Automotive Journalists Association of Canada ( AJAC ) Award for Alternative Power Vehicle . 2006 Winner of the World Green Car Third generation ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Third generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2011 -- 2015 Model years 2012 -- 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Honda Civic <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.5 L water - cooled 4 - stroke SOHC i - VTEC + IMA Transmission CVT automatic Hybrid drivetrain Honda ( Integrated Motor Assist ) with Eco Assist <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,670 mm ( 105 in ) Length 4,525 mm ( 178 in ) Width 1,755 mm ( 69 in ) Height 1,430 mm ( 56 in ) Curb weight 1,280 kg ( 2,822 lb ) Main article : Honda Civic ( ninth generation ) The last Civic Hybrid was launched during 2011 in the U.S. and Canada as a 2012 model . It has a larger 1.5 - liter i - VTEC engine that produces 90 horsepower and 97 pound - feet of torque and a lithium - ion battery pack instead of nickel - metal hydride . The larger engine replaces the 1.3 - L engine for better mid-range torque . The DC brushless permanent magnet motor , which is placed between the engine and continuously variable transmission , provides 17 kW ( 23 hp ) and 78 pound - feet of torque and weighs 0.7 kg ( 1.5 lb ) less . The 2012 Civic Hybrid has an EPA rating of 44 mpg ( 5.3 L / 100 km ; 53 mpg ) for the city and highway driving cycles , an improvement from 40 mpg ( 5.9 L / 100 km ; 48 mpg ) city and 43 mpg ( 5.5 L / 100 km ; 52 mpg ) highway for the previous generation . The Civic Hybrid has the latest Integrated Motor Assist ( IMA ) parallel hybrid system , with a new 20 kW lithium - ion battery -- a first for a Honda hybrid vehicle . The new battery is 5 kW more powerful , 9 kg ( 20 lb ) lighter and takes up 36 % less space . Battery capacity is increased from 35 kAh to 100 kAh ( 4.5 Ah ) . It comes with improved aerodynamics and Honda ECO Assist technology . The ECO Assist technology is an information system to help the driver adopt a more fuel - efficient driving style , and is proven to improve fuel economy by about 10 % for Honda 's hybrid vehicles in Japan . Production ( edit ) Production of the Civic hybrid sedan was moved from Suzuka , Japan to Indiana , United States in early 2013 , following the production of the Acura ILX hybrid commenced at Indiana plant in April 2012 , after production capacity was expanded to 250,000 . Honda Civic Hybrid sedan ( Australia ) Rear view of 2012 Civic Hybrid ( US ) Front view of 2013 Civic Hybrid ( Thailand ) Sales ( edit ) In February 2009 , Honda reported that since 2001 they had sold more than 255,000 Civic Hybrids , including more than 190,000 units sold in North America . For a time , the Civic Hybrid was the second - best - selling hybrid electric car in the U.S. <Th_colspan="7"> Cumulative sales by region ( as of end January 2009 ) Region Start of sales Cumulative sales Japan Dec 2001 22,899 North America Mar 2002 191,493 Europe May 2003 34,757 Asia / Oceania Feb 2004 5,514 China Nov 2007 280 Others May 2006 306 <Th_colspan="2"> Total ( units ) : 255,249 It is reported that over 50,000 Civic Hybrids were sold during 2007 worldwide . Legal actions over mileage claims ( edit ) In January 2012 , Heather Peters was awarded $9,867 by a Los Angeles Superior Court small - claims commissioner after alleging that her 2006 Civic Hybrid did not meet mileage claims advertised by the manufacturer . Honda won an appeal against this decision when a judge ruled that the vehicle 's fuel - economy ratings complied with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's requirements , and that such ratings are for the purpose of comparison among vehicles . Consumers who purchased or leased a 2003 through 2009 Honda Civic Hybrid had until April 19 , 2013 to claim a cash payment and Rebate Certificate from the class action lawsuit settlement . However , the Settlement Administrator has already begun to review claims and began mailing checks last month to those with validated claims . In March 2012 Honda Canada issued a release pledging to honor the USA class action settlement with owners and lessees in Canada when it was finalized in the USA . To date there has been no follow up to parties concerned , but shortly after the Honda release a class action was launched in Quebec courts on behalf of Quebec and Canadian owners and lessees . Discontinuation ( edit ) Honda announced that the Civic Hybrid will be discontinued after the 2015 model year due to poor sales along with the Honda Accord Plug - in Hybrid , Honda Civic GX , and Acura ILX Hybrid . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Honda Announces the New Civic Hybrid Sedan -- - The World 's Most Fuel - Efficient 5 - Seater Production Gasoline Vehicle Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Civic Hybrid First Hybrid Vehicle To Earn Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emissions ( AT - PZEV ) Status Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ EPA fuel estimate 2003 Civic hybrid Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2002 Honda Civic Overview Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Honda Civic Hybrid - Road Test '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Honda Creates New IMA System For 2003 Civic Hybrid Archived 22 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 2005 Honda Civic Hybrid - Road Test & Review - Automobile Magazine '' . 1 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Honda Civic Hybrid '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ `` Green Autos In the Showroom , But Few on the Road '' . Jump up ^ Greenest 2003 Cars and SUVs Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Honda Civic Hybrid gets a Full Compliment of Interior and Exterior Enhancements '' . Honda Newsroom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid EPA Ratings Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About EPA Fuel Economy Ratings '' . Jump up ^ `` Car and Driver 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid - Road Test '' . CarandDriver. 1 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ From i - VTEC ® to iPod ® , the All New 2006 Honda Civic Brings the Latest Technology Into the Mainstream Archived 7 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Road Worrier : Some hybrid owners are dissatisfied with their vehicles Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Jerry ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Honda wins appeal in Civic hybrid mileage lawsuit '' -- via LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` DailyTech - Honda Civic Hybrids Encounter Battery Life Problems , Software Update Problematic for Some '' . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Subaru Outback and Legacy - Video Review - Consumer Reports '' . Jump up ^ http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/acms/cs/jaxrs/download/doc/UCM480094/CSC-10057550-8765.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Alternative Fuel Vehicles ( AFVs ) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( HEVs ) '' . U.S. Dept of Energy - Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Click and open the Excel file for the detail by year for each hybrid model ( Sales 1999 - 2009 ) Jump up ^ Consumer Reports ( 7 March 2006 ) . `` Consumer Reports Revises Financial Analysis In Report on Ownership Costs for Hybrid Cars '' . Consumers Union . Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The dollars & sense of hybrid cars '' . Jump up ^ Vincentric . `` Hybrid Comparison '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sam Abuelsamid ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Honda 's fix for Civic hybrid batteries '' . Auto Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Civic Hybrid Fast Gaining Acceptance '' . Honda Malaysia ( Press release ) . 26 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honda begins sales of all - new Insight dedicated hybrid vehicle '' . Honda Motor Co . Worldwide site . Jump up ^ y Wayne Cunningham ( 2007 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Civic Hybrid completes 24 - hour race '' . cnet Reviews . Jump up ^ Franca Davenport ( Oct 21 , 2008 ) . `` Lotus accelerates hybrid rally car development '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Honda Sweeps ' North American Car and Truck of the Year ' Awards 2006 Honda Civic and 2006 Honda Ridgeline Take the Top Honors '' ( Press release ) . Honda . 8 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Motor Trend Announces 2006 Car Of The Year '' . Motor Trend . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic hybrid awarded the Best New Alternate Power Vehicle for 2006 '' . GreenProgress . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid Wins ' World Car of the Year Award ' for Greenest Car '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Mike . `` 2012 Honda Civic Hybrid - Instrumented Test '' . Car and Driver ( Nov 2011 issue ) . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Gehm . `` Fuel economy the focus for Honda Civic engineers '' . SAE International . Jump up ^ Christopher Jensen ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Keeping Hybrid Weirdness at Bay '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Honda Civic lineup boosts fuel economy in all models ; Hybrid and HF offer 40 + mpg '' . Green Car Congress . 2011 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic Si Concept coupe and Civic Concept sedan debut at NAIAS ; hybrid and natural gas variants '' . Green Car Congress . 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Study Finds Insight 's Eco Assist System Results in Average 10 % Improvement in Fuel Economy After 300 Drives , Up to 20 % Max '' . Green Car Congress . 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to build Civic Hybrid in Indiana , will boost plant capacity by 25 % '' . AutoNews . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Reaches 300,000 Units in Cumulative Global Sales of Hybrid Vehicles '' ( Press release ) . Honda Motor Co. 18 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hiroko Nakata ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Toyota leads charge for new ' green ' power source '' . Japan Times . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Woman wins small - claims suit over Honda Civic Hybrid '' , Yahoo ! News , 2 February 2012 ; retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Edvard Pettersson and Maurice Possley ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Honda Wins Reversal of Small - Claims Loss Over Hybrid Mileage '' . Bloomberg . External links ( edit ) Civic Hybrid at Honda Worldwide Honda Civic Hybrid <Th_colspan="2"> Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Civic Type R Crider Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V Vans Acty Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Shuttle Stepwgn Tambor Vamos / Vamos Hobio Historic and discontinued 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Spocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Winner Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Honda HI15TT Honda HI16TT Honda HI17TT Honda HI18TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Honda Malaysia Racing Team <Td_colspan="2"> Commons <Th_colspan="41"> `` previous -- Honda road car timeline , 1980s -- present <Td_colspan="2"> Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Kei car <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="6"> Today <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Today <Td_colspan="5"> Life <Td_colspan="5"> Life <Td_colspan="6"> Life <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> Today Associe <Td_colspan="2"> Life <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> That 's <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> N - ONE <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Life Dunk <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> Zest <Td_colspan="7"> N - WGN <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> Acty Street <Td_colspan="14"> Street <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> N - BOX <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="21"> Vamos Subcompact <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> City / Jazz <Td_colspan="8"> City <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Logo <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="9"> Brio <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="6"> City <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> Brio Amaze <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="5"> Civic <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Fit / Jazz <Td_colspan="6"> Fit / Jazz <Td_colspan="6"> Fit / Jazz <Td_colspan="4"> Ballade <Td_colspan="4"> Ballade <Td_colspan="5"> Concerto <Td_colspan="4"> Domani <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Fit Aria / City <Td_colspan="6"> City <Td_colspan="6"> City / Grace Compact <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> Domani <Td_colspan="5"> Civic / Hybrid <Td_colspan="6"> Civic / Hybrid <Td_colspan="5"> Civic / Hybrid <Td_colspan="3"> Civic <Td_colspan="6"> Quint <Td_colspan="4"> Quint Integra <Td_colspan="3"> Integra <Td_colspan="10"> Integra <Td_colspan="5"> Integra <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Ascot Innova <Td_colspan="5"> Integra SJ <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> Accord <Td_colspan="3"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord CB <Td_colspan="4"> Accord CD <Td_colspan="5"> Accord CF <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="6"> Insight <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Vigor <Td_colspan="5"> Vigor <Td_colspan="4"> Ascot <Td_colspan="4"> Ascot <Td_colspan="5"> Torneo <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> Vigor <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Rafaga <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> Accord Inspire <Td_colspan="6"> Accord CB3 / CC <Td_colspan="5"> Accord CG7 / CH5 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> Crider Mid-size <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Vigor <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Accord CG <Td_colspan="6"> Accord CL <Td_colspan="4"> Accord CU <Td_colspan="7"> Accord CR <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Inspire <Td_colspan="4"> Inspire / Saber <Td_colspan="4"> Inspire / Saber <Td_colspan="5"> Inspire / Accord UC <Td_colspan="7"> FCX Clarity <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Clarity Full - size <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Inspire / Accord CP <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Legend <Td_colspan="5"> Legend <Td_colspan="9"> Legend <Td_colspan="8"> Legend <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Legend Coupé <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Ballade Sports CR - X <Td_colspan="4"> CR - X <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Civic Coupe <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Coupe <Td_colspan="7"> Insight <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> CR - Z <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Integra Coupe <Td_colspan="9"> Integra Coupe <Td_colspan="5"> Integra Coupe <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="4"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="6"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="3"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="4"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="4"> Legend Coupe <Td_colspan="3"> Legend Coupe <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Roadster <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> Beat <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="11"> S2000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> S660 Convertible <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> City Cabriolet <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> CR - X del Sol <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Sport compact <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="5"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="6"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="2"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="7"> Integra Type R <Td_colspan="5"> Integra Type R <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> Sports car <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Type R <Td_colspan="9"> Accord Euro - R <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> Torneo Euro - R <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="15"> NSX <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> NSX <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> NSX Type R <Td_colspan="4"> NSX - R <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> Mini Crossover <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Z <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="7"> HR - V <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Vezel / HR - V <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> BR - V Compact Crossover <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Crossroad <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Crossroad <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="9"> Element <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="6"> CR - V <Td_colspan="2"> CR - V Mid-size Crossover <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> Crosstour <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> Pilot <Td_colspan="3"> Pilot SUV <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Jazz <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="6"> Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Horizon <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> MDX <Td_colspan="7"> MDX <Td_colspan="6"> MDX <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Crossroad <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Station wagon <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Country <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Shuttle <Td_colspan="7"> Civic Shuttle <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> Orthia <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Airwave <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Fit Shuttle <Td_colspan="4"> Fit Shuttle <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> Accord Wagon CB9 <Td_colspan="4"> Accord Wagon CEI <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Wagon CF6 <Td_colspan="6"> Accord Wagon CM <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Tourer CW <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Avancier <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Avancier Mini MPV <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Capa <Td_colspan="6"> Mobilio Spike <Td_colspan="8"> Freed Spike <Td_colspan="3"> Freed Spike <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> EV Plus <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> Mobilio <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Mobilio Compact MPV <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> Stream <Td_colspan="8"> Stream <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="7"> S - MX <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Edix / FR - V <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jade <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="4"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="4"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="6"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="4"> Stepwgn Minivan <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Shuttle <Td_colspan="4"> Odyssey RA6 <Td_colspan="5"> Odyssey RB <Td_colspan="5"> Odyssey RB3 <Td_colspan="6"> Odyssey RC <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="5"> LaGreat / Odyssey RL <Td_colspan="7"> Odyssey RL3 <Td_colspan="8"> Odyssey RL5 <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="11"> Elysion <Td_colspan="4"> Elysion Pickup <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="15"> Tourmaster <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> Ridgeline <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ridgeline Microvan <Td_colspan="9"> Acty Van <Td_colspan="11"> Acty <Td_colspan="11"> Acty <Td_colspan="9"> Acty Van <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> City Pro <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Van <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Pro <Td_colspan="8"> Civic Pro <Td_colspan="8"> Partner Van <Td_colspan="3"> Partner <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 <Th_colspan="41"> ( hide ) Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present <Td_colspan="2"> Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 <Td_colspan="2"> Subcompact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> Insight <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="5"> Civic <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fit <Td_colspan="6"> Fit <Td_colspan="4"> Fit <Td_colspan="2"> Compact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> Insight <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> Civic <Td_colspan="6"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="3"> Civic <Td_colspan="2"> Mid-size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="1"> Accord <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> Clarity <Td_colspan="2"> Full - size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Sedan <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Coupe <Td_colspan="3"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="4"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sport compact <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> CR - X <Td_colspan="4"> CR - X <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> del Sol <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> CR - Z <Td_colspan="2"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="2"> Sports car <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> S2000 <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="1"> Crossover Mini <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> HR - V Compact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> Element <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="2"> CR - V Mid-size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> Crosstour <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Pilot <Td_colspan="7"> Pilot <Td_colspan="3"> Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> Sport Utility Vehicle <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> Minivan <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="6"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="6"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="7"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="1"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="2"> Sport Utility Truck <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> Ridgeline <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Civic_Hybrid&oldid=836015087 '' Categories : Honda Civic Cars introduced in 2001 2000s automobiles Hybrid electric cars Partial zero - emissions vehicles Sedans Hatchbacks Euro NCAP small family cars Vehicles with CVT transmission Front - 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-4,700,705,371,982,566,000 | countries that were formerly part of the soviet union | Post-Soviet states - wikipedia Post-Soviet states It has been suggested that Near abroad be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2018 . Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order : Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan The post-Soviet states , also collectively known as the former Soviet Union ( FSU ) or former Soviet Republics , are the states that emerged and re-emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its breakup in 1991 , with Russia internationally recognised as the successor state to the Soviet Union after the Cold War . The three Baltic states were the first to declare their independence , between March and May 1990 , claiming continuity from the original states that existed prior to their annexation by the Soviet Union in 1940 . The remaining 12 republics all subsequently seceded. 12 of the 15 states , excluding the Baltic states , initially formed the CIS and most joined CSTO , while the Baltic states focused on European Union and NATO membership . Several disputed states with varying degrees of recognition exist within the territory of the former Soviet Union : Transnistria in eastern Moldova , Abkhazia and South Ossetia in northern Georgia and Nagorno - Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan . Since 2014 , the Donetsk People 's Republic and Luhansk People 's Republic in Eastern Ukraine have claimed independence . All of these unrecognised states except Nagorno - Karabakh depend on Russian armed support and financial aid . Nagorno - Karabakh is integrated to Armenia , which also maintains close cooperation with Russia . Prior to the annexation of Crimea to Russia in March 2014 , which is not recognized by most countries , it briefly declared itself an independent state . Contents 1 Country comparison 1.1 States and geographical groupings 1.2 General statistics 1.3 Current leaders 1.3. 1 Heads of state 1.3. 2 Heads of government 2 Economy 3 Developmental progress 4 Regional organizations 4.1 Commonwealth of Independent States 4.2 Eurasian Economic Community 4.3 Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia 4.4 Eurasian Economic Union 4.5 Collective Security Treaty Organization 4.6 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4.7 GUAM 4.8 Union of Russia and Belarus 5 Other regional organizations 5.1 Economic Cooperation Organization 5.2 Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations 5.3 Community of Democratic Choice 5.4 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 5.5 Economic cooperation organizations 5.6 Political integration and security alliances 5.6. 1 Organizations in other domains 5.7 Other organizations 6 Politics 6.1 Separatist conflicts 6.1. 1 Current declared states 6.1. 2 Former declared states 6.2 Civil wars 6.3 Colour revolutions 6.4 Russian population in post-Soviet states 6.5 Religion 6.6 LGBT rights 7 Post-Soviet nostalgia 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Country comparison ( edit ) States and geographical groupings ( edit ) Common groupings of the post-Soviet states : Baltic states Central Asia Eastern Europe Russia Transcaucasia The 15 post-Soviet states are typically divided into the following five groupings . Each of these regions has its own common set of traits , owing not only to geographic and cultural factors but also to that region 's history in relation to Russia . In addition , there are a number of de facto independent , but internationally unrecognized states ( see the section Separatist conflicts below ) . Baltic states Estonia Latvia Lithuania Central Asia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern Europe Belarus Moldova Ukraine Eurasia Russia Transcaucasia Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia General statistics ( edit ) Country Coat of arms Flag Capital Independence Area ( km2 ) Area ( mi2 ) Population Density ( pop. / km2 ) Density ( pop. / mi2 ) Date Population source Russia ( Russian Federation ) Moscow 1991 - 12 - 12 17,098,242 6,601,668 146,880,432 8.59 22.2 January 1 , 2018 Official estimate Ukraine Kiev 1991 - 08 - 24 603,628 233,062 45,377,581 75 194 April 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Belarus ( Republic of Belarus ) Minsk 1991 - 08 - 25 207,600 80,155 9,765,469 46 119 July 1 , 2014 Quarterly official estimate Uzbekistan ( Republic of Uzbekistan ) Tashkent 1991 - 08 - 31 444,103 171,469 30,492,800 69 179 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate Kazakhstan ( Republic of Kazakhstan ) Astana 1991 - 12 - 16 2,724,900 1,052,090 17,186,000 6.31 16 February 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Georgia Tbilisi ( executive ) Kutaisi ( legislative ) 1991 - 04 - 09 69,700 26,911 4,490,500 64 166 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate Azerbaijan ( Republic of Azerbaijan ) Baku 1991 - 08 - 30 86,600 33,436 9,477,100 109 282 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate Lithuania ( Republic of Lithuania ) Vilnius 1918 - 02 - 16 ( current ) 1990 - 03 - 11 ( restored ) 65,300 25,212 2,944,459 45 117 January 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Moldova ( Republic of Moldova ) Chișinău 1991 - 08 - 27 33,843 13,067 3,550,900 105 272 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate Latvia ( Republic of Latvia ) Riga 1918 - 11 - 18 ( current ) 1991 - 08 - 21 ( restored ) 64,562 24,928 2,005,200 31 80 January 1 , 2014 Monthly official estimate Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz Republic ) Bishkek 1991 - 08 - 31 199,945 77,199 5,895,100 29.5 76 2015 Official estimate Tajikistan ( Republic of Tajikistan ) Dushanbe 1991 - 09 - 09 143,100 55,251 8,160,000 57 148 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate Armenia ( Republic of Armenia ) Yerevan 1991 - 09 - 21 29,743 11,484 3,024,100 102 264 2012 Official estimate Turkmenistan Ashgabat 1991 - 10 - 27 491,210 189,657 5,240,000 10.7 27.7 July 1 , 2013 UN estimate Estonia ( Republic of Estonia ) Tallinn 1918 - 02 - 24 ( current ) 1991 - 08 - 20 ( restored ) 45,339 17,505 1,313,271 29 75 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate Total overall of the former USSR Moscow 1991 - 12 - 26 22,307,815 8,613,096 292,610,734 13.1 34 Various Dates Various Sources Area includes land and water . Current leaders ( edit ) Heads of state ( edit ) Russia Vladimir Putin President of Russia Ukraine Petro Poroshenko President of Ukraine Belarus Alexander Lukashenko President of Belarus Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev President of Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev President of Kazakhstan Georgia Giorgi Margvelashvili President of Georgia Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev President of Azerbaijan Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė President of Lithuania Moldova Igor Dodon President of Moldova Latvia Raimonds Vējonis President of Latvia Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov President of Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon President of Tajikistan Armenia Armen Sarkissian President of Armenia Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow President of Turkmenistan Estonia Kersti Kaljulaid President of Estonia Heads of government ( edit ) Russia Dmitry Medvedev Prime Minister of Russia Ukraine Volodymyr Groysman Prime Minister of Ukraine Belarus Syarhey Rumas Prime Minister of Belarus Uzbekistan Abdulla Aripov Prime Minister of Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Bakhytzhan Sagintayev Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Georgia Mamuka Bakhtadze Prime Minister of Georgia Azerbaijan Novruz Mammadov Prime Minister of Azerbaijan Lithuania Saulius Skvernelis Prime Minister of Lithuania Moldova Pavel Filip Prime Minister of Moldova Latvia Māris Kučinskis Prime Minister of Latvia Kyrgyzstan Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kokhir Rasulzoda Prime Minister of Tajikistan Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow President of Turkmenistan Estonia Jüri Ratas Prime Minister of Estonia Economy ( edit ) The dissolution of the Soviet Union took place as a result and against the backdrop of general economic stagnation , even regression . As the Gosplan , which had set up production chains to cross SSR lines , broke down , the inter-republic economic connections were also disrupted , leading to even more serious breakdown of the post-Soviet economies . Most of the formerly Soviet states began the transition to a market economy from a command economy in 1990 - 1991 and made efforts to rebuild and restructure their economic systems , with varying results . In all , the process triggered severe economic declines , with Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) dropping by more than 40 % overall between 1990 and 1995 . This decline in GDP was much more intense than the 27 % decline that the United States suffered in the wake of the Great Depression between 1930 and 1934 . The reconfiguration of public finance in compliance with capitalist principles resulted in dramatically reduced spending on health , education and other social programs , leading to a sharp increase in poverty and economic inequality . The economic shocks associated with wholesale privatization resulted in the excess deaths of roughly 1 million working age individuals throughout the former Soviet bloc in the 1990s . A study by economist Steven Rosefielde asserts that 3.4 million Russians died premature deaths from 1990 to 1998 , partly as the result of `` shock therapy '' imposed by the Washington consensus . The initial transition decline was eventually arrested by the cumulative effect of market reforms , and after 1995 the economy in the post-Soviet states began to recover , with GDP switching from negative to positive growth rates . By 2007 , 10 of the 15 post-Soviet states had recovered and reached GDP greater than what they had in 1991 . Only Moldova , Ukraine , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan had GDP significantly below the 1991 level . The recovery in Russia was marginal , with GDP in 2006 - 2007 just nudging above the 1991 level . Combined with the aftershocks of the 1998 economic crisis it led to a return of more interventionist economic policies by Vladimir Putin 's administration . Some academic studies show that many former Soviet Republics and Warsaw Pact countries still have not caught up to their levels of output during the twilight of the Soviet era . Change in Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) in constant prices , 1991 - 2015 Country 1991 * 2006 2011 2015 Turnaround year * * Eastern European states Russia 100 63.1 74.5 103.3 118.3 119.8 1997 Ukraine 100 47.2 51.8 73.7 75.9 63.4 2000 Belarus 100 67.9 94.0 141.5 192.5 193.9 Moldova 100 45.2 45.0 62.5 74.5 83.2 1997 Baltic states Estonia 100 ? ? ? ? ? ? Latvia 100 67.8 92.9 143.1 130.1 145.8 Lithuania 100 64.6 81.5 119.8 123.9 139.6 1995 Central Asia Kazakhstan 100 69.3 88.5 141.4 185.7 219.0 Kyrgyzstan 100 58.9 76.1 89.6 114.4 133.9 Tajikistan 100 34.1 45.2 56.0 98.1 124.5 1997 Turkmenistan 100 68.4 107.7 215.5 351.8 515.5 1998 Uzbekistan 100 82.9 102.6 137.5 208.4 281.2 Transcaucasus Armenia 100 63.3 84.2 154.7 172.5 202.6 Azerbaijan 100 42.7 65.2 150.2 241.1 276.5 Georgia 100 39.8 49.8 74.1 93.2 109.3 1995 * Economy of most Soviet republics started to decline in 1989 - 1990 , thus indices for 1991 do n't match pre-reform maximums . * * The year when GDP decline switched to GDP growth . List of the present Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ( figures are given in 2013 United States dollars for the year 2013 according to The World Factbook ) : No . Country nominal millions nominal per capita PPP millions PPP per capita Russian Federation 2,113,000 14,600 2,553,000 18,100 Ukraine 175,500 3,800 337,400 7,400 Belarus 69,240 7,500 150,400 16,100 Uzbekistan 55,180 1,900 112,600 3,800 5 Kazakhstan 224,900 12,700 243,600 14,100 6 Georgia 15,950 3,200 27,300 6,100 7 Azerbaijan 76,010 7,900 100,400 10,800 8 Lithuania 46,710 15,300 67,430 22,600 9 Moldova 7,880 2,200 12,680 3,600 10 Latvia 30,380 15,400 38,870 19,100 11 Kyrgyzstan 7,234 1,300 14,300 2,500 12 Tajikistan 8,537 1,000 19,000 2,300 13 Armenia 10,440 3,400 20,610 6,300 14 Turkmenistan 40,560 7,900 55,160 9,700 15 Estonia 24,280 18,300 29,940 22,400 Developmental progress ( edit ) The post-Soviet states listed according to their Human Development Index scores in 2017 ( the report was launched in October 2018 ) . Very High Human Development : Estonia : 0.871 Lithuania : 0.858 Latvia : 0.847 Russia : 0.816 Belarus : 0.808 Kazakhstan : 0.800 High Human Development : Georgia : 0.780 Azerbaijan : 0.757 Armenia : 0.755 Ukraine : 0.751 Uzbekistan : 0.710 Moldova : 0.700 Turkmenistan : 0.706 Medium Human Development : Kyrgyzstan : 0.667 Tajikistan : 0.650 Regional organizations ( edit ) Euler diagram showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Union v d e CIS members States that joined EU and NATO Other EU or NATO members A number of regional organizations and cooperating blocs have sprung up since the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Only organizations that are mainly ( or completely ) composed of post-Soviet states are listed in this section ; organizations with wider memberships are not discussed . The 15 post-Soviet states are divided in their participation to the regional blocs : Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine founded the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) in December 1991 . It was conceived as a successor organization to the USSR , and in December 1993 it included 12 of the 15 former Soviet republics ( except the three Baltic states ) . It currently consists of nine of the 15 former Soviet republics , with one participating state ( Ukraine ) and one associate state ( Turkmenistan ) . Georgia withdrew from the CIS in August 2008 . The three Baltic states have not sought membership in any of these post-Soviet organizations , seeking and achieving membership in the European Union and NATO instead , although their electricity and rail systems remain closely connected with former Soviet organizations . The sole exception to the above has been their recent membership in the Community of Democratic Choice . The Central Asian states of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan ( as well as Belarus ) are members of the CIS and participate in several regional organizations that have Russia as a primary mover . Such organizations are the Eurasian Economic Community ( later merged with Eurasian Economic Union , which Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are not members of ) , Collective Security Treaty Organization , and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization . The last two groups only became distinct once Uzbekistan withdrew from GUAM and sought membership in EurAsEc and CSTO ( which it subsequently withdrew from in 2008 and 2012 , respectively ) . Armenia , besides its membership in CIS participates in Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union . Ukraine , Moldova , and Azerbaijan participate in the CIS but other than that they mostly cooperate within regional organizations that are not dominated by Russia . Such organizations are GUAM and the Community of Democratic Choice . Although Ukraine is one of the three founding countries of the CIS , it is legally not a member because it has never ratified the 1993 CIS Charter . Turkmenistan is an associate member of CIS ( having withdrawn from full membership in August 2005 ) and a member in the Economic Cooperation Organization ; it has not sought closer integration in any of the other Western or post-Soviet organizations . In 2008 , Georgia notified the CIS executive bodies of its decision to leave the regional organization , and according to the CIS Charter ( sec. 1 , art . 9 ) this decision went into force 12 months after the notification date . Commonwealth of independent states ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) consists of 10 former Soviet Republics that differ in their membership status . As of December 2010 , 9 countries have ratified the CIS charter and are full CIS members ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Moldova , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan ) , one country ( Turkmenistan ) is an associate member and two countries ( Georgia , Ukraine ) left the organization in 2009 and in 2018 . In 2014 , Ukraine declined its CIS chairmanship and considered withdrawal from the organization . In 1994 , the CIS countries agreed to create a free trade area , but the agreements were never signed . On October 19 , 2011 Armenia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Russia , Tajikistan , and Ukraine signed a free trade agreement . Uzbekistan joined the free trade area in 2013 . Eurasian Economic Community ( edit ) EAEC members GUAM members Other CIS members Main article : Eurasian Economic Community The Eurasian Economic Community ( EURASEC ) , formerly the CIS Customs Union , was established by Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . Ukraine and Moldova have observer status in the community ; however , Ukraine has declared its desire not to become a full member state . Because having common borders with the rest of the community is a prerequisite for full membership , Moldova is barred from seeking it . Uzbekistan applied for membership in October 2005 , when the process of merging Central Asian Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Community began ; it joined on 25 January 2006 . Uzbekistan subsequently suspended its membership in 2008 . On 10 October 2014 an agreement on the termination of the Eurasian Economic Community was signed in Minsk after a session of the Interstate Council of the EAEC . The Eurasian Economic Community was terminated from 1 January 2015 in connection with the launch of the Eurasian Economic Union . Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia ( edit ) Economical integration blocs in European / Post-Soviet area : EU , EFTA , CEFTA and Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia Main article : Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan created a customs union that entered into force in July 2010 . Ukraine , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan indicated interest in joining at the time . Russia has been eager for Armenia , Moldova and Ukraine to join the custom union instead of the European Union , and the Moldovan break - away state of Transnistria has supported this . In 2013 , Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced plans to seek membership , but division over the issue in Ukraine led to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution after the Ukrainian government backed out of an EU Eastern Partnership in favor of the union . In 2014 , voters in the Moldovan autonomous region of Gagauzia rejected closer ties to the EU in favor of the union . On 1 January 2012 , Russia , Kazakhstan and Belarus established the Single Economic Space which ensures the effective functioning of a single market for goods , services , capital and labour , and to establish coherent industrial , transport , energy and agricultural policies . The agreement included a roadmap for future integration and established the Eurasian Economic Commission ( modelled on the European Commission ) . The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union , the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union . Eurasian Economic Union ( edit ) EAEU members Acceding EAEU Members Other CIS Members Main articles : Eurasian Union and Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union The Eurasian Economic Union is an economic union of post-Soviet states . The treaty aiming for the establishment of the EAEU was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of Belarus , Kazakhstan and Russia , and came into force on 1 January 2015 . Treaties aiming for Armenia 's and Kyrgyzstan 's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October 2014 and 23 December respectively . Armenia 's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015 . Although Kyrgyzstan 's accession treaty will not come into force until May 2015 , provided it has been ratified , it will participate in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state . Moldova and Tajikistan are prospective members . Collective security Treaty organization ( edit ) CSTO members GUAM members Other CIS members Main article : Collective Security Treaty Organization Seven CIS member states , namely Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and Armenia , have enhanced their military cooperation , establishing the Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) , this being an expansion of the previous Collective Security Treaty ( CST ) . Uzbekistan which ( alongside Georgia and Azerbaijan ) withdrew from the CST in 1999 , joined GUAM . Then in 2005 it withdrew from GUAM and joined the CSTO in 2006 . On 28 June 2012 , Uzbekistan suspended its membership in the CSTO . North Atlantic Treaty organization ( edit ) Main article : North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO / CSTO Three former Soviet states are members of NATO : Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania . Georgia , where both public opinion and the ruling government favor NATO membership , is in the Intensified Dialogue program with NATO . Ukraine also declared joining NATO as its geopolitical goal once again in 2017 ( first time being right after the Orange revolution and in the beginning of presidency of Viktor Yushchenko ) , after the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych , during which the government officially declared neutrality and ceased to seek NATO membership . Other states in the Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan program include Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . GUAM ( edit ) Main article : GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development Four member states , namely Georgia , Ukraine , Azerbaijan and Moldova established the GUAM group that was largely seen as intending to counter Russian dominance in the region . Notably , these four nations do not participate in any of the other regional organizations that sprang up in the region since the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( other than the CIS ) . Union of Russia and Belarus ( edit ) Members of the Union CIS members who have shown interest in becoming members of the Union Other CIS members Main article : Union of Russia and Belarus The Union of Russia and Belarus was originally formed on 2 April 1996 under the name Commonwealth of Russia and Belarus , before being tightened further on 8 December 1999 . It was initiated by the president of Belarus , Alexander Lukashenko . On paper , the Union of Russia and Belarus intends further integration , beyond the scope of mere cooperation , including the introduction of the ruble as a common currency . Other regional organizations ( edit ) Economic cooperation organization ( edit ) Main article : Economic Cooperation Organization Community of Democratic Choice Economic Cooperation Organization The Economic Cooperation Organization was originally formed in 1985 by Turkey , Iran and Pakistan but in 1992 the organization was expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics : Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Community for democracy and Rights of Nations ( edit ) Main article : Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia , Artsakh , South Ossetia , and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration . Community of Democratic Choice ( edit ) Main article : Community of Democratic Choice The Community of Democratic Choice ( CDC ) was formed in December 2005 at the primary instigation of Ukraine and Georgia , and composed of six post-Soviet states ( Ukraine , Georgia , Moldova , and the three Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) and three other countries of Eastern and Central Europe ( Slovenia , Romania and the Republic of Macedonia ) . The Black Sea Forum ( BSF ) is a closely related organization . Observer countries include Armenia , Bulgaria , and Poland . Just like GUAM before it , this forum is largely seen as intending to counteract Russian influence in the area . This is the only international forum centered in the post-Soviet space in which the Baltic states also participate . In addition , the other three post-Soviet states in it are all members of GUAM . Shanghai cooperation organisation ( edit ) Main article : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Shanghai Cooperation Organisation : Member state Observer state Dialogue partner Applicants for observer status The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) , is composed of China and five post-Soviet states , namely Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan . The organization was founded in 2001 , though its predecessor , the Shanghai Five grouping , has existed since 1996 . Its aims revolve around security - related issues such as border demarcation , terrorism and energy . Economic cooperation organizations ( edit ) Central European Free Trade Agreement ( CEFTA ) with Moldova ( it includes also non post-Soviet countries of the former Yugoslavia ; previously , also included other Central European countries that left CEFTA when joining the European Union ; CEFTA plays a role in Central Europe similar to what European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) provides in Western Europe for non EU - members ; this alliance an economical organization with strong cooperation with the European Union , for countries that do not want to participate in EurAsEC centered on Russia but that are seeking alliances to the West ) ; even if Moldova is the only CEFTA country that is still within a weakening CIS , it no longer participates to the CSTO for most of the common security policy ( but can not join the EU because of incompatibility with WEU stability rules and the unsolved problem of Transnistria ) but can still benefit from the Free Trade Area notably with Romania and Bulgaria ( in the EU ) . Black Sea Economic Cooperation ( BSEC ) with Russia , Georgia , Ukraine , Azerbaijan , Moldova , Turkey , Albania , Greece , Romania , Bulgaria , Serbia and Armenia ( an economic organisation closely related to the SCO but more focused regionally to include also Armenia ; it also aims for the harmonious development of democracy for increasing the commerce in South - East Europe and includes some EU members , so it can not be a regional free - trade union ) . The European Union ( EU ) with the three Baltic countries that were the first ones to declare independence from the former USSR and have never joined CIS after the collapse of USSR ( it includes also now some post-communist countries in Central Europe , that have left CEFTA when entering the EU : Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria and Slovenia ) . Political integration and security alliances ( edit ) Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe ( SPforSEE ) with Moldova ( similar in structure to CEFTA , but does not focus on economy but security , for those countries that are not NATO members ) ; this organization largely cooperates with NATO , and is related to the group of observers at Western European Union ( WEU ) . The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , for Baltic countries , Poland , and Central European countries that have also joined the EU ( the EU membership includes also WEU membership because they follow the Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defence Policy policies shared now by the EU , the WEU and all European NATO members ) . The other remaining countries are those part of the former Yugoslavia , but their recent conflict and political tensions still does not allow them to cooperate efficiently for their political integration and for their mutual security ; in addition , they still do not have full sovereignty in this domain ( some of them are still under surveillance by EU or NATO , as mandated by UNO ) . They still need to find an internal stability and they can collaborate economically with the help of other organizations focusing on economy or political cooperation and development . However a more limited cooperation for security is possible through their membership to the larger Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . The only exception is Belarus ( whose post-soviet democratic transition did not occur ) that still rejects political integration , and all security alliances with NATO , OSCE , WEU or other countries in Europe other than Russia ( which the process of reintegration of Belarus has been tightened in almost all domains ) . Organizations in other domains ( edit ) Southeast European Cooperation Process ( SEECP ) with Moldova ( similar to SPforSEE , but focuses on political integration than cooperation for security , and to CEFTA but does not focus on trade ) . Southeast European Cooperative Initiative ( SECI ) with Moldova ( closely related to SEECP ) . Central European Initiative ( CEI ) with Moldova , Ukraine and Belarus ( and also Central and South - Western European countries in the European Union ; it aims at helping Eastern European countries to reach the EU standards and cooperate politically and find a better economic development and a strong , working but more democratic legal system ) ; it is the only regional organization where Belarus is still a member ( but the political cooperation with Belarus is almost stalled , as it is the only country of the former Communist block country that balances in favor of stronger cooperation with Russia and against integration with EU and NATO ; however Belarus remains isolated and still does not cooperate too in the SCO group led by Russia and China ) . Black Sea Forum for Partnership and Dialogue ( BSF ) with Georgia , Ukraine , Azerbaijan , Moldova and Armenia ( also non post-soviet countries that are NATO members , interested in their maintaining political stability and avoiding conflicts in the region : Romania , Bulgaria and Turkey , whose first two are also now EU and CEI members , using EU rules for their political development ) ; however this organization does not focus on helping countries to join the EU , but reaching common standards and good governance and internal stability and democracy like in the CEI . None of these organizations are incompatible with the policy required for accessing EU membership in the domain of political cooperation and development . Merging the CEI and BSF is desired by Central European countries , that are members of both ( often in addition to EU with stronger objectives ) that would like to simplify the development process , and also members of the Council of Europe that federates ( but at very slow pace ) all European efforts of political cooperation and development through the various regional organizations . Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Other organizations ( edit ) Apart from above , the former Soviet republics also hold membership in a number of multinational organizations such as : Baltic Basketball League FIBA FIFA International Ice Hockey Federation International Olympic Committee International Paralympic Committee Kontinental Hockey League ( Belarus , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Russia ) Miss Universe UNESCO World Health Organization World Trade Organization Politics ( edit ) Regarding political freedom in the former Soviet republics , Freedom House 's 2015 report listed the following : Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania as `` free '' countries . Armenia , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , and Ukraine were listed as `` partly free . '' Azerbaijan , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were listed as `` not free '' , with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being noted as among the `` worst of the worst '' . Similarly , the Worldwide Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders in 2015 , recorded the following as regards press freedom : A good situation in Estonia A satisfactory situation in Latvia and Lithuania Noticeable problems in Armenia , Georgia , Kyrgyzstan , and Moldova A difficult situation in Belarus , Kazakhstan , Russia , Tajikistan , and Ukraine A very serious situation in Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan It has been remarked that several post-Soviet states have not changed leadership since their independence , such as Nursultan Nazarbayev in Kazakhstan and Islam Karimov in Uzbekistan , until his death in September 2016 . All of these had originally more limited terms but through decrees or referendums prolonged their stay in office ( a practice also followed by Presidents Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus and Emomalii Rahmon of Tajikistan ) Askar Akayev of Kyrgyzstan had likewise served as President since its independence until he was forced to resign as a result of the Kyrgyz revolution of 2005 . Saparmurat Niyazov in Turkmenistan ruled from independence until his death in 2006 , creating a personality cult around himself . The issue of dynastical succession has been another element affecting the politics of some post-Soviet States . Heydar Aliyev , after constructing an extensive and ongoing cult of personality , handed the Presidency of Azerbaijan to his son , Ilham Aliyev . Theories about the children of other leaders in Central Asia being groomed for succession abound . The participation of Akayev 's son and daughter in the 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections boosted fears of dynastic succession being used in Kyrgyzstan as well , and may have contributed to the anti-Akayev climate that led to his overthrow . Separatist conflicts ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Post-Soviet conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Nagorno - Karabakh 1988 -- 94 War 2016 War Georgia 1st South Ossetia 1st Abkhazia Transnistria Tajikistan North Ossetia 1993 Moscow 1st Chechnya 2nd Abkhazia Dagestan 2nd Chechnya Kodori North Caucasus Ingushetia Russo - Georgian Kyrgyzstan Eastern Tajikistan Ukraine Euromaidan Russian intervention ( Crimea Donbass ) Odessa See also : Post-Soviet conflicts Economic , political , national , military , and social problems have all been factors in separatism in the Post-Soviet space . In many cases , problems due to factors such as ethnic divisions existed before the fall of the Soviet Union , and upon the fall of the union were brought into the open . Such territories and resulting military conflicts have so far been : Current declared states ( edit ) Abkhazia , which is de facto independent from Georgia . Tensions in the area broke out when Georgia sent in troops in 1992 to control groups who wanted separation . The troops and most of the Georgian and Mingrelian speaking population were forced out in 1993 , and the region declared independence in 1999 . The 2008 war between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia 's recognition of Abkhazia 's independence . Republic of Artsakh , which is de facto independent from Azerbaijan . Ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began in 1988 , and expanded into war which lasted till a ceasefire in 1994 . Sporadic attempts at negotiating a final peace and sporadic bursts of violence have continued since then . Donetsk People 's Republic and Lugansk People 's Republic , unrecognized states which declared independence from Ukraine in 2014 . South Ossetia , which is de facto independent from Georgia . The region declared its intent to seek independence in 1990 , leading to a conflict which led to a ceasefire in 1992 . Separatism became powerful after the election of Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili in 2004 , and a referendum in 2006 was in favour of declaring independence . The 2008 war between Georgian forces and the separatist and Russian forces led to Russia 's recognition of South Ossetia 's independence . Transnistria , which is de facto independent from Moldova . It declared independence in 1990 , due to its majority Russian - speaking population fearing union with Romania . A ceasefire between Transnistrian forces and Moldovan forces has been in place since 1992 , enforced by the presence of Russian forces in Transnistria . Former declared states ( edit ) Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , where Dzhokhar Dudayev declared independence from Russia in 1991 , leading to a violent war between local separatist forces and the Russian army . Russia first invaded in 1994 , withdrawing after a deal for increased autonomy was granted in 1996 . Tensions have continued in the years since then , and the conflict has spilled over into neighbouring regions such as Dagestan , Ingushetia and North Ossetia -- Alania . Russia claims that the situation in Chechnya has normalised . Gagauzia , declared itself the `` Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic '' within Moldova on 12 November 1989 , and the `` Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic '' , independent of Moldova but still within the Soviet Union , on 19 August 1990 , but was reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region on 23 December 1994 . Republic of Crimea . The entire Crimean Peninsula has been outside the control of Ukrainian authorities since late February 2014 , when Russian special forces and pro-Russian militias occupied the region . In March 2014 , a popular referendum in favor of accession to Russia was held in Crimea and Sevastopol , although Ukraine and most of the international community refused to recognize the vote . The next day , the Republic of Crimea declared independence , and within days Russia absorbed the peninsula . Ukraine continues to claim Crimea as an integral part of its territory . Civil wars ( edit ) See also : Post-Soviet conflicts Civil wars unrelated to separatist movements have occurred twice in the region : The Georgian Civil War between the forces of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Shevardnadze . The war ended after Russian forces intervened in support of Shevardnadze 's government , which in turn agreed to join the Commonwealth of Independent States . The Tajikistani Civil War that lasted between 1992 and 1997 . Colour revolutions ( edit ) Since 2003 , a number of ( largely ) peaceful `` colour revolutions '' have happened in some post-Soviet states after disputed elections , with popular protests bringing into power the former opposition . The Rose Revolution in Georgia , leading to the fall from office of Eduard Shevardnadze . The Orange Revolution in Ukraine , bringing into power Viktor Yushchenko . The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan , leading to the resignation of Askar Akayev . Russian population in post-Soviet states ( edit ) Main articles : Russians in Ukraine , Russians in Kazakhstan , Russians in Latvia , Russians in Estonia , Russians in Lithuania , and Russians in Georgia There is a significant Russophone population in most of the post-Soviet states , whose political position as an ethnic minority varies from country to country . While Belarus , Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , in addition to Russia , have kept Russian as an official language , the language lost its status in other post-Soviet states after the end of the Soviet Union . It maintains semi-official status in all CIS member states , because it is the organisation 's official working language , but in the three Baltic States , the Russian language is not recognized in any official capacity . Georgia , since its departure from the CIS in 2009 , has begun operating its government almost exclusively in the Georgian language . Religion ( edit ) While the Soviet system placed severe restrictions on religious intellectual life , traditions continued to survive . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Islamic movements have emerged alongside ethnic and secular ones . Vitaly Naumkin gives the following assessment : `` Throughout the time of change , Islam has served as a symbol of identity , a force for mobilization , and a pressure for democracy . This is one of the few social disasters that the church has survived , in which it was not the cause . But if successful politically , it faces economic challenges beyond its grasp . '' The Central Asian states ( Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan ) plus Azerbaijan from Southern caucasus are Muslim , except for their dwindling Russian and other European minorities . The Baltic States are historically Western Christian ( Protestant and Roman Catholic ) , which adds another layer of pro-Western orientation to those countries , although the vast majority of what was the Protestant population ( Estonia and northern Latvia ) there is now irreligious . The dominant religion in the remaining former Soviet countries ( Armenia , Belarus , Georgia , Moldova , Russia , and Ukraine ) is Orthodox Christianity . In most countries , religiosity has increased since the Soviet collapse . LGBT rights ( edit ) Main article : LGBT rights in the Post-Soviet states Post-Soviet nostalgia ( edit ) See also : Nostalgia for the Soviet Union and Ostalgie Victory Day in Donetsk , Ukraine , 9 May 2010 Ever since the dissolution of the Soviet Union a certain number of people have expressed a longing for the Soviet period and its values . The level of post-Soviet nostalgia varies across the former republics . For example , certain groups of people may blend the Soviet and post-Soviet experience in their daily lives. . According to July 2012 polling in Ukraine by RATING , 42 % of respondents supported the formation of a unified state of Ukraine , Russia and Belarus ; earlier in 2012 this support had been 48 % . A 2016 poll of Russian citizens conducted by Levada Center showed that the majority viewed the collapse of the USSR negatively and felt that it could have been avoided , and an even greater number would openly welcome a revival of the Soviet system . See also ( edit ) Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Eastern Bloc Eurasian Economic Union Near abroad Operation Provide Hope Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics Republics of the Soviet Union Russification Russophobia Russophone Second World 1990s portal Geography portal Europe portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union : Russian and American Perspectives '' . harvard.edu. 30 October 1997 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Van Elsuwege , Peter ( 2008 ) . From Soviet Republics to Eu Member States : A Legal and Political Assessment of the Baltic States ' Accession to the EU . Studies in EU External Relations . 1 . BRILL . p. xxii . ISBN 9789004169456 . Jump up ^ Smith , David James ( 2001 ) . Estonia . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26728 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Russian Federation technically achieved de facto independence from the Soviet Union after ratifying the Belavezha Accords therefore , Russia became the internationally recognized successor state to the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ Includes Crimea and Sevastopol . ^ Jump up to : Holds both presidency and executive powers since the former Prime Minister of Turkmenistan role was abolished . Jump up ^ Transition : The First Ten Years -- Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , The World Bank , Washington , DC , 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ GDP decline : transition and Great Depression compared , Kalikova and Associates Law Firm , Kyrgyzstan . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries , New York Times , October 12 , 2000 Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2017 ) . The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century . Princeton University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0691165028 . Jump up ^ `` Death surge linked with mass privatisation '' . University of Oxford . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Privatisation ' raised death rate ' . BBC , 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosefielde , Steven ( 2001 ) . `` Premature Deaths : Russia 's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective '' . Europe - Asia Studies . 53 ( 8 ) : 1159 -- 1176 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668130120093174 . Jump up ^ IMF online database Jump up ^ Ghodsee , Kristen ( 2017 ) . Red Hangover : Legacies of Twentieth - Century Communism . Duke University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0822369493 . Jump up ^ Milanović , Branko ( 2015 ) . `` After the Wall Fell : The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism '' . Challenge . 58 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 138 . doi : 10.1080 / 05775132.2015. 1012402 . Jump up ^ `` GDP growth ( annual % ) '' . worldbank.org . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ( nominal ) GDP ( official exchange rate ) , The World Factbook , Central Intelligence Agency , accessed on 19 March 2014 . Population data obtained from Total Midyear Population Archived 2013 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Census Bureau , International Data Base , accessed on 19 March 2014 . Note : Per capita values were obtained by dividing the GDP ( official exchange rate ) data by the population data . The figures were then rounded to the nearest hundred in typical Factbook fashion . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2018 -- `` Human Development for Everyone '' '' ( PDF ) . HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme . pp. 198 -- 201 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ratification status of CIS documents as of 15 January 2008 Archived October 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Russian ) . Jump up ^ Turkmenistan reduces CIS ties to `` Associate Member '' , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 29 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Georgian parliament votes to withdraw from CIS on BBC News , 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on Georgia 's withdrawal from CIS Archived September 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ CIS Charter , 22 January 1993 ( unofficial English translation ) . Jump up ^ Reuters ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Ukraine Says It Could Quit Russia - Led Bloc '' . Reuters . Retrieved Jan 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RFE / RL ( Oct 19 , 2011 ) . `` Most CIS Countries Sign Up To Free - Trade Zone '' . RFE / RL . Retrieved Jan 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Carver ( Jan 18 , 2014 ) . `` Implications of CIS Free Trade Zone Expansion in Central Asia '' . New Eastern Outlook . Retrieved Jan 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sputnik ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` Working group discusses Uzbekistan 's accession to EurAsEC '' . rian.ru . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sputnik ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Uzbekistan suspends Eurasec membership , Moscow unruffled '' . rian.ru . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Eurasian Economic Community Leaders Sign Group Abolition Agreement , putniknews.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ RIA Novosti report , 6 July 2010 , `` Customs Union of Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan to become fully operational '' Archived September 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 22 December 2010 Jump up ^ RIA Novosti report , 26 November 2010 , `` Ukraine eyes customs union with Russia , Kazakhstan , Belarus '' Archived December 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 22 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Gagauzia Voters Reject Closer EU Ties For Moldova '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ukraine can not get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU , Russia , Interfax - Ukraine ( 14 June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Barron , Lisa ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union , Common Economic Space '' . Cistran Finance . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров . Tut.By ( in Russian ) . 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Договор о Евразийском экономическом союзе Jump up ^ Дмитрий . `` ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА ( Минск , 10 октября 2014 года ) '' . customs-code.ru . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finalization of ratification procedures on Armenia 's accession to EAEU to be declared in Moscow today '' . Public Radio of Armenia . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyzstan , Armenia officially enter Eurasian Economic Union '' . World Bulletin . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Signed agreement opens up new possibilities for Kyrgyzstan and Armenia , starting from 1st January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Putin said the accession of Kyrgyzstan to the EAEC '' ( in Russian ) . Life News . 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Kyrgyzstan is among the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union ( EAEC ) . Kyrgyzstan will participate in the governing bodies of the EAEC since the start of the Union - from 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EAEC : stillborn union ? '' ( in Russian ) . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Eurasian Economic Union added December 23 Armenia and Kyrgyzstan . Jump up ^ Farchy , Jack ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed a treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union , expanding the membership of Moscow - led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia . Jump up ^ `` Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on January 1 '' . The Trumpet. 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Russia , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan Suspends Its Membership in CSTO '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kizilov , Yevhen ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Рада зробила пріоритетом для України вступ до НАТО '' ( Verkhovna Rada made joining NATO a priority for Ukraine ) ( in Ukrainian ) . Ukrayinska Pravda . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poroshenko : EU , NATO membership remains Ukraine 's strategic goal , not prospect of 2018 '' . UNIAN. 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2015/545718/EPRS_ATA(2015)545718_REV1_EN.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2005 - 04 - 05 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pec/johno/pub/PsgeTMR.pdf Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Abkhazia '' . BBC News . 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Nagorno - Karabakh '' . BBC News . 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : South Ossetia '' . BBC News . 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Dniester profile '' . BBC News . 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regions and territories : Chechnya '' . BBC News . 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chinn , Jeff ; Roper , Steven ( 1998 ) . `` Territorial autonomy in Gagauzia '' . Nationalities Papers. 26 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 101 . doi : 10.1080 / 00905999808408552 . But on 19 August 1990 , the Gagauz elite , led by President Stepan Topal and Supreme Soviet Chairperson Mihail Kendighelean , quickly took the next step , declaring Gagauzia to be independent of Moldova and subject only to central Soviet authority Jump up ^ Neukirch , Claus . `` Autonomy And Conflict Transformation : The Case Of The Gagauz Territorial Autonomy In The Republic Of Moldova '' ( PDF ) . European Centre for Minority Issues . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . On 12 November 1989 , a `` Gagauz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic '' was proclaimed by an assembly in Comrat ... In reaction to the Moldovan declaration of sovereignty , on 19 August 1990 the Gagauz leadership proclaimed a `` Gagauz Soviet Socialist Republic '' , which would be independent from Moldova , but part of the Soviet Union ... on 23 December 1994 the Moldovan Parliament passed the `` Law on the Special Juridical Status of Gagauzia ( Gagauz - Yeri ) '' Jump up ^ Zabarah , Dareg ( 2012 ) . `` Opportunity structures and group building processes : An institutional analysis of the secession processes in Pridnestrovie and Gagauzia between 1989 and 1991 '' . Soviet and Communist studies . 45 ( 1 -- 2 ) . According to the first point of its declaration , the Gagauz Republic `` is a sovereign , socialist , soviet and multinational state Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David ; Kramer , Andrew ( 19 March 2014 ) . `` Ukraine Plans to Withdraw Troops From Russia - Occupied Crimea '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Putin acknowledges Russian military serviceman were in Crimea '' . RT . 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin in TV denial that Russian special forces are in eastern Ukraine '' . The Daily Telegraph . 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Special Forces Storm Crimea Base '' . Sky News . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine PM rejects Crimea referendum , vows to defend country '' . CBC News . 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , Russians left behind in Central Asia , BBC News , 23 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Naumkin , Vitaly ( November 1992 ) . `` Islam in the States of the Former USSR '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 524 : 131 -- 142 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716292524001011 . Jump up ^ See : Kaprans , M. ( 2009 ) Then and now : Comparing the Soviet and Post-Soviet experience in Latvian autobiographies Keywords 2 . Jump up ^ The language question , the results of recent research in 2012 , RATING ( 25 May 2012 ) Jump up ^ Most Russians regret USSR collapse , dream of its return , poll shows . RT . 19 April 2016 . 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-7,312,526,846,129,635,000 | what is the address to san francisco international airport | San Francisco International Airport - wikipedia San Francisco International Airport `` SFO '' redirects here . For other uses , see SFO ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> San Francisco International Airport <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> IATA : SFO ICAO : KSFO FAA LID : SFO WMO : 72494 <Th_colspan="2"> Summary Airport type Public Owner City and County of San Francisco Operator San Francisco Airport Commission Serves San Francisco Bay Area Location Unincorporated San Mateo County , California , U.S. Hub for Alaska Airlines United Airlines Elevation AMSL 13 ft / 4 m Coordinates 37 ° 37 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 30 '' W / 37.61889 ° N 122.37500 ° W / 37.61889 ; - 122.37500 Coordinates : 37 ° 37 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 30 '' W / 37.61889 ° N 122.37500 ° W / 37.61889 ; - 122.37500 Website FlySFO.com <Th_colspan="2"> Map <Td_colspan="2"> SFO Location SFO SFO ( California ) SFO SFO ( the US ) SFO SFO ( North America ) Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all <Th_colspan="2"> Runways <Td_colspan="2"> Direction <Th_colspan="2"> Length Surface ft m 10L / 28R 11,870 3,618 Asphalt 10R / 28L 11,381 3,469 Asphalt 1R / 19L 8,650 2,637 Asphalt 1L / 19R 7,650 2,332 Asphalt <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Passengers 55,832,518 Aircraft operations 460,343 <Td_colspan="2"> Source : San Francisco International Airport and FAA San Francisco International Airport ( IATA : SFO , ICAO : KSFO , FAA LID : SFO ) is an international airport 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of downtown San Francisco , California , United States , near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County . It has flights to points throughout North America and is a major gateway to Europe and Asia . SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second - busiest in California , after Los Angeles International Airport . In 2017 , it was the seventh - busiest airport in the United States and the 24th - busiest in the world by passenger count . It is the fifth - largest hub for United Airlines and functions as United 's primary transpacific gateway . It also serves as a secondary hub for Alaska Airlines . It is the sole maintenance hub of United Airlines , and houses the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum and Library . SFO is owned and policed by the City and County of San Francisco , but is in San Mateo County . Between 1999 and 2004 the San Francisco Airport Commission operated city - owned SFO Enterprises , Inc. , to oversee its business purchases and operations of ventures . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early operations 1.2 World War II 1.3 International operations 1.4 Domestic expansion 1.4. 1 Southwest / Pacific / Air West 1.4. 2 Jet age 1.4. 3 Service within California 1.5 Earthquake and planned Bay fill expansion 1.6 BART to SFO 1.7 Recent developments 2 Runways 3 Aircraft noise abatement 4 Terminals 4.1 Airside connectors 4.2 Terminal 1 4.3 Terminal 2 4.4 Terminal 3 4.5 International Terminal 5 SFO Museum 6 Airlines and destinations 6.1 Passenger 6.2 Cargo 7 Statistics 7.1 Top destinations 7.2 Airline market share 7.3 Traffic numbers 8 Ground transportation 8.1 AirTrain 8.2 Rail 8.2. 1 BART 8.2. 2 Caltrain 8.3 Bus 8.4 Car 8.5 Taxi 9 Other facilities 10 Accidents and incidents 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Mills Field , San Francisco Airport ( c. 1930s ) The City and County of San Francisco first leased 150 acres ( 61 ha ) at the present airport site on March 15 , 1927 for what was then to be a temporary and experimental airport project . San Francisco held a dedication ceremony at the airfield , officially named for Mills Field Municipal Airport of San Francisco , on May 7 , 1927 on the 150 - acre cow pasture . The land was leased from the Mills Estate in an agreement made with Ogden L. Mills who oversaw the large tracts of property originally acquired by his grandfather , the banker Darius O. Mills . San Francisco purchased the property and the surrounding area expanding the site to 1,112 acres ( 450 ha ) beginning in August 1930 . The airport 's name was officially changed to San Francisco Airport in 1931 , upon the purchase of the land , and `` International '' was added at the end of World War II as overseas service rapidly expanded . Early operations ( edit ) The earliest scheduled carriers at the airport included Western Air Express , Maddox Air Lines , and Century Pacific Lines . United Airlines was formed in 1934 and quickly became the key carrier at the airport , with Douglas DC - 3 service to Los Angeles and New York beginning in January 1937 . A new passenger terminal opened in 1937 , constructed with Public Works Administration funding . The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 18 airline departures on weekdays -- seventeen United flights and one TWA flight . The aerial view c. 1940 looks west along the runway that is now 28R ; the seaplane harbor at right is still recognizable north of the airport . Earlier aerial looking NW 1943 vertical aerial ( enlargeable ) The August 1952 chart shows runway 1L 7,000 feet long , 1R 7,750 feet , 28L 6,500 feet , and 28R 8,870 feet . In addition to United , Pacific Seaboard Air Lines was operating service between San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1933 with Bellanca CH - 300 prop aircraft on a coastal routing of San Francisco -- San Jose -- Salinas -- Monterey -- Paso Robles -- San Luis Obispo -- Santa Maria -- Santa Barbara -- Los Angeles . Competition with United led Pacific Seaboard to move all of its operations to the eastern U.S. , and rename itself Chicago and Southern Air Lines ( C&S ) . It became a large domestic and international air carrier . Chicago & Southern was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in 1953 thus providing Delta with its first international routes . Delta used the route authority inherited from C&S to fly one of its first international services operated with Convair 880 jet aircraft from San Francisco to Montego Bay , Jamaica and Caracas , Venezuela via intermediate stops in Dallas and New Orleans in 1962 . World War II ( edit ) During World War II , the airport was used as a Coast Guard base and Army Air Corps training and staging base . Pan American World Airways ( Pan Am ) , which previously operated international flying boat service from Treasure Island , was forced to relocate its Pacific and Alaska seaplane operations to SFO in 1944 after Treasure Island was expropriated for use as a military base . Pan Am began commercial service from SFO in the wake of World War II with five weekly flights to Honolulu , one of which continued on to Canton Island , Fiji , New Caledonia , and Auckland . International operations ( edit ) The first international service by foreign carriers was jointly operated by Australian National Airways ( ANA ) and British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines ( BCPA ) with Douglas DC - 4 propliners flying a routing of Sydney -- Auckland -- Fiji -- Kanton Island -- Honolulu -- San Francisco -- Vancouver , BC with the inaugural flight departing from Australia on September 15 , 1946 . By 1947 , the airport had become a stop on Pan Am 's `` round the world '' service serving Guam , Japan , the Philippines , China and other countries , and Pan Am also served Sydney from SFO . United Airlines Douglas DC - 6 propliners flying to and from Hawaii used the Pan Am terminal beginning in 1947 . British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines and Philippine Airlines also began trans - Pacific service to SFO in the late 1940s . TWA began flying nonstop to Europe with Lockheed Constellation propliners ( L - 1649 models ) in 1957 . In 1959 , Qantas had taken over the ANA / BCPA route from SFO to Sydney and was operating Boeing 707 service to Australia via intermediate stops in Honolulu and Nadi , Fiji . Pan Am attempted to operate Boeing 707 - 320 jetliners from Tokyo nonstop to SFO in 1960 -- 61 ( the westbound nonstops had to await the longer range Boeing 707 - 320B due to the prevailing winds on the route ) . Also in 1960 , British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC , the predecessor of British Airways ) was serving the airport with Bristol Britannia turboprops that were flying a westbound routing of London -- New York City -- San Francisco -- Honolulu -- Wake Island -- Tokyo -- Hong Kong as part of the airline 's around - the - world service . By the next year , BOAC had replaced the large , British - manufactured Britannia propjets with Boeing 707s now being flown on this intercontinental route , which enabled the airline to eliminate the technical stop at the Wake Island Airfield . Japan Airlines ( JAL ) was flying Douglas DC - 8 jetliners by 1961 on a routing of San Francisco -- Honolulu -- Tokyo . Also in 1961 , Lufthansa had begun serving SFO with Boeing 707s operating a routing of San Francisco -- Montreal Dorval Airport -- Paris Orly Airport -- Frankfurt three days a week . Lufthansa then operated Boeing 720B jets on this same routing in 1963 and was also flying Boeing 707 service to Frankfurt via stops in Montreal and London Heathrow Airport the same year . By 1965 , Pan American - Grace Airways , known as Panagra , was operating Douglas DC - 8 jets on an international routing of San Francisco -- Los Angeles -- Panama City , Panama -- Lima , Peru -- Santiago , Chile -- Buenos Aires , Argentina . The Panagra service to Latin America was taken over in the late 1960s by Braniff International , which operated Douglas DC - 8 - 62 long range jetliners into SFO following Braniff 's acquisition of Panagra . By 1970 , CP Air ( formerly Canadian Pacific Air Lines ) was flying nonstop to Vancouver , BC with continuing , no change of plane Boeing 737 - 200 jet service to Winnipeg , Toronto , Ottawa and Montreal . Domestic expansion ( edit ) Opening gala at the Central Passenger Terminal ( August 27 , 1954 ) The first nonstops to the U.S. east coast were flown by United with Douglas DC - 7 propliners in 1954 . The airport 's new Terminal Building opened on August 27 , 1954 . The celebration included in the large static display of aircraft including a Convair B - 36 Peacemaker bomber , a marvel for its time . The building became the Central Terminal with the addition of the South Terminal and the North Terminal and was heavily rebuilt as the International Terminal in 1984 and then modified again as the current Terminal 2 . Domestically , the April 1957 Official Airline Guide ( OAG ) lists 71 scheduled weekday departures on United ( plus ten flights a week to Honolulu ) , 22 on Western Airlines , 19 on Southwest Airways ( which was later renamed Pacific Air Lines ) , twelve on Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) , seven on American Airlines and three on Pacific Southwest Airlines ( PSA ) . As for international flights , Pan American had 21 departures a week , Japan Airlines ( JAL ) had five and Qantas also had five . Southwest / Pacific / Air West ( edit ) Southwest Airways C - 47 landing at SFO in 1948 Southwest Airways began flying scheduled passenger operations from SFO in 1946 with war surplus C - 47s , the military version of the Douglas DC - 3 . In the late 1950s , Southwest Airways changed its name to Pacific Air Lines , which was based at SFO . In 1959 , Pacific Air Lines began operating new Fairchild F - 27 turboprop aircraft from SFO and by 1966 was flying new Boeing 727 - 100 jetliners from the airport . Pacific used the 727 to introduce the first jet service from San Francisco to several destinations in California including Bakersfield , Eureka / Arcata , Fresno , Lake Tahoe , Monterey and Santa Barbara . In 1968 , Pacific merged with Bonanza Air Lines and West Coast Airlines to form Air West , which also had its headquarters at SFO . West Coast Airlines had served SFO primarily with Douglas DC - 9 - 10 jet service and Fairchild F - 27 turboprop flights to destinations in Oregon and Washington state . In 1970 , Air West was acquired by Howard Hughes who renamed the airline Hughes Airwest , which continued to be based at the airport where it also operated a hub . By the late 1970s , the airline was operating an all - jet fleet of Boeing 727 - 200 , Douglas DC - 9 - 10 and McDonnell Douglas DC - 9 - 30 jetliners serving an extensive route network in the western U.S. with flights to Mexico and western Canada as well . Hughes Airwest was eventually acquired by Minneapolis - based Republic Airlines ( 1979 -- 1986 ) in 1980 and the airline 's corporate headquarters office at SFO was closed . Jet age ( edit ) The jet age arrived at SFO in March 1959 when TWA introduced Boeing 707 - 131 jetliners with nonstop service to New York Idlewild Airport ( which was subsequently renamed JFK Airport in 1963 ) . United then constructed a large maintenance facility at San Francisco for its new Douglas DC - 8 jets , which were also flying nonstop service to New York . In July 1959 the first jetway bridge was installed at SFO , which was one of the first in the United States . The cover of the January 3 , 1960 American Airlines system timetable contained this message : `` NOW ! 707 JET FLAGSHIP SERVICE -- NONSTOP SAN FRANCISCO -- NEW YORK : 2 FLIGHTS DAILY '' Also in 1960 , Western Airlines was operating `` champagne flights '' with Boeing 707 jets and Lockheed L - 188 Electra propjets to Los Angeles , Seattle , San Diego and Portland , OR . In 1961 , the airport had helicopter service operated by San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines ( known as SFO Helicopter Airlines and also as SFO Helicopter ) with 68 flights a day . Helicopter flights were operated from the airport to downtown heliports in San Francisco and Oakland , to a new heliport located near the Berkeley Marina and also to Oakland Airport ( OAK ) . In its timetable , SFO Helicopter Airlines , which was based at the airport , described its rotorcraft as `` modern , jet turbine powered Sikorsky S - 62 ten passenger amphibious helicopters '' . By 1962 , Delta Air Lines was operating Convair 880 jetliners into the airport on one its first international jet services with a routing of San Francisco -- Dallas Love Field -- New Orleans -- Montego Bay , Jamaica -- Caracas , Venezuela . Also in 1962 , National Airlines began operating multistop transcontinental jet service with Douglas DC - 8s flying a routing of San Francisco -- Houston Hobby Airport -- New Orleans -- Miami . Service within California ( edit ) Pacific Southwest Airlines ( PSA ) was operating all of its SFO flights by 1962 with new Lockheed L - 188 Electra propjets with nonstop service to Los Angeles ( LAX ) and Burbank ( BUR , now Bob Hope Airport ) with direct one stop flights to San Diego ( SAN ) via LAX or BUR . PSA was operating 14 departures a day on a Monday through Thursday basis to southern California in the summer of 1962 with 21 departures on Fridays and 22 departures on Sundays . By 1965 , PSA was operating new Boeing 727 - 100 jetliners on its intrastate routes in California , which were joined in 1967 by new Boeing 727 - 200 and McDonnell Douglas DC - 9 - 30 jets . In 1974 , PSA was operating new wide - body Lockheed L - 1011 TriStar jetliners on flights from SFO nonstop to Los Angeles and Sacramento with direct one stop service to San Diego and was the only intrastate airline in the U.S. ever to operate wide body aircraft . Following the federal Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 , PSA then expanded its route system outside of California . By 1967 , another intrastate air carrier had joined PSA at SFO : Air California operating Lockheed L - 188 Electra propjets nonstop to Orange County Airport ( SNA , now John Wayne Airport ) . Like PSA , Air California ( later renamed AirCal ) eventually became an all - jet airline and expanded its route network outside of California . AirCal was acquired by and merged into American Airlines while PSA was acquired by and merged into USAir ( later renamed US Airways and then eventually merged with American Airlines ) . Earthquake and planned Bay fill expansion ( edit ) San Francisco International Airport at night The airport closed following the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17 , 1989 , reopening the following morning . Minor damage to the runways was quickly repaired . In 1989 , a master plan and Environmental Impact Report were prepared to guide development over the next two decades . During the boom of the 1990s and the dot - com boom SFO became the sixth busiest airport in the world , but since 2001 , when the boom ended , SFO has fallen out of the top twenty . United Express turboprops were scheduled 60 minutes apart to shuttle connecting passengers between SFO and nearby San Jose International Airport during the boom era . United Groundlink supplemented this service with alternate 60 - minute frequencies . San Francisco International Terminal at night A $2.4 billion International Terminal Complex opened in December 2000 , replacing Terminal 2 ( known then as the International Terminal ) . The new International Terminal includes the San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Museum and Library and the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum , as part of the SFO Museum . SFO 's long - running museum exhibition program , now called SFO Museum , won unprecedented accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums in 1999 . SFO experiences delays ( known as flow control ) in overcast weather when only two of the airport 's four runways can be used at a time because the centerlines of the parallel runway sets ( 01R / 01L and 28R / 28L ) are only 750 feet ( 230 m ) apart . Airport planners advanced proposals which would extend the airport 's runways by adding up to 2 square miles ( 1,300 acres ; 520 ha ) of fill to San Francisco Bay and increase their separation by up to 4,300 feet ( 1,300 m ) in 1998 to accommodate arrivals and departures during periods of low visibility . Other proposals included three floating runways , each approximately 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) long and 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) wide . The airport would be required by law to restore Bay land elsewhere in the Bay Area to offset the fill . One mitigation proposal would have the airport purchase and restore the 29,000 acres ( 12,000 ha ) of South Bay wetlands owned by Cargill Salt to compensate for the new fill . These expansion proposals met resistance from environmental groups , including the Sierra Club , fearing damage to the habitat of animals near the airport , recreational degradation ( such as windsurfing ) and bay water quality . State Senator John L. Burton introduced SB 1562 on February 18 , 2000 to bypass the environmental impact study which would normally be required for a large project like the proposed Bay fill and mitigation in order to expedite construction . SB 1562 was signed into law on September 29 , 2000 . A study commissioned by the airport and released in 2001 stated that alternatives to airport expansion , such as redirecting traffic to other regional airports ( Oakland or San Jose ) , capping the number of flights , or charging higher landing fees at selected times of the day 2001 would result in higher fares and poorer service . However , the proposal to build new runways on Bay fill continued to attract opposition from environmental groups and local residents . The airport expansion cost was estimated at US $1,400,000,000 ( equivalent to $2,100,000,000 in 2017 ) in 1998 , rising to US $2,200,000,000 ( equivalent to $3,230,000,000 in 2017 ) a year later , including an estimate of US $200,000,000 ( equivalent to $294,000,000 in 2017 ) for the Cargill wetlands purchase and restoration . The delays during poor weather ( among other reasons ) caused some airlines , especially low - cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines , to shift all of their service from the airport to Oakland and San Jose . However , Southwest eventually returned to SFO in 2007 . BART to SFO ( edit ) A long - planned extension of the Bay Area Rapid Transit ( BART ) system to the airport opened on June 22 , 2003 , allowing passengers to board BART trains at the international or domestic terminals and have direct rail transportation to downtown San Francisco , Oakland , and the East Bay . On February 24 , 2003 , the AirTrain people mover opened , transporting passengers between terminals , parking lots , the BART station , and the rental car center on small automatic trains . Recent developments ( edit ) SFO became the base of operations for start - up airline Virgin America , with service to over 20 destinations . On October 4 , 2007 , an Airbus A380 jumbo jet made its first visit to SFO . On July 14 , 2008 SFO was voted Best International Airport in North America for 2008 in the World Airports Survey by Skytrax . The following year on June 9 , Skytrax announced SFO as the second - best International Airport in North America in the 2009 World Airports Survey , losing to Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . New control tower ( photographed in 2018 ) In response to longstanding FAA concerns that the airport 's air traffic control tower , located atop Terminal 2 , could not withstand a major earthquake , on July 9 , 2012 , crews broke ground for a new torch - shaped tower . The new tower is located between Terminals 1 and 2 , and the base of the tower building contains passages between the two terminals for passengers both pre - and post-security screening , which dictated the narrow tower base . Originally scheduled for completion in the summer of 2016 at a cost of $102 million , the new tower began operations on October 15 , 2016 . SFO was one of several US airports that operated the Registered Traveler program from April 2007 until funding ended in June 2009 . This program let travelers who had paid for pre-screening pass through security checkpoints quickly . Baggage and passenger screening is operated by Covenant Aviation Security , a Transportation Security Administration contractor , nicknamed `` Team SFO '' . SFO was the first airport in the United States to integrate in - line baggage screening into its baggage handling system and has been a model for other airports since the September 11 attacks in 2001 . Runways ( edit ) FAA runway diagram of SFO , with color added to terminals and runways The airport covers 5,207 acres ( 21.07 km ) at an elevation of 13.1 feet ( 4.0 m ) . It has four asphalt runways , arranged in two intersecting sets of parallel runways : Runway 1L / 19R : 7,650 ft × 200 ft ( 2,332 m × 61 m ) , Surface : Asphalt , has approved GPS approaches Runway 1R / 19L : 8,650 ft × 200 ft ( 2,637 m × 61 m ) , Surface : Asphalt , ILS / DME equipped , and has approved GPS / VOR approaches Runway 10L / 28R : 11,870 ft × 200 ft ( 3,618 m × 61 m ) , Surface : Asphalt , Category III ILS / DME equipped , and has approved GPS approaches Runway 10R / 28L : 11,381 ft × 200 ft ( 3,469 m × 61 m ) , Surface : Asphalt , ILS / DME equipped , and has approved GPS approaches Runways are named for their magnetic heading , to the nearest ten degrees ; hence the runways at 14 ° from magnetic north are 01L / 01R , and the runways at 284 ° are 28R / 28L . The layout of the parallel runways ( 1L / 1R and 28R / 28L ) was established in the 1950s , and have a separation ( centerline to centerline ) of only 750 feet ( 230 m ) . During normal operations ( approximately 81 % of the time ) , domestic departures use Runways 1L and 1R for departure while overseas international departures and all arrivals use Runways 28L and 28R , taking advantage of the prevailing west - northwesterly wind coming through the San Bruno Gap . During periods of heavy winds or if operations at Oakland International Airport conflict with SFO departures ( approximately 15 % of the time ) , Runways 1L and 1R can not be used , and so all departures and all arrivals use Runways 28L and 28R . These configurations are known collectively as the West Plan , and accommodate arrivals at a rate of up to 60 aircraft per hour . Under visual flight rules , aircraft may safely land side - by - side essentially simultaneously on 28L and 28R while maintaining visual separation . When the visual approach is compromised , the West Plan is maintained with a modification to allow aircraft landing on 28L to use Instrument Landing System ( ILS ) while the aircraft landing on 28R takes an offset course , monitored via high scan rate ground radar , to maintain a lateral spacing greater than 750 ft until the aircraft are able to maintain visual separation . Visual separation typically occurs once the aircraft have descended below the cloud deck at an altitude of 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) . This is known as the Precision Runway Monitor / Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach , and reduces the capacity to 36 arriving aircraft per hour . In poor visibility conditions , FAA instrument approach rules require aircraft to maintain lateral separation of 4,300 feet ( 1,300 m ) , meaning only one runway may be used , reducing the capacity of SFO to 25 - 30 arriving aircraft per hour . During rainstorms ( approximately 4 % of the time ) , the prevailing winds shift to a south - southeasterly direction , and departing aircraft use Runways 10L and 10R and arriving aircraft use Runways 19L and 19R . This configuration is known as the Southeast Plan . On rare occasions ( less than one day per year , on average ) , wind conditions dictate other runway configurations , including departures and landings on Runways 10L and 10R , departures and landings on Runways 1L and 1R , and departures on Runways 19L and 19R and landings on Runways 28L and 28R . Aircraft noise abatement ( edit ) See also : Noise mitigation and Aircraft noise SFO was one of the first airports to implement a Fly Quiet Program , which grades airlines on their performance on noise abatement procedures while flying in and out of SFO . The Jon C. Long Fly Quiet Program was started by the Aircraft Noise Abatement Office to encourage airlines to operate as quietly as possible at SFO . SFO was one of the first U.S. airports to conduct a residential sound abatement retrofitting program . Established by the FAA in the early 1980s , this program evaluated the cost effectiveness of reducing interior sound levels for homes near the airport , within the 65 CNEL noise contour . The program made use of a noise computer model to predict improvement in specific residential interiors for a variety of noise control strategies . This pilot program was conducted for a neighborhood in South San Francisco and success was achieved in all of the homes analyzed . The costs turned out to be modest , and the post-construction interior sound level tests confirmed the predictions for noise abatement . To date over $153 million has been spent to insulate more than 15,000 homes in the neighboring cities of Daly City , Pacifica , San Bruno , and South San Francisco . Terminals ( edit ) Terminal map of SFO The airport has four terminals ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and International ) and seven concourses ( Boarding Areas A through G ) with a total of 115 gates arranged alphabetically in a counterclockwise ring . Terminal 1 ( Boarding Areas B and C ) , Terminal 2 ( Boarding Area D ) , and Terminal 3 ( Boarding Areas E and F ) handle domestic flights ( including precleared flights from Canada ) . The International Terminal ( Boarding Areas A and G ) handle international flights and some domestic flights . Historically , the oldest terminal building still standing is Terminal 2 , completed in 1954 as the Central Terminal with four concourses ( Piers B , C , D , and E , lettered sequentially from north to south ) . Terminal 1 was added as the South Terminal in 1963 with Piers F / FF ( Pier F had two satellite rotundas ) and G , and Pier E was reassigned to the South Terminal upon its completion . International traffic was routed through Pier G , and a new Rotunda G was completed in 1974 to expand Pier G. Terminal 3 was added as the North Terminal in 1979 with Pier A. Also once the North Terminal was completed in 1979 , the piers were renamed counterclockwise , with letter designations corresponding to present - day Boarding Areas , starting with Pier A ( present - day Boarding Area A , originally Pier G ) , Pier B ( present - day Boarding Area B , originally Pier F / FF ) , and Pier C ( present - day Boarding Area C , originally Pier E ) . A new Pier E was added to the North Terminal in 1981 approximately where the old Pier B stood , and the Central Terminal was rebuilt with a single pier ( D ) to serve international flights in 1983 , until a new International Terminal opened in 2000 . Since then , the terminals were renamed with numbers in 2001 , and the older terminals are in the process of renovation . A rebuild of Terminal 2 ( formerly the Central Terminal ) completed in 2011 , followed by the completed rebuild of Terminal 3 ( North Terminal ) in 2015 , and a projected rebuild of Terminal 1 ( South Terminal ) is scheduled to be complete by 2024 . Airside connectors ( edit ) Airside connector between International Terminal and Terminal 3 There exist two airside connectors at SFO that enable passengers to roam ( post-security ) between adjacent terminal buildings . A short airside connector links T3 's Boarding Area F ( adjacent to Amex Centurion Lounge ) to the International Terminal Boarding Area G. An airy 500 - foot airside connector links T1 's Boarding Area C to T2 . There are no airside connectors between : T1 and International Boarding Area A ; T2 and T3 ; International Boarding Areas A and G ( the main terminal area of the International Terminal separates the two boarding areas ) . By approximately 2020 to 2022 , the demolition and rebuild of the southern portion of T1 ( Boarding Area B) will have been completed and an airside connector to International Boarding Area A will be added . Terminal 1 ( edit ) Check - in lobby at Terminal 1 Formerly known as the `` South Terminal '' , Terminal 1 is composed of Boarding Area B , which has 24 gates ( gates 20 -- 23 , 24A -- B , 25 -- 31 , 32A -- C , 33 -- 35 , 36A -- B , 37 -- 39 ) , and Boarding Area C , which has 10 gates ( gates 40 -- 44 , 45A -- B , and 46 -- 48 ) . A third boarding area , Rotunda A , was demolished in early 2006 , as its functions had been taken over by the new International Terminal . The South Terminal , which cost US $14,000,000 ( equivalent to $111,910,000 in 2017 ) , was initially dedicated on September 15 , 1963 . The terminal was designed by Welton Becket and Associates . When it opened , the South Terminal had three piers : Pier G ( for international flights , approximately at the same location as the present - day Boarding Area ( B / A ) A in the International Terminal ) , Pier F / FF ( used by Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) and Western Airlines , later renamed B / AB ) , and Pier E ( used by American Airlines ; originally part of Terminal 2 , approximately at the present - day B / AC ) . The three - level Rotunda A addition was completed in 1974 at the end of Pier G. When the North Terminal was completed in 1979 , Pier G was renamed Pier A , with the other piers renamed in a counterclockwise direction proceeding from the new Pier A. International flights were moved to the rebuilt Central Terminal ( Terminal 2 ) in 1983 , and then to the new International Terminal in 2000 . The South Terminal underwent a US $150,000,000 ( equivalent to $310,380,000 in 2017 ) renovation designed by Howard A. Friedman and Associates , Marquis Associates and Wong & Brocchini that was completed in 1988 . Terminal 1 is undergoing a US $2,400,000,000 ( equivalent to $2,447,250,000 in 2017 ) project to modernize the concourse and add gates ; the project broke ground on June 29 , 2016 . The phase of the project to expand Boarding Area B includes the demolition of the old TWA hangar , the demolition of the two rotundas , and the relocation of two taxiways . The multi-phase project will yield a total of 24 gates when complete in 2020 ( the existing Boarding Area B has fewer than 20 usable gates ) , including a secure FIS connector to the existing customs facilities in the International Terminal . This will effectively add six new gates that can handle international arrivals . Planning for a renovation of Boarding Area C is underway , with construction to commence after the completion of work on Boarding Area B . The projected completion date for Boarding Area C work is mid-2024 . As of March 2018 , the San Francisco Board of Supervisors is preparing to rename Terminal 1 after slain LGBT supervisor Harvey Milk and install artwork memorializing the civil rights icon . Terminal 2 ( edit ) Interior view of Terminal 2 , with Janet Echelman 's Every Beating Second installation Terminal 2 , formerly known as the `` Central Terminal '' , opened in 1954 as the main airport terminal . After a drastic rebuilding designed by Gensler , it replaced Rotunda A as SFO 's international terminal in 1983 until it was closed for renovation after the current international terminal opened in 2000 . The initial plan was to convert Terminal 2 for domestic travel and reopen it by fall 2001 , but the loss of passenger traffic after the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 put those plans on hold . The upper levels continued to be used as office spaces and for the airport 's medical clinic , and the control tower remained in use . On May 12 , 2008 , a US $383,000,000 ( equivalent to $435,330,000 in 2017 ) renovation project was announced that included a new control tower , the use of green materials , a seismic retrofit , and an expansion from ten to fourteen gates . The terminal reopened for commercial travel on April 14 , 2011 , with Virgin America ( later Alaska Airlines ) and American Airlines sharing the new 14-gate common - use facility . Approximately a week earlier , on April 6 , 2011 , Virgin America 's ceremonial flight VX2001 was the first to arrive at the renovated Terminal 2 , an Airbus A320 bearing founder Richard Branson with other invited celebrity guests , such as Buzz Aldrin , Rachel Hunter , and Gavin Newsom . VX2001 had rendezvoused with White Knight Two / SpaceShipTwo over Point Reyes before making a side - by - side landing . View of Boarding Area D in Terminal 2 The newly - renovated terminal also designed by Gensler features permanent art installations from Janet Echelman , Kendall Buster , Norie Sato , Charles Sowers , and Walter Kitundu . Transition zones ( the immediate post-security line area for `` passenger recomposure '' ) and exit areas ( where disembarking passengers may be greeted ) were designed with generous space . Terminal 2 set accolades by being the first U.S. airport to achieve LEED Gold status . Paolo Lucchesi , a local food critic , noted the sustainable food and dining program featuring local vendors and sources . Its only concourse is Boarding Area D , which has 14 gates ( gates 50 , 51A , 51B , 52 , 53 , 54A , 54B , 55 , 56A , 56B , 57 , 58A , 58B , 59 ) . The control tower and most operations offices were ( and still are ) located on the upper levels , and the departure and arrival areas served as walkways between Terminals 1 and 3 . American 's check - in counters have been consolidated to T2 , but American 's operation is split between T2 's Boarding Area D and T1 's Boarding Area C ( linked via an airside connector ) . Terminal 2 hosts an Admirals Club . Terminal 3 ( edit ) Sky by Merge Conceptual Design , at the end of Terminal 3 , boarding area E Formerly known as the `` North Terminal '' , Terminal 3 has Boarding Area E with 10 gates ( gates 60 -- 69 ) and Boarding Area F with 29 gates ( gates 70 , 71A -- B , 72 -- 76 , 73A , 77A -- C , 78 -- 83 , 84A -- D , 85 -- 90 , and 87A ) . Terminal 3 is used for United Airlines ' domestic flights . Mainline United flights use both boarding areas , while United Express regional flights use Boarding Area F . This $82.44 million terminal was originally designed by San Francisco Airport Architects ( a joint venture of John Carl Warnecke and Associates , Dreyfuss + Blackford Architecture , and minority architects ) . The groundbreaking ceremony for the North Terminal was held on April 22 , 1971 , and Boarding Area F opened in 1979 and Boarding Area E opened in 1981 . All terminals ( except the International Terminal ) were redesignated by number starting October 1 , 2001 . A solar roof was installed in 2007 with sufficient generating capacity to power all Terminal 3 lights during the day . American Airlines and Air Canada occupied Boarding Area E until it closed for refurbishment in 2011 under the airport 's FY 2010 / 11 -- FY 2014 / 15 Capital Plan . Designed by Gensler , the renovation . included architectural enhancements , structural renovations , replacement of HVAC systems , roof repair , and new carpeting . Initial modest renovation plans were replaced by a more ambitious project after the popularity of the remodeling of Terminal 2 . After the completion of the US $138,000,000 ( equivalent to $142,660,000 in 2017 ) project , Terminal 3 reopened on January 28 , 2014 . The project moved one gate from Boarding Area F to Boarding Area E to provide a total of ten aircraft parking positions at T3E . There are three United Clubs in Terminal 3 -- one near the rotunda for Boarding Area F , one on the mezzanine across from gate 71A , and another in the beginning of Boarding Area E. Terminal 3 also houses the American Express Centurion Lounge , located across from Gate 74 . International Terminal ( edit ) The International Terminal The International Terminal is composed of Boarding Areas A and G. Designed by Craig W. Hartman of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , the terminal opened in December 2000 to replace the International Departures section of Terminal 2 . It is the largest international terminal in North America , and the largest building in the world built on base isolators to protect against earthquakes . Food service focuses on quick service versions of leading San Francisco Bay Area restaurants , following other SFO terminals . Planners attempted to make the airport a destination in and of itself , not just for travelers passing through . The international terminal is a common - use facility , with all gates and all ticketing areas shared among international airlines and several domestic carriers . Common - use terminal equipment ( CUTE ) is used at check - in counters and gates . All international arrivals and departures are handled here ( except flights from cities with customs preclearance ) . The International Terminal houses the airport 's BART station , adjacent to the garage leading to Boarding Area G . The SFO Medical Clinic is located next to the security screening area of Boarding Area A. All gates in this terminal have at least two jetway bridges , except gates A2 and A10 , which have one . Gates A1 , A3 , and A11 can accommodate two aircraft . Six of the gates are designed for the Airbus A380 , making SFO one of the first airports in the world with such gates when it was built in 2000 . Gates A9 ( 9A , 9B , 9C ) and G101 ( 101A , 101B , 101C ) have three jetways for boarding . Four other gates have two jetways fitted for A380 service . The International Terminal completed a continuous ring of terminals , by filling in the last remaining gap to the west of then - existing terminals . Its geometry required that the terminal structure be built above the main access road , at enormous expense , including building dedicated ramps for connectivity to Highway 101 . The design and construction of the international terminal was by Skidmore , Owings & Merrill , Del Campo & Maru Architects , Michael Willis Associates , and built by Tutor Perini ( main terminal building ) , Hellmuth , Obata and Kassabaum in association with Robin Chiang & Company , Robert B. Wong Architects , and built by Tutor Perini ( Boarding Area G ) , and Gerson / Overstreet Architects and built by Hensel Phelps Construction ( Boarding Area A ) . The contracts were awarded after an architectural design competition . Interior view of the International Terminal Check In Area Most international flights operated by Star Alliance carriers , including all United international flights and select United domestic flights , are assigned to Boarding Area G 's 15 gates ( G91 , G92 -- G92A , G93 -- G98 , G99 -- G99A , G100 , G101 -- G101A , G102 ) and three remote parking stands . Most international flights operated by SkyTeam , Oneworld , and non-aligned international carriers board and deplane at Boarding Area A 's 13 gates ( gates A1 -- A10 , A11 -- A11A , A12 ) . However , Star Alliance carrier Avianca El Salvador operates out of Boarding Area A , and non-aligned carriers Aer Lingus , Fiji Airways , WestJet ( select flights ) , and WOW air have designated gates located at Boarding Area G. Boarding Area A is also used by domestic carriers Alaska Airlines , JetBlue Airways , Sun Country Airlines , and Hawaiian Airlines . When all gates in an airline 's designated international boarding area are full , the passengers will board or deplane from the opposite international boarding area . Air Canada , Aer Lingus , Etihad Airways , and WestJet operate from airports with United States border preclearance , allowing arriving passengers to skip the wait at customs and immigration when they arrive at SFO , and exit the airport from the departure level . The two main designations for the International Terminal are `` I '' , and `` INTL '' ( abbreviations for `` International '' ) . Oftentimes travel itineraries will say `` T-I '' , and this has led to instances where passengers misinterpret the `` I '' as Terminal 1 , especially since both Boarding Area A and Boarding Area G are used for a limited number of domestic flights . SFO Museum ( edit ) SFO Museum was created in 1980 as a collaboration between the San Francisco Airport Commission and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and was the first museum in an international airport . It was accredited by the American Association of Museums in 1999 , and contains both permanent artwork and temporary exhibitions in more than 20 galleries . The Aviation Museum and Library ( officially , the San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Library and Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum ) is located in the International Terminal , featuring a model of a DC - 3 . Other prominent installations include works by : Robert Bechtle , San Francisco Nova ( T3 , boarding area E ) Kendall Buster , Topograph ( T2 , departure lounge ) Janet Echelman , Every Beating Second ( T2 , recomposure area ) Joyce Kozloff , Bay Area Victorian , Bay Area Deco , Bay Area Funk ; tile wall ( IT -- T1 connector ) Seiji Kunishima , Stacking Stones ( T2 ) Ursula von Rydingsvard , Ocean Voices II ( T3 , E Plaza ) Norie Sato , Air Over Under ( T2 , exterior ) Larry Sultan and Mike Mandel , Waiting ( IT , b / a A ) Rufino Tamayo , Conquest of Space ( IT , exterior ) Wayne Thiebaud , 18th Street Downgrade ( T3 , b / a E ) James Torlakson , Behind Ted McMann 's Garage ( T3 , b / a E ) Bob Zoell , BFILRYD ( T3 -- IT connector ) Frequent travelers and airline staff have reportedly told SFO Museum officials they make it a point to arrive to the airport early in order to view the galleries . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Refs Aer Lingus Dublin Aeroméxico Guadalajara , Mexico City Air Canada Montréal -- Trudeau , Toronto -- Pearson , Vancouver Air Canada Express Calgary , Edmonton , Vancouver Air China Beijing -- Capital Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air India Delhi Air New Zealand Auckland Alaska Airlines Albuquerque , Austin , Baltimore , Boston , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas -- Love , Honolulu , Indianapolis ( ends September 30 , 2018 ) , Kahului , Kailua -- Kona , Kansas City , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Nashville , New Orleans , New York -- JFK , Newark , Orange County , Orlando , Palm Springs , Philadelphia , Portland ( OR ) , Puerto Vallarta , Raleigh / Durham , Salt Lake City , San Diego , San José del Cabo , Seattle / Tacoma , Washington -- Dulles , Washington -- National All Nippon Airways Tokyo -- Narita American Airlines Charlotte , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , Miami , New York -- JFK , Philadelphia , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor American Eagle Los Angeles Asiana Airlines Seoul -- Incheon Avianca El Salvador San Salvador British Airways London -- Heathrow Cathay Pacific Hong Kong China Airlines Taipei -- Taoyuan China Eastern Airlines Qingdao , Shanghai -- Pudong China Southern Airlines Guangzhou , Wuhan Copa Airlines Panama City Delta Air Lines Atlanta , Boston , Cincinnati , Detroit , Los Angeles , Minneapolis / St. Paul , New York -- JFK , Salt Lake City , Seattle / Tacoma Seasonal : Honolulu Delta Connection Los Angeles , Salt Lake City , Seattle / Tacoma El Al Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion ( begins May 13 , 2019 ) Emirates Dubai -- International EVA Air Taipei -- Taoyuan Fiji Airways Nadi Finnair Seasonal : Helsinki French Bee Papeete , Paris -- Orly Frontier Airlines Denver Seasonal : Des Moines , Las Vegas , Omaha , Orlando Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu , Kahului Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong Iberia Seasonal : Madrid Icelandair Reykjavík -- Keflavík Interjet Cancún , Guadalajara Japan Airlines Tokyo -- Haneda JetBlue Airways Boston , Fort Lauderdale , Long Beach , New York -- JFK KLM Amsterdam Korean Air Seoul -- Incheon Level Barcelona ( begins October 31 , 2018 ) Lufthansa Frankfurt , Munich Philippine Airlines Manila Qantas Melbourne ( begins September 1 , 2018 ) , Sydney Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen Singapore Airlines Hong Kong , Singapore Southwest Airlines Austin , Burbank , Chicago -- Midway , Dallas -- Love , Denver , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Orange County ( ends November 3 , 2018 ) , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Portland ( OR ) ( ends November 3 , 2018 ) , San Diego , St. Louis Seasonal : Milwaukee Sun Country Airlines Minneapolis / St. Paul Swiss International Air Lines Zürich Thomas Cook Airlines Seasonal : Manchester ( UK ) Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk United Airlines Atlanta , Auckland ( resumes October 27 , 2018 ) , Austin , Baltimore , Beijing -- Capital , Boston , Burbank , Calgary , Cancún , Chengdu , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Dallas / Fort Worth , Denver , Detroit , Eugene , Fort Lauderdale , Frankfurt , Fresno , Hong Kong , Honolulu , Houston -- Intercontinental , Indianapolis , Kahului , Kailua -- Kona , Las Vegas , Lihue , London -- Heathrow , Los Angeles , Medford , Mexico City , Miami , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Nashville , New Orleans , Newark , Ontario , Orange County , Orlando , Osaka -- Kansai , Palm Springs , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Philadelphia , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Pittsburgh , Portland ( OR ) , Puerto Vallarta , Raleigh / Durham , Reno / Tahoe , Sacramento , San Diego , Santa Barbara , Seattle / Tacoma , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Singapore , Spokane , St. Louis , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tampa , Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion , Tokyo -- Haneda , Tokyo -- Narita , Vancouver , Washington -- Dulles , Washington -- National Seasonal : Anchorage , Boise , Bozeman , Hartford , Kansas City , Munich , Papeete ( begins October 30 , 2018 ) , Salt Lake City , San José del Cabo , Zürich United Express Albuquerque , Austin , Bakersfield , Boise , Bozeman , Burbank , Calgary , Dallas / Fort Worth , Eugene , Eureka / Arcata , Fayetteville / Bentonville , Fresno , Kalispell , Kansas City , Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Madison , Medford , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Monterey , North Bend / Coos Bay , Oklahoma City , Omaha , Ontario , Orange County , Palm Springs , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Portland ( OR ) , Redding , Redmond / Bend , Reno / Tahoe , Sacramento , St. Louis , Salt Lake City , San Antonio , San Diego , San Luis Obispo , Santa Barbara , Santa Rosa , Spokane , Tri-Cities ( WA ) , Tucson , Vancouver , Victoria Seasonal : Aspen , Hayden / Steamboat Springs , Jackson Hole , Mammoth Lakes , Missoula , Montrose , Sun Valley , Vail / Eagle Virgin Atlantic London -- Heathrow Seasonal : Manchester ( UK ) Volaris Mexico City Seasonal : Guadalajara WestJet Seasonal : Calgary , Vancouver WOW air Reykjavík -- Keflavík XL Airways France Seasonal : Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Cargo ( edit ) Airlines Destinations ABX Air Los Angeles Asiana Cargo Seoul -- Incheon China Airlines Cargo Anchorage , Taipei -- Taoyuan DHL Aviation Cincinnati , Los Angeles EVA Air Cargo Anchorage , Taipei -- Taoyuan FedEx Express Memphis Kalitta Air Los Angeles , Seoul -- Incheon Korean Air Cargo Seoul -- Incheon Nippon Cargo Airlines Tokyo -- Narita Statistics ( edit ) A Delta Air Lines Boeing 717 parked at gate 40 of Terminal 1 An assortment of United Airlines planes parked at the International Terminal , including three Boeing 777 - 200s , one Boeing 747 - 400 , and an All Nippon Airways Boeing 777 - 300ER An Air China Boeing 747 - 400 landing A United Airlines Boeing 747 - 400 in `` Blue Tulip '' colors landing from the southeast A Delta Air Lines Boeing 757 - 300 taxiing A United Airlines Boeing 747 - 400 taxis while a Lufthansa Boeing 747 - 400 lands A Southwest Airlines Boeing 737 - 700 waiting for takeoff A Singapore Airlines Boeing 777 - 300ER landing Top destinations ( edit ) Busiest domestic routes from SFO ( May 2017 -- April 2018 ) Rank City Passengers Annual Change Carriers Los Angeles , California 1,882,200 6.19 % Alaska , American , Delta , Southwest , United Chicago -- O'Hare , Illinois 1,177,180 8.08 % Alaska , American , Frontier , United Seattle / Tacoma , Washington 1,174,320 13.0 % Alaska , Delta , United Las Vegas , Nevada 1,037,660 5.96 % Alaska , JetBlue , Southwest , United 5 New York -- JFK , New York 1,032,340 1.37 % Alaska , American , Delta , JetBlue 6 Denver , Colorado 981,460 3.23 % Alaska , Frontier , Southwest , United 7 Newark , New Jersey 967,210 0.30 % Alaska , United 8 San Diego , California 891,560 9.10 % Alaska , Southwest , United 9 Portland , Oregon 752,170 19.5 % Alaska , Southwest , United 10 Boston , Massachusetts 721,990 13.4 % Alaska , Delta , JetBlue , United Busiest International Routes to and from SFO ( 2016 ) Rank Airport Passengers Annual Change Carriers London -- Heathrow 989,098 03.0 % British Airways , United , Virgin Atlantic Hong Kong 895,772 08.9 % Cathay Pacific , Singapore , United Taipei -- Taoyuan 811,079 01.7 % China Airlines , EVA Air , United Seoul -- Incheon 725,044 00.8 % Asiana , Korean Air , United 5 Vancouver 699,938 06.0 % Air Canada , United , WestJet 6 Frankfurt 629,367 05.4 % Lufthansa , United 7 Paris -- Charles de Gaulle 490,482 04.2 % Air France , United , XL Airways 8 Beijing -- Capital 477,920 014.0 % Air China , United 9 Toronto -- Pearson 473,583 04.5 % Air Canada 10 Shanghai -- Pudong 407,616 011.4 % China Eastern , United 11 Mexico City 374,834 09.1 % Aeroméxico , United , Volaris 12 Tokyo -- Narita 371,343 01.8 % ANA , United 13 Sydney 314,168 097.6 % Qantas , United 14 Dubai -- International 295,414 00.3 % Emirates 15 Tokyo -- Haneda 280,989 01.0 % JAL , United 16 Amsterdam 252,277 013.2 % KLM 17 San Jose del Cabo 250,551 014.2 % United 18 Puerto Vallarta 249,357 07.2 % Alaska , United 19 Manila 249,083 07.1 % Philippine Airlines 20 Auckland 245,437 09.9 % Air New Zealand , United Airline market share ( edit ) Largest Airlines at SFO Domestic Passengers May 2017 -- April 2018 Rank Airline Passengers Share United Airlines 17,258,000 41.16 % Southwest Airlines 3,751,000 8.95 % American Airlines 3,718,000 8.87 % SkyWest Airlines 3,653,000 8.71 % 5 Delta Air Lines 3,551,000 8.47 % Traffic numbers ( edit ) Traffic by calendar year Year Rank Enplaned and Deplaned Passengers Change Aircraft movements Cargo ( tonnes ) 1998 40,101,387 432,046 598,579 1999 40,387,538 0.7 % 438,685 655,409 2000 9 41,048,996 1.8 % 429,222 695,258 14 34,632,474 15.6 % 387,594 517,124 2002 19 31,450,168 9.2 % 351,453 506,083 2003 22 29,313,271 6.8 % 334,515 483,413 21 32,744,186 8.8 % 353,231 489,776 2005 23 33,394,225 2.0 % 352,871 520,386 2006 26 33,581,412 0.5 % 359,201 529,303 2007 23 35,790,746 6.6 % 379,500 503,899 2008 21 37,402,541 4.5 % 387,710 429,912 2009 20 37,453,634 0.1 % 379,751 356,266 23 39,391,234 5.2 % 387,248 384,179 2011 22 41,045,431 4.2 % 403,564 340,766 2012 22 44,477,209 8.4 % 424,566 337,357 2013 22 44,944,201 1.2 % 421,400 325,782 2014 21 47,074,162 4.9 % 431,633 349,585 2015 15 50,067,094 6.2 % 429,815 389,934 2016 23 53,106,505 6.1 % 450,388 420,086 2017 24 55,832,518 5.1 % 460,343 491,162 Market share TOP 5 Airlines Fiscal Year 2016 / 2017 Airline Market Share United Airlines 44 % Alaska Airlines / Virgin America 9 % American Airlines 8 % Delta Air Lines 8 % Southwest Airlines 7 % Ground Transportation ( edit ) AirTrain ( edit ) Main article : AirTrain ( San Francisco International Airport ) AirTrain is the airport 's landside people - mover system . Fully automated and free of charge , it connects all four terminals , the two international terminal garages , the BART station , and the airport 's Rental Car Center . Rail ( edit ) BART ( edit ) Main article : San Francisco International Airport station The San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ) BART station , located in Parking Garage G of the International Terminal , is the only direct rail link between the airport , the city of San Francisco , and the general Bay Area . The SFO station is served by the Antioch -- SFO / Millbrae line . Caltrain ( edit ) BART is SFO 's connection to Caltrain at the Millbrae Station , which requires a transfer at the San Bruno station during most of BART 's weekday operating hours ; direct BART service between SFO and Millbrae is available on weekday evenings , weekends , and holidays . Caltrain used to offer a free shuttle to SFO airport from the Millbrae station , but it was replaced by BART service when the SFO extension was completed . Bus ( edit ) The San Francisco Municipal Railway , San Francisco 's transit agency , does not provide service to the airport . However , SamTrans , San Mateo County 's transit agency , does , with six lines , 140 , 292 , 397 , 398 , 399 and KX , connecting the Airport with Downtown San Francisco , the Peninsula , and as far south as Palo Alto . In particular : Route 140 provides local service from the Rental Car Center ( accessible via AirTrain ) to San Bruno , South San Francisco , and Pacifica , stopping at San Bruno Caltrain , San Bruno BART , and Skyline College for connections within San Mateo County and beyond . Route 292 serves the airport daily between San Francisco and Hillsdale Mall via Bayshore Boulevard and Downtown San Mateo . Route KX provides express service to the airport from Redwood City ( northbound ) during the morning commute and from San Francisco ( southbound ) during the afternoon and evening commute . Route 397 operates to the airport during the overnight hours as a part of the Bay Area 's `` All Nighter '' service . This service mirrors that of Route 292 north of the airport ( with an additional stop at Civic Center BART / Muni Metro Station ) , with service continuing south via Millbrae BART / Caltrain Station and El Camino Real to and from Palo Alto Caltrain . Route 398 serves the airport when Route KX does not operate , and it runs between San Bruno BART and Redwood City Caltrain . This route operates daily except during certain times at peak periods on weekdays . Route 399 operates to the airport during the overnight hours as a part of the Bay Area 's `` All Nighter '' service . This service mirrors that of Routes 120 , 140 , and ECR north of the airport ( with an additional limited stop at Daly City BART Station ) , serving San Bruno and South San Francisco before terminating at Mission Street and Wellington Avenue in Daly City , where passengers can connect to MUNI 's All Nighter 14 Mission Route . Samtrans can be accessed on the arrivals / baggage claim level of the domestic terminals and in courtyard A or G in the International Terminal . Numerous door - to - door `` shared ride '' van and hotel courtesy shuttles stop at the center transportation island on the departure level , while airporter and limousine are on the arrivals / baggage claim level of the airport . Charter services are also available in the courtyards . Car ( edit ) Bird 's - eye view of the airport . A spaghetti junction connects the passenger terminal roads to US Route 101 The airport is located on U.S. Route 101 , 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of downtown San Francisco . It is near the US 101 interchange with Interstate 380 , a short freeway that connects US 101 with Interstate 280 . The airport provides both short - term and long - term parking facilities . SFO with US 101 in the background Short term parking is located in the central terminal area and two international terminal garages . Long term parking is located on South Airport Blvd. and San Bruno Ave. and are served by shuttle buses . Passengers can also park long - term at a select number of BART stations that have parking lots , with a permit purchased online in advance . Taxi ( edit ) Taxis depart from designated taxi zones located at the roadway center islands , on the Arrivals / Baggage Claim Level of all terminals . Ride share services ( or transportation network companies ) such as Uber are available via their respective mobile app . Due to local regulations , curbside pick up must occur at each terminal 's departure ( not arrival ) level . Other facilities ( edit ) SFO is home to the one of the largest single aircraft maintenance bases in the world with complete MRO base operations ( maintenance , repair , overhaul , painting , welding , machine shop , tool and die , parts manufacturing , fabrication , engineering , and retrofitting ( Boeing and Airbus certified , among others ) . It serves as the principal Global MRO Base for United Airlines and serves over 40 other airlines , military customers , and aircraft lease operators . Nippon Cargo Airlines has its San Francisco branch on the airport property . Prior to its merger that formed Air West , Pacific Air Lines had its corporate headquarters on the grounds of the airport . Hughes Airwest , the successor to Air West , also had its headquarters on the grounds of the airport . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) On February 9 , 1937 , a United Airlines Douglas DC - 3A - 197 transport liner circled the airport , then crashed into the bay , killing 11 people . On September 12 , 1951 , United Airlines Flight 7030 plunged into the bay during a training exercise killing all three crew members . On October 29 , 1953 , British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines flight 304 , a Douglas DC - 6 en route from Sydney , Australia , with fuel stops in Auckland , New Zealand , Fiji , and Honolulu , crashed on approach to SFO into Kings Mountain in San Mateo County . All 19 passengers and crew members died . On February 20 , 1959 , a Pan American DC - 7C crashed and burned on the runway . The three crew members on board survived . On February 3 , 1963 , Slick Airways Flight 40 crashed and burned after striking approach lights on runway 28R , killing the four people on board . On December 24 , 1964 , Flying Tiger Line Flight 282 , a Lockheed Constellation cargo aircraft departing for New York City , crashed in the hills west of the airport , killing all three crew members on board . On June 28 , 1965 , Pan Am Flight 843 , a Boeing 707 , had just departed for Honolulu , Hawaii , when its # 4 engine exploded , causing part of the wing and the engine itself to break off and fall into the streets below . The crew were able to extinguish the ensuing fire and land safely at the nearby Travis Air Force Base . JAL002 ditched in shallow water short of SFO On November 22 , 1968 , a Japan Air Lines DC - 8 , named the Shiga , operating Flight 2 , crash - landed on final approach at 9 : 30 a.m. on a shallow submerged reef at the eastern tip of Coyote Point ( three miles short of the runway southeast of the airport ) . The plane was on a trip from Tokyo to San Francisco , after making a stop in Honolulu . The pilot was experienced , but apparently misread the instruments on the DC - 8 , which was less than a year old . There were 107 people on the plane . There were no deaths or serious injuries . The plane was salvaged by Bigge Drayage Company soon after the crash . All luggage and fuel were removed to cut the weight and the plane was lifted onto a barge and taken to the airport for repairs . The cost of repairs was $4 million and the plane re-entered service the following April . On July 30 , 1971 , Pan Am Flight 845 , a Boeing 747 ( registration : N747PA , name : Clipper America ) , struck navigational aids at the end of runway 1R on takeoff for Tokyo . The aircraft 's landing gear and other systems were damaged . Two passengers were seriously injured by metal components of the runway approach light pier entering the cabin . The flight proceeded out over the Pacific Ocean to dump fuel to reduce weight for an emergency landing . Emergency services deployed at the airport , and the plane returned and landed on runway 28R . During landing the aircraft veered off the runway . There was no fire . After coming to a stop , the aircraft slowly tilted aft , coming to rest on its tail in a nose - high attitude . The forward evacuation slides were therefore in a nearly vertical position . Evacuation using these slides caused all of the additional injuries , some severe . There were no fatalities among the 218 passengers and crew members aboard . An investigation determined that the cause of the accident was erroneous information from the flight dispatcher to the crew members regarding weight and runway length . On September 13 , 1972 , TWA Flight 604 , a Boeing 707 - 331C cargo plane crashed into the bay on takeoff . All three crew members survived . On February 15 , 1985 , China Airlines Flight 006 made an emergency landing after experiencing an uncontrolled descent over the Pacific Ocean . United Flight 93 from Newark NJ destined to San Francisco International Airport was the fourth airplane that was hijacked in the September 11 attacks . On May 26 , 2007 , an arriving SkyWest Airlines Embraer EMB 120 nearly collided with a Republic Airline Embraer 170 Regional Jet at the junction of Runways 01L and 28R . After the SkyWest EMB 120 passed the Runway 28R threshold , the Republic E-170 was cleared for takeoff on 01L , in contradiction to local and FAA orders requiring the arriving aircraft to pass the intersection before clearing departing aircraft on the intersecting runway . On June 28 , 2008 , an ABX Air Boeing 767 preparing to depart with cargo caught fire and was seriously damaged . The pilots escaped uninjured . Although the airline had received a threat the week before , investigations revealed no evidence of any malicious device on board , eventually concluding the fire was caused by an electrical system malfunction . The wreckage of Asiana Airlines Flight 214 after it crashed while landing on July 6 , 2013 On July 6 , 2013 , Asiana Airlines Flight 214 , a Boeing 777 - 200ER registered HL7742 , crashed while landing . The crash occurred due to a combination of mistakes made by the aircraft 's flight crew . The flight crew had selected an incorrect autopilot mode when attempting to descend , followed by placing the thrust levers into `` idle '' which disabled the autopilot from maintaining speed as the aircraft approached the seawall . Upon descending below the desired flight path , the flight crew should have determined that their speed was too low and attempt a `` go - around '' and re-attempt to land ; however , this decision was not made . The tail section of the aircraft struck the seawall at the end of the runway and became detached from the airframe ; the plane ended up 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) down the runway . Passengers and crew members evacuated before fire , due to ignited engine lubricating oil , destroyed the aircraft . There were three fatalities , making this the first fatal Boeing 777 crash . On July 7 , 2017 , Air Canada Flight 759 , an A320 - 200 was instructed by air traffic control to go around after overflying Taxiway C for 0.25 miles ( 400 m ) while on visual approach for 28R . The A320 overflew the first two aircraft lined up on Taxiway C by roughly 100 feet ( 30 m ) . The pilots landed the aircraft afterwards without incident . A total of three wide - body aircraft and one narrow - body aircraft were lined up awaiting takeoff on Taxiway C. The NTSB is investigating . In popular Culture ( edit ) The climax of the Steve McQueen movie Bullitt ( 1968 ) was filmed at the airport . Jet aircraft operated by Pacific Southwest Airlines ( a PSA Boeing 727 ) and Pan American World Airways ( a Pan Am Boeing 707 ) were prominently featured in the scenes filmed at SFO . The short - lived television series San Francisco International Airport ( 1970 ) was set at the airport . In the 1994 Dale Brown novel Storming Heaven , the airport is subject to a massive terror attack . The airport was used as a location of the beginning of the 1996 movie Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco . The opening and closing scenes of What 's Up Doc ( Barbra Streisand , Ryan O'Neal -- 1972 ) were filmed in the departure / ticket and baggage claim areas of what was known as the South Terminal ( now Terminal 1 ) . Dirty Harry foils a hijacking at the airport in the 1973 film Magnum Force . The airport was featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas as Easter Bay International Airport . The destination of the principal aircraft in the 1954 film The High and the Mighty , a Douglas DC - 4 , is the airport . The film 's climax takes place there , but was filmed in Burbank , California . The airport stood in for Honolulu International Airport in the 2014 movie Godzilla . Part of the tenth episode of the fifteenth season of Family Guy , Passenger Fatty - Seven , took place at the airport . The airport appears briefly in San Andreas after being destroyed by a 9.6 magnitude earthquake . See also ( edit ) List of airports in California Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area California World War II Army Airfields San Francisco Bay Area portal Aviation portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Air Traffic Statistics '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FAA Airport Master Record for SFO ( Form 5010 PDF ) , effective December 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Air Traffic Statistics '' . San Francisco International Airport . January 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco International Airport '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Airports Council International -- Worldwide Airport Traffic Report -- Calendar Year 2017 '' ( PDF ) . The Port Authority of NY & NJ . Jump up ^ Smith , Matt ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Flying Blind '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Audits '' . City and County of San Francisco . January 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SFO Enterprises , Inc '' . SF Weekly . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Shock Doctrine , Naomi Klein ; pg. 396 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of SFO '' . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` negative : Mills Field Municipal Airport of San Francisco '' . SFO Museum . May 7 , 1927 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Seaboard Air Lines '' . Airline Timetable Images . Summer 1933 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family '' . Delta Flight Museum . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delta Air Lines system timetable '' . February 1 , 1962 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pan Am timetable , 1946 '' . Jump up ^ `` British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines '' . Airline Timetable Images . Jump up ^ `` Pan Am timetable , 1947 '' . Jump up ^ `` Qantas Timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . November 6 , 1959 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BOAC system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . April 24 , 1960 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BOAC system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . August 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Airlines system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . December 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lufthansa system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . April 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lufthansa system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . January 1 , 1963 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panagra system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . August 1 , 1965 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Braniff International system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . July 1 , 1968 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CP Air system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . July 15 , 1970 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fredricks , Darold ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` Convair B - 36 ' Peacemaker ' '' . San Mateo Daily Journal . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Marshall ( December 4 , 2000 ) . `` A Guide to the New International Wing '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . pp. A -- 1 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airways -- The Pacific Air Line system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . April 28 , 1957 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Air Lines system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . July 1 , 1959 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Air Lines route map '' . AirTimes -- A Source for Airline History . July 20 , 1966 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Coast Airlines route map '' . departedflights.com. April 28 , 1968 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hughes Airwest route map '' . departedflights.com . January 15 , 1978 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Airlines '' ( PDF ) . 1960s Airline & Airliner Antiques . January 3 , 1960 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Western Airlines system timetable '' . Airline Timetable Images . September 6 , 1960 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SFO Helicopter Airlines '' . Airline Timetable Images . September 1 , 1961 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SFO Helicopter Airlines '' . Airline Timetable Images . October 26 , 1975 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Airlines '' . Airline Timetable Images . March 2 , 1962 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PSA -- Pacific Southwest Airlines '' . Airline Timetable Images . June 25 , 1962 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSA History '' . Pacific Southwest Airlines History Page . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roderick , Kevin ( October 19 , 1989 ) . `` Search For Bodies to Take Days -- State Puts Toll at 273 , Then Says It Is Uncertain '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher H. Schmitt , Mercury News ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Loma Prieta earthquake : The Mercury News ' first - day coverage , afternoon paper '' . Mercury News . Jump up ^ Environmental Impact Report for the San Francisco International Airport Master Plan ( Report ) . Earth Metrics Inc. and Jefferson Associates , prepared for the city of San Francisco and California State Clearinghouse. 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Airports Council International -- Worldwide Airport Traffic Report -- Calendar Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . The Port Authority of NY & NJ . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Library & Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum '' . SFO Museum . San Francisco Airport Commission . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Library & Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum -- Mission Statement and History '' . SFO Museum . San Francisco Airport Commission . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Michael ( 18 November 1999 ) . `` Wind Over Water / Planes would land on floating runways built on S.F. Bay '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Erin ( 5 June 1998 ) . `` Runway expansion at SFO could mean filling Bay '' . San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , John ( 23 November 1998 ) . `` Opinion : SFO Director Makes a Plea for Bay Fill '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Michael ( 31 July 1999 ) . `` Sierra Club Opposes SFO Bay - Fill Plans / Airport says runway options vary '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ California State Assembly . `` An act to add and repeal Sections 21085.7 and 21151.10 of the Public Resources Code , relating to environmental quality '' . 1999 -- 2000 Session of the Legislature . Statutes of California . State of California . Ch. 925 p. 6919 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Huey D. ( 5 May 2000 ) . `` Opinion : Bay fill for runways a dismal idea '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Marshall ; Pence , Angelica ( 25 April 2001 ) . `` SFO expansion backers argue for bay fill - in plan / Foes attack study , Feinstein endorses it '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Marshall ( 31 July 2001 ) . `` Roar of disapproval for SFO runway expansion plans '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Marshall ; McCabe , Michael ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` SFO 's Plan For New Runways / Wetlands trade - off for bayfill proposed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ wilson , Marshall ( 4 February 1999 ) . `` New Price Tag On SFO Runways Tops $2 Billion '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Room , Our History , Openings / Closings '' . Southwest Airlines . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cabantuan , Michael ( June 22 , 2003 ) . `` History is Here -- New Line Creates Transit Hub , Link to Future '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . pp. A -- 1 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Raine , George ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` Airbus Jumbo Jet Makes Test Landing at SFO '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . pp. C -- 1 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Airport of the Year 2008 : Regional Results '' . Airport of the Year 2008 . Skytrax Research . July 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Airport of the Year 2009 : Regional Results '' . Airport of the Year 2009 . Skytrax Research . June 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New SFO control tower will have a torch - like air '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King , John ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` New SFO control tower will have a torch - like air '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FOX ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) . `` New control tower at San Francisco airport dedicated -- Story '' . KTVU . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Through Airport Security with CLEAR '' . On the Ground Travel . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clear Lanes Are No Longer Available '' . Clear . Verified Identity Pass , Inc . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather and Operations at SFO : A Primer for the Media '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco International Airport . January 2010 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` West Plan '' . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formation landing with a Boeing 747 - 400 at SFO '' . AvGeekery ( blog ) . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Plan '' . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fly Quiet Program -- Jon C. Long Fly Quiet Awards '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Residential Sound Insulation Program '' . SFO -- Aircraft Noise Abatement Office . BridgeNet International . September 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Payne , Andy T. `` San Francisco International Airport : Gateway to the Golden Gate , Part 1 : 1927 -- 1959 '' . Yesterday 's Airlines . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Andy T. `` San Francisco International Airport : Gateway to the Golden Gate , Part 2 : 1959 -- 1978 '' . Yesterday 's Airlines . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Andy T. `` San Francisco International Airport : Gateway to the Golden Gate , Part 3 : 1978 -- 2015 '' . Yesterday 's Airlines . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting at San Francisco -- Airport Maps and Connections -- Check - In & Immigration '' . Air New Zealand . 2013 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ McGinnis , Chris ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) . `` New `` secret passageway '' at SFO -- Chris McGinnis `` . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New options for Delta flyers at SFO -- TravelSkills '' . Web.archive.org. 2014 - 11 - 12 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Public Library -- Bay Region Business '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` negative : San Francisco International Airport ( SFO ) , dedication of South Terminal '' . SFO Museum . 15 September 1963 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Projects Slated at SF Airport '' . Los Angeles Times . July 13 , 1958 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hough , Bill ( 14 July 2016 ) . `` San Francisco Airport Breaks Ground on Terminal Reconstruction '' . Airways . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Feb 72 / Rotonda A '' . SFO Museum . February 1972 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Moxom , Marshall ( 2 July 1971 ) . `` Elevated Roadway Construction & Rotunda `` A '' Const `` . SFO Museum . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Airport Architects ( 29 January 1968 ) . `` SFO Rotunda Plans / Sections 9 '' . SFO Museum . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Howard A. ; Reitherman , Robert . Successful Architecture : Selected Works and Thought of Howard A. Friedman . H. Friedman Family . p. 66 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tabular LT Institutional Facilities '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terminal 1 Redevelopment '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CMAA Terminal 1 Redevelopment Program '' ( PDF ) . November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Joshua ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` SFO Terminal To Be Renamed in Honor of Harvey Milk '' . San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Allison ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` A First Look at SFO 's New Terminal 2 '' . 7x7.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ San Francisco International Airport Competition Plan ( PDF ) ( Report ) . San Francisco International Airport . August 8 , 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raine , George ( 13 May 2008 ) . `` SFO 's old international terminal to fly again '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Manekin , Michael ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` SFO Brings Ghost Terminal Back From the Dead '' . San Mateo County Times . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SFO 's renovated Terminal 2 is set to open April 14 and will house Virgin America and American Airlines '' . ABC7 News KGO - TV . San Francisco , California . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coté , John ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` SFO Terminal 2 ready for takeoff '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five New Public Artworks to Debut at San Francisco International Airport 's New Terminal 2 '' . Sfartscommission.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` SFO 's Terminal 2 Set to Re-Open in April '' ( Press release ) . San Francisco International Airport . 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Allday , Erin ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` SFO releases terminal renovation plans '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ King , John ( 8 February 2011 ) . `` SFO terminal plan may make security check less grim '' . San Francisco Chroncile . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Defence Security Report Archived September 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lucchesi , Paolo ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` SFO Terminal 2 to include sustainable food '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lucchesi , Paolo ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` SFO Terminal 2 dining a local , gourmet bounty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airlines at SFO '' . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Undergoes Marathon Expansion '' . Engineering News - Record . McGraw - Hill . 200 ( 1 ) : 18 . 1978 . Jump up ^ `` North Terminal construction begins at San Francisco International Airport '' . SFO Museum . 22 April 1971 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Terminal completed at San Francisco International Airport '' . SFO Museum . 1 January 1981 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco International Airport 's domestic terminals will be referred to by number beginning October 1 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . San Francisco Airport Commission . 28 September 2001 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Raine , George ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` SFO harnesses solar power for Terminal 3 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American to Relocate Operations at SFO to New Terminal 2 '' . Airlines and Destinations . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Airport Commission . 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FY14 / 15 Five - Year Capital Plan ( PDF ) ( Report ) . San Francisco International Airport . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` SFO terminal revamp ready for takeoff '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Yakel , Doug ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Join the E-Volution -- SFO Re-Opens Boarding Area E '' ( Press release ) . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bigelow , Catherine ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` United SFO terminal upgrades to 1st class glitz '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco International Airport Boarding Area E '' . City and County of San Francisco . March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet -- International Terminal '' ( PDF ) . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . January 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , David ( October 7 , 2003 ) . `` Terminal Gastronomy -- New Plan Brings Icons of the Bay Area 's Food - Loving Culture to the S.F. Airport '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . pp. B -- 1 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Franscisco Airport Commission Minutes '' ( PDF ) . 2005 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , David ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` Super-Size Skies -- SFO Says It 's Ready for a 555 - Person Plane Arriving in 2006 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications . pp. C -- 1 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A380 at SFO '' . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mission and History '' . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Todd , Gail ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` S.F. International Airport : Also an art museum '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Art Map '' . SFO Museum . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Xiao , An ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` Curating at the Airport : The SFO Museum '' . Hyperallergic . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TImetables '' . Aer Lingus . Jump up ^ `` TImetables '' . Aeroméxico . ^ Jump up to : `` Flight Schedules '' . Air Canada . Jump up ^ `` Flight Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Air France flight schedule '' . Air France . Jump up ^ `` Time Table - Air India '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight schedules - Air New Zealand '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.ibj.com/articles/69969-alaska-airlines-cutting-nonstop-indianapolis-to-san-francisco-flights Jump up ^ `` Flight Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timetables ( International Routes ) '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flight schedules and notifications '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Routes of Service '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Check itineraries '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timetables '' . British Airways . Jump up ^ `` Flight Timetable '' . Cathay Pacific . Jump up ^ `` Timetable China Airlines '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schedules and Timetable '' . China Eastern Airlines . Jump up ^ `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedule '' . Copa Airlines . ^ Jump up to : `` FLIGHT SCHEDULES '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Liu , Jim . `` El Al delays San Francisco launch to May 2019 '' . routesonline . UBM ( UK ) Ltd . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedule '' . El Al . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedules '' . Emirates . Jump up ^ `` Timetables and Downlaods '' . EVA Air . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Finnair flight timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May launch for French Blue 's Tahiti flights '' . Radio New Zealand News . Radio New Zealand . 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable - French Bee '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frontier '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Destinations '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedule '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight times - Iberia '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedule '' . Icelandair . Jump up ^ `` Flight Schedule '' . Interjet . Jump up ^ `` Japan Airlines Timetables '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue Airlines Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` View the Timetable '' . KLM . Jump up ^ `` Flight Status and Schedules '' . Korean Air . Jump up ^ `` Low - Cost Airline Brand LEVEL Announces Plans to Shift Nonstop Barcelona Flights from Oakland to SFO This Fall '' . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight arrivals and depatures '' . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable - Lufthansa Canada '' . Lufthansa . Jump up ^ `` Flight Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` QANTAS ' MELBOURNE -- SAN FRANCISCO FLIGHTS OPEN FOR BUSINESS '' . Qantas News Room ( Press release ) . The Official News Room of Qantas Airways Limited . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qantas Timetables '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable - SAS '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight schedules '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Check Flight Schedules '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Country Airlines '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable - Thomas Cook Airlines '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Online Flight Schedule '' . Turkish Airlines . Jump up ^ `` United adds new nonstops to Tahiti '' . 2017 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timetable '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive flight map '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volaris Flight Schedule '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight schedules '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Route Map '' . Wow air . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight schedules '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABX Air '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asiana Cargo Schedule '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China Airlines Cargo Schedule '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EVA Air Cargo Schedule '' ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Air Cargo '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCA Flight Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Nippon Cargo Airlines . Summer 2013 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RITA BTS Transtats '' . transtats.bts.gov . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Air Carriers : T - 100 International Market ( All Carriers ) '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . media.flysfo.com. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airtrain FAQ '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BART San Francisco Int'l Airport Station Schedule '' . San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District . November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SFO -- Millbrae Caltrain Shuttle '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2003 . Retrieved 2003 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Public Transit '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Route 399 Flyer / Timetable ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Redwood City , CA : SamTrans . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parking at a Glance '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BART -- Parking '' . Bart.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taxi Pick - Up Locations '' . flySFO.com . San Francisco International Airport . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/chicago/news/2013/03/20/united-airlines-extends-lease-on-san.html Jump up ^ https://www.unitedtechops.com/mro/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Take a tour of the maintenance facility for United Airlines '' . YouTube . 2016 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` America . '' Nippon Cargo Airlines . Retrieved on February 17 , 2012 . `` 900 North Access Road , San Francisco International Airport , San Francisco , CA 94128 , U.S.A. '' Jump up ^ Flight International . April 2 , 1964 . 523 . `` Head Office : International Airport , San Francisco , California . '' Jump up ^ `` World Airline Directory . '' Flight International . April 28 , 1979 . 1379 . `` Head Office : San Francisco International Airport , San Francisco , Ealif 94128 , USA . '' Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC - 3A - 197 NC16073 San Francisco International Airport , CA ( SFO ) '' . Aviation Safety Network . February 9 , 1937 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Major SFO crashes '' . SFGate . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 10 - 34 N31230 Redwood City , CA '' . Aviation Safety Network . September 12 , 1951 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC - 6 VH - BPE Half Moon Bay , CA '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC - 7C N740PA San Francisco International Airport , CA ( SFO ) '' . Aviation Safety Network . February 20 , 1959 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L - 1049H Super Constellation N9740Z San Francisco International Airport , CA ( SFO ) '' . Aviation Safety Network . February 3 , 1963 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft Accident Lockheed L - 1049H Super Constellation N6915C San Francisco '' . Aviation Safety Network . December 24 , 1964 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aircraft Accident Report -- Pan American World Airways , Boeing 747 , N747PA ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Washington , DC : National Transportation Safety Board . May 24 , 1972 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aircraft Accident Report -- Trans World Airlines , Inc. , Boeing 707 - 331C , N15712 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Washington , DC : National Transportation Safety Board . September 13 , 1972 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China Airlines B747SP Loss of Power and Inflight Upset '' . 2005 - 12 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lee , Henry K ( 11 June 2007 ) . `` Turboprop narrowly misses hitting jet at SFO '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Aviation Incident OPS07IA004A Final Report ( Report ) . National Transportation Safety Board . 30 November 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Issues Update On Boeing 767 Cargo Airplane Fire '' ( Press release ) . National Transportation Safety Board . July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aviation Accident DCA08MA076 Final Report ( Report ) . National Transportation Safety Board . 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McClam , Erin ; Arkin , Daniel ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Boeing 777 crashes while landing at San Francisco airport ; 2 dead ; scores injured '' . NBC News . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ; Somaiya , Ravi ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Plane Crashes on Landing in San Francisco '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing 777 crashes while landing at SFO '' . KTVU . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd fatality in Asiana flight crash '' . CBS News . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , William ; Swartz , Jon M. ; Strauss , Gary ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2 confirmed dead in San Francisco Airport crash '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asiana Crisis Management System '' ( Press release ) . Asiana Airlines . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Botelho , Greg ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` 2 die , 305 survive after airliner crashes , burns at San Francisco airport '' . CNN . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crash of Asiana Flight 214 Accident Report Summary '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Loriggio , Paola , ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Investigators probing close call with Air Canada jet at San Francisco airport '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hradecky , Simon . `` Incident : Canada A320 at San Francisco on Jul 7th 2017 , lined up with taxiway for landing '' . The Aviation Herald . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Bullitt ( 1968 ) '' . The Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco International Airport . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Francisco International Airport . San Francisco International Airport website San Francisco International Airport Community Roundtable Homepage San Francisco International Airport Live Flight Track ( ten - minute delay ) San Francisco International Airport Aircraft Noise Abatement Office Overscheduling at SFO FAA Airport Diagram ( PDF ) , effective July 19 , 2018 FAA Terminal Procedures for SFO , effective July 19 , 2018 Resources for this airport : AirNav airport information for KSFO ASN accident history for SFO FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA / NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KSFO FAA current SFO delay information OpenNav airspace and charts for KSFO <Th_colspan="2"> Airports in the San Francisco Bay Area Commercial San Francisco San Jose -- Mineta Oakland Sonoma County -- Schulz Federal Moffett Travis AFB ( Fairfield -- Suisun AAF ) General aviation ( tower ) Buchanan Hayward Livermore Napa County Palo Alto Reid -- Hillview San Carlos General aviation ( non-tower ) Angwin -- Parrett Byron Cloverdale Marin County -- Gnoss Half Moon Bay Healdsburg Hollister Nut Tree Petaluma Rio Vista Sonoma Skypark Sonoma Valley San Martin Watsonville Historical NAS Alameda Alum Rock Crissy Field Hamilton AAF Rio Vista ( original ) Santa Cruz <Th_colspan="2"> Major airports in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Atlanta ( Hartsfield -- Jackson -- ATL ) Baltimore ( Baltimore -- Washington -- BWI ) Boston ( Logan -- BOS ) Charlotte ( Douglas -- CLT ) Chicago Midway -- MDW O'Hare -- ORD Dallas -- Fort Worth ( Dallas / Fort Worth -- DFW ) Denver ( Denver -- DEN ) Detroit ( Detroit Metropolitan -- DTW ) Fort Lauderdale ( Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood -- FLL ) Honolulu ( Daniel K. 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-2,788,728,296,782,529,500 | in music it is the absence of a tonal center or definitive key | Tonality - Wikipedia Tonality Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical system . For linguistic feature , see tone ( linguistics ) . For tone colour , see timbre . For use of this term in photography , see tonal range . Perfect authentic cadence ( IV -- V -- I chord progression , in which we see the chords F major , G major , and then C major , in four - part harmony ) in C major Play ( help info ) . `` Tonal music is built around these tonic and dominant arrival points ( cadences ) , and they form one of the fundamental building blocks of musical structure '' ( Benjamin , Horvitz , and Nelson 2008 , 63 ) . Tonality is the arrangement of pitches and / or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations , stabilities , attractions and directionality . In this hierarchy , the individual pitch or triadic chord with the greatest stability is called the tonic . The root of the tonic chord forms the name given to the key ; so in the key of C major , the note C is both the tonic of the scale and the root of the tonic chord ( C -- E -- G ) . Simple folk music songs often start and end with the tonic note . The most common use of the term `` is to designate the arrangement of musical phenomena around a referential tonic in European music from about 1600 to about 1910 '' ( Hyer 2001 ) . Contemporary classical music from 1910 to the 2000s may practice or avoid any sort of tonality -- but harmony in almost all Western popular music remains tonal . Harmony in jazz includes many but not all tonal characteristics of the European common practice period , sometimes known as `` classical music '' . `` All harmonic idioms in popular music are tonal , and none is without function '' ( Tagg 2003 , 534 ) . Tonality is an organized system of tones ( e.g. , the tones of a major or minor scale ) in which one tone ( the tonic ) becomes the central point for the remaining tones . The other tones in a tonal piece are all defined in terms of their relationship to the tonic . In tonality , the tonic ( tonal center ) is the tone of complete relaxation and stability , the target toward which other tones lead ( Benward & Saker 2003 , 36 ) . The cadence ( coming to rest point ) in which the dominant chord or dominant seventh chord resolves to the tonic chord plays an important role in establishing the tonality of a piece . `` Tonal music is music that is unified and dimensional . Music is unified if it is exhaustively referable to a precompositional system generated by a single constructive principle derived from a basic scale - type ; it is dimensional if it can nonetheless be distinguished from that precompositional ordering '' ( Pitt 1995 , 299 ) . The term tonalité originated with Alexandre - Étienne Choron ( 1810 ) and was borrowed by François - Joseph Fétis in 1840 ( Reti 1958 , ; Simms 1975 , 119 ; Judd 1998a , 5 ; Heyer 2001 ; Brown 2005 , xiii ) . According to Carl Dahlhaus , however , the term tonalité was only coined by Castil - Blaze in 1821 ( Dahlhaus 1967 , 960 ; Dahlhaus 1980 , 51 ) . Although Fétis used it as a general term for a system of musical organization and spoke of types de tonalités rather than a single system , today the term is most often used to refer to major -- minor tonality , the system of musical organization of the common practice period . Major - minor tonality is also called harmonic tonality ( in the title of Carl Dahlhaus 1990 , translating the German harmonische Tonalität ) , diatonic tonality , common practice tonality , functional tonality , or just tonality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics and features 1.1 Systematic organization 1.2 Theoretical arrangement of pitches 1.3 Contrast with modal and atonal systems 1.4 Pre-modern concept 1.5 Referential tonic 1.6 Tonal theories 1.7 Synonym for `` key '' 1.8 Other perspectives 1.9 Form 1.10 Consonance and dissonance 1.11 Tonal musics 2 History and theory 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 3 Theoretical underpinnings 4 Outside common - practice period 5 Computational methods to determine the key 6 See also 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Characteristics and features ( edit ) At least eight distinct senses of the word `` tonality '' ( and corresponding adjective , `` tonal '' ) , some mutually exclusive , have been identified ( Hyer 2001 ) : Systematic organization ( edit ) First , the word tonality may describe any systematic organization of pitch phenomena in any music at all , including pre-17th century western music as well as much non-western music , such as music based on the slendro and pelog pitch collections of Indonesian gamelan , or employing the modal nuclei of the Arabic maqam or the Indian raga system . This sense also applies to the tonic / dominant / subdominant harmonic harmonic constellations in the theories of Jean - Philippe Rameau as well as the 144 basic transformations of twelve - tone technique . By the middle of the 20th century , it had become `` evident that triadic structure does not necessarily generate a tone center , that non-triadic harmonic formations may be made to function as referential elements , and that the assumption of a twelve - tone complex does not preclude the existence of tone centers ''. ( Perle 1991 , 8 ) For the composer and theorist George Perle , tonality is not `` a matter of ' tone - centeredness ' , whether based on a ' natural ' hierarchy of pitches derived from the overtone series or an ' artificial ' pre compositional ordering of the pitch material ; nor is it essentially connected to the kinds of pitch structures one finds in traditional diatonic music '' ( Pitt 1995 , 291 ) . This sense ( like some of the others ) is susceptible to ideological employment , as Schoenberg , did by relying on the idea of a progressive development in musical resources `` to compress divergent fin - de-siècle compositional practices into a single historical lineage in which his own music brings one historical era to a close and begins the next . '' From this point of view , twelve - tone music could be regarded `` either as the natural and inevitable culmination of an organic motivic process ( Webern ) or as a historical Aufhebung ( Adorno ) , the dialectical synthesis of late Romantic motivic practice on the one hand with a musical sublimation of tonality as pure system on the other '' ( Hyer 2001 ) . Theoretical arrangement of pitches ( edit ) In another sense , tonality means any rational and self - contained theoretical arrangement of musical pitches , existing prior to any concrete embodiment in music . For example , `` Sainsbury , who had Choron translated into English in 1825 , rendered the first occurrence of tonalité as a ' system of modes ' before matching it with the neologism ' tonality ' . While tonality qua system constitutes a theoretical ( and thus imaginative ) abstraction from actual music , it is often hypostatized in musicological discourse , converted from a theoretical structure into a musical reality . In this sense , it is understood as a Platonic form or prediscursive musical essence that suffuses music with intelligible sense , which exists before its concrete embodiment in music , and can thus be theorized and discussed apart from actual musical contexts '' ( Hyer 2001 ) . Contrast with modal and atonal Systems ( edit ) A third sense is a term to contrast with `` modal '' and `` atonal '' , the term tonality is used to imply that tonal music is discontinuous as a form of cultural expression from modal music ( before 1600 ) on the one hand and atonal music ( after 1910 ) on the other . Pre-modern concept ( edit ) In some literature , a fourth sense of tonality is a generic term applied to pre-modern music , referring to the eight modes of the Western church , implying that important historical continuities underlie music before and after the emergence of musical modernism around 1600 , with the difference between tonalité ancienne ( before 1600 ) and tonalité moderne ( after 1600 ) being one of emphasis rather than of kind . Referential tonic ( edit ) Fifth , in a general way , tonality can refer to a wide variety of musical phenomena ( harmonies , cadential formulae , harmonic progressions , melodic gestures , formal categories ) as arranged or understood in relation to a referential tonic . Tonal theories ( edit ) In a sixth , slightly different sense to the one above , tonality can also be used to refer to musical phenomena perceived or preinterpreted in terms of the categories of tonal theories . This is a psychophysical sense , where for example `` listeners tend to hear a given pitch as , for instance , an A above middle C , an augmented 4th above E ♭ , the minor 3rd in an F ♯ minor triad , a dominant in relation to D , or ( where the caret designates a scale degree ) in G major rather than a mere acoustical frequency , in this case 440 Hz '' ( Hyer 2001 ) . Synonym for `` key '' ( edit ) Seventh , the word tonality has more recently been used by amateur musicians and in popular music as a synonym for `` key '' -- in this sense meaning `` keyness '' This is the most common usage , referring to the arrangement of musical phenomena around a referential tonic , as found in European music from about 1600 to about 1910 , using two modal genera , major and minor Other perspectives ( edit ) Eighth , there is a loose assortment of ideas associated with the term . `` Tonal harmonies must always include the third of the chord '' ( Brown 2005 , 46 ) . In major and minor harmonies , the perfect fifth is often implied and understood by the listener even if it is not present . To function as a tonic , a chord must be either a major or a minor triad . Dominant function requires a major - quality triad with a root a perfect fifth above the affiliated tonic and containing the leading tone of the key . This dominant triad must be preceded by a chord progression that establishes the dominant as the penultimate goal of a motion that is completed by moving on to the tonic . In this final dominant - to - tonic progression , the leading tone normally ascends by semitone motion to the tonic scale degree ( Berry 1976 , 54 ; Brown 2005 , 4 ; Burnett and Nitzberg 2007 , 97 ; Rogers 2004 , 47 ) . A dominant seventh chord always consist of a major triad with an added minor seventh above the root . To achieve this in minor keys , the seventh scale degree must be raised to create a major triad on the dominant ( Duckworth 2015 , 225 ; Mayfield 2013 , 94 ) . David Cope ( 1997 , ) considers key , consonance and dissonance ( relaxation and tension , respectively ) , and hierarchical relationships the three most basic concepts in tonality . Carl Dahlhaus ( Dahlhaus 1990 , 102 ) lists the characteristic schemata of tonal harmony , `` typified in the compositional formulas of the 16th and early 17th centuries , '' as the `` complete cadence '' I -- ii -- V -- I , I -- IV -- V -- I , I -- IV -- I -- V -- I ; the circle of fifths progression I -- IV -- vii ° -- iii -- vi -- ii -- V -- I ; and the major -- minor parallelism : minor v -- i -- VII -- III equals major iii -- vi -- V -- I ; or minor III -- VII -- i -- v equals major I -- V -- vi -- iii . The last of these progressions is characterized by `` retrograde '' harmonic motion . Form ( edit ) Main article : Musical form Consonance and dissonance ( edit ) Main article : Consonance and dissonance The consonance and dissonance of different intervals plays an important role in establishing the tonality of a piece or section in common practice music and popular music . For example , for a simple folk music song in the key of C Major , almost all of the triadic chords in the song will be Major or minor chords which are stable and consonant ( e.g. , in the key of C Major , commonly - used chords will included d minor , F Major , G Major , etc . ) . The most commonly used dissonant chord in a pop song context is the dominant seventh chord built on the fifth scale degree ; in the key of C Major , this would be a G dominant seventh chord , or G7 chord , which contains the pitches G , B , D and F . This dominant seventh chord contains a dissonant tritone interval between the notes B and F. In pop music , the listener will expect this tritone to be resolved to a consonant , stable chord ( in this case , typically a C Major cadence ( coming to rest point ) or a deceptive cadence to an a minor chord ) . Tonal musics ( edit ) `` The larger portion of the world 's folk and art music can be categorized as tonal , '' as long as the definition is as follows : `` Tonal music gives priority to a single tone or tonic . In this kind of music all the constituent tones and resulting tonal relationships are heard and identified relative to their tonic '' ( Susanni 2012 , 66 ) . In this sense , `` All harmonic idioms in popular music are tonal , and none is without function '' ( Tagg 2003 , 534 ) . However , `` within the continuing hegemony of tonality there is evidence for a relatively separate tradition of genuine folk musics , which do not operate completely or even mainly according to the assumptions or rules of tonality. ... throughout the reign of tonality there seem to have existed subterranean folk musical traditions organized on principles different from tonality , and often modal : Celtic songs and blues are obvious examples '' ( Shepherd , Virden , Vulliamy , and Wishart 1977 , 156 ) . According to Allan Moore ( 1995 , 191 ) , `` part of the heritage of rock lies within common - practice tonality '' ( Burns 2000 , 213 ) but , because the leading - note / tonic relationship is `` axiomatic to the definition of common - practice tonality '' , and a fundamental feature of rock music 's identity is the absence of a diatonic leading tone , the harmonic practices of rock music , `` while sharing many features with classical tonality , are nonetheless distinct '' ( Moore 1995 , 187 ) . Power chords are especially problematic when trying to apply classical functional tonality to certain varieties of popular music . Genres such as heavy metal , new wave , punk rock , and grunge music `` took power chords into new arenas , often with a reduced emphasis on tonal function . These genres are often expressed in two parts -- a bass line doubled in fifths , and a singe vocal part . Power chord technique was often allied with modal procedure '' ( Everett 2000 , 331 ) . Much jazz is tonal , but `` functional tonality in jazz has different properties than that of common - practice classical music . These properties are represented by a unique set of rules dictating the unfolding of harmonic function , voice - leading conventions , and the overall behavior of chord tones and chordal extensions '' ( Terefenko 2014 , 26 ) . History and Theory ( edit ) 18th century ( edit ) Jean - Philippe Rameau 's Treatise on Harmony ( 1722 ) is the earliest effort to explain tonal harmony through a coherent system based on acoustical principles ( Girdlestone 1969 , 520 ) , built upon the functional unit being the triad , with inversions . 19th century ( edit ) The term `` tonalité '' ( tonality ) was first used in 1810 by Alexandre Choron in the preface `` Sommaire de l'histoire de la musique '' ( Brown 2005 , xiii ) to the `` Dictionnaire historique des musiciens artistes et amateurs '' ( which he published in collaboration with François - Joseph - Marie Fayolle ) to describe the arrangement of the dominant and subdominant above and below the tonic -- a constellation that had been made familiar by Rameau . According to Choron , this pattern , which he called tonalité moderne , distinguished modern music 's harmonic organization from that of earlier ( pre 17th century ) music , including `` tonalité des Grecs '' ( ancient Greek modes ) and `` tonalité ecclésiastique '' ( plainchant ) ( Choron 1810 , xxxvii -- xl ; Hyer 2001 ) . According to Choron , the beginnings of this modern tonality are found in the music of Claudio Monteverdi around the year 1595 , but it was more than a century later that the full application of tonal harmony finally supplanted the older reliance on the melodic orientation of the church modes , in the music of the Neapolitan School -- most especially that of Francesco Durante ( Choron 1810 , xxxviii , xl ) . François - Joseph Fétis developed the concept of tonalité in the 1830s and 1840s ( Brown 2005 , xiii ) , finally codifying his theory of tonality in 1844 , in his Traité complet de la théorie et de la pratique de l'harmonie ( Hyer 2001 ; Wangermée and Ellis 2001 ) . Fétis saw tonalité moderne as the historically evolving phenomenon with three stages : tonality of ordre transitonique ( `` transitonic order '' ) , of ordre pluritonique ( `` pluritonic order '' ) and , finally , ordre omnitonique ( `` omnitonic order '' ) . The `` transitonic '' phase of tonality he connected with the late Monteverdi . He described his earliest example of tonalité moderne thus : `` In the passage quoted here from Monteverdi 's madrigal ( Cruda amarilli , mm . 9 -- 19 and 24 -- 30 ) , one sees a tonality determined by the accord parfait ( root position major chord ) on the tonic , by the sixth chord assigned to the chords on the third and seventh degrees of the scale , by the optional choice of the accord parfait or the sixth chord on the sixth degree , and finally , by the accord parfait and , above all , by the unprepared seventh chord ( with major third ) on the dominant '' ( Fétis 1844 , 171 ) . Among most subtle representatives of `` pluritonic order '' there were Mozart and Rossini ; this stage he saw as the culmination and perfection of tonalité moderne . The romantic tonality of Berlioz and especially Wagner he related to `` omnitonic order '' with its `` insatiable desire for modulation '' ( Hyer 2002 , 748 ) . His prophetic vision of the omnitonic order ( though he did n't approve it personally ) as the way of further development of tonality was a remarkable innovation to historic and theoretic concepts of the 19th century ( Simms 1975 , 132 ) . Tonalité ancienne Fetis described as tonality of ordre unitonique ( establishing one key and remaining in that key for the duration of the piece ) . The principal example of this `` unitonic order '' tonality he saw in the Western plainchant . Fétis believed that tonality , tonalité moderne , was entirely cultural , saying , `` For the elements of music , nature provides nothing but a multitude of tones differing in pitch , duration , and intensity by the greater or least degree ... The conception of the relationships that exist among them is awakened in the intellect , and , by the action of sensitivity on the one hand , and will on the other , the mind coordinates the tones into different series , each of which corresponds to a particular class of emotions , sentiments , and ideas . Hence these series become various types of tonalities . '' ( Fétis 1844 , 11 -- 12 ) `` But one will say , ' What is the principle behind these scales , and what , if not acoustic phenomena and the laws of mathematics , has set the order of their tones ? ' I respond that this principle is purely metaphysical ( anthropological ) . We conceive this order and the melodic and harmonic phenomena that spring from it out of our conformation and education . '' ( Fétis 1844 , 249 ) Fétis ' `` Traité complet '' was very popular . In France alone the book was printed between 1844 and 1903 twenty times . The 1st edition was printed in Paris and Brussels in 1844 , the 9th edition was printed in Paris in 1864 , and the 20th edition was printed in Paris in 1903 . For more bibliographical information , see worldcat.org . In contrast , Hugo Riemann believed tonality , `` affinities between tones '' or Tonverwandtschaften , was entirely natural and , following Moritz Hauptmann ( 1853 ) , that the major third and perfect fifth were the only `` directly intelligible '' intervals , and that I , IV , and V , the tonic , subdominant , and dominant were related by the perfect fifths between their root notes ( Dahlhaus 1990 , 101 -- 02 ) . It is in this era that the word tonality was popularized by Fétis ( Wangermée and Ellis 2001 ) . Theorists such as Hugo Riemann , and later Edward Lowinsky ( 1962 ) and others , pushed back the date when modern tonality began , and the cadence began to be seen as the definitive way that a tonality is established in a work of music ( Judd 1998 ) . In the music of some late - Romantic or post-Romantic composers such as Richard Wagner , Hugo Wolf , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Anton Bruckner , Gustav Mahler , Richard Strauss , Alexander Scriabin , and others , we find a variety of harmonic and linear procedures that have the effect of weakening functional tonality . These procedures may produce a suspension of tonality or may create a sense of tonal ambiguity , even to the point that at times the sense of tonality is completely lost . Schoenberg described this kind of tonality ( with references to the music of Wagner , Mahler , and himself , amongst others ) as `` aufgehobene Tonalität '' and `` schwebende Tonalität '' ( Schoenberg 1922 , 444 , 459 -- 60 ) , usually rendered in English as `` suspended '' ( `` not in effect '' , `` cancelled '' ) tonality and `` fluctuating '' ( `` suspended '' , `` not yet decided '' ) tonality , respectively ( Schoenberg 1978 , 383 ) . 20th century ( edit ) In the early 20th century , the tonality that had prevailed since the 17th century was seen to have reached a crisis or break down point . Because of the `` ... increased use of the ambiguous chords , the less probable harmonic progressions , and the more unusual melodic and rhythmic inflections , '' ( Meyer 1967 , 241 ) the syntax of functional harmony loosened to the point where , `` At best , the felt probabilities of the style system had become obscure ; at worst , they were approaching a uniformity which provided few guides for either composition or listening . '' ( Meyer 1967 , 241 ) Tonality may be considered generally , with no restrictions on the date or place the music was produced , and little restriction on the materials and methods used . This definition includes pre-17th century western music , as well as much non-western music . By the middle of the 20th century , it had become `` evident that triadic structure does not necessarily generate a tone center , that non-triadic harmonic formations may be made to function as referential elements , and that the assumption of a twelve - tone complex does not preclude the existence of tone centers '' ( Perle 1991 , 8 ) . For the composer and theorist George Perle , tonality is not `` a matter of ' tone - centeredness ' , whether based on a ' natural ' hierarchy of pitches derived from the overtone series or an ' artificial ' pre compositional ordering of the pitch material ; nor is it essentially connected to the kinds of pitch structures one finds in traditional diatonic music '' ( Pitt 1995 , 291 ) . Theoretical underpinnings ( edit ) One area of disagreement going back to the origin of the term tonality is whether tonality is natural or inherent in acoustical phenomena , whether it is inherent in the human nervous system or a psychological construct , whether it is inborn or learned , and to what degree it is all these things ( Meyer 1967 , 236 ) . A viewpoint held by many theorists since the third quarter of the 19th century , following the publication in 1862 of the first edition of Helmholtz 's On the Sensation of Tone ( Helmholtz 1877 ) , holds that diatonic scales and tonality arise from natural overtones ( Riemann 1872 , Riemann 1875 , Riemann 1882 , Riemann 1893 , Riemann 1905 , Riemann & 1914 -- 15 ; Schenker & 1906 -- 35 ; Hindemith & 1937 -- 70 ) . Rudolph Réti differentiates between harmonic tonality of the traditional kind found in homophony , and melodic tonality , as in monophony . In the harmonic kind , tonality is produced through the V - I chord progression , . He argues that in the progression I-x-V-I ( and all progressions ) , V-I is the only step `` which as such produces the effect of tonality , '' and that all other chord successions , diatonic or not , being more or less similar to the tonic - dominant , are `` the composer 's free invention . '' He describes melodic tonality ( the term coined independently and 10 years earlier by Estonian composer Jaan Soonvald ( Rais 1992 , 46 ) ) as being `` entirely different from the classical type , '' wherein , `` the whole line is to be understood as a musical unit mainly through its relationship to this basic note ( the tonic ) , '' this note not always being the tonic as interpreted according to harmonic tonality . His examples are ancient Jewish and Gregorian chant and other Eastern music , and he points out how these melodies often may be interrupted at any point and returned to the tonic , yet harmonically tonal melodies , such as that from Mozart 's The Magic Flute below , are actually `` strict harmonic - rhythmic pattern ( s ) , '' and include many points `` from which it is impossible , that is , illogical , unless we want to destroy the innermost sense of the whole line '' to return to the tonic ( Reti 1958 , ) . Play normally ( help info ) and compare with impossible return ( help info ) after B ♮ x = return to tonic near inevitable x ( circled x ) = possible but not inevitable circle = impossible ( Reti 1958 , ) Consequently , he argues , melodically tonal melodies resist harmonization and only reemerge in western music after , `` harmonic tonality was abandoned , '' as in the music of Claude Debussy : `` melodic tonality plus modulation is ( Debussy 's ) modern tonality '' ( Reti 1958 , 23 ) . Outside common - practice period ( edit ) The noun `` tonality '' and adjective `` tonal '' are widely applied also , in studies of early and modern Western music , and in non-Western traditional music ( Arabic maqam , Indian raga , Indonesian slendro etc . ) , to the `` systematic arrangements of pitch phenomena and relations between them '' ( Hyer 2001 ; Hyer 2002 ) . Felix Wörner , Ullrich Scheideler , and Philip Rupprecht in the introduction to a collection of essays dedicated to the concept and practice of tonality between 1900 and 1950 describe it generally as `` the awareness of key in music '' ( Wörner , Scheideler , and Rupprecht 2012 , 11 ) . Harold Powers , in a series of articles , used terms `` sixteenth - century tonalities '' ( Powers 1981 , 439 ; Powers 1992 , 12 ; Powers 1996 , 221 ) and `` Renaissance tonality '' ( Powers 1996 , 226 ) . He borrowed German `` Tonartentyp '' from Siegfried Hermelink ( 1960 ) , who related it to Palestrina , translated it into English as `` tonal type '' ( Powers 1981 , 439 ) , and systematically applied the concept of `` tonal types '' to Renaissance sacred and paraliturgical polyphony . Cristle Collins Judd ( the author of many articles and a thesis dedicated to the early pitch systems ) found `` tonalities '' in this sense in motets of Josquin Desprez ( Judd 1992 ) . Judd also wrote of `` chant - based tonality '' ( Judd 1998c ) , meaning `` tonal '' polyphonic compositions based on plainchant . Peter Lefferts found `` tonal types '' in the French polyphonic chanson of the 14th century ( Lefferts 1995 ) , Italian musicologists Marco Mangani and Daniele Sabaino in the late Renaissance music ( Mangani and Sabaino 2008 ) , and so on . The wide usage of `` tonality '' and `` tonal '' has been supported by several other musicologists ( of diverse provenance ) ; it can be traced , e.g. , in the articles collected in Judd 1998a . A possible reason for this broader usage of terms `` tonality '' and `` tonal '' is the attempt to translate German `` Tonart '' as `` tonality '' and `` Tonarten - '' prefix as `` tonal '' ( for example , it is rendered so in the seminal New Grove article `` Mode '' , Powers et al. 2001 , § V , 1 , et passim ; Powers 1981 , 441 ; Powers 1982 , 59 , 61 etc . ) . Therefore , two different German words `` Tonart '' and `` Tonalität '' have sometimes been translated as `` tonality '' although they are not the same words in German . Riemann 's illustration of a non-diatonic cadence possessing Tonalität without Tonart ( Kopp 2011 , 401 ) Play ( help info ) In 1882 , Hugo Riemann defined the term Tonalität specifically to include chromatic as well as diatonic relationships to a tonic , in contrast to the usual diatonic concept of Tonart . In the neo-Riemannian theory of the late 20th century , however , the same chromatic chord relations cited by Riemann came to be regarded as a fundamental example of nontonal triadic relations , reinterpreted as a product of the hexatonic cycle ( the six - pitch - class set forming a scale of alternating minor thirds and semitones , Forte 's set - type 6 -- 20 , but manifested as a succession of from four to six alternating major and minor triads ) , defined without reference to a tonic ( Cohn 1996 , 18 , et passim ; Kopp 2011 , 401 ) . In the 20th century , music that no longer conformed to the strict definition of common - practice tonality could nevertheless still involve musical phenomena ( harmonies , cadential formulae , harmonic progressions , melodic gestures , formal categories ) arranged or understood in relation to a referential tonic ( Hyer 2001 ) . For example , the closing bars of the first movement of Béla Bartók 's Music for Strings , Percussion , and Celesta do not involve a composed - out triad , but rather a diverging - converging pair of chromatic lines moving from a unison A to an octave E ♭ and back to a unison A again , providing a framing `` deep structure '' based on a tritone relationship that nevertheless is not analogous to a tonic - dominant axis , but rather remains within the single functional domain of the tonic , A ( Agawu 2009 , 72 ) . To distinguish this species of tonality ( found also , for example , in the music of Barber , Berg , Bernstein , Britten , Fine , Hindemith , Poulenc , Prokofiev , and , especially , Stravinsky ) from the stricter kind associated with the 18th century , some writers use the term `` neotonality '' ( Burkholder , Grout , and Palisca 2009 , 838 , 885 ; Silberman 2006 , v , 2 , 33 , 37 , 58 , 65 , 108 ) , while others prefer to use the term centricity ( Straus 2000 , 112 -- 14 ) , and still others retain the term , tonality ( White 1979 , 558 ) , in its broader sense , or use word combinations like extended tonality ( Kholopov ; Lyzhov ) . Computational methods to determine the key ( edit ) In music information retrieval , techniques have been developed to determine the key of a piece of classical Western music ( recorded in audio data format ) automatically . These methods are often based on a compressed representation of the pitch content in a 12 - dimensional pitch - class profile ( chromagram ) and a subsequent procedure that finds the best match between this representation and one of the prototype vectors of the 24 minor and major keys ( Purwins , Blankertz , and Obermayer 2000 , 270 -- 72 ) . For implementation , often the constant - Q transform is used , displaying the musical signal on a log frequency scale . Although a radical ( over ) simplification of the concept of tonality , such methods can predict the key of classical Western music well for most pieces . Other methods also take into consideration the sequentiality of music . See also ( edit ) Music portal History of music Harry Partch ' Otonality and Utonality Peter Westergaard 's tonal theory Polytonality Tonality diamond Schenkerian analysis Sources ( edit ) Alembert , Jean le Rond d '. 1752 . Elémens de musique , theorique et pratique , suivant les principes de m . 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In Expression in Pop - Rock Music : A Collection of Critical and Analytical Essays , edited by Walter Everett , 269 -- 346 . New York : Garland Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3160 - 6 . Fétis , François - Joseph . 1844 . Traité complet de la théorie et de la pratique de l'harmonie contenant la doctrine de la science et de l'art . Brussels : Conservatoire de Musique ; Paris : Maurice Schlesinger . English edition , as Complete Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Harmony , translated by Peter M Landey . Harmonologia : Studies in Music Theory 13 . Hillsdale , NY : Pendragon Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57647 - 111 - 1 . Girdlestone , Cuthbert. 1969 . Jean - Philippe Rameau : His Life and Work , revised and enlarged edition . New York : Dover Publications , Inc . Gustin , Molly. 1969 . Tonality . New York : Philosophical Library . LCCN 68 - 18735 . Harrison , Lou . 1992 . `` Entune . '' Contemporary Music Review 6 , no . 2 : 9 -- 10 . Hauptmann , Moritz. 1853 . Die Natur der Harmonik und der Metrik . Leipzig : Breitkopf und Härtel . Helmholtz , Hermann von . 1877 . Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik . Fourth edition . Braunschweig : F. Vieweg . English , as On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music . Second English edition , translated , thoroughly revised and corrected , rendered conformal to the 4th ( and last ) German ed. of 1877 , with numerous additional notes and a new additional appendix bringing down information to 1885 , and especially adapted to the use of music students , by Alexander J. Ellis . With a new introduction ( 1954 ) by Henry Margenau . New York , Dover Publications , 1954 . Hermelink , Siegfried. 1960 . Dispositiones modorum : die Tonarten in der Musik Palestrinas und seiner Zeitgenossen . Münchner Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte 4 . Tutzing : Hans Schneider . Hindemith , Paul . Unterweisung im Tonsatz. 3 vols . Mainz , B. Schott 's Söhne , 1937 -- 70 . First two volumes in English , as The Craft of Musical Composition , translated by Arthur Mendel and Otto Ortmann . New York : Associated Music Publishers ; London : Schott & Co. , 1941 -- 42 . Hyer , Brian . 2001 . `` Tonality '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 239 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 60800 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 0195170672 ( hc ) Hyer , Brian . 2002 . `` Tonality '' . The Cambridge History of Western Music Theory , edited by Thomas Christensen , 726 -- 52 . Cambridge , New York , Port Melbourne , Madrid , and Cape Town : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62371 - 5 ( mostly reprint of Hyer 2001 , but with some essential edits ) . Janata , Petr , Jeffery L. Birk , John D. Van Horn , Marc Leman , Barbara Tillmann , and Jamshed J. Bharucha. 2002 . `` The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music . '' Science 298 , no . 5601 ( December 13 ) : 2167 -- 70 . Judd , Cristle Collins . 1992 . `` Modal Types and `` Ut , Re , Mi '' Tonalities : Tonal Coherence in Sacred Vocal Polyphony from about 1500 `` . Journal of the American Musicological Society 45 : 428 -- 67 . Judd , Cristle Collins. 1998a . Tonal Structures in Early Music . New York ; London : Garland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2388 - 3 . Judd , Cristle Collins . 1998b . `` Introduction : Analyzing Early Music '' , Tonal Structures of Early Music , edited by Cristle Collins Judd , 3 -- 13 . New York : Garland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2388 - 3 . Judd , Cristle Collins . 1998c . `` Josquin 's Gospel Motets and Chant - Based Tonality '' , Tonal Structures of Early Music , edited by Cristle Collins Judd , 3 -- 13 . New York : Garland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2388 - 3 . Kepler , Johannes. 1619 . Harmonices mundi ( Latin : The Harmony of the World ) . Linz : Godofredo Tampechi . Kholopov , Yuri. . Kilmer , Anne Draffkorn , Richard L. Crocker , and Robert R. Brown . 1976 . Sounds from Silence , Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music . LP sound recording , 331⁄3 rpm , 12 inch , with bibliography ( 23 p. ill . ) laid in container . ( n.p. ) : Bit Enki Records . LCC # 75 - 750773 / R . Kopp , David . 2011 . `` Chromaticism and the Question of Tonality . The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Riemannian Music Theories , edited by Edward Gollin and Alexander Rehding , 400 -- 18 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532133 - 3 . Lefferts , Peter . 1995 . `` Signature - Systems and Tonal Types in the Fourteenth - Century French Chanson '' . Plainsong and Medieval Music 4 : 117 -- 47 . Lowinsky , Edward . 1962 . Tonality and Atonality in Sixteenth - Century Music . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Lyzhov. . Mangani , Marco , and Daniele Sabaino. 2008 . `` Tonal Types and Modal Attribution in Late Renaissance Polyphony : New Observations '' . Acta Musicologica 80 : 231 -- 50 . Marpurg , Friedrich Wilhelm. 1753 -- 54 . Abhandlung von der Fuge nach dem Grundsätzen der besten deutschen und ausländischen Meister. 2 vols . Berlin : A. Haude , und J.C. Spener . Marpurg , Friedrich Wilhelm. 1757 . Systematische Einleitung in die musikalische Setzkunst , nach den Lehrsätzen des Herrn Rameau , Leipzig : J.G.I. Breitkopf . ( translation of D'Alembert 1752 ) Mayfield , Connie . 2013 . Theory Essentials , second edition . Boston : Schirmer Cengage Learning . Meyer , Leonard B. 1967 . Music , the Arts , and Ideas : Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth - Century Culture . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . Moore , Allan F. 1995 . `` The So - called ' Flattened Seventh ' in Rock '' . Popular Music 14 , no . 2 : 185 -- 201 . Reprinted in Allan F. Moore , Critical Essays in Popular Musicology , 283 -- 300 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 2647 - 3 . Perle , George . 1978 . Twelve - Tone Tonality . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03387 - 0 ( first edition reprinted 1996 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20142 - 6 ; second edition 1995 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20142 - 2 ) . Perle , George . 1991 . Serial Composition and Atonality : An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg , Berg , and Webern , sixth edition , revised . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07430 - 0 . Pitt , David . 1995 . `` What Is Tonality ? '' International Journal of Musicology 4 ( `` A Birthday Offering for George Perle '' , edited by Gary S. Karpinski ) : 291 -- 300 . Pleasants , Henry . 1955 The Agony of Modern Music . New York : Simon & Schuster . LCC # 54 - 12361 . Powers , Harold . 1981 . `` Tonal Types and Modal Categories in Renaissance Polyphony '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society 34 , no . 3 ( Autumn ) : 428 -- 70 . Powers , Harold . 1982 . `` Modal representations in polyphonic offertories '' . Early Music History 2 : 43 -- 86 . Powers , Harold . 1992 . `` Is Mode Real ? Pietro Aron , the Octenary System and Polyphony '' . Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 16 : 9 -- 52 . Powers , Harold . 1996 . `` Anomalous Modalities '' . In Orlando di Lasso in der Musikgeschichte , edited by Bernhold Schmid , 221 -- 42 . Munich : Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften . Powers , Harold S. , James Cowdery , Ruth Davis , Stephen Jones , Allan Marett , Marc Perlman , James Porter , Richard Widdess , Frans Wiering. 2001 . `` Mode '' The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 239 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 60800 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 0195170672 ( hc ) Purwins , Hendrik , Benjamin Blankertz , and Klaus Obermayer. 2000 . A New Method for Tracking Modulations in Tonal Music in Audio Data Format . `` International Joint Conference on Neural Networks '' 6 : 270 -- 75 . Rais , Mark . 1992 . `` Jaan Soonvald and His Musical System '' . Leonardo Music Journal 2 , no . 1 : 45 -- 47 . Rameau , Jean - Philippe. 1722 . Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels . Paris : Ballard . Rameau , Jean - Philippe. 1726 . Nouveau Systême de Musique Theorique , où l'on découvre le Principe de toutes les Regles necessaires à la Pratique , Pour servir d'Introduction au Traité de l'Harmonie . Paris : L'Imprimerie de Jean - Baptiste - Christophe Ballard . Rameau , Jean - Philippe. 1737 . Génération harmonique , ou Traité de musique théorique et pratique . Paris : Prault fils . Rameau , Jean - Philippe. 1750 . Démonstration du Principe de L'Harmonie , Servant de base à tout l'Art Musical théorique et pratique . Paris : Durand et Pissot . Reichert , Georg. 1962 . `` Tonart und Tonalität in der älteren Musik '' . Musikalische Zeitfragen , edited by Walter Wiora , 10 . Kassel : Bärenreiter Verlag , SS . 97 -- 104 . Reti , Rudolph . 1958 . Tonality , Atonality , Pantonality : A Study of Some Trends in Twentieth Century Music . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 20478 - 0 . Riemann , Hugo . 1872 . `` Üeber Tonalität . '' Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 68 . 443 -- 45 , 451 -- 54 English translation by Mark McCune as `` Hugo Riemann 's ' Ueber Tonalität ' : A Translation '' . Theoria 1 ( 1985 ) : 132 -- 50 . Riemann , Hugo . 1875 . `` Die objective Existenz der Untertöne in der Schallwelle '' . Allgemeine Musikzeitung 2 : 205 -- 6 , 213 -- 15 . Riemann , Hugo . 1882 . Die Natur der Harmonik . Sammlung musikalischer Vorträge 40 , ed . Paul Graf Waldersee . Leipzig : Breitkopf und Härtel . Riemann , Hugo . 1893 . Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder die Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde . London & New York : Augener & Co. ( 2d ed. 1903 . ) Translated 1895 as Harmony Simplified , or the Theory of the Tonal Functions of Chords . London : Augener & Co . Riemann , Hugo . 1905 . `` Das Problem des harmonischen Dualismus '' . Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 101 : 3 -- 5 , 23 -- 26 , 43 -- 46 , 67 -- 70 . Riemann , Hugo . 1914 -- 15 . `` Ideen zu einer ' Lehre von den Tonvorstellungen ' '' . Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters 1914 -- 15 : 1 -- 26 . Riemann , Hugo . n.d. ; cited in Gurlitt , W. ( 1950 ) . `` Hugo Riemann ( 1849 -- 1919 ) '' . Rogers , Michael R. 2004 . Teaching Approaches in Music Theory : An Overview of Pedagogical Philosophies , second edition . ( Carbondale ) : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 1147 - X ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2595 - 0 ( pbk ) . Samson , Jim . 1977 . Music in Transition : A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality , 1900 -- 1920 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02193 - 9 . Schellenberg , E. Glenn , and Sandra E. Trehub. 1996 . `` Natural Musical Intervals : Evidence from Infant Listeners '' Psychological Science Vol. 7 , no . 5 ( September ) : 272 -- 77 . Schenker , Heinrich. 1906 -- 35 . Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien. 3 vols. in 4 . Vienna and Leipzig : Universal Edition . Schenker , Heinrich. 1954 . Harmony , edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas ; translated by Elisabeth Mann - Borgese . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . OCLC 280916 . Translation of Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien 1 : Harmonielehre . ( Reprinted Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 69044 - 6 . ) Schenker , Heinrich. 1979 . Free Composition , translated and edited by Ernst Oster . New York : Longman . Translation of Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien 3 : Der freie Satz . ISBN 0 - 582 - 28073 - 7 . Schenker , Heinrich. 1987 . Counterpoint , translated by John Rothgeb and Jürgen Thym ; edited by John Rothgeb. 2 vols . New York : Schirmer Books ; London : Collier Macmillan . Translation of Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien 2 : Kontrapunkt . ISBN 0 - 02 - 873220 - 0 . Schoenberg , Arnold . 1922 . Harmonielehre , third edition . Vienna : Universal - Edition . Schoenberg , Arnold . 1978 . Theory of Harmony , translated by Roy E. Carter . Berkeley & Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03464 - 3 . Reprinted 1983 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04945 - 4 . Pbk ed. 1983 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04944 - 6 . Shepherd , John , Phil Virden , Graham Vulliamy , and Trevor Wishart. 1977 . Whose Music ? A Sociology of Musical Languages . London : Latimer . Reprinted , Picataway , NJ : Transaction Publishers , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87855 - 384 - 6 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 87855 - 815 - 5 ( pbk ) . Silberman , Peter Scott . 2006 . `` Neighbor Spaces : A Theory of Harmonic Embellishment for Twentieth - Century Neotonal Music '' . PhD diss . Rochester : University of Rochester , Eastman School of Music . Simms , Bryan . 1975 . `` Choron , Fétis , and the Theory of Tonality '' . Journal of Music Theory 19 , no . 1 ( Spring ) : 112 -- 38 . Stegemann , Benedikt. 2013 . Theory of Tonality , translated by David LeClair . Theoretical Studies . Wilhelmshaven : Noetzel . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7959 - 0963 - 5 . Straus , Joseph N. 2000 . Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory , second edition . Upper Saddle River : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 014331 - 6 . Susanni , Paolo , and Elliott Antokoletz. 2012 . Music and Twentieth - Century Tonality : Harmonic Progression Based on Modality and the Interval Cycles . New York and London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 80888 - 0 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 31421 - 6 ( ebook ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 11929 - 7 ( ebook ) . Tagg , Philip . 2003 . `` Harmony '' . Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Part 1 Performance and Production , edited by John Shepherd , David Horn , Dave Laing , Paul Oliver , and Peter Wicke . London & New York : A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84714 - 472 - 0 . Terefenko , Dariusz. 2014 . Jazz Theory : From Basic to Advanced Study . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 53759 - 9 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 53761 - 2 ( pbk ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 38000 - 0 ( ebook ) . Thomson , William . 1999 . Tonality in Music : A General Theory . San Marino , Calif. : Everett Books . ISBN 0 - 940459 - 19 - 1 . Wangermée , Robert , and Katharine Ellis . 2001 . `` Fétis : ( 1 ) François - Joseph Fétis '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 239 - 5 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 60800 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 0195170672 ( hc ) . West , Martin Litchfield. 1994 . `` The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts '' . Music and Letters 75 , no . 2 ( May ) : 161 -- 79 . White , Eric Walter . 1979 . Stravinsky : The Composer and His Works , second edition . Berkeley and Los Angeles : The University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03985 - 8 . Wörner , Felix , Ulrich Scheideler , and Philip Ernst Rupprecht. 2012 . `` Introduction '' . In Tonality 1900 -- 1950 : Concept and Practice , edited by Felix Wörner , Ulrich Scheideler , and Philip Ernst Rupprecht , 11 -- 24 . Musikwissenschaft . Stuttgart : Steiner Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 10160 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Jim Samson ( 1977 ) suggests the following discussions of tonality as defined by Fétis , Helmholtz , Riemann , D'Indy , Adler , Yasser , and others : Beswick , Delbert M. 1950 . `` The Problem of Tonality in Seventeenth Century Music '' . Ph. D. thesis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina . p. 1 -- 29 . OCLC accession number 12778863 . Shirlaw , Matthew . 1917 . The Theory of Harmony : An Inquiry into the Natural Principles of Harmony ; with an Examination of the Chief Systems of Harmony from Rameau to the Present Day . London : Novello & Co . ( Reprinted New York : Da Capo Press , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71658 - 5 . ) Agawu , Kofi. 2009 . Music as Discourse : Semiotic Adventures in Romantic Music . Oxford Studies in Music Theory . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537024 - 9 . Blum , Stephen . 2006 . `` Navā'i : A Musical Genre of Northeastern Iran '' . In Analytical Studies in World Music , edited by Michael Tenzer , 41 -- 57 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517788 - 6 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517789 - 3 ( pbk ) Cohn , Richard . 2012 . Audacious Euphony : Chromatic Harmony and the Triad 's Second Nature . Oxford Studies in Music Theory . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977269 - 8 . DeVoto , Mark . 2004 . Debussy and the Veil of Tonality : Essays on His Music . Dimension and Diversity : Studies in 20th - century Music 4 . N.p. : Pendragon Press . ISBN 1 - 57647 - 090 - 3 . Manuel , Peter . 2006 . `` Flamenco in Focus : An Analysis of a Performance of Soleares '' . In Analytical Studies in World Music , edited by Michael Tenzer , 92 -- 119 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517788 - 6 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517789 - 3 ( pbk ) Rings , Steven . 2011 . Tonality and Transformation . Oxford Studies in Music Theory . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538427 - 7 . Roig - Francolí , Miguel A. 2008 . Understanding Post-Tonal Music . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 293624 - X . Tymoczko , Dmitri. 2011 . A Geometry of Music : Harmony and Counterpoint in the Extended Common Practice . Oxford Studies in Music Theory . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533667 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tonality `` Music Fundamentals : Tonal Music '' PDF , BigComposer.com `` Tonal Harmony : Reference Materials for the Undergraduate Theory Student '' , RobertKelleyPhd.com `` Tonality , Modality , and Atonality '' , SolomonsMusic.net `` Reference Guide to Tonal Music '' , TonalityGUIDE.com Tonalcentre.org : `` explains and demonstrates some of the key concepts of tonality '' `` Algebra of Tonal Functions '' , Sonantometry.blogspot.com `` A model of analysis for the tonal harmonic discourse '' , BW.Musique.UMontreal.ca <Th_colspan="3"> Tonality <Td_colspan="2"> Cadence Circle of fifths Consonance and dissonance Diatonic scale Diatonic function Secondary function Figured bass Just intonation Key Major and minor Modulation Neotonality Ostinato Otonality and Utonality Parallel key Polytonality Progressive tonality Schenkerian analysis Sonata form Tonality diamond Tonicization Voice leading <Th_colspan="2"> Timbre <Td_colspan="2"> Colors of noise Fundamental frequency Jivari Loudness Microinflection Noise Overtone Pitch Rustle noise Sawari Spectral envelope Sympathetic string Tonality Waveform BNF : cb11965068x ( data ) GND : 4185654 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonality&oldid=839285295 '' Categories : Tonality Harmony Music theory Classical music Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2009 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles needing more detailed references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 13 : 13 . 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-7,088,423,111,476,197,000 | who played madge in as time goes by | Joan Sims - wikipedia Joan Sims Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Joan Sims <Td_colspan="2"> Sims in 1957 Irene Joan Marian Sims ( 1930 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1930 Laindon , Essex , England 27 June 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 27 ) ( aged 71 ) Chelsea , London , England Cause of death Diverticular disease Occupation Actress Years active 1951 -- 2000 Known for Carry On ( franchise ) As Time Goes By On the Up Irene Joan Marion Sims ( 9 May 1930 -- 27 June 2001 ) , best known as Joan Sims , was an English actress remembered for her roles in the Carry On films , including Carry On Nurse ( 1959 ) , Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) and Carry On Camping ( 1969 ) . She played Mrs. Wembley , the cook with a liking for sherry in On the Up ( 1990 -- 92 ) , and Madge Hardcastle in As Time Goes By ( 1994 -- 98 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Acting career 1.2. 1 Carry On 1.2. 2 Later work 1.3 Music career 1.4 Personal life 1.5 High Spirits 2 Death 3 Selected filmography 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Sims was born in 1930 , the only child of John Henry Sims ( 1888 - 1964 ) , station master of Laindon railway station in Laindon , Essex , and his wife Gladys Marie Sims , née Ladbrook ( 1896 - 1981 ) . Sims 's early interest in being an actress came from living at the railway station . She would often put on performances for waiting passengers . She decided that she wanted to pursue show business during her teens , and soon became a familiar face in a growing number of amateur productions locally . One of her first stage appearances was as Miranda Bute in the Langdon Players production of Ester McCracken 's comedy ' Quiet Wedding ' in May 1946 . In 1946 , Sims first applied to RADA , but her audition was unsuccessful . Her first audition included a rendition of Winnie the Pooh . She did succeed in being admitted to PARADA , the academy 's preparatory school , and finally , on her fourth attempt , she graduated and was trained at RADA . She graduated from RADA in 1950 at the age of 19 . One of her first stage performances was in the 1951 pantomime , The Happy Ha'penny , opposite Stanley Baxter at Glasgow 's Citizens Theatre . Sims appeared in a number of Brian Rix 's Aldwych Theatre farces including the well known `` I say ! Nawks ! '' , but revue was Sims 's greatest medium , especially in the works of Peter Myers . In 1958 , she got a part in Peter Coke 's play Breath of Spring , which opened at the Cambridge Theatre in March , transferring to the Duke of York 's Theatre in August 1958 , which ran until April 1959 . Sims preferred film to stage work . `` It was , of course , lovely to be in a successful play , to have the excitement of performing a hit to packed houses ( and , not least , the assurance of a regular income for the foreseeable future ) . But , on the other hand , I found it extremely difficult to keep a performance fresh , and I 'd soon get bored . '' Acting career ( edit ) Sims made her first film appearance in Will Any Gentleman ? with George Cole in 1953 , closely followed by Trouble in Store with Norman Wisdom . In 1954 , she appeared as Miss Dawn in The Belles of St Trinian 's , and made a cameo appearance in Doctor in the House , opposite Dirk Bogarde as the sexually repressed Nurse Rigor Mortis . Sims became a regular in the Doctors series , which was produced by Betty E. Box , and was hence spotted by Box 's husband Peter Rogers . She had a small part in the 1957 film Carry on Admiral , unrelated to the later Carry On series and with no other cast members in common with the series . Carry On ( edit ) In 1958 , Sims received a script from Peter Rogers ; it was for Carry On Nurse . The film Carry On Sergeant had been a huge success at the box office and in the autumn of that year , Rogers and director Gerald Thomas began planning a follow - up . She first starred in Carry On Nurse , then Carry On Teacher , followed by Carry On Constable and Carry On Regardless , and this sealed her future as a regular Carry On performer . Following a bout of ill health , Dilys Laye had to be brought in to take her place in Carry On Cruising at very short notice ; however , Sims rejoined the team with Carry On Cleo . Her role in this was to set the tone for the rest of the Carry On films . `` ... ( F ) or once the costumes were made for me , rather than my having to resort to some old dress that had been used before and had to have a new panel sewn in the back to accommodate my girth -- which by now was unvaryingly plump . '' Sims ' characters evolved from objects of desire in the early films to frumpy , nagging wives in the later ones , epitomised by the Emily Bung role in Carry On Screaming . Following the success of Carry On Cleo , she stayed with the films all the way though to the final one in the original series , Carry On Emmannuelle . Sims appeared in 24 Carry On films in all ; she did not return for the one - off revival film , Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) . However , she did appear alongside Kenneth Williams in the radio show Stop Messing About in 1969 -- 70 . Prior to this she had worked on the BBC Radio comedy Play it Cool , with Hugh Paddick and Ian Carmichael . Later work ( edit ) After the Carry On series ended in 1978 , Sims continued to work on television . She appeared opposite Katharine Hepburn and Laurence Olivier in the award - winning 1975 television film Love Among the Ruins and had a recurring role as Gran in the BBC comedy series Till Death Us Do Part . From 1979 until 1981 , she played the recurring character Mrs Bloomsbury - Barton in Worzel Gummidge for Southern Television . During 1986 and 1987 , Sims starred as Annie Begley alongside Angela Thorne in the Yorkshire Television sitcom Farrington of the F.O. Also in 1986 , Sims appeared in the long - running BBC science fiction series Doctor Who in the four episodes of The Trial of a Time Lord : The Mysterious Planet as Katryca . She also played Miss Murgatroyd in the Miss Marple adaptation A Murder is Announced , Betsy Prig in a star - studded adaptation of Dickens ' Martin Chuzzlewit and Lady Fox - Custard in Simon and the Witch . In 1987 she joined the cast on And There 's More and was paired up with Nicholas Smith for a number of sketches for each episode as an old couple . In 1989 , she appeared as a medium in the video for Morrissey 's `` Ouija Board , Ouija Board '' . She played Mrs Wembley in the BBC comedy series On the Up , which starred Dennis Waterman and ran from 1990 to 1992 . From 1994 , she played Madge Hardcastle , drum playing wife to Rocky Hardcastle played by Frank Middlemass , and stepmother of Geoffrey Palmer 's character Lionel in As Time Goes By . Sims also appeared in episodes of the hit television comedy series Only Fools and Horses , the 1987 Christmas Day special The Frog 's Legacy , and The Goodies , in the One Foot in the Grave special One Foot in the Algarve , and made a guest appearance in a sketch show with Victoria Wood . In her later years , Sims fought a long battle against depression . This was worsened by the deaths of her agent Peter Eade , her best friend Hattie Jacques and her mother , all within a two - year period , after which she fell into alcoholism . Sims suffered from Bell 's palsy in 1999 and fractured her hip in 2000 , but recovered well . However , her alcoholism was beginning to dominate life in her rented Kensington flat , and she described herself as `` the queen of puddings . '' After assessment by a doctor , she was offered a place in a rehabilitation centre , but declined . Offered the opportunity to write her autobiography , she took a role in the BBC television film The Last of the Blonde Bombshells , alongside her As Time Goes By castmate Dame Judi Dench and Olympia Dukakis . Music career ( edit ) During 1963 , Sims made several recordings . `` Hurry Up Gran '' / `` Oh Not Again Ken '' was issued as a single , followed by `` Spring Song '' / `` Men '' . Both were produced by George Martin for the Parlophone label but neither single made an impact on the UK Singles Chart . This did not deter her from releasing a third and final single during 1967 , `` Sweet Lovely Whatsisname '' / `` The Lass With the Delicate Hair '' . Again it failed to chart , and as a result the singles are now quite rare . As of 2009 , both `` Spring Song '' and `` Men '' are available for the first time through iTunes and other download services , as well as on CD as part of re-issues of the comedy compilation albums Oh ! What a Carry On ! and Laugh A Minute . Sims also featured on an original cast recording of The Lord Chamberlain Regrets in 1961 , as well as The Water Gypsies . Personal life ( edit ) Plaque at Esmond Court , Thackeray Street , Kensington , London Sims , like her fellow Carry On star Kenneth Williams , never married . Williams , who was homosexual , did however propose a marriage of convenience to her , which she promptly declined . From 1958 , she lived for three years with fellow actor Tony Baird but , every time her parents visited , she asked Baird to remove all of his belongings from their London flat . After she told her mother on a visit that she was living with Baird , her father wrote her a stern letter , condemning the relationship . Sims replied , telling her parents that they had to come to terms with Tony being an extremely important part of her life . For the next six months she had no contact with her parents . Sims was a devoted daughter and found the separation from her parents difficult . The relationship with Baird began to flounder , Sims said , due to her success and Tony Baird 's failure as an actor . Sims writes `` Had house husbands been in vogue in those days we 'd have made an excellent couple , since Tony was not very successful as an actor and I soon became the main breadwinner . If we had been able to accept that I would go out and earn the money and he would concentrate on running the home , things might have turned out better ... For three years I was besotted with this loveable reprobate , but then the icing on the cake began to chip off and the love started to wear thin . I was virtually keeping him and the friction of the situation was getting harder to bear . '' Of the break - up , which was finally triggered by Sims returning from a tour to find Baird had not done any washing or housework , she wrote `` I could tell that he was genuinely heartbroken , and so was I , but I had to do it for my own survival . '' Following this came a relationship with John Walters whom Sims had known for a long time . He had been assistant stage manager for the play High Spirits , in which she appeared . They had had an ' innocent ' romance at the time , but they embarked on a more serious relationship after Sims 's break - up with Baird . However , Sims never felt it would be a long - term relationship : John was a much moodier character than Tony . During what she described as the ' one broody phase of my life ' , they discussed marriage and children , but it came to nothing and the relationship , the last serious one of Sims 's life , ended after around two years of living together . `` I never married because the right person never came along ... I leave others to seek for darker explanations . For me it 's extremely simple ! '' High Spirits ( edit ) The tone of Sims 's autobiography High Spirits is revealing ( though not sensationalist ) , frank and sometimes mordant : `` In Doctor at Sea I was cast again as the Plain Jane character ... my rival in love was played by ... Brigitte Bardot . Joan Sims versus Brigitte Bardot . I 'll leave you to guess which of us got her man . '' `` Then the effects of the tablets rapidly started wearing off -- as is the way with Benzedrine -- and suddenly I was feeling worse than I had ever felt in my life . '' `` I learned the hard way how deflating it can be to get too excited by a prospect before you know for sure that it will come off . The worst aspect of this fiasco was that I was now not only jobless but homeless . '' `` I was always useless at flirting , and simply did not know what needed to be done in order to snare my target ... I always ended up resorting to jokes , and most men do n't like funny women . They like to do the jokes . '' `` I 've never been able to understand women who have this burning desire to have children . I 've never had those feelings in any depth . '' -- Joan Sims , High Spirits High Spirits concluded with Sims in reflective and rueful mood . Having been disappointed to miss out on the part in a BBC adaptation of Vanity Fair , she is somewhat crestfallen to discover that there are only two entries on her ' Trivia ' page on imdb.com . It ends : `` The last couple of years have seen more lows than highs ... my long - held view that whether you 're up or you 're down , there 's only one way to react to whatever life throws at you . Carry on . '' -- Joan Sims , High Spirits Death ( edit ) Sims entered hospital in November 2000 , and complications of a routine operation caused her to slip into a coma . Her lifelong friend and stand - in Norah Holland spoke of the doctors ' amazement at her strength and courage throughout her final illness . On 27 June 2001 , ten minutes before she died , Norah Holland spoke to her gently about Kenneth Williams , Hattie Jacques and their time on the Carry On films . Sims died from liver failure and diverticulitis , with diabetes and COPD cited as contributory factors . She was cremated at Putney Vale Crematorium , and her ashes scattered in the grounds there . Selected filmography ( edit ) Main article : Joan Sims filmography The Square Ring ( 1953 ) Will Any Gentleman ... ? ( 1953 ) Trouble in Store ( 1953 ) Meet Mr. Lucifer ( 1953 ) Doctor in the House ( 1954 ) What Every Woman Wants ( 1954 ) The Young Lovers ( 1954 ) The Belles of St Trinian 's ( 1954 ) To Dorothy a Son ( 1954 ) The Sea Shall Not Have Them ( 1954 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) ( 1955 ) 1 episode ' The Sheriff 's Boots As Long as They 're Happy ( 1955 ) Colonel March Investigates ( 1955 ) Doctor at Sea ( 1955 ) The Buccaneers ( TV series ) ( 1956 ) 2 episodes ' Dan Tempest and The Amazons ' and ' Cutlass Wedding ' Stars in Your Eyes ( 1956 ) Lost ( 1956 ) The Silken Affair ( 1956 ) Keep It Clean ( 1956 ) Dry Rot ( 1956 ) Carry on Admiral ( 1957 ) Just My Luck ( 1957 ) The Naked Truth ( 1957 ) No Time for Tears ( 1957 ) Davy ( 1958 ) Passport to Shame ( 1958 ) Please Turn Over ( 1959 ) Carry On Nurse ( 1959 ) The Captain 's Table ( 1959 ) Life in Emergency Ward 10 ( 1959 ) Upstairs and Downstairs ( 1959 ) Carry On Teacher ( 1959 ) Watch Your Stern ( 1960 ) Carry On Constable ( 1960 ) Doctor in Love ( 1960 ) His and Hers ( 1961 ) Carry On Regardless ( 1961 ) Mr. Topaze ( 1961 ) No My Darling Daughter ( 1961 ) The Iron Maiden ( 1962 ) A Pair of Briefs ( 1962 ) Twice Round the Daffodils ( 1962 ) Nurse on Wheels ( 1963 ) Strictly for the Birds ( 1963 ) Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) San Ferry Ann ( 1965 ) The Big Job ( 1965 ) Doctor in Clover ( 1966 ) Carry On Cowboy ( 1966 ) Carry On Screaming ! ( 1966 ) Do n't Lose Your Head ( 1966 ) Follow That Camel ( 1967 ) Carry On Doctor ( 1967 ) Carry On Up the Khyber ( 1968 ) Carry On Camping ( 1969 ) Carry On Again Doctor ( 1969 ) Carry On Up the Jungle ( 1970 ) Doctor in Trouble ( 1970 ) Carry On Loving ( 1970 ) Carry On Henry ( 1971 ) The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ( 1971 ) Carry On at Your Convenience ( 1971 ) Carry On Matron ( 1972 ) The Alf Garnett Saga ( 1972 ) Carry On Abroad ( 1972 ) Do n't Just Lie There , Say Something ! ( 1973 ) Not Now Darling ( 1973 ) Carry On Girls ( 1973 ) Carry On Dick ( 1974 ) A Journey to London ( 1975 , TV film ) Love Among the Ruins ( 1975 , TV film ) One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing ( 1975 ) Carry On Behind ( 1975 ) Carry On England ( 1976 ) Carry On Emmannuelle ( 1978 ) Hay Fever ( 1984 , TV film ) A Murder Is Announced ( 1985 , TV film ) Doctor Who -- The Trial of a Time Lord ( Parts one to four ) ( 1986 ) Only Fools and Horses -- The Frog 's Legacy ( Christmas Special ) ( 1987 ) Victoria Wood - Episode 5 `` Val de Ree ( Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha ) '' ( 1989 ) The Fool ( 1990 ) The Princess and the Cobbler ( 1993 ) As Time Goes By ( 1994 - 1998 ) The Canterville Ghost ( 1996 , TV film ) The Last of the Blonde Bombshells ( 2000 , TV film ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joan Sims obituary '' . BBC News . 28 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Butters , Wes . `` Carry On Actors : Amazon.co.uk : Andrew Ross : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carry on actress Joan Sims dead '' . BBC News . 28 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Born Brilliant : The Life Of Kenneth Williams . John Murray . p. 370 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 195 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Joan ( June 1 , 2000 ) . High Spirits . London : Partridge Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1852252809 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Born Brilliant : The Life Of Kenneth Williams . John Murray . p. 121 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 195 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Born Brilliant : The Life Of Kenneth Williams . John Murray . p. 124 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 195 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Born Brilliant : The Life Of Kenneth Williams . John Murray . p. 183 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 195 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Born Brilliant : The Life Of Kenneth Williams . John Murray . p. 237 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 195 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 Extra - Play It Cool '' . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Sims bio '' . Screenonline . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Rice official website Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Born Brilliant : The Life Of Kenneth Williams . John Murray . p. 260 . ISBN 1 - 84854 - 195 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to a studio 's dream '' . Bucks Free Press ( 29 January 2003 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Unforgettable Joan Sims ( 2002 ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aiiwrSdmGs . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Joan Sims at Film Nav , http://www.filmnav.co.uk/2011/10/04/joan-sims/ . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ GRO Register of Deaths : 2002 , Kensington and Chelsea - Irene Joan M. Sims . Jump up ^ Joan Sims at Find a Grave , http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6871580 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . References ( edit ) High Spirits by Joan Sims ( ISBN 1 - 85225 - 280 - 4 ) Too Happy A Face -- The Authorised Biography of Joan Sims by Andrew Ross ( ISBN 1781961212 , 978 - 1781961216 ) External links ( edit ) Joan Sims on IMDb `` The template below ( Authority control ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Authority control VIAF : 10053883 LCCN : nb99106068 ISNI : 0000 0000 7245 0888 GND : 1064274315 BNF : cb14066771v ( data ) BNE : XX1508582 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Sims&oldid=810490475 '' Categories : 1930 births 2001 deaths Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery Deaths from digestive disease English female singers English film actresses English television actresses People from Laindon 20th - century English singers British comedy actresses Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Joan Sims - English actress
2. Carry On films - film franchise
3. As Time Goes By - TV series
4. Acting career - stage and screen
5. Death - liver failure and diverticulitis |
-8,279,936,909,131,625,000 | who recorded i heard it through the grapevine | I Heard it Through the Grapevine - wikipedia I Heard it Through the Grapevine Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Marvin Gaye , see I Heard It Through the Grapevine ( album ) . For the idiom , see Wiktionary : hear through the grapevine . `` Heard It Through the Grapevine '' redirects here . For the South Korean television series , see Heard It Through the Grapevine ( TV series ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Marvin Gaye <Th_colspan="2"> from the album In the Groove B - side `` You 're What 's Happening ( in the World Today ) '' Released October 30 , 1968 Format 7 - inch single Recorded February 3 , 8 , 13 , 15 , & April 10 , 1967 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre R&B psychedelic soul Length 3 : 16 Label Tamla ( T 54176 ) Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield <Th_colspan="2"> Marvin Gaye singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' ( 1968 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' ( 1969 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' ( 1968 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' ( 1969 ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' is a song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for Motown Records in 1966 . The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Whitfield for Gladys Knight & the Pips and released as a single in September 1967 ; it went to number two in the Billboard chart . The Miracles recorded the song first and included their version on their 1968 album , Special Occasion . The Marvin Gaye version was placed on his 1968 album In the Groove , where it gained the attention of radio disc jockeys , and Motown founder Berry Gordy finally agreed to its release as a single in October 1968 , when it went to the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks from December 1968 to January 1969 and became for a time the biggest hit single on the Motown label ( Tamla ) . The Gaye recording has since become an acclaimed soul classic , and in 2004 , it was placed 81 on the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . On the commemorative fourtieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 , Marvin Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' was ranked sixty - fifth . It was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for `` historical , artistic and significant '' value . In addition to being released several times by Motown artists , the song has been recorded by a range of musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival , who made an eleven - minute interpretation for their 1970 album , Cosmo 's Factory ; and has been used twice in television commercials -- each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version : the 1985 Levi 's commercial , `` Launderette '' , featuring male model Nick Kamen , and the 1986 California raisins promotion with Buddy Miles as the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Motown recordings 2.1 Marvin Gaye 2.2 Gladys Knight & the Pips 3 Releases 4 Legacy 5 Covers 6 Media 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance 8.1 Weekly charts 8.1. 1 Reissue version 8.2 Year - end charts 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) The lyrics tell the story in the first person of the singer 's feelings of betrayal and disbelief when he hears of his girlfriend 's infidelity only indirectly `` through the `` grapevine '' . By 1966 , Barrett Strong , the singer on Motown Records ' breakthrough hit , `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' , had the basics of a song he had started to write in Chicago , where the idea had come to him while walking down Michigan Avenue that people were always saying `` I heard it through the grapevine '' . The phrase is associated with black slaves during the Civil War , who had their form of telegraph : the human grapevine . Producer Norman Whitfield worked with Strong on the song , adding lyrics to Strong 's basic Ray Charles influenced gospel tune and the single chorus line of `` I heard it through the grapevine '' . This was to be the first of a number of successful collaborations between Strong and Whitfield . Motown recordings ( edit ) Producer Norman Whitfield recorded `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' with various Motown artists . The first known recording is with the Miracles on August 6 , 1966 , though there may also have been a recording with the Isley Brothers , or at least Whitfield intended to record it with them ; however a track has not turned up -- some Motown historians believe that a session may have been scheduled but cancelled . The Miracles ' version was not released as a single due to Berry Gordy 's veto during Motown 's weekly quality control meetings ; Gordy advised Whitfield and Strong to create a stronger single . The Miracles version later appeared on their 1968 Special Occasion album , and a slightly different take , possibly from the same session but unreleased , appeared on the 1998 compilation album , Motown Sings Motown Treasures . Marvin Gaye 's version was recorded in spring 1967 , and is the second known recording , though was also rejected by Gordy as a single , and would also later go onto an album , In the Groove . The third recording was in 1967 with Gladys Knight and the Pips in a new , faster arrangement . Gordy accepted the new arrangement and the Gladys Knight version was released as a single in September 1967 , reaching number 2 in the charts . When Gaye 's album with his version of Grapevine was released in August 1968 , radio disc jockeys were playing the song , so Gordy had it released as a single in October , and it went to number one in December . In 1968 , Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers recorded a version for their debut album based on Gladys ' recent hit ; however , after hearing the Marvin Gaye version , they felt they 'd made the wrong choice . In 1969 , Whitfield produced a version for the Temptations `` psychedelic soul '' album , Cloud Nine , in which he `` brought compelling percussion to the fore , and relegated the piano well into the wings '' . In 1971 , the Undisputed Truth recorded the song in a Marvin - styled version as did Bettye Lavette on her 1982 Motown album , Tell Me a Lie . Marvin Gaye ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Marvin Gaye 's version of the song <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Whitfield recorded the song with Marvin Gaye over five sessions , the first on February 3 , 1967 , and the final one on April 10 , 1967 . Recordings of this version took more than a month due to Whitfield overdubbing Gaye 's vocals with that of the Andantes ' background vocals , mixing in several tracks featuring the Funk Brothers on the rhythm track , and adding the string section from the Detroit Symphony Orchestra with an arrangement by Paul Riser . The session featuring Gaye led to an argument between the producer and singer . Whitfield wanted Gaye to perform the song in a higher key than his normal range , a move that had worked on David Ruffin during the recording of the Temptations ' hit , `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' . The mixture of Gaye 's raspy vocals and the Andantes ' sweeter harmonies made Whitfield confident that he had a hit ; however , despite approval from Motown 's Quality Control Department , Gordy blocked the release . Gladys Knight & the Pips ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' Gladys Knight and the Pips 1967 version of the song <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded `` Grapevine '' on June 17 , 1967 in Motown 's Studio A , with Norman Whitfield as producer . After hearing Aretha Franklin 's version of `` Respect '' , Whitfield rearranged `` Grapevine '' to include some of the funk elements of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section . According to David Ritz , Whitfield set to record a song that would `` out - funk '' Aretha . After Whitfield presented the demo tapes , Gladys Knight , Bubba Knight , William Guest , and Edward Patten worked for several weeks on their vocal arrangement . To make the song suitable for Gladys , the first line of the second verse ( `` I know a man ai n't supposed to cry / But these tears I ca n't hold inside '' ) was altered to ( `` Take a good look at these tears in my eyes / Baby , these tears I ca n't hold inside '' ) . After much talk , Gordy reluctantly allowed the Pips ' version to be a single on September 28 , 1967 on Motown 's Soul label . Releases ( edit ) The Gladys Knight & the Pips version released on September 28 , 1967 was on Motown 's Soul label , with `` It 's Time to Go Now '' on the B - side . Motown put little support behind it and the Pips relied on connections with DJs across the United States to get the record played . The Pips ' version of `` Grapevine '' reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart on November 25 , 1967 , and stayed there for six weeks , making it the group 's second R&B number one after 1961 's `` Every Beat of My Heart '' . It reached two on the Billboard Pop Singles chart the same month , with the Monkees ' `` Daydream Believer '' holding top spot . It was Motown 's best - selling single to that point . The song was later placed on the Gladys Knight & the Pips album Everybody Needs Love . Whitfield wanted Gordy to release Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' as a single , but Gordy did n't want to release another version after the Pips had already made a hit out of it . In September 1968 , Whitfield added `` Grapevine '' to Gaye 's new album In the Groove . On release `` Grapevine '' became a radio hit and , according to Gordy himself , `` The DJs played it so much off the album that we had to release it as a single '' . So Gaye 's version was released as a single on October 30 , 1968 . Gaye 's `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' eventually outsold the Pips ' , and until The Jackson 5 's `` I 'll Be There '' 20 months later , was the biggest hit single of all time on the Motown label . It stayed at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles chart for seven weeks , from December 14 , 1968 to January 25 , 1969 . Gaye 's `` Grapevine '' also held number one on the R&B chart during the same seven weeks , and stayed at number one in the United Kingdom for three weeks starting on March 26 , 1969 . The label was pleased with the success , although Gaye , depressed because of issues such as the illness of singing partner Tammi Terrell ( which would kill her less than a year later ) , was quoted as saying that his success `` did n't seem real '' and that he `` did n't deserve it '' . Due to the song 's success , In the Groove was re-issued as I Heard It Through the Grapevine and peaked at number two on the R&B album chart and number sixty - three on the album chart , which was at the time Marvin 's highest - charted solo studio effort to date . Because of the success of both versions , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' was the first and last number one on the Billboard R&B chart in 1968 : the Pips version was the first week of January , the Gaye version the last week of December . Gladys Knight was not pleased that Gaye 's version usurped her own , and claimed that Gaye 's version was recorded over an instrumental track Whitfield had prepared for a Pips song , an allegation Gaye denied . In 1985 , one year following Gaye 's death , the song was re-released in the UK reaching number eight thanks to a Levi 's commercial ( starring Nick Kamen ) . Legacy ( edit ) The Gaye recording has become an acclaimed soul classic . In 2004 , it was placed at number 80 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , with the comment that Whitfield had produced the song with a number of artists using different arrangements , and that on the Marvin Gaye recording he had a `` golden idea '' when he set the song `` in a slower , more mysterious tempo '' . In a new Rolling Stone list published in 2011 , the single was placed slightly lower at number 81 . On the commemorative fiftieth anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 issue of Billboard magazine in June 2008 , the Marvin Gaye version was ranked as the sixty - fifth biggest song on the chart . It was also inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame for `` historical , artistic and significant '' value . Covers ( edit ) In addition to being recorded several times by Motown artists , the song has been covered by musicians including Creedence Clearwater Revival who recorded an 11 - minute version for their 1970 album , Cosmo 's Factory , that was released as a single , reaching 43 on Billboard 's chart , with more modest success in other countries , and funk musician Roger Troutman whose extended version ( nearly 11 minutes itself ) lifted off his 1981 solo album , The Many Facets of Roger , brought the song back to number one on the R&B chart in early 1982 marking the third time the single reached the top spot on that chart . It also made the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 79 . Queen Latifah used the music as a basis for her 1998 single `` Paper '' , produced by Pras Michel for her album Order in the Court . Media ( edit ) `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' has been used twice in television commercials -- each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version . For the 1985 Levi 's 501 commercial , `` Launderette '' , featuring male model Nick Kamen , agency BBH and director Roger Lyons , owing to budgetary constraints , brought in Karl Jenkins and Mike Ratledge to recreate the sound of the Marvin Gaye original with Tony Jackson , a Barbadian background singer for Paul Young , handling vocals and P.P. Arnold on backing vocals . The commercial 's success prompted Tamla - Motown to re-release Gaye 's single with the Levi 's 501 logo on the sleeve -- `` an example of integrated marketing almost before the term was invented '' . The record went to number eight on the UK Singles chart , marking its second chart performance . A year later , in 1986 , Buddy Miles was the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins which sang it as part a TV advertising campaign . Marvin Gaye 's version of the song is used in the opening credits of The Big Chill ( 1983 ) as each of the main characters gets to hear ( through the `` grapevine '' ) about the death of their college friend , and then travels to his funeral ; the song serves in an extradiegetic fashion to both unite the main characters ' friendship and to locate it nostalgically for the viewer . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Marvin Gaye Background vocals by The Andantes : Jackie Hicks , Marlene Barrow and Louvain Demps Organ by Earl Van Dyke Electric piano by Johnny Griffith Drums by Richard `` Pistol '' Allen and Uriel Jones Bass by James Jamerson Percussion by Jack Ashford Instrumentation by the Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra String arrangement by Paul Riser Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 69 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set Top 40 ) 40 Canadian RPM Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 88 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 25 South African Chart UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles US Cash Box Top 100 Reissue version ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 48 Irish Singles Chart Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 28 US Billboard Hot 100 88 US R&B ( Billboard ) 40 US Cash Box References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andy Bennett ( Dec 14 , 2005 ) . The Popular Music Studies Reader . Routledge . p. 328 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Dahl ( February 28 , 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 77 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allan Metcalf , David K. Barnhart ( 1999 ) . America in So Many Words : Words That Have Shaped America . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 147 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Shapiro ( 2006 ) . Turn the Beat Around : The Secret History of Disco . Macmillan . pp. 122 -- 124 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David N. Howard ( June 11 , 2004 ) . Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 160 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Songwriters Hall of Fame -- Barrett Strong Biography '' . Songwritershalloffame.org . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ralph McLean ( April 2003 ) . `` BBC Music : Stories Behind the Song : `` I Heard it Through the Grapevine '' `` . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Motown : The History , page 56 , Sharon Davis , Gullane , 1988 Jump up ^ Joel Francis ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Gladys Knight and the Pips -- ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John Covach , Mark Spicer ( June 22 , 2010 ) . Sounding Out Pop : Analytical Essays in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 92 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Dahl ( Feb 28 , 2011 ) . Motown : The Golden Years . Krause Publications . p. 318 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amy Hanson ( 2012 ) . `` Cloud Nine -- The Temptations '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bettye Lavette -- Tell Me A Lie '' . Discogs . Retrieved 9 Dec 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye Session Dates '' . Soulfuldetroit.com. 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald Posner ( 2002 ) . Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power . Random House . pp. 224 -- 225 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 330 . Jump up ^ Berry Gordy ( 1 Dec 1995 ) . To Be Loved : The Music , the Magic , the Memories of Motown . Grand Central Pub . p. 275 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 50 - The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Marvin Gaye ( 1976 ) . `` 1976 interview with Marvin Gaye '' . BBC Radio 2 ( Interview ) . Interview with Paul Gambaccini . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Robinson ( March 1 , 2001 ) . The Sunday Times 100 Greatest TV Ads . HarperCollins . pp. 119 -- 121 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . December 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time : Marvin Gaye , ' I Heard It Through the Grapevine ' '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Are Color Blind When Looking At Copyrights '' . Billboard : 40 . Jan 29 , 1972 . Retrieved September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Talevski ( 1 August 2006 ) . Knocking on Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . Omnibus Press . p. 659 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 499 . Jump up ^ Lynn Norment ( September 1988 ) . `` Sounding Off -- Review of Order in the Court '' . Ebony : 22 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emma Hall ( 22 November 2002 ) . `` Campaign Screen : Music and Sound Design - Production . Top of the Pops '' . Campaign . Jump up ^ Sam Ingleby ( 17 May 2004 ) . `` Karl Jenkins : Fanfare for the Common Man '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ron Roker ( 2009 ) . `` Ron Roker - Latest Releases '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Janet Bohdanowicz , Liz Clamp ( 1994 ) . Fashion Marketing . Routledge . p. 73 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caroline Marshall ( 20 December 1999 ) . `` Campaign Hall of Fame '' . Campaign . Jump up ^ `` Marvin Gaye - I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristina Tunzi ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Buddy Miles , 60 '' . Billboard : 60 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Inglis ( 2003 ) . Popular Music and Film . Wallflower Press . p. 168 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ María del Mar Azcona ( July 11 , 2011 ) . The Multi-Protagonist Film . John Wiley & Sons . p. 168 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Ford ( 2011 ) . The Sound of Pictures . Schwartz Publishing . p. 115 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uriel Jones Obituary '' . telegraph.co.uk. 29 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in Australian Chart '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I heard it through the grapevine in French Chart '' ( in French ) . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . July 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Marvin Gaye '' ^ Jump up to : `` I heard it through the grapevine in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Only results when searching `` I heard it through the grapevine '' ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Marvin Gaye search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I heard it through the grapevine in South African Chart '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvin Gaye '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvin Gaye awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 18 / 69 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Marvin Gaye -- I Heard It Through The Grapevine '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 ( Based on Billboard Charts ) `` , Billboard , December 27 , 1969 . pp. 16 - 17 . Accessed December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . Bibliography John Covach , Mark Spicer , Sounding Out Pop : Analytical Essays in Popular Music , 2010 , University of Michigan Press Bill Dahl , Motown : The Golden Years , 2011 , Krause Publications David N. Howard , Sonic Alchemy : Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings , 2004 , Hal Leonard Corporation Gerald Posner , Motown : Music , Money , Sex , and Power , 2002 , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 375 - 50062 - 6 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> The Miracles <Td_colspan="2"> Smokey Robinson Ronnie White Pete Moore Bobby Rogers Claudette Robinson Marv Tarplin Billy Griffin Donald Griffin Carl Cotton Mark Scott Dave Finley Sydney Justin Alphonse Franklin Tee Turner Pre-Miracles : Emerson `` Sonny '' Rogers James Grice Clarence Dawson Production Berry Gordy Smokey Robinson Pete Moore Studio albums Hi ... We 're The Miracles ( 1961 ) Cookin ' with The Miracles ( 1961 ) I 'll Try Something New ( 1962 ) The Fabulous Miracles ( 1963 ) The Miracles Doin ' Mickey 's Monkey ( 1963 ) I Like It Like That ( 1964 ) Going to a Go - Go ( 1965 ) Away We a Go - Go ( 1966 ) Make It Happen ( The Tears of a Clown ) ( 1967 ) Special Occasion ( 1968 ) Time Out For Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ( 1969 ) Four in Blue ( 1969 ) What Love Has Joined Together ( 1970 ) A Pocket Full Of Miracles ( 1970 ) One Dozen Roses ( 1971 ) Flying High Together ( 1972 ) Renaissance ( 1973 ) Do It Baby ( 1974 ) City of Angels ( 1975 ) Live albums The Miracles Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles LIVE ! ( 1969 ) Smokey Robinson & The Miracles : 1957 - 1972 ( 1972 ) Other albums Christmas with The Miracles ( 1963 ) Compilations Greatest Hits : From the Beginning ( 1965 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Anthology ' 86 ( 1986 ) Anthology : The Best of Smokey Robinson & The Miracles ( 1995 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Ooo Baby Baby : The Anthology ( 2002 ) Depend On Me : The Early Albums ( 2009 ) Singles ( US / UK Top Twenty singles ) `` Shop Around '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' / `` Happy Landing '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` My Girl Has Gone '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` If You Can Want '' `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' `` The Tears of a Clown '' `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' `` Do It Baby '' `` Love Machine '' Videography The Definitive Performances ( 1963 -- 1987 ) ( 2006 ) Discography Albums Songs Related articles Motown Records List of cover versions of The Miracles songs <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Miracles <Th_colspan="2"> The Miracles singles discography 1950s `` Got a Job '' ( 1958 ) `` Your Love ( Is All I Need ) '' ( 1958 ) `` I Cry '' ( 1958 ) `` I Need a Change '' ( 1959 ) `` It '' ( 1959 ) `` Bad Girl '' ( 1959 ) `` The Feeling Is So Fine '' ( 1959 ) / `` ( You Can ) Depend on Me '' ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Way Over There '' ( 1960 ) `` Shop Around '' ( 1960 ) / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( 1960 ) `` Ai n't It Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Mighty Good Lovin ' '' ( 1961 ) / Broken Hearted '' ( 1961 ) `` Everybody 's Gotta Pay Some Dues '' ( 1961 ) `` What 's So Good About Goodbye '' ( 1961 ) / `` I 've Been Good to You '' ( 1961 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1962 ) `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1962 ) / `` Happy Landing '' ( 1962 ) `` A Love She Can Count On '' ( 1963 ) / `` I Can Take a Hint '' ( 1963 ) `` Mickey 's Monkey '' ( 1963 ) `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song '' ( 1963 ) `` ( You Ca n't Let the Boy Overpower ) The Man in You '' ( 1964 ) `` I Like It Like That '' ( 1964 ) `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' ( 1964 ) `` Come On Do The Jerk '' ( 1964 ) `` Ooo Baby Baby '' ( 1965 ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1965 ) / `` A Fork in the Road '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl Has Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( 1965 ) / `` Choosey Beggar '' ( 1965 ) `` Whole Lot of Shakin ' in My Heart ( Since I Met You ) '' ( 1966 ) `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' ( 1966 ) `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` More Love '' ( 1967 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1967 ) `` If You Can Want '' ( 1968 ) `` Yester Love '' ( 1968 ) `` Special Occasion '' ( 1968 ) `` Baby , Baby Do n't Cry '' ( 1969 ) `` Here I Go Again '' ( 1969 ) / `` Doggone Right '' ( 1969 ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1969 ) `` Point It Out '' ( 1969 ) / `` Darling Dear '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Who 's Gonna Take the Blame '' ( 1970 ) `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) `` I Do n't Blame You At All '' ( 1970 ) `` Crazy About the La La '' ( 1971 ) `` Satisfaction '' ( 1971 ) `` We 've Come Too Far to End It Now '' ( 1972 ) `` I Ca n't Stand to See You Cry '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't Let It End ( ' Til You Let It Begin ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Give Me Just Another Day '' ( 1973 ) `` Do It Baby '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Cha Love It '' ( 1974 ) `` Gemini '' ( 1975 ) `` Love Machine '' ( 1975 ) `` Night Life '' ( 1976 ) `` Spy for Brotherhood '' ( 1977 ) `` I Can Touch the Sky '' ( 1977 ) `` Mean Machine '' ( 1978 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Miracles <Th_colspan="2"> Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Gladys Knight & the Pips <Td_colspan="2"> Gladys Knight Merald `` Bubba '' Knight William Guest Edward Patten Brenda Knight Eleanor Guest Langston George Chris Morante Studio albums Everybody Needs Love Neither One of Us Imagination I Feel a Song 2nd Anniversary The One and Only Soundtrack albums Claudine Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Singles `` Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Giving Up '' `` Take Me in Your Arms and Love Me '' `` Everybody Needs Love '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` The End of Our Road '' `` It Should Have Been Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` The Nitty Gritty '' `` If I Were Your Woman '' `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' `` Neither One of Us ( Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye ) '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' `` I 've Got to Use My Imagination '' `` Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' `` I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) '' `` The Way We Were / Try to Remember '' `` Save the Overtime ( For Me ) '' `` Hero '' `` Love Overboard '' `` Baby , Do n't Change Your Mind '' Related topics Discography Aaliyah Barry Hankerson <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Creedence Clearwater Revival <Td_colspan="2"> Doug Clifford Stu Cook John Fogerty Tom Fogerty Studio albums Creedence Clearwater Revival Bayou Country Green River Willy and the Poor Boys Cosmo 's Factory Pendulum Mardi Gras Live albums Live in Europe The Concert Compilations Creedence Gold More Creedence Gold Pre-Creedence Chronicle , Vol. 1 The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival 20 Golden Greats Creedence Country Hits Album At the Movies Chronicle , Vol. 2 Rollin ' on the River Heartland Music Presents Creedence Clearwater Revival Keep On Chooglin ' Creedence Clearwater Revival : Box Set Bad Moon Rising : The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival Platinum Creedence Clearwater Revival Covers the Classics Singles `` Porterville '' / `` Call It Pretending '' `` Suzie Q. ( Part 1 ) '' / `` Suzie Q. ( Part 2 ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' / `` Walk on the Water '' `` Proud Mary '' / `` Born on the Bayou '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' / `` Lodi '' `` Green River '' / `` Commotion '' `` Down on the Corner '' / `` Fortunate Son '' `` Travelin ' Band '' / `` Who 'll Stop the Rain '' `` Run Through the Jungle '' / `` Up Around the Bend '' `` Lookin ' Out My Back Door '' / `` Long As I Can See the Light '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' / `` Hey Tonight '' `` Sweet Hitch - Hiker '' / `` Door to Door '' `` Someday Never Comes '' / `` Tearin ' up the Country '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' / `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' Related articles Discography The Blue Velvets The Golliwogs Creedence Clearwater Revisited Fogerty v. Fantasy , Inc . Saul Zaentz Fantasy Records <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Creedence Clearwater Revival <Th_colspan="2"> The California Raisins TV specials and series A Claymation Christmas Celebration Meet the Raisins ! The California Raisin Show See also California Raisin Advisory Board The Grape Escape <Th_colspan="2"> Michael McDonald Studio albums If That 's What It Takes ( 1982 ) No Lookin ' Back ( 1985 ) Take It to Heart ( 1990 ) Blink of an Eye ( 1993 ) Blue Obsession ( 2000 ) Motown ( 2003 ) Motown Two ( 2004 ) Soul Speak ( 2008 ) Compilation albums Sweet Freedom ( 1986 ) Singles `` I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) '' `` No Lookin ' Back '' `` Sweet Freedom '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Deck the Halls / Jingle Bells '' `` Walk On By '' `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ! '' Record labels Warner Bros . Reprise Universal Music Group Motown Related articles Discography The Doobie Brothers Toto Amy Holland <Th_colspan="2"> Chart procession and succession <Td_colspan="2"> Preceded by `` Soul Man '' by Sam & Dave Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Gladys Knight & the Pips version ) December 2 , 1967 -- January 6 , 1968 Succeeded by `` I Second That Emotion '' by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles Preceded by `` Love Child '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) December 14 , 1968 -- January 31 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Crimson and Clover '' by Tommy James & the Shondells Preceded by `` Who 's Making Love '' by Johnnie Taylor Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) December 14 , 1968 -- January 25 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Can I Change My Mind '' by Tyrone Davis Preceded by `` Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? '' by Peter Sarstedt UK number - one single ( Marvin Gaye version ) March 26 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Israelites '' by Desmond Dekker & The Aces Preceded by `` Never Too Much '' by Luther Vandross Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single ( Roger version ) November 7 -- 14 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Take My Heart ( You Can Have It If You Want It ) '' by Kool & the Gang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine&oldid=813692263 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1981 singles Marvin Gaye songs Gladys Knight & the Pips songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs The Miracles songs Trini Lopez songs Michael McDonald ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield Motown singles Tamla Records singles Fantasy Records singles Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield 1966 songs Songs about betrayal Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "I Heard it Through the Grapevine" song
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to Catholic doctrine , popes are successors of Saint Peter . The history of the papacy , the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church , according to Catholic doctrine , spans from the time of Peter to the present day . During the Early Church , the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time of Constantine . After the fall of Rome ( the `` Middle Ages '' , about 476 ) , the papacy was influenced by the temporal rulers of the surrounding Italian Peninsula ; these periods are known as the Ostrogothic Papacy , Byzantine Papacy , and Frankish Papacy . Over time , the papacy consolidated its territorial claims to a portion of the peninsula known as the Papal States . Thereafter , the role of neighboring sovereigns was replaced by powerful Roman families during the saeculum obscurum , the Crescentii era , and the Tusculan Papacy . From 1048 to 1257 , the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire ( Eastern Roman Empire ) . The latter culminated in the East -- West Schism , dividing the Western Church and Eastern Church . From 1257 -- 1377 , the pope , though the bishop of Rome , resided in Viterbo , Orvieto , and Perugia , and then Avignon . The return of the popes to Rome after the Avignon Papacy was followed by the Western Schism : the division of the western church between two and , for a time , three competing papal claimants . The Renaissance Papacy is known for its artistic and architectural patronage , forays into European power politics , and theological challenges to papal authority . After the start of the Protestant Reformation , the Reformation Papacy and Baroque Papacy led the Catholic Church through the Counter-Reformation . The popes during the Age of Revolution witnessed the largest expropriation of wealth in the church 's history , during the French Revolution and those that followed throughout Europe . The Roman Question , arising from Italian unification , resulted in the loss of the Papal States and the creation of Vatican City . Contents ( hide ) 1 During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) 1.1 Early Christianity 1.2 From Constantine ( 312 -- 493 ) 2 Middle Ages ( 493 -- 1417 ) 2.1 Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) 2.2 Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) 2.3 Frankish influence ( 756 -- 857 ) 2.4 Influence of powerful Roman families ( 904 -- 1048 ) 2.5 Conflicts with the Emperor and East ( 1048 -- 1257 ) 2.6 The wandering popes ( 1257 -- 1309 ) 2.7 Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1377 ) 2.8 Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) 3 Early Modern and Modern Era ( 1417 -- present ) 3.1 Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) 3.2 Reformation and Counter-Reformation ( 1517 -- 1580 ) 3.3 Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) 3.4 During the Age of Revolution ( 1775 -- 1848 ) 3.5 Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) 3.6 From the creation of Vatican City ( 1929 ) 3.6. 1 World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) 3.6. 2 From Vatican II ( 1962 -- present ) 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) ( edit ) Early Christianity ( edit ) Further information : Primacy of Simon Peter and Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire Catholics recognize the pope as the successor to Saint Peter , whom Jesus designated as the `` rock '' upon which the Church was to be built . Although Peter never bore the title of `` pope '' ( pappas ) , Catholics recognize him as the first bishop of Rome . Official declarations of the Church speak of the popes as holding within the college of the bishops a position analogous to that held by Peter within the `` college '' of the Apostles , namely Prince of the Apostles , of which the college of the Bishops , a distinct entity , is viewed by some to be the successor . Many deny that Peter and those claimed to be his immediate successors had universally - recognized supreme authority over all the early churches . Many of the bishops of Rome in the first three centuries of the Christian era are obscure figures . Several suffered martyrdom along with members of their flock in periods of persecution . Most of them engaged in intense theological arguments with other bishops . From Constantine ( 312 -- 493 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bishops of Rome under Constantine I Raphael 's The Baptism of Constantine depicts Sylvester I instead of his actual baptizer Eusebius of Nicomedia , an Arian bishop . The legend surrounding the victory of Constantine I in the Battle of the Milvian Bridge ( 312 ) relates his vision of the Chi Rho and the text in hoc signo vinces in the sky , and reproducing this symbol on the shields of his troops . The following year , Constantine and Licinius proclaimed the toleration of Christianity with the Edict of Milan , and in 325 , Constantine convened and presided over the First Council of Nicaea , the first ecumenical council . None of this , however , has particularly much to do with the pope , who did not even attend the Council ; in fact , the first bishop of Rome to be contemporaneously referred to as Pope is Damasus I ( 366 -- 84 ) . Moreover , between 324 and 330 , Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire from Rome to Byzantium , a former Greek city on the Bosporus . The power of Rome was transferred to Byzantium which later , in 330 became Constantinople and today is Istanbul . The `` Donation of Constantine '' , an 8th - century forgery used to enhance the prestige and authority of popes , places the pope more centrally in the narrative of Constantinian Christianity . The legend of the Donation claims that Constantine offered his crown to Sylvester I ( 314 -- 35 ) , and even that Sylvester baptized Constantine . In reality , Constantine was baptized ( nearing his death in May 337 ) by Eusebius of Nicomedia , an Arian bishop . Although the `` Donation '' never occurred , Constantine did hand over the Lateran Palace to the bishop of Rome , and around 310 AD began the construction of Basilica of Constantine in Germany , called Aula Palatina . Middle Ages ( 493 -- 1417 ) ( edit ) Ostrogothic papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ostrogothic Papacy The Ostrogothic Papacy period ran from 493 to 537 . The papal election of March 483 was the first to take place without the existence of a Western Roman emperor . The papacy was strongly influenced by the Ostrogothic Kingdom , if the pope was not outright appointed by the Ostrogothic King . The selection and administration of popes during this period was strongly influenced by Theodoric the Great and his successors Athalaric and Theodahad . This period terminated with Justinian I 's ( re ) conquest of Rome during the Gothic War , inaugurating the Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) . The role of the Ostrogoths became clear in the first schism , when , on November 22 , 498 , two men were elected pope . The subsequent triumph of Pope Symmachus ( 498 -- 514 ) over Antipope Laurentius is the first recorded example of simony in papal history . Symmachus also instituted the practice of popes naming their own successors , which held until an unpopular choice was made in 530 , and discord continued until the selection in 532 of John II , the first to rename himself upon succession . Theodoric was tolerant towards the Catholic Church and did not interfere in dogmatic matters . He remained as neutral as possible towards the pope , though he exercised a preponderant influence in the affairs of the papacy . Ostrogothic influence ended with the reconquest of Rome by Justinian , who had had pro-Gothic Pope Silverius ( 536 -- 537 ) deposed and replaced with his own choice , Pope Vigilius ( 537 -- 555 ) . Byzantine papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) ( edit ) Justinian I re-conquered Rome and appointed the next three popes . Main articles : Byzantine Papacy and Papal States The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the papacy from 537 to 752 , when popes required the approval of the Byzantine for episcopal consecration , and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii ( liaisons from the pope to the emperor ) or the inhabitants of Byzantine Greece , Syria , or Sicily . Justinian I conquered the Italian peninsula in the Gothic War ( 535 -- 54 ) and appointed the next three popes , a practice that would be continued by his successors and later be delegated to the Exarchate of Ravenna . With the exception of Pope Martin I , no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur ; however , theological conflicts were common between pope and emperor in the areas such as monotheletism and iconoclasm . Greek speakers from Greece , Syria , and Byzantine Sicily replaced members of the powerful Roman nobles in the papal chair during this period . Rome under the Greek popes constituted a `` melting pot '' of Western and Eastern Christian traditions , reflected in art as well as liturgy . Pope Gregory I ( 590 -- 604 ) was a major figure in asserting papal primacy and gave the impetus to missionary activity in northern Europe , including England . The Duchy of Rome was a Byzantine district in the Exarchate of Ravenna , ruled by an imperial functionary with the title dux . Within the exarchate , the two chief districts were the country about Ravenna where the exarch was the centre of Byzantine opposition to the Lombards , and the Duchy of Rome , which embraced the lands of Latium north of the Tiber and of Campania to the south as far as the Garigliano . There the pope himself was the soul of the opposition . The pains were taken , as long as possible , to retain control of the intervening districts and with them communication over the Apennine mountains . In 728 , the Lombard King Liutprand took the Castle of Sutri , on the road to Perugia , but restored it to Pope Gregory II `` as a gift to the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul '' . The popes continued to acknowledge the imperial Government . In 738 , the Lombard duke Transamund of Spoleto captured the Castle of Gallese , which protected the road to Perugia . By a large payment , Pope Gregory III induced the duke to restore the castle to him . Frankish influence ( 756 -- 857 ) ( edit ) Main article : Frankish Papacy In 751 , Aistulf took Ravenna and threatened Rome . In response to this threat , Pope Stephen II made an unusual journey north of the Alps to visit the Frankish king , Pepin III , to seek his help against the invading Lombards . The pope anointed Pepin at the abbey of St Denis , near Paris , together with Pepin 's two young sons Charles and Carloman . Pepin duly invaded northern Italy in 754 , and again in 756 . Pepin was able to drive the Lombards from the territory belonging to Ravenna but he did not restore it to its rightful owner , the Byzantine emperor . Instead , he handed over large areas of central Italy to the pope and his successors . The land given to pope Stephen in 756 , in the so - called Donation of Pepin , made the papacy a temporal power and for the first time created an incentive for secular leaders to interfere with papal succession . This territory would become the basis for the Papal States , over which the popes ruled until the Papal States were incorporated into the new Kingdom of Italy in 1870 . For the next eleven centuries , the story of Rome would be almost synonymous with the story of the papacy . The Lombard kingdom reached its height in the 7th and 8th century . Paganism and Arianism were at first prevalent among the Lombards but were gradually supplanted by Catholicism . Roman culture and Latin speech were gradually adopted and the Catholic bishops emerged as chief magistrates in the cities . Lombard law combined Germanic and Roman traditions . After Aistulf 's death , King Desiderius renewed the attack on Rome . In 772 , Pope Adrian I enlisted the support of Charlemagne , Pepin 's successor , who intervened , and , after defeating the Lombards , added their kingdom to his own . After being physically attacked by his enemies in the streets of Rome , Pope Leo III made his way in 799 through the Alps to visit Charlemagne at Paderborn . It is not known what was agreed between the two , but Charlemagne traveled to Rome in 800 to support the pope . In a ceremony in St Peter 's Basilica , on Christmas Day , Leo was supposed to anoint Charlemagne 's son as his heir . But unexpectedly ( it is maintained ) , as Charlemagne rose from prayer , the pope placed a crown on his head and acclaimed him emperor . It is reported that Charlemagne expressed displeasure but nevertheless accepted the honour . The displeasure was probably diplomatic , for the legal emperor was supposed to be seated in Constantinople . Nevertheless , this public alliance between the pope and the ruler of a confederation of Germanic tribes was a reflection of the reality of political power in the west . This coronation launched the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which would play an important role throughout the Middle Ages . The Holy Roman Empire became formally established only in the next century . But the concept is implicit in the title adopted by Charlemagne in 800 : ' Charles , most serene Augustus , crowned by God , great and pacific emperor , governing the Roman empire . ' Influence of powerful Roman families ( 904 -- 1048 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Saeculum obscurum , Crescentii , and Tusculan Papacy The period beginning with the installation of Pope Sergius III in 904 and lasting for sixty years until the death of Pope John XII in 964 is sometimes referred to as Saeculum obscurum or the `` dark age . '' Historian Will Durant refers to the period from 867 to 1049 as the `` nadir of the papacy '' . During this period , the popes were controlled by a powerful and corrupt aristocratic family , the Theophylacti , and their relatives . Conflicts with the emperor and East ( 1048 -- 1257 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) The Imperial crown once held by the Carolingian emperors was disputed between their fractured heirs and local overlords ; none emerged victorious until Otto I , Holy Roman Emperor invaded Italy . Italy became a constituent kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 , from which point the emperors were German . As emperors consolidated their position , northern Italian city - states would become divided by Guelphs and Ghibellines . Henry III , Holy Roman Emperor found three rival popes when he visited Rome in 1048 because of the unprecedented actions of Pope Benedict IX . He deposed all three and installed his own preferred candidate : Pope Clement II . The history of the papacy from 1048 to 1257 would continue to be marked by conflict between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor , most prominently the Investiture Controversy , a dispute over who -- pope or emperor -- could appoint bishops within the Empire . Henry IV 's Walk to Canossa in 1077 to meet Pope Gregory VII ( 1073 -- 85 ) , although not dispositive within the context of the larger dispute , has become legendary . Although the emperor renounced any right to lay investiture in the Concordat of Worms ( 1122 ) , the issue would flare up again . Long - standing divisions between East and West also came to a head in the East -- West Schism and the Crusades . The first seven Ecumenical Councils had been attended by both Western and Eastern prelates , but growing doctrinal , theological , linguistic , political and geographic differences finally resulted in mutual denunciations and excommunications . Pope Urban II ( 1088 -- 99 ) speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095 became the rallying cry of the First Crusade . Unlike the previous millennium , the process for papal selection became somewhat fixed during this period . Pope Nicholas II promulgated In nomine Domini in 1059 , which limited suffrage in papal elections to the College of Cardinals . The rules and procedures of papal elections evolved during this period , laying the groundwork for the modern papal conclave . The driving force behind these reforms was Cardinal Hildebrand , who later became Gregory VII . The wandering popes ( 1257 -- 1309 ) ( edit ) The papal palace in Viterbo ... ... and Orvieto Main articles : Viterbo Papacy , Orvieto Papacy , and Perugia Papacy The pope is the bishop of Rome , but nowhere is it written that he has to stay there ( in fact , only 200 years prior , cardinals would have been required to reside in Rome ) . Political instability in thirteenth - century Italy forced the papal court to move to several different locations . Destinations included Viterbo , Orvieto , and Perugia . The popes brought the Roman Curia with them , and the College of Cardinals met in the city where the last pope had died to hold papal elections . Host cities enjoyed a boost to their prestige and certain economic advantages , but the municipal authorities risked being subsumed into the administration of the Papal States if they allowed the pope to overstay his welcome . According to Eamon Duffy , `` aristocratic factions within the city of Rome once again made it an insecure base for a stable papal government . Innocent IV was exiled from Rome and even Italy for six years , and all but two of the papal elections of the thirteenth century had to take place outside Rome . The skyline of Rome itself was now dominated by the fortified war - towers of the aristocracy ( a hundred were built in Innocent IV 's pontificate alone ) and the popes increasingly spent their time in the papal palaces at Viterbo and Orvieto . '' Avignon papacy ( 1309 -- 1377 ) ( edit ) The Palais des Papes in Avignon Main article : Avignon Papacy During this period , seven popes , all French , resided in Avignon starting in 1309 : Pope Clement V ( 1305 -- 14 ) , Pope John XXII ( 1316 -- 34 ) , Pope Benedict XII ( 1334 -- 42 ) , Pope Clement VI ( 1342 -- 52 ) , Pope Innocent VI ( 1352 -- 62 ) , Pope Urban V ( 1362 -- 70 ) , Pope Gregory XI ( 1370 -- 78 ) . In 1378 , Gregory XI moved the papal residence back to Rome and died there . Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) ( edit ) The division of European allegiances at a point during the Western Schism . Caution : this map is highly inaccurate in some regions and borders , see its talk page . Main article : Western Schism After seventy years in France the papal curia was naturally French in its ways and , to a large extent , in its staff . Back in Rome some degree of tension between French and Italian factions was inevitable . This tension was brought to a head by the death of the French Pope Gregory XI within a year of his return to Rome . The Roman crowd , said to be in threatening mood , demanded a Roman pope or at least an Italian one . In 1378 , the conclave elected an Italian from Naples , Pope Urban VI . His intransigence in office soon alienated the French cardinals . And the behaviour of the Roman crowd enabled them to declare , in retrospect , that his election was invalid , voted under duress . The French cardinals withdrew to a conclave of their own , where they elected one of their number , Robert of Geneva . He took the name Clement VII . By 1379 , he was back in the palace of popes in Avignon , while Urban VI remained in Rome . This was the beginning of the period of difficulty from 1378 to 1417 which Catholic scholars refer to as the `` Western Schism '' or , `` the great controversy of the antipopes '' ( also called `` the second great schism '' by some secular and Protestant historians ) , when parties within the Catholic Church were divided in their allegiances among the various claimants to the office of pope . The Council of Constance , in 1417 , finally resolved the controversy . For nearly forty years the Church had two papal curias and two sets of cardinals , each electing a new pope for Rome or Avignon when death created a vacancy . Each pope lobbied for support among kings and princes who played them off against each other , changing allegiance when according to political advantage . In 1409 , a council was convened at Pisa to resolve the issue . The council declared both existing popes to be schismatic ( Gregory XII from Rome , Benedict XIII from Avignon ) and appointed a new one , Alexander V . But the existing popes had not been persuaded to resign , so the church had three popes . Another council was convened in 1414 at Constance . In March 1415 , the Pisan pope , John XXIII , fled from Constance in disguise ; he was brought back a prisoner and deposed in May . The Roman pope , Gregory XII , resigned voluntarily in July . The Avignon pope , Benedict XIII , refused to come to Constance . In spite of a personal visit from the emperor Sigismund , he would not consider resignation . The council finally deposed him in July 1417 . Denying their right to do so , he withdrew to an impregnable castle on the coast of Spain . Here he continued to act as pope , creating new cardinals and issuing decrees , until his death in 1423 . The council in Constance , having finally cleared the field of popes and antipopes , elected Pope Martin V as pope in November . Early modern and modern era ( 1417 -- present ) ( edit ) Renaissance papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance Papacy Pope Leo X with his cousins Giulio de ' Medici ( left , the future Pope Clement VII ) and Luigi de ' Rossi ( right ) , whom he appointed as cardinal - nephews . From the election of Pope Martin V of the Council of Constance in 1417 to the Reformation , Western Christianity was largely free from schism as well as significant disputed papal claimants . Martin V returned the papacy to Rome in 1420 . Although there were important divisions over the direction of the religion , these were resolved through the then - settled procedures of the papal conclave . Unlike their European peers , popes were not hereditary monarchs , so they could only promote their family interests through nepotism . The word nepotism originally referred specifically to the practice of creating cardinal - nephews , when it appeared in the English language about 1669 . According to Duffy , `` the inevitable outcome of all of this was a creation of a wealthy cardinalatial class , with strong dynastic connections . '' The College was dominated by cardinal - nephews -- relatives of the popes that elevated them , crown - cardinals -- representatives of the Catholic monarchies of Europe , and members of the powerful Italian families . The wealthy popes and cardinals increasingly patronized Renaissance art and architecture , ( re ) building the landmarks of Rome from the ground up . The Papal States began to resemble a modern nation state during this period , and the papacy took an increasingly active role in European wars and diplomacy . Pope Julius II become known as `` the Warrior Pope '' for his use of bloodshed to increase the territory and property of the papacy . The popes of this period used the papal military not only to enrich themselves and their families , but also to enforce and expand upon the longstanding territorial and property claims of the papacy as an institution . Although , before the Western Schism , the papacy had derived much of its revenue from the `` vigorous exercise of its spiritual office , '' during this period the popes were financially dependent on the revenues from the Papal States themselves . With ambitious expenditures on war and construction projects , popes turned to new sources of revenue from the sale of indulgences and bureaucratic and ecclesiastical offices . Pope Clement VII 's diplomatic and military campaigns resulted in the Sack of Rome in 1527 . Popes were more frequently called upon to arbitrate disputes between competing colonial powers than to resolve complicated theological disputes . Columbus ' discovery in 1492 upset the unstable relations between the kingdoms of Portugal and Castile , whose jockeying for possession of colonial territories along the African coast had for many years been regulated by the papal bulls of 1455 , 1456 , and 1479 . Alexander VI responded with three bulls , dated May 3 and 4 , which were highly favorable to Castile ; the third Inter caetera ( 1493 ) , awarded Spain the sole right to colonize most of the New World . According to Eamon Duffy , `` the Renaissance papacy invokes images of a Hollywood spectacular , all decadence and drag . Contemporaries viewed Renaissance Rome as we now view Nixon 's Washington , a city of expense - account whores and political graft , where everything and everyone had a price , where nothing and nobody could be trusted . The popes themselves seemed to set the tone . '' For example , Leo X was said to have remarked : `` Let us enjoy the papacy , since God has given it to us . '' Several of these popes took mistresses and fathered children and engaged in intrigue or even murder . Alexander VI had four acknowledged children : Cesare Borgia , Lucrezia Borgia , Gioffre Borgia , and Giovanni Borgia before he became Pope . Reformation and Counter-Reformation ( 1517 -- 1580 ) ( edit ) Main article : Reformation Papacy Baroque papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) ( edit ) The pontificate of Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 -- 1590 ) opened up the final stage of the Catholic Reformation , characteristic of the Baroque age of the early seventeenth century , shifting away from compelling to attracting . His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city , a visual symbol for the Catholic Church . During the Age of Revolution ( 1775 -- 1848 ) ( edit ) Main article : Popes during the Age of Revolution Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) ( edit ) Main article : Roman Question The breach of the Porta Pia during the Capture of Rome The provisional capital of Italy had been Florence since 1865 . After defeating the papal forces in 1870 , the Italian government moved to the banks of the Tiber a year later . Victor Emmanuel installed himself in the Quirinal Palace . Rome became once again , for the first time in thirteen centuries , the capital city of a united Italy . Rome was unusual among capital cities only in that it contained the power of the pope and a small parcel of land ( Vatican City ) beyond national control . This anomaly was not formally resolved until the Lateran pacts of 1929 . The last eight years of his long pontificate -- the longest in Church history -- Pope Pius IX spent as prisoner of the Vatican . Catholics were forbidden to vote or being voted in national elections . However , they were permitted to participate in local elections , where they achieved successes . Pius himself was active , during those years , by creating new diocesan seats and appointing bishops to numerous dioceses , which had been unoccupied for years . Asked if he wanted his successor to follow his Italian policies , the old pontiff replied : My successor may be inspired by my love to the Church and my wish to do the right thing . Everything changed around me . My system and my policies had their time , I am too old to change direction . This will be the task of my successor . Pope Leo XIII , considered a great diplomat , managed to improve relations with Russia , Prussia , German France , England and other countries . However , in light of a hostile anti-Catholic climate in Italy , he continued the policies of Pius IX towards Italy , without major modifications . He had to defend the freedom of the Church against Italian persecutions and attacks in the area of education , expropriation and violation of Catholic Churches , legal measures against the Church and brutal attacks , culminating in anticlerical groups attempting to throw the body of the deceased Pope Pius IX into the Tiber river on July 13 , 1881 . The pope even considered moving the papacy to Trieste or Salzburg , two cities under Austrian control , an idea which the Austrian monarch Franz Josef I gently rejected . His encyclicals changed Church positions on relations with temporal authorities , and , in the 1891 encyclical Rerum novarum addressed for the first time social inequality and social justice issues with Papal authority . He was greatly influenced by Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler , a German bishop who openly propagated siding with the suffering working classes Since Leo XIII , Papal teachings expand on the right and obligation of workers and the limitations of private property : Pope Pius XI Quadragesimo anno , the Social teachings of Pope Pius XII on a huge range of social issues , John XXIII Mater et magistra in 1961 , Pope Paul VI , the encyclical Populorum progressio on World development issues , and Pope John Paul II , Centesimus annus , commemorating the 100th anniversary of Rerum novarum of Pope Leo XIII . The eclipse of papal temporal power during the 19th century was accompanied by a recovery of papal prestige . The monarchist reaction in the wake of the French Revolution and the later emergence of constitutional governments served alike , though in different ways , to sponsor that development . The reinstated monarchs of Catholic Europe saw in the papacy a conservative ally rather than a jurisdictional rival . Later , when the institution of constitutional governments broke the ties binding the clergy to the policies of royal regimes , Catholics were freed to respond to the renewed spiritual authority of the pope . The popes of the 19th and 20th centuries exercised their spiritual authority with increasing vigor and in every aspect of religious life . By the crucial pontificate of Pope Pius IX ( 1846 -- 1878 ) , for example , papal control over worldwide Catholic missionary activity was firmly established for the first time in history . From the creation of Vatican city ( 1929 ) ( edit ) Further information : Vatican City A map of Vatican City , as established by the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) The pontificate of Pope Pius XI was marked by great diplomatic activity and the issuance of many important papers , often in the form of encyclicals . In diplomatic affairs , Pius was aided at first by Pietro Gasparri and after 1930 by Eugenio Pacelli ( who succeeded him as Pope Pius XII ) . Cardinal Gasparri 's masterpiece was the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) , negotiated for the Vatican by Francesco Pacelli . Nevertheless , the Fascist government and the pope were in open disagreement over the restriction of youth activities ; this culminated in a strong papal letter ( Non abbiamo bisogno , 1931 ) , arguing the impossibility of being at once a Fascist and a Catholic . Relations between Mussolini and the Holy See were cool ever after . Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman Question began in 1926 between the government of Italy and the Holy See , and in 1929 they culminated in the agreements of the three Lateran Pacts , signed for King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and for Pope Pius XI by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri in the Lateran Palace ( hence the name by which they are known ) . The Lateran Treaty included a political treaty , which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the Holy See . The pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties . The concordat established Catholicism as the religion of Italy . And the financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy arising from the loss of temporal power in 1870 . A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli 's main objectives as secretary of state . As nuncio during the 1920s , he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty , and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments , but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties , the instability of national governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim . In particular , the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level , despite talks in the winter of 1932 . Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the Church and the Catholic Centre Party . He sent his vice chancellor Franz von Papen , a Catholic nobleman and former member of the Centre Party , to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat . On behalf of Cardinal Pacelli , his long - time associate Prelate Ludwig Kaas , the out - going chairman of the Centre Party , negotiated first drafts of the terms with Papen . The concordat was finally signed , by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany , on 20 July and ratified on September 10 , 1933 . Between 1933 and 1939 , Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the Reichskonkordat . Most notably , early in 1937 , Pacelli asked several German cardinals , including Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the Reichskonkordat ; this was to become Pius XI 's encyclical Mit brennender Sorge . The encyclical , condemning the view that `` exalts race , or the people , or the State , or a particular form of State ... above their standard value and divinizes them to an idolatrous level '' , was written in German instead of Latin and read in German churches on Palm Sunday 1937 . World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Vatican City during World War II and Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust When Germany invaded Poland on September 1 , 1939 , the Vatican declared neutrality to avoid being drawn into the conflict and also to avoid occupation by the Italian military . In 1944 , the German Army occupied Rome . Adolf Hitler proclaimed that he would respect Vatican neutrality . However , several incidents , such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen , nearly caused Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican . Rome was liberated by the Allies after several months of occupation . The Church policies after World War II of Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war - torn Europe with its 15 million displaced persons and refugees , an internal internationalization of the Roman Catholic Church , and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations . His encyclical Evangelii praecones increased the local decision - making of Catholic missions , many of which became independent dioceses . Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture . He internationalized the College of Cardinals by eliminating the Italian majority and appointed cardinals from Asia , South America and Australia . In Western Africa Southern Africa British Eastern Africa , Finland , Burma and French Africa Pope Pius established independent dioceses in 1955 . While after years of rebuilding the Church thrived in the West and most of the developing world , it faced most serious persecutions in the East . Sixty million Catholics came under Soviet dominated regimes in 1945 , with tens of thousands of priests and religious killed , and millions deported into Soviet and Chinese Gulags . The communist regimes in Albania , Bulgaria , Romania and China practically eradicated the Roman Catholic Church in their countries From Vatican II ( 1962 -- present ) ( edit ) The opening of the Second Session of the Second Vatican Council Further information : Second Vatican Council The continuing strength of the forces within the church favoring theological innovation and energetic reform became unmistakably evident at the Second Vatican Council , convened by Pope John XXIII ( 1958 -- 1963 ) , and found expression especially in its decrees on ecumenism , religious liberty , the liturgy , and the nature of the church . The ambivalence of some of those decrees , however , and the disciplinary turmoil and doctrinal dissension following the ending of the council , brought about new challenges to papal authority . On October 11 , 1962 , Pope John XXIII opened the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council . The 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic Church emphasized the universal call to holiness and brought many changes in practices , including an increased emphasis on ecumenism ; fewer rules on penances , fasting and other devotional practices ; and initiating a revision of the services , which were to be slightly simplified and made supposedly more accessible by allowing the use of native languages instead of Latin . Opposition to changes inspired by the Council gave rise to the movement of Traditionalist Catholics who disagree with changing the old forms of worship . On December 7 , 1965 , a Joint Catholic - Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I lifted the mutual excommunication against Catholic and Orthodox which had been in force since the Great Schism of 1054 . The bishops agreed that the pope exercises supreme authority over the church , but defined `` collegiality '' , meaning that all bishops share in this authority . Local bishops have equal authority as successors of the Apostles and as members of a larger organization , the Church founded by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the apostles . The pope serves as a symbol of unity and has additional authority to ensure the continuation of that unity . During the Second Vatican Council , Catholic bishops drew back a bit from statements which might anger Christians of other faiths . Cardinal Augustin Bea , the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat had always the full support of Pope Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language is friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches , whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII . Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate , which regulates relation of the Church with the Jewish faith and members of other religions The establishment of national conferences of bishops tended to erode papal authority to some degree , and Pope Paul VI 's encyclical Humanae Vitae ( 1968 ) , reaffirming the prohibition of artificial birth control , was met with both evasion and defiance in the USA and Western Europe but warmly welcomed in South America , Eastern and Southern Europe . Pope Paul VI ( 1963 -- 1978 ) , however , continued the ecumenical efforts of Pope John XXIII in his contacts with Protestant and Orthodox churches . He also continued John XXIII 's attempts to make discreet moves in the direction of pragmatic accommodation with the Communist regimes of eastern Europe , a policy that were possible in the eras of Khrushchev and Brezhnev . Paul VI also reorganized the curia and spoke strongly for peace and social justice . Pope Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals for steering a middle course during Vatican II and in the course of the implementation of its reforms thereafter . His passion for peace during the Vietnam War was not understood by all . The urgent task of overcoming World poverty and start real development resulted partly in benign neglect of papal teachings by the influential and the rich . On basic Church teachings , this pope was unwavering . On the tenth anniversary of Humanae Vitae , he strongly reconfirmed his teachings . In his style and methodology , he was a disciple of Pius XII , whom he deeply revered . He suffered under the attacks of his predecessor for his alleged silences , knowing from personal association with the late pope the real concerns and compassion of Pius XII . Pope Paul is not credited to have had the encyclopaedic culture of Pius XII , nor his phenomenal memory , his amazing gift for languages , his brilliant style in writing , nor did he have the Charisma and outpouring love , sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII . He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes , bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion . In doing so , Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul , torn to several directions as Saint Paul , who always said , I am attracted to two sides at once , because the Cross always divides . He became the first pope to visit all five continents . Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors , to turn the Euro - centric Church into a Church for the whole world , by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened . His August 6 , 1967 Motu Proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world . Until then , only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia . An inner joy seems to have been a characteristic of Paul VI . His confessor , the Jesuit Paolo Dezza arrived at the Vatican every Friday evening at seven p.m. to hear confession of Paul VI . The only words he ever spoke about his long service to Paul VI during his pontificate were , that this pope is a man of great joy . After the death of Pope Paul VI , Dezza was more outspoken , saying that `` if Paul VI was not a saint , when he was elected pope , he became one during his pontificate . I was able to witness not only with what energy and dedication he toiled for Christ and the Church but also and above all , how much he suffered for Christ and the Church . I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence . '' . It is this character trait , which led to the opening of the process of beatification and canonization for Paul VI . Pope John Paul II ( 1978 -- 2005 ) With the accession of Pope John Paul II after the mysterious death of Pope John Paul I ( who only survived as pope for 33 days ) , the church had , for the first time since Pope Adrian VI in the 16th century , a non-Italian pope . John Paul II has been credited with helping to bring down communism in eastern Europe by sparking what amounted to a peaceful revolution in his Polish homeland . Lech Wałęsa , one of the several founders of the Solidarity worker movement that ultimately toppled communism , credited John Paul with giving Poles the courage to rise up . The last Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledged publicly the role of John Paul II in the fall of Communism . The pope himself stated after the fall of Communism that `` the claim to build a world without God has been shown to be an illusion '' ( Prague , April 21 , 1990 ) . But this world without God exists in Capitalism too . Therefore , as did his predecessors , John Paul repeated the content of Christianity , its religious and moral message , its defense of the human person , and warned against the dangers of capitalism . `` Unfortunately , not everything the West proposes as a theoretical vision or as a concrete lifestyle reflects Gospel values . '' The long pontificate of John Paul is credited with re-creating a sense of stability and even identity to the Catholic Church after years of questioning and searching . His teaching was firm and unwavering on issues which seemed to be in doubt under his predecessor including the ordination of women , liberation theology and priestly celibacy . He virtually stopped the liberal laicisation of problem priests policy of Pope Paul VI , which inadvertently may have contributed to problems in the USA . His authoritative style was reminiscent of Pope Pius XII , whose teaching he repeated in his own words , such as the identity of the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ and his condemnations of capitalism `` viruses '' : secularism , indifferentism , hedonistic consumerism , practical materialism , and also formal atheism . As always after a long pontificate , a new page was opened in the history of the Church with the election of a new pope . Pope Benedict XVI was elected in 2005 . In his inaugural homily , the new Pontiff explained his view of a relation with Christ : Pope Francis `` Are we not perhaps all afraid in some way ? If we let Christ enter fully into our lives , if we open ourselves totally to Him , are we not afraid that He might take something away from us ? ( ... ) No ! If we let Christ into our lives , we lose nothing , nothing , absolutely nothing of what makes life free , beautiful and great . No ! Only in this friendship do we experience beauty and liberation ( ... ) When we give ourselves to Him , we receive a hundredfold in return . Yes , open , open wide the doors to Christ -- and you will find true life . '' On February 11 , 2013 , Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would tender his resignation on February 28 , 2013 , less than three weeks later . On March 13 , 2013 , Pope Francis -- the first Jesuit pope and the first pope from the Americas -- was elected to the papacy . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal List of popes Index of Vatican City - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hierarchical Constitution of the Church , § 881 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church , Second Edition . Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Johann Peter . `` St. Peter , Prince of the Apostles . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 21 Jul. 2014 Jump up ^ Joyce , G.H. ( 1913 ) . `` Pope '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Avery Dulles ( 1987 ) . The Catholicity of the Church . Oxford University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826695 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Second Vatican Council '' . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , 2003 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub368/item2083.html Jump up ^ Constantine the Great Jump up ^ Richards , 1979 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Löffler , Klemens . `` Ostrogoths . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1911 . 21 Jul. 2014 Jump up ^ Durant , Will . The Age of Faith . New York : Simon and Schuster . 1972 , p. 537 . Jump up ^ Brook , Lindsay ( 2003 ) . `` Popes and Pornocrats : Rome in the early middle ages '' . Foundations. 1 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Duffy , 2006 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Spielvogel , 2008 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary . September 2003 . `` Nepotism '' ^ Jump up to : Duffy , 2006 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , 2008 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Duffy , 2006 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Duffy , 2006 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Duffy , 2006 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin 119 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin 109 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin 409 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin 413 . Jump up ^ Schmidlin 414 . Jump up ^ in his book Die Arbeiterfrage und das Chistentum Jump up ^ Ludwig Volk Das Reichskonkordat vom 20 . Juli 1933 , p. 34f. , 45 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Klaus Scholder `` The Churches and the Third Reich '' volume 1 : especially Part 1 , chapter 10 ; Part 2 , chapter 2 Jump up ^ Volk , p. 98 - 101 . Feldkamp , 88 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Volk , p. 101,105 . Jump up ^ Volk , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Phayer 2000 , p. 16 ; Sanchez 2002 , p. 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ issued on June 2 , 1951 Jump up ^ Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S. , 1944 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Evangelii praecones . p. 56 . Jump up ^ in 1951 , Jump up ^ 1953 Jump up ^ see Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Jump up ^ Peter Heblethwaite , Paul VI Jump up ^ October 28 , 1965 Jump up ^ see Humanae Vitae Jump up ^ Graham , Paul VI , A Great Pontificate , Brescia , November 7 , 1983 , 75 ^ Jump up to : Graham , 76 ^ Jump up to : Graham 76 . Jump up ^ Pallenberg , Inside the Vatican , 107 , Jump up ^ Guitton , 159 ^ Jump up to : Josef Schmitz van Vorst , 68 Jump up ^ Hebblethwaite , 339 Jump up ^ Hebblethwaite , 600 Jump up ^ `` The pope started this chain of events that led to the end of communism , '' Wałęsa said . `` Before his pontificate , the world was divided into blocs . Nobody knew how to get rid of communism . `` He simply said : Do n't be afraid , change the image of this land . '' Jump up ^ `` What has happened in Eastern Europe in recent years would not have been possible without the presence of this Pope , without the great role even political that he has played on the world scene '' ( quoted in La Stampa , March 3 , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ George Weigel , Witness to Hope , biography of Pope John Paul II Jump up ^ Redemptor Hominis Orinatio ' Sacercotalis Jump up ^ Peter Hebblethwaite , Paul VI New York , 1993 Jump up ^ According to some critics like Hans Küng in his 2008 autobiography Jump up ^ see Anni sacri Jump up ^ Vatican.va -- Homily on Christ Archived 2009 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the papacy . Collins , Roger ( 2009 ) . Keepers of the Keys : A History of the Papacy . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01195 - 0 . Pennington , Arthur Robert ( 1882 ) . Epochs of the Papacy : From Its Rise to the Death of Pope Pius IX. in 1878 . G. Bell and Sons . Duffy , Eamon ( 2006 ) . Saints & Sinners ( 3 ed . ) . New Haven Ct : Yale Nota Bene / Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11597 - 0 . Mcbrien , Richard ( 1997 ) . Lives of the Popes : The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II . San Francisco : Harper SanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 065304 - 3 . Maxwell - Stuart , P. ( 1997 ) . Chronicle of the Popes : The Reign - by - Reign Record of the Papacy over 2000 Years . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 01798 - 0 . Rendina , Claudio ( 2002 ) . The Popes : Histories and Secrets . Washington : Seven Locks Press . ISBN 1 - 931643 - 13 - X . Barraclough , Geoffrey ( 1979 ) . The Medieval Papacy . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95100 - 6 . Buttler , Scott ; Norman Dahlgren ; David Hess ( 1997 ) . Jesus , Peter & the Keys : A Scriptural Handbook on the Papacy . Santa Barbara : Queenship Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 882972 - 54 - 6 . Toropov , Brandon ( 2002 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Popes and the Papacy . Indianapolis : Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864290 - 2 . Sullivan , Francis ( 2001 ) . From Apostles to Bishops : The Development of the Episcopacy in the Early Church . New York : Newman Press . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0534 - 9 . McCabe , Joseph ( 1939 ) . A History of the Popes . London. : Watts & Co . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Popes of the Catholic Church <Td_colspan="3"> List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope - elect 1st -- 4th centuries During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) including under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th -- 8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III 9th -- 12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III 13th -- 16th centuries Viterbo ( 1257 -- 1281 ) Orvieto ( 1262 -- 1297 ) Perugia ( 1228 -- 1304 ) Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII 17th -- 20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II 21st century Benedict XVI Francis History of the papacy Antiquity and Early Middle Ages During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) Under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) High and Late Middle Ages Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Wandering Papacy Viterbo , 1257 -- 1281 Orvieto , 1262 -- 1297 Perugia , 1228 -- 1304 Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Early Modern and Modern Era Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) WWII ( 1939 -- 1945 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Book Pope portal Catholicism portal <Th_colspan="3"> History of the Catholic Church General History of the Catholic Church By country or region History of the Papacy Timeline of the Catholic Church Catholic ecumenical councils History of the Roman Curia Catholic Church art Religious institutes Christian monasticism Papal States Role of Christianity in civilization Church beginnings , Great Church Jesus John the Baptist Apostles Peter Paul Saint Stephen Great Commission Council of Jerusalem Apostolic Age Apostolic Fathers Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus Pope Victor I Tertullian Constantine to Pope Gregory I Constantine the Great and Christianity Arianism Archbasilica of St. John Lateran First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Benedict of Nursia Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Early Middle Ages Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East -- West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Crusades First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. History of the papacy
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-6,452,623,846,350,596,000 | me chahta hu tujhko dilo jaan ki tarah film name | Jaan Ki Kasam - Wikipedia Jaan Ki Kasam <Th_colspan="2"> Jaan Ki Kasam जान की कसम Directed by Sushil Malik Produced by Javed Riaz Written by Baba Khan Starring Krishna Saathi Ganguly Music by Nadeem - Shravan Cinematography Deepak Duggal Edited by Ashok Honda Release date 28 February 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 28 ) ( India ) Country India Language Hindi Jaan Ki Kasam is a 1991 Indian Bollywood film directed by Sushil Malik and produced by Javed Riaz . It stars Krishna and Saathi Ganguly in pivotal roles . The movie is about how a family ( Suresh Oberoi , Archana Puran Singh and Tanvee Sharma ) travelling by air meet with an accident . Tanvee is the only one who survives and starts to live on an isolated island where she meets Khurshid ( Rajan ) . The story is about their love and survival as they grow up . Contents 1 Cast 2 Soundtrack 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Krishna ... Rajan Saathi Ganguly ... Meenu Suresh Oberoi ... Kumar Archana Puran Singh ... Kumar 's Wife Raza Murad ... Paras Seth Ranjeet ... Jagdish Pramod Moutho ... Bajrangi Avtar Gill ... Sher Khan Vikas Anand ... Bholu Kaka Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of Jaan Ki Kasam was composed by the music duo Nadeem Shravan . The lyrics were written by Sameer . # Title Singer ( s ) `` Barsaat Ho Rahi , Barsaat Hone De '' Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal `` Cham Cham Chamke Chandni '' Anuradha Puadwal `` I Just Call To Say I Love You '' Udit Narayan , Anuradha Paudwal `` Jo Hum Na Milenge , To Gul Na Khilenge '' Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal `` So Ja Chup Ho Ja '' Kumar Sanu , Anuradha Paudwal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Review '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review '' . Apunkachoice . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Jaan Ki Kasam on IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaan_Ki_Kasam&oldid=836401968 '' Categories : 1991 films 1990s Hindi - language films Indian films Films scored by Nadeem -- Shravan 1990s Hindi - language film stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. Jaan Ki Kasam - Indian Bollywood film
2. Directed by Sushil Malik
3. Starring Krishna and Saathi Ganguly
4. Story about love and survival on an isolated island
5. Music composed by Nadeem-Shravan |
-3,899,353,415,040,894,000 | who makes the decision to extradite a fugitive | Extradition - Wikipedia Extradition Jump to : navigation , search `` Extradition order '' redirects here . For the band , see Extradition Order ( band ) . Not to be confused with deportation . An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://www.extradition-lawyers.com Triggered by \ blawyers \. com \ b on the local blacklist This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Czech . ( January 2012 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the Czech article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated cs Vydávání ( extradice ) ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Extradition is the act by one jurisdiction of delivering a person who has been accused of committing a crime in another jurisdiction or has been convicted of a crime in that other jurisdiction into the custody of a law enforcement agency of that other jurisdiction . It is a cooperative law enforcement process between the two jurisdictions and depends on the arrangements made between them . Besides the legal aspects of the process , extradition also involves the physical transfer of custody of the person being extradited to the legal authority of the requesting jurisdiction . Through the extradition process , one sovereign jurisdiction typically makes a formal request to another sovereign jurisdiction ( `` the requested state '' ) . If the fugitive is found within the territory of the requested state , then the requested state may arrest the fugitive and subject him or her to its extradition process . The extradition procedures to which the fugitive will be subjected are dependent on the law and practice of the requested state . Between countries , extradition is normally regulated by treaties . Where extradition is compelled by laws , such as among sub-national jurisdictions , the concept may be known more generally as rendition . It is an ancient mechanism , dating back to at least the 13th century BC , when an Egyptian Pharaoh , Ramesses II , negotiated an extradition treaty with Hittite King , Hattusili III . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extradition treaties or agreements 2 Bars to extradition 2.1 Failure to fulfill dual criminality 2.2 Political nature of the alleged crime 2.3 Possibility of certain forms of punishment 2.4 Jurisdiction 2.5 Own citizens 2.6 Right to private and family life 2.7 Fair trial standards 3 Human rights and extradition 4 Aut dedere aut judicare 5 Controversies 5.1 International tensions 5.2 Abductions 5.3 `` Extraordinary rendition '' 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links Extradition treaties or agreements ( edit ) The consensus in international law is that a state does not have any obligation to surrender an alleged criminal to a foreign state , because one principle of sovereignty is that every state has legal authority over the people within its borders . Such absence of international obligation , and the desire for the right to demand such criminals from other countries , have caused a web of extradition treaties or agreements to evolve . When no applicable extradition agreement is in place , a sovereign may still request the expulsion or lawful return of an individual pursuant to the requested state 's domestic law . This can be accomplished through the immigration laws of the requested state or other facets of the requested state 's domestic law . Similarly , the codes of penal procedure in many countries contain provisions allowing for extradition to take place in the absence of an extradition agreement . Sovereigns may , therefore , still request the expulsion or lawful return of a fugitive from the territory of a requested state in the absence of an extradition treaty . No country in the world has an extradition treaty with all other countries ; for example , the United States lacks extradition treaties with Russia , the People 's Republic of China , Namibia , the United Arab Emirates , North Korea , Bahrain , and many other countries . ( See Extradition law in the United States . ) Bars to extradition ( edit ) By enacting laws or in concluding treaties or agreements , countries determine the conditions under which they may entertain or deny extradition requests . Observing fundamental human rights is also an important reason for denying some extradition requests . It is common for human rights exceptions to be specifically incorporated in bilateral treaties . Such bars can be invoked in relation to the treatment of the individual in the receiving country , including their trial and sentence . These bars may also extend to take account of the effect on family of the individual if extradition proceeds . Therefore , human rights recognised by international and regional agreements may be the basis for denying extradition requests . However , cases where extradition is denied should be treated as independent exceptions and will only occur in exceptional circumstances . Common bars to extradition include : Failure to fulfill dual criminality ( edit ) Generally the act for which extradition is sought must constitute a crime punishable by some minimum penalty in both the requesting and the requested states . Political nature of the alleged crime ( edit ) Many countries refuse to extradite suspects of political crimes . See political offence exception . Possibility of certain forms of punishment ( edit ) Some countries refuse extradition on grounds that the person , if extradited , may receive capital punishment or face torture . A few go as far as to cover all punishments that they themselves would not administer . Death penalty : Many jurisdictions , such as Australia , Canada , Macao , New Zealand , South Africa , and most European nations except Belarus , will not allow extradition if the death penalty may be imposed on the suspect unless they are assured that the death sentence will not be passed or carried out . The United Nations Human Rights Committee considered the case of Joseph Kindler , following the Canadian Supreme Court 's decision in Kindler v Canada to extradite Kindler who faced the death penalty in the United States . This decision was given despite the fact that it was expressly provided in the extradition treaty between these two states that extradition may be refused , unless assurances were given that the death penalty shall not be imposed or executed , as well as arguably being a violation of the individual 's rights under the Canadian Charter of Human Rights . The decision by the Committee considered Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , the `` inherent right to life '' and whether this right prohibited Canada from extraditing the individual to the United States where he faced the death penalty . The Committee decided that there was nothing contained in the terms of Article 6 which required Canada to seek assurance that the individual would not face the death penalty if extradited . However , the Committee noted that if Canada had extradited without due process it would have breached its obligation under the Convention in this case . Torture , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment : Many countries will not extradite if there is a risk that a requested person will be subjected to torture , inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . In regard to torture the European Court of Human Rights has in the past not accepted assurances that torture will not occur when given by a state where torture is systematic or endemic . Although in the more recent case before the same court Othman ( Abu Qatada ) v. United Kingdom the court retreated from this firm refusal and instead took a more subjective approach for assessing state assurances . Unlike capital punishment it is often more difficult to prove the existence of torture within a state and considerations often depend on the assessment of quality and validity of assurances given by the requesting state . In the deportation case of Othman ( Abu Qatada ) the court provided 11 factors the court will assess in determining the validity of these assurances . While torture is provided for as a bar to extradition by the European Convention on Human Rights and more universally by the Convention Against Torture , it is also a jus cogens norm under international law and can therefore be invoked as a bar even if it is not provided for in an extradition agreement . In the case of Soering v United Kingdom , the European Court of Human Rights held that it would violate Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights to extradite a person to the United States from the United Kingdom in a capital punishment case . This was due to the harsh conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which the sentence would be executed , but not the death penalty sentence itself . The Court in Soering stressed however that the personal circumstances of the individual , including age and mental state ( the individual in this case was 18 years old ) were relevant in assessing whether their extradition would give rise to a real risk of treatment exceeding the threshold in Article 3 . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Jurisdiction over a crime can be invoked to refuse extradition . In particular , the fact that the person in question is a nation 's own citizen causes that country to have jurisdiction ( see next point ) . Own citizens ( edit ) Some countries , such as Austria , Brazil , the Czech Republic , France , Germany , Japan , the People 's Republic of China , the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , Russia , Switzerland and Syria forbid extradition of their own citizens . These countries often have laws in place that give them jurisdiction over crimes committed abroad by or against citizens . By virtue of such jurisdiction , they prosecute and try citizens accused of crimes committed abroad as if the crime had occurred within the country 's borders ( see , e.g. , trial of Xiao Zhen ) . Right to private and family life ( edit ) In a limited number of cases Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights has been invoked to stop extradition from proceeding . Article 8 states that everyone has the right to the respect of their private and family life . This is achieved by way of balancing the potential harm to private life against the public interest in upholding the extradition arrangement . While this article is useful as it provide for a prohibition to extradition , the threshold required to meet this prohibition is high . Article 8 does explicitly provide that this right is subject to limits in the interests of national security and public safety , so these limits must be weighed in a balancing of priority against this right . Cases where extradition is sought usually involve serious crimes so while these limits are often justified there have been cases where extradition could not be justified in light of the individual 's family life . Cases to date have mostly involved dependant children where the extradition would be counter to the best interests of this child . In the case of FK v. Polish Judicial Authority the court held that it would violate article 8 for a mother of five young children to be extradited amidst charges of minor fraud which were committed number of years ago . This case is an example of how the gravity of the crime for which extradition was sought was not proportionate to protecting the interests of the individual 's family . However the court in this case noted that even in circumstances where extradition is refused a custodial sentence will be given to comply with the principles of international comity . In contrast the case of HH v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic , Genoa is an example of when the public interest for allowing extradition outweighed the best interests of the children . In this case both parents were being extradited to Italy for serious drug importation crimes . Article 8 does not only address the needs of children , but all family members yet the high threshold required to satisfy Article 8 means that the vulnerability of children is the most likely circumstance to meet this threshold . In the case of Norris v US ( No 2 ) a man sought to argue that if extradited his health would be undermined and it would cause his wife depression . This claim was rejected by the Court which stated that a successful claim under Article 8 would require `` exceptional '' circumstances . Suicide Risk : Cases where there is risk of the individual committing suicide have also invoked article 8 as the public interest of extraditing must be considered in light of the risk of suicide by the individual if extradited . In the case of Jason 's v Latvia extradition was refused on these grounds , as the crime for which the individual was sought was not enough of a threat to public interest to outweigh the high risk of suicide which had been assessed to exist for the individual if extradited . Fair trial standards ( edit ) Consideration of the right to a fair trial is particularly complex in extradition cases . Its complexity arises from the fact that while the court deciding whether to surrender the individual must uphold these rights this same court must also be satisfied that any trial undertaken by the requesting state after extradition is granted also respects these rights . Article 14 of the ICCPR provides a number of criteria for fair trial standards . These standards have been reflected in courts who have shown that subjective considerations should be made in determining whether such trials would be ' unjust ' or ' oppressive ' by taking into account factors such as the duration of time since the alleged offences occurred , health of the individual , prison conditions in the requesting state and likelihood of conviction among other considerations . Yet exactly how the standards provided for in ICCPR are incorporated or recognised by domestic courts and decision makers is still unclear although it seems that these standards can at a minimum be used to inform the notions of such decision makers . If it is found that fair trial standards will not be satisfied in the requesting country this may be a sufficient bar to extradition . Article 6 of the ECHR also provides for fair trial standards , which must be observed by European countries when making an extradition request . This court in the Othman case , whom if extradited would face trial where evidence against him had been obtained by way of torture . This was held to be a violation of Article 6 ECHR as it presented a real risk of a ' flagrant denial of justice ' . The court in Othman stressed that in order for a breach of Article 6 to occur the trial in the requesting country must constitute a flagrant denial of justice , going beyond merely an unfair trial . Evidence obtained by way of torture has been sufficient to satisfy the threshold of a flagrant denial of justice in a number of case . This is in part because torture evidence threatens the `` integrity of the trial process and the rule of law itself . '' Human Rights and extradition ( edit ) Human rights as a bar to extradition can be invoked in relation to the treatment of the individual in the receiving country , including their trial and sentence as well as the effect on family of the individual if extradition is granted . The repressive nature and the limitations of freedoms imposed on an individual is part of the extradition process and is the reason for these exceptions and the importance that human rights are observed in the extradition process . Therefore , human rights protected by international and regional agreements may be the basis for denying extradition requests , but only as independent exceptions . While human rights concerns can add to the complexity of extradition cases it is positive as it adds to the legitimacy and institutionalisation of the extradition system . Determining whether to allow extradition by the requested state is , among other considerations , a balancing exercise between the interests of the requesting state 's pursuit of justice over the accused individuals , the requested state 's interests in holding dominion over those presently in its territory , and the rights of the extraditable persons . Extradition raises human rights concerns in determining this balance in relation to the extraditable person . States make provision to recognise these rights both expressing in bilateral treaty agreements and also , potentially by way of state 's obligations under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , of which the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is particularly relevant to extradition . Although regional , the European Convention of Human Rights has also been invoked as a bar to extradition in a number of cases falling within its jurisdiction and decisions from the European Court of Human Rights have been a useful source of development in this area . Aut dedere aut judicare ( edit ) Main article : Aut dedere aut judicare A concept related to extradition that has significant implications in transnational criminal law is that of aut dedere aut judicare . This maxim represents the principle that states must either surrender a criminal within their jurisdiction to a state that wishes to prosecute the criminal or prosecute the offender in its own courts . Many international agreements contain provisions for aut dedere aut judicare . These include all four 1949 Geneva Conventions , the U.N. Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings , the U.N. Convention Against Corruption , the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft , the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel , Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment , the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict , and the International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid . Some contemporary scholars hold the opinion that aut dedere aut judicare is not an obligation under customary international law but rather `` a specific conventional clause relating to specific crimes '' and , accordingly , an obligation that only exists when a state has voluntarily assumed the obligation . Cherif Bassiouni , however , has posited that , at least with regard to international crimes , it is not only a rule of customary international law but a jus cogens principle . Professor Michael Kelly , citing Israeli and Austrian judicial decisions , has noted that `` there is some supporting anecdotal evidence that judges within national systems are beginning to apply the doctrine on their own '' . Controversies ( edit ) International tensions ( edit ) Swedish extradition of German and Baltic soldiers to the Soviet Union in January 1946 Cali Cartel boss Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela extradited from Colombia to the United States . Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía being extradited to face charges in the United States . Viktor Bout extradited to the United States aboard a Drug Enforcement Administration plane . The refusal of a country to extradite suspects or criminals to another may lead to international relations being strained . Often , the country to which extradition is refused will accuse the other country of refusing extradition for political reasons ( regardless of whether or not this is justified ) . A case in point is that of Ira Einhorn , in which some US commentators pressured President Jacques Chirac of France , who does not intervene in legal cases , to permit extradition when the case was held up due to differences between French and American human rights law . Another long - standing example is Roman Polanski whose extradition was pursued by California for over 20 years . For a brief period he was placed under arrest in Switzerland , however subsequent legal appeals there prevented extradition . The questions involved are often complex when the country from which suspects are to be extradited is a democratic country with a rule of law . Typically , in such countries , the final decision to extradite lies with the national executive ( prime minister , president or equivalent ) . However , such countries typically allow extradition defendants recourse to the law , with multiple appeals . These may significantly slow down procedures . On the one hand , this may lead to unwarranted international difficulties , as the public , politicians and journalists from the requesting country will ask their executive to put pressure on the executive of the country from which extradition is to take place , while that executive may not in fact have the authority to deport the suspect or criminal on their own . On the other hand , certain delays , or the unwillingness of the local prosecution authorities to present a good extradition case before the court on behalf of the requesting state , may possibly result from the unwillingness of the country 's executive to extradite . Even though the United States has an extradition treaty with Japan , most extraditions are not successful due to Japan 's domestic laws . In order for the United States to be successful , they must present their case for extradition to the Japanese authorities . However , certain evidence is barred from being in these proceedings such as the use of confessions , searches or electronic surveillance . In most cases involving international drug trafficking , this kind of evidence constitutes the bulk of evidence gathered in the investigation on a suspect for a drug - related charge . Therefore , this usually hinders the United States from moving forward with the extradition of a criminal . There is at present controversy in the United Kingdom about the Extradition Act 2003 , which dispenses with the need for a prima facie case for extradition . This came to a head over the extradition of the Natwest Three from the UK to the U.S. , for their alleged fraudulent conduct related to Enron . Several British political leaders were heavily critical of the British government 's handling of the issue . In 2013 , the United States submitted extradition requests to many nations for former National Security Agency employee Edward Snowden . It criticized Hong Kong for allowing him to leave despite an extradition request . Abductions ( edit ) In some cases a state has abducted an alleged criminal from the territory of another state either after normal extradition procedures failed , or without attempting to use them . Notable cases are listed below : Name Year From To Morton Sobell 1950 Mexico United States Adolf Eichmann 1960 Argentina Israel Antoine Argoud 1963 Germany ( West ) France Isang Yun 1967 West Germany South Korea Mordechai Vanunu 1986 Italy Israel Humberto Álvarez Machaín Mexico United States Rodrigo Granda Venezuela Colombia Abdullah Ocalan 1999 Kenya Turkey Wang Bingzhang 2002 Vietnam China Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr 2003 Italy Egypt Dirar Abu Seesi 2011 Ukraine Israel Gui Minhai 2015 Thailand China `` Extraordinary rendition '' ( edit ) Main article : Extraordinary rendition `` Extraordinary rendition '' is an extrajudicial procedure in which criminal suspects , generally suspected terrorists or supporters of terrorist organisations , are transferred from one country to another . The procedure differs from extradition as the purpose of the rendition is to extract information from suspects , while extradition is used to return fugitives so that they can stand trial or fulfill their sentence . The United States ' Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) allegedly operates a global extraordinary rendition programme , which from 2001 to 2005 captured an estimated 150 people and transported them around the world . The alleged US programme prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged secret detentions and illegal international transfers involving Council of Europe member states . A June 2006 report from the Council of Europe estimated 100 people had been kidnapped by the CIA on EU territory ( with the cooperation of Council of Europe members ) , and rendered to other countries , often after having transited through secret detention centres ( `` black sites '' ) utillised by the CIA , some of which could be located in Europe . According to the separate European Parliament report of February 2007 , the CIA has conducted 1,245 flights , many of them to destinations where suspects could face torture , in violation of article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture . A large majority of the European Union Parliament endorsed the report 's conclusion that many member states tolerated illegal actions by the CIA , and criticised such actions . Within days of his inauguration , President Obama signed an Executive Order opposing rendition torture and established a task force to provide recommendations about processes to prevent rendition torture . See also ( edit ) Deportation Extraterritorial jurisdiction Extraterritoriality Immunity from prosecution Right of asylum Universal jurisdiction Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain International : European Arrest Warrant Extradition law in Australia Extradition law in the United States ( including inter-state extradition ) Extradition law in the Philippines Individuals : Luis Posada Carriles , anti-Castrist detained in the U.S. and wanted by Cuba and Venezuela Brian O'Rourke ( 1540 ? -- 1591 ) , first man to be extradited within Britain Ramil Safarov , Azerbaijani officer extradited from Hungary to Azerbaijan Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sadoff , David A. ( 2016 - 12 - 24 ) . Bringing International Fugitives to Justice : Extradition and its Alternatives . Cambridge University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 9781107129283 . ^ Jump up to : Dan E. Stigall , `` Ungoverned Spaces , Transnational Crime , and the Prohibition on Extraterritorial Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law '' . SSRN 2211219 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Extradition Treaties Interpretation Act of 1998 from the United States Department of State , Extradition Treaties Jump up ^ `` Putin : Snowden still in Moscow airport , wo n't be extradited , free to go anywhere '' . RT . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , P . `` The Incorporation of Human Rights Fair Trial Standards into Australian Extradition Law '' . ( 2014 ) 76 Australian Institute of Administrative Law Forum 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mariana ( Mitra ) Radu , Cătălina Mititelu ( 2013 ) `` The Observance of Human Rights and Freedoms in the Extradition Proceedings at National and International Levels '' JDSR 3 , 100 at 101 Jump up ^ Extradition Act 1988 ( Cth ) s 15B . Jump up ^ Article 7 of Macau Law No. 6 / 2006 Law of judicial cooperation in criminal matters ( ( in Portuguese ) Lei n. o 6 / 2006 , Chinese : 第 6 / 2006 號 法律 ) Jump up ^ Section 30 ( 3 ) ( a ) of the Extradition Act 1999 . Also section 48 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( ii ) of the Extradition Act 1999 , although this section only applies to extraditions from New Zealand to Australia or the UK , neither of which have the death penalty . Jump up ^ Kindler v. Canada , CCPR / C / 48 / D / 470 / 1991 , UN Commission on Human Rights , 11 November 1993 , at 2.2 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kindler v. Canada , CCPR / C / 48 / D / 470 / 1991 , UN Commission on Human Rights , 11 November 1993 , at 14.6 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Edward Fitzgerald ( 2013 ) . Recent Human Rights Developments in Extradition Law & Related Immigration Law , The Denning Law Journal 25 89 at 90 . Jump up ^ Othman ( Abu Qatada ) v UK ( 2013 ) 55 EHRR 1 . para 189 Jump up ^ Soering v . The United Kingdom , 1 / 1989 / 161 / 217 , Council of Europe : European Court of Human Rights , 7 July 1989 , ( 109 ) . ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Adam Abelson ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) . `` The prosecute / extradite dilemma : Concurrent criminal jurisdiction and global governance '' ( PDF ) . The criminal laws of the United States , whether state or federal , ordinarily apply only to conduct within U.S. territory . Sometimes , however , they apply to conduct abroad , from antitrust conspiracies to torture . Where such extraterritorial criminal prescriptive jurisdiction exists under U.S. law , jurisdiction typically exists under the law of another country as well , such as the country where the conduct occurred . Jump up ^ `` section 12 of the Austrian Extradition and Legal Assistance Act ( '' Auslieferungs - und Rechtshilfegesetz ( ARHG ) `` ) '' . Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes ( RIS ) , the official website of the Austrian government for the publication of legislation . 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Brazilian constitution of 1988 , Article 5 Jump up ^ `` Charter of fundamental rights and freedoms , Article 14 ( 4 ) , second sentence '' ( PDF ) . 1992 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Code of criminal procedure ( legislative part ) , Articles 696 - 1 to 696 - 7 '' ( PDF ) . published by Légifrance , the official website of the French government for the publication of legislation , regulations , and legal information . 2005 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Légifrance publications of the French legislation '' . Légifrance. 2005 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Except to a member state of the European Union or to an international court : Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , Article 16 ( 2 ) , 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Article 2 , Law of Extradition ( ( in Japanese ) 逃亡 犯罪 人 引渡 法 ) Jump up ^ Article 8 of the Extradition Law of the People 's Republic of China ( Chinese : 中华 人民 共和国 引渡 法 ) Jump up ^ Article 4 of the Law of Extradition ( Chinese : 引渡 法 ) prohibits a citizen of the Republic of China from being extradited from Taiwan , unless the person acquired the citizenship after the request for extradition is made . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Russian Federation , Article 61 Jump up ^ Swiss Federal Act on International Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters , Article 7 Jump up ^ Article 38 of the constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic Jump up ^ F-K v Polish Judicial Authority 2012 UKSC 25 Jump up ^ F-K v Polish Judicial Authority 2012 UKSC 25 para 132 Jump up ^ HH v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic , Genoa 2012 UKSC 25 para 132. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Norris v US ( No 2 ) ( 2010 ) UKSC 9 as discussed in J.R. Spencer Extradition ( 2013 ) . The European Arrest Warrant and Human Rights , The Cambridge Law Journal 250 at 251 . Jump up ^ J.R. Spencer Extradition ( 2013 ) . The European Arrest Warrant and Human Rights , The Cambridge Law Journal 250 at 251 Jump up ^ Jasons v Latvia ( 2004 ) EWHC 1845 . Jump up ^ `` International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights '' ( PDF ) . Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 19 December 1966 . Jump up ^ O'Connor v Adamas ( 2013 ) FCAFC 14 at ( 323 ) - ( 331 ) , ( 2013 ) 210 FCR 364 , Federal Court ( Full Court ) ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Othman ( Abu Qatada ) v UK ( 2013 ) 55 EHRR 1 . Jump up ^ Othman ( Abu Qatada ) v UK ( 2013 ) 55 EHRR 1 para 258 - 262 . Jump up ^ Rwanda v Brown ( 2009 ) EWHC 770 para 264 Jump up ^ Neil Boister , An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law ( OUP , 2012 ) at 287 Jump up ^ Director of Public Prosecutions ( Cth ) and the Republic of Austria v Kainhofer ( 1995 ) HCA 35 , ( 1995 ) 185 CLR 528 at ( 48 ) per Gummow J , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Surena , André M. Grove , Margaret A. Perl , Raphael . Zagaris , Bruce . Blum , Jack A. International Drug Traffic . Proceedings of the Annual Meeting . American Society of International Law . Vol. 84 . 28 March 1990 . p. 1 - 12 < https://www.jstor.org/stable/25658526 > Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Oliver King and agencies ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Lib Dem leader joins bankers ' extradition battle '' . Politics.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. criticizes China 's handling of Snowden case - CNN.com '' . CNN . 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Gil , Yun - hyeong ( 2004 - 10 - 30 ) . `` 독일 , 당시 국교 단절 검토 : 67 년 윤이상 씨 등 서울 로 납치 ' 동백림 사건 ' 항의 ( Germany considered breaking off relations at the time : Protests over the 1967 `` East Berlin incident '' kidnapping of Isang Yun and others ) '' ( in Korean ) . The Hankyoreh . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Michael John Garcia , Legislative Attorney American Law Division . Renditions : Constraints Imposed by Laws on Torture 8 September 2009 ; link from the United States Counter-Terrorism Training and Resources for Law Enforcement web site Archived October 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charlie Savage ( 17 February 2009 ) . `` Obama 's War on Terror May Resemble Bush 's in Some Areas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background Paper on CIA 's Combined Use of Interrogation Techniques '' . 30 December 2004 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New CIA Docs Detail Brutal ' Extraordinary Rendition ' Process '' . Huffington Post . 28 August 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Fact sheet : Extraordinary rendition , American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 29 March 2007 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Resolution 1507 ( 2006 ) . Archived June 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states ) Jump up ^ `` Ensuring Lawful Interrogations The White House '' . Whitehouse.gov . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Extradition . Extradition Lawyers ' Association A Brief Primer on International Law -- with cases and commentary . Nathaniel Burney , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Extradition process
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7,451,599,305,233,302,000 | how far is dallas georgia to atlanta georgia | Dallas , Georgia - wikipedia Dallas , Georgia Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Dallas , Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : `` A premier hometown '' <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Paulding County and the state of Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> Dallas Location in Metro Atlanta <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 33 ° 55 ′ 7 '' N 84 ° 50 ′ 27 '' W / 33.91861 ° N 84.84083 ° W / 33.91861 ; - 84.84083 Coordinates : 33 ° 55 ′ 7 '' N 84 ° 50 ′ 27 '' W / 33.91861 ° N 84.84083 ° W / 33.91861 ; - 84.84083 Country United States State Georgia County Paulding <Th_colspan="2"> Government Mayor Boyd L. Austin , Jr . <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 4.5 sq mi ( 11.8 km ) Land 4.5 sq mi ( 11.7 km ) Water 0 sq mi ( 0.1 km ) Elevation 1,043 ft ( 318 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) Total 11,544 Estimate ( 2016 ) 13,108 Density 1,110 / sq mi ( 428.5 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 30132 , 30157 Area code ( s ) 770 / 678 / 470 FIPS code 13 - 21324 GNIS feature ID 0313265 Website Dallas , Georgia Dallas is a city in , and the county seat of , Paulding County , Georgia , United States . The estimated population , as of 2010 , was 12,629 . Dallas is a northwestern suburb of Atlanta , located approximately 30 miles from downtown . It was named for George M. Dallas , Vice President of the United States of America , under James K. Polk . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Television 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Education 5.1 Paulding County School District 6 Notable people 7 Recreation 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Dallas was designated the new county seat in 1852 by the inferior court of the county . It was incorporated by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on February 8 , 1854 , on 40 acres ( 160,000 m ) purchased from Garrett H. Spinks on May 14 , 1852 , for $1000 . Its first commissioners were James H. Ballinger , James S. Hackett , Hezekiah Harrison , John S. Poole , and Garrett H. Spinks . In the late 1850s the town no longer elected officers and a new charter was issued in 1883 . The Battle of New Hope Church ( May 25 -- 28 , 1864 ) took place four miles from Dallas . In 1977 , near the site marker for the Battle of New Hope Church , occurred the forced landing of Southern Airways Flight 242 , resulting in hull loss and dozens of fatalities . For many years the real WKRP was in Dallas , just to the west of the center of downtown . Television ( edit ) Comcast Channel 24 airs news , information , upcoming event descriptions , dates and times , and photos of other events . The government - access television ( GATV ) cable TV channel provides key information to residents of Dallas and Paulding County . It also airs shorts on how to conserve water and electricity as well as messages from the mayor and other city board members . Geography ( edit ) Dallas is located at 33 ° 55 ′ 7 '' N 84 ° 50 ′ 27 '' W / 33.91861 ° N 84.84083 ° W / 33.91861 ; - 84.84083 ( 33.918499 , - 84.840848 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.5 square miles ( 12 km ) , of which 4.5 square miles ( 12 km ) is land and 0.04 square miles ( 0.10 km ) ( 0.66 % ) is water . Dallas is part of the Deep South region . Climate ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures Mon . Avg . High Avg . Low Avg . Rec . High Rec . Low <Td_colspan="6"> Jan 52 ° F 30 ° F 39 ° F 80 ° F 20 ° F Feb 55 ° F 32 ° F 43 ° F 80 ° F - 2 ° F Mar 63 ° F 38 ° F 51 ° F 86 ° F 7 ° F Apr 72 ° F 45 ° F 59 ° F 93 ° F 21 ° F May 78 ° F 54 ° F 66 ° F 96 ° F 32 ° F Jun 86 ° F 63 ° F 74 ° F 101 ° F 40 ° F Jul 89 ° F 67 ° F 78 ° F 110 ° F 50 ° F Aug 88 ° F 66 ° F 77 ° F 103 ° F 48 ° F Sep 82 ° F 61 ° F 72 ° F 99 ° F 30 ° F Oct 72 ° F 47 ° F 60 ° F 92 ° F 22 ° F Nov 62 ° F 39 ° F 51 ° F 86 ° F 9 ° F Dec 53 ° F 32 ° F 43 ° F 79 ° F - 4 ° F Dallas has a humid subtropical climate that is local to all of Georgia . The average yearly precipitation is 54.43 inches ( 1,383 mm ) . Snow flurries occasionally fall in the winter months , when there is the presence of a deep trough in the jet stream over the eastern third of the United States . Although at times significant amounts of snowfall have been recorded , some years have no measurable snowfall . The Storm of the Century ( 1993 ) in March 1993 brought 17.5 inches to Dallas , with drifts measuring several feet . Drought is frequent in Dallas , as well as the rest of the Southeastern United States . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Dallas was - 12F ( - 24C ) in 2010 . The warmest temperature ever recorded was 110F ( 43C ) in 2012 . Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 169 -- 1890 455 169.2 % 1900 644 41.5 % 1910 1,259 95.5 % 1920 1,245 − 1.1 % 1930 1,412 13.4 % 1940 1,922 36.1 % 1950 1,817 − 5.5 % 1960 2,065 13.6 % 1970 2,133 3.3 % 1980 2,508 17.6 % 2,810 12.0 % 2000 5,056 79.9 % 11,544 128.3 % Est. 2016 13,108 13.5 % <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2014 , there were 12,629 people , 2,014 households , and 1,303 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,120.7 people per square mile ( 432.8 / km2 ) . There were 2,150 housing units at an average density of 476.5 per square mile ( 184.1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 61.1 % White , 31.2 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 1.32 % Asian , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 0.89 % from other races , and 3.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.2 % of the population . 56.2 % were non-Hispanic White ( U.S. Census ) . 11.7 % of the population was foreign born as of 2014 ( U.S. Census ) . There were 4,970 households out of which 37.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.0 % were married couples living together , 27.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 35.3 % were non-families. 30.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.01 . The median value of owner - occupied housing units between 2010 - 2014 was $110,200 ( U.S. Census ) . In the city , the population was spread out with 29.7 % under the age of 18 , 12.1 % from 18 to 24 , 32.3 % from 25 to 44 , 14.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 29 years . For every 100 females there were 83.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 74.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $33,750 , and the median income for a family was $38,308 . Males had a median income of $30,245 versus $21,747 for females . The per capita income for the city was $18,461 . About 19.8 % of families and 23.7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.3 % of those under age 18 and 13.3 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) Paulding County School district ( edit ) The Paulding County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve , and consists of nineteen elementary schools , nine middle schools , and five high schools . The district has 1,212 full - time teachers and over 19,283 students . Notable people ( edit ) Cecil Butler , professional baseball player Chris Conley , American football wide receiver for the Kansas City Chiefs Jayne County , punk rock star Christopher Dudley , keyboardist of UnderOATH Patty Loveless , country music star Gary North ( economist ) , Christian economic historian and publisher Ray Traylor ( 1963 -- 2004 ) , professional wrestler , best known for his appearances with World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Big Boss Man Travis Tritt , country music star Zack Wheeler , pitcher , # 6 overall pick in the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft for the New York Mets Kelly Nelon Clark , southern gospel singer with Nelon Family Singers . Performs regularly with Bill Gaither Home Coming Friends Recreation ( edit ) Silver Comet Trail Photo 's Civil War Trailhead Park on Main Street Historical Paulding County Courthouse References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Kenneth K. ( 1975 ) . Georgia Place - Names : Their History and Origins ( PDF ) . Macon , GA : Winship Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 915430 - 00 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas . A town and the county - seat of Paulding County , Ga . '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Jump up ^ NTSB Aircraft Accident Report - Southern Airways Inc. , DC - 9 - 31 , N1335U , New Hope , Georgia , April 4 , 1977 ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . January 26 , 1978 . NTSB - AAR - 78 - 3 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Weather Channel . Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Georgia Board of Education , Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ School Stats , Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silver Comet Trail , Dallas Trailhead Facts - Dallas , GA External links ( edit ) Atlanta portal Dallas , Georgia , official site AccessPaulding.com <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Paulding County , Georgia , United States <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Dallas Cities Braswell ‡ Dallas Hiram Unincorporated communities Brownsville New Hope Sudie Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties VIAF : 132508096 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas,_Georgia&oldid=836520493 '' Categories : Cities in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Cities in Paulding County , Georgia County seats in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 08 : 32 . About Wikipedia | 1. Dallas, Georgia - city in Paulding County
2. History of Dallas, Georgia
3. Geography and climate of Dallas, Georgia
4. Demographics of Dallas, Georgia
5. Education in Dallas, Georgia |
55,069,275,700,838,450 | the three core concepts of expectancy violations theory are | Expectancy violations theory - wikipedia Expectancy violations theory Jump to : navigation , search Expectancy violations theory ( EVT ) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations . The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as `` nonverbal expectancy violations theory '' , based on Burgoon 's research studying proxemics . Burgoon 's work initially analyzed individuals ' allowances and expectations of personal distance and how responses to personal distance violations were influenced by the level of liking and relationship to the violators . The theory was later changed to its current name when other researchers began to focus on violations of social behavior expectations beyond nonverbal communication . This theory sees communication as an exchange of behaviors , where one individual 's behavior can be used to violate the expectations of another . Participants in communication will perceive the exchange either positively or negatively , depending upon an existing personal relationship or how favorably the violation is perceived . Violations of expectancies cause arousal and compel the recipient to initiate a series of cognitive appraisals of the violation . The theory predicts that expectancies influence the outcome of the communication interaction as either positive or negative and predicts that positive violations increase the attraction of the violator and negative violations decrease the attraction of the violator . Beyond proxemics and examining how people interpret violations in many given communicative contexts , EVT also makes specific predictions about individuals ' reaction to given expectation violations : individuals reciprocate or match someone 's unexpected behavior , and they also compensate or counteract by doing the opposite of the communicator 's behavior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 1.1 Expectancy 1.2 Communicator reward valence 1.3 Violation valence 1.4 Arousal 1.5 Threat threshold 2 Theoretical assumptions and viewpoints 2.1 Propositions 2.2 Needs for personal space and affiliation 2.3 Proxemics 3 Applications 3.1 Interpersonal communication 3.1. 1 Romantic relationships 3.1. 1.1 Cell phone usage 3.1. 1.2 Sexual resistance 3.2 Computer - mediated communication and social media 3.2. 1 Facebook 3.2. 2 Electronic mail 3.3 Academic environment 3.3. 1 Teacher anger 3.3. 2 Teacher dress 3.3. 3 Instructor credibility in college classroom 3.3. 4 Course ratings 3.3. 5 Nontraditional college students 3.3. 6 Student disclosures in college classroom 3.3. 7 College admissions 3.4 Profanity use 3.4. 1 In workplaces 3.5 Evaluation of media figures 3.6 Health and self - improvement 4 Metatheoretical assumptions 4.1 Ontological assumptions 4.2 Epistemological assumptions 4.3 Axiological assumptions 5 Critique 5.1 Predictability and testability 5.1. 1 A First Look at Communication 6 Related theories 7 Further use and development of the theory 8 See also 9 References Components ( edit ) The expectancy violations theory examines three main components in interpersonal communication situations : Expectancies , communicator reward valence , and violation valence . Expectancy ( edit ) Expectancy refers to what an individual anticipates will happen in a given situation . Expectancies are primarily based upon social norms and specific characteristics and idiosyncrasies of the communicators . Burgoon ( 1978 ) notes that people do not view others ' behaviors as random . Rather , they have various expectations of how others should think and behave . EVT proposes that observation and interaction with others leads to expectancies . The two types of expectancies noted are predictive and prescriptive . Predictive expectations are `` behaviors we expect to see because they are the most typical , '' ( Houser , 2005 ) and vary across cultures . They let people know what to expect based upon what typically occurs within the context of a particular environment and relationship . For example , a husband and wife may have an evening routine in which the husband always washes the dishes . If he were to ignore the dirty dishes one night , this might be seen as a predictive discrepancy . Prescriptive expectations , on the other hand , are based upon `` beliefs about what behaviors should be performed '' and `` what is needed and desired '' ( Houser , 2005 ) . If a person walks into a police department to report a crime , the person will have an expectation that the police will file a report and follow up with an investigation . When the theory was first proposed , EVT identified three factors which influence a person 's expectations : Interactant variables , environmental variables , and variables related to the nature of the interaction . Interactant variables are the traits of those persons involved in the communication , such as sex , attractiveness , race , culture , status , and age . Environmental variables include the amount of space available and the nature of the territory surrounding the interaction . Interaction variables include social norms , purpose of the interaction , and formality of the situation . These factors later evolved into communicator characteristics , relational characteristics , and context . Communicator characteristics include personal features such as an individual 's appearance , personality and communication style . It also includes factors such as age , sex and ethnic background . Relational characteristics refer to factors such as similarity , familiarity , status and liking . The type of relationship one individual shares within another ( e.g. romantic , business or platonic ) , the previous experiences shared between the individuals , and how close they are with one another are also relational characteristics that influence expectations . Context encompasses both environment and interaction characteristics . Communicator characteristics lead to distinctions between males and females in assessing the extent to which their nonverbal expressions of power and dominance effect immediacy behaviors . Immediacy cues such as conversational distance , lean , body orientation , gaze , and touch may differ between the genders as they create psychological closeness or distance between the interactants . Behavioural expectations may also shift depending on the environment one is experiencing . For example , a visit to a church will produce different expectations than a social function . The expected violations will therefore be altered . Similarly , expectations differ based on culture . In Europe , one may expect to be greeted with three kisses on alternating cheeks , but this is not the case in the United States . Communicator reward valence ( edit ) The communicator reward valence is an evaluation one makes about the person who committed a violation of expectancy . Em Griffin summarizes the concept behind Communicator Reward Valence as `` the sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future '' . The social exchange theory explains that individuals seek to reward some and seek to avoid punishing others . When one individual interacts with another , Burgoon believes he or she will assess the `` positive and negative attributes that person brings to the encounter '' . If the person has the ability to reward or punish the receiver in the future , then the person has a positive reward valence . Rewards simply refer to the person 's ability to provide a want or need . The term ' communicator reward valence ' is used to describe the results of this assessment . For example , people will feel encouraged during conversation when the listener is nodding , making eye contact , and responding actively . Conversely , if the listener is avoiding eye contact , yawning , and texting , it is implied they have no interest in the interaction and the speaker may feel violated . When examining the context , relationship , and communicator 's characteristics in a given encounter , individuals will arrive at an expectation for how that person should behave . Changing even one of these expectancy variables may lead to a different expectation . Violation valence ( edit ) Behavior violations arouse and distract , calling attention to the qualities of the violator and the relationship between the interactants . A key component of EVT is the notion of violation valence , or the association the receiver places on the behavior violation . A violatee 's response to an expectancy violation can be positive or negative , and is dependent on two conditions : positive or negative interpretation of the behavior and the nature ( rewardingness ) of the violator . Rewardingness of the violator is evaluated through many categories -- attractiveness , prestige , ability to provide resources , or associated relationship . For instance , a violation of one 's personal distance might have more positive valence if committed by a wealthy , powerful , physically appealing member of the opposite sex than a filthy , poor , homeless person with foul breath . The evaluation of the violation is based upon the relationship between the particular behavior and the valence of the actor . A person 's preinteractional expectancies , especially personal attributes , may cause a perceiver to evaluate the communication behavior of a target differently in terms of assigning positive and negative valenced expectancies . Another perspective of violation valence is that the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations is inconsequential of who the violator is . This perspective places much greater weight on the act of the breach itself than the violator . The difference between the negative violation and the negative confirmation do not appear significant . Dis - confirmations tend to intensify the outcomes , especially in the positive violation condition . Arousal ( edit ) Expectancy violations refer to actions which are noticeably discrepant from an expectancy and are classified as outside the range of expectancy . The term ' arousal value ' is used to describe the consequences of deviations from expectations . When individuals ' expectations are violated , their interests or attentions are aroused . When arousal occurs , one 's interest or attention to the deviation increases , resulting in less attention paid to the message and more attention to the source of the arousal . There are two kinds of arousals . Cognitive arousal is an idea that people will be mentally aware of the violation . Physical occurs when people have body actions and behaviors in response to the deviations from their expectations . Threat threshold ( edit ) The occurrence of arousal is aligned with threats . Burgoon introduced the term `` threat threshold '' to explain that people have different levels of tolerance about distant violations . The threat threshold is high when people feel good even if they keep a very close distance with the violator , whereas people with low threat threshold will be sensitive and uncomfortable about the closeness of distance with the violator . Theoretical assumptions and viewpoints ( edit ) Propositions ( edit ) After assessing expectancy , violation valence , and communicator reward valence of a given situation , it becomes possible to make rather specific predictions about whether the individual who perceived the violation will reciprocate or compensate the behavior in question . Guerrero ( 1996 ) and Burgoon ( 2000 ) noticed that predictable patterns develop when considering reward valence and violation valence together . Specifically , if the violation valence is perceived as positive and the communicator reward valence is also perceived as positive , the theory predicts individuals will reciprocate the positive behavior . For example , your boss gives you a big smile after you have given a presentation . Guerrero and Burgoon would predict that you would smile in return . Similarly , if you perceive the violation valence as negative and perceive the communicator reward valence as negative , the theory again predicts that you reciprocate the negative behavior . Thus , if a disliked coworker is grouchy and unpleasant towards you , you will likely reciprocate and be unpleasant in return . Conversely , if one perceives a negative violation valence but views the communicator reward valence as positive , it is likely that the person will compensate for his or her partner 's negative behavior . For example , one day your boss appears sullen and throws a stack of papers in front of you . Rather than grunt back , EVT predicts that you will compensate for your boss ' negativity , perhaps by asking if everything is OK ( Guerrero & Burgoon , 1996 ) . More difficult to predict , however , is the situation in which a person who is viewed unfavorably violates another with positive behavior . In this situation , the receiver may reciprocate , giving the person the `` benefit of the doubt . '' The assumptions discussed thus far can be summarized into six major propositions posited by Expectancy Violations Theory : People develop expectations about verbal and nonverbal communication behavior from other people . Violations of these expectations cause arousal and distraction , further leading the receiver to shift his or her attention to the other , the relationship , and the meaning of the violation . Communicator reward valence determines the interpretation of ambiguous communication . Communicator reward valence determines how the behavior is evaluated . Violation valences are determined by three factors : ( 1 ) The evaluation of the behavior ; ( 2 ) whether or not the behavior is more or less favorable than the expectation ; and ( 3 ) the magnitude of the violation . A positive violation occurs when the behavior is more favorable than the expectation . A negative violation occurs when the behavior is less favorable . Positive violations produce more favorable outcomes than behavior that matches expectations , and negative violations produce more unfavorable outcomes than behavior that matches expectations . Needs for personal space and affiliation ( edit ) Expectancy violations theory builds upon a number of communication axioms . EVT assumes that humans have two competing needs : A need for personal space and a need for affiliation . Specifically , humans all need a certain amount of personal space , also referred to as distance or privacy . People also desire a certain amount of closeness with others , or affiliation . EVT seeks to explain ' personal space ' , and the meanings that are formed when expectations of appropriate personal space are infringed or violated . Another feature of personal space is territoriality . Territoriality refers to behavior which `` is characterized by identification with a geographic area in a way that indicates ownership '' ( Hall , 1966 ) . In humans , territoriality refers to an individual 's sense of ownership over physical items , space , objects or ideas , and defensive behavior in response to territorial invasions . Territoriality involves three territory types : Primary territories , secondary territories and public territories . Primary territories are considered exclusive to an individual . Secondary territories are objects , spaces or places which `` can be claimed temporarily '' ( Hall , 1966 ) , but are neither central to the individual 's life nor are exclusively owned . Public territories are `` available to almost anyone for temporary ownership '' . Territoriality is frequently accompanied by prevention and reaction . When an individual perceives one of their needs has been compromised , EVT predicts that they will react . For instance , when an offensive violation occurs , the individual tends to react as though protecting their territory . Proxemics ( edit ) EVT offers an opportunity to study how individuals communicate through personal space . This part of the theory explains the notion of `` personal space '' and our reactions to others who appear to `` violate '' our sense of personal space . What we define as personal space , however , varies from culture to culture and from person to person . The `` success '' or `` failure '' of violations are linked to perceived attraction , credibility , influence and involvement . The context and purpose of interaction are relevant , as are the communicator characteristics of gender , relationships , status , social class , ethnicity and culture . When it comes to different interactions between people , what each person expects out of the interaction will influence their individual willingness to risk violation . If a person feels comfortable in a situation , they are more likely to risk violation , and in turn will be rewarded for it . Introduced by Edward Hall in 1966 , Proxemics deals with the amount of distance between people as they interact with one another . Spatial distance during an interaction can be an indication of what type of relationship exists between the people involved . Personal Space Expectations diagram There are 4 different personal zones defined by Hall . These zones include : Intimate Distance : ( 0 - 18 inches ) - This distance is for close , intimate encounters . Normally core family , close friends , lovers , or pets . People will normally share a unique level of comfort with one another . Personal Distance : ( 18 inches -- 4 feet ) - Reserved for conversations with friends , extended family , associates , and group discussions . The personal distance will give each person more space compared with the intimate distance , but is still close enough to involve touching one another . Social Distance : ( 4 -- 10 feet ) - This distance is reserved for newly formed groups , and new acquaintances and colleagues you may have just met . People generally do not engage physically with one another within this section . Public Distance : ( 10 feet to infinity ) - Reserved for a public setting with large audiences , strangers , speeches , and theaters . Many different cultures are influenced by Proxemics in different ways and respond differently to the same situation . In some cultures , those who have not formed close relationships may greet each other with kisses on the cheek , engaging one another well within the intimate range of proxemics . In other cultures , a custom greeting is a handshake which maintains a physical separation but is well within personal distance . Across the Proxemic Zones , actions can be interpreted differently among different cultures . For example , Japanese people do not address others by their first names unless they have been given permission . Calling someone by their first name in Japan without permission is considered an insult . In the Japanese culture , they address people using their last name and ' san ' , which is equivalent to ' Mr . ' , ' Mrs . ' and ' Ms . ' in the English language . The way Japanese people address each other is an example of a verbal Proxemic zone . A Japanese person allowing another to call them by their first name is an example of intimate distance , because this is a privilege extended only someone very close to them . Applications ( edit ) Interpersonal Communication ( edit ) It is important to note that EVT can apply to both non-relational interaction and close relationships . In 1998 , more than twenty years after the theory was first published , several studies were conducted to catalog the types of expectancy violations commonly found in close relationships . Expectations with friends formulate over time and are usually brought together by a series of observations of behavior and predictions on how that friend will act in the future . When these expectations are violated , it often can be damaging and dangerous for a close friendship . It can cause an end to the friendship and bring a strong negative experience in that person 's life . After time and experiences with that friend we might suspect them to act consistently around me in the way they have always acted , that is until a violation to this expectation takes place . For example , when they begin `` breaking promises or even acting in an inauthentic manner to impress others , can have aversive consequences for close relationships '' ( Cohen 2010 ) . The fact is , we expect our friends to act in a social manner where they are adhere to all of our personal rules we set in our minds . That includes being nice , kind , considerate , and refraining from any comment that puts another down . This is a part of the personal rules we set within ourselves with a personal friendship , that is until we are in a different setting with that individual and they are around different people and the rules are broken . While this might be an offense in one 's eyes , it may not be offensive in the others . Each negative experience can deteriorate the relationship and allow more experiences where expectations are continually violated until the relationship is dissolved . Cohen said `` the more that a friendship is voluntary , easily replaceable , and disconnected from external pressures to continue , the more vulnerable it is to expectancy violation damage '' ( Cohen , 2010 ) . Someone will always look for the better option if a negative experience has taken place . The more you are invested in a friendship with someone the stronger the effect will have on the individual when expectations are violated . There is also an interesting perspective of expectation violation when you throw gender into the picture . A friend that shares the same sex as you usually has a completely different feel to the relationship than a friendship with members of the opposite sex . Women are generally less tolerant with members of the opposite sex when violations have taken place . Relationships over time , whether it be with the same sex or not , tend to fail when the other will fall away from the behaviors and norms that the other is used to . This can be shown with hostile attitudes , sharp comments , distancing away from the other , etc . Both parties are also capable of violating each other 's expectations at the same time . It is not just one person in the relationship that perceives behavior as unusual . One can respond to a violation with another social violation , leaving the friendship in confusion of direction it is going . Participants in friendships and romantic relationships were asked to think about the last time their friend or partner did or said something unexpected . It was emphasized that the unexpected event could be either positive or negative . Participants reported events that had occurred , on average , five days earlier , suggesting that unexpected behaviors happen often in relationships . Some of the behaviors reported were relatively mundane , and others were quite serious . The outcome of the list was a list of nine general categories of expectation violations that commonly occur in relationships . Support or confirmation is an act that provides social support in a particular time of need , such as sitting with a friend who is sick . Criticism or accusation is critical of the receiver and accuse the individual of an offense . These are violations because they are accusations not expected . An example is a ball player telling a teammate he should have caught the ball rather than supportively giving him or her a slap on the back and offering words of encouragement . Relationship intensification or escalation intensifies the commitment of the communicator . For instance , saying `` I love you '' signifies a deepening of a romantic relationship . Relationship de-escalation signifies a decrease in commitment of the communicator . An example might be spending more time apart . Relational transgressions are violations of the perceived rules of the relationship . Examples include having an affair , deception , or being disloyal . Acts of devotion are unexpected overtures that imply specialness in the relationship . Buying flowers for no particular occasion falls into this category . Acts of disregard show that the partner is unimportant . This could be as simple as excluding a partner or a friend from a collective activity . Gestures of inclusion are actions that show an unexpected interest in having the other included in special activities or life . Examples include invitations to spend a special holiday with someone , disclosure of personal information , or inviting the partner to meet one 's family . Uncharacteristic relational behavior is unexpected action that is not consistent with the partner 's perception of the relationship . A common example is one member of an opposite - sex friendship demanding a romantic relationship of the other . In later review of the studies , the support or confirmation category was inserted into acts of devotion and included another category , uncharacteristic social behavior . These are acts that are n't relational but are unexpected , such as a quiet person raising his or her voice . In terms of the response to expectancy violations , the sensitivity of expectancy violations varies from genders . Research found that women are less tolerant than men when their expectation are violated by negative behaviors , regardless of the types of violations such as dishonesty and immorality . Romantic relationships ( edit ) Application in interpersonal relationships - romantic relationships Expectancy violations happen frequently in romantic relationships . In relationships there is an unspoken expectation when interacting and that is the significant other will give their full undivided attention when in the presence of their significant other . As the new generation evolves we can see the face to face contact has changed . Unfortunately , with the access use of phones and social media the attention of individuals has shifted to their devices and continues to become worse . With the access to many mobile devices there has been an increase of lack of communication face to face . This has made it difficult for some relationships to grow and or has created conflict because the expectation of attention has been shifted . `` Individuals expect conversational partners to be moderately involved in an interaction ( Burgoon , Newton , Walther , & Baesler , 1989 ) . Within existing relationships , partners rely on one another to show interest and immediacy in interactions ( White , 2008 ) . However , the presence of cell phones and the expectation to be constantly available ( Ling , 2012 ) impacts partners ' abilities to give full attention to one another '' ( Miller - Ott , A. , & Kelly , L. 2015 ) . When romantic partners spend time together , both prefer gaining attention , intimacy , and feeling a close connection with each other . However , the usage of cell phones acts as a distractive behavior that drives romantic partner 's attention to absent elements . Although romantic partners are more likely to be viewed as high reward communicators , their cell phone usage behaviors will be evaluated as negative in certain conditions and contexts . Regardless of where the romantic relationship takes place , people are likely to have negative valence about cell phone usage if their demand of attention and intimacy are violated . The negative behaviors include texting , viewing news and playing games . In addition , large quantity of annoying cell phone usage during the date has great impact on romantic partner 's negative valence towards the violated behaviors . However , Miller - Ott and Kelly found that small amount of cell phone usage during date is acceptable , such as responding to a text message and quickly bringing attentiveness back to the date partner . The same behavior in different occasions and contexts is viewed differently in terms of the degree of valence . Research found that same behavior is viewed as more negative in a restaurant than at home . Since people are more likely to have higher expectations for undivided attention during formal contexts , using cell phone in formal dates will more negatively violate partner 's expectations . Divided attention is acceptable in casual contexts -- therefore , the degree of expectancy violations is low under a hanging out context . Cell phone usage ( edit ) Cell phone usage behaviors that do not contradict intimate moment are viewed as positive violations , including sharing interesting messages and playing online games together . People have less negative valence on cell phone usage if they gain more reward from the behaviors . Research also found the most common response to the violated cell phone usage is to do nothing . However , people have different reactions to the violations under different stages of romantic relationships . In the early stage of dating , people are more likely to respond by indirect messages and silence . While there are direct verbal responses when expectations are violated in established relationships . Sexual resistance ( edit ) Sexual resistance is viewed as a typical expectancy violation in romantic relationships . In 2003 , Bevan used EVT to evaluate the impact of sexual resistance on close relationships . The research focused on two considerations : relational contexts and directness of the messages . The research concluded that people who are resisted in a romantic relationship perceived the violation of sexual resistance as more negative and unexpected than those resisted in a regular cross-sex friendship . The reason might because romantic partners believe that they have clearer and deeper understanding of each other 's expectations and degree of acceptance and tolerance . When it comes to message directness of sexual resistance , although the study did not find any significant difference of levels of violation valence and expectedness between direct and indirect messages , direct sexual resistance messages in close relationships proved to be more relationally important than indirect messages . Therefore , direct sexual resistance messages will be a harmful factor that affects the continuity of a romantic relationship . Computer - mediated Communication and social media ( edit ) As has previously been addressed , EVT has evolved tremendously over the years , expanding beyond its original induction when it focused on FtF communication and proxemics . The advancement of information and communications technology has provided tools for expressing oneself and conveying messages beyond just typing in text . As already discussed , arousal can divert one 's attention or interest from a message to the source of the arousal . Virtual realities created online through computer - mediated communication , especially those which evoke strong visual presence through media , can increase arousal levels , such as those with high violent or sexual content . Just as people may use television viewing to increase or decrease arousal levels , people may use media in online communication to increase or decrease arousal levels . People may interact with others online by assuming the identities of avatars which may take on completely different , alternate personalities . The differences in perceived intimateness , co-presence , and emotionally - based trust can very significantly between avatar communication and other communication modalities such as text chat , audio , and audio - visual . The media options available to users when communicating with others online present a host of potential expectancy violations unique to CMC . The introduction of social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter , as well as dating social networks such as Match.com and eHarmony , has greatly contributed to the increased use of computer - mediated communication ( CMC ) which now offers a context for studying communication devoid of nonverbal information . Though these media are relatively new , they have been in existence long enough for users to have developed norms and expectations about appropriate behaviors in the online world . However , there has been a lag by researchers to study and understand these new established norms , which makes CMC rich with heuristic possibilities from a communications theory perspective . Ramirez and Wang studied the occurrence and timing of modality switching , or shifts from online communication to FtF interaction , from the perspective of EVT . Their research documented inconsistent findings which revealed in some instances relationships were enhanced and in others they were dampened , indicating the expectations , evaluations , and outcomes associated with initial modality switches varied amongst individuals . Additionally , studies have found that when individuals who meet online meet face - to - face for the first time , the length of time spent communicating online can determine whether individuals will rate physical characteristics of each other positively or negatively . Unlike FtF communication , CMC allows people to pretend to be connected with a person who violates their expectancy by ignoring violations or filtering news feed . Meanwhile , people can also cut the connection completely with someone who is not important by deleting friendship status when a serious violation occurs . A confrontation is much more likely for close friends than for acquaintances , and compensation is much more likely for acquaintances , a finding which contrasts typical EVT predictions . Furthermore , EVT on the Internet environment is strongly related to online privacy issues . Facebook ( edit ) Application in computer - mediated communication and social media - Facebook In social media such as Facebook , people are connected online with friends and sometimes strangers . Norm violations on Facebook may include too many status updates , overly emotional status updates or Wall posts , heated interactions , name calling through Facebook 's public features , and tags on posts or pictures that might reflect negatively on an individual . Research has also shown that the act of unfriending on Facebook is perceived as a highly negative expectancy violation , with the duration of the Facebook friendship and personal ties to the unfriending party dictating how negatively the act is perceived . Moreover , the importance of the violation was also found to dictate whether the unfriending person informed the other individual of their actions . In a study conducted by Fife , Nelson , and Bayles of focus groups from a Southeastern liberal arts university , five themes were ascertained regarding Facebook use and expectancy violations : `` '' Do n't stalk ' -- and when you do , do n't talk about it '' Though an understanding exists among Facebook participants that users will use the site to keep track of the behavior of others in a number of ways , excessive monitoring is likely to be perceived as an expectancy violation . `` Do n't embarrass me with bad pictures '' Users may have the ability to control which pictures they post on their own Facebook page , but they do not have the ability to control what others post . Posting and `` tagging '' unflattering pictures of others may create expectancy violations . `` Do n't mess up my profile '' Several participants expressed annoyance of others who alter their profiles knowing that their alterations could be perceived negatively , though they did not mention changing their passwords or protecting themselves in other ways . `` Choose an appropriate forum for messages '' Messages can be sent between Facebook participants through ' Facebook messages ' , which are not public , or ' wall postings ' , which can be viewed by anyone specified in the user 's privacy controls . Posting messages which may be perceived as private , embarrassing , or inappropriate to a wall posting can create expectancy violations . `` Do n't compete over number of friends '' Facebook users maintain a running total of ' friends ' on their profile which is viewable to others . Engaging in comparisons with others over this statistic can create expectancy violations . In 2010 , Stutzman and Kramer - Duffield examined college undergraduates ' motivations to have friends - only profiles on Facebook . Having a friends - only profile is a practical method to enhance privacy management on Facebook . The two authors made distinctions between intended audience , to whom one hopes to disclose the Facebook profile , and expected audience , a group of people by whom one thinks the Facebook profile has been viewed . The study indicated that `` expectancy violations were identified as instances where an expected audience was not jointly identified as an intended audience '' . Facebook networks were categorized into different levels : strong ties of family and intimate friends , weak ties comprising `` casual friends and campus acquaintances '' , and outsiders such as `` faculty or administrators '' . According to the study , expectancy violations by weak ties showed greater relevance to the establishment of a friends - only profile among college undergraduates , compared to other Facebook network ties . Electronic mail ( edit ) Email has become one of the most widely used methods of communication within organizations and workplaces . When discussing expectancy violations with electronic e-mail , just as with other modes of communication , a distinction must be made between inadvertent violations of norms and purposeful violations , referred to as ' flaming ' . Flaming is defined as hostile and aggressive interactions via text - based CMC . One form of expectancy violation in email is the length of time between the sending of the initial email and the receiver 's reply . Communicator reward valence plays a large part in how expectancy violations are handled in email communications . In computer - mediated communication , people have expectations to others ' online behaviors based on individual identity . In online contexts , violations are not simply assessed as positive or negative . Some violations are ambiguous such as e-mail response latency . In 2017 , Nicholls and Rice stated that `` when deviation is ambiguous , the communicator 's reward value will mediate the perceptions of the deviation . '' Chronemic studies on email have shown that in organizations , responder status played a large part in how individuals reacted to various lapses in response to the previously sent email . Long pauses between responses for high - status responders produced positive expectancy violation valence and long pauses from low - status responders produced a negative expectancy violation valence . However , in the case of job interviews , long pauses between email for high - status candidates reflected negatively on their reviews . Expectations for email recipients to respond within a normative time limit illustrate the medium 's capacity for expectancy violations to occur . Academic environment ( edit ) Teacher anger ( edit ) Application in academic environment McPherson , Kearney , and Plax examined teacher anger in college classrooms through the lens of norm violations . Naturally , teachers will become frustrated and angry with students in classrooms from time to time . How teachers express themselves and convey those emotions will determine how students respond and interpret those emotional demonstrations . The students judged the appropriateness of teachers ' anger in classrooms in the modal expressions of distributive aggression , passive aggression , integrative assertion , and nonassertive denial . Students rated the aggressive expressions as highly intense , destructive , and inappropriate ( or non-normative ) , including such behaviors as sarcasm or putdowns ( most frequently cited ) , verbal abuse , rude and condescending behaviors toward students , and acts intended to demoralize students . The students described assertive displays as appropriate and less intense . Although anger is often considered to be a negative emotion , teacher anger is not necessarily a violation of classroom norms . Based on the study , intense and aggressive displays of teacher anger are considered socially inappropriate by students . These perceived norm violations result in negative evaluations of the teacher and the course . Because only integrative - assertive expressions of teacher anger were positively related to students ' perceptions of appropriateness , the study concluded that teachers should avoid intense , aggressive anger displays and should rather assertively and directly discuss the problem with students . Teacher dress ( edit ) Clothing is considered a form of nonverbal communication . Dress communicates status , hierarchy , credibility , and attractiveness . Specific social codes dictate what forms of dress are appropriate in various cross-cultural contexts . When individuals wear clothing that is deemed inappropriate for a given situation , or when an individual 's clothing does not seem to match their perceived status or attractiveness , this can constitute an expectancy violation . Studies on clothing and teacher perceptions have shown that when teachers wear formal attire , students rate their credibility higher . However , for high - reward teachers , clothing formality did not raise perceptions of attractiveness . Interestingly , students seem to retain information best when teachers are dressed moderately , and teacher value appears to derive from what grade students predict they will get from a teacher more so than clothing . Instructor credibility in college classroom ( edit ) Generally , students have expectations to their instructors in college classroom . According to Sidelinger and Bolen , students might be dissatisfied about instructors who talk a lot during class . After they did the research about the compulsive communication and communication satisfaction , they concluded that if an instructor is evaluated as credible by the students , his credibility decreases students ' dissatisfaction despite of his talkativeness . Particularly , instructor 's goodwill such as politeness and care for students is the most effective characteristic to alleviate students ' negative feelings towards a talkative instructor . Course ratings ( edit ) Most American colleges and universities employ course rating surveys as a method to gauge teacher effectiveness and the degree to which students are satisfied with the pedagogy of their professors . Expectancy violation and violation valence play a part in course ratings because a wide range of expectancies exist for students while taking a course . Common expectancies for students include stimulation and interest , instructor behavior , relevance of the course , and the student 's expected and actual success in the course . A higher education study on EVT and course ratings analyzed 228 students in seven introductory sociology classes at a university of 25,000 students . Since the courses were required for most students , were open to all students , used the same textbook , and met for the same length of time during the semester , expectancy violations in the classroom could be reported more accurately . Some factors used to report the data included instructor personality , interestingness and informativeness of textbook materials , difficulty of lectures , lecturer speaking ability , and the ability to answer questions . At the end of the study , the only factor that affected course ratings was relevance . Expectancies had virtually no effect otherwise on course evaluations . This reason could be attributed to the fact that students who found a course highly relevant were already interested in the subject area and were more motivated to do well . Non-traditional college students ( edit ) EVT has been used to study the experiences of non-traditional college and university students who begin an undergraduate education over the age of 25 . The study focused on the students ' expectations of their professors and how they should behave in the classroom . Since nontraditional students often feel that they are different from their academic peers , and since the traditional university setting focuses on the 18 - 23 - year - old demographic , studying nontraditional student classroom experiences can help higher education institutions instruct teachers on how to behave in the classroom . Traditional and non-traditional students have been shown to expect teachers to make use of examples , provide feedback , and adequately prepare them for exams . Both traditional and non-traditional students have been found to have their expectations for instructor clarity negatively violated . Surprisingly , non-traditional students differed from traditional students by responding negatively to affinity - seeking behaviors and believed that instructors should be less concerned with making class more fun and enjoyable . Student disclosures in college classroom ( edit ) In 2013 , Frisby and Sidelinger conducted a research about student disclosures in college classroom , which discussed about what kinds of student disclosures would violate peers ' expectations and their perceptions about the disclosers . According to the study , those who make inappropriate disclosures violate others ' expectations most in a classroom environment . Inappropriate disclosures are described as high frequent , negative , offensive and irrelevant topics . Disclosers of inappropriate information are more likely to be described as incompetent students , and they are less likeable than students who disclose appropriate information that are related to course materials . College admissions ( edit ) A 2008 study of the top 500 US colleges by Kaplan found that 10 % of admissions offices checked applicants ' social networking site ( SNS ) profiles , and 38 % of those saw information that reduced the applicants ' prospects for admission . In 2011 , a college student was cited for underage drinking after campus police found pictures on Facebook of the student holding a beer . Application in profanity use Profanity use ( edit ) Swearing and cursing are some of the most readily observable instances of verbal expectancy violations . Examples of swearing expectancy violations include U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney telling Patrick Leahy , Senator of Vermont , to `` go fuck yourself '' , actor Christian Bale 's lashing out toward a bystander who walked in front of the camera while he was filming , and U.S. Vice President Joe Biden 's remarks during a live broadcast of his speech congratulating U.S. President Barack Obama on passage of the health care reform bill , commenting that it was a `` big fucking deal '' . Expletives also vary among different cultures , so valence of expectancy violations involving swearing may differ when used in different contexts . In workplaces ( edit ) Swearing is common among many workplaces . Swearing has been identified functionally as one of several ways to express emotion in response to workplace stress , to convey verbal aggression , or to engage in deviant workplace behavior ( Johnson , 2012 ) . In formal work settings , people have much stronger feelings that their expectations are violated by swearing than in casual occasions . Expletives are more prevalent in unstructured conversations than in more structured , task - oriented ones ( Johnson , 2012 ) . The use of profanity has been shown to influence the perceptions of speakers . It may also have emotional impact on the user and the audience . Research has shown that profanity users appear less trustworthy , less sociable , and less educated . The more swearing messages one expresses that violate respondent 's expectations in workplaces , the more negative evaluations the respondent will generate about the speaker 's incompetency . These traits are likely to appear as fixed among profanity users . Moreover , the content of the swearing messages also poses great impact on the extent of expectancy violations in formal work settings . The verbal messages include words related to sex , excretion and profaneness . Research found that respondents experience highest level of surprise about the swearing with sexual expressions . Thus their expectations are more likely to be violated by sexual swearing than excretory and profane words . A more productive approach than focusing on whether a specific word is offensive may be to make sure that those engaging in workplace swearing are aware of how they and their messages might be perceived in multiple ways ( Johnson , 2012 ) . Evaluation of media figures ( edit ) Expectancy violations are tightly related to the changes of people 's evaluation on their relationships with media figures . In 2010 , Cohen made comparisons between relationships with friends and media figures in order to find similarities and differences of people 's reactions when their expectations are violated in these two relationships . Violations were generally divided in three categories : social violations such as making offensive comments , trust violations such as making up stories about their life experience , and moral violations such as cheating in a marital relationship or drunk driving . Research indicated that in both friendships and relationships with media figures , social and trust violations are more offensive than moral violations . Specifically , people are more intolerable about moral violations from media figures than from their friends . According to the study , the reason for the intolerance is because relationships with media figures are relatively weak that people invest less on the relationships with media figures than on friendships . The type of media figures is also an important factor to determine the changes of closeness with media figures . People have different expectations to various types of media figures . Research discussed that moral violations negatively influence relationships with athletes , damaging their positive and energetic appearance expected by the public . Social violations reduce closeness with TV hosts , whom people expect as amiable public figures . Health and self - improvement ( edit ) Expectancy violation theory has even been applied to encouraging healthy habits and changing bad ones . In a study by Karolien van den Akker , Myrr van den Broek , Remco C. Havermans , and Anita Jansen , expectancy violation theory was tested to see if it was successful in changing ingrained cravings for chocolate . Although researchers did not find that expectancy violation mediated responses to chocolate cravings , they believe more research is needed to determine whether this theory is profitable for this kind of application to human behavior . Metatheoretical assumptions ( edit ) Ontological assumptions ( edit ) EVT assumes that humans have a certain degree of free will . This theory assumes that humans can assess and interpret the relationship and liking between themselves and their conversational partner , and then make a decision whether or not to violate the expectations of the other person . The theory holds that this decision depends on what outcome they would like to achieve . This assumption is based on the interaction position . The interaction position is based on a person 's initial stance toward an interaction as determined by a blend of personal Requirements , Expectations , and Desires ( RED ) . These RED factors meld into our interaction position of what 's needed , anticipated , and preferred . Epistemological assumptions ( edit ) EVT assumes that there are norms for all communication activities and if these norms are violated , there will be specific , predictable outcomes . EVT does not fully account for the overwhelming prevalence of reciprocity that has been found in interpersonal interactions . Secondly , it is silent on whether communicator valence supersedes behavior valence or vice versa when the two are incongruent , such as when a disliked partner engages in a positive violation . Axiological assumptions ( edit ) This theory seeks to be value - neutral as supporting studies have been conducted empirically and sought to objectively describe how humans react when their expectations are violated . Critique ( edit ) Predictability and testability ( edit ) Expectancy violations theory has undergone scrutiny for its attempt to provide a covering law for certain aspects of interpersonal communication . Some critics of EVT believe most interactions between individuals are extremely complex and there are many contingencies to consider within the theory . This makes the prediction of behavioral outcomes of a particular situation virtually impossible to consistently predict . Another critique of the theory is the assumption that expectancy violations are mostly highly consequential acts , negative in nature , and cause uncertainty to increase between communicators . In actuality , research shows expectancy violations vary in frequency , seriousness , and valence . While it is true that many expectancy violations carry a negative valence , numerous are positive and actually reduce uncertainty because they provide additional information within the parameters of the particular relationship , context , and communicators . A first look at Communication ( edit ) Emory Griffin , the author of A First Look at Communication Theory , analyzed unpredictability in expectancy violations theory . His test consisted in analyzing his interaction with four students who made various requests from him . The students were given the pseudonyms Andre , Belinda , Charlie and Dawn . They start with the letters A , B , C and D to represent the increasing distance between them and Griffin when making their requests . Adapted from Griffin 's diagram in the book A first look at communication theory . Andre needed the author 's endorsement for a graduate scholarship , and spoke to him from an intimate eyeball - to - eyeball distance . According to Burgoon 's early model , Andre made a mistake when he crossed Griffin 's threat threshold ; the physical and psychological discomfort the lecturer might feel could have hurt his cause . However , later that day Griffin wrote the letter of recommendation . Belinda needed help with a term paper for a class with another professor , and asked for it from a 2 - foot distance . Just as Burgoon predicted , the narrow gap between Belinda and Griffin determined him to focus his attention on their rocky relationship , and her request was declined . Charlie invited his lecturer to play water polo with other students , and he made the invitation from the right distance of 7 feet , just outside the range of interaction Griffin anticipated . However , his invitation was declined . Dawn launched an invitation to Griffin to eat lunch together the next day , and she did this from across the room . According to the nonverbal expectancy violations model , launching an invitation from across the room would guarantee a poor response , but this time , the invitation was successful . Griffin 's attempt to apply Burgoon 's original model to conversational distance between him and his students did n't meet with much success . The theoretical scoreboard read : Nonverbal expectancy violations model : 1 Unpredicted random behavior : 3 However , when Grifffin applied the revised EVT standards on his responses to `` the proxemic violations of Andre , Belinda , Charlie , and Dawn , '' the scorecard `` shows four hits and no misses . '' Related theories ( edit ) Because EVT is sociopsychological in nature and focuses on social codes in both intrapersonal and interpersonal communication , it is closely related to communication theories such as cognitive dissonance and uncertainty reduction theory . Recently , this theory has undergone some reconstitution by Burgoon and her colleagues and has resulted in a newly proposed theory known as interaction adaptation theory , which is a more comprehensive explanation of adaptation in interpersonal interaction . As mentioned above , EVT has strong roots in uncertainty reduction theory . The relationship between violation behavior and the level of uncertainty is under study . Research indicates that violations differ in their impact on uncertainty . To be more specific , incongruent negative violations heightened uncertainty , whereas congruent violations ( both positive and negative ) caused declines in uncertainty . The theory also borrows from social exchange theory in that people seek reward out of interaction with others . Two other theories share similar outlooks to EVT -- Discrepancy - Arousal Theory and Patterson 's social facilitation model ( SFM ) . Like EVT , DAT explains that a receiver becomes aroused when a communicative behavior does not match the receiver 's expectations . In DAT , these differences are called discrepancies instead of expectancy violations . Cognitive dissonance and EVT both try to explain why and how people react to unexpected information and adjust themselves during communication process . The social facilitation model has a similar outlook and labels these differences as unstable changes . A key difference between the theories lies in the receiver 's arousal level . Both DAT and SFM maintain that the receiver experiences a physiological response whereas EVT focuses on the attention shift of the receiver . EVT posits that expectancy violations occur frequently and are not always as serious as perceived through the lenses of other theories . Anxiety / uncertainty management theory is the uncertainty and Anxiety people have towards each other , relating to EVT this anxiety and uncertainty can differ between cultures . Causing a violation for example violating someones personal distance or communicating ineffectively can cause uncertainty and anxiety . The popularity of computer - mediated communication ( CMC ) as means of conducting task - oriented and socially oriented interactions is a part of the social information processing ( SIP ) theory . Coined by Joseph Walther , the theory explores CMC 's ability to fulfill many of the same functions as the more traditional forms of interaction , especially face - to - face ( FtF ) interaction . SIP can be used in conjunction with EVT to examine interpersonal and hyperpersonal relationships established through CMC . Further use and development of the theory ( edit ) The concept of social norms marketing follows expectancy violation in that it is based upon the notion that messages containing facts that vary from perception of the norm will create a positive expectancy violation . Advertising , strategic communications , and public relations base social norms campaigns on this position . Interaction adaptation theory further explores expectancy violations . Developed by Burgoon to take a more comprehensive look at social interaction , IAT posits that people enter into interactions with requirements , expectations , and desires . These factors influence both the initial behavior as well as the response behavior . When faced with behavior that meets an individual 's needs , expectations , or desires , the response behavior will be positive . When faced with behavior that does not meet an individual 's needs , expectations , or desires , he or she can respond either positively or negatively depending on the degree of violation and positive or negative valence of the relationship . Expectancies exert significant influence on people 's interaction patterns , on their impressions of one another , and on the outcomes of their interactions . People who can assume that they are well regarded by their audience are safer engaging in violations and more likely to profit from doing so than are those who are poorly regarded . When the violation act is one that is likely to be ambiguous in its meaning or to carry multiple interpretations that are not uniformly positive or negative , then the reward valence of the communicator can be especially significant in moderating interpretations , evaluations , and subsequent outcomes . EVT also applies to international experience in the workplace . `` A foreign newcomer who has the necessary education , work experience , and international experience will be perceived as having the ability to make valuable contribution to the group 's task . Consequently , education , work experience and international experience will influence a foreign newcomer 's initial task - based group acceptance ( Joardar , 2011 ) . It can be argued that a person with significant international experience will be perceived as having had the opportunity to learn how to build valuable relationships in a cross-cultural setting . Hence , international experience will have effects on initial relationship - based group acceptance as well . Meaning , this will make for a more positive expectancy violation , in the workplace especially . EVT is also used as a framework to analyze the negative impact of mind reading expectations on romantic relationships . In 2015 , Wright and Roloff explained the idea of mind reading expectations ( MRE ) that romantic partners should clearly know about each other 's feelings even though they are not being informed . When relational partners have done something wrong without self - consciousness , people 's expectations are violated . Particularly those who hold high value of MRE are more likely to become distressful once their relational partners are unaware of their violations to expectations . The study asserted that such kinds of violations related to MRE result in responses such as combative attitude and silent treatment , which is harmful to long - term romantic relationships . See also ( edit ) Language expectancy theory Social exchange theory Transactional analysis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burgoon , J.K. ; Hale , J.L. ( 1988 ) . `` Nonverbal Expectancy Violations : Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors '' . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expectancy_violations_theory&oldid=839396924 '' Categories : Interpersonal communication Communication theory Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Expectancy violations theory
2. Social norms and expectations
3. Violations of expectancies
4. Communicator reward valence
5. Arousal and cognitive appraisals |
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